Soft Power
ruseTis sagareo politikis axali koncefc ia saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi
Soft Power ruseTis sagareo politikis axali koncefcia saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi 2008 wlis agvistos omisSemdgomi periodi
redaqtori Tengiz fxalaZe
winamdebare wignSi ganxilulia rusuli Soft Power-is koncefcia saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi 2008 wlis agvistos omisSemdgom periodSi. wignis avtorebi madlierebas gamoxataven konrad adenaueris fondis mimarT finansuri mxardaWerisaTvis. wignis avtorebi madlobas uxdian saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros, saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris aparats diasporis sakiTxebSi gaweuli daxmarebisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis.
w i g nze m u S ao bd n e n :
kvlevis avtorebi:
Tengiz fxalaZe, Tornike SaraSeniZe, giorgi volski, Teimuraz qaruxniSvili, mariam cacanaSvili, giorgi gvimraZe, nato baGiaSvili, nana devdariani.
redaqtori:
Tengiz fxalaZe
saredaqcio kolegia: giorgi volski,nato baGiaSvili, nino soloRaSvili gamomcemlebi:
geopolitikuri kvlevebis saerTaSoriso centri konrad adenaueris fondi
wigni dabeWdilia:
gamomcemloba “mTawmindeli� 2010 weli.
ISBN 978-9941-9064-8-0
sarGevi winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 katia kristina plate, konrad adenaueris fondi regionaluri programa _ samxreT kavkasiis politikuri dialogis xelmZRvaneli
redaqtorisagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Tengiz fxalaZe geopolitikuri kvlevebis saerTaSoriso centris Tavmjdomare
ruseTis kavkasiuri politikis ZiriTadi veqtorebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Tengiz fxalaZe, giorgi volski
rusuli `rbili Zalis~ arsi da ZiriTadi amocanebi saqarTveloSi . . . . . . 18 Tengiz fxalaZe
Tavi I . ruseTis federaciis diplomatiuri aqtivobebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
okupirebuli teritoriebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Tengiz fxalaZe
ruseTis politika euToSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Tornike SaraSeniZe
gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis saqmianobis Sewyveta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 giorgi volski
ruseTis politika evrosabWos saparlamento asambleaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Tornike SaraSeniZe
ruseTi Jenevis molaparakebebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Tengiz fxalaZe, Tornike SaraSeniZe
ruseTis politika evrokavSirSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Tornike SaraSeniZe
Tavi II ruseTis federaciis ` TanamemamuleTa dacvis ~ politika da sakonsulo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
ruseTis federaciis „TanamemamuleTa dacvis~ politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Tengiz fxalaZe
qarTvelebi ruseTSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Teimuraz qaruxniSvili, Tengiz fxalaZe
sakonsulo saqmianoba, rogorc ruseTis „rbili Zalis~ politikis ganxorcielebis instrumenti . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Tengiz fxalaZe
Tavi III . ruseTis media da saqarTvelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 mariam cacanaSvili
Tavi I V . 2008-2009 wlebis kiberomi saqarTveloSi .........................107 mariam cacanaSvili
Tavi V . religiis faqtoris gamoyeneba ruseTis mier „rbili Zalis~ konteqstSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Tengiz fxalaZe, giorgi gvimraZe
Tavi V I . kultura , ganaTleba , mecniereba da sazogadoebasTan urTierToba rogorc ruseTis “Soft Power”- is ganxorcielebis instrumenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
kultura ruseTis „rbili Zalis~ konteqstSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 nato baGiaSvili
kultmasobrivi ideologiuri RonisZiebebi da “Soft Power”-is sxva gamovlinebebi okupirebul teritoriebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 nato baGiaSvili
ganaTleba da mecniereba, rogorc „ruseTis rbili Zalis~ instrumenti
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Tengiz fxalaZe, nato baGiaSvili
„sazogadoebasTan dialogi~ da ruseTis „rbili Zala~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Tengiz fxalaZe, nana devdariani
daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 0 1
winasityvaoba konrad adenaueris germanuli fondi atarebs germaniis federaciuli respublikis pirveli kancleris, konrad adenaueris saxels. iseve rogorc konrad adenaueri, Gven qristian demokratiuli principebis erTgulebi varT. fondi 1955 wels daarsda germaniaSi. mas Semdeg Gven viRwviT mSvidobis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiis, evropuli ideasa da socialuri sabazro ekonomikis ideis damkvid rebisaTvis. yoveldRiuri aqtiuri muSaobiT Gven xels vuwyobT am miznebis ganxorcielebas germaniasa da msoflios 120 qveyanaSi. saqarTveloSi amas vakeTebT skolebSi samoqalaqo ganaTlebis xelSe wyobiT, demokratiuli partiebis ganviTarebis mxardaWeriT, Jurna listebis treiningiT, studentebisaTvis stipendiebis miniWebiT, sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso sxvadasxva sakiTxebze dialogebis da debatebis inicirebiTa da mravali sxva saxis saqmianobiT. Gven siamovnebiT davuWireT mxari geopolitikuri kvlevebis saerTaSoriso centris iniciativas ganexorcielebina ruseTis federaciis ”rbili Zalis” koncefciis da samxreT kavkasiaze misi zegavlenis anali tikuri kvleva. Gemi Rrma rwmeniT, Zalze Rirebulia am koncefciis, iseve rogorc ruseTis federaciis ganzraxvaTa analizis gamocema. es gamocema unda emsaxurebodes samxreT kavkasiaSi teritoriuli konfliqtebis sakiTxebSi GarTul mxareTa Soris mimdinare esoden saWiro diskusiebis damatebiTi mosazrebiT uzrunvelyofis mizans. Tu geqnebaT survili gamoexmauroT romelime statias, gTxovT Tqveni mosazrebebi gamoagzavnoT Semdeg misamarTze: info.georgien@kas.de. Gven siamovnebiT mivawvdiT avtorebs Tqvens SeniSvnebs. katia kristina plate konrad adenaueris fondi regionaluri programa _ samxreT kavkasiis politikuri dialogis xelmZRvaneli
redaqtorisagan „Tu mowinaaRmdege Senze Zlieria, Seni moqmedeba unda gascdes misi azrovnebis farglebs“ bernard verberi „rbili Zala“ (Soft Power), rogorc Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis axali mimarTuleba, meoce saukunis miwuruls gamoGnda. mis Semoqmedad miGneulia amerikeli mecnieri, harvardis universitetis profesori, jozef nai (Joseph Nye). Tavis wignebSi „liderobisaTvis ganwiruli: amerikuli Zlierebis cvalebadi buneba“ (Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books, 1990) da „rbili Zala: warmatebis arsi msoflio politikaSi“ (Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs, 2004) naim srulad warmoadgina aRniSnuli koncefcia. „uxeSi Zalis“ Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic iZulebisa da zewolis berketebs iyenebs, „rbili Zala“ sasurveli miznis misaRwevad TanamSromlobisa da mimzidvelobis meqanizmebs efuZneba da inteleqtualur resursebs aniWebs upiratesobas. klasikuri Soft Power sami komponentisagan Sedgeba: Rirebulebebi, kultura da diplomatia. jozef nais ideebma umalve moipova popularoba da maleve dainerga aSS-sa da dasavleTis sxva wamyvani qveynebis sagareo politikaSi. mniSvnelovan wilad swored klasikurma „rbilma Zalam“ ganapiroba demokratiuli Rirebulebebisa da principebis popularizacia postsabWoTa qveynebSi da moaxdina Zireuli gardatexa postkomunisturi qveynebis sazogadoebebSi.
maSin, rodesac dasavleTi faseulobebis popularizaciiT iyo dakavebuli, ruseTis federaciis maSindelma prezidentma vladimer putinma meoce saukunis udides geopolitikur katastrofad sabWoTa kavSiris daSla gamoacxada da sagareo politikis ZiriTad prioritetad mezobel saxelmwifoebze moskovis zegavlenis gaZliereba daasaxela. vladimer putinis xelisuflebaSi yofnis pirvelive wlebSi Seiqmna „liberaluri imperiis“ doqtrina, romelic „energetikuli iaraRis“ gamoyenebiT postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebze zegavlenis mopovebas gulisxmobda. odnav mogvianebiT, 2004 wels, prezidentma putinma sagareo saqmeTa saministros ruseTis saerTaSoriso imijis gaumjobeseba daavala: „ar dagvaviwydes poziciebis SenarGuneba da ganviTareba iq, sadac adre Gadebul iqna uamravi resursi... iq Gven vaxsovarT da gvicnoben“! aqedan gamomdinare, rus politikosebs axali sazrunavi gauGndaT _ Seqmnan sakuTari qveynis axali, dasavleTisaTvis misaRebi imiji da imavdroulad gaaZlieron mezoblebze zegavlenis meqanizmebi. aRniSnulis misaRwevad kremlma sakuTar politikur arsenalSi cvlilebebi Seitana. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba „rbili Zalis“ (Soft Power) danergvas rusul sagareo politikaSi. am iaraRs konkretuli „samizne“ aqvs: rogorc es ruseTis federaciis sagareo saqmeTa saministros angariSSia aRniSnuli, msoflioSi kulturuli zegavlenis mopovebisaTvis brZolis gaZliereba saWiroebs „ruseTis sagareo kulturuli politikis“ realizaciaSi GarTuli yvela sxva saministros, uwyebisa da organizaciis resursebis mobilizebas , ramac xeli unda Seuwyos am „brZolaSi“ moskovis warmatebas da msoflioSi ruseTis saiformacio-kulturuli zegavlenis gaZlierebas.
http://archive.kremlin.ru/appears/2004/07/12/0000_type63374type63378_74399. shtml
ruseTis federaciis sagareo, politikuri da diplomatiuri saqmianoba 2008 wels, gv.147 http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/itogi/B286E140E4B7E48AC325752
E002DEF65
2007 wels ruseTis sagareo politikis mimoxilvaSi pirvelad gamoGnda „sagareo politikis humanitaruli mimarTuleba“. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros mier momzadebul dokumentSi araorazrovnadaa miTiTebuli, rom kultura, ganaTleba da mecniereba, sazRvargareT TanamemamuleTa interesebis dacva, sakonsulo saqmia noba da rusuli media warmoadgens ruseTis sagareo politikis ganxorcielebis instrumentebs. am saSualebebs moskovi mudmivad iyenebs mezobel qveynebze sakuTari zegavlenis gasaZliereblad. magaliTisaTvis, „TanamemamuleTa dacva“ - swored is motivia, riTac ruseTma saqarTvelos teritoriaze sakuTari SeiraRebuli Zalebi Semoiyvana. swored „Tanamemamuleebze zrunvis“ sababiT ganxorcielda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoriaze mosaxleobis ukanono pasportizacia, mosaxleobis struqturis xelovnuri Secvla da saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilis okupacia da aneqsia. sagareo politikis „humanitaruli mimarTulebis“ miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc saxelmwifo organizaciebi, aseve ruseTis federaciis saxelmwifo biujeti. „rbili Zalis“ ganxorcielebaSi GarTulia rusuli mediac da iseTi erTi SexedviT sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, rogoricaa fondi „russki mir“. es organizaciebi finansdeba federaluri biujetidan da, Sesabamisad, dakveTasac saxelmwifosagan iRebs. maTi saqmianobis miznebi da amocanebi asaxulia ruseTis sagareo politikis Zireul dokumentebSi, rogorebicaa sagareo politikis mimarTulebebi, sagareo saqmeTa saministros yovelwliuri angariSi, TanamemamuleTa dacvis saxelmwifo programa da sxv. erT-erT statiaSi vladimer mukomeli, ruseTis mecnierebaTa akade miis sociologiis institutis seqtoris gamge da eTnopolitikuri da regionaluri kvlevebis centris direqtori, aRniSnavs: imigrantebi maTi warmoSobis qveynebze sagareo politikuri zewolis mniSvnelovani resursia. savizo reJimis SemoReba (an SemoRebis
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muqara), araRiarebuli saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeTa naturalizacia, readmisiaze molaparakebebis inicireba, sxva qveynis moqalaqeebis yrilobebis Gatareba maT saxelmwifoebSi arGevnebis win, mosazRvre qveynebis mkvidri mosaxleobis devna ruseTis teritoriaze (sakuTari moqalaqeebis GaTvliT) gadaiqca postsabWoTa sivrceze ruseTis sagareo politikis yoveldRiur instrumentad. “Soft Power” -is meqnizmi kargadaa damuSavebuli ruseTis samecniero-kvleviT centrebSi. ufro metic, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris Rirseuli samarTalmemkvidre, putiniseuli ruseTi srulad iyenebs yofili sabWouri propagandistuli manqanis miRwevebs da am gamocdilebiT gamdidrebuli „rbilis Zalis“ mTeli arsenalis realizacias axdens mezobel saxelmwifoebSi (magaliTad baltiis qveynebi, moldova, ukraina da sxv). bolo wlebSi sul ufro aqtiurad xdeba misi gamoyeneba saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSic.
2008 wlis 25 seqtembers (ramdenime kviraSi saqarTvelos teritoriis okupaciis Semdeg) premierma putinma „mwvane Suqi“ aunTo rbil Zalas saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. „saWiroa ganvaviTaroT Zmuri urTierTobebi saqarTvelos qalaqebTan, imitom, rom saqarTvelos gasaglejad gadacema nacionalistebisa da upasuxismgeblo adamianebisaTvis iqneboda araswori.“ omis Semdeg ruseTis prezidents, premiersa da sxva maRalGinosnebs araerTxel gamouxatavT sakuTari „nazi grZnobebi“ qarTvel, afxaz Tu os xalxebTan mimarTebaSi, magram kremlis politikis faqtobrivi Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es „sentimentalizmi“ radikalurad gansxvavdeba samomavlo TanamSromlobis WeSmariti survilisagan. ras warmoadgens kremliseuli „rbili Zala“? riT ganasxvavdeba Soft -is rusul interpretacia tradiciulisagan? rogor iyenebs mas oficialuri moskovi sakuTari interesebisaTvis da aris Tu ara es „faseulobaTa eqsporti“?
Power
http://www.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_10942
http://premier.gov.ru/visits/ru/6068/events/1975/
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winamdebare wigni swored „rbili Zalis“ kremliseul interpretacias eZRvneba. Gven ganvixilavT rusuli “Soft Power”-is yvela mimarTulebas, romelic gamoiyeneba saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. aRvwerT maTi moqmedebis meqnizmebs, zemoqmedebis Sedegebsa da samomavlo safrTxeebs. amTaviTve aRvniSnavT, rom winamdebare naSromis avtorTa jgufi winaaRmdegia qsenofobiis nebismieri gamovlinebis da pativs scems yvela ersa da erovnebas. miT umetes, naSromi ar aris mimarTuli romelime xalxis an xalxebis winaaRmdeg. Gveni mizania, ganvasxvavoT Rirebulebebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebisagan, gamovavlinoT is safrTxeebi, romelic SesaZloa saguldagulod iyos „SefuTuli“ da perspeqtivaSi seriozul saSiSroebas warmoadgendes rogorc saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi xalxebisaTvis, maT Soris afxazebisa da osebisaTvis, aseve zogadad saqarTvelos, rogorc qveynis saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis. gvinda madloba gadavuxadoT konrad adenaueris fonds, romelmac aRniSnuli kvlevis ganxorcielebaSi udidesi daxmareba gagviwia. swored misi uSualo TandgomiTa da mxardaWeriT gamoica winamdebare naSromi. Tengiz fxalaZe geopolitikuri kvlevebis saerTaSoriso centris Tavmjdomare
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ruseTis kavkasiuri politikis ZiriTadi veqtorebi Tengiz fxalaZe , giorgi volski
„aris regionebi, sadac ruseTs aqvs privilegirebuli interesebi. am regionebSi aris qveynebi, romelTanac Gven tradiciulad gvaerTianebs megobruli da keTilmezobluri interesebi, istoriulad gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi. Gven yuradRebiT vimuSavebT am regionebSi da ganvaviTarebT aseT megobrul urTierTobebs am qveynebTan, Gvens axlo mezoblebTan~. es gaxlavT amonaridi dimitri medvedevis 2008 wlis 31 agvistos interviudan. am „privilegirebuli intersebis~ zonebis GamonaTvalSi samxreT kavkasia da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelo umniSvnelovanes adgils ikavebs. am regionze kontrolis damyareba oficialuri moskovisaTvis erT-erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgens. kremls jerac ver „mouSuSebia~ baltiis qveynebis „iolad dakargva~ da yovel Rones xmarobs, rom ar dauSvas msgavsi precendentis ganmeoreba, miT umetes, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, romelic sakuTari geostrategiuli mdebareobiT „kavkasiis gasaRebs~ warmoadgens. amitomac, am mimarTulebiT nebismieri nabiji, romelic ruseTis „privilegirebuli interesebis~ GarGoebs scdeba, aRiqmeba pirdapir muqarad ruseTis erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis. „Gven swored aseTi pasuxi unda gagveca. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SevwyvetdiT sakuTari Tavis pativiscemas, davkargavdiT kavkasias da, saboloo jamSi, davkargavdiT mTlianad ruseTs. vfiqrob, ar mWirdeba TqvenTvis ubralo WeSmaritebis damtkiceba: ruseTs SeuZlia iyos Zlieri da didi, an is ar iqneba saerTod. es Zalian tkbili lukmaa,
http://news.kremlin.ru/news/1276
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Gveni teritoria, bunebrivi resursebi, mTeli Gveni SesaZleblobebi yovelTvis izidavda da izidavs mravali Surianis mzeras. msoflioSi cxovreba ar gaiolebula, magram gamoGnda kidev erTi Zala (ruseTis saxiT) romelsac SeuZlia daicvas wesrigi msoflioSi. da, albaT, es aris kavkasiis omis mTavari gakveTili~. dimitri medvedevis es sityvebi srulad warmoadgenen saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis regionSi ruseTis „eqskluziuri interesebis~ WeSmarit Sinaarss. samwuxaroa, magram ruseTis federaciis erovnuli usafrTxoebis strategia naTlad mowmobs: sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa moskovisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, misi sazRvrebis axlo mdebare, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi gavlenis damkvidrebaSi gamoixateba. sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis sawyis periodSi naTeli iyo, rom ruseTi mis xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT daupirispirdeboda Grdiloatlantikuri aliansis infrastruqturis aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT gafarToebis mcdelobas da mouwevda dasavleTTan, upirveles yovlisa ki aSS-Tan brZola kavkasiis regionisaTvis. jer kidev gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi aSkara iyo moskovis miswrafeba kavkasiidan gamoedevna e.w. „araregionaluri moTamaSeebi~. marTalia, amisaTvis ruseTs ar hyofnida `pozitiuri~ berketebi, rogorc ideologiuri aseve ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, magram gaaGnda Tavisi `negatiuri~ upiratesoba _ dapirispirebebis provocireba. swored am faqtoris gamoyenebam ganapiroba samxreT kavkasiasa da kerZod saqarTveloSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi warmoSoba. imis gamo, rom saqarTvelo ar Gamoyalibda ruseTis mtkice mokavSired, ruseTma problemebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli cxinvalis (1991) da afxazeTis (1992-1993) regionebSi. eTnikuri omebis Semdeg aq jer samSvidobo Zalebis meSveobiT damkvidrda, xolo 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg, moaxdina dasaxelebuli regionebis okupacia.
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http://news.kremlin.ru/transcripts/1564
dRes ruseTi kavkasiaSi kontrols swored am meqanizmebis eqspluataciiT inarGunebs. rogorc bevri analitikosi miiGnevs, agvistos omi aSS-sa da ruseTis konkurenciis erT-erT epizods asaxavs. samxedro-politikuri faqtorebis garda, ruseTis politika aqcentirebulia energoresursebis wyaroebis da satranzito gzebis kontrolis Temaze. ruseTis ekonomika ZiriTadad damokidebulia energonedleulis realizaciaze, magram energoresursebi moskovisaTvis gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod ekonomikis elementi. am faqtors ruseTis danarGen msofliosTan xelsayreli politikuri urTierTobebisaTvis strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, energoresursebis sakiTxisadmi aseTi mniSvne足 lobis miniWebam saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ruseTis politikaze gadamwyveti mniSvneloba iqonia. gasaTvaliswinebelia, agreTve, rom ruseTs seriozuli problemebi aqvs Tavis samxreT nawilSi (GrdiloeT kavkasia). 90-iani wlebis Sua periodidan moyolebuli, aq praqtikulad ar Sewyvetila saomari moqmedebebi federalur Zalebsa da ajanyebulTa Soris. ruseTi足 sadmi met-naklebad pozitiuri ganwyoba mxolod Grdilo oseTis avtonomiur respublikaSia. miuxedavad sastiki Zaladobisa, gansakuTrebiT GeGneTis respublikaSi, dasavleTis qveynebi ar arian loialurebi Grdilokavkasiel mebrZolTa mimarT, radgan aSkarad ikveTeba maTi organizaciebis kavSiri radikalur islamistur moZraobebTan da brZolaSi aqtiurad iyeneben teroristul meTodebs. ruseTma SeZlo kavkasiis respublikebSi marionetuli reJimebis Gamoyalibeba, maT Soris GeGneTSi (r.kadirovi). amdenad, ruseTis politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi motivirebulia ara marto mowinaaRmdege samxedro politikuri blokis sazRvrebTan miaxloebis prevenciis an energoresursebis tranzitis alternatiul derefanze kontrolis interesiT. misTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tavis teritoriaze mimdinare saomari moqmedebebis arealis (Grdilo kavkasiis) zurgis kontrols.
15
swored am mizeziT daiwyo saqarTveloSi ruseTis aqtiuri Semosvla XIX saukunis pirveli wlebidan. man saqarTvelo jer ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi gaaerTiana (1801), xolo mcire periodis damoukideb足 lobis Semdeg ki (1918-1921), iseve rogorc somxeTi da azerbaijani, saqarTvelo sabWoTa ruseTis mier iqna okupirebuli da sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi (ssrk) gaerTianebuli. amave periodidan gamoikveTa energoresursebiT mdidari kaspiis zRvis regionisa da satranzito gzebis kontrolis interesi. faqtiurad, saqarTvelosTan 2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegad, teritoriebis faqtiuri aneqsiiT ruseTma moaxdina Tavisi erovnuli usafrTxoebis strategiis calkeuli amocanebis Zalismieri realizacia: problema Seuqmna saqarTvelos Grdilo-atlantikur aliansSi da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisa da energoresursebis gadazid足vis globalur sistemebSi saqarTvelos stabilur partniorad Gamoyalibebis perspeqtivas. ruseTs efeqturi berketebi aqvs agreTve somxeTsa da azerbaijanze gavlenisaTvis. somxeTi mTiani yarabaRisa da mimdebare raionebis okupaciis gamo gare samyarosagan izolirebulia azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis mier, mowyvetilia yvela regionul energoproeqts da azerbaijanisagan mudmivi revanSis molodinSia; tvirTebis miRebis erTaderTi gza saqarTvelos gavliT rGeba. rusuli gazis miRebasac saqarTveloze gamavali tranzituli miliT axdens. misi biujetis didi nawili sazRvargareT myofi SeZlebuli Tanamemamuleebis daxmarebiT ivseba, Tumca maTi aqtiuri lobirebis miuxedavad, somxeTi ver wyvets usafrTxebis problemas. iranTan misi urTierTobebi ganuviTarebeli da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT umniSvneloa. amdenad, erevani mTlianadaa damokidebuli moskovze. somxeTi koleqtiuri usafrTxeobis xelSekrulebis wevricaa, sadac masTan erTad gaerTianebulia ruseTi, yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi, tajikeTi, yirgizeTi, belorusi. es samxedro-politikuri SeTanxmeba moskovis mieraa inicirebuli da iseve, rogorc damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa kavSiri (dsT), yofili ssrk-s sivrceSi gavlenis kidev erT meqanizms warmoadgens.
16
politikuri viTarebisa da energetikaze damokidebuli ekonomikis gaTvaliswinebiT ruseTTan loialur urTierTobas ufrTxildeba azerbaijani. rusuli kompaniebi GarTulebi arian azerbaijanSi moqmed saerTaSoriso energetikul korporaciebSi. amasTanave, ruseTi warmoadgens azerbaijanuli energoresursebis satranzito partniors. rac mTavaria, amerikasTan da safrangeTTan erTad ruseTi mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis mogvarebisaTvis Seqmnili minskis jgufis gavleniani wevria. ruseTi somxeTis samxedro „mfarvelicaa~ (giumris samxedro baza), rac azerbaijanisaTvis moskovTan urTierTobebis dabalansebis kidev erTi damatebiTi faqtoria. saqarTveloSi moskovis zegavlenis gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi ukve azerbaijani aRmoGndeba rusuli izolaciis mZevlis rolSi, rasac uciloblad mohyveba kaspiis auzisa da centraluri aziis regionebis realuri gadaqceva ruseTis „privilegirebuli interesebis~ ara Teoriul, aramed faqtobriv zonad.
17
rusuli `rbili Zalis~ arsi da ZiriTadi amocanebi saqarTveloSi Tengiz fxalaZe
erT-erT statiaSi moskovis karnegis centris xelmZRvaneli dimitri trenini aRniSnavs, rom sanqciebis politikam saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ver gaamarTla da Sedegad moitana saqarTvelos kidev ufro metad daSoreba ruseTisagan, ara mxolod politikurad, aramed kulturuladac. is gaTvla, rom ramdenime wlis Semdeg qarTvelebi „gons movlen~ da ukrainelebis msgavsad airGeven im xelisuflebas, romelic wava moskovTan daTmobebze, SeiZleba mcdari aRmoGndes. amitomac, dadga dro, Seicvalos midgoma qarTuli problemis mimarT. „imis magivrad, rom qarTveli xalxi vaqcioT ruseTis xelmZRvanelobis saakaSvilTan urTierTobis mZevlad, saWiroa gavzardoT ruseTis mimzidveloba saqarTvelos sazogadoebriobis TvalSi. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, „uxeSi Zala~ unda Seicvalos „rbili ZaliT~. saqarTvelos mimarT keTilganwyobis imijis Seqmnas ara mxolod rusi eqspertebi, aramed kremlis mesveurebic cdiloben. 2009 wlis 16 noembers ruseTis premierma vladimer putinma evgeni primakovs dabadebis dRe miuloca da yvelasTvis moulodnelad saqarTvelos gamTlianeba daavala. gadauWreli sakiTxebi GvenTvis ar arsebobs _ aRniSna putinma _ saqarTvelos gamTlianebis sakiTxi gadaWradia! es gancxadeba ruseTis premierma sajarod gaakeTa da dasZina, rom darwmunebulia da imedovnebs, rom misi sityvebi darbazis kedlebs aucileblad gascdeba.
http://www.carnegie.ru/publications/?fa=41353
http://www.gazeta.ru/column/rynska/3287611.shtml
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mniSvnelovani is garemoc, sadac es sityvebi warmoiTqva. wveulebas moskovSi moRvawe bevri cnobili qarTveli eswreboda da putinis gamosvlis Semdeg darbazSi revaz laRiZis „Tbiliso~-mac ki gaiJRera! Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi gancxadebebi „SemTxveviT~ ar keTdeba. miT umetes, evgeni primakovi is pirovnebaa, romelic davalebebs mxolod „piarisa~ da reklamisaTvis ar iRebs, Tanac saku Tar dabadebis dRis aRsaniSnavad mowyobil sazeimo wveulebaze! putinis zemoxsenebuli gancxadeba „saqarTvelos gamTlianebis~ Sesaxeb “Soft Power”-is „rusuli interpretaciis~ aSkara magaliTia. erTi mxriv, ruseTis premieri yvelas, da maT Soris dasavleTis, gasagonad aRniSnavs, rom „konstuqciuladaa~ ganwyobili saqarTvelos mimarT da mzadaa dialogisaTvis, xolo meore mxriv, xazs usvams sakuTar „Zlevamosilebas~ _ „GvenTvis gadauWreli sakiTxebi ar arsebobs~ da roca mogvindeba maSin wagarTmevT an dagibrunebT teritoriebso! 2008 wlis agvistos Semdeg ruseTis oficiozi xSirad saubrobs saqarTvelosTan „axal urTierTobebze~. moskovi cdilobs Seqmnas konstruqciuli partnioris imiji da daarwmunos saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba sakuTar humanurobasa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis survilSi. bunebrivia, aRniSnuls Sors mimavali miznebi aqvs. ruseTis federaciam ukve araerTxel ganacxada Riad sakuTari ambiciis Sesaxeb, gaxdes evropuli usafrTxoebis axali sistemis mTavari Semoqmedi da arqiteqtori. 2009 wels prezidentma medvedevma ukve waradgina sakuTari koncefcia aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT. magram am iniciativam sasurveli rezonansi jerac ver moipova. dasavleTi ver aRiarebs usafrTxoebis axali sistemis arqiteqtorad qveyanas, romelsac mezobeli saxelmwifos teritoria aqvs aneqsirebuli. amdenad, imijis Secvla saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi kremlisaTvis mniSnelovan taqtikur amocanas warmoadgens, romelic mas sakuTari strategiuli miznebis ganxorcielebaSi daexmareba.
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rogoria amJamad da rogori SeiZleba iyos uaxloes momavalSi kremlis „rbili Zalis~ realizaciis meqanizmebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi? ruseTis federaciis sagareo saqmeTa saministro sagareo politikis humanitaruli mimarTulebis ramdenime instruments gamoyofs:
sazRvargareT TanamemamuleTa interesebis dacva;
sakonsulo saqmianoba;
uflebadacviTi problematika;
TanamSromloba kulturis, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoebSi.
aRniSnuls emateba sainformacio uzrunvelyofa da yovelive es moskovis sagareo politikis diplomatiur arsenalSi erTiandeba. Sesabamisad, dasaxuli amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi aqtiurad arian GarTulebi rogorc sagareo saqmeTa saministro, aseve „rossotrudniGestvo~ (damoukidebl saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli TanamSromlobis federaluri saagento), ganaTlebis mecnierebisa da kuturis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, kvleviTi centrebi, kremlis mier kontrolirebadi sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (magaliTad fondi „russki mir~ (“Русский Мир”), moskovis Tanamemamulis saxli “Московский Дом Соотечественника” da sxv.) da media saSualebebi. sainteresoa ideologiuri platforma, romliTac ruseTi cdilobs axali imijis warmoGenas. upirveles yovlisa, es aris „rusuli samyaros~ idea. pirvelad am formulirebam 2007 wels, prezident putinis ruseTis federaluri krebis mimarT gagzavnil yovelwliur mimarTvaSi gaiJRera: „mimdinare wels, romelic gamocxadebulia
20
http://www.mid.ru/Brp_4.nsf/arh/ 5837BBE2727D8C3DC32576E9003AD888?OpenDocument
rusuli enis wlad, gvaqvs mizezi kidev erTxel gavixsenoT, rom rusuli ena _ esaa xalxTa istoriuli Zmobisa da marTlac rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ena. igi ara mxolod WeSmaritad msoflio miRwevebis Semnaxvel plasts warmoadgens, aramed aris mravalmilioniani „rusuli samyaros~ cocxali sivrce, romelic, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT farToa, vidre Tavad ruseTi~.10 swored am gancxadebidan ori Tvis Tavze, 2007 wlis 21 ivniss, vladimer putinis brZanebulebiT Seiqmna fondi „russki mir~, romlis oficialuri damfuZneblebic arian ruseTis federaciis sagareo saqmeTa da kulturis saministroebi. organizaciis ZiriTad amocanebad ki „ruseTisaTvis xelsayreli sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmna~ da zogadad „rbili Zalis~ popularizacia ganisazRvra.11 „rusuli samyaros~ arsis gamosarkvevad da Sesaswavlad ruseTSi ramdenime Teoretikuli skola aRmocenda. fond „russki miris~ aRmasrulebeli direqtori, istoriul mecnierebaTa doqtori viaGe slav nikonovi sam aseT mimarTulebas gamoyofs:12
geopolitikuri, romelsac warmoadgenen aleqsandre dugini da vadim cimburski. maT mier iqna SemuSavebuli koncefcia „kunZuli ruseTi~ (“Остров Россия”). aRniSnuli gulisxmobs erTgvari izolirebuli, Gaketili samyaros Seqmnas postsabWoTa qveynebTan aliansis Seqmnis saSualebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, postsabWoTa qveynebma unda moaxdinon ruseTis usafrTxoebisa da evraziis kontinentze suverenulobis uzrunvelyofa. koncefciaSi aqcenti keTdeba ruseTis civilizebul TviTmyofadobaze, romelic upirispirdeba petre I-is mier dasavlur samyarosTan Serwymis politikas.
10
http://archive.kremlin.ru/appears/2007/04/26/1156_ type63372type63374type82634_125339.shtml
11
http://www.russkiymir.ru/russkiymir/ru/fund/about
12
http://www.russkiymir.ru/russkiymir/ru/analytics/article/news0013.html
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geoekonomikuri _ warmoadgenen piotr SGedrovicki da aleqsandre neklessa. am skolis warmomadgenlebi saubroben „rusul geoekonomikur samyaroze~, romelic iqmneba didi raodenobis rusuli diasporebisagan, maT Soris maRali teqnologiebis sferoSi moRvaweebisagan. am diasporebze dayrdnobiT ruseTi erTveba dasavleTis teqnologiur da finansur resursebSi, xdeba misi SeRweva dasavluri civilizaciis politikur da kulturul birTvSi, riTac ruseTi gaimagrebs sakuTar poziciebs globalur ekonomikasa da politikaSi. am mimarTulebis ideologiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens formula: ilaparake rusulad = iazrovne rusulad = moiqeci rusulad.
mesame skola _ geokulturuli paradigma, romelic warmodgenilia sergei gradirovskisa da moris meJuevis naSromebiT. am mimarTulebis Tanaxmad, rusuli samyaros amocanaa ruseTis integracia migraciuli nakadebis „saTave qveynebTan~, romlebic ZiriTadad postsabWoTa sivrceSi mdebareoben. am SemTxvevaSi ruseTma unda Seqmnas sazogadoebebi britanuli erTa Tanamegobrobis an iberiul-amerikuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebis, an frankofonuri erebis Tanamegobrobis principiT.
rogorc viaGeslav nikonovi aRniSnavs, fondi „russki mir~ sakuTar saqmianobaSi iyenebs yvela am Teoriuli skolis calkeul debulebebs da Tan „rusuli samyaros~ sakuTar xedvas ayalibebs. am koncefciis Tanxmad, Tu saxelmwifos SigniT „rusi~ eTnokulturuli identurobis aRmniSvnelia, qveynis sazRvrebs gareT es cneba zeeTnikurobis, supereTnikurobisa da garkveul wilad civilizaciurobis ganmsazRvreli xdeba. rusuli samyaro ki aris „ruseTi plius rusuli sazRvargareTi~. es „aris civilizacia da rogorc civilizacia,
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gacilebiT farToa, vidre eTnosebi da erebi, teritoriebi, religiebi, politikuri sistemebi da ideologiuri midrekilebebi~.13 rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Gans, es koncefciebi kremlis mier strategiul dokumentebSi gansazRvruli amocanebis, kerZod ki postsabWoTa sivrceze sakuTari Zlierebis gazrdisaken mimarTuli doqtrinebi ufroa, vidre zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebisa da faseulobebis matarebeli Teoriebi. isini Seqmnilia moskovis „realuri politikis~ ganxorcielebisaTvis. imisaTvis rom, rogorc sergei karaganovi aRniSnavs, ruseTi „Tavaziand iRimebodes da ara damcinavad~14 da moklebulia swored im mTavar Rirebulebebis sistemas, romeliTac gamoirGeva jozef nais mier Seqmnili “Soft Power”-is koncefcia. Tavad nikonovi gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom ruseTs ar gaaGnia ideologia, romelsac SesTavazebda msoflios.15 amdenad, rusuli „rbili Zala~ oficialuri moskovis mier gan xorcielebuli saxelmwifo politikis erT-erTi instrumentia, romelic ara zogadad faseulobebis gavrcelebas, aramed kremlisa da ruseTis mmarTveli elitis interesebs emsaxureba. isev vladimer putins davesesxebiT: „lideroba mudmivad unda gavamyaroT efeqturi saqmeebiT, efeqturi politikiT. pirvelxarisxovan amocanad kvlavac rGeba baltiisa da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegob robis qveynebSi Gveni Tanamemamuleebis, Gveni Tanamoqalaqeebis interesebisa da uflebebis dacva. movida dro, xeli movkidoT Tanamegobrobis qveynebSi msxvili kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centrebis Seqmnas Gvens TanamemamuleebTan samuSaod.~16
13
http://www.russkiymir.ru/russkiymir/ru/analytics/article/news0013.html
14
http://www.svop.ru/live/news.asp?n_id=24659
15
http://www.russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Komponentov-myagkoj-sily-u-Rossii-nemnogo
16
http://archive.kremlin.ru/appears/2004/07/12/0000_type63374type63378_74399. shtml
23
amdenad, ruseTis axali imijis, rusuli „rbili Zalisa~ da misi calkeuli komponentebis Sesaxeb saubrisas mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrGes is ZiriTadi miznebi, romelTa realizaciiskenac mii swrafvian am ideologiebis mTavari Semoqmedebi.
24
Tavi I .
ruseTis federaciis diplomatiuri aqtivobebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi
okupirebuli teritoriebi Tengiz fxalaZe
2008 wlis agvistos Semdgom ruseTis federaciis sagareo politikis umniSvnelovanes amocanad iqca mis mier saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli samxedro agresiis aucileblobis dasabuTeba, okupirebul teritoriebze sakuTari qmedebebis legalizacia, am teritoriebis „aTviseba~, saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopoveba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis sakiTxSi da saqarTvelos, rogorc arastabiluri da agresori qveynis imijis damkvid reba saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobaSi. okupirebuli teritoriebis „aTviseba~ moskovma, upirveles yovlisa, samarTlebrivi bazis „SeqmniT~ daiwyo. 2008 wlis 26 agvistos ruseTma samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis damoukidebloba aRiara, riTac uxeSad daarRvia manamde nakisri saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi, maT Soris aRiarebis faqtamde ori kviriT adre (2008 wlis 12 agvistos) mis mierve xelmowerili saakaSvili-sarkozi-medvedevis eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmeba. 2008 wlis 9 seqtembers, notebis gacvlis gziT, moskovma „diplomatiuri urTierTobebi~ daamyara soxumsa da cxinvalTan, xolo ukve 2008 wlis 17 seqtembers maTTan „megob robisa da TanamSromlobis~ xelSekrulebebi gaaforma. Semdgom gaformda xelSekrulebebi saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvisa da samxedro TanamSromlobis sferoebSi, romlebic oficialuri moskovis Rrma rwmeniT „mowodebulia ara mxolod am respublikebis, aramed mTlianad regionis usafrTxoebis gasaZliereblad~. mTlianobaSi 2008-2010 w.w. moskovma e.w. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis „damoukidebel saxelmwifoebTan~ daaxloebiT 30-30 „saxelmwifoTSorisi, mTavrobaTSorisi
26
da uwyebaTSorisi dokumenti~ gaaforma.17 am e.w. „samarTlebrivi bazis~ arss ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciis da aneqsiis faqtis gamarTleba da am teritoriebis Semdgomi kolonizaciis legalizacia warmoadgens. ruseTma da okupirebuli teritoriebis de faqto mmarTvelebma „diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebic~ gacvales. 2009 wlis 1 maiss gaixsna ruseTis federaciis „saelGo~ afxazeTSi,18 xolo 2010 wlis 17 maiss _ afxazeTis „saelGo~ moskovSi.19 moskovSi aseve funqcionirebs „samxreT oseTis respublikis saelGoc~.20 rac Seexeba ruseTis „diplomatiur warmomadgenlobas~ cxinvalSi, igi aseve moqmedebs,21 magram ukeTesi samuSao pirobebis Sesaqmnelad, vladimer putinis piradi miTiTebiT, q. cxinvalSi mimdinareobs „saelGos~ warmomadgenlobiTi kompleqsis mSenebloba, rac iTvaliswinebs samsarTulian saofise da eqvssarTulian sacxovrebel nagebobebs. kompleqsis mSeneblobis dasruleba gaTvaliswinebulia 2012 wels.22 imavdroulad, didi intensivobiT viTardeba „ormxrivi diplomatiuri urTierTobebi~. eduard kokoiTisa da sergei baRafSis vizitebma moskovSi faqtiurad regularuli xasiaTi miiRo. ZiriTadi Sexvedrebi imarTeba ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi, prezidentis administraciaSi, ministrTa kabinetsa da ruseTis mTavrobis sxva struqturebSi, aseve moskovis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa institutSi, ruseTis sapatriarqoSi, ufro iSviaTad ki dimitri
17
http://www.mid.ru/Brp_4.nsf/arh/ 5837BBE2727D8C3DC32576E9003AD888?OpenDocument
18
http://www.interfax.ru/society/news.asp?id=77530
19
http://www.newsru.com/russia/17may2010/abhazposol.html
20
http://osembassy.ru/ru/
21
http://www.rfsosetia.mid.ru/
22
http://cominf.org/node/1166484231
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medvedevTan da vladimer putinTan.23 aRarafers vambobT okupirebuli regionebis „mTavrobebis~ sxva wevrebis mimosvlaze ruseTis federaciaSi. Tuki am „vizitebs~ kargad GavuRrmavdebiT, rac calke kvlevis sagania, naTlad davinaxavT, rom maTi Sinaarsi da xasiaTi sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centralur komitetSi regionuli donis partiuli Ginovnikebis stumrobas ufro Seesabameba, vidre damoukidebeli qveynebis diplomatiur urTierTobebs. soxumsa da cxinvals aseve xSirad stumroben ruseTis federaciis maRali da umaRlesi rangis saxelmwifo delegaciebi. magaliTisa Tvis, dimitri medvedevis vizitebi afxazeTsa (8 agvisto 2010 w.)24 da samxreT oseTSi (13 ivlisi 2009 w.),25 aseve vladimer putinis viziti afxazeTSi (12 agvisto 2009 w.).26 xazgasasmelia ruseTis sapatrirqos aqtivobac. eduard kokoiTs monawileoba aqvs miRebuli ruseTis sapatriarqos mier organizebul araerT RonisZiebaSi da ramdenime Sexvedrac hqonda ruseTis eklesiis maRalGinosnebTan.27 rac Seexeba sergei baRafSs, igi piradad miiRo moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqma kirilma. rogorc Gans, rusuli eklesia gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideba afxazeTs, razedac moskovis sapatriarqos saitze arsebuli informaciac metyvelebs.28
23 ufro dawvrilebiT vizitebis qronologiebis Sesaxeb ix: http://www.
mfaabkhazia.net/ru/russia; http://www.mid.ru/ns-reuro.nsf/strana?OpenView&Start=
1&Count=30&Expand=1#1 da http://presidentrso.ru/
24
http://news.kremlin.ru/news/8598
25
http://news.kremlin.ru/news/4778
26
http://premier.gov.ru/visits/world/6125/events/4729/
27
http://www.patriarchia.ru/search/ ?text=%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82&x=0&y=0
28
http://www.patriarchia.ru/search/ ?text=%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%88&x=0&y=0
28
ruseTis sxva oficialuri pirebis, cnobili saxelmwifo da sazogado moRvaweebis stumroba okupirebul teritoriebze ukve yoveldRiurobad gadaiqca da maTi raodenoba faqtobrivad statistikur monacemebSi gadaizarda. aRsaniSnavia moskovis Zalisxmeva afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis „damoukideblobis~ saerTaSoriso aRiarebis misaRwevad. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam imTaviTve daikava sakmaod principuli pozicia saqarTvelos okupirebul teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT da araerTxel mimarTa moskovs saqarTvelos teritoriis deokupaciis mowodebiT. dasavleTis qveynebis garda am poziciaze mtkiced dganan damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis wevri qveynebic. zewolisa da SantaJis miuxedavad, moskovma am sivrceSi okupirebuli teritoriebis damoukidebel saxlmwifoebad cnobas ver miaRwia. samagierod, kremlma „grandiozuli diplomatiur gamarjveba~ moipova nikaraguas, venesuelisa da naurus meSveobiT. nikaraguam, pirvelma ruseTis Semdeg, 2008 wlis 3 seqtembers aRiara samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis „damoukidebloba~.29 erTi wlis Semdeg, 2009 wlis 10 seqtembers, mas venesuelac SeuerTda.30 rac Seexeba naurus republikas, man okupirebuli teritoriebis „damoukidebloba~ 2009 wlis dekemberSi scno. sagulisxmoa, rom aRniSnul movlenas win uswrebda naurus mTavrobis mimarTva mosko visadmi, romliTac igi 50 milionian kredits iTxovda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis „aRiarebis~ sanacvlod. ramdenime Tvis gansjis Semdeg, kremlma realur safasurad miiGnia moTxovnili Tanxa da naurusTan garigebaze daTanxmda.31
29
http://www.regnum.ru/news/1050253.html
30
http://www.newsru.com/russia/10sep2009/chavez.html
31
http://www.runewsweek.ru/country/31746/
29
vfiqrobT, moyvanili magaliTebi naTlad warmoaGens rusuli diplomatiisa da kremlis politikis realur miznebs saqarTvelos Tan mimarTebaSi. moskovisaTvis misaRebia mxolod im xasiaTis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, romelic ar SeewinaRmdegeba mis imperiul zraxvebs da xels ar SeuSlis saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis „aTvisebaSi~. aseT viTarebaSi kremlisaTvis mxolod diskomfortis Semqmneli iyo is saerTaSoriso misiebi, romlebsac am teritoriebze Sesvlisa da saqmianobis mandati hqondaT. amitomac, mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva mimarTa euTosa da gaeros misiebis saqmianobis SesaGereblad.
30
ruseTis politika euToSi Tornike SaraSeniZe
euTos damkvirvebelTa misia saqarTveloSi 1992 wlidan muSaobda da mis umTavres amocanas cxinvalis regionSi arsebuli konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis xelSewyoba warmoadgenda. 2008 wlis omis Semdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebis, kerZod ki ruseTis mier samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis e.w. „damoukideblobis~ cnobis Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom kremls ar sWirdeboda saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa yofna mis mier okupirebul teritoriebze, miT umetes, rom omis Semdeg, dasavleTs sruli safuZveli hqonda samxreT oseTis teritoriaze misiis gaZlierebisaTvis (omamde konfliqtur zonaSi sul euTos cxra damkvirvebeli imyofeboda da maT verafriT SeuSales xeli konfliqtis dawyebas). saerTaSoriso organizaciebis yofnas saqarTvelos okupirebul teritoriebze ruseTi mxolod maSin See gueboda, Tuki es organizaciebi ama Tu im formiT mainc scnobdnen `axal realobebs~ _ afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobas. es midgoma Zalian kargad gamoixata im politikaSi, romelic ruseTma saqarTveloSi euTos misiis mimarT gaatara da romlis Sedegadac misiis daxurvas miaRwia. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTs ukve hqonda msgavsi gamocdileba. 2005 wels man dabloka saqarTveloSi euTos sazRvris damkvirvebelTa misiis gagrZeleba, romelmac aSkarad dadebiTi roli Seasrula saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris im daZa bulobis ganmuxtvaSi, romelsac safuZveli Gaeyara pankisis xeobaSi GeGeni ltolvilebis masobrivad gadmodinebisas, GeGneTSi ruseTis meore samxedro kampaniis msvlelobis dros. ruseTma saqarTvelos pankisis xeobaSi ara mxolod mSvidobiani ltolvilebis, aramed SeiaraRebuli GeGeni mebrZolebis SefarebaSi dasdo brali. ruseTsa da euTos Soris konfliqti 2007 wlis dekembris saparlamento da
31
2008 wlis aprilis saprezidento arGevnebis win qveynidan ODIHR-is (euTos demokratiuli institutebis da adamianis uflebaTa ofisi) gaZevebiT gagrZelda. gaZevebis kulminaciad putinis gamosvla iqca, roca man euToelebs urGia `sakuTari colebisaTvis SGis xarSva~ eswavlebinaT.32 ruseTis ukmayofileba da gaRizianeba euTos mimarT jer kidev 1999 wels daiwyo, roca stambulis samitze ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda xeli moewera SeTanxmebaze, romelic mas saqarTvelodan da moldovadan samxedro bazebis gayvanas avaldebulebda. aqedan moyolebuli, ruseTma saqarTvelodan bazebi praqtikulad gaiyvana, Tuki ar GavTvliT gudauTis (afxazeTi) bazas, romelzec saerTaSoriso damkirveblebs srulfasovani daSveba arasodes hqoniaT. cxadia, `axali realobebis~ Seqmnis Semdeg afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi damkvirvebelTa daSveba kidev ufro metad Seusrulebel misiad iqca. samxreT oseTis teritoriaze euTos misiis dablokvis procesi jer kidev maSin daiwyo, roca moskovma konfliqtis dros iqaurobas gamoridebul dakvirveblebs ubralod iq dabrunebis ufleba aRar misca. samagierod, ruseTma saqarTveloSi muSaobis ufleba darTo damatebiT oc damkvirvebels, oRond, isev da isev, es damkvirveblebic samxreT oseTis gareT rGebodnen, raTa qarTuli mxare gaekontrolebinaT (ruseTi periodulad yvela saerTaSoriso forumze gamoxatavda SeSfoTebas, rom saqarTvelo `isev iaraRdeboda~). saqarTveloSi euTos misias 2009 wlis 1 ianvars ewureboda vada da ruseTma am TariRisaTvis misiis gagrZelebis sakuTari varianti moamzada, romelic winaswarve cxadi iyo, rom saqarTvelosaTvis miuRebeli aRmoGndeboda. rusuli variantis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi misiis paralelurad unda gaxsniliyo misia samxreT oseTSi _ `cxinvalSi euTos misia sacdeli (samuSao) mandatiT.~ moskovs surda, rom euTos axali misiis daniSvnisas `oficialurad gaeTvaliswinebina 2008 wlis 32
32
http://www.zavtra.com.ua/news/mir/62644/
agvistos Semdeg regionSi momxdari mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebebi.~ am misiis gagrZeleba-Sewyveta ar unda yofiliyo Tbilisis prerogativa da saerTod igi aranair kavSirSi ar unda yofiliyo saqarTveloSi euTos misiasTan. rusul variantSi samxreT oseTi moxseniebuli iyo `maspinZel qveynad.~ aseve, am variantSi naxsenebi iyo `sazRvari saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTs Soris.~ mandatis mixedviT misias moeTxoveboda `yvela saqmianoba SeeTanxmebina maspinZel qveyanasTan~ da aseve `SeenarGunebina kontaqtebi rusul samxedro kontinentTan.~ es ukanaskneli, gan足xorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, ukve euTos mxridan legitimacias aZlevda samxreT oseTSi rusuli samxedro bazebis yofnasac. aseve Gafiqrebuli iyo samxreT oseTis de-faqto xelisuf足 lebis legitimaciac: misia am xelisuflebas unda daxmareboda eTnikur urTierTobaTa sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi. garda amisa, swored am xelisuflebas (da ara euTos) unda SeerGia misiis wevrebi (isev cxra adamiani xelmZRvanelis GaTvliT) da am xelisuflebas unda hqonoda kontroli misiis damxmare personalze. rac yvelaze mTavaria, misiis organizaciuli sakiTxebi unda Gamoyalibebuliyo calke SeTanxmebaSi, romelic euTos samxreT oseTis de-faqto xelisuflebasTan unda gaeformebina. misia yovel eqvs TveSi unda gagrZelebuliyo `maspinZeli qveynis~ TanxmobiT. Sedegad ruseTi euToSi Tavisi vetos uflebis garda am organizaciaze zemoqmedebis kidev erT berkets iZenda samxreT oseTis marionetuli mTavrobis saxiT. am SemoTavazebis dros ruseTma kosovosa da makedoniis magaliTi moiSvelia. euToSi ruseTis warmomadgenelma anvar azimovma aRniSna, rom es ar iqneboda pirveli SemTxveva, roca organizacia Tavis misias gaxsnida iseT qveynebSi (samxreT oseTis garda ruseTi afxazeTSic moiTxovda misiis gagzavnas), romelTac yvela saxelmwifo ar scnobda.33
33
http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav122208a.shtml
33
aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTi „keTili nebis~ Jestis gaTamaSebasac apirebda, akisrebda ra misias `ltolvilTa usafrTxo da Rirseuli dabrunebisaTvis xelis Sewyobas.~ Tumca, cxadi iyo rom amgvari dabruneba aranairad ar ganxorcieldeboda eTnikuri qarTuli soflebis ganadgurebis Semdeg. garda amisa, ruseTi `iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa~ nacvlad termin `ltolvilebs~ iyenebda, riTac kidev erTxel afiqsirebda `axal realobas~ _ axali saxelmwifos Seqmnas, romelSic ltolvilebi sxva saxelmwifodan (saqarTvelodan) unda dabrulebuliyvnen. gamomdinare iqidan, rom es varianti miuRebeli aRmoGnda, euTom neitraluri statusis misiis Seqmnaze daiwyo muSaoba. iqamde ki (2009 wlis 30 ivnisamde) ruseTi daTanxmda saqarTvelos mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze ockaciani misiis datovebaze. sabolood, euTos Tavmjdomare qveyanam, saberZneTma SeimuSava kidec neitraluri statusis misiis varianti, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli mxridan ocdaori, xolo samxreT oseTis teritoriaze ki rva damkirvebeli unda ganlagebuliyo, romelTac administraciuli sazRvris gadakveTis ufleba eqnebodaT. magram ruseTma amis sapasuxod ganacxada, rom gadaadgilebaze `maspinZeli qveynis~ Tanxmoba unda yofiliyo saWiro. saerTodac, berZnuli varianti isev da isev `axal realobebs~ ar iTvaliswinebda. azimovma saberZneTs mouwoda, Tavisi proeqtis SemuSevebisas ufro mWidrod eTanamSromla samxreT oseTis xelisuflebasTan da daimuqra, rom Tuki yvelaferi `30 ivnisamde ar gadawydeboda da Tuki ruseTis mosazrebebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar iqneboda~,34 maSin ruseTi saerTod bolos mouRebda euTos misias saqarTveloSi, rac sabolood asec moxda. Tumca, amas ar SeuSlia ruseTisaTvis xeli euTos misiis gawyvetaSi saqarTvelo da misi dasavleli partniorebi daedanaSaulebina. paralelurad ki ruseTi isev akritikebda dasavleTs saqarTvelos SeiaraRebaSi da `qarTuli samxedro reJimis~ xelaxali gaZlierebis 34
34
http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav022309a.shtml
gamo gangaSs texda. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgile karasinma ki im periodSi aRniSna, rom saqarTveloSi mimdinare opoziciis mitingebi `saqarTvelos amJamindel saxelmwifo manqanaSi arsebul sistemur darRvevebze~35 mianiSnebda. amgvarad, ruseTma araorazrovnad agrZnobina dasavleTs, rom ar Rirda ruseTTan dapirispireba da saerTod Tavis Sewuxeba saqarTvelos gamo, romlis xelisuflebac xalxis `mxardaWeras aRar imsaxurebda.~ garda amisa, ruseTi Seecada saqarTvelosTan omi gamoeyenebina euTos Semdgomi diskreditaciisaTvis da saerTod `civi omis~ Semdgomi status kvos gadaxedvisaTvis. ruseTis oficialuri pirebi daufaravad akritikebdnen euTos imis gamo, rom am ukanasknelma ver SeZlo `saqarTvelos mier samxreT oseTze ganxorcielebuli agresiis~ Tavidan acileba. lavrovma euTos ministerialze organizacia gaakritika aseve 1999 wels iugoslaviis dabombvis gamoc (romelic euTom aseve ver aicila Tavidan). lavrovma aseve gaakritika euTos36 demokratiul institutTa da adamianis uflebaTa biuro (ODIHR) euTos wevrebis „pirveli da meore xarisxis~ saxelmwifoebad dayofis gamo, rac qveynebs Soris uTanasworobas usvams xazs.37 lavrovma iqve gausva xazi, rom ruseTs namdvilad ar unda euTos dasusteba da magaliTebad moiyvana ruseTis mier organizebuli Sexvedra azerbaijanisa da somxeTis prezidentebs Soris, rogorc yarabaRis konfiliqtis mogvarebis gzaze gadadgmuli nabiji. euTos kritikis miuxedavad, ruseTi maqsimalurad cdilobda es organizacia SeZlebisdagvarad gamoeyenebina saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. kerZod, 2009 wlis ianvarSi moskovma 1999 wels xelmowerili ndobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis zomebze molaparakebis Sesaxeb xelmowerili venis dokumentis farglebSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli 35
http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav022309a.shtml
36
www.osce.org/item/40834.html
37
http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/2fee282eb6df40e643256999005e6e8c/ 09e3fadbb7882a2bc32573a2006b45f8?OpenDocument
35
Zalebis obieqtebis Semowmeba moiTxova. pasuxad Tbilisma fors maJoris ufleba gamoiyena im mizeziT, rom ruseTi sarkozi-medvedevis SeTanxmebas ar asrulebda da ruseTi Tavis obieqtebze ar dauSva. dabolos, swored euTos ukavSirdeboda 2008 wlis omis Semdgomi ruseTis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da radikaluri iniciativa, romlis mizanicaa evropis axali usafrTxoebis arqiteqturis Seqmna. am proeqtis mixedviT, dauSvebelia Zalis gamoyeneba saxelmwifoebs Soris. garda amisa, dauSvebelia erTis usafrTxoebis gazrda sxvebis xarjze (rac kargad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli natos gafarToebis dasablokad). arc erT saxelmwifosa Tu saxelmwifoTa jgufs ar unda gaaGndes evro-atlantikur sivrceSi usafrTxoebis garantirebis eqskluziuri ufleba (isev da isev natos SezRudva). garda amisa, proeqtSi saubaria iseT sakiTxebzec, rogoricaa transnacionaluri danaSaulisa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola da konfliqtebis prevencia. ruseTis es iniciativa SeiZleba Semdegnairad SevajamoT:
ruseTma danarGen msoflios ganucxada, rom igi `dakmayofilda~ 2008 wlis teritoriuli SenaZeniT da axla yvelas mSvidobas sTavazobs;
ruseTs miaGnia, rom mas Semdeg rac man moigo omi saqarTvelosTan da amgvarad dabloka natos gafarToeba, unda gadaixedos civi omis Semdgomi status kvo, unda gadaixedos da SeizRudos natos roli;
ruseTi gamodis evropis axali mSvidobismyofelis rolSi da amgvarad aqvs ambicia evropaSi liderobaze.
36
gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis saqmianobis Sewyveta giorgi volski
ruseTi ar Gqarobda saqarTveloSi gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis mandatis Sewyvetas. 2008 wlis 8 seqtembers, safrangeTis prezidentis SuamdgomlobiT, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris SeTanxmda viTarebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb 12 agvistos miRebuli gegmis realizaciis zogierTi debuleba. amasTanave, ruseTi daTanxmda afxazeTSi gaeros misiis mandatis SenarGunebas personalis imave raodenobiT da 7 agvistomde arsebuli ganlagebis sqemiT. ufro metic, Sors mimavali mosazrebiT, daTanxmda gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos iseTi rezoluciis miRebas (09.10.08 #1839),38 romelic eyrdnoboda gaeros adre miRebul yvela Sesabamis rezolucias da kerZod 2008 wlis 15 aprilis 1808 rezolucias,39 romelSic xazgasmuli iyo saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis saerTaSoriso mxardaWera. aRniSnuli 1839-e rezoluciiT gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis mandati 2009 wlis 15 Tebervlamde iqna gagrZelebuli.40 im periodSi, afxazeTSi sameTvalyureo misiis gagrZelebis sakiTxze msjelobisas ruseTma Segnebulad ar gamoeyena gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevris `vetos~ ufleba, radganac oficialuri
38
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/544/25/PDF/N0854425. pdf?OpenElement
39
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/306/29/PDF/N0830629. pdf?OpenElement
40
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/544/25/PDF/N0854425. pdf?OpenElement
37
moskovis politikuri propaganda iTvaliswinebda molaparakebebSi arakonstruqciul mxared saqarTvelos warmoGenas. garda amisa, dekemberSi iwureboda saqarTveloSi euTos misiis mandati. agvistos saomari moqmedebis ZiriTad asparezze, anu okupirebuli cxinvalis regionSi sruli kontrolis damyareba ruseTis pirveli rigis amocanas warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, ruseTisaTvis aucilebeli iyo mimdinare procesebidan euTos gayvana. amisaTvis, mas ukve wlis bolos mouwevda `vetos~ uflebis gardauvali gamoyeneba da ar surda saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobasTan mravalmxriv dapirispirebaSi Gabma. ruseTi daeloda dsT-s aRmasrulebeli sabWos gadawyvetilebas saqarTvelos mTavrobis mimarTvebze dsT-s Semadgenlobidan gasvlisa41 da qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zonaSi dsT-s samSvidobo operaciis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb,42 romelTanac pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli afxazeTSi gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis mandatis moqmedeba. dsT-s samSvidobo operaciis Sewyveta TavisTavad ganapirobebda gaeros misiis mandatis arsebuli saxiT Sewyvetas da misi Secvlis sakiTxis ganxilvis aucileblobas. 2008 wlis 15 oqtombers ZalaSi Sevida dsT-s sagareo saqmeTa minist足 rebis biSkekis (yirgizeTi) sxdomis gadawyvetileba qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zonaSi dsT-s samSvidobo operaciis Sewyvetis Taobaze.43 miuxedavad amisa, gaeros misia aqtiur reJimSi agrZelebda muSaobas, maT Soris patrulirebas kodoris xeobaSi, Tumca saxeze iyo samSvidobo procesis saboloo Sewyvetis faqti. ruseTis morigi politikuri gadawyvetileba aseve dakavSirebuli iyo saerTaSoriso doneze avtoritetis SenarGunebis amocanasTan. igi 41
http://www.cis.minsk.by/webnpa/text.aspx?RN=N90900553
42
http://www.cis.minsk.by/webnpa/text.aspx?RN=N90800581
43
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/306/29/PDF/N0830629. pdf?OpenElement
38
uproblemod daTanxmda winadadebas GarTuliyo Jenevis molaparakebebSi. molaparakebebis pirveli raundi gaeros generaluri mdivnis sagangebo warmomadgenlis, agreTve evrokavSirisa da euTos TanaTavmjdomareobiT 2008 wlis 15 oqtombers gaimarTa. SexvedraSi monawileobas iRebdnen saqarTvelos, ruseTis da aSS-s delegaciebi, aseve afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebi.44 2008 wlis 31 oqtombers saqarTvelos prezidentma (m.saakaSvili) xeli moawera parlamentis mier miRebul kanons afxazeTisa da samx足 reT oseTis okupirebul teritoriebad, xolo ruseTis federaciis samxedro okupantad gamocxadebis Taobaze. kanonma gansazRvra am teritoriebisadmi damokidebulebis sagangebo reJimi. am droisa足 Tvis ruseTi ukve warmoadgenda Jenevis molaparakebaTa formatis erT-erT mTavar figurants. soxumisa da cxinvalis warmomadgenelTa saerTaSoriso molaparakebebSi GarTvis amocanis nawilobriv SesrulebasTan erTad, ruseTma ganaxorciela pirveli etapis gegma: misi `vetos~ gamo 2008 wlis 22 dekembers, euTos wevri qveyebis mier ver iqna miRebuli gada足 wyvetileba saqarTveloSi euTos misiis mandatis gagrZelebis Taobaze. euTos moqmedi Tavmjdomaris winadadeba gulisxmobda sagangebo warmomadgenlis institutis Seqmnas Stab-biniT venaSi, romelsac ori ganyofileba eqneboda Tbilissa da cxinvalSi. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ar iqna miRebuli arc ruseTis winadadeba cxinvalsa da TbilisSi euTos ori gansxvavebuli misiis Seqmnis Taobaze. amasobaSi, afxazeTis teritoriaze dsT-s samSvidobo Zalebis poziciebi ruseTis regularuli armiis qvedanayofebma daikaves. faqtiurad gauqmda cecxlis Sewyvetisa da ZalTa daSoriSorebis Sesaxeb moskovis 1994 wlis 14 maisis SeTanxmeba da, Sesabamisad, Seicvala gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis mdgomareobac. gaeros genera足
44
http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=59&info_id=8249
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lurma mdivanma wamoayena winadadeba (S/2009/69, muxlebi 67, 68)45 yovlismomcveli meqanizmis Seqmnamde, gaeros sameTvalyureo misias dakisreboda garkveuli funqciebi adre moqmed `konfliqtis zonis~ farglebSi. es funqciebi gulisxmobda dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris incidentebis da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis uflebebis darRve足 vebis prevenciis, agreTve humanitaruli viTarebis gaumjobesebis xelSewyobisaken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas. sagulisxmoa, rom amave moxsenebaSi generalurma mdivanma wamoayena winadadebebi usafrTxoebis reJimis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic efuZneboda saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetis Taobaze 12 agvistosa da 8 seqtembris SeTanxmebaTa elementebs (muxli 66).46 SemoTavazebuli reJimi iTvaliswinebda: cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis mkacr dacvas, usafrTxoebis zonis Seqmnas md. enguris orive sanapiros gaswvriv, am zonaSi mZime samxedro teqnikis akrZalvas, samarTal足damcavi organoebis qvedanayofebis limitirebas, safreni saSualebebis gamoyenebis akrZalvas, samxedro Zalebis nebismier gadaadgilebaze sagangebo Setyobinebis aucileblobas da mxareTa uflebamosili warmomadgenlebis daniSvnas. gaeros generalurma mdivanma uSiSroebis sabWosagan moiTxova mtkice mxardaWera Sesabamisi meqanizmebis Seqmnisa da mxareTa Soris am sakiTxze SeTanxmebis uzrunvelsayofad. ruseTi arc am etapze daupirispirda uSiSroebis sabWos danarGen wevrTa pozicias. igi 2009 wlis 13 Tebervals miRebuli #1866 rezoluciis47 Tanaavtoric gaxda da mxari dauWira gaeros misiis mandatis gagrZelebas 2009 wlis 15 ivnisamde. ruseTma mxari dauWira,
45
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/223/52/PDF/N0922352. pdf?OpenElement
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http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/223/52/PDF/N0922352. pdf?OpenElement
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http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/238/26/PDF/N0923826. pdf?OpenElement
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agreTve, generaluri mdivnis mier SemoTavazebul usafrTxoebis droebiT reJims; am mizniT, moskovis 1994 wlis 14 maisis SeTanxmebis 2(a) muxlis SenarGunebas da daTanxmda formulirebas Jenevis mola parakebebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. misive TanxmobiT rezoluciaSi darGa miniSneba 2008 wlis 15 aprilis #1808 rezoluciaze,48 sadac, dadgenilebiT nawilSi figurirebda formulireba saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWeris Sesaxeb. samagierod, isargebla ra vetos uflebis mqone mxaris gavleniT, pirvelad sakiTxis ganxilvis istoriis manZilze, ar dauSva analogiuri formulirebis rezoluciis dadgenilebiT nawilSi kidev erTxel gamoyeneba. sabWos Semdgomi sxdoma daigegma 2009 wlis 15 ivniss, romelsac gaeros generalur mdivnis winadadebebis safuZvelze unda gane sazRvra regionSi sameTvalyureo misiis saqmianobis aspeqtebi. generalur mdivans eTxova Sesabamisi winadadebebis 15 maisisaTvis warmodgena. amasTan erTad, afxazeTSi usafrTxoebis saimedo reJimis Seqmnisa da gaeros misiis momavali saqmianobis Sesaxeb gaimarTa gaeros molaparakebebi rusul (moskovi, 26-27 marti 2009) da qarTul (niuiorki, 16 aprili 2009) mxareebTan, gamoiTqva aseTi reJimis Seqmnis mxardaWerisaTvis mzadyofna. JenevaSi miRweuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, cxinvalis regionSi 2009 wlis 23 aprilidan amoqmedda incidentebis aRkveTisa da reagirebis meqanizmi. pirvel SexvedraSi qarTul da osur mxareebTan erTad, monawileoba miiRes ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros, euTosa da evrokavSiris warmomadgenlebma. ganvixiloT, Tu rogori iyo afxazeTSi gaeros misiis yofnis SemoTa vazebuli formatis Sesabamisoba saqarTvelos da ruseTis interesebTan. 48
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/306/29/PDF/N0830629. pdf?OpenElement
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upirveles yovlisa, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom gaeros generaluri mdivnis morigi moxsenebis (18.05.09) momzadeba da procesebSi monawile mxareebTan konsultaciebi mimdinareobda ruseTTan saqarTvelos uTanasworo brZolaSi damarcxebisa da regionis faqtiuri okupaciis fonze. Tavi iGina xsenebul, 1866-e rezoluciaSi daSvebulma precedentma: genereluri mdivnis moxsenebis rogorc saTaurSi, aseve teqstSi afxazeTis da cxinvalis regioni/samxreT oseTi aRar iyo moxseniebuli rogorc saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawili (afxazeTi, saqarTvelo; samxreT oseTi/saqarTvelo), Tumca saTaurSi kvlav figurirebda miniSneba 2008 wlis 15 aprilis 1808-e rezoluciaze. amasTanave, generaluri mdivnis mier SemoTavazebuli iyo misiis neitraluri dasaxeleba _ gaeros misia stabilizaciisaTvis. rogorc movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam gviGvena, ruseTi gamiznulad daeloda moxsenebaSi gamoyenebul `dabalansebul~ formulirebebze saqarTvelos mxaris reaqcias, maSin, rodesac afxazeTSi saerTaSoriso meTvalyure organizaciis, Tundac neitraluri dasaxelebiT SenarGuneba Tavad ruseTisTvis ar SeiZleba yofiliyo misaRebi. ruseTis interesebSi Sedioda mxolod Jenevis molapara足足 kebis formatis arseboba, afxazuri da osuri delegaciebisaTvis saerTaSoriso tribunis uzrunvelyofa da gansaxilveli sakiTxebis SezRudva lokaluri usafrTxoebis, socialuri da sxva depolitizirebuli TemebiT. misiis neitraluri dasaxelebis damkvidreba ruseTs ar SeeZlo GaeTvala politikur gamarjvebad. es sakiTxis mxolod formalur mxares warmoadgenda. qveynebi, Tundac uSiSroebis sabWos danarGeni Semadgenloba, iseve rogorc nebismieri saerTaSoriso forumi, uproblemod daadasturebdnen saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWeras. ruseTisaTvis realur problemas warmoadgenda iseTi saerTaSo足 riso formatis arseboba, romelic kontrols daawesebda saomari moqme足debebis SewyvetisaTvis evrokavSiris Tavmjdomare qveynis
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SuamdgomlobiT miRweuli SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebaze. amasTanave, gagrZeldeboda sakiTxis Sesabamisi kuTxiT ganxilvebi, maT Soris _ uSiSroebis sabWos formatSi. gaeros generaluri mdivnis winadadebebi ki, swored Suamdgomlobis meqanizmis daarsebas gulisxmobda. moxsenebis 67-e muxlis formulireba aseTi iyo: _
gaeros misia iTanamSromlebs sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, iseTebTan, rogoricaa evrokavSirisa da euTos sadamkvirveblo misiebi;
_
gaeros generaluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis saqmianobis meSveobiT, misia xels Seuwyobs evrokavSiris, euTosa da gaeros erTobliv saSuamavlo Zalisxmevas 2008 wlis 12 agvistos SeTanxmebis da 8 seqtemberis dokumentiT gansazRvruli RonisZiebebis Sesasruleblad.
ruseTisaTvis misaRebi arc galis raionSi maTi erTpirovnuli gavlenis dabalansebis da qarTveli mosaxleobis uflebebis dacvaze kontrolis reJimi iyo misaRebi. am amocanis realizaciisaTvis generaluri mdivani sameTvalyureo misiisaTvis Semdeg ufleba足 mosilebebs (mandats) moiTxovda: _
usafrTxoebis reJimis dacvaze zedamxedveloba da kontroli;
_
orive mxaresTan da sxva moqmed mxareebTan mudmiv kontaqtSi yofna, daZabulobis warmoqmnis dauSveblobisa da aseTi SemTxvevebis mogvarebis mizniT;
_
mxareTa TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba, maT Soris incidentebis aRkveTisa da reagirebis SeTanxmebuli meqanizmis farglebSi;
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adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis xelSewyoba cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis gadakveTisas, maT Soris gadakveTis punqtebze meTvalyureobis dawesebiT;
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mosaxleobis humanitaruli daxmarebis, devnilTa dabrunebis da ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva, maT Soris gaeros fondebisa da specializebuli dawesebulebebis saqmianobis xelSewyobiT;
_
gaeros iseTi organoebisa da saqmianobis gaZliereba, romlebic dakavSirebulia samoqalaqo policiisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebTan, agreTve adgilobrivi da dabrunebuli mosaxleobis uflebebis dacvasTan, gansakuTrebiT konfliqtis zonaSi;
_
or mxares Soris urTierTobis xelSewyoba praqtikul sakiTxebze TanamSromlobis, urTierTndobis amaRlebisa da dialogis warmarTvisaTvis.
regionSi ruseTis saukupacio reJimis ganmtkicebis gegmasTan Seusabamo iyo agreTve generaluri mdivnis mier usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad SemoTavazebuli elementebi. am mimarTebiT generaluri mdivnis winadadebebi gulisxmobda usafrTxoebisa da Seiaraebis SezRudvis zonebis aRdgenas xmeleTsa da zRvaze; SeiaraRebis saxeobebis, agreTve SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mkacr SezRudvas, xolo 12 kilometrian zonaSi maT saerTod aRkveTas, garda msubuqad SeiaraRebuli qarTuli da afxazuri mxareebis samarTaldamcavebis yofnisa, cecxlis Sewyvetis orive mxares (md. enguris gaswvriv); gaTvaliswinebuli iyo am zonebSi piradi Semadgenlobisa da samxedro teqnikis gadaadgilebaze kontrolis sistemis daweseba, usafrTxoebisa da humanitaruli mdgomarebis monitoringi kodoris xeobaSi, samxedro bazebis mudmivi monitoringi, gaeros misiis gadaadgilebis sruli Tavisufleba da darRvevebze gamoZiebis Gatareba da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis informireba maT Sedegebze. winaaRmdegobis nacvlad, oficialurma ruseTma kmayofileba gamoxata moxsenebis mimarT: moskovi miesalma gaeros midgomebs.
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gaerosTan ruseTis mudmivma warmomadgenelma (v.Gurkini) Tavis gancxadebaSi xazi gausva, rom moxseneba `samxreT kavkasiaSi axal politikur realobas asaxavs~. afxazeTis de-faqto prezidentma (s.baRafSi) moxsenebas `afxazi xalxis gamarjveba~ uwoda. afxazeTis de-faqto sagareo saqmeTa ministrma (s.Samba) ganacxada, rom igi kmayofilia moxsenebiT da SesaZloa afxazurma mxarem Jenevis konsultaciebSi monawileoba miiRos (rusuli sainformacio saagento `novosti~, 19.05.09). qarTulma mxarem imoqmeda principiT: rac kargia ruseTisaTvis, is cudia saqarTvelosaTvis. gaerosTan saqarTvelos mudmivma warmomadgenelma (a.lomaia) Tavdapirvelad ganacxada, rom `moxsenebis teqstSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba eWvqveS ar aris dayenebuli da arc SeiZleba iyos~, ruseTis mxaris gancxadebebs ki imis Taobaze, rom moxsenebaSi afxazeTi saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilad ar aris moxseniebuli, man ruseTis oficialuri propagandis nawili uwoda (saqarTvelos telekompania `rusTavi-2~, 19.05.09). mogvianebiT, uSiSroebis sabWoSi gamarTuli konsultaciebis Semdeg (27.05.09), gaeroSi Gatarebul pres-konfeneciaze a. lomaiam moulodnelad ganacxada, rom generaluri mdivnis mier SemoTavazebuli usafrTxoebis axali zonebis Seqmna, xels ar Seuwyobs okupirebul teritoriebze usafrTxoebis dacvas. ufro metic, xazi gausva, rom generaluri mdivnis pan-gi munis moxsenebis ramodenime dRis dagvianebiT gamoqveyneba qmnis eWvis safuZvels, rom moxsenebis koreq足 tireba ruseTis SantaJis qveS moxda, amasTanave mwuxareba gamoTqva imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom gaeros generalurma mdivanma ruseTis mxridan SantaJi dauSva. gaeros generaluri mdivani iZulebuli gaxda oficialuri gancxadebiT kategoriulad uareyo qarTuli mxaris braldeba `rusuli SantaJis~ Sesaxeb.
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saqarTveloSi gaeros misiis axal mandatsa da usafrTxoebis reJimze uSiSroebis sabWos wevrTa konsultaciebi daiwyo saqarT velos xelisuflebis mxridan gaeros generaluri mdivnis Sesabamisi moxsenebis mwvave kritikis fonze. am garemoebas udavod xeli Seuwyo moxsenebis mimarT moskovis sapirispiro damokidebulebis gamoxatvam. ruseTis realuri pozicia _ negatiuri damokidebuleba generaluri mdivnis mier SemoTavazebuli gadawyvetilebebis mimarT _ mogvianebiT, uSiSroebis sabWos daxuruli konsultaciebis procesSi gamovlinda. aRniSnulze gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 2009 wlis 15 ivnisis sxdomis oqmi metyvelebs. rogorc calkeuli qveynebis warmomadgenelTa gancxadebebSia miTiTebuli, konsultaciebis procesSi ruseTi daJinebiT moiTxovda rezoluciaSi iseTi terminiebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa `afxazeTis respulika~, `afxazeTis respublikis sazRvrebi~ da sxva. uSiSroebis sabWos praqtikaSi faqtiurad arasodes momxdara generaluri mdivnis moxsenebaSi gamoyenebuli formulirebebis Zireuli Secvla da amdenad, arc ruseTis winadadebebi yofila miRebuli. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc gaerosTan safrangeTis mudmivi warmomadgenlis (riperi) gamosvlaSia aRniSnuli, delegaciebi `axlos mividnen SeTanxmebis miRwevasTan~. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sabWos sxdomaze gansaxilvelad iyo warmoadgenili ara srulmasStabiani rezoluciis proeqti gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis momavali mandatis da usafrTxoebis reJimis Sesaxeb, aramed ormuxliani rezoluciis proeqti gaeros misiis (Zveli dasaxelebiT) mandatis 30 ivnisamde `teqnikuri~ gagrZelebis Taobaze, anu im vadiT, rac `SeTanxmebis miRwevasTan~ axlos misuli konsultaciebis dasamTavreblad iyo saWiro. swored, am `teqnikuri~ rezoluciis proeqtis SeTanxmebisas (13, 14 ivnisi) gaxmovanda ruseTis pozicia, rom igi mxars ar uWerda mis Sesaval nawilSi uSiSroebis sabWos cnobil 1808-e, 1839-e da 1866-e rezoluciebze miniSnebas. am SemTxvevaSic ruseTi daeloda reaqcias saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan, romelmac ar daayovna
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ruseTis poziciis mwvaved gakritikeba da dauSveblad miiGnia iseTi, Tundac teqnikuri Sinaarsis dokumentis miReba, sadac zemoaRniSnuli rezoluciebi ar iqneboda miniSnebuli. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis midgomis Sesabamisi iyo uSiSroebis sabWos wevri partniori qveynebis poziciac 15 ivniss, sakiTxis uSiSroebis sabWos oficialur sxdomaze ganxilvisas. rezoluciaze kenWisyrisa da `vetos~ dadebis Semdeg ruseTis warmomadgenelma (Gurkini) ganacxada, rom miuxedavad gaeros misiis momavali mandatis calkeuli formulirebebis mimarT maTi uTanxmoebisa, ruseTis mxare ar iyo winaaRmdegi damatebiTi konsultaciebisaTvis kidev ori kviriT gaegrZelebina misiis Zveli mandati. amasTanave, man warmoadgina rezuluciis `neitraluri~ proeqti, romlis miRebas igi daxuruli konsultaciebisas sTavazobda uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebs. am proeqtSi, nacvlad dasaxelebul sam rezoluciaze miniSnebisa, gamoyenebuli iyo formulireba `eyrdnoba ra uSiSroebis sabWos yvela Sesabamis rezolucias da gaeros generaluri mdivnis 2009 wlis moxsenebas...~ da Semdeg SemoTavazebuli teqtis mixedviT: 1. adgens, gagrZeldes gaeros misiis mandati axali periodiT, romelic iwureba 2009 wlis 30 ivniss; 2. adgens, aqtiurad gagrZeldes am sakiTxze muSaoba. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT: 1. ruseTma dagegma da gegmazomierad ganaxorciela strategiuli amocanis realizeba _ saqarTvelos teritoriidan euTosa da gaeros misiebis gayvana; 2. omis Semdgom Seqmnili viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxsenebaSi (18.05.09) Gamoyalibebuli winadadebebi iyo regionSi saerTaSoriso monitoringis meqanizmis SenarGunebis erTaderTi realisturi SesaZlebloba;
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3. gansxvavebiT euTos misiis saqmianobis gagrZelebaze `vetos~ dadebisa, ruseTs ar gamouyenebia `vetos~ ufleba afxazeTSi gaeros misiis axali mandatis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT. aqamde saqme arc misula; 4. dasaSvebia, rom gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis axali mandatis Sesaxeb vrceli rezoluciis proeqtis ganxilvebis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi gaeros generaluri mdivnis mier SemoTavazebuli winadadebebis winaaRmdegi wavidoda. igi ar dauWerda mxars SemoTavazebul usafrTxebis axal reJims, agreTve 12 agvistosa da 8 seqtembris SeTanxmebebis monitoringis sistemas, magram amis Sesaxeb mas winaswari sajaro gancxadebebi ar gaukeTebia. ufro metic, rogorc ruseTma, aseve afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebam mxari dauWires gaeros generaluri mdivnis Sesabamis moxsenebas da damatebiTi konsultaciebisaTvis gaeros misiis arsebuli mandatis ori kviriT gagrZelebas; 5. dasaSvebia isic, rom damatebiTi konsultaciebisas, ruseTi ver SeZlebda (Tavs aaridebda) saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobasTan Ria dapirispirebas da daTanxmdeboda gaeros misiis mandatis neitraluri dasaxelebiT gagrZelebas. aseTi SesaZleblobis sasargeblod uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze (15.06.09) gaerosTan didi britaneTis mudmivi warmomadgenlis (paremi) moxsenebaSi moyvanili Semdegi garemoebac metyvelebs: `afxazeTis de-faqto xelisufleba dainteresebuli iyo misiis SenarGunebiT, rac ruseTs konfliqtis im erTaderT mxared warmoadgens, romelic eswrafvoda saqarTveloSi gaeros rolis dasrulebas~; 6. gaeros misiis saqmianobis Sewyveta, SemdgomSi misi axali mandatiT gagrZelebis da masTan erTad regionSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Sesvlis uperspeqtivoba ganapiroba gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxsenebis da misiis
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`teqnikuri~ gagrZelebis Sesaxeb ruseTis mier warmodgenili `neitraluri~ xasiaTis rezoluciis formulirebebisadmi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis ukiduresad negatiurma damokidebulebam, riTac moxerxebulad isargebla ruseTma. saqarTvelos mxarem aSkarad arakonstruqciul poziciaSi Gaiyena Tavi, rodesac am moxsenebisaTvis gaeros generaluri mdivani `ruseTis SantaJis~ qveS moqcevaSi daadanaSaula; 7. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gadaWarbebulad Seafasa evrokavSiris sameTvalyureo misiis avtoriteti, gaeros nacvlad separatistul regionebSi misi Sesvlis SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, qarTulma diplomatiam ugulvebelyo, partnior qveynebTan SeTanxmebiT, gonivrul kompromisebze wasvlis SesaZlebloba; 8. rogorc uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze (15.06.09) gaerosTan saqarTvelos mudmivi warmomadgenlis moxsenebaSia aRniSnuli: `saqarTveloSi gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis mandatis moqmedebis Sewyvetis mTavari Sedegi iqneba miukerZoebeli informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobebis Semcireba rogorc usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, aseve adamianis uflebebis darRvevebze. misiis likvidacia aseve niSnavs, rom amieridan garTuldeba regionSi ruseTis samxedro yofnis zrdasa, jarebis gadaadgilebaze meTvalyureoba an maTi dokumenturad dafiqsireba~; 9. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis poziciis marTebulobis erTmniSvnelovnad Sefaseba rTulia. calkeuli, gamonaklisi epizodebis garda, saqarTvelos saxelisuflo, politikur da saeqsperto wreebSi aRniSnuli Tema ar gamxdara detaluri msjelobis sagani. amis mizezi mniSvnelovanwilad is garemoeba iyo, rom saqarTveloSi mwvaved, quGis farTomasStabiani aqciebis fonze mimdinareobda Sida politikuri dapirispireba; xelisufleba Tavad apelirebda
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gaeros dokumentebSi saqarTvelos suverenuli uflebebis da saxelmwifo interesebis Selaxvis TvalsaGinoebaze, raTa wagebuli omis fonze es Tema opozicias mis winaaRmdeg ar gamoeyenebina; mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis Znelad gasageb, rTul diplomatiur-politikuri aspeqtebze sajaro kamaTs yvelam aarida Tavi; 10. saerTaSoriso doneze ruseTis yvela Semdgomi nabiji diplomatiur Tu ekonomikur sferoSi, agreTve politikuri gadawyvetilebebi srulad an mniSvnelovanwilad ukavSirdeba omis Sedegad miRweuli `warmatebis~ gamagrebas. aseTi strategiis Semadgenel nawilad unda ganvixiloT ruseTis TvalsaGino konstruqcivizmi natosTan, aSS-is axal administraciasTan da evrokavSirTan politikur-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. Seqmnil realiebs exmianeba agreTve ruseTis axali usafrTxoebis strategiac. 11. saerTaSoriso asparezze ruseTis aqtivobebis fonze, sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs misi axali politikis xasiaTi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, romlis ZiriTadi konturebi axla iwyebs gamokveTas.
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ruseTis politika evrosabWos saparlamento asambleaSi Tornike SaraSeniZe
evrosabWos saparlamento asamblea ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegebis ganxilvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan forumad iqca. TavisTavad evrosabWos formati erTob gaxsnil sivrces warmoadgens im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom igi aerTianebs parlamentarebs. es ukanasknelni ki naklebad arian SezRudulebi Ginovnikuri protokolebiTa da sakuTar Tavs met Tavisuflebas aZleven. swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom evrosabWos saparlamento asambleaze ruseTis qmedebebis misamarTiT yvelaze mwvave kritika gaismoda da miRebul rezolu ciebSic ruseTis mimarT araerTi moTxovna iqna wayenebuli. cxadia, ruseTi Tavidanve cdilobda aqtiurad daecva Tavisi poziciebi, moexdina qarTuli mxaris diskreditacia da, Sesabamisad, aeridebina Tavidan kritika da misTvis miuRebeli rezoluciebi. amis misaR wevad evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis sesiebis dros rusuli delegacia ramdenime mimarTulebiT muSaobda, romelTagan zogierTi warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebze apelirebas, zogierTic ki eyrdnoboda istoriisa Tu Tanamedrove realobis ruseTiseul interpretacias. es mimarTulebebi da argumentebi Semdegi iyo:
`samxreT oseTze saqarTvelos aranairi (maT Soris arc istoriuli) ufleba ar gaaGnia.~ am argumentis mixedviT, samxreT oseTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvana `qarTvelma~ stalinma, ise ki es mxare saqarTvelos arasodes ekuTvnoda. osi xalxi yovelTvis ganicdida Seviwroebas qarTuli saxelmwifos mxridan da saamisod arsebobs bevri
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magaliTi. Sesabamisad, ruseTi warmoadgens osi xalxis _ am patara da Gagruli eris _ erTaderT damcvelsa da mfarvels. osebs ar surdaT cxovreba qarTul saxelmwifoSi da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisaTanave gamoacxades damoukidebloba. os xalxs ar surs saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi cxovreba da Tuki vinme moindomebs maT es aiZulos, kidev daiRvreba sisxli da daixoceba kidev ufro meti osi. ď Ž
`ruseTi patara erebis damcvelia~. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ruseTs aranairad ar SeeZlo mietovebina osi xalxi maSin, roca mas Tavs daesxa saakaSvilis reJimi. ruseTma daicva umciresoba, romelsac umravlesoba Gagravda. ruseTis samxedro yofna samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi ganpirobebulia mxolod adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nebiT. `ruseTis mzadyofna daicvas erovnuli umciresobebi Tavis samezobloSi ar unda iqnas aRqmuli ruseTis imperiis mcdelobad daibrunos Tavisi poziciebi,~ _ ganacxada saparlamento asambleis sesiaze ruseTis federaciis delegaciis xelmZRvanelma konstantin kosaGovma.49 is faqti, rom samxreT oseTSi axla simSvidea, swored ruseTis damsaxurebaa. sainteresoa aseve, rom ruseTis patara erebis damcvelad gamoyvanis konteqstSi rusuli delegaciis erT-erTi gamorGeuli wevri sergei markovi franguli delegaciis erT-erT wevrsac (ruseTisadmi kritikulad ganwyobils) ki daupirispirda, romelsac yofili koloniuri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli uwoda.50
ď Ž
`ruseTs ar daurRvevia saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi.~ marTalia, arsebobs saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis principi, magram aseve arsebobs erTa
49
http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/Records/2008/E/0809291500E. htm
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http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/223/52/PDF/N0922352. pdf?OpenElement
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TviTgamorkvevis principic, romelsac daeyrdno ruseTi. rusuli delegacia cdilobda asambleis rezoluciis teqstebSi daefiqsirebina swored TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxis mniSvneloba, Tumca es mcdelobebi warumateblad dasrulda.
`ruseTi daeyrdno kosovos precedents.~ TviTgamorkvevis principis Teoriulad arsebobis garda ukve arsebobda kosovos praqtikuli magaliTi, romelmac saTave daudo axal realobas. ruseTma ubralod gaagrZela axali realobis Seqmna da droa mas am saqmeSi mTeli evropa ahyves. Tuki am winadadebas gaiTvaliswinebs, `evrosabWos SeZlebs axali msoflio wesrigs Seqmnas~.51 mowodeba „axali msoflio wesrigis~ Seqmnisaken garkveulad exmianeboda ruseTis federaciis iniciativas axali evropuli usafrTxoebis arqiteqturis Taobaze, romlis ideac swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom Zvelma sistemam sakuTari Tavi amowura da sakuTari uunaroba daadastura.
`ruseTi Seqmnil viTarebaSi meorexarisxovan rols asrulebs da pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreba~. rusulma delegaciam ramdenjerme ganacxada, rom SeiaraRebul konfliqts adgili ar hqonda ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris. konfliqti daiwyo saqarTvelom, roca igi Tavs daesxa samxreT oseTs. aqedan gamomdinare, es iyo omi saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTs Soris, romelSic ruseTi mogvianebiT Gaeba. samxreT oseTi warmoadgenda konfliqtis mxaresac da damoukidebel moTamaSesac. am moTamaSes evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis tribunac unda daTmobodaT, raTa asambleas ukeT gaecnobierebina Seqmnili viTreba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom saparlamento asamblea Tavidanve arasworad miudga 2008 wlis oms _ Seafasa ra igi ruseT-saqarTvelos omad _ igi araswori gziT wavida Tavis msjelobaSi da, Sesabamisad, ruseTi aseT
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http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/Records/2008/E/0809301000E. htm
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msjelobaze dayrdnobiT gakeTebul daskvnebs ver daeTanxmeba. rusuli delegaciis am logikidan gamomdinare adgili hqonda warumatebel mcdelobebs amoeRoT ruseTi rezoluciis teqstebis im pasaJebidan, sadac saubari iyo samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis pasuxismgeblobebze, im motiviT rom TiTqos ruseTi `ar akontrolebda~ arc samxreT oseTsa da arc afxazeTs, radganac maT sakuTari mTavrobebi gaaGndaT.
`yvelafris miuxedavad ruseTSi qarTveli xalxi uyvarT~. es tradiciuli motivi xSirad gaismoda asambleis sesiebze. rusi parlamentarebi gamoTqvamdnen wuxils imis gamo, rom am siyvarulisa da Tbili damokidebulebis miuxedavad, qarTvelma xalxma zurgi aqcia ruseTs da samxedro daxmarebas amerikisgan iRebda. ruseTi mSvidobismyofelis statusiT imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, magram es ar daufasda.
`saakaSvilma omi wamoiwyo Sida problemebis gadasafarad~. saqarTveloSi ar aris demokratia da mosaxleobis umravlesoba xelisuflebiT ukmayofiloa. amitomac saqarTvelos 2008 wlis „agresiis~ erT-erTi mizani iyo ukmayofilo mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatana sxva sakiTxebze.
`saqarTvelom xeli unda moaweros SeTanxmebas Zalis argamoyenebis Sesaxeb~. rogorc cnobilia, rusuli diplomatia jer kidev 2008 wlis omamde apelirebda am TemiT da, bunebrivia, omis Semdeg am mimarTulebiT muSaoba kidev ufro gaaZliera. rusulma delegaciam erT-erT sesiaze uSedegod scada rezoluciis teqstSi Seetana es sakiTxi.52 bunebrivia, qarTulma mxarem sawinaaRmdegod wamoayena argumenti, rom swored aseT SeTanxmebas warmoadgenda medvedev-sarkozis SeTamxmeba, romelic daarRvia moskovma.
52
http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/Records/2009/E/0901281500E. htm
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saboloo jamSi yvela es e.w. „argumenti~ gabaTilebul iqna da evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis yvela Sesabamis rezoluciaSi dafiqsirda araerTi moTxovna ruseTis misamarTiT. maT Soris:
ruseTs unda gaeuqmebina samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis saxelmwifoebad aRiareba;
ruseTs unda daeSva evrokavSirisa da euTos monitorebi orive teritoriaze;
ruseTs (afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis de faqto mmarTvelebTan erTad) yvelanairad unda Seewyo xeli am teritoriebze saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis gadaadgilebisaTvis. rezolucia mkacrad gmobda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleobis iZulebas aeRoT rusuli pasportebi;
asamblea gmobda ruseTis pozicias afxazeTSi gaerosa da samxreT oseTSi euTos misiebTan dakavSirebiT (rogorc cnobilia, moskovma orive misiis gauqmebas miaRwia);
asamblea aseve gmobda ruseTsa da samxreT oseTSi qarTvelTa eTnikuri wmendis gagrZelebasa da am sakiTxis argamoZiebas da yovelive amis gamo pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda ruseTs.
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi sakiTxi: asamblea rezoluciebSi gakvirvebas gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom ruseTi ar asrulebda iseT moTxovnebsac ki, romlebic aranair kavSirSi ar iyo samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis statusTan.
rogorc cnobilia, ruseTma arc erTi moTxovna ar Seasrula. mas Semdeg, rac 2008 wlis agvistoSi, saomari moqmedebebis dros, ruseTi samxreT oseTis administraciul sazRvrebs gadascda da Semdeg ki, samxreT oseTi da afxazeTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad
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aRiara, rezoluciebis Sesruleba am qmedebaTa Secdomebad aRiarebas niSnavda. amitomac, moskovis politika sapirispiro mimarTulebiT warimarTa: separatistul zonebze eqskluziuri kontrolis damya足rebisa da danarGeni msofliosaTvis `axali realobebis~ Tavis moxvevis mcdelobis gziT. aseTi politikis pirobebSi, ruseTs aranairad ar sWirdeboda saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebi separatistul teritoriaze, radgan es niSnavda eqskluziuri kontrolis dakargvas da omis dros Gadenili eTnowmendis faqtebis ufro metad gamoaSkaravebas. garda amisa, ruseTs gadawyvetili hqonda bolo moeRo saqarTveloSi saakaSvilis xelisuflebisaTvis, rasac yvelaze ufro metad xels Seuwyobda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTisaTvis axali aRiarebebis mopoveba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan. isev da isev, aseTi politikis pirobebSi rezoluciebis moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze saubaric ki ver iqneboda. 2010 wlis 29 aprils evrosabWos saparlamento asambleas sityviT mimarTa ruseTis federaciis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma sergei lavrovma. gamosvlis Semdeg dasmul SekiTxvaze, kidev ramden xans apirebda ruseTi rezoluciebSi wayenebuli moTxovnebis Seu足 sruleblobas, ministrma upasuxa, rom ruseTi maT Sesulebas saerTod ar apirebs, radgan rezoluciebi `iyo politizebuli~ da `ar iTvaliswinebda axal realobebs.~ garda amisa, lavrovma iqve isic ganacxada, rom ruseTi 2008 wlis omis Semdegac ar apirebda samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis saxelmwifoebad aRiarebas da amis gakeTeba mas praqtikulad saqarTvelom aiZula, radgan omis dasrulebis Semdeg saqarTvelos mxridan dafiqsirebulma poziciam aSkara gaxada, rom `saqarTvelo isev fiqrobda omze.~53 Sesabamisad, aRiareba Semdgomi sisxlisRvris Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo. am naTqvams asambleis rusuli delegaciis taSi mohyva da aplodismentebs bevri ararusi parlamentaric ayva _ lavrovma Tavisi gamosvliT Seqmna STabeWdileba, rom ruseTs afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis aRiareba faqtobrivad saqarTvelom moaxvia Tavze. 53
56
http://www.inosmi.ru/caucasus/20100430/159656153.html
Tumca, lavrovis gamosvla aRsaniSnavi ufro sxva faqtorebis gamo iyo. ministrma ZiriTadad isaubra `did samamulo omSi~ gamarjvebis 65-ze wlisTavsa da im did wvlilze, romelic ruseTma faSizmis damarcxebiT Seitana evropuli demokratiuli wesrigis GamoyalibebaSi.54 lavrovma xazi gausva evropisa da ruseTis TanamSromlobis did mniSvnelobas, aseve prezident medvedevis axal kurss, romelic mimarTulia qveynis modernizaciisa da demokratizaciisaken. yovelive amiT gakeTda miniSneba, rom ruseTi erTob mniSvnelovani iyo dasavleTisaTvis, da rom saqarTvelos gamo masTan urTierTobis gafuWeba ar Rirda. ministrs saerTod ar uxsenebia 2008 wlis konfliqti da aRiarebis Temas mxolod maSin Seexo, roca am sakiTxze qarTuli delegaciis wevrma dasva SekiTxva. aSkara iyo, rom 2010 wlis aprilSi, roca ruseTma ukve ramdenjerme ganacxada uari evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis rezoluciaSi mis mimarT dayenebuli moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze, moskovSi GaTvales, rom saqarTvelosTan konfliqtis sakiTxi praqtikulad amowuruli iyo da amitomac, lavrovs igi saerTod ar unda exsenebina. an, Tu amowuruli ar iyo, lavrovs Tavisi dumiliT unda egrZnobinebina dasavleTisaTvis, rom ruseTs es sakiTxi amowurulad miaGnda da masze mibrunebas ar apirebda, saqarTvelo-ruseTis omi ukve ganvlili etapi iyo da axla ruseTsa da evropas isev unda gamoenaxaT mSvidobiani da momgebiani Tanaarsebobis gzebi, miT ufro, rom omis Semdeg, ruseTma axali Tanaarsebobis idea wamoayena _ medevedevis iniciativa axali evropuli usafrTxoebis arqiteqturis Sesaxeb, romelsac lavrovi aseve sagangebod Seexo Tavis gamosvlaSi. jer kidev lavrovis am saetapo gamosvlamde, didi xniT adre yvelasa足 Tvis cxadi iyo, rom ruseTi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTmobda 2008 wlis omiT mopovebuls evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis mxridan kritikis SiSiT. erTaderTi, rac moskovs seriozulad aSfoTebda, iyo evrosabWos saparlamento asambleaSi xmis uflebis SesaZlo GamorTmeva. ruseTisnairi didi saxelmwifosaTvis es prestiJis seri足 54
http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/CDE548B7DAD336BEC3257714004D7D1E
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ozuli Selaxva iqneboda. am safrTxis prevenciisaTvis jer kidev 2008 wlis seqtembridan moyolebuli ruseTis mxridan gaismoda muqarebi, rom sapasuxod ruseTi saerTod gavidoda evrosabWodan. amis Sesaxeb ganacxada kosaGovma, mas Semdeg rac asambleis wevrebis nawili (saqarTvelos garda ZiriTadad baltiis qveynebis, poloneTisa da ukrainis delegaciaTa wevrebi) ruseTisaTvis xmis uflebis GamorTmevis iniciativiT gamovida. kosaGovma ganacxada, rom Tuki es sakiTxi dadebiTad gadawydeboda, maSin igi Tavad urGevda ruseTis mTavrobas evrosabWodan gasvlas.55 ruseTis gasvlis perspeqtiva niSnavda ara mxolod evrosabWos biujetSi seriozuli deficitis gaGenas (cxadia, ruseTi avtomaturad Sewyvetda Tavisi wilis gadaxdas), aramed dasavleTsa da ruseTs Soris urTierTobaTa Semdgom garTulebas. ruseTis oficialur pirTa mxridan gamafrTxilebel gancxadebebs daemata mTeli rigi evropeli analitikosebis SeSfoTeba ruseTTan urTierTobebis mosalodneli gamwvavebis gamo. magaliTad, germaniis sagareo politikis sabWos eqsperti aleqsandr rari acxadebda, rom Tuki ruseTs xmis uflebas GamoarTmevdnen `miuxedavad imisa, rom agresia saakaSvilma ganaxorciela,~ maSin eWvis qveS dadgeboda ruseTis civilizaciuri arGevani da ruseTi daSordeboda dasavleTs. es gaarTulebda terorizmis winaaRmdeg omis warmoebas da da kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebda energetikis sferoSi TanamSromlobas. terorizmTan brZola, kerZod ki avRaneTSi antiteroristuli operaciis bedi, eWvqveS daayenes rusma eqspertebmac. garda amisa, rusuli delegacia asambleaSi qarTuli delegaciis winaaRmdeg analogiuri zomebis miRebiT daimuqra. TandaTanobiT cxadi xdeboda, rom xmis uflebis GamorTmevis mcdelobidan araferi gamovidoda. asambleis sxdomebze mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTmo „taliavinis komisiis~ daskvnasac. rusulma delegaciam, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, yuradReba gaamaxvila daskvnis teqstis swored im pasaJebze, 55
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http://www.rg.ru/2008/09/16/pase.html
sadac naTqvamia, rom konfliqti daiwyo maSin, roca qarTulma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma cecxli gauxsnes cxinvals. cxadia, ignorirebul iqna is pasaJebi, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom es momenti iqca kulminaciad da rom amas win uZRoda ormxrivi srolebi. rusuli delegacia miT umetes gaurboda komisiis daskvnaSi sakmaod dawvrilebiT aRweril konfliqtis istorias moyolebuli 90-iani wlebidan da 2008 wlis omis Semdgom viTarebas, sadac ruseTis roli erTob uaryofiTad iyo Sefasebuli. konteqstidan amoglejili fraza ruseTisaTvis sakmarisi aRmoGnda, raTa omis gamGaReblad qarTuli mxare gamoecxadebina, romelmac (rusuli mxaris TqmiT) daarRvia saerTaSoriso normebi da sakuTar Tavze aRebuli valdebulebebi konfliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvarebis Sesaxeb. am „logikiT~, ruseTis pasuxi saqarTvelos qmedebebze iZulebiTi iyo. xolo gamomdinare iqidan, rom omis Semdeg Seiqmna `ori axali saxelmwifo,~ ruseTi aranairad ar arRvevda sarkozi-medvedevis SeTanxmebis mixedviT sakuTar Tavze aRebul valdebulebebs _ man jarebi gaiyvana, magram iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis teritoriebze, radgan amas „adgilobrivi mTavrobebi da mosaxleoba iTxovdnen~. am argumentis gasaZliereblad rusuli delegacia sakmaod xSirad scemda gangaSis zars imis gamo, rom `saqarTvelo isev iaraRdeboda,~ `atarebda samxedro manevrebs afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis sazR vrebTan~, „mimarTavda provokaciebs afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis sazRvrebTan.~ rusuli delegacia aseve mZafrad akritikebda im qveynebs, romlebic odesRac saqarTvelos aiaraRebdnen da amgvarad konfliqtis gamo brals nawilobriv dasavleTsac debdnen. saerTod, rusul delegacias kargad hqonda gaazrebuli, rom iseT organoSi, rogoric evrosabWos saparlamento asambleaa, saWiro iyo sifrTxile da imperiuli ambiciebis damalva. aq ar SeiZleboda saubari imaze, rom ruseTs meti uflebebi hqonda, vidre saqarTvelos, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom ufro didi saxelmwifoa. amiT aixsneboda zemoT moyvanili gamosvlebi imis Taobaze, rom konfliqts adgili hqonda ara saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris, aramed saqarTvelosa da `or axal saxelmwifos~ Soris. sakiTxis ganxilva
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patara saqarTvelosa da did ruseTs Soris konfliqtis WrilSi imTaviTve wamgebian viTarebaSi ayenebda moskovs. cxadia, gacilebiT ukeTesi iyo sakiTxis ganxilva Tbilissa da cxinvals Soris konfliqtis WrilSi Tu ara, Tbiliss, cxinvalsa da moskovs Soris mainc. swored aqedan gamomdinare rusuli delegacia ar iwonebda ungreli parlamentaris, maTias iorSis moxsenebebs da yvelanairad uWerda mxars meore momxsenebels, britanel jer uilSers, romelic konfliqtis mxared cxinvalsac moixseniebda. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis aRiarebiT ruseTma erTgvari `paraleluri samarTlebrivi sivrce~ da alternatiuli realoba Seqmna, romlis Tavs moxvevasac danarGen msoflioze cdilobda. radganac Tavidanve cxadi iyo, rom evrosabWos wevrebTan es ar moxerxdeboda, ruseTma daafiqsira, rom misTvis es realoba saboloo iyo da gadaxedvas ar eqvemdebareboda. evrosabWos saparlamento asambleaSi ruseTis politika Semdegnairad SeiZleba SevafasoT: ď Ž
ruseTs ar SeiZleboda hqonoda imis imedi, rom evrosabWos saparlamento asamblea mis pozicias gaiziarebda da Seegueboda saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacias. hqonda ra gacnobierebuli es garemoeba, ruseTi erTis mxriv afiqsirebda, rom misTvis 2008 wlis omis Sedegebi gadaxedvas ar eqvemdebareboda da rom, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo asambleis rezoluciebi, ruseTi maT ar Seasrulebda, Tuki es mis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. garda amisa, asambleas adre Tu gvian unda mobezreboda rezoluciebSi ruseTisaTvis valdebulebebis Sexseneba. amitomac, ruseTs ubralod unda moeTmina.
amave dros, ruseTi cdilobda aecilebina dartyma da kritika im argumentze dayrdnobiT, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi igi iZulebiT aRmoGnda GaTreuli omSi (romelic `daiwyo saqarTvelom~), xolo 2008 wlis Semdeg masTan pretenziebi miT umetes aravis unda hqonoda, radgan saqme ara ruseTsa da saqarTvelos exeboda, aramed
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exeboda saqarTvelos, afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTs. rac Seexeboda am ori ukanasknelis aRiarebas, ruseTs amis „sruli ufleba gaaGnda~ kosovos precedentis Semdeg. cxadi iyo ra, rom evrosabWos saparlamento asambleaSi diplomatiuri omi wagebuli iqneboda, ruseTi cdilobda rezoluciebSi rogorme saqarTvelos braleulobac wamoewia, an daefiqsirebinda samxreT oseTi da afxazeTi rogorc axali moTamaSeebi. ruseTi cdilobda moexdina zogadad saqarTvelos diskreditacia, rogorc agresorisa da mGagvrelis, romelic momavalSic apirebda agresiis ganxorcielebas ar awerda ra xels SeTanxmebas cecxlis ganuaxleblobis Sesaxeb. paralelurad midioda gamafrTxilebeli kampania, raTa ruseTisa Tvis ar SeeGerebinaT asambleaSi xmis ufleba. kampania agorda presaSi da, amave dros, savaraudod, Sesabamisi brZolebi midioda asambleis kuluarebSic.
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ruseTi Jenevis molaparakebebze Tengiz fxalaZe , Tornike SaraSeniZe
2008 wlis 15 oqtombers q. JenevaSi daiwyo saerTaSoriso molaparake bebi afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi/saqarTvelo,56 usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis zomebTan dakavSirebiT, 2008 wlis 12 agvistos „cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb~ SeTanxmebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad. amasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom specialuri gancxadeba gaavrcela, romelSiac naTqvamia: „saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki evrokavSiris, gaerosa da euTos erToblivi ZalisxmeviT pirvelad Seiqmna iseTi saerTaSo riso formati, romlis farglebSic ruseTs aRar gaaGnia mis mier adre miTvisebuli monopolia samSvidobo procesze. samwuxarod, ruseTis federaciis warmomadgenlebi dasawyisidanve Seudgnen molaparakebis Seferxebas rusuli saokupacio jarebis meSveobiT Seqmnili reJimebis warmomadgenlebis molaparakebaSi oficialur mxareebad, suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Sesabamis doneze GarTvis moTxovniT, da, amave dros, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis/samxreT oseTis/saqarTvelo, legitimuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis molaparakebebSi monawileobisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweviT.~57
56 aseTi formulireba, iseve rogorc „afxazeTi/saqarTvelo~ da „samxreT oseTi/saqarTvelo~ gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi. formulirebis winaaRmdegia ruseTis federacia, romelic cdilobs „samxreT oseTi~ da „afxazeTi~ moixseniebodes saqarTvelosTan kavSiris gareSe, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeulebi. 57
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Jenevis molaparakebebis plenaruli sxdomis formati iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos, ruseTisa da aSS-s, rogorc oficialuri monawileebis, da evrokavSiris, euTosa da gaeros, rogorc Suamavali mxareebis, warmomadgenlebis monawileobas. moskovis mcdelobas, monawile mxareebad warmoeGina samxreT oseTi da afxazeTi, warmateba ar mohyolia. amitomac, ruseTis federaciam ar miiRo monawileoba plenarul sesiaSi. plenaruli sesiis garda arsebobs meore, araoficialuri formatic. romelsac monawileni eswrebian individualuri formiT da ara rogorc romelime qveynis delegaciis wevrebi. aseT araoficialur formatSi Jenevis molaparakebebs eswrebian afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis de faqto xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi. Jenevis pirvelive Sexvedris win ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri lavrovi acxadebda, rom afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTs formatSi monawileoba `Tanasworuflebiani partni orebis~ statusiT unda mieRoT.58 gacnobierebuli hqondaT ra, rom am sakiTxSi ruseTi saqarTvelosa da misi partniorebis kategoriul winaaR mdegobas waawydeboda, moskovSi albaT ubralod surdaT, rom am sakiTxze miRebuli uaris samagierod, Tavadac eTqvaT uari sapirispiro mxaris moTxovnebsa da SemoTavazebebze. Tumca, cxadia soxumisa da samxreT oseTis statusis amaRlebisaTvis muSaoba mainc gagrZeldeboda. 2008 wlis 15 oqtombridan 2010 wlis ivlisamde molaparakebaTa 12 raundi gaimarTa. procesi sakmaod rTulad mimdinareobs. molapake baTa sxvadasxva etapebze ruseTma wamoayena tradiciuli argumentebi saqarTvelos xelaxali SeiaraRebis Taobaze da gaakritika dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi TbilisisaTvis iaraRis miwodebis gamo. Tumca, Jenevis molaparakebebze rusuli diplomatiis mTavar mimarTulebad sul sxva sakiTxi iqca _ saqarTvelos mier samxreT oseTTan da afxazeTTan Zalis gamouyeneblobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis xelmowera. moskovi praqtikulad yvela Sexvedraze ayenebda am sakiTxs da bunebrivia, winaaRmdegobas awydeboda Tbilisis mxridan, romlisTvisac amgvar SeTanxmebebze xelis mowera afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis aRiarebisaken gadadgmuli nabijis 58
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tolfasia. saqarTvelo acxadebda da acxadebs, rom cecxlis ganuaxleb lobis Taobaze ukve arsebobs dokumenti, romelsac xeli moewera 2008 wlis agvistoSi sarkozis, medvedevisa da saakaSvilis mier da romelsac saqarTvelo, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, zedmiwevniT asrulebs. saqarTvelos am pozicias Jenevis molaparakebebze mxars uWers aSS-c. cxadia, ruseTis warmomadgenlebs kargad aqvT gaazrebuli, rom saqarTvelo msgavs SeTanxmebebs xels ar moawers, magram am sakiTxis mudmivad dRis wesrigSi dayenebiT ruseTi cdilobs Seiqmnas gasamarTlebeli argumenti kontrwinadadebebsa da SeTavazebebze uaris saTqmelad. saqarTvelos mxarem ramdenjerme SesTavaza ruseTis federacias „Zalis argamoyenebis Taobaze~ axali SeTanxmebis gaformeba Tbilissa da moskovs Soris. am winadadebas ruseTis mxare `provokaciuls~ uwodebs da acxadebs rom aseT dokuments xels ar moawers, radgan Tavad konfliqtis mxare ar aris. aseve `provokaciuli~ uwoda Jenevis molaparakebebze ruseTis warmomadgenelma, sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgile grigori karasinma Tbilisis winadadebas konfliqtur zonebSi saerTaSoriso samSvi dobo kontingentis Seyvanis Taobaze. 2008 wlis 12 agvistos „sarkozisaakaSvili-medvedevis~ dokumentis Taobaze saubrisas ki ruseTi isev `axal realobebs~ iSveliebda da acxadebda, rom am realobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, man yvelanairad Seasrula SeTanxmebis pirobebi _ gaiyvana ra jarebi `saqarTvelos teritoriidan.~ xolo afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoriebze ruseTis samxedro Zalebis yofna `am saxelmwifoebTan~ gaformebul SeTanxmebebs efuZneboda. Jenevis formati diplomatiur iaraRad yvelaze efeqturad gamo yenebul iqna 2009 wlis maisSi, roca gaeros generalur mdivans unda waredgina moxseneba afxazeTSi Seqmnili viTarebis Taobaze. iqamde, yvela aseTi dokumentis saTaurSi figurirebda `afxazeTi, saqarT velo,~ rac xazs usvamda afxazeTis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofnas. elodnen ra axal moxsenebaSi igive formulirebas, Jene vaSi afxazeTis warmomadgenlebma demarSi moawyves. afxazeTis de faqto sagareo saqmeTa ministrma sergei Sambam ganacxada, rom soxums surda, rom moxseneba Jenevis molaparakebebis mexuTe raundis dawyebamde gamoqveynebuliyo, radganac dokumentis for-
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mulireba gansazRvravda afxazuri mxaris pozicias Jenevis ganxilvebSi mis monawileobaze. soxumi winaaRmdegi iyo formulirebis `afxazeTi, saqarTvelo~, da misi gancxadebiT gaeros aRar unda gamoeyenebina amgvari formulireba, radgan orma misma wevrma saxelmwifom _ ruseTma da nikaraguam _ aRiares afxazeTis damoukidebloba. amis Semdeg ruseTma gadawyvita `aeRo pauza~ da aseve Seewyvita Jenevis molaparakebebis mexuTe raundSi monawileoba manamde, sanam gairkveoda afxazeTis pozicia SexvedraSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT. bunebrivia, igive pozicia daikaves samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebmac. soxumisa da ruseTis demarSs Jenevis molaparakebebSi warmodgenilma saerTaSoriso organizaciebma veraferi daupirispires. erTobliv gancxadebaSi, romelic rusuli delegaciis mier molaparakebebis datovebis Semdeg gamoqveynda, gaeros, euTos da evrokavSiris warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom `TanaTavmjdomareebi muSaoben, raTa ganaxldes molaparakebebi xval dilidan, 19 maisidan, rogorc dagegmili iyo da movuwodebT yvela monawiles daeswros~. aseve, `TanaTavmjdomareebi Zlier wuxils gamoTqvamen ruseTis warmomadgenlebis mier Jenevis ganxilvebis mexuTe raundis datovebis gamo mas Semdeg, rac afxazeTis warmomadgenlebma gadawyvites ar daswrebodnen Sexvedras da mas Semdeg, rac ganxilvebi samxreT oseTis monawileebmac datoves.~59 rogorc cnobilia, Sedegad angariSis saTaurSi neitraluri formulireba gaGnda: `generaluri mdivnis moxseneba warmodgenili uSiSroebis sabWos 1808-e, 1839-e da 1866-e rezoluciebis Sesabamisad.~ am warmatebis Semdeg karasini aRniSnavda, rom gavida is dro, roca afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebi Jenevis molaparakebebze meorexarisxovan rolSi iyvnen da axla maT mier wamoyenebul winadadebebsa da proeqtebs ukve `igive politikuri wona aqvs,~ rac sxva warmomadgenlebis (maT Soris saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis) wamoyenebul winadadebebsa da proeqtebs.60 59
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SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2009 wlis maisis demarSiT moskovma garkveul warmatebas miaRwia im gegmis ganxorcielebis gzaze, romelzec Jenevis molaparakebebis dawyebamde lavrovma ganacxada (saubaria, soxumisa da cxinvalisaTvis Tanasworunariani partniorebis statusis SeZena). SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom 2010 wlis ivnisSi gamarTul molaparakebaTa 11-e raundze afxazeTis warmomadgenelTa demarSi61 isev igive motivaciiT aixsneba _ Jenevis formatSi darGenis sanacvlod soxumi damatebiT moTxovnebs wamoayenebs da am sakiTxSi moskovis yvelanairi mxardaWeriT (maT Soris demarSis GaTvliT) isargeblebs. soxumis pretenziis ZiriTad mizezad isev Zalis gamouyeneblobis Taobaze SeTanxmeba saxeldeba, romelsac saqarTvelo xels ar awers. am sakiTxiT spekulireba Jenevis formatSi albaT kidev didxans gagrZeldeba. Jenevis molaparakebaTa formati iTvaliswinebs ori samuSao jgufis arsebobas: incidentebis prevenciisa da maTze reagirebis meqnizmi da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa da ltolvilTa sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT momuSave jgufi. aqedan SedarebiTi produqtiulobiT gamoirGeva pirveli _ incidentebis prevenciisa da maTze reagirebis meqanizmi. Tumca, aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis federaciis ZiriTad taqtikas warmoadgens drois gaWianureba da pasuxismgeblobis sxvaze gadatana (magaliTad afxazeTis an samxreT oseTis warmoma足dgenelTa xeliT molaparakebebis GaSla an safuZvelSive principulad miuRebeli moTxovnis an winapirobis dayeneba, razedac qarTuli mxaris uaryofiTi damokidebuleba windawin cnobilia). ruseTis federaciis mxridan Jenevis molaparakebebis aSkara obstruqciis miuxedavad, qarTuli mxaris Zalisxmeva mimarTulia am samSvidobo procesis gagrZelebisa da arsebuli problemebis molaparakebebis gziT gadasaWrelad.
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ruseTis politika evrokavSirSi Tornike SaraSeniZe
evrokavSirTan ruseTis urTierToba saerTod vrceli Temaa, Tumca saqarTvelosTan konfliqtis konteqstSi aq sul ramdenime sakiTxia gansaxilveli. ar warmoadgens ra evrokavSiris wevr-qveyanas, ruseTs ar hqonda aranairi xma am organizaciis forumebze da masze mxolod garedan SeeZlo diplomatiuri zewolis ganxorcieleba. 2008 wlis 2 seqtembers moskovi kmayofilebiT gamoexmaura evrokavSiris sagangebo samits, romelzec saqarTvelo-ruseTis omis sakiTxi ganixiles da romelzec saboloo jamSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg aranairi konkretuli nabiji ar gadadgmula. ruseTis federaciis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom kmayofilebiT aRniSna, rom `evrokavSiris wevrTa umravlesoba pasuxismgeblobiT miudga sakiTxs... gaiazra ra urTierTTanamSromlobis mniSvneloba.~62 saministro ar daeTanxma ruseTis dadanaSaulebas Zalis araproporciul gamoye足 nebaSi da gakvirveba gamoTqva, rom Tbilisis qmedebebs aranairi Sefaseba ar mieca. albaT, imTaviTve cxadi iyo, rom evrokavSiri radikalurad ar da ver daupirispirdeboda ruseTs. roca ukve 2008 wlis noemberSi Tavad sarkozim isic ganacxada, rom moskovma sarkozi-medvedevis SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebi Seasrula, naTeli gaxda rom evrokavSiri ruseTTan Serigebaze midioda. rac Seexeba evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis beds saqarTveloSi, ruseTma Tavidanve Riad daafiqsira pozicia, rom amgvari misiis 62
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arsebobas saerTod ar hqonda azri gamomdinare iqidan, rom `saqarT veloSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi sakmarisad iyvnen warmo dgenilni.~63 roca SemdgomSi cxadi gaxda, rom evrokavSirs mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili sadamkvirveblo misiis gagzavna, ruseTma ukan daixia (Tumca, sakiTxavia ras moimoqmedebda ruseTi, evrokavSirSi vetos ufleba rom hqonoda). evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis (EUMM) ganxorcieleba daiwyo evrokavSiris SuamavlobiT miRweuli 12 agvistos eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmebis da misi SesrulebisTvis saWiro RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb 8 seqtembris SeTanxmebis Sedegad. misia 200 damkvirvebelTan erTad, mandatis Sesrulebas 2008 wlis 1 oqtombers Seudga. misi mandati oTx mniSvnelovan komponents moicavs, kerZod, stabilizacias, normalizacias da ndobis aRdgenas, aseve, briuselTan angariSgebas raTa evrokavSiris politikis ganmxorcieleblebs hqondeT informacia adgilze arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb. normalizacia pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocana iyo, romelic misiis winaSe idga. Tavisi saqmianobis dasawyisSi misiis mcde lobebi iqiT iyo mimarTuli, rom afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan administraciuli sazRvrebis mimdebare teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis da saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad gadaadgilebulTa cxovreba normalur kalapotSi dabrunebuliyo. maSin roca misiis mandati saqarTvelos mTel teritorias faravs saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli sazRvrebis farglebSi, de faqto xelisuflebebis uari samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi SeSvebaze xels uSlis misiis normalizaciis da stabilizaciis mcdelobebs.64 EUMM-ma
dRemde ver moaxerxa okupirebuli teritoriebze SeRweva. magram amis mizezad mxolod soxumisa da cxinvalis reJimebis „urGo63
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bas~ ver davasaxelebT. aqac problemebis ZiriTadi mizezi isev da isev moskovis xisti poziciaa, ris Sesaxebac rusi diplomatebi daufaravad saubroben. ase magaliTad, 2009 wlis 27 ivliss gaimarTa evrokavSiris zogad saqmeTa da sagareo urTierTobebis sabWos (GAERC) sxdoma, sadac miRebuli iqna daskvniTi dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelSiac aRniSnulia: „saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqtis Semdgom, saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris mier monitoringis misiis swrafi ganTavseba mSvidobisa da stabilurobis xelSewyobisaken mimarTuli moqmedebebis ganxorcielebisTvis evrokavSiris mzadyofnas adasturebs. aRniSnul periodSi qveynis teritoriaze evrokavSiris monitorebis ganTavsebam xeli Seuwyo 2008 wlis 12 agvistosa da 8 seqtembers xelmowerili SeTanxmebebis implimentaciisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmnas. aRniSnul konteqstSi, sabWo kidev erTxel mouwodebs mxareebs maT mier aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebisaken, romelic, amasTanave, gulisxmobs yvela samxedro Zalis dapirispirebis dawyebamde arsebul poziciebze dabrunebas. sabWo kidev erTxel axmovanebs, rom EUMM-is mandati iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gavrcelebas da kvlavac akeTebs mowodebas imis Sesaxeb, rom evrokavSiris monitoringis misia SeSveÂbul iqnas afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis regionebSi, rac, jerjerobiT ganxorcielebuli ar aris.~65 aRniSnuli dokumentis miRebas mohyva kritika oficialuri moskovis mxridan. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgilis sergei karasinis oficialur komentarSi naTqvamia: ar SeiZleba, ar aRiniSnos, rom gadawyvetilebaSi uxvadaa terminebi da frazebi, romlebic migvaniSnebs politikuri TamaSebis gagrZelebis survilze da ugulvebelyofs 2008 wlis tragediis Semdeg regionSi Gamoyalibebul axal realobas. kerZod, migviTiTebs suverenuli afxazeTisa da samxreT 65
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oseTis teritoriaze SeRwevis survilze imis miuxedavad, rom Tavad misiis dasaxeleba gulisxmobs, rom misi saqmianoba vrceldeba mxolod saqarTveloze. soxumsa da cxinvalSi negatiurad uyureben evrokavSiris mcdelobebs, rom SeaRwion am teritoriebze.66 Tundac am gancxadebidan naTelia moskovis ganzraxva, Tavi aaridos nakisri saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebasa da xeli SuSalos EUMM-is misiis srulfasovan funqcionirebas.
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Tavi II
ruseTis federaciis `TanamemamuleTa dacvis~ politika da sakonsulo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi
ruseTis federaciis „TanamemamuleTa dacvis~ politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi Tengiz fxalaZe
saqarTvelos teritoriaze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi tradiciulad cxovrobdnen araerTi erisa da erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. aTaswlovani istoriis ganmavlobaSi sxva erovnebisa da religiis mimarT Gamoyalibebuli tolerantobis tradiciebi ganapirobeben saqarTveloSi, rogorc mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi, sxvadasxva erovnebisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis warmomadgenlebis erTobliv Tanacxovrebas. miuxedavad arsebuli konfliqturi zonebisa (afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi) da 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omisa, saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze dResac cxovroben rusebi, afxazebi da osebi, romlebic aranair diskomforts da miT umetes devnasa da Seviwroebas ar ganicdian. rusuli diaspora saqarTveloSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Gamo yalibda. misi arseboba arasodes yofila safrTxe saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove rusuli politikis erTerT ZiriTad mimarTulebas _ „TanamemamuleTa intersebis dacva~, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi es gulisxmobs mosaxleobis farTo speqtrs: Tavad rusul diasporasa da rusulenovan mosaxleobas, aseve saqarTvelos araqarTulenovani da qarTulenovani mosaxleobis nawilsa da afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis im mosaxleobas, romlebic ruseTis mier saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis uxeSi darRveviT ganxorcielebuli masobrivi pasportizaciis Sedegad ruseTis moqalaqeebad iqcnen.
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winamdebare kvleva Seexeba ruseTis federaciis im qmedebebs, romelic man „TanamemamuleTa dacvis~ motiviT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, maT Soris, afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi ganaxorciela. amTaviTve aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis nebismieri arakanonieri da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazianod mimarTuli qmedeba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi „Tanamemamuleebis interesebis dacvis~ motiviT iniRbeboda, Tumca am qmedebebis SedegebiT Tu vimsjelebT, upirveles yovlisa swored afxazebi, osebi da is eTnikuri jgufebi ziandebodnen da zaraldebodnen, romelTa bedze zrunvasac moskovi sakuTar „wmidaTawmida movaleobad~ asaRebda. upirveles yovlisa, ganvsazRvroT ras gulisxmobs sityva „Tana memamule~ an „Tanamoqalaqe~, radgan am cnebebis kremliseuli interpretacia gansxvavdeba zogadad saerTaSoriso samarTalSi miRebuli definiciisagan. „vin arian Gveni Tanamoqalaqeebi~, „SeiZleba Tu ara sabolood gamovyoT „Gveniani~ „TiTqmis Gvenianisagan~ da „ara Gvenianisagan~, rusi da rusuli kulturis matareblebi _ rusulenovanisa da ruseTze orientirebulisagan~?67 aseT, viTomda ritorikul SekiTxvebs svamen „rusuli samyaros~ erT-erTi qseluri proeqtis “archipelag. ru”-s Semqmnelebi da pasuxsac Tavadve „pouloben~: ar SeiZleba erTi msxvili xazis gavleba, romelic ruseTs gayofs imisagan, rac ar aris ruseTi da arasodes yofila ruseTi.68 am logikiTa da ideologiiT aris gajerebuli oficialuri kanonmdeblobac. magaliTad, „sazRvargareT mcxovreb TanamemamuleebTan mimarTebaSi ruseTis federaciis saxelmwifo politikis Sesaxeb~ kanonis ukanasknel, 2010 wlis ivlisSi miRebuli Sesworebebis gaTva liswinebiT, redaqciaSi vkiTxulobT, rom ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi
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„Tanamemamulebi~, garda sazRvargareTis qveynebSi mcxovrebi ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeebisa, arian:
is pirebi da maTi STamomavlebic, romlebic cxovroben ruseTis federaciis farglebs gareT, magram ekuTvnian ruseTis teritoriaze istoriulad mcxovreb xalxebs;
pirebi, romlebmac gaakeTes Tavisufali arGevani ruseTis federaciasTan sulieri, kulturuli da samrTlebrivi kavSirebis sasargeblod da romelTa pirdapiri aRmavali xaziT naTesavebi adre cxovrobdnen sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, maT Soris: _
ssrk-s moqalaqeebi, mcxovrebi qvenebSi, romlebic adre Sediodnen ssrk-s SemadgenlobaSi da romlebmac miiRes am qveynebis moqalaqeoba an iqcnen moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad;
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emigrantebi rusuli saxelmwifodan, ruseTis respublikidan, ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikidan, sabWoTa kavSiridan da ruseTis federaciidan, romlebsac aqvT Sesabamisi moqalaqeobrivi kuTvnileba da gaxdnen ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi an moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi.69
erTi sityviT, rusi momRerlis oleg gazmanovis erT-erTi popularuli hitis eniT rom vTqvaT: “Я рожден в Советском Союзе, сделан я в СССР” da amitomac cimbiri, volgispireTi, kavkasia da baltiis pireTi da bevri sxva ram КГБ-sa da „specnazis~ GaTvliT, yvelaferi „erTi qveyana~ yofila! 70 romel qveyanazea saubari, vfiqrob, dakonkretebas aRar saWiroebs. 69
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aqve aRvniSnavT, rom „TanamemamuleTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 2010 wlis ivlisamde moqmedi redaqcia kidev ufro metad iyo sabWouri identu robiT gaJRenTili da ar moiTxovda ruseTis federaciasTan sulieri, kulturuli da samarTlebrivi kavSirebis sasargeblod „Tavisufali arGevanis~ gakeTebas. kanonmdeblobis „gaprogresulebis~ es patara mcdelobac ki mZafri kritikisa da ideologiuri „mamebis~ aRSfo Tebis sagnad gadaiqca. „TanamemamuleTa politikis~ erT-erTma mTavarma Semoqmedma, modest kolerovma, Tavad prezidenti medvedevi kritikis qar-cecxlSi gaatara da TanamemamuleTa interesebis uaryofaSi daadanaSaula: „utvino oficiozi gvamcnobs ra prezidentis mier TanamemamuleTa Sesaxeb kanonis xelmoweraze, Gqarobs daaskvnas, rom dsT-s mcxovreblebi avtomaturad veRar GaiTvlebian Tanamemamuleebad~.71 sabWoTa da postsabWoTa identurobaze apelireba SemTxveviTi movlena araa rusi kanonmdeblebisa da, miT umetes, ideologebisaTvis. iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa „yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze aRmocenebuli saxelmwifoebi~, „postsabWoTa qveynebi~, „yofili sabWoTa respublikebi~ (arsebobs kidev sxva variantebic, sadac mTavari aqcenti sabWourobaze da sabWoTa kavSirze keTdeba) xSirad ixmareba ruseTis oficialuri pirebisa da maRalGinosnebis mier. es aris is definicia, romelic sruliad mkafiod exmaureba rusuli politikis Sinaarss da mas absoluturad mkveTrad gansazRvruli datvirTva da funqcia aqvs, kerZod: 1. am terminiT ruseTi xazs usvams rom am qveynebis raobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria is, rom isini iyvnen ssrk-s Semadgeneli nawili da aRmocendnen ssrk-s daSlis Sedegad, da ara is, rom am qveynebs aqvT sakuTari istoria, saxelmwifoebrioba da tradiciebi. amitomac, yofili ssrk-s moqalaqeebi, romlebic cxovroben am qveynebis teritoriaze „ar arian valdebulni miiRon am qveynebis moqalaqeoba~. 67
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2. termini „yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze aRmocenebuli saxelmwifoebi~ aTanabrebs am saxelmwifoebs iseT separatistul regionebTan, rogorebicaa afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi, yarabaRi, dnestrispireTi da a.S. isinic warmoadgenen yofili ssrk-s teritoriis nawils da gansxvaveba „mxolod isaa~, rom am separatistulma regionebma „jer ver miaRwies~ sakuTari damoukideblobis aRiarebas. aqedan daibada termini _ araRiarebuli respublikebi (Непризнанные республики). swored am logikiTa da moskoveli ideologebis STagonebiT 2000 wels „dafuZnebul iqna~ dsT-2 (СНГ-2), anu „araRiarebul saxelmwifoTa kavSiri~.72 3. ruseTs, rogorc ssrk-s samarTalmemkvidres, valdebuleba akisria ssrk-s yofil moqalaqeTa mimarT da amitom „yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze aRmocenebul saxelmwifoebSi~ mcxovrebi adamianebi arian „Tanamemamuleebi~, romelTa interesebis dacva ruseTis saxelmwifos „wmidaTawminda movaleobaa~.
axla ki mTavari sakiTxi _ saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ra nawili SeiZleba GaTvalos kremlma sakuTar Tanamemamuled an Tanamoqalaqed? Tuki vimsjelebT im kanonmdeblobiT, romelic ruseTSi 2010 wlis ivlisamde moqmedebda, kremlis logikiT „Tanamemamulis~ kategoriaSi saqarTvelos nebismieri macxovrebeli SeiZleba moxvdes. Tuki realur suraTs SevxedavT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis solidur nawils aqvs mWidro kavSirebi ruseTis federaciasTan. rac Seexeba uSualod ruseTis moqalaqeebs, maTi zusti raodenoba ucnobia, radgan maTi umravlesoba saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul konfliqtis zonebSi, afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi cxovrobs.
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mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic „Tanamemamuled~ SeiZleba iyos ganxiluli, pirobiTad sam kategoriad SeiZleba daiyos: 1. eTnikuri qarTvelebi, romlebic ZiriTadad moRvaweoben ruseTSi, magram ar gauwyvetiaT kavSiri saqarTvelosTan. saqarTvelos teritoriaze maT aqvT uZravi qoneba, sacxovrebeli adgili, hyavT axlo naTesavebi. es xalxi ruseTSi ZiriTadad samuSaos saSovnelad da ekonomikuri siduxWiris gamo aRmoGnda. 90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelodan uamravi adamiani wavida ruseTSi samuSaod. dReisaTvis ruseTis teritoriaze, sxvadasxva monacemebiT 600 000 _ 900 000 eTnikuri qarTveli cxovrobs. maT umravlesobas ruseTis moqalaqeobasTan erTad saqarTvelos moqalaqeobac aqvs; 2. rusulenovani diaspora da ruseTidan saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad Gamosuli moqalaqeebi, romlebsac hqondaT, an dRemde aqvT SenarGunebuli ruseTis moqalaqeoba, magram imave dros aqvs saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba an saqarTveloSi mudmivad binadrobis ufleba. 3. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mosaxleoba, romelTaganac absolutur umravlesobas, zogs nebiT da zogs iZulebiT, miRebuli aqvs ruseTis moqalaqeoba. GamoTvlili kategoriebidan swored mesame warmoadgens kremliseburi “Soft Power”-is gamovlinebis friad saintereso magaliTs. romlis teqnologiebic absolutur winaaRmdegobaSi modis rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTalTan, aseve Tavad ruseTis federaciis kanonmdeblobasTan. es gaxlavT rusuli e. w. `pasportizaciis~ politika, rac gulisxmobs ruseTis moqlaqeobis masiurad miniWebas da Semdgom pasportebis gacemas im pirebze, romlebic samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi cxovroben. amJamad, am teritoriaze mosaxle-
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obis umravlesoba rusuli pasportebis mflobelia. rogorc „saqarTveloSi momxdar konfliqtTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis damdgeni damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso misiis~ (e.w. taliavinis komisia) daskvnaSia aRniSnuli, moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb axali rusuli kanonmdeblobiT (ZalaSi Sevida 2003 wels), moqalaqobis miniWeba regulirdeba me-13 da me-14 muxlebiT, rac ruseTis moqalaqeobis miRebis gamartivebul procedurebs warmoadgens. amiT farTod gaexsna kari aTasobiT ganacxadis Semtans samxreT oseTidan da afxazeTidan. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi moTxovna sxva saxelmwifoebisTvis valdebuleba aiRos moqalaqeobis miniWebaze saerTaSo riso samarTlis farglebSi, aris adekvaturi faqtobrivi kavSiris arsebobis aucilebloba ganacxadis warmdgensa da mimReb saxel mwifos, am SemTxvevaSi ki ruseTs Soris, TumcaRa, gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba iyos TviTneburi. faqtobrivi kavSiris aseT SemTxvevebs warmoadgens ojaxis gaerTianeba, xangrZlivi periodiT sxva qveyanaSi cxovreba, grZelvadiani sajaro an samxedro samsaxuri. damatebiT, aucilebelia mSobliuri qveynis calsaxad gamoxatuli Tanxmoba, Tumca, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar aRiarebs ormag moqalaqeobas. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeoba ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos, rogorc sakmarisi safuZveli, radgan sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeobis statusi damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis statusiT Seicvala. am moTxovnebis Sesa bamisad, miniWebuli moqalaqeobis mxolod SezRuduli raodenoba SeiZleba miGneuli iyos kanonierad saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi. saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, afxazeTidan da samxreT oseTidan naturalizebuli mosaxleobis didi nawili ruseTis moqalaqe ar aris. am gziT miniWebuli rusuli moqalaqeobis aRiareba ar aris savaldebulo arc saqarTvelosTvis da arc romelime mesame qveynisTvis. Sesabamisad is pirebi, romlebic samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi cxovroben da romlebic saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gaxdnen, `pasportizaciis~ politikis miuxedavad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebad rGebian. 2008 wlis agvistos omis periodSi isini jer kidev saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi iyvnen da, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, dRemde saqarTvelos moqalaqeebad
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rGebian, Tu maT uari ar uTqvamT moqalaqeobaze an ar daukargavT saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba dadgenili procedurebis dacviT. ruseTis moqalaqeobis masiuri miniWeba saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvis da pasportebis masiuri gacema saqarTvelos teritoriaze, maT Soris separatistuli regionebis GaTvliT, saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tanxmobis gareSe, ewinaaRmdegeba keTilmezobluri politikis principebs, rac saqarTvelos suverenitets aSkarad uqmnis sirTuleebs da saqarTvelos Sida saqmeebSi Garevas warmoadgens.73 miuxedavad kategoriuli da mkacri tonisa, taliavinis komisiis daskvna mainc mTlianad ver asaxavs pasportizaciis mTel arssa da danaSaulebriv bunebas. afxazeTis teritoriaze ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWeba daiwyo jer kidev XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sazogadoebrivi organizaciis „rusuli TemTa kongresis~ meSveobiT, romlebic Suamdgomlobas uwevda aRniSnul pirebs ruseTis Sesa bamis uwyebebTan. „rusul TemTa kongresi~ 74 nacionalistur-imperiuli politikuri gaerTianebaa, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs dimitri rogozini _ ruseTis federaciis amJamindeli mudmivi warmomadgeneli natoSi. rogozinis mosazrebebsa da SefasebebSi kargad da sruliad naTlad Gans „TanamoqalaqeTa da TanamemamuleTa mxardaWeris~ da ruseTis „humanitaruli politikis~ WeSmariti arsi, suliskveTeba da miznebi. rogozinis SefasebiT, is rom „Tanamemamuleebi~ cxovroben `yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze aRmocenebul saxelmwifoTa teritoriaze~, sulac `ar niSnavs, rom maT unda miiRon am qveynebis moqalaqeoba~!75 amitomac, ruseTis politika mTlianad jdeba TanamemamuleTa mxardasaWerad mimarTul humanitaruli qmedebebis logikaSi, „afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis macxovreblebi yofili sabWoTa moqalaqeebi arian, romlebmac ar miiRes saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. 73
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swored amitom, ruseTi, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre, valdebuli iyo mieca am xalxisaTvis moqalaqeoba da uflebebi, rac gamomdinareobs ruseTis konstituciidan~.76 am argumentebis simarTleSi ruseTi absoluturad darwmunebulia da, amitom, arc muqaras erideba: „Tu Tmis erTi Reri mainc Gamovardeba ruseTis moqalaqeebis Tavidan, ruseTis valdebuli iqneba gamoiyenos saSualebaTa mTeli arsenali sakuTari moqalaqeebis dasacavad~. sagulisxmoa, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTveloSi SemoWris umTavres mizezad ruseTi swored sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvas asaxelebda. amitomac, pasportizaciis procesi namdvilad unda iqces farTo Seswavlisa da saerTaSoriso ganxilvis sagnad, radgan swored saqarTveloSi aprobirebili teqnologia iqna Semdgom gamoyenebuli moldovasa (dnestrispireTi) da ukrainaSi (yirimi). pasportizaciis procesi 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdegac gagrZelda ruseTis mier aneqsirebul teritoriebze. amis erT-erT da ara erTaderT magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT osuri sainformacio saagentos mier 2009 wlis 11 ivniss gavrcelebuli informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom „samxreT oseTSi ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros droebiT sakonsulo punqtSi mimdinareobs dokumentebis miReba rusuli sazRvargareTis pasportebis gasaformeblad~.77 gansakuTrebiTi Zaldataneba da iZulebis faqtebi dafiqsirebulia galisa da axalgoris raionebSi, sadac rusul pasportebTan erTad mosaxleobas aiZuleben aiRon afxazuri (galSi) da osuri (axalgorSi) pasportebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi socialurekonomikuri mdgomareoba uaRresad mZimea. adgilze normaluri samuSaos Sovna uaRresad rTulia da mosaxleobas ukidures 76
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gaWirvebaSi uwevs cxovreba. amitomac, am regionis mosaxleobisaTvis erTaderT xsnas warmoadgens savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ruseTTan, gansakuTrebiT ki mis sazRvrispira regionebTan. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis mosaxleobis loialurobis „wasaxaliseblad~ ruseTis mier gamoyenebul iqna 3 instrumenti:
1. gamartivebuli mimosvlis saSualeba _ orive regionSi aralegaluri sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqtebis gaxsnis meSveobiT; 2. ruseTis pasportebis gacema; 3. pensiebisa da socialuri daxmarebebis daniSvna, im pirebisaTvis vinc miiRo ruseTis moqalaqeoba.
faqtiurad, swored uvizo mimosvla da zog SemTxvevaSi fuladi daxmarebis gacema warmoadgenda pasportizaciis realur xelSesaxeb motivacias ubralo mosaxleobisaTvis, radganac, rac ar unda gasa kviri iyos, amgvari gziT mopovebuli moqalaqeoba rusul realobaSi mraval problemas ukavSirdeba da ar iZleva moqalaqisaTvis Gveuli mravali uflebis realizaciis safuZvels. saqme isaa, rom afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoriaze pasportis gacema, da, Sesabamisad, ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWeba, xdeboda sagareo saqmeTa saministros specialuri sakonsulo dawesebulebis mier. amgvari dawese bulebisa Tu warmomadgenlobebis arseboba calke Seswavlis sagania, radganac aranairi dokumenti saqarTvelos teritoriis am nawilSi maTi arsebobisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb ar Seqmnila. maSasadame, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoriaze gaxsnili gancxadebis mimRebi punqtebi da adgilze gamsvleli brigadebi warmoadgenda aralegalur jgufebs da, Sesabamisad, arc sabuTebis ganxilvis da miT umetes pasportis gacemis uflebac ar hqondaT.78 78
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aseTi saqmianoba sxva araferia, Tu ara yalbi dokumentebis damzadeba, rac iTvleba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve Tavad ruseTis federaciaSi. amgvari aralegaluri sakonsuloebis mier gacemul moqalaqeobas ruseTis Sss organoebi uproblemod aRiareben da axdenen am moqalaqeTa registracias Gasvlis adgilis mixedviT, magram ar aregistrireben sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT da ar aZleven ruseTis federaciis Sida pasports. Sedegad, am moqalaqeebs ar SeuZliaT ruseTis teritoriaze uZravi qonebis SeZena, radgan amgvari garigebis damowmeba SeuZlebelia sazRvargareTis pasportiT. aqedan gamomdinare, am gziT miRebuli moqalaqeoba, romelic Tavad ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze SezRudul uflebebs warmoSobs, TavisTavad iuridiuli kazusia, romelic samarTlebriv absurdamdec ki midis da sakmao safuZvels iZleva imisaTvis, rom misi miRebis kanoniereba eWvqveS iqnas dayenebuli. miT umetes, rom ruseTis federaciaSi kanonis cvlileba xdeba mmarTveli elitis interesebidan da ara mosaxleobis interesebidan gamomdinare. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli mowmobs, rom pasportizaciis umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoriebze ruseTis moqalaqeTa ricxvis xelovnuri zrda, raTa SemdgomSi moskovs saSualeba miscemoda ganexorcielebina qmedebebi „sakuTari moqalaqeebis interesebis dasacavad~. mTavaria, Seqmniliyo konfliqtebSi ruseTis Riad monawileobis sababi, riTac SeiZleboda sxva qveynis teritoriis okupaciisa da aneqsiis gamarTleba. rac Seexeba sakuTriv afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mosaxleobas, romelTaTvisac aseTi siuxviT rigdeboda moqalaqeoba, is mxolod moskovis politikis ganxorcielebis erT-erT instruments warmoadgenda da realurad misi interesebis dacva, Tundac „uflebaSezRuduli moqalaqeobis~ miniWebis Semdeg, kremlis mesveurebs azradac ar mosvliaT.
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„ T an a m e m a m u le e b T an ~ m u S ao b a saq ar T v e lo s ok u p i r e bu l t e r i t o r i e bze
2008 wlis agvistos Semdeg „TanamemamuleebTan~ muSaobam okupirebul teritoriebze axali impulsi da kidev ufro farTo formebi miiRo. 2009 wlis 28 ianvars ruseTis federaciis dsT-s, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebis saqmeTa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli TanamSromlobis federaluri biuros („rossotrudniGestvos~) xelmZRvanelma, ruseTis prezidentis specialurma warmomadgenelma dsT-s qveynebTan urTierTobebSi farit muxametSinma moskovSi samxreT oseTis „elGi~ miiRo. oficialuri informaciiT, ganxilul iqna TanamSromlobis sakiTxebis farTo speqtri, maT Soris q. cxin valSi „rossatrudniGestvos~ warmomadgenlobis „ganaTlebisa da kulturis rusuli saxlis~ saxiT gaxsnis sakiTxic.79 rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoGnda, „msoflio finansurma krizisma xeli SeuSala Ganafiqris droulad ganxorcielebas~, magram 2010-2011 w.w. aseTi proeqtebi aucileblad ganxorcieldeba.80 movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam gviGvena, rom am sakiTxSi moskovma upiratesoba afxazeTs „mianiWa~ da 2009 wlis 18 dekembers soxumSi „rossotrudniGestvos~ warmomadgenloba gaixsna. ceremonias fede raluri saagentos xelmZRvaneli f. muxametSini, „afxazeTis prezidenti~ sergei baRafSi da sxva „oficialuri pirebi~ eswrebodnen. muxametSinma ganacxada, rom es „mxolod dasawyisia~ da samomavlod ufro masStaburi proeqtebis realizacia igegmeba.81 am movlenamde ramdenime kviriT adre, 2009 wlis 26 noembers afxazeTSi „TanamemamuleTa respublikuri konferencia~ Gatarda (ra Tqma unda, saubaria ara afxazeTis, aramed „ruseTis Tanamemamuleebze~). moskovelma stumrebma, ruseTis prezidentis administraciis 79
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Ginovnikebma, moismines adgilobrivi organizaciebis angariSebi da „Tanamemamuleebs~ dausaxes samomavlo gegmebi da amocanebi.82 2008-2010 w.w. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis teritoriaze araerTi RonisZieba gaimarTa, romelic TanamemamuleTa muSaobas da okupi rebul teritoriebze rusuli saTvistomoebis gaZlierebas isaxavda miznad. yoveli aseTi Sexvedra umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo RonisZiebis rangSi iyo ayvanili, sadac gansakuTrebuli madlobebi gamoiTqmeboda moskovis mimarT Tanamemamuleebze da, maSasadame, afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTze zrunvisaTvis (rogorc Gans adgilobrivi de faqto mmarTvelebisaTvis es marTlac erTi da igive cnebaa!). iseTi „dResaswaulebi~, rogoricaa ruseTis nacionaluri dRe, rusuli enis dRe, ruseTis armiis dRe da a.S. faqtiurad erovnul dResaswaulebad aris gamocxadebuli da maTi aRniSvna udidesi pompezurobiT xdeba.83 2010 wlis 5 marts afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi ruseTis Tanamemamuleebis Sexvedra ukve q. soWSi gaimarTa. monawileebma ganixiles TanamemamuleTa organizaciebis saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi. miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba q. soWSi saerTaSoriso konferenciis „maswavlebeli da misi roli pirovnebis Gamoyalibebasa da moswavleTa profesiul arGevanSi. ruseTis, afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis gamocdileba~ Gatarebis Sesaxeb da aseve didi samamulo omis istoriisadmi miZRvnili gamofenis organizebis Sesaxeb.84
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rogorc Gans, aseTma erToblivma RonisZiebebma Tavis Sedegi gamoiRo da samxreT-oseTis „ideologiur-politikuri momzadebis~ donec saTanadod amaRlda. amitomac, 2010 wlis 8 seqtembers q. cxinvalSi rogorc iqna gaimarTa „ruseTis TanamemamuleTa pirveli konfe rencia~.85 RonisZiebaze aRiniSna organizaciebis „rossi~ (Россы) da „samxreT oseTis ruseTis moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ (Союз российских граждан Южной Осетии) gansakuTrebuli wvlili ruseTisa da samxreT oseTis sazogadoebebis daaxloebis da megobrobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. aRiniSna, rom „damoukideblobis~ mopovebamde es ori organizacia „samxreT oseTis xmis~ funqcias asrulebda da swored maTi meSveobiT xdeboda im ideebis gaxmovaneba, ris mitanasac ruseTis xelisuflebamde cdilobda samxreT oseTi.86 erTob saintereso da mravalmniSvnelovani iyo ruseTis „elGis~ elbrus kargievis gamosvla. man amcno Sekrebilebs „TanamemamuleTa Sesaxeb kanonSi~ Setanili cvlilebebis Sesaxeb da ganumarta, rom „Tanamemamulis statuss~ gafrTxileba da saqmiT damtkiceba sWirdeba da, Tuki saTanadod iSromeben, „ruseTi mzad aris gulSi Gaikras aseTi Tanamemamuleebi~. kargievma kmayofilebiT aRniSna is faqti, rom rusuli ena samxreT oseTis respublikaSi saxelmwifo organoebis oficialur enad iTvleba. aRniSnulis pasuxad samxreT oseTis „sagareo saqmeTa ministrma~ murat jioevma ganacxada, rom yvelas, vinc cxovrobs samxreT oseTSi, siamayiT SeuZliaT uwodon sakuTar Tavs „Tanamemamuleebi~ da rom yvela macxovrebeli Tavs slavad Tvlis da slavuri kulturis dResaswaulebsac rogorc sakuTars, ise aRiqvams!87 msgavsi RonisZiebebi ukve regularul saxes Rebulobs rogorc samxreT oseTSi, iseve afxazeTSic. maTSi sazogadoebis, miT umetes ki axalgazrdobis udidesi nawilia GarTuli. faqtobrivad okupirebul teritoriebze „TanamemamuleebTan muSaobis~ egidiT rusifika85
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ciis procesi mimdinareobs, rasac am regionebis mosaxlobisaTvis metad savalalo da SeiZleba sabediwero Sedegic hqondes. „Tanamemamuleebze zrunvis~ TvalsaGino magaliTia ruseTis biurokratiuli manqanis damokidebuleba im xalxis mimarT, romelic realurad saWiroebs daxmarebas da iZulebiT Seafara ruseTis teri torias Tavi. saubaria afxazeTis teritoriidan jer kidev gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ltolvilad qceul mosaxleobaze. 1992-93 w.w. saqarTveloSi, kerZod afxazeTSi arsebuli SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Sedegad (romelis monawile mxarec swored ruseTis federacia iyo) aRniSnuli teritoria mosaxleobis didma nawilma iZulebiT datova, romelTaganac nawili saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi gadasaxlda, nawilma ki ruseTs Seafara Tavi. im periodisaTvis uvizo mimosvlis reJimi arsebobda, jer kidev moqmedebda ssrk-s pasporti da, amdenad, saqarTvelos teritoriidan ruseTSi gadasvla aranair problemas ar warmoadgenda. im periodidan moyolebuli aRniSnuli ltolvilebi cxovroben ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze, Tumca sxvadasxva mizezis gamo maTma didma nawilma ltolvilis statusi ver miiRo. ltolvilebis nawilma scada gamoeyenebina is garemoeba, rom ruseTma afxazeTis macxovreblebisaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis miRebis gamartivebuli reJimi aamoqmeda. im periodSi ruseTis moqalaqeobis sakiTxebs mogvarebiT, rogorc ukve zemoTac aRvniSneT, dakavebuli iyo „rusul TemTa kongresi~. magram aRmoGnda, rom moqalaqeobis miniWebis gamartivebuli procedura sruliadac ar gulisxmobda afxazeTidan ltolvilebs. pirdapiri uaris Tqma SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan ltolvilebs sabuTebSi afxazeTSi registraciis aRniSvna hqondaT, amitomac uaris sxva meqanizmi iqna mofiqrebuli. „rusul TemTa kongresi~ ibarebda sabuTebs, magram amis Sesaxeb oficialur cnobas ver gascemda, radganac sazogadoeb rivi organizaciis statusi hqonda. aseTi cnobis (СПРАВКА) gareSe ki ramis damtkiceba an gasaGivreba SeuZlebelia (visac erTxel mainc hqonia Sexeba rusul biurakratiasTan, arasodes daaviwydeba am cnobis anu „spravkis~ fasi). Sesabamisad ltolvilebi wlobiT elo-
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debodnen reagirebas Gabarebul sabuTebze, magram umetesoba dRemde ver eRirsa pasuxs. bolo wlebSi ki eTnikuri qarTvelebis mimarT damokidebuleba Seicvala. gaxSirda maTi sabuTebis „SemTxveviT~ dakargvisa da gaqrobis faqtebi ruseTis saemigracio samsaxurebSi. rac ar qreboda, ruseTis saemigracio samsaxuris mier igzavneboda mudmivi Gaweris anu registraciis misamarTze Sesamowmeblad. aseTi misamarTi ki ltolvilebs ruseTis teritoriaze ar gaaGniaT. sabolood, maTi sabuTebi ruseTis sakonsulo departamentma afxazeTis „sagareo saqmeTa saministros~ gadasca, anu im reJims Gaugdo xelSi, romelmac es xalxi ltolvilad aqcia! 88 es ar gaxlavT erTeuli SemTxveva, ruseTis teritoriaze 50 000‑mde afxazeTidan ltolvili cxovrobs da maTi didi nawili aseT savalalo dReSi aRmoGnda. rogorc Gans, sabWoTa НКВД-s suli jer kidev Rrmad aris Gabudebuli Tanamedrove ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da saemigracio samsaxuris GinovnikebSi! Tanamedrove msoflioSi aTasobiT adamianis msgavsi damcirebisa da araraobad miGnevis faqtis arsebobac ki Znelad warmosadgenia, miT umetes im saxelmwifosagan, romelic sakuTari Tanamemamuleebis interesebisa da uflebebis dacvaze sxva qveynebs uyenebs pretenzias! am mimarTebiT aseve mniSvnelovania ruseTis faderaciaSi arsebuli qarTuli diasporis mdgomareoba, anu kremlis zrunva im „Tanamema muleebze~, romlebic uSualod ruseTis teritoriaze cxovroben.
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qarTvelebi ruseTSi Teimuraz qaruxniSvili , Tengiz fxalaZe
saqarTvelos gaaGnia ara erTi safuZvliani pretenzia ruseTis mimarT, maT Soris qarTul diasporasTan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom rusi politikosebi amaod cdiloben sakuTari Tavis udanaSaulod warmoGenas msoflio sazogadoebis winaSe. qarTvelebis emigracia ruseTSi SeiZleba oTx istoriul etapad daiyos: mefis ruseTi 1491-1918 ww., sabWoTa periodi 1921-1991 w.,
Tanamedrove damoukideblobis periodi 1991-2008 ww., ruseTis 2008 w. okupaciis Semdgomi periodi. yvela istoriul etapze qarTvelebma Seitanes mniSvnelovani wvlili rusuli saxelmwifos sxvadasxva sferoebis Gamoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi. amJamad, dauzustebeli monacemebiT, ruseTSi cxovrobs milionamde qarTveli. yvelaze mZime viTarebaSi aRmoGndnen iZulebiTi migran tebi saqarTvelos konfliqturi regionebidan, romelTaTvisac Gamoyalibebuli realobis gamo ruseTis saemigracio samsaxuri ar axdens maTi legitimaciis gaformebas, ris gamoc isini kanongareSe mdgomareobaSi aRmoGndnen da iZulebulni arian, aiRon okupirebul teritoriebze moqmedi sabuTebi. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos fundamenturi siZneleebi dakavSirebulia ruseTis farisevlur politikasTan. e.w. mSvidobismyofelma samxedro kontigentma ganaxorciela `SeparviTi aneqsia~, SemdgomSi ki ruseTma aisrula Tavisi sanukvari ocneba da moaxdina saqarT-
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velos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis okupacia, Gaatara masiuri eTnowmenda, aRiara afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis separatistuli reJimebis `damoukidebloba~. aman gamoiwvia erTiani saxelmwifos defragmentacia, devnilTa da ltolvilTa didi nakadis (500 000) da maTTan dakavSirebuli humanitaruli da socialuri problemebis warmoqmna, rasac mohyva migraciis axali talRa ruseTSi. msoflios kargad axsovs 2006 wels ruseTSi myofi qarTvelebis masobrivi deportacia. amas Tan sdevda farTo propagandistuli aqciebi. administraciuli struqturebi awarmoebdnen qarTvelebis totalur devnas: quGaSi, samsaxurSi, sacxovrebel adgilze, skolaSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi, eklesiaSi. ganwirulebs deportaciisaTvis gausaZlis pirobebSi amyofebdnen specialurad Seqmnil izolatorebSi da satvirTo TviTmfrinavebiT aZevebdnen ruseTidan. xelisuflebam qarTuli restornebis daxurvac ki daiwyo. rodesac amdagvarma qmedebebma miiRo qsenofobiis manifestirebuli xasiaTi, ruseTs daupirispirda saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada am barbarosuli aqciis Sewyveta.89 wlebis ganmavlobaSi ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTuli warmoSobis kulturis moRvaweebma o. basilaSvilma, z. wereTelma, b. akuninma eTnikuri niSniT ruseTis represiebis msxverplad igrZnes Tavi da mimarTes xelisuflebas Ria weriliT `ruseTi ganicdis sircxvilis dReebs~.90 miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis xelisuflebam araerTxel cinikurad ganacxada „erTmorwmune Zmuri erisadmi~ pativiscemisa da siyvarulis Sesaxeb, igi mizanmimarTulad da gegmazomierad agrZelebs imperiul, istoriulad aprobirebul, agresiul erovnul politikas `dayavi da ibatone~-s principiT. 89 aRniSnulis Taobaze damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix:
“Humanitarian dimension“ of Russian foreign Policy Toword Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and The Baltic States“ www.icgs.ge
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jer kidev mefis ruseTis droindeli mravalricxovani dokumentebi, mosaxleobis aRweris GaTvliT, aGveneben, rom ruseTis mmarTvelTa moqmedebebi saqarTveloSi yovelTvis mimarTuli iyo mosaxleobis gonebaSi eTnikuri da religiuri gansxvavebebis fiqsaciaze iqac ki, sadac isini ar arsebobdnen da saxelmwifos xelT arsebuli yvela resursis gamoyenebiT uwyobdnen xels am procesis momwifebas separatistul ganwyobamde. es taqtika axlac aseve aqtiurad gamoiyeneba qarTul diasporasTan mimarTebaSi. aRmaSfoTebeli magaliTia, Tu rogor aris warmodgenili „qarTvelis~ cneba 2010 wlis ruseTis federaciis sayovelTao aRwerisTvis oficialur dokumentebSi. erovnebis grafaSi qarTvelebi dayofili arian qarTvelebad, megrelebad, raWvelebad, aWarlebad, svanebad da a.S.91 (megrelebi, raWvelebi, aWarlebi, svanebi _ qarTveli eris subeTnikuri jgufebia). rusi ideologebis mier aRniSnul doku mentSi qarTvelebi 12 (!) erovnebad arian warmodgenilni.92 msgavsi ram mxolod romelime „eqspertis~ avadmyofuri fantaziis nayofi rom iyos, kidev naklebad gagvikvirdeboda, magram rodesac aseTi midgoma saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis dokumentSia dafiqsirebuli, igi mxolod da mxolod mizanmimarTul antiqarTul saxel mwifo politikad SeiZleba Sefasdes.
91 ix.: Приложение № 1 к приказу №74 “Алфавитный перечень возможных
вариантов ответов населения для кодирования ответа на вопрос 7 Переписного листа формы Л Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года” http://www.perepis-2010.ru/documents/acts/
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sakonsulo saqmianoba, rogorc ruseTis „rbili Zalis~ politikis ganxorcielebis instrumenti Tengiz fxalaZe
2008 wlis 2 seqtembers saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom ruseTis federaciis saelGos gadasca ori nota, romelTaganac pirvelSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTis federaciis mtrul qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, rac gamoixata saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro agresiasa da qveynis nawilis okupaciaSi, saqarTvelos teritoriis saerTaSorisod aRiarebul nawilebSi _ afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi eTnikur wmendasa da maTi e.w. damoukideblobis ukanono aRiarebaSi, gamomdinare saqarTvelos parlamentis 2008 wlis 28 agvistos # 243-rs dadgenilebidan, saqarTÂvelo wyvets 1992 wlis 2 ivlisis `saqarTvelos respublikasa da ruseTis federacias Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyarebis Sesaxeb~ oqmis moqmedebas.93 xolo meore notiT, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro acnobebda ruseTis mxares, rom `sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb~ venis 1963 wlis 24 aprilis konvenciis me-2 muxlis me-3 punqtis
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safuZvelze, saqarTvelos mxare inarGunebda sakonsulo urTierTobebs ruseTis federaciasTan.94 garda amisa, 2008 wlis 4 seqtembers saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 3 seqtembris #426 brZanebiT, oficialurma Tbilisma ruseTis federaciasTan savizo reJimi gaamartiva da ruseTis moqalaqeebs ufleba miecaT mieRoT saqarTvelos viza saerTaSoriso mimosvli saTvis gaxsnil yvela sasazRvro-gamSveb punqtSi.95 sapasuxod ruseTis federaciam, rogorc es mosalodneli iyo, SeaGera vizebis gacema saqarTvelos moqalaqeebze. 96 „dasjis~ es forma ukve tradiciad iqca saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi jer kidev 2000 wlis miwurulidan, rodesac moskovis iniciativiT saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris savizo reJimi iqna SemoRebuli. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom amjerad ruseTSi ar dawyebula is qsenofobiuri isteria, rasac adgili hqonda 2006 wlis meore naxevarSi, rodesac mTel ruseTSi mimdinareobda saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisa da eTnikuri qarTvelebis devna, dapatimreba da deportacia. imdroindeli represiebis Sedegad, aTasobiT saqarTvelos moqalaqe da eTnikuri qarTveli iqna sruliad umizezod dakavebuli, Seuracxyofili da deportirebuli. yovelgvari mizezisa da axsna _ ganmartebis gareSe moqalaqeebma dakarges samsaxuri, bavSvebi gamoagdes skolidan, ara adamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad gardaicvala ramdenime moqalaqe.97 amJamad ruseTma gansxvavebuli midgoma airGia. diplomatiuri urTierTobis gawyvetisTanave ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma
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97 dawvrilebiT aRniSnuli represiebis Sesaxeb ix: “The “Humanitarian
Dimension” of Russian foreign policy toward Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic States” – www.icgs.ge
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sergei lavrovma ganacxada, rom „ruseTi ar apirebs SurisZiebas saqarTvelos moqalaqeebze~. 98 2009 wlis martSi saqarTveloSi amoqmedda Sveicariis saelGos ruseTis federaciis interesebis seqcia, xolo moskovSi Sveicariis saelGoSi _ saqarTvelos interesebis seqcia. aqedan moyolebuli, ruseTis mxarem ganaaxla vizebis gacema saqarTvelos moqalaqeebze. vizebi gaicema mxolod sakonsulo warmomadgenlobaSi da mxolod Semdegi SemTxvevebisaTvis: satranzito, kerZo mowveva, saswavlo da gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebi (gadaudebeli samedicino daxmareba, naTesavis gardacvaleba da a.S.).99 vizis gacemis vadebi damokidebulia rogorc konsulis pirad Sexedulebebze, aseve momwvevi mxaris gavlenianobis xarisxze da SeiZleba meryeobdes vadebSi: ramdenime dRidan ramdenime Tvemde SualedSi. amis paralelurad 2009 wels ruseTis federaciam okupirebul teritoriebze, soxumsa da cxinvalSi saelGoebi gaxsna. gansakuT rebuli yuradReba eqceoda sakonsulo ganyofilebebisa da samsa xurebis aqtiur muSaobas. amis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo, rom 2008 wlidan ukve vada gasdioda ruseTis federaciis mier 2002-2006 w.w. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoriaze masobrivad darigebul pasportebs da faqtiurad okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 90% xelaxal pasportizacias saWiroebda. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom moqalaqeTa xelaxali pasportizaciis periodSi ruseTis federaciam maqsimalurad gaaWianura uvizo mimosvlis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze molaparakebebi cxinvalisa da soxumis marionetul mTavrobebTan,100 raTa okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis „damatebiTi stimuli~ miscemoda ruseTis federaciis pasportis droulad misaRebad. 98
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100 Sesabamisi „xelSekrulebebi~ moskovma soxumTan 2009 wli 2 oqtombers, xolo cxinvalTan 2010 wlis 1 Tebervals moewera xeli. orive `xelSekruleba~ realurad 2010 wlis gazafxulidan amoqmedda
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sruliad naTelia, rom sakonsulo samsaxuri warmoadgens ruseTis politikis erT-erT mZlavr da seriozul instruments, romelic mTlianad aris moqceuli ideologiur GarGoebSi.
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Tavi III .
ruseTis media da saqarTvelo mariam cacanaSvili
sasaciloa, roca kalia urems Seaxteba: yvela darwmunebulia, rom kalia Gamovardeba. aravin fiqrobs _ uremi gadabrundebao. Ginuri andaza
m e d i a saS u ale b e b i ` m t r i s x at i s ~ S e saq m n e lad
`mtris xati~ da `megobris xati~ orive politikuri instrumentebia adamianuri resursebis mobilizaciisTvis politikuri elitis xelSi. erTi uaryofiTi zegavlenis provocirebiT, meore dadebiTi efeqtis iluziiT xelisuflebisaTvis sasurvel (da ara namdvil) monacemebs qmnis gavlenis SenarGunebisa da misTvis saWiro gada足 wyvetilebebis misaRebad. aravisTvisaa ucxo, rom realuri cxovreba ufro dramatulia, vidre tragikuli an komikuri. politikaSi ar arseboben mudmivi mtrebi an mudmivi megobrebi, arseboben mxolod mudmivi interesebi. keTili ganzraxvebiT zogjer saSineli Sedegi SeiZleba dadges, an piriqiT. cxovrebis dramatuloba is ki araa, rom erTmaneTs boroti da keTili ebrZvis, aramed _ sxvadasxva warmodgenebi sikeTesa da borotebaze. SesaZlebelia borotebac raime konkretuli sikeTis hipertrofiaa, an sikeTea borotebaSi amokrefili marcvlebi? umwifar bavSvobaSi aseTi kiTxvebi ar Gndeba cxovrebiseul aqsiomebze, ubralod vinc Gveni mSoblebis gverdiTaa _ kargi adamianebi arian, vinc mowinaaRmdege _ cudebi. dRes xSirad media, mtris an megobris xatis SeqmniT, uaryofs Tavis mTavar funqcias: iyos meditori sazogadoebasa da xelisuflebas Soris. aq ukve diqtatoruli klasika iwyebs muSaobas: Tu realurad mteri an megobari ar arsebobs, isini unda gamovigonoT. pirveli msoflio omis droidan moyolebuli presaSi xSirad naxavT jariskacTa wamebis, Zarcvis da sxva Zaladobis suraTebs. amas emateba warwerebi cru braldebebiT. es teqnologia droTa ganmav足 lobaSi daixvewa, axali Seferilobebi SeiZina. aseTi informaciis miReba sazogadoebaSi risxvas iwvevs. mkiTxveli Tvlis, rom saqme aqvs WeSmarit, obieqtur informaciaTan. Semdeg aRmoGndeba, rom am faqtebs sinamdvilesTan kavSiri ar hqonia. sazogadoebrivi azris
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winaswarganzraxuli fabrikacia dRevandel mediaSi arnaxul masStabebs aRwevs. saqarTvelos Sida da gare politika dRes mTlianad mtrisa da megobris xatis principiT imarTeba. mediateqnologiebis ganviTarebis fonze informaciis mavne zegavlenisagan adamiani ufro da ufro daucveli xdeba.
ru se T i s i nf o r m ac i u l i r e su r se b i saq ar T v e lo S i
saqarTveloSi rusulenovani mediis roli bolo 10 wlis ganmavlo足 baSi sakmaod Semcirda, amis mizezad saxeldeba dabali msyidvelobiT足 unarianoba, SezRuduli sareklamo bazari, saxelmwifo mxardaWeris ararseboba. rusulenovani gazeTebis `zaria vostokas~, `veGerni tbilisis~ da `molodioJ gruziis~-s saerTo tiraJi naxevar milions utoldeboda sabWoTa periodSi, amJamad rusulenovani presis mTeli tiraJi mxolod ramdenime aTass Seadgens. rogorc gazeT `svobodnaia gruzias~ mTavari redaqtori, tato lasxiSvili aRniSnavs: rusulenovan gazeTebs perspeqtiva ar eqneba, Tu isini mxolod eTnikur rusebze iqneba orientirebuli. mTel rusulenovan mosaxleobaze gaTvlis SemTxvevaSi potenciuri auditoria 700 aTasamde iqneba. _ ganacxada t. lasxiSvilma `ria novostis~ prescentrSi 2007 wels gamarTul mrgvali magidis monawileebTan Sexvedraze.101 2009-10 wlebSi `informacia da sazogadoebis~ mier internet gamokiTxviT: saqarTveloSi presas rusul enaze kiTxulobs mosaxleobis 16% (okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis garda). isic aRsaniSnavia, rom rusul enaze presa saqarTvelos bevr regionSi ar vrceldeba. bunebrivia, telegadacemebi ufro gavrcelebulia. amave internet gamokiTxvis mixedviT: sainformacio gadacemebs sazogadoebriv mauwyebelze daTmobili aqvT garkveuli dro erovnuli umciresobebis enebze, agreTve rusul enaze. mosaxleobis 1/4 sistematiurad uyurebs rusul gadacemebs, xolo 12-17% _ xandaxan. isic unda 101 ix: saqarTvelos rusulenovani presa yofna-aryofnis zRvarzea http://www.media.ge/ka/node/22928
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iTqvas, rom rusul enaze telegadacemebis miReba bevr dasaxlebul punqtSi ar xdeba. sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili mainc GarTulia rusulenovan mediasivrceSi.102 bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad daeca rusulenovani informaciuli sivrcisa da kulturis gavrceleba. ОРТ, РТР-is da sxva rusuli arxebis translireba mxolod sakabelo arxebiTaa SesaZlebeli. Sewyvetilia ruseTis radio gadacemebi (garda `golos rasiis~ calkeuli gadacemebisa, romelTa translireba xdeba talRaze Радио ХИТ ФМ).
ru su l i m e d i as i v rce ok u p i r e bu l t e r i t o r i e bze
okupirebul teritoriebze rusuli mediis gavrcelebis mdgomareoba aseTia: afxazeTSi savaldebulo gaxda 7 rusuli telearxis translireba. rogorc sainformacio saagento `afsni presi~ iuwyeba, aseT gankargulebas xeli sergei baRafSma moawera. gankargulebaSi dasaxe lebuli telearxebi mayureblisaTvis ufasod unda gavrceldes. esenia: afxazeTis saxelmwifo teleradiokompania, rusuli telearxi `kultura~, ruseTis sainformacio arxi, ruseTis televiziis pirveli arxi, telearxi “НТК”, teleradiokompania `yubanis axali televizia~, telearxi “НТВ” da telearxi `peterburgi me-5 arxi~. rusul mediasaSualebebs aseve srulad aqvT aTvisebuli samxreT oseTis sivrcec. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, mediis gavrceleba licenzirebadi saqmianobaa. amitom, saqarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnulma maregulirebelma komisiam daajarima rusuli telekompaniebi “НТВ”,“ТВ-Центр”,“Россия” da “Культура” okupirebul teritori ebze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis nebaTvis gareSe mauwyeblobisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2009 wlis agvistoSi es telekompaniebi erTxel 102
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ukve iyvnen dajarimebulni.103 maSin komisiam maTgan mauwyeblobis dauyovnebliv Sewyveta moiTxova. komisiis gadawyvetileba okupire bul teritoriebze ar aRsrulebula. amjerad telekompaniebi “Первый канал”, “НТВ”, “ТВ-Центр”, “Россия” da “Культура” saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli licenziis gareSe mauwyeblobis darRvevisa (sasdk muxli: 144-e muxli) da `okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTva liswinebuli okupirebul teritoriebze ekonomikuri moRvaweobis SezRudvis darRvevisaTvis (muxli: 6) dajarimdnen 500 aTasi lariT (daaxloebiT: 300 aTasi dolari). kremlis mTavari strategis vladimer surkovis mier Seqmnili inglisur enaze mauwyebeli “Russia Today”-s msgavsad, saqarTveloSi Seiqmna `pirveli kavkasiuri~, romelic gaiTiSa franguli Tanamgzavridan, rogorc amas bi-bi-sis korespondentTan saubarSi arxis generaluri direqtori zurab dvali acxadebs. aris mosazrebac, rom am arxis mauwyeblobis Sewyveta ruseTis zewoliT xdeba.104 am poziciasTan dakavSirebiT, ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgilem arkadi edelevma arxs `antirusuli propagandis nawili~ uwoda da GrdiloeT kavkasiaSi `eqstremizmis ideologiis danergvis mcdelobad Seafasa.105 sainteresoa is, rom saqarTveloSi axali fexadgmuli mediis saqmianoba ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier komentirebulia, rogorc: antirusuli, antisaxelmwifoebrivi poziciis da eqstre mizmis ideologiis danergvisaken~ mimarTuli arxi. argumentad moyvanilia is, rom saqarTvelo mebrZolTa jgufebs mfarvelobs. `pirvel kavkasiurma~ gadasca es interviu da Tavis mxriv `absur103
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“ForeignPress” http://www.maestro.ge/?address=news1&id=3215&page=1
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Грузинский канал “Первый кавказский“ убежден, что его заставила замолчать Москва http://www.newsru.com/world/01feb2010/sputnik.html
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duli~ uwoda edilevis Sefasebas, romelic ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvarze daZabulobas aRvivebs. `pirvel kavkasiurTan~ dakavSirebiT rusul presaSi aseTi Sefasebebic aris: bolos da bolos, saqarTvelo gvadanaSaulebs, rom Gven mas afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi `GamovaSoreT~, wers gazeTi `vremia novostei~. politolog sergei markedonovisaTvis yvelaferi cxadia: Tbiliss imis demonstrireba surs, rom brZola ar Seuwyvetia da agrZelebs informaciul oms.106 Sedegi miRweulia: `pirveli kavkasiurisagan~ Seiqmna `mtris xati~. `eutelsatTan~ satelituri mauwyeblobis dawyebis Taobaze saqarT velos `sazogadoebrivma mauwyebelma~ xeli 2010 wlis dasawyisSi moawera. rusulenovani telearxi `pirveli kavkasiuri~ Tanamgzavris meSveobiT milionobiT mayureblisaTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi, rogorc evropis, aseve aziis kontinentze. Tumca, 28 ianvars arxi satelitidan gamoirTo da axla igi mxolod saqarTvelos masStabiT mauwyeblobs. Tanamgzavridan telearxis gaTiSvas saqarTvelos prezidentma `saerTaSoriso politikuri cenzuris~ saSiSi precedenti uwoda. 2010 wlisaTvis saxelmwifo radiomauwyebelma kompaniam “Голос России”, romelic sazRvargareT 1929 wlidan mauwyeblobs 38 enaze, saqarTveloSic gazarda mauwyebloba rusul enaze, dReRameSi 14 saaTamde mokletalRuri da saSualotalRuri gadacemebis zrdis saSualebiT. GarTulia “Голос России”-s Svidi gadacemis gada mcemi simZlavreebi, romlebic ganlagebulia sankt-peterburgSi, krasnodarsa da samaraSi. garda amisa “Голос России”-is rusulenovani programebi retranslirdeba afxazeTSi FM 107,9 mgh talRaze. amJamad maTi moculoba gazrdilia dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 6-dan 10 saaTamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2008 wlis 8 agvistodan moyolebuli radioarxi `Tanamegobroba~ (Содружество) _ romelic aris “Голос России”-s mauwyebeli samsaxuris saerTo brendi rusul enaze dsT‑sa da baltiis qveyebSi karga xnis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda sagangebo 106
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reJimSi da eTerSi uSvebda rusuli sainformacio saagentoebis saswrafo Setyobinebebs realuri drois reJimSi da mauwyeblobda internetis saSualebiT.
zogadi Sefasebebi ruseTis federaciaSi mediis Sesaxeb
ruseTis federaciaSi mediis rolsa da mniSvnelobaze saerTaSoriso da qarTvel eqspertTa Sefasebebis didi nawili aseTia: ruseTis fede raciaSi mediaze dawesebulia totaluri saxelmwifo kontroli. is wmindawylis informaciul-fsiqologiuri omis warmoebis iaraRia. Savi propagandistuli formis nacvlad, man ruxi feri SeiZina, anu dezinformaciis nacvlad, informacia simarTlis marcvlebiT, rac obieqturobis iluzias qmnis. is gaxda xelisuflebis danamati, ara informaciis Tavisuflad gavrcelebis saSualeba, aramed iseTi, rogoric sWirdeba ruseTis xelisuflebas. ratom uWers mxars saqarTvelos eqspertTa udidesi nawili am pozicias? saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebi an mTlianad ignorirebulia an monacemebi gadaicema damaxinjebiT, rac xSirad eTnokonfliqtebis gaRvivebas iwvevs da araeTikuri gamonaTqvamebiT orive qveynis politikur imijs akninebs. ruseTisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi „didi da patara~ qveynis sindromi muSaobs. didi saxelmwifoebis mimarT ruseTis mxridan analogiuri damokidebuleba gamoricxulia. saqarT velos politelita ki darwmunebulia, rom aseTi gamonaTqvamebiT `axal imijs~ iqmnis saerTaSoriso arenaze. politikur leqsikonSi subieqtis uaryofiTi daxasiaTebisas aqcenti keTdeba erovnulobaze: `qarTveli prezidenti~ `qarTveli sagareo saqmeTa ministri~, `qarTuli parlamentis Tavmjdomare~, `qarTuli mTavrobis Tav mjdomare~ da a.S. ruseTis xelisufleba Tavis mxriv, `erTmorwmune da Zmur xalxTan~ urTierTobis mowodebebis fonze qmnis fsevdoistoriebs qarTvelebze, cdilobs Secvalos saqarTvelos istoria da qarTveli eris Semadgenloba `dayavi da ibatones~ principiT.
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internet sivrce kidev ufro amZafrebs amgvar movlenebs. Tu gadavxedavT iseT saitebs, rogoricaa: http://cominf.org/; http://ossetia.ru/index.php; http://osradio.ru/index.html; http://presidentrso.ru (Сайт Президента РЮО); http://cominf.org (ИА РЕС); http://osinform.ru (ИА Осинформ); www.radioir.org (Радио “ИР”); http://ugo-osetia.ru (samxreT oseTis gazeTi); http://minmol.org (turizmis marTva “Южная Осетия”); http://mkuor.ru (samxreT oseTis kulturis saministro saiti): http://mfa-rso.su/
(samxreT oseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros
saiti); http://osembassy.ru (ruseTSi samxreT oseTis saelGos saiti); http://cik.ruo.su
(samxreT oseTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
saiti); http://alloneparxi.ru (alaniis eparqia); http://www.osgenocide.ru (oseTis genocidi).
agreTve arasamTavrobo, sazogadoebriv saitebs: http://osradio.ru (oseTis radio); iriston.info (damoukidebeli internetgamocema); www.npruo.ru (samxreT oseTis saxalxo partiis saiti); http://www.liveosetia.ru (samxreT oseTi „samSoblo mSvenieria~); http://yugfm.ru (radio „samxreTis qalaqi~); http://valo-press.narod.ru/apollon.html (klubi „apoloni~); http://nfossetia.ru (saxalxo forumi „oseTi brals sdebs~); http://www.osetinfo.ru/ (samxreT oseTSi samxedro danaSaulebebis gamomzeurebis sazogadoebrivi komisia); http://rupor-naroda.livejournal.com/; (blogi „sulis xma~); http://zarava.livejournal.com/ (zara valievas blogi); http://e-osetia.ru (oseTis cnobari);
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afxazeTis saitebs: http://www.abkhaziya.org/; http://abhazia.com/; http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/; http://www.abkhazia.narod.ru/; http://www.abkhazia.ru/;
an iseT saitebs, romlebic aRar axldeba an damuSavebaSia: http://www.hurzarin.osetia.su/; http://www.respublika90.ru/,
davinaxavT, rom aqtualuria cru informaciis, dezinformaciis, `axali istoriis damkvidrebis~ da saqarTvelos siZulvilis gamom xatveli masalebi. magaliTad: “Яндекс. Карты”-s serviss cvlilebebi Seaqvs afxazeTis respublikisa da samxreT oseTis respublikis sazRv rebSi da gamyof xazs avlebs saqarTvelosTan. rogorc sainformacio saagento “Осинформ” acxadebs: iandeqsis servisma es cvlilebebi samxreT oseTis mosaxleobis araerTgzis mimarTvis Semdeg Seitana. ИА REGNUM _ iuwyeboda, rom `roskartografiam~ gamosca msoflios axali politikuri ruka, sadac saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebi gamoxatulia, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, xolo afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis dedaqalaqebad aRniSnulia soxumi da cxinvali. ИА REGNUM _ pirvelia rogorc ruseTis, aseve msoflio presaSi, romelmac afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba aRiara, mas Semdeg, rac am respublikebidan damokidebeli gadacemebis gavrceleba daiwyo 2003-2005 wlebSi.
sazogadoebaSi sakmaod didi popularobiT sargeblobs rusuli socialuri qseli “Одноклассники.ру”, romelmac 2009 wlis TebervalSi SesaZlebloba misca afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTs calke saxel mwifod daregistrirebuliyvnen.
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yalbi informaciis gavrcelebis faqtebi sakmaod did gavlenas axdens ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobis daZabvaze mag: gavle nianma rusulma gazeTma “Независимая газета”-m Tavis saitze ganaTavsa fotogalerea `omi samxreT oseTSi. meore dRe.~ dangreuli qarTuli qalaqis _ goris fotoebs aqvs komentari: `qalaqi cxinvali aRar arsebobs~. davazustebT, rom “Независимая газета”-s saitze warmo dgenili aTi fotodan xuTi asaxavs cecxlSi gaxveuli qalaq goris fotoebs. amaze isic metyvelebs, rom fotoebze TandarTuli teqsti arsebobs britanuli sainformacio saagentos saitze. sxvaTaSoris aRniSnul fotoebze saavtoro ufleba ekuTvnis Reuters-s. aseTi cruinformaciuli cnobebi gvxvdeba religiis sferoSic. maga liTad alanuri eparqiis saitze gavrcelebulia GexeTis patriarqis sityvebi alanuri eparqiis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. unda iTqvas, rom gayalbebulia faqtebi, movlenebi da toponimika. alanuri eparqia istoriulad marTlac arsebobda, romelic konstantinepolma scno, magram yaraGai-GerqezeTis teritoriaze, zelenGukis xeobaSi da ara samxreT oseTis teritoriaze. obieqturoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT is faqtic, rom saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris saomari kampania ruseTis presaSi kritikuladac gaSuqda, Tumca amas ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebis mxridan masmediaze seriozuli zewola mohyva. mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda administraciuli zegavlena calkeuli redaqciebis informaciul politikaze. aseT faqtebs uflebaTa damcvelebi da Jurnalistebi sityvis Tavisuflebaze zewolad afaseben. magaliTad: 2008 wlis seqtemberSi cnobili gaxda, rom ruseTis federaciis premier ministri v. putini Sexvda ruseTis wamyvani informaciis saSualebaTa xelmZRvanelebs. maT Soris iyo radiosadgur “Эхо Москвы” _ redaqtori aleqsi venediqtovi. man amerikuli gazeTis “The Washington Post”ze dayrdnobiT miuTiTa saqarTvelosTan samxedro konfliqtis gaSuqebisas arsebul uzustobebze.
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2008 wlis 19 agvistos “Газета”-m dabeWda profesor g.sokolovis statia, romelSic avtorma gamoxata pozicia, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos omi Tavisi elviseburi siswrafiTa da warmatebulobiT, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ruseTisaTvis warmoadgens moskovis saomar-politikur da diplomatiur marcxs. sokolovis mtkicebiT, am statiis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, ruseTis federaciis prezidentis moTxovniT, is iZulebuli iyo daetovebina ruseTis saxelmwifo socialuri universiteti, xolo misi TanamSromloba redaqciasTan Sewyda. statia `waago Tu ara saakaSvilma~ waiSala gazeTis saitidan. unda aRiniSnos, rom yovelive amis pasuxad qarTul mediaSi ruseTi mTlianad `uWknobi~ Tema xdeba. TviT `antisaxelisuflebo~ flangidanac xSirad gvesmis: `ruseTi saqarTvelos mteria~ _ vkiTxulobT Geurazia.org-is redaqciis gancxadebaSi.107 rodesac „mtris xatis~ Seqmnis politikaze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrGes rom metoqis uaryofiTi imijis Seqmnis garda, am politikas sxva mizanic aqvs, rac meore mxaris mudmivi fsiqologiuri daZabulobisa da stresis viTarebaSi Gayenebaa. aseT viTarebaSi mowinaaRmdege zedmetad nerviulobs, kargavs saRi analizis unars, axdens safrTxis hiperbolizacias da saboloo jamSi azianebs sakuTar Tavs. aRniSnuli TvalsaGino gamoxatulebaa sainformacio miraJis Seqmna 2010 wlis 13 martis `modelirebuli qronikis~ saxiT, rasac mkacri Sefasebebi mohyva saerTaSoriso doneze. aSS-s elGma saqarTveloSi jon basma aseT gadacemas upasuxismgebloba uwoda, radgan man qveyanaSi panika gamoiwvia. sainformacio gadacema mTlianad eZRvneboda ararsebul saomar scenebs ruseTis mxridan, saqarTveloSi aurzauris dawyebas da saxelmwifo gadatrialebas, romelsac opoziis lideri edga saTaveSi. mxolod naxevarsaaTiani gadacemis dasasruls iyo miniSneba, rom es aris scenaris savaraudo ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. es iyo pirdapir fsiqologiri operacia, Sturmi adamianTa gonebaze. 107
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ruseTSi media saSualebebi gamoyenebulia fsiqologiuri operaciebisaTvis rogorc saerTaSoriso zewolis mizniT, aseve sakuTar xalxze zegavlenis mosaxdenad. es aris informaciis uaryofiTi gavlena sazogadoebaze. am SemTxvevaSi usafrTxoebis meqanizmebi an ar arsebobs, an ar muSaobs. aseTi viTareba saSualebas ar aZlevs xalxs da politikosebs (rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT) miiRon zusti informacia qveynis ganviTarebasa, SesaZleblobebsa da miznebze. Sesabamisad, daskvnebic araadekvaturia.
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Tavi IV .
2008-2009 wlebis kiberomi saqarTveloSi mariam cacanaSvili
k i b e r s i v rce , r o g o rc “ S o f t P o w e r � - i s g an x o rc i e le b i s g ar e m o
kibersivrce bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi politikuri aqtiurobis da politikur situaciebze gavlenis saSualebad iqca. kibersivrceSi demokratiuli Rirebulebebis manipulirebiT sruliad axali realobebi iqmneba. am realobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi jer-jerobiT ar arsebobs, magram dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: kiberomebi xSirad politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegia, romelsac didi saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben. zogjer es patara saxelmwifoebis gamoyenebiT xdeba. amitom, kiberdacvis nacionaluri da saerTaSoriso sistemebis srulyofis sakiTxi dRes saerTaSoriso politikis upirvelesi problemaa. am problemis gadawyveta ki TviT safrTxis srulfasovani da mravalmxrivi analizis gareSe SeuZlebelia. sadao aRaraa, rom kibersivrces dadebiT efeqtebTan erTad uaryofiTi Sedegebis gamowvevac SeuZlia. dRevandeli msoflio politika am Sedegebis sistemur profilaqtikaze unda iyos orientirebuli, radgan mosalodneli kiberkatastrofa iqna Tavidan acilebuli. problemis daZlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan amocanas kibersivrceSi zemoqmedebis xarisxebis gansazRvra warmoadgens, raTa dadgindes dacvis Sesabamisi organizaciul, samarTlebrivi da teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebi. me aseT ierarqias gTavazobT: 1. kiberSeteva, romlis mizani SesaZlebelia ar iyos garkveuli da misi Sedegi naklebad zianis momtani iyos; 2. kiberdanaSauli, romlis mizani konkretuli subieqtidan informaciis moparva, konkretuli monacemTa bazebis ganadgureba an dazianebaa (raime mizniT, an miznis gareSe); 3. kiberterorizmi, romlis mizani sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis kritikuli infrastruqturis ganadgurebaa;
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4. uaxlesi teqnikisa da teqnologiebis gamoyeneba geopolitikuri interesebis misaRwevad, romelic interesis qveS myofi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis paralizebas da am procesSi socialuri qselebiT adamianTa GarTvas iwvevs _ es ukve kiberomia. saqarTveloSi 2008-2009 wlebSi ganxorcielebul kiberSetevebs kiberomis kvalifikicia unda mieces. es aris kargi precedenti imisa, Tu rogor iqna kibersivrce gamoyenebuli geopolitikuri interese bisaTvis politikuri Zaladobis iaraRad saqarTveloSi.
ki berSetevebi s xasiaT i da d i nam ika saqarTvelo S i
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebs win uswrebda kiberSetevebi, rac mogvianebiT, kiberkonfliqtSi gadai zarda. daibomba saqarTvelos samTavrobo saitebi. Semdeg mediasaitebi (news.ge; telekompania `rusTavi 2~), sabanko da sxva mniSvnelovani saitebi. erT-erTi saerTaSoriso analitikuri fondis (ShadowServer) monacemebiT DdoS (Distributed denial of Service) -Seteva jer kidev 20 ivliss dafiqsirda.108 xolo 8 agvistodan farTomasStabiani internetSetevebi ganxorcielda samxreT oseTis saxelisuflo da media saitebze, erT-erTi Setevis Sedegad saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saitze hakerebis mier dakidebuli iqna adolf hitlerisa da mixeil saakaSvilis suraTebi. movlenebis simZafris gadafarva pornosaitebiT xdeboda. aRar muSaobda samTavrobo, saparlamento, sasamarTloebis saitebi. 9-10 agvistodan praqtikulad ar muSaobda arc erTi qarTuli domeini (ge – www.nsc.gov.ge, www.government.gov.ge, www.parliament.ge, www.gncc.ge, www.internews.ge, www.acnet.ge).
yvela es saiti hakerebma imsxverples. 108
Andre M. DiMino, An In-Depth Look at the Georgia-Russia Cyber Conflict of 2008, http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/uploads/Shadowserver/BTF8_RU_GE_DDOS.pdf
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rogorc ShadowServer-is moxsenebebidan Gans,109 am kiberSetevebis ukan `patrioti~ rusi operatorebi idgnen, romlebic winaswar forumebze da ucxour saitebze iZleodnen miTiTebebs momavali dabombvis Sesaxeb: gaimarjve+miyvarxar+ruseTi (1 win+love+in+Russia 80 7), damkvirveblebis monacemebiT saqarTvelos saitebi “Bizus kokovs” serveridan ibombeboda, es saiti mogvianebiT “July” (albaT ivlisis movlenebis aRsaniSnavad) serverma Gaanacvla. dadginda isic, rom es serveri registrirebulia niu-iorkSi, magram registracia ganxorcielda moskovis olqidan nomriT _ 22 00 20. mogvianebiT kiberSetevebSi sxva mxareebic GaerTvnen. am urTierTobebSi gamoyenebuli iqna socialuri media. magaliTad: mas Semdeg, rac “botnet” Tavdasxma daiwyo da sxva Tavdamsmelebma es SeamGnies, sxvadasxva forumebidan, maT Soris “Twitter” da “Facebook”-dan isini Setevas SeuerTdnen (ix. sur. #1). Turkeyonline.name; ad.yanlexshit.com -dan Setevebi xorcieldeboda rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ruseTis mimarTulebiT. Zneli saTqmelia es ormagi dartymebi vis mieraa momzadebuli, magram faqti erTia: Setevebma masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo da msoflio kiberomis safrTxe Seqmna. rogorc U.S Cyber-Concequences Unit _ kvleviTi institutis damoukidebeli eqspertebi ityobinebian: qarTul saitebze TavdasxmaSi monawile kiberjgufebma ganaxorcieles tipiuri “bothen” _ Tavdasxma. Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb gankarguleba aTi veb-gverdis meSveobiT gaica. garda amisa, maikrosoftis Gveulebrivi programebi da iseTi socialuri veb-qselebi, Twitter da Facebook Inc, kiberiaraRad iqna gamoyenebuli.110 hakerebma sazogadoebriv saitebze gaavrceles savaraudo samizneebis misamarTebi da informacia Tavdasxmis iseTi
109 2008 wlis agvistos omTan dakavSirebiT ShadowServer-is monitoringis jgufma 4 angariSi gamoaqveyna, ix: http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/uploads/ Shadowserver/BTF8_RU_GE_DDOS.pdf
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110
Richard Weitz,Russia Refines Cyber Warfare Strategies 25 Aug 2009 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=4218 (25.08.09)
including Twitter and Facebook
sur. #1. naGvenebia saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris saitebze Setevis mimarTulebebi111
saSualebebis Sesaxeb, romelsac am sferoSi mcirekvalifikaciis adamianic ki gamoiyenebda. sazogadoebrivi qselebi (Facebook da Twitter) rogorc wesi, Tavis saitebze ar akontroleben komunikaciis process, Tu, ra Tqma unda momxmareblisagan ar miiRes saGivari. dasturdeba is faqtic, rom sapasuxo dartymebi saqarTvelos mxridanac fiqsirdeboda, Tumca es Setevebi sakmaod sustad gamoiyureba. saerTod Setevis done Zneli dasadgenia, magram rogor gadadioda kiberbombebi blogidan blogSi, forumidan forumze, saitidan saitze
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Andre M. DiMino, An In-Depth Look at the Georgia-Russia Cyber Conflict of 2008, http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/uploads/Shadowserver/BTF8_RU_GE_DDOS.pdf , slide page N16. 2008 oct. (15.08.09)
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social networks (Facebook and Twitter) do not monitor the communication process unless they receive a complaint from the user. 112 side were It is damkvirvebelTa also conrmed mier thatgarkveuli counterattacks from aRricxuli. the Georgian sizustiTaa kiberSete-
vebi qarTul saitebze qarTul-rusul kiberkonfliqtSi gadaizarda registered but these attacks appeared rather weak. In general, it is hard da mosaxleobis farTo fenebi GaiTria. agvistodan qarTul foru to determine the magnitude of an attack17 but the monitors provide quite IP misamarTis gadmowera meb ze Gndeba misamarTebi, saidanac `dapingvis~ a precise record of how cyber bombs moved from blog to blog, forum to unda momxdariyo, romlis 112 paralelurad vrceldeboda mowodebebi: Cyber attacks against Georgian websites forum, website to website. `aba Tqven iciT biWebo, erTad davbomboT Ru~....... grew into a Georgian-Russian cyber conict, rolling in wide segments of the population. From 17 August, Georgian websites display the addresses, from which to download a PING IP address, in parallel with such appeals as k i b e r S e t e v i s sae r T aS o r i so S ef ase b e b i
“Nowe r you T iknow w l i guys, s S e mlet’s de g bomb Ru together…”
A year later in 2009, ShadowServer experts Jose Nasario and Andre erTi wlis Semdeg, 2009 wels qveyndeba ShadowServer-is eqspertebis M. DiMino publishedda a report cyber attacks in the Internet.kiberThe xose nasariosa andre on m. diminos angariSi internetSi 113 Seizing report suspects Russia ofdakavSirebiT, the cyber attacks Georgia. Setevebis faqtebTan sadacagainst saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
identication details, application of social networks and modied
commercial software is a http://www.usccu.us/ typical instrument of attack but their combination 112 www.shadowserver.org, 112. See www.shadowserver.org, http://www.usccu.us/ 113. Andre M. DiMino, An In-Depth Look at the Georgia-Russia Cyber Conict
112 http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/uploads/Shadowserver/ of 2008, BTF8_RU_GE_DDOS.pdf
kiberSetevebSi eWvmitanilia ruseTi.113 saidentifikacio monacemebis mitaceba, socialuri qselebis da modificirebuli komerciuli kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba, Tavdasxmis Gveuli iaraRia, magram maT kombinacias Tavdasxmis meTodika axal xarisxSi ahyavs _ acxadebs emit iorani, aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis yofili xelmZRvaneli.114 `Setevis startze sakomunikacio sistemis ganadgureba standartuli samxedro praqtikaa.’ _ ambobs jon bamgarnei, mTavari teqnikuri oficeri da nacionaluri usafrTxoebisa da centraluri sadazvervo saagentos yofili kiber-deteqtivi.115 am braldebas isev ruseTis patriotebi pasuxoben forumebze: Gven ar varT haker-damnaSaveebi. Gven win aRvudgebiT saqarTvelosa da dasavleTis saitebis dabombvas. arsebobs mxolod stopgeorgia.ru _ sadac ganTavsebulia rogor vebrZviT qarTvelebso.116
2 0 0 9 w l i s k i b e r S e t e v e b i saq ar T v e lo s sa i t e bze
2009 wlis aprilSi kvlav mZlavri kiberSeteva ganxorcielda qarTul saitebze. gaiTiSa sasamarTloebisa da media saitebi. teqnologia, romelic amjerad TavdasxmisaTvis iqna gamoyenebuli sajarod xelmi sawvdomi komerciuli programa iyo, romelsac kompiuteruli qselebis administratorebi iyeneben. Tavdamsxmelebma es programa destruqciul ganzraxvebs moarges da ganaxorcieles misi modificireba. maT gaaZlieres e.w. `stresuli testebis~ garkveuli raodenoba. es testebi
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Andre M. DiMino, An In-Depth Look at the Georgia-Russia Cyber Conflict of 2008, http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/uploads/Shadowserver/BTF8_RU_GE_DDOS.pdf ,
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SIOBHAN GORMAN, Hackers Stole IDs for Attacks AUGUST 17, 2009 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125046431841935299.html (20.08.09)
115 es monacemebi aRebulia sioban gormanis The Wall Street Journal-Si gamoqveynebuli statiidan: Hackers Stole IDs for Attacks, By SIOBHAN GORMAN http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125046431841935299.html
116 am saitis germanul serverze ganTavsebaze germanelebma uari Tqves.
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Gveulebriv serverebis moculobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos http-paketebis talRis gamklaveba. modificirebuli iqna kidev erTi programa. am programis meSveobiT dazianebuli vebsaitebi SemTxveviT SerGeul ararsebul misamarTebs mimarTavdnen. saintereso precendentia 2009 wlis saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saitze ganxorcielebuli kiberSeRweva, romelsac garkveuli mizani hqonda. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos inglisurenovan saitze gaGnda fraza, ris gamoc azerbaijanis presam saqarTvelos patriarqi azerbaijanelebis Seuracxmyofel gamonaTqvamSi daadanaSaula. (am SemTxvevaSi sapatriarqos saitma dartyma belgiidan miiRo). ramdenime dReSi es faqti azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos sasuliero liderebma da Jurnalistebma religiuri SuRlis gamowvevisaTvis gamiznul qmedebad Seafases da konfliqts gaRvivebis saSualeba ar mieca. am periods emTxveva qarTul domeinze registrirebuli (ge) eleqtronuli fostebis gaTiSvac.
2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9 wlis kiberSetevis Sefasebebi saqarTveloSi
Sefasdeba Tu ara es kiberSetevebi rogoc kiberterorizmi, mtkicebis sferoa. am SemTxvevaSi eqspertebsa da specialistebs mtkicebulebaTa seriozuli mogroveba mouwevT. erTi cxadia, kiberSetevebs saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva mizani hqonda da Sedegic estoneTisagan gansxvavebuli, ufro mZafri aRmoGnda: rogorc saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis kompiuteruli teqnologiebis da informaciuli uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris ufrosi daviT taliaSvili ambobs: Setevebis raodenoba wamSi 64 000 pakets utoldeboda da Tavdasxmebi organizebulad xorcieldeboda. saqarTvelos parlamentis veb-portalis ganviTarebis ufrosi maka gigauri acxadebs, rom internetresursze Seteva jer kidev agvistos movlenebamde didi xniT adre daiwyo. samxreT oseTSi saomari moqme足debebis dawyebisTanave internetiT muSaoba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli gaxda: yvela gancxadebas romelsac
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parlamentis veb-gverdze vkidebdiT, vxedavdiT lokalurad mxolod Gveni uwyebis serverze. es aris mizanmimarTuli politika SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros _ acxadebs gigauri.117 problemis mosagvareblad qarTuli samTavrobo saitebi aSS-Si, atlantaSi ganTavsebul serverebze gadavida kompania Tulip systems‑is daxmarebiT. Tumca rogorc qarTuli mxare acxadebs gadatanidan 15 wuTSi qarTul saitebze SeRweva isev ganxorcielda. qarTuli sainformacio sivrcis serveri amerikaSi kvlav Seicvala. teqnologia, romelic kiberTavdamsxmelebma saqarTveloSi gamoiyenes imis varauds aGens, rom kampaniis detaluri gegma maT konfliqtamde karga xniT adre SeimuSaves. Tavdamsxmelebs ar ganu xorcielebiaT samizne saitebis sasinji kvleva an dazverva. maT amis sanacvlod Tavidanve mimarTes SetevisaTvis specialurad momzadebul programas. magaliTad, erTi qarTuli saitis dasazianeblad gamoyenebuli iqna grafikuli programa, romelic jer kidev 2006 wels Seiqmna da 2008 wlis saqarTvelos movlenebamde aravis gamouyenebia. Tavdamsxmelebma axali domeinebi daaregistrires da axali veb-gverdebi Seqmnes, rac kidev erTxel mianiSnebs imaze, rom maT ukve hqondaT gansazRvruli samizneebi, Tavdasxmis scenari da, SesaZloa, winaswar Gatarebuli sacdeli sainformacio Tavdasxma.
k i b e r S e t e v i s S e de g e b i
iyo Tu ara hakerebis moqmedeba ruseTis samxedro ZalebTan SeTanxmebuli? _ am kiTxvaze pirdapiri pasuxi arc erT sajarod gamoqveynebul daskvnaSi ar Gans, Tumca amaze mianiSnebs is faqti, rom es kampania daiwyo manam, vidre media saqarTveloze ruseTis Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebas daiwyebda. 117 teqnologiuri gzamkvlevi navigatori: STOP CYBERRUSSIA
http://navigator.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=12&info_id=3630
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am qmedebaTa Sedegad:
SeuZlebeli iyo informaciis operatiulad gaSuqeba samTavrobo saitebis meSveobiT;
samxedro konfliqti samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi garkveulwilad kiberSetevebis gagrZeleba iyo, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelom Tavisi teritoriis 1/5 dakarga, miiRo devnilebi, daixoca mSvidobi ani mosaxleoba, ganadgurda iq mcxovrebTa piradi sakuTreba;
Gveni inicitivebiT Gatarebuli blic-gamokiTxvebiT: 200 gamokiTxulidan, vinc kiberSetevebis dros internetiT sargeblobda acxadeben _ davkarge biznes da samecniero informacia _ 45%, informaciis dakargvasTan erTad damizianda kompiuteri _ 55%.
m i zez - S e de g o b r i v i k av S i r e b i v i r tu al u r q m e de b asa da p o l i t i k as S o r i s
kibersivrcis usafrTxoebis analitikosebi aRniSnaven, rom erTi mxriv, SeimGneva hakerebis politizacia, xolo meores mxriv, kibersivrceSi samoqalaqo daumorGileblobis moZraobis gadatana. kiberSetevebis dinamika aGvenebs, rom kiberinstrumentebis gamoyenebam kritikulad mniSvnelovani erovnuli infrastruqturis mwyobridan gamosayvanad virtualur samyaroSi politikaze zemoqmedebis realuri safrTxeebi Seqmna. am procesebze damkvirvebelni damdgar Sedegsa da qmedebas Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasadastureblad arsakmarisi mtkicebulebebis gamo dabejiTebiT ver amtkiceben ra iyo hakerebis mizani Tavdasxmis dros. erTi cxadia, rom hakerebs SeuZliaT mtrulad ganwyobili saxelmwifos saxeliT imoqmedon an imoqmedon romelime qveynis zegavleniT. aRiarebulia isic, rom DdoS-Setevebi saxelmwifos mieraa kontrolirebuli, amitom, veTanxmebiT pozicias, rom kiberkonfliqts saqarTveloSi kiberomis kvalifikacia unda mieces.
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Gven am kvlevaSi gvinda davazustoT masmediasa da politikur leqsikonSi sistematiurad gamoyenebadi erTi fraza: `kiberomi saqar足Tvelosa da ruseTs Soris~. dadasturebulia, rom saqarTveloSi gamoyenebuli iqna iseTi kiberiaraRi, romelsac mxolod saxelmwifo SeiZleba akontrolebdes da ara calkeuli hakeri. strategiulma partniorebma ver uzrunveyves misi Tavidan acileba, piriqiT, maTi Gareva konfliqtis axal kerebs aGenda. sruliad naTelia, rom ruseTi konfliqtis meore subieqtad ganixilavda amerikis SeerTebul Statebs da saqarTveloSi swored aSS-s upirispirebda sakuTar kiberiaraRs. Tavdamsxmelebi Setevas sxvadasxva qveynebidan axorcielebdnen da iyenebdnen iseT uaxles teqnologiebs, romlebic manam ar yofila dafiqsirebuli sadamkvirveblo organizaciebis mier. yovelgvari Selamazebis gareSe aSkaraa, rom 2008 da 2009 wlebSi aSS-sTan geopolitikuri interesebi dapirispirebis gamo ruseTma saqarTvelo da misi mosaxleoba uaxlesi iaraRis gamocdisa da gamoyenebis poligonad aqcia. kibersivrce saqarTveloSi pirdapir brZolis vels daemgvana. erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg kiberbrZolisaTvis mowodebebi iyo socialur qselebSi rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve ruseTSi. mwyobridan gamovida moqalaqeTa personaluri monacemTa bazebi da kompiuteruli teqnika. ase, rom es iyo kiberomi saqarTveloSi! presaSi xSirad gaigebdiT, rom saqarTvelom moigo informaciuli omi ruseTTan. mcdari Tezaa, mogeba-wageba SedegebiT izomeba. saqar足Tvelom sakmaod didi danakargi gaiRo: dakarguli teritoriebi, informaciuli vakuumi da mosaxleobaze fsiqologiuri zewolis mwvave Sedegebi. amave dros, sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom zogierTi centraluri operatori, rogorc Gans, Tavdamsxmelebs sTxovda SeezRudaT maT mier miyenebuli zaralis masStabebi. Setevis monawileTa mier vebsaitebi mwyobridan ise unda gamosuliyo, mxolod momsaxurebaze eTqva uari da darRveuliyo misi garegnuli saxe. eqspertebi varaudoben, rom es sruliad SesaZlebeli iyo, Tu samizne kompiuterebs sakvanZo monacemebis waSlis, damcavi meqanizmebis ganadgurebis,
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energomiwodebisa da transportirebis sistemis moSlis gankargulebas miscemdnen. faqtia isic, rom bolomde kibersivrceSi aseTi procesis kontroli SeuZlebelia da adgili hqonda ufro metad mZime Sedegebs, vidre es Tavdamsxmelebis ganzraxvas warmoadgenda. SesaZloa ruseTs am `TavSekavebuli~ qmedebiT imis demonstrireba surda, rom misi provocirebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi samoqalaqo infrastruqturis sruli ganadgureba SeuZlia. isic SesaZlebelia, ruseTis jars igive mizani hqonda baqo-jeihanis maxlobeli sivrceebis dabombvis dros, roca mas uSualod milsadenze Seteva ar miutania. kiber da sam足 xedro zonebSi Tavisi dominirebis demonstrirebiT ruseTma xazi gausva ara marto saqar足Tveloze, aramed postsabWoTa sivrceze gavlenis arsebobas. es iyo kargi magaliTi sxva qveynebisaTvis, raTa maT momavalSi Tavi Seikavon iseTi qmedebebisagan, romelic ruseTis interesebs daemuqreba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kiberSetevis Sedegebi ufro mZime iyo, vidre es erTi SexedviT Gans. amaze metyvelebs Gveni empiriuli gamokiTxvebic, roca socialur qselebSi Setevis dros myofi pirebi acxadeben, rom maT kompiuteri dauziandaT an dakarges mniSvnelovani informacia. aseTi monacemebi ki saerTaSoriso daskvnebSi miTiTebuli ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis mier kontroldeboda kiberiaraRis gamoyenebis Sedegebi, zogierTma Tavdamsxmelma mainc moaxerxa msgavsi destruqciuli qmedebis ganxorcieleba. Tavdamsxmelebs mniSvnelovani obieqtebis kiberSetevis meSveobiT dazianebis unari rom SeswevdaT, faqtia. es sajarod gamoqveynebul yvela daskvnaSi kargad ikiTxeba. amasve adastureben is eqspertebic, romelTac Setevebis procesSi kompiuteruli qselebis teqnikur mxaresTan miuwvdebodaT xeli. Tu am situacias sxva kuTxiT SevxedavT, ar gamoiricxeba is versia, rom saqarTvelo ufro did tragikul Sedegebs gadarGa. kiberSetevis obieqtebi yumbarebiTa da raketebiT ganadgurebas gadaurGa da amiT ara marto saqarTvelo, aramed mTeli kavkasia erayisa da serbeTis msgavsi movlenebis scenars ascda. amitom, vambobT, rom es iyo kiberomi saqarTveloSi. am omSi moxda axali kiberiaraRis gamocda da masiurad mosaxleobis GarTva.
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presaSi da samecniero kvlevebSi xSirad naxavT aseT Sefasebas: patara qveyana (saqarTvelo) kiberSetevis obieqti gaxda. vfiqrob, es nawilobriv swori formulirebaa. radgan kiberomis Sedegi ufro didia da igi naklebad eqvemdebareba teritoriulobis princips. am kiberSeteviT mxolod saqarTvelo ar dazaralebula. saqarTvelos aSS-sTan 40-mde xelSekruleba hqonda dadebuli, rogorc strategiul partniorTan Tavdacvis sakiTxebze, aRmoGnda, rom kibersivrceSi, sxvaze rom aRaraferi vTqva, saqarTvelo sruliad daucveli iyo. monacemebis gadatana amerikul serverebze, rogorc amas acxadeben, an ar ganxorcielda, an es imdenad dagvianebuli iyo, rom Sedegi sakmaod mZime miviReT. saqarTvelos ruseTTanac aqvs dadebuli 34-mde xelSekruleba ganaTlebis, kulturis, mecnierebis sakiTxebze. rogor axdens moskovi am mimarTulebiT xelSekrulebebis realizacias 2008-09 wlebSi sruliad naTlad davinaxeT. kibersivrceSi gamarjvebis miuxedavad ruseTi sakmaod swarafad kargavs partnioruli urTierobebis unars da Tavisi interesebis Zaladobrivi gatarebiT saSiSi xdeba msofliosaTvis.
r a u nda dau p i r i sp i rde s g i g an t i sax e lm w i f o e b i s k i b e r i st e r i as ?
am sakiTxze evrokavSiris mier politikuri meqanizmebis Seqmnas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. swored evropam unda dasvas sakiTxi kiberiaraRis gamoyenebis akrZalvaze. roca evropa samxedro TvalsazrisiT aSS-zea damokidebuli, energoTvalsazrisiT _ ruseTze, swored igi unda gamovides mediatoris rolSi, mas amisi inteleqtualuri potencialic aqvs da berketic. vfiqrob, evropis SesaZleb足 lobebi kiberusafrTxoebis sferoSi jer ar amowurula. ra moimoqmeda saqarTvelom kiberSetevis SeGerebisaTvis? _ dacvis uzrunvelsayofad kibersivrcis moxmarebis SezRudva airGia. provai足 derebma saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, TavianTi momxmareb足 lebisaTvis akrZales ruseTis informaciul veb-saitebTan daSveba.
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es lokaluri xasiaTis RonisZieba iyo da SesaZlebelia, operatiuli mizanSewoniloba hqonda, Tumca, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, miuxedavad aseTi akrZalvebisa, saitebze SeRwevis sxva saSualebebsac icnoben. saqarTvelom kiberdacvis pirveli daxmareba estoneTisagan miiRo. rogorc estoneTis prezidentma, tomas xendri ilvesma gaeros generaluri asambleis monawileebs ganucxada: vidre saqarTvelo SeiaraRebul omSi GaerTveboda, igi masobrivi kiberSetevebis obieqti gaxda.118 maT, vinc es Seteva ganaxorciela, samizned samTavrobo saitebTan erTad sainformcio saagentoebisa da bankebis veb-saitebi airGies. kiberomis Semdeg, es qveyana kiberdacvis sferoSi kompleq suri xasiaTis axal organizaciul da teqnikur nabijebs dgams. mag: talinSi 2010 wlidan amoqmedda kibersamsaxuris operatiuli centri. Tavis mxriv, aSS-s amJamad 24 aseTi centri aqvs, msgavsi cent rebi Seiqmna dasavleT evropasa da moskovSic. saqarTvelos mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi ar iyo sakmarisad efeqturi, radgan problema globaluria da msoflio giganti saxel mwifoebi kiberiaraRis daxvewaze gamalebiT muSaoben. amitom, maT am sferoSi udidesi upiratesoba aqvT. uaxlesi kiberiaraRi da teqnologiebi GineTSic swrafad viTardeba. eqspertebma miagnes mtkicebulebebs, rom Ginelma hakerebma ukve Gaatares winaswari dazverva aSS-s iseTi mniSvnelovani infrastruqturisa, rogoricaa komerciuli eleqtronuli qselebi. rac yvelaze SemaSfoTebelia, isini ukve floben programas, romlis gamoyenebac am qselebis gasanadgurebladaa SesaZlebeli. evrokavSirma rogorc iqna moiwvia pirveli ministeriali mniSvnelovani infrastruqturis kiberusafrTxoebis sakiTxebze. aSS-m Seqmna kiber-SenaerTi, kiberSetevisa da kiber-danaSaulebis gamoZiebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa,
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Президент Эстонии предупредил об опасности конфронтации в киберпространстве http://www.org.ru/2008/09/25/ilves-anons.html
Gans, rom TeTri saxli ganicdis sirTuleebs amerikis kritikuli mniSvnelobis infrastruqturasTan dakavSirebuli federaluri, Statis da kerZo seqtoris kompiuteruli qselebis koordinirebaSi. am situaciaSi evropis roli kiberganiaraRebis Taobaze udidesia axali msoflios usafrTxoebisaTvis. evropis informaciuli usafrTxoebis sistemis formirebis sakiTxi jer kidev saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis fonze davayeneT ramdenime evropul forumze da es imitom, rom evropa ara marto demokratiuli Rirebulebebis, aramed demokratiuli procedurebis damkvidrebis da maTi dacvis garanti unda gaxdes. maSin, rodesac ruseTs 2000 wels miRebuli aqvs informaciuli usafrTxoebis doqtrina, xolo amerikas 2002 da 2007 wlis nacionaluri usafrTxoebis strategiebi, evropis kiberdanaSaulTa evropuli koncefciis (Convention on Cybercrime) implimentaciis done sakmaod dabalia. saqarTvelo am koncefcias 2008 wlis aprilSi SeuerTda, magram kiberSetevebi Semcirebis nacvlad kidev ufro gaizarda. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi am sakiTxs mxolod erTi muxli aqvs daTmobili (5.10), 119 romelSic aRniSnulia: `saqarTvelo did yuradRebas uTmobs ... sainformacio teqnologiebis usafrTxoebis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis da saxelmwifos kritikuli sainformacio sistemebis dacvis sakiTxebs. sagangebo situaciebis dros sando da daculi informaciis floba aucilebeli winapirobaa krizisebis efeqtiani prevenciisa da marTvisaTvis. saqarTvelo qmnis Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo bazas da infrastruqturas, romelic aucilebelia sainformacio teqnologiebis gasaumjobeseblad da informaciis daculobis uzrunvelsayofad.~ marTalia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi erT-erTi pirvelia kiberterorizmis sakanonmdeblo 119 ix. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia:
http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?sec_id=470&info_id=4662&lang_id=GEO
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formalizaciis TvalsazrisiT, magram sakanonmdeblo baza kiberda足 rRvevebis profilaqtikis mxriv sakmaod mwiria: sami muxli sisxlis samarTalis kodeqsSi, ramdenime muxli zogad administraciul kodeqsSi, kanoni `eleqtronuli xelmowerebis Sesaxeb~, namdvilad ver GaiTvleba usafrTxoebis koncefciis uzrunvelyofis samarTlebriv meqanizmebad. saqarTveloSi kiberdanaSaulebis statistikas Tu gadavxedavT, 2006 wlidan 6 SemTxvevaa aRmoGenili da maTgan mxolod erTi gamoZiebuli. es monacemebi ver asaxavs kibersafrTxe足 ebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis samarTlebrivi dacvis dones da verc politikur nebas axali gamowvevisa da usafrTxoebis problemebiT dainteresebisaTvis. am fonze, havier solanas sityvebi, rom evrokavSiri saqarTveloruseTis konfliqtis gamo gadaxedavs evropis usafrTxoebis koncefciis strategiul debulebebs,120 safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT: erTi gakveTili, romelic saqarTvelos omidan gamomdinareobs, isicaa, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebma unda daaGqaron kiber足 usafrTxoebisaken mimarTuli Zalisxmeva.
e st o n e T i , saq ar T v e lo , lat v i a _ v i n g axde b a k i b e r o m i s S e m de g i m sx v e r pl i ?
2006 wlis 26 aprils ganxorcielda kiberSeteva estoneTis samTavrobo veb-gverdebze. am Setevis kulminacia iyo internetmomsaxurebis SeGereba (DDoS). aris mosazreba, rom estoneTis faqti pirveli kiber-omia konkretuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. ruseTi eWvmitanili iyo estoneTze cifruli Tavdasxmebis waqezebaSi. ra Tqma unda, ruseTi Tavis mxriv uaryofs am omSi monawileobas. miuxedavad imisa, Tu visi inicirebulia estoneTis kibersivrceze Tavdasxma, eqspertebi erTxmad aRiareben, rom resursebiTa da koordinaciis gaTvaliswinebiT es iyo kiberomi. 120
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The U.S. Cyber-Cosequences Unit-ma
gamoaqveyna angariSi, romelSic aRwerilia, Tu rogor gamoiyena 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTma saomari moqmedebebis paralelurad saqarTvelos internet-struqturebis winaaRmdeg masiuri, kargad integrirebuli, winaswar足 dagegmili sainformacio saomari kampania. 2009 wlis angariSebSi Seteva saqarTveloze `rusuli biznes-qselis~ saxeliT cnobil organizacias miewereba. isic unda iTqvas, rom am jgufis uSualo kavSiric kiberSetevebTan sajaro informaciebiT ar dasturdeba. eqspertebi ver Tanxmdebian imazec, kidev arsebobs Tu ara es jgufi. dasturdeba sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis infrastruqturebze kiberSetevisagan TavisSekavebac. magram, kiberomis warmoebis teqnologiebi imdenad warmatebuli aRmoGnda, rom organizaciam angariSis sruli versia mxolod aSS-s mTavrobas da internetis usafrTxoebis ramdenime sxva profesionals gadasca. Gven viyenebT am angariSis mxolod sajarod xelmisawvdom debulebebs. 121 amitom sajaro informacias vumatebT Gvens dakvirvebis monacemebs da maTi SejerebiT gamovTqvamT varauds: kiberomis Semdegad msxverpli gaxdeba yvela saxelmwifo, vinc ruseTdasavleTis geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxebis sferoSi moxvdeba da ver uzrunvelyofs interesTa adekvatur dabalansebas. kiberkonfliqtebi politikuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad momaval msoflioSi gardauvalia. gamosavali erTia: evropis roli kiberusafrTxoebis sferoSi gadaudebeli amocanaa.
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U.S. Cyber-Consequences Unit jgufi damoukidebeli arakomerciuli
kvleviTi institutia, romelic taftis universitetis fletGeris samarTlisa da diplomatiis skolasTan TanamSromlobs. organizaciis kvlevebs angariSis mTavari avtori jon bamgarneri warmarTavs. is da misi jgufi, sxvadasxva resursebis gamoyenebiT _ internet-trefikis monitoringis, veb-saitebze
http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/4218/global-insights-russia-refinescyber-warfare-strategies
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kiberiaraRma bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi udidesi progresi ganicada da didi masStabebiT gauswro saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs (Tundac samxedro sferoSi SeTanxmebebs), romlebSic ar aris gaTva liswinebuli internet resursebis da samoqalaqo teqnologiebis sabrZolo iaraRad gamoiyenebis akrZalvis meqanizmebi. 2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegebi:
saqarTvelos teritoriebis 1/4 okupirebulia _ ase miiGnevs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba. ruseTis oficialuri wreebis SefasebiT _ afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoria ganTavisuflebulia. daxocilia asobiT adamiani, aTasobiT adamiani iqca devnilad da ltolvilad, maT Soris afxazebi da osebic;
gamoyenebuli iyo axali kiberiaraRi. kiberSeteva konkretul Sedegze iyo gaTvlili _ aSS-s eRiarebina ruseTis upiratesoba regionSi. 2008 wlis kiber-Setevam mniSvnelovnad daaziana saqarTvelos sakomunikacio SesaZleblobebi da kviraze meti xniT mwyobridan gamoiyvana 20-ze meti veb-saiti. saqarTveloze Seteva rusuli hakeruli jgufebis mieraa momzadebuli, romelTa aSkara kavSiri ruseTis mTavrobasTan ar dasturdeba. magram kiberSetevebisa da saomari moqmedebebis droSi Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba imis varauds aGens, rom ruseTis mTavroba da kiberTavdamsxmelebi iribad mainc koordinirebulad moqmedebdnen;
saqarTvelos movlenebma aGvena, rom ruseTis kiberSeteviTi operaciebi estoneTis 2007 wlis konfliqtis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. rusebi miRebuli gamocdilebis bazaze, albaT kidev ufro ganamtkiceben kiberiaraRs;
potenciurma samizneebma kidev erTi gafrTxileba miiRes _ maT unda ganamtkicon sakuTari kiberusafrTxoeba.
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Tavi V .
religiis faqtoris gamoyeneba ruseTis mier „rbili Zalis~ konteqstSi Tengiz fxalaZe , giorgi gvimraZe
`saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 80% aris marTlmadidebeli, ruseTis sapatriarqosTan mWidro kavSirebiT. ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia formalurad ar ganagebs saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias, rogorc es xdeba ukrainasa da belorusiaSi, Tumca maT Soris arsebuli kavSirebi didad exmareba ruseTs saqarTvelos sazogadoebaze zegavlenisaTvis~.122 es aris amonaridi amerikuli anali tikuri centris “Starfor”-is bolo dros gavrcelebuli erT-erTi saintereso statiidan, ruseTis Tanamedrove mzardi interesebis Sesaxeb e.w. specialur gavlenis sferosTan mimarTebaSi. sainteresoa, ratom Tvlis avtori, rom eklesia aris saSualeba ruseTisaTvis zegavlena moaxdinos qarTul sazogadoebaze da realurad rogor iyenebs ruseTi religiis faqtors saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mcire istoriul eqskurss moiTxovs, raTa naTlad warmovaGinoT dRevandelobis realuri suraTi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, sxva TavisuflebebTan erTad, postsabWoTa adamianebma miiRes aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebac. religiuri wyurvili aris adamianis Sinagan moTxovnilebebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri swrafva. amdenad yvela sazogadoebaSi sakmaod didi nawili ama Tu im sarwmunoebis mimdevaria. saqarTveloSi marTlmadidebloba tradiciuli religiaa (iseve rogorc bevr sxva saxelmwifoSi, maT Soris ruseTSi). amdenad, religiuri wyurvilis mqone adamianebi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi swored marTlmadideblobisaken daiZrnen, didwilad tradiciulobis gamo da ara qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi ganswavlulobis mizeziT. didi nawilisaTvis marTlmadidebloba _ qarTvelobasTan identificirda da amis dasamtkiceblad saukuneTa gamocdilebas iSvelieben. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi marTl madideblobam erovnul-politikuri niSa daikava. mosaxleobis 80% marTlmadidebelia da daaxloebiT igive raodenoba ndobas ucxadebs eklesias. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad amgvari gamokvlevis 122
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Russia’s Expanding Influence (Part 1): The Necessities http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/156075/analysis/20100304_russia_0
Gatareba TavisTavad Secdomaa. am kvlevaSi, romelmac unda gamoarkvios Tu vis ucxadebs xalxi ndobas, xazgasasmelia, rom eklesia da misi mwyemsmTavari politikur institutad da politikur figurad arian warmoGenilni da sxva msgavsi funqciis matarebeli institutebis gverdiT arian dasaxelebulni. bunebrivia, rom marTlmadidebluri religiisadmi aseTi pozitiuri damokidebuleba kargad aris cnobili ruseTis federaciis politikuri teqnologebisaTvis. amitomac, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom isini Seecdebian aRniSnuli faqtoris sakuTar interesebSi gamoyenebas.
m ar T lm ad i de blo b a da k r e m l i s i de o lo g i a
ruseTma qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad X saukuneSi (988 wels) gamoacxada. mas Semdeg, ruseTis mefeebi, xolo mogvianebiT ki impera torebi aqtiurad iRebdnen monawileobas saeklesio cxovrebis warmarTvaSi, Tumca eklesia mainc axerxebda garkveuli damoukideb lobis SenarGunebas. petre pirvelis dros ruseTis eklesiam iqamde arsebuli damoukideb lobac dakarga. imperatorma ruseTis eklesiaSi patriarqoba gaauqma da sinodalur mmarTvelobaze gadaiyvana. sinodis wevrebi saxelmwifo moxeleebis funqciebsac iTavsebdnen da amdenad saero moRvaweTa privilegiebiTac sargeblobdnen. am movlenam eklesia mTlianad saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSi Seiyvana. ruseTSi eklesiis avtonomiurobis aRdgena moxerxda mxolod monarqiuli wyobilebis rRvevis Semdeg 1917 w. Tumca, amjerad, sxva problemam iGina Tavi, mmarTvelobis saTaveSi bolSevikebi movidnen da zogadad religias sastiki brZola gamoucxades. daiwyo represiebi. religiuri denominaciebis winaaRmdeg mizanmimarTuli ideologiuri manqana amuSavda, rasac mravali sasuliero moRvawe Seewira TiTqmis mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris maStabiT. am viTarebaSi sakmaod sainteresod
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ganviTarda ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis bedi. 40-ian wlebamde represirebuli eklesiis mimarT damokidebuleba 1943 w. Seicvala, rasac Tanamedrove `rusuli RvTismetyveleba~ RvTismSoblis saswauls miawers. yazanis RvTismSoblis xatis saswaulebSi vkiTxulobT, rom stalins eaxla erT-erTi monazoni da auwya RvTismSoblis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, romelic ruseTis gadasarGenad faSizmisagan iTxovda moskovisa da peterburgis garSemo zemoxsenebuli xatis Semotarebas. `didma beladma~ am ideaSi saTavisod racionaluri winadadeba dainaxa da brZana aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba. amas mohyva eklesiebis gaxsna da patriarqobis aRdgena (1925 w. gardaicvala ruseTis patriarqi tixoni, romlis gardacvalebidan 1943 wlamde ruseTs patriarqi aRar hyolia). sabWoTa saxelmwifos am gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod kritikuli damokidebuleba hqonda saeklesio sazogadoebis garkveul nawils da am faqts stalinis mier marTlmadideblobis ideologiad gamoyenebis survils miaweren. rac, unda aRiniSnos, stalins gamouvida kidec. im periodSi komunisturi xelisuflebis bageebidan gaiJRera mesame romis, axali konstantinepolis ideebma: `1943 w. yofilma Tbiliselma seminaristma, ioseb stalinma, gadawyvita politikuri miznebisaTvis gamoeyenebina sazRvargareT myofi aTobiT milioni rusi da amasTanave ecada SeekavSirebina postbizantiuri sivrcis qveynebi (aRmosavleT evropa da balkaneTi) ruseTis, rogorc mesame romis frTebqveS da gaeTamaSebina eTnokonfesiuri `karti~.123 aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom aRdgenil eklesias amjerad `rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia~ ewoda, nacvlad imperiis droindeli `ruseTis eklesiisa~, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazs „didi beladis~ mier eTnikuri ideis gamoyenebis survils. Tavis mxriv, mesame romis ideas arc ruseTis sapatriarqo ewinaaRmdegeboda: `1947-48 wlebSi stalinur marTlmadideblur eklesias imedi hqonda, rom Gaatarebda sruliad marTlmadideblur krebas, romelzec saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros uxilavi daxmarebiT moskovis patriarqi, patriarqTa ierarqiaSi, amJamindeli mexuTe adgilidan, ayvanili iqneboda pirvel adgilze, anu 123
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Священник Глеб Якунин: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ПУТЬ ПРАВОСЛАВНОГО ТАЛИБАНСТВА. Москва 2002. http://www.vehi.net/politika/yakunin.html
msoflio patriarqi gaxdeboda. maSin moskovi kvlav gamocxaddeboda mesame romad, xolo ioseb stalini axal konstantine didad~.124 garkveuli mizezebis gamo, am ideis ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg daiwyo represiebis meore etapi, mainc moxerxda kompromisebis gamoZebna sasuliero moRvaweebTan da 40-iani wlebidan moyolebuli kolaboracionizmis RirsSesaniSnavi magaliTebia Semonaxuli. TanamSromlobaze metyvelebs ruseTis eklesiis ierarqebis jildoebi, romlebic maT miRebuli aqvT sabWoTa saxelmwifos winaSe damsaxurebebisaTvis. ruseTis sapatriarqos muzeumSi dResac didi siamayiT inaxaven patriarq aleqsi pirvelis socialisturi Sromis gmiris oTx ordens. gamonak liss arc sxva sasuliero pirebi warmoadgendnen. amgvari urTierToba didwilad gamowveuli iyo eklesiis resursis gamosayeneblad saidumlo samsaxurebis saqmianobisaTvis da aseve ideologiuri zegavlenisaTvis sxvadasxva tradiciulad marTlmadi deblur sazogadoebebze, ZiriTadad mainc sabWour saxelmwifoebSi. amJamad ruseTis politikur azrovnebaSi sakmaod aqtualurad dgas `rusuli samyaros~ sakiTxi. ruseTis sapatriarqo SeiZleba iTqvas am ideis gatarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. am SemTxvevaSi zemoxsenebul ideas `wminda ruseTsac~ uwodeben, romelic ruseTis patriarqis gancxadebiT, maRla dgas yovelgvar geografiul da materialur ganzomilebaze da ufro civilizeburi ideis matarebelia, xolo Tu mainc gadavitanT geografiul kategoriaSi, moicavs ukrainas, ruseTs da beloruss, xolo nawilobriv moldovasac, radganac am xalxis Gamoyalibebaze didi gavlena moaxdina rusulma marTlmadideblobam. ruseTis eklesiis mamamTavris TqmiT, ukrainaSi vizitisas man kargad SeigrZno zemoxsenebuli `wminda ruseTis~ idea.
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Священник Глеб Якунин:ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ПУТЬ ПРАВОСЛАВНОГО ТАЛИБАНСТВА. Москва 2002. http://www.vehi.net/politika/yakunin.html
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es SeuZlebelia gaiazro da moaTavso Tanamedrove geopolitikur realiebSi, anda miusadago ama Tu im suverenul saxelmwifos.125 garda gare ideologiuri funqciisa, ruseTis eklesias Sida politikuri gamoyenebac aqvs. xelisuflebis mxridan xdeba misi avtoritetis gamoyeneba sakuTri politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. saqarTvelos msgavsad, ruseTSic daaxloebiT 70% Tavs marTlmadideblad miiGnevs, Tumca realurad mxolod 20% SeiZleba iyos eklesiis mrevli. amJamad miiGneven, rom eklesia kargavs sakuTar avtoritets da mimarTavs sxvadasxva xerxs mis SesanarGuneblad. amiT unda iyos gamowveuli ruseTis sasuliero pirebis mier qveynis sagareo Tu saSinao politikis permanentuli Sefasebebi. qveynis pirvel pirebTan megobruli urTierTobebis demonstrireba da sxv. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa `nezavisimaia gazetas~ mier ruseTis patriarqis moRvaweobis pirveli erTi wlis Sefaseba, sadac mas `telemqadagebelic~ ki uwodes. statiaSi xazgasmulia, rom TiTqmis ar darGenila Tema, romelsac saWeTmpyrobeli ar Sexebia, TviT iseTic ki, romelic SeiZleba amowurulad iTvleboda.126 bolo periodSi, avtoritetis moxveWis erT-erT formad iqca negatiuri damokidebulebebis gamoxatva sxva konfesiebis mimarT da sxvadasxva saprotesto aqciebi konkretuli saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis winaaRmdeg.127 amave konteqstSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ruseTis eklesiis Sexedulebebi Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebsa da saqarTvelosTan urTierTobebze. 125
Интервью Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла для программы “Национальный интерес” (телеканал “Россия”).26 ноября 2009 г. http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/print/950675.html
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“Год Патриарха Кирилла”-За прошедший год глава Русской Церкви стал заметно популярнее.2010-02-03. http://www.ng.ru/editorial/2010-02-03/2_red.html
127 aleqsandre ziaGenko: eklesiis avtoriteti _ rogorc Zalauflebis politikuri resursi. Jurnali `arGevani~ #2, maisi, 2006 w. aleqsandre ziaGenko: eklesiis avtoriteti _ rogorc Zalauflebis politikuri resursi. Jurnali `arGevani~ #2, maisi, 2006 w.
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e r T m o r w m u n e o b i s i st o r i a
`veravin imdeni ver gvavno, verc musulmanurma samyarom, verc monRolebma, sparselebma, arabebma Tu Turqebma, ramdenic `naTesaurma~, erTmorwmuneobrivma kavSirma rusul kulturasTan da eklesiasTan~.128 merab mamardaSvili marTlac, erTmorwmuneoba gadamwyveti faqtori aRmoGnda qarTulrusul urTierTobebSi. rusuli istoriografia dResac cdilobs saqarTvelos aneqsia da eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba nebayoflobiT aqtad warmoaGinos. rusi da samwuxarod zogierTi qarTveli istori kosi Tu sazogado da politikuri moRvawe amtkicebs, rom saqarTvelos eklesia, iseve, rogorc zogadad qarTuli saxelmwifo, XIX s-Si ruseTTan SeerTebam gadaarGina. ra Tqma unda, Zneli saTqmelia, rogor ganviTardeboda saqarTvelos istoria georgievskis traqtatiT aRebuli valdebulebebi rom Sesrulebuliyo an, piriqiT, bolomde mivetovebineT „did rus imperators~. miuxedavad amisa, amaze uaresi Sedegi rTuli warmosadgenia. rogorc rusi mecnieri nikoloz durnovi wers: „vinmes qarTvelTagans rom gadaewyvita, daewera namdvili istoria rusi egzarqosebis qmedebaze, gawiTleba mogvixdeboda, movismendiT ra maT saqmeebs, imdenad arcxvendnen isini rus mRvdelmTavrobas. rusi egzarqosebi Gamodiodnen saqarTveloSi ara maTze mindobili eklesiebis samwyemsad, aramed Zveli iveriis saeklesio qonebis gaZarcvad da gasapartaxeblad, qarTuli enis Sesaryvnelad... maT saSineli borotebisa da zianis meti araferi moutaniaT qarTuli eklesiisTvis. maTTvis es mxolod barbarosTa qveyana iyo. maT mdinare mtkvarSi gadayares yvela kanoni da saeklesio dadgenileba, romelnic saqarTvelos eklesias exeboda, cecxls misces mravali saeklesio dokumenti, maTi nawili peterburgSi waiRes, daxures 25 eparqia, 860 eklesia-monasteri~.129 128
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129 sergo vardosaniZe: „saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia
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1801 w. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg, jeri dasavleTze da saqarTvelos eklesiaze midga. 1811 wlis 21 ivniss, mTavarmarTebelma tormasovma, mTavarepiskopos varlam erisTavis moxsenebis safuZvelze, imperator aleqsandre I xelmosawerad warudgina dokumenti, romlis Sesabamisadac uqmdeboda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia da katolikos-patriarqis instituti. saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs ki `egzarqosi~ ewoda. es ukanaskneli ruseTis sinodis mudmiv wevrad dainiSna.130 varlam eris Tavs gaweuli „Rvawli~ daufasda da igi iyo saqarTvelos pirveli da ukanaskneli qarTveli egzarqosi. mas Semdeg, vidre avtokefaliis aRdgenamde, egzarqosebad mxolod rusebi iniSnebodnen. tragikuli iyo kaTolikos-patriarq anton II-is bedi. igi moskovSi gaiwvies da gamoucxades misi titulis gauqmebis gadawyvetileba. mas saqarTveloSi dabruneba aRar eRirsa. igi 1828 wels niJni novgorodSi gardaicvala. 1820 w. daapatimres quTaTeli mitropoliti dosiTeozi da gaenaTeli mitropoliti eqvTime, romlebic xels uSlidnen ruseTs lixT-imereTisa da afxazTa sakaTalikosos SemoerTebaSi: `orives Gamoacves Tavidan welamdis tomrebi, Seukres xelebi, xolo quTaTels scemes friad da esreT waiyvanes... suramTan tomaraSi daixrGo quTaTeli mitropoliti dosiTeozi, mkvdari waiRes da damarxes ananurs. xolo gaenaTeli eqvTime peterburgs warudgines imperator aleqsandre I-s.~ imperatorTan audienciamde mitropolit eqvTimes moaxsenes, rom, Tu igi patiebas iTxovda, imperatori Seiwyalebda mas. suliT gautexelma mRvdelmTavarma amayad ganacxada, rom mas sapatiebeli araferi hqonda da imperators „axali drois neroni~ uwoda. ganrisxebulma aleqsandre I-ma XIX-XX saukuneebSi~. Tbilisi 2007 w. 130 sergo vardosaniZe: „saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia XIX-XX saukuneebSi~. Tbilisi 2007 w.
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igi daapatimra, xolo Semdeg gagzavna sviris monasterSi, sadac 1822 wlis 21 aprils aResrula kidec~.131 Sedegad zemoxsenebuli eparqiac ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida. XIX s-is dasawyisidan, saqarTveloSi gaixsna rusulenovani sasuliero seminaria, romelsac unda moemzadebina kadrebi qarTveli sasuliero pirebis Gasanacvleblad. taZrebSi aikrZala qarTul enaze galoba da wirva-locva. kiriT SeTeTrda qarTuli taZris kedlebi da ganadgurda unikaluri freskebi. gaiZarcva eklesiis qoneba, maT Soris xaxulis karedi aTeuli wlebis manZilze dakargulad iTvleboda. dResac misi sruli formiT aRdgena ver xerxdeba. saqarTvelodan gaitanes da gayides saeklesio daniSnulebis Zvirfasi nivTebi da rac mTavaria, amas Tavad egzarqosebi uwyobdnen xels. egzarqosTa umetesoba qarTvelebis mimarT qsenofobiurad iyvnen ganwyobilni. bevri maTgan Seuracxyofda yovelive qarTuls da qarTvelebs velurebad Tvlida. XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi gaaqtiurdnen avtokefalistebi, romelTa mimarTac ruseTis eklesiis ganwyoba gasagebi mizezebis gamo sakmaod negatiuri iyo. saqarTvelos avtokefaliisaTvis gamorGeul mebrZols episkopos kirions (saZagliSvils) ramdenjerme Seucvales eparqia, sabolood ki 1905 w. ruseTSi gaiwvies, saidanac igi mxolod avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, 1917 w. dabrunda. avtokefaliis aRdgena ruseTSi, TebervalSi droebiTi mTavrobis daniSvnas moyva. 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts sveticxovelSi qarTveli samRvdeloeba Seikriba da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia aRdge nilad gamoacxada. xolo imave wlis seqtemberSi meufe kirioni (saZagliSvili) saqarTvelos aRdgenili avtokefaliis pirvel saWeTmpyroblad airGies. 131 sergo vardosaniZe: „saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia XIX-XX saukuneebSi~. Tbilisi 2007 w.
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am faqtma ruseTSi araerTazrovani damokidebuleba gamoiwvia. droebiTi mTavroba cdilobda saqarTvelo daerwmunebina, rom damoukidebloba Tavad eklesiisaTvis iqneboda saziano, magram, sabolood am faqtis aRiareba mouwia, Tumca garkveuli SesworebiT. droebiTma mTavrobam aRiara saqarTvelos eklesiis erovnuli avtokefalia da ara teritoriuli. xelisuflebisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis eklesia sruliad daupirispirda qarTvel sasuliero pirTa gadawyvetilebas. isargebla ra Tebervlis revoluciiT, iseve rogorc Tavis mxriv saqarTvelom avtokefaliis aRdgenisas, ruseTis eklesiam aRadgina patriarqis tituli. ruseTis, axla ukve pirvelma patriarqma, tixonma, qarTvel sasuliero pirebs oficialuri mimarTva gamougzavna, romelSic mkacrad gaakritika maTi saqcieli. ruseTis eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelma saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena arakanonikur saqcielad Seafasa da qarTvel samRvdeloebas mis daqvemdebarebaSi dabrunebisaken mouwoda. 132 samwu足xarod, patriarq tixons ar gaxsenebia, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis gauqmeba XIX s-is dasawyisSi saeklesio kanonikis uxeSi darRveviT ganxorcielda, rac qarTvel ierarqebs avtokefaliis aRdgenis legitimacias aniWebda. sainteresoa, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebam da aTeisturma represiebma, ar Secvala ruseTis eklesiis damokidebuleba. nacvlad Zmuri qristianuli urTierTobis aRdgenisa erTmorwmune eklesias足 Tan, romelic msgavsadve ganicdida Seviwroebas da amdenad saerTo interesebi hqonda, moskovis sapatriarqo ar apirebda qarTvel samRvde足loebasTan evqaristiuli kavSiris aRdgenas. viTareba mxolod stalinis zemoxsenebulma gadawyvetilebam Secvala. 1943 wels ruseTis patriarqma sergim saqarTvelos eklesiis teritoriuli avtokefalia aRiara. samwuxarod, saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopoveba 1989 wlamde ver moxerxda. 132 moskovis patriarq tixonis epistole qarTvel episkoposebs. Jurnali `arGevani~. #7-8, oqtomberi, 2006 w.
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sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebi, ori damoukidebeli saxlmwifos damoukidebel eklesiebad aqcia, ramac maTi urTierTobebi savsebiT axal sibrtyeze gadaiyvana. es kontaq tebi da urTierTdamokidebuleba mWidro kavSirSi iyo da dResac rGeba mimdinare politikur procesebTan, Tumca am movlenebs Gven odnav qveviT ganvixilavT.
` ru su l i Rv T i s m e t y v e le b i s ~ g av rce le b i s m c de lo b a saq ar T v e lo S i
am Tavis saTaurSi gangeb movaqcieT sityva „rusuli~ brWyalebSi, radganac amgvari movlena realobaSi ar arsebobs, ufro sworad ar unda arsebobdes. marTlmadidebluri samyaro icnobs da aRiarebs mxolod qristianul RvTismetyvelebas da ar yofs mas rusul, qarTul, berZnul, serbul da a. S. Teologiebad. kidev erTxel unda davakonkretoT, ar unda yofdes maT aseTebad. Tumca, samwuxarod, zemoT naxsenebi ideologizireba gvTavazobs amgvar fenomens. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rasac qveviT ganvixilavT, RvTismetyvelebaze ufro metad „miTologia~ SeiZleba vuwodoT. am mizeziT, sityva „RvTismetyvelebac~ brWyalebSia moqceuli. saqarTvelo dReisaTvis, iseve rogorc yvela sxva sferoSi, gani cdis originaluri qarTuli sasuliero literaturis naklebobas. arsebuli wignebis umetesoba an rusulenovania da ruseTSia gamocemuli, an rusulidan aris naTargmni. TavisTavad, arc rusuli literaturis sawinaaRmdego gvaqvs rame da arc mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas vakninebT. piriqiT, Tu imaze vsaubrobT, rom arsebobs qristianuli RvTismetyveleba, es Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs rogorc rusuli originaluri teqstebis gacnobis aucileblobas, aseve mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac, Tumca ara mxolod rusuli da arc mxolod Targmnas.
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aseve iSviaTad SexvdebiT Tanamedrove marTlmadidebeli e.w. progresulad, sinamdvileSi ki WeSmaritad qristianulad moazrovne avtorTa (anton suroJelis, aleqsandre Smemanis da sxv.) Sromebs. samagierod, sakmarisze metia zemoT naxsenebi miTologia. miTologiis sferos ganekuTvneba globalistebis satanistebad moxsenieba, plastikuri baraTebis da sxva `Gipiani~ nivTebis eSmakis beWdad Seracxva, axali msoflio wesrigis antiqristianuli xasiaTis warmo足Gena da a.S. aqve xazi unda gavusvaT, rom amgvar Sexedulebebs dasavlel avtorebTanac SexvdebiT, Tumca ruseTis masStabebi Seudarebelia, rogorc raodenobis, ise misi gavrcelebis arealis gamo. faqtia, rom es agresia dasavluri Rirebulebebisa da teqnologiuri progresis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. ra dasamalia, rom ruseTi arc teqnologiuri progresiT da arc dasavluri Rirebulebebisadmi ltolviT ar gamoirGeva. amdenad, SesaZloa, es yovelive Tavis gamarTlebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyos. aSkaraa, rom ruseTi dasavleTs erT polusad ganixilavs, xolo sakuTari Tavi _ meored surs warmoaGinos, amdenad, rogorc Tavis droze sabWoTa kavSiri, axlac, ruseTi cdilobs dasavlur faseulobebs daupirispirdes. im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic tradiciulad marTlmadideblur sociumebs ganekuTvneba da mosaxleobis TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesoba marTlmadidebelia, kremlismagvari reJimebi, ra Tqma unda, zemoqmedebis erT-erT saSualebad qristianobas irGeven, ufro sworad ki _ mis damaxinjebasa da interpretirebas. amdenad, dasavluri Rire足 bulebebis antiqristianulad warmoGena mizanmimarTuli ideologiis nawili ufroa, vidre gulubryvilo gauTviT足cnobierebloba. faqtia, rom religiuri wyurvili mxolod ritualebSi monawileobiT ar sruldeba da savsebiT legitimurad aGens codnis gaRrmavebis survils. imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi saRvTismetyvelo muSaobis tradicia, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, sakmaod didi xnis manZilze Sewyve足 tili iyo da SeiZleba iTqvas, arc dRes aris am mxriv saxarbielo
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viTareba, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg es niSa, rogorc kargi, ise didwilad cudi TvalsazrisiT, rusulma sasuliero literaturam daikava. rac Seexeba Tavad ruseTs, ra Tqma unda, iqac iyo garkveuli wyveta, romelmac SesaZloa kidec gamoiwvia amgvari damaxinjeba (Tumca manamdec sakmaod ideologizirebuli iyo ruseTis eklesia), magram misi masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT am deficitis Sevseba maleve moxerxda. amdenad, daiwyo Taviseburad interpretirebuli qristianobis eqsporti post-sabWoTa sivrceSi. kidev erTi mizezi am ideologiis gavrcelebisa gaxlavT adamianis saintereso buneba, sakuTari warumatebloba rogorme vinmes gadaabralos. `globalistebis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, Gven aRmovGndebiT iseT garemoSi, sadac sikeTe da boroteba erTmaneTs adgils Seucvlian, tradiciuli faseulobebis mimdevari adamianebi GaiTvlebian `GamorGenilebad~ da gamocxaddebian damnaSaveebad, fundamentalistebad, faSistebad, izolacionistebad da a.S. aRzevdeba satanuri `faseulobebi~_pedofilia,homuseqsualizmi,moxdebanarkotikebisadaprosti tuciis legalizacia; moxucebis, avadmyofebisa da arasasurveli _ `zedmeti adamianebis~ mkvleloba evTanaziis meSveobiT; gabatondeba sadizmi, sisastike, jadoqroba, ganukiTxaoba‌... eqspertebis azriT, globalisturi proeqtis Sedegebi iqneba arnaxulad saSineli, maT Soris _ misi SemqmnelebisTvisac...~.133 am Semzarav sityvebs vkiTxulobT saqarTveloSi gamocemul `rusuli RvTismetyvelebis~ erTerT TvalsaGino magaliTSi, romlis avtorebis vinaobas mTargmneli ar asaxelebs, Tumca miuTiTebs, rom isini rusebi arian. avtorebi rusebi arian da bunebrivia, problemas ruseTis fonze da magaliTze ganixilaven, magram Tvalis erTi gadavlebac sakmarisia, rom davinaxoT erTiani msoflio saxelmwifo problemis simwvave iseve exeba Gvens qveyanas, rogorc yvela Zvel da tradiciul saxelmwifos~. 133 globalizacia _ ras gviqadis is? _ samyaros aRsasrulisa da antiqristes Sesaxeb. Tbilisi 2008 w.
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amgvari da ufro saSineli suraTebis amsaxveli citatebis moyvana dausruleblad aris SesaZlebeli, Tumca vecdebiT aq maTi mizani ganvixiloT, romelic Gveni azriT didwilad politikuri ufroa vidre wminda religiuri. kidev erTi amave stilis naSromis avtori, berdiakoni abeli (simionovi), ver malavs sakuTar `saxelmwifoebriv~ azrovnebas: `cxadia, rom individualuri saidentifikacio nomris meSveobiT warmoebuli globaluri kontroli, aseve niSnavs qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis dakargvasac. ra saidumloebaze SeiZleba iyos saubari, Tuki samxedroTa da teqnikis yoveli gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb myisierad ecnobeba centralur kompiuters?... es sxva araferia, Tu ara SeTqmuleba ruseTis, eklesiis, mTeli msoflios winaaRmdeg~.134 Gven xazs vusvamT sityvas `ruseTis~, radganac avtors mZime am konkretuli sityvis Semdeg aqvs dasmuli, rac metad ganamtkicebs missave odnav zemoT naTqvam `saxelmwifoebriv~ wuxils. msgavsi Sexedulebebi ruseTis eklesiaSi, maRal ierarqTa donezec gvxvdeba da rac mTavaria meti politizirebiT. `dasavleTis agresiam `wminda ruseTi~ sam slavur saxelwifod daglija. ... dasavluri agresiis yvela Sxamiani elementi daxvewili mzakvrobiTaa gaTvlili mondialisturi struqturebis mier, romlebic arc ki malaven TavianT mizans: genocidi, rusi eris sruli mokvdineba... dRemde arc saxelmwifo, arc politikuri da sazogado moRvaweebi aranair zomebs ar Rebuloben genocidisagan samSoblos dasacavad, mxolod gaZarculi da sisxlisagan daclili rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia, rac Zali da Rone aqvs, ibrZvis RmerT足 Semosili rusi xalxis sulieri zneobrivi da fizikuri gadarGenisaTvis~ _ Sua aziis mTavarepiskoposi vladimir ikimi.135
134 berdiakoni abeli (semionovi): `globalizaciis antiqristianuli arsi _ rogor gadavitanT RvTis risxvas~. Tbilisi 2008 w. 135
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http://www.pravoslavie.uz/Izdat/vostok2/01.htm
`ruseTis sagareo politika mTlianad unda iyos mimarTuli msoflio masonobis winaaRmdeg. saWiroa Seiqmnas ruseTis egidis qveS myofi saerTaSoriso alternatiuli Semakavebeli struqturebi. amisaTvis aucilebelia gadaixedos ruseTis sagareo kavSirebi. mokavSireebi unda moiZebnos im saxelmwifoebs, organizaciebsa da sazogadoebriv struqturebs Soris, romlebic mzad iqnebian mxari dauWiron ruseTis axal politikas~ _ odesis mitropoliti agaTangel savini.136 ukanasknel citataSi gaJRerebuli ideebi gansakuTrebiT gamoxatavs ruseTis eklesiis politikur ganzomilebas. zemoxsenebuli gasatarebeli aqtivobebi Zalze waagavs jer ruseTis erovnuli usafrTxoebis startegiaSi, xolo mogvianebiT Tavad prezident medvedevis mier gaJRerebul alternatiul saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa gaZlierebisa (mag: koleqturi usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizacia “ОДКБ”) da evropis usafrTxoebis axali arqiteqturis moskovur koncefciebs. zemoxsenebuli citatebi Tavis Sinaarsisa da paTosis gamo gvafiqrebinebs, rom ruseTi xsenebuli ideologizebuli miTologia-RvTis metyvelebis eqsports mizanmimarTulad axorcielebs da, rac metad sayuradReboa, politikuri miznebisaTvis. savaraudod ki, pirvel rigSi erTmorwmune saxelmwifoebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari eqsportis warmoeba SeuZlebelia Sida eqsportiorebis gareSe. Znelia Tqma, Tu ra saSualebebiT, magram ramdenime aseTma „ideologiurma gzavnilma~ saqarTvelomdec moaRwia. ruseTisadmi pozitiuri ganwyobilebebiT SeiZleba gamovarGioT Jurnali `qvakuTxedi~, romlis prorusulobam agvistos omis dros, SeiZleba iTqvas, piks miaRwia statiiT `gana axla ki dauSvebs ufali dasavleTTan daaxloebas?!~.137 statia sakmaod saintereso formuli136 nikoloz mitroxini: `keisris cduneba: rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia, rogorc politikuri partia~. Jurnali `arGevani~ #3-4, ivnisiivlisi, 2006 w. 137 erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi Jurnali `qvakuTxedi~ #8 (27), seqtemberi
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rebas gvTavazobs. avtoris mosazrebiT, rusuli agresia iyo maTraxi RvTis xelSi dasavleTTan daaxloebisaTvis da imeds gamoTqvams, rom rac saukuneTa miRma ar dauSva ufalma, jer kidev jvarosnebTan urTierTobidan moyolebuli, xolo Semdeg sulxan-sabas dros, roca dasavleTma uari Tqva Gvens mxardaWeraze, arc axla dauSvebs. „iqneb saqarTveloSi aqa-iq aRmocenebuli rusuli blok-postebi swored is marwuxebia, romelnic zecidan daeSva dauZlevel barikadebad am integraciis gzaze?! yvela gonieri xelisufleba acnobierebs im pragmatul realobas, rom ruseTi RvTaebrivi gangebulebiT aris maTi Zlieri mezobeli da amas saTanado angariSs uweven~.138 amdenad, mxolod rusuli mxaris dadanaSauleba prorusuli ideologizebuli religiis eqsportirebaSi araswori iqneba. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze qarTulma sazogadoebamac aiRos.
ru se T i s ekle s i a da saq ar T v e lo s ok u p i r e bu l i regionebi
oficialuri moskovis mier afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis Semdeg, jeri ruseTis eklesiaze midga. 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdgom saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebi inarGuneben karg urTierTobas. ruseTis sapatriarqos araerTxel ganucxadebia, rom or qveyanas Soris arsebuli politikuri problemebis miuxedavad ruseTis eklesia aRiarebda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sazRvrebis urRvevobas.
2008w. gv. 4-5; redaqtoris gverdi „gana axla ki dauSvebs ufali dasavleTTan daaxloebas?!~ 138 erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi Jurnali `qvakuTxedi~ #8 (27), seqtemberi 2008w. gv. 4-5; redaqtoris gverdi „gana axla ki dauSvebs ufali dasavleTTan daaxloebas?!~
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Tumca ruseTis eklesiis oficilurad deklarirebul pozicias Tavis axsna aqvs. cxinvalis „eparqisa~ da misi „mRvdelmTavaris~ ar aRiareba sruliadac ar aris „saqarTveloze zrunviTa~ da samarT lianobis dacviT ganpirobebuli nabiji. amis erT-erTi mizezs warmoadgens am „eparqiis~ urTierToba gankveTilebaSi myof saberZ neTis Zveli stilis marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan,139 romelmac. e.w. alaniis episkoposi giorgi miiRo da 2005 wels episkoposad „akurTxa~. manamde, es ukanaskneli imyofeboda ruseTis sazRvargareTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi, romelic sul axlaxans Seurigda moskovis sapatriarqos. cotaoden gansxvavebuli damokidebulebaa afxazTa „sasuliero lideris mimarT~. besarion aplia xSirad maspinZlobs moskovel stumrebs. erT-erTi ukanaskneli vizitiT 2010 w. soxums rusuli eklesiis avtoriteti, protodiakvani andrei kuraevi estumra. vizitis Sesaxeb „24 saaTi~ ityobineboda, Tumca sainteresoa, rom qarTvel Jurnalists ar gasGenia kiTxva ra statusiT Gavida kuraevi soxumSi, ras emsaxureba misi viziti ruseTis sapatriarqos mier araRiarebuli eklesiis liderTan da a. S. (araRiarebis Sesaxeb odnav qveviT). Tavad viziti sakmaod saintereso da mniSvnelovani gamodga. kuraevis provokaciuli kiTxva, romelic man studentebs dausva, aRiareben Tu ara aplias sakuTar sulier mamad, pasuxidan gamomdinare SesaZloa aplias avtoritetis da Semdeg am avtoritetis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis dasadgenad iyo gamiznuli. rogorc statiis avtori iuwyeba, studentTa reaqcia afxazi sasuliero pirisa da amdenad SesaZloa rusi diakvanisTvisac, arc Tu saxarbielo aRmoGnda.140
139 saberZneTis Zveli stilis marTlmadidebluri eklesia marTlmadidebelTa erT-erTi ganayofia, romelmac ar miiRo berZnuli eklesiis grigorianul kalendarze gadasvla 1923 wels. 140 gazeTi `24 saaTi~ 18.05.2010
http://24saati.ge/index.php/category/news/2010-05-18/6677.html
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axla ki afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis eklesiebis damoukideblobis cnobis sakiTxs davubrundeT. cnobilia, rom am regionebis ruseTis saxelmwifos mier damoukideblad aRiarebis Semdeg, orive regionulma eklesiam ruseTis sapatriarqos mimarTa saeklesio damoukideblobis misaRebad (aRsaniSnavia, rom es teritoriebi saeklesio kanonikiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi Sedis). Tumca, ruseTis sinodma amgvari nabiji ar gadadga da saqarT velos eklesiis kanonikuri simrTele ar daarRvia.141 kremlTan daaxloebuli institutis amgvari gadawyvetileba, Tavad rusi sasuliero pirebisTvisac ki gasakviri iyo da am faqts bevrma xazic ki gausva. Tumca, Tavad maT Sorisac gamoGndnen adamianebi, romlebmac xsenebuli gadawyvetilebis politikuri motivacia axsnes. maT Soris aris Tavad andrei kuraevi. sagulisxmoa, rom xsenebuli diakonis gancxadebiT, ruseTis mier am regionebis aRiareba, moskovis sapatriarqos TiTqmis erTaderT partniors daakargvinebda, romlis daxmarebac esoden sWirdeba ukrainisa da estoneTis eklesiebTan mimarTebaSi. imavdroulad, kuraevi aRniSnavs, rom moskovis sapatriarqo sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT ar dapirispirebia kremls, radganac es ukanaskneli ar gansjis xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebas afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis aRiarebasTan dakav SirebiT.142 amdenad, rogorc ukve vaxseneT, araRiarebis politika saqarTvelos eklesiis siyvaruliT nakarnaxevi nabiji ki ara, aramed misi mxardaWeris mopovebis mcdeloba iyo.143
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РПЦ поддержала целостность Грузинской церкви. 07.10.08. http://www.nr2.ru/society/199623.html
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Диакон Кураев расскажет крымчанам, почему РПЦ не поддержит расчленение Грузинского патриархата. 29.09.08. http://pda.nr2.ru/crimea/198381.html
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http://www.nr2.ru/society/199623.html
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garda amisa, miiGneven, rom ruseTis sapatriarqom waaxalisa kidec afxazeTis mTavar ierarqi gamoecxadebina damoukidebloba. aseTi eWvebis seriozul safuZvels iZleva ruseTis eklesiis saqmianoba, romelsac igi 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli axorcielebs afxazeTis teritoriaze saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gverdis avliT. ruseTis patriarqis aleqsi II-is gancxadebaSi, cxinvalis regionSi samxedro moqmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, ar aris ganmartebuli, rom konfliqturi situacia Seqmnilia saqarTvelos suverenuli saxel mwifosa da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos kanonikuri iurisdiqciis qveS myof teritoriaze. rogorc Gans, gancxadeba gamiznulia imisaTvis, rom SenarGundes Seqmnili viTareba da ar moxdes ruseTis mier inspirirebuli da organizebuli konfliqtis samarTliani gadawyveta. sruliad gaugebaria mRvdeli besarion filias (igive besarion aplia), romelic ar emorGileba kanonier saeklesio xelisuflebas da Tavs `soxum-afxazeTis eparqiis~ mmarTvelad acxadebs, mxardaWera da waxliseba ruseTis sapatriqrqos mxridan. patriarqma aleqsi II-m igi daajildova kidec „ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis ordeniT~. 144 erTi periodi filia cdilobda, mieRwia msoflio sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi gadasvlisaTvis, magram es mcdeloba warumateblad dasrulda. samagierod, man Tanadgoma miiRo ruseTis marTmadidebluri eklesiis umaRlesi pirebisagan. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT kargad icodnen b. filias sakuTari wminda samRvdeloebisagan gandgomis Sesaxeb, igi ara marto miRebul iqna moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis uwmindesi patriarqis, aleqsi II-is mier sinodalur rezidenciaSi, aramed kremlis miZinebis sapatriarqo taZarSi mRvdelTmsaxurebazec ki dauSves. mas gansakuTrebuli stumarTmoyvareobiT xvdebian moskovis sapatriarqos sagareo saeklesio kavSirebis ganyofilebaSic.
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http://abhazy.com/news/cultura16.html
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90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli ruseTis eklesias cxinvalisa da soxumis qarTuli eklesiebis kuratorebad daniSnuli hyavs am regionebis mosazRvre rusuli eparqiebis mRvdelmTavrebi. erTerTma maTganma, stavropolisa da vladikavkazis episkoposma Teofanem, 2005 w. cxinvalSi vizitisas, cxinvali sakuTari iurisdiqciis qveS Semaval teritoriad gamoacxada da cxinvalel sasuliero pirebs iq moRvaweoba aukrZala. amas meufe giorgis werili mohyva moskovis sapatriarqos mimarT, sadac protesti iyo gamoTqmuli aRniSnuli ierarqis gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT. werils moskovma dumiliT upasuxa.145 rusi mRvdelmTavris amgvari damokidebulebis mizezad, e.w. alaniis episkoposis saberZneTis Zveli stilis eklesias Tan SeerTeba unda miviGnioT. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis eklesia, konkretulad ki xsenebuli diakoni, andrei kuraevi, ver xedavs saqarTvelos eklesiis potencials sulierad gamokvebos afxazeTi, radganac, misi azriT, afxazma xalxma, am drois manZilze, gamoimuSava damoukidebeli sulieri gza. afxazebi ver mivlen aRsarebaze qarTvel sasuliero pirebTan.146 es faqti aRsaniSnavia aseve ruseTis ierarqTa ganwyobilebis gasa gebad, rogorc sruliad saqarTvelos, ise aRniSnuli arakanonikuri eklesiebis mimarT. bolo periodSi saqarTvelo-ruseTis eklesiebis urTierTobebi axal fazaSi gadavida. saqarTveloSi ruseTis sapatriarqom gamoagzavna oficialuri warmomadgeneli arqimandriti romanozi (lukini), romelic ioane RvTismetyvelis taZarSi imsaxurebs. aRsa 145
Епископ Феофан в Южной Осетии: “Я, русский архиерей, здесь хозяин! Эти храмы все мои!” http://www.elib.ru/News/NewsPrint.shtml?QUERY=PN&ID=8086
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Сухумо-Абхазская епархия переименована в Абхазскую Православную Церковь с Сухумским и Пицундским Патриархатами. http://kavkaz.forum2x2.ru/forum-f3/tema-t207.htm
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niSnavia, rom es pirveli faqtia rusulenovani mRvdlis moskovidan Gamosvlisa. aqamde, mudmivad adgilobrivi kadrebidan xdeboda xeldasxma da bunebrivia, isini miuxedavad imisa, rom rusulenovan mrevlTan uwevdaT urTierToba da Tavadac xSir SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri rusebi arian, mainc saqarTvelos sapatriarqos emorGilebian. am SemTxvevaSi moskovidan Gamosuli mRvdelmsaxuri moskovis patriarqis daqvemdebarebaSi iqneba. am faqtma sakmaod araerTazrovani Sexedulebebi warmoSva. gaGnda kiTxva _ ratom moxda mRvdlis ruseTidan gamogzavna, roca SesaZlebeli iyo adgilobrivi resursis gamoyeneba da a.S. Tumca iqve aRi足niSna, rom es SesaZloa Gveulebrivi movlena iyos, miT umetes, rom saqarTvelomac gauSva moskovSi sakuTari warmomadgeneli, romelic moskovSi wm. giorgis saxelobis qarTul taZarSi imsaxurebs. yvelaze saintereso am faqtSi ki is aris, rom arc erT sxva marTlmadidebel eklesias saqarTveloSi sakuTari warmomadgeneli ar hyavs. obieqturobisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom rogorc gancxadebaSi iyo naTqvami, igi (arqimandriti romanozi) mxolod da mxolod Seasrulebs war足gzavnilis funqciebs, xolo misi mTavari movaleoba rusulenovan mrevlTan urTierToba iqneba. xolo, rac Seexeba saqarTvelos eklesiis mier ruseTSi sasuliero piris mivlinebas, es pirvelad ar momxdara da ZiriTadad adgilze qarTulenovani kadris ararsebobiT aris gamowveuli. Gven ukve gvqonda saubari ruseTis sapatriarqos sakmaod Tbili urTierTobebze saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebze arsebul kremlisagan kontrolirebad de faqto reJimebTan. samwuxaroa, magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom xSiria ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis ierarqebisa da sasuliero pirebis mier saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis teritoriuli iurisdiqciis mimarT saeklesio kanonebis darRvevis faqtebi: rusuli samRvdeloebis mudmivi vizitebi afxazeTSi, maTi mRvdelTmsaxureba adgilobrivi eklesiis teritoriaze da sxva. aseTi faqtebi winamdebare naSromis sxva TavebSicaa warmodgenili. 2010 wlis 20 seqtembers gamoqveynda ruseTis patriarq kirilis
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milocva „samxreT oseTis erovnuli suverenitetis deklaraciis~ miRebasTan dakavSirebiT,147 romelSiac aRniSnulia: „bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi (samxreT oseTis) xelisuflebasa da mosaxleobas saxelmwifos mSeneblobis, socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis rTuli gzis gavla mouwia~. ruseTis patriarqi xazs usvams ruseTisa da samxreT oseTis urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas, „romelic mimarTulia regionSi stabilurobisa da qveynebis xalxebs Soris megobrobisa da TanamSromlobis gaZlierebisaken~. am faqts gamoexmaura sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II, romelic ruseTis patriarqis mimarT gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavs: „metad samwuxaro da sruliad gaugebaria aseTi qmedeba, radgan es niSnavs saqarTvelos am uZveles miwaze (rasac mTeli msoflio aRiarebs) Zaladobrivad arsebuli reJimis Tqveni mxridan mxardaWeras da ukanonod gamocxadebuli „damoukideblobis~ aRiarebas~.148 zemoxsenebuli magaliTebi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom kremli cdilobs masebze zemoqmedebis erT-erT umTavres instrumentad gamoiyenos sarwmunoeba da eklesia. samwuxaroa, rom rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ierarqTa garkveuli nawili mmarTveli politikuri reJimis imperiul ambiciebs emxroba, riTac arsebuli krizisis kidev ufro gaRrmavebas uwyobs xels.
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http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1281205.html
148 ix. sapatriarqos uwyebani #31 (559); 30 seqtemberi-6 oqtomberi 2010 w.
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Tavi VI .
kultura, ganaTleba, mecniereba da sazogadoebasTan urTierToba rogorc ruseTis “Soft Power�-is ganxorcielebis instrumenti
kultura ruseTis „rbili Zalis~ konteqstSi nato baGiaSvili
2005 wels ruseTis prezidentis administraciaSi Seiqmna axali samsaxuri _ regionTaSorisi da sazRvargareTis qveynebTan kulturuli TanamSromlobis ganyofileba, romelsac saTaveSi cnobili ideologi modest kolerovi Gaudga. mis amocanas warmoadgenda moskovis Zalisxmevis efeqturobis gazrda postsabWoTa sivrceSi zegavlenis SesanarGuneblad da gasaZlereblad. am nabijiT SeirGa is instrumenti, romliTac ruseTs saSualeba miecemoda zemoqmedeba moexdina mezobel qveynebSi mimdinare procesebze. rusuli kultura marTlac warmoadgens im efeqtur instruments, romelic moskovs postsabWoTa sivrceSi zegavlenis saSualebas aZlevs da minimalurad an saerTod ar iwvevs adgilobrivi sazogadoebis gaRizianebas. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan arc ise didi droa gasuli, garda amisa postsabWoTa qveynebSi sakmao raodenobiTaa rusulenovani diaspora, amitomac postsabWoTa sivrcis inteleqtualuri da SemoqmedebiTi elita jer kidev mgrZnobiarea rusuli kulturis mimarT. miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom rusulma “Soft Power” -ma myari dasayrdeni saqarTveloSi jer-jerobiT ver hpova. calkeuli kulturuli RonisZiebebi ar gamxdara sazogadoebis farTo fenebis didi interesis sagani. maT ar hqoniaT iseTi gamoxmaureba, rogoric aqvs sxva saxelmwifoebSi “Новая волна”, “Славянский Базар” da sxva msgavs RonisZiebebs. garda amisa, rusuli organizaciebis aqtivoba saqarTveloSi sakmaod dabalia, rac gamowveulia rusuli mosaxle-
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obis saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi integraciis maRali xarisxiT. amdenad, kremlis “Soft Power”-is politikam saqarTveloSi im etapze fexi ver moikida. Tumca bolo periodSi moskovi Zalisxmevas ar iSurebda da misi „rbili Zalis~ gamovlinebam saqarTveloSi ufro da ufro intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. 2008 wlis agvistos Semdeg kremlis politika fokusirebulia kulturuli eqspansiis gziT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gulis mogebasa da im megobris imijis Seqmnaze, romelsac qarTvel xalxTan „gasayofi araferi aqvs~ da mxolod calkeuli qarTveli politikosebis upasuxismgeblo nabijebis gamo warmoiSva or saxelmwifos Soris SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba.149 sainteresoa, rom kulturis, rogorc sagareo politikis instrumentad gamoyenebisas dRevandeli moskovi kvlavac sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli ideuri kliSeebiTa da stereotipebiT moqmedebs. kremlis mier dakveTil da dafinansebul RonisZiebebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti erTian sabWoTa warsulze, ruseTis, rogorc ssrk-s samarTalme mkvidris statusze da erTian „rusul sivrceze~ keTdeba. „odesRac es iyo erTi qveyana, baltiispireTi da amierkavkasia, ruseTi da ukraina...~ gvamcnobs NTV Plus-is erT-erTi arxi „kinosoiuzi~ (КИНОСОЮЗ), romelic „saerTo sabWoTa~ kinoxelovnebis popularizacias eweva.150 am arxis sareklamo rgolSi araerTi qarTuli filmis kadrebia moxvedrili (mag.: „me, bebia, iliko da ilarioni~, „WriWina~, „jariskacis mama~). 2009 wlis 19 dekembers q. quTaisSi tragedia datrialda. „didebis memorialis~ demontaJis dros usafrTxoebis wesebis darRvevas ori adamianis (deda-Svilis) sicocxle Seewira. memorialis afeTqebam qarTuli sazogadoebis araerTgvarovani reaqcia, xolo tragediam ki udidesi guliswyroma gamoiwvia. ruseTis mTavrobas ar gauSvia Sansi, rom es faqti sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoeyenebina, umalve daigmo didebis memoria149 prezident medvedevis gamosvla
http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=270950
150
http://ntvplus.ru/channels/channel.xl?id=3406
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lis demontaJis faqti da Sefasda, rogorc qarTveli da rusi meomrebis faSizmze gamarjvebisa da qarTveli da rusi xalxis megobrobisa da diadi sabWoTa warsulis ugulebelyofis mcdeloba. ruseTis wamyvanma telearxebma specialuri siuJetebic ki miuZRvnes am movlenas, Tumca, imave dros, saerTod aravis gaxsenebia is faqti rom sul erTi wlis ukan, 2008 wlis agvistoSi, „megobari qarTveli xalxis~ asobiT warmomadgeneli swored „moZme ruseTis armiis~ mier iqna fizikurad ganadgurebuli, xolo aTasobiT ki devnilad iqca. ruseTis premierma, vladimer putinma, piradad ganacxada, rom didebis memoriali moskovSi „poklonnaia goraze~ aRdgeboda. Tavdapirvelad saubari iyo quTaisis memorialis zusti aslis Seqmnaze. Tumca Semdgom gadawyda, rom am movlenas ufro didi pompezuroba sWirdeboda da amitomac gamocxadda konkursi saukeTeso proeqtze. misi organizeba iTava moskovis arqiteqturisa da saqalaqo mSeneblobis komitetma. konkursi 2010 wlis 5 aprilidan 25 maisamde mimdinareobda, rusma moqandakeebma warmoadgines 25‑ze meti namuSevari, romelTaganac eqspertebma eqvsi SearGies. am proeqtebis maketebi ganTavsebuli iyo `poklonnaia goraze~ didi samamulo omis centraluri muzeumis didebis darbazSi. eqsponatebi 2010 wlis 7 ivliss moinaxules ruseTis premier-ministrma vladimer putinma, partia „samarTliani saqarTvelos~ liderma zurab noRaidelma da ruseTSi qarTvelTa kavSiris Tavmjdomarem mixeil xubutiam. manamde qandakebis savaraudo adgili 9 maisis dResaswaulebze moinaxules demokratiuli moZraobis liderma nino burjanaZem da „samarTliani saqarTvelos~ liderma zurab noRidelma aseve ruseTis premier putinTan da moskovis mer iuri luJkovTan erTad. saukeTeso proeqtis gamosavlenad xmis micema mimdinareobda rogorc uSualod muzeumSi, aseve internetis saSualebiTac. gamo kiTxvaSi monawileoba miiRo 65 aTasma adamianma. aqedan 20 000-ma xma misca qandakebas savaraudo dasaxelebiT „droSis aRmarTva raixstagze~. proeqti damtkicda fond „istoriuli memkvidreobis~ sameurveo da sazogadoebrivi sabWoebis erTobliv sxdomebze.151 151
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http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Moscow/exclusives.asp?id=142174
aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarjvebul proeqts, „droSis aRmarTva raixstagze~, udidesi ideologiuri da istoriul-politikuri datvirTva mieniWa. monumentze gamosaxulni iqnebian mixeil egorovi da meliton qanTaria, romlebic raixstagze aRmarTaven sabWoTa droSas. qandakebis qveda nawilze aseve gamosaxulebi iqnebian „did samamulo omSi~ monawile sabWoTa meomar-ganmaTavisufleblebi sabWoTa kavSiris TxuTmetive respublikidan, monumentis ukana mxares warmoadgenili iqneba q. quTaisSi adre arsebuli „didebis memorialis~ asli, aseve yofil sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi samamulo omis Temaze agebuli monumentebis amsaxveli 15 marmarilos patara kubi. erT-erT aseT kubze gamosaxuli iqneba q. talinSi „adgilnacvali~ „brinjaos jariskacis~152 gamosaxuleba. memorialis gaxsna dagegmilia 2010 wlis 19 dekembers, quTaisis memorialis demontaJis wlisTavze. igegmeba meliton qanTariasa da mixeil egorovis STamomavlebis Gayvana moskovSi, memorialis gaxsnaze.153 sakiTxavia, daimsaxurebda Tu ara kremlis esoden did yuradRebas „didebis memoriali~, rom ar yofiliyo dakavSirebuli sabWour simbolikasTan?! magaliTisaTvis vityviT, rom q. moskovis centrSi, bolSaia gruzinskaias quGaze mdebareobs 1750 wels daarsebuli wminda giorgis saxelobis qarTuli eklesia.154 qarTul da rusul marTlmadidelur eklesiaTa Soris SeTanxmebis safuZvelze ekle siaSi wirva-locva or enaze, qarTulad da rusulad mimdinareobs. eklesiasTan daarsebulia qarTuli enis sakvirao skola, saeklesio dResaswaulebze igi warmoadgens qarTuli diasporisa da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan Gamosul qarTvelTa Sekrebis erT-erT adgils. aRniSnuli taZris dRevandeli mdgomareoba marTlac rom savala loa. magram arc im moskovel Ginovnikebsa da arc im qarTvelTa Soris, romlebic erTob gulSematkivroben didebis memorialis moskovSi dadgmas da mzad arian TavianTi Tanxebi gamoyon misi daGqa152
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Soldier_of_Tallinn
153
http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/171527/?print=true
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http://www.dzalisa.org/arhiv/opisanie-pamatnika
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rebuli wesiT gaxsnisaTvs, azradac ar mosvliaT qarTvelTaTvis am umniSvnelovanesi sulieri saxlis gadasarGenaze zrunva. erTaderTi „mowodeba~ taZris gadasarGenad iyo „ruseTSi qarTvelTa kavSiris~ saitze gamoaqveynebuli sabanko angariSi, sadac survilis SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gadaricxon garkveuli Semosawiri taZris aRsadgenad.155 qarTul kulturaze „WeSmariti zrunvis~ TvalsaGino magaliTs warmoadgens ruseTis qmedebebi 2008 wlis agvistos omis periodSi, rodesac ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da cxinvalis separatis tebis mier ganxorcielebuli sahaero dabombvebis, saxmeleTo Setevebis, Zeglebis ganzrax gadawvisa da Zarcvis Sedegad dazianda kulturuli memkvidreobis araerTi Zegli. oficialur moskovs erTxelac ar ugrZvnia Tundac moraluri pasuxismgebloba aRniSnuli vandaluri qmedebebisaTvis, rom araferi vTqvaT saerTaSo riso samarTlis normebis uxeSad darRvevaze, kerZod ki `SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis~ 1954 wlis haagis konvenciiTa da `kulturuli memkvidreobis gamiznuli ganadgurebis Sesaxeb~ 2003 wlis iuneskos deklaraciiT gaTvalis winebuli valdebulebebis ugulebelyofaze.156
ok u p i r e bu l t e r i t o r i e bze ar se bu l i v i T ar e b a
pirveli omisSemdgomi e.w. „kulturuli RonisZieba~ afxazeTis teri toriaze 2008 wlis 17 agvistos rusuli samSvidoboebis monawileo biT gaimarTa. q. soxumSi moewyo ruseTis armiis mier mopovebuli qarTuli samxedro teqnikis gamofena. warTmeuli iaraRisa da
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http://www.georgians.ru/article.asp?idarticle=1034
156 ruseTis samxedro agresiis Sedegad dazianebuli saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dazianebis Sesaxeb ix. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=535&info_id=10187
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samxedro teqnikis demonstrireba TviT samSvidobo Zalebma moaxdines. am gamofenas didi „politikur-ideologiuri datvirTva hqonda~. mas TvalnaTliv unda daenaxvebina rogori iaraRiT SeiZleba gasworeboda qarTuli jari afxaz xalxs. „gamofenas~ Jurnalistebi da soxumSi myofi „damsveneblebic~ eswrebodnen. iaraRi ZiriTadad mopovebli iyo specoperaciis Sedegad, romelic qarTuli mxaris „mSvidobisaken iZulebis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. saqarTvelos/afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli konfliqtis zonaSi koleqtiuri samSvidobo SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sardlis, general sergei Gabanis gancxadebiT, operaciis mTavari mizani iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros, Sinagan saqmeTa da sxva Zalovani struqturebis obieqtebis demilitarizacia. opera cia ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis mier iqna ganxorcielebuli.157 2008 wlis 21 agvistos q. cxinvalSi sank-peterburgis marinis simfoniuri orkestris koncerti gaimarTa valeri gergievis diriJorobiT. koncertze gaiJRera Gaikovskis me-5 da me-6 sifoniebma, aseve SostakoviGis me-7 simfoniam, romelic cnobilia rogorc „leningradskaia~ da eZRvneba leningradis blokadas. koncerts erqva „Tqven, cocxlebsa da daRupulebs! Sen, samxreT oseTo!~ (“Вам, живым и погибшим! Тебе, Южная Осетия!”). amave koncertze maestrom cxinvali 1941-45 ww didi samamulo omis gmir qalaq stalingrads Seadara (faSistebad savaraudod qarTveli jariskacebi igulis xmebodnen) Gatarebuli koncertisaTvis valeri gergievs imave wlis oqtomberSi artiom borovikis saxelobis saqvelmoqmedo fondis premia gadaeca.158 saqarTvelo-ruseTis omis Semdgom, kremlis mier afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis aRsaniSnavi pirveli sazeimo koncerti 2008 wlis 16 seqtembers soxumSi, Tavisuflebis 157
http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/140566/
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http://www.pravda.ru/culture/music/classical/28-10-2008/289573-gerg-0/;
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moedanze, iosif kobzonisa da ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros gundis monawileobiT Gatarda. aRsaniSnavia, rom koncerti didi samamulo omisadmi miZRvnili simRerebis siuJitiT gaixsna, ris Semdegac sityvebiT „afxazeTo, Gven SenTan varT~ scenaze am RonisZiebis mTavari iniciatori iosif konbzoni gamoGnda.159 koncertebisa da warmodgenebis seriis Semdeg moskovma kulturis sferoSi samarTlebrivi bazis gamyarebasac mohkida xeli. 20092010 wlebSi momzadda da xeli moewera ruseTisa da afxazeTis (11 noemberi 2009 w.)160 xolo Semdgom (6 ivlisi 2010 w.) ruseTisa da samxreT oseTis kulturis saministroebs Soris TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebebs,161 gaiwera 2012 wlamde kulturis sferoSi Tana mSromlobis programebi. 2010 wels afxazeTSi didi pompezurobiT aRiniSna ruseTis dRe (12 ivnisi). RonisZiebebSi monawileobdnen ruseTis ansamblebi _ akademiuri gundi „gunduri simReris ostatebi~ (“Мастера хорового пения”) da folkloruli ansambli „rossianoGka~. RonisZieba ruseT-afxazeTis kulturuli TanmSromlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli proeqtis „gacvliTi kulturuli sezoni „ruseTi-afxazeTi 2010~‑is farglebSi ganxorcielda. proeqti 2010 wlis 9 maiss daiwyo da noembramde grZeldeba. proeqtis farglebSi igegmeba afxazeTSi folkloruli koleqtivebis, kameruli orkestrebis, msaxiobebisa da kulturis sxva moRvaweTa Gasvla.162 am da sxva proeqtebiT ruseTma erTgvari Sefoba aiRo afxazeTSi kulturuli RonisZebebis dagegmvasa da kulturis „aRorZinebaze~. Sesabamisad, dagegmili RonisZiebebis suliskveTeba TanxvedraSi unda iyos kremlis oficialur ideologiasTan. 2010 wlis 28 maiss 159
http://www.caucasustimes.com/article.asp?id=16680
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http://mkrf.ru/video/detail.php?ID=80148&sphrase_id=105627
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http://mkrf.ru/documentations/584/detail.php?ID=94505&sphrase_id=105627
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http://apsnypress.info/news/951.html
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afxazeTis e.w. prezidents sergei baRafSs waredgina proeqti, rom q. soxumSi aRimarTos 66 metriani monumenturi skulptura „mSvidobis keTili angelozi~. proeqtis ganxorcielebis iniciatorebi arian proeqtis erT-erTi avtori, saqvelmoqmedo programa „keTili saqmeebis saerTaSoriso festivalis~163 prezidenti oleg oleiniki da ruseTi mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa doqtori, moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori da popularuli telewamyvani nikolai drozdovi. monumentis aRmarTva 2014 wlisaTvis igegmeba. aseve SeTavazebul iqna afxazeTSi „keTili saqmeebis saerTaSoriso sazafxulo festivali 2010~-is Gatareba da aseve riwis erovnul parkSi saerTaSoriso ekologiuri forumi „cocxali planetis~ gamarTva. albaT cxadia, rom orive am saerTaSoriso RonisZiebis ZiriTadi monawileeebi ruseTidan Gamosuli eqspertebi iqnebian.164 sagulisxmoa isic, rom 2010 wlis TebervalSi ruseTis federaciaSi miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba biosferuli poligonis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic erT teritoriaSi gaaerTianebs kavkasiur nakrZalebs, maT Soris afxazeTis gansakuTrebulad daculi teritoriebis GaTvliT.165 2010 wels soxumSi Gatarda aqcia „georgievskis lenta~. es RonisZieba ruseTSi organizacia „naSi~-s iniciativiT yovel wels tardeba did samamulo omSi gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad. soxumSi 9 maisisaTvis mzadeba me-2 rusuli skolidan daiwyo. RonisZiebas eswreboda ruseTis federaciis elGi afxazeTSi semion grigorievi, romelmac veteranebs samaxsovro saiubileo saGuqrebi gadasca da soxumis meri alias labaxua, romelmac fuladi premiebi gadasca veteranebs (aRsaniSnavia, rom premiebi gacemul iqna rusul rublSi, radgan afxazeTis teritoriaze igi „oficialuri~ valutaa). skolis moswavleebi georgievskis lentebiTa da yvavilebiT Sexvdnen veteranebs.166 163
http://www.world-kindness.ru/program/fdd
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http://www.rian.ru/world/20100528/239690914.html
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http://abkhazeti.info/abkhazia/2010/1266257356.php; http://abkhazeti.info/abkhazia/2010/1266257356.php
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http://www.rian.ru/victory_news/20100429/228278065.html
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sainteresoa Tavad georgievskis lentis simbolika. sabWoTa simbolikaSi, odnavi saxecvlilebiT, igi moxseniebuli iyo rogorc „gvardiuli lenti~. esaa ruseTis imperiis, sabWoTa kavSirisa da Tanamedrove ruseTis sabrZolo jildoebis damaxasiaTebeli atributi.167 maT Soris im jildoebis, romlebTac ruseTis imperia da sabWoTa kavSiri afxazeTis teritoriaze kavkasiuri omis,168 muhajirobisa169 da komunisturi represiebis170 ganxorcielebaSi „warGinebul~ ofic rebs ajildovebda. afxazeTis teritoriaze ganlagebulia uZvelesi qristianuli kulturis unikaluri Zeglebi. swored afxazeTis sanapirodan Semo vidnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobis mqadageblebi andria pirvelwodebuli da svimon kananeli. afxazeTSi 300-ze meti qristianuli istoriul-kulturuli Zeglia SemorGenili, romelTa didi nawilic restavracias da aRdgenas saWiroebs. 2008 wlis samxedro agresiis Semdgom ruseTma erTpirovnulad gadawyvita Tavis Tavze aeRo kulturuli memkvidreobis „gadarGenac~. 2008 wlis 21 seqtembers telearxma „spas~ -ma (СПАС), romelic ruseTis pirveli sazogadoebrivi marTlmadidebluri arxia, gamoacxada konkursi afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis taZris saukeTeso arqiteq turuli proeqtebis gamosavlenad. 171 rac gamarTlebuli iqna im mizeziT, rom TiTqosda am qveynebis teritoriaze Zalian bevri rusi marTlmadidebeli cxovrobs, xolo axlo momavalSi ki ganlagdeba rusuli armiis mudmivi garnizonebi. amitomac, TiToeul am respublikaSi TiTo eklesiis aSeneba „sruliad logikuria~ _ ganmartebulia telearxis saitze gamoqveynebul informaciaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
167
http://www.za-lentu.ru/
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_War
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_(Caucasus)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_repressions
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http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/477079.html
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2008 wlis 18 agvistos ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da oseTis teritoriebis okupirebisTanave, arxis xelmZRvanelma aleqsandr batanovma gaavrcela mowodeba, rom samxreT oseTi da afxazeTi miRebul iqnas ruseTis eparqiis mfarvelobis qveS. es rTuli procesia _ aRniSnavs batanovi _ da gamocxadebuli konkursic pirveli nabiji unda gaxdes am mimarTulebiT.172 ramdenime welia, rac axali aTonis samonastro kompleqsSi sarestavracio samuSaoebi mimdinareobs. misi dasruleba 2008 wlis bolos iyo navaraudevi. sarestavracio samuSaoebs axorcielebda Geliabinskis Sps „morioni~, romelic dakavebulia eklesiaTa mSeneblobisa da aRdgena-restavraciis saqmianobiT. sarestavracio samuSaoebs safuZvlad daedo afxazeTis mTavrobasa da organi zacias Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba sarestavracio samuSaoebis Gatarebis Sesaxeb. sarestavracio samuSaoebi sam etapad mimdina reobda. restavraciis dros mTlianad Seicvala taZris gumbaTi da centraluri jvari, aseve samreklo. meore etapze Seicvala dana rGeni 16 gumbaTi. sarestavracio samuSaoebi dros pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli nitrit-titanis duRabi, romelic aqamde mxolod raketebisa da orbitaluri sadgurebis mSeneblobaSi gamoiyeneboda. manamde, peterburgis arqiteqtorebi monawileobdnen anakofiis nakrZalSi IV-VI saukuneebis cixis aRdgenaSi. moskovis arqiteqtor-restavratori nikolai sokolovi 2009 wels specialurad ewvia afxazeTs eqspediciasTan erTad, sadac maT Seiswavles daaxloebiT 35 obieqti, romelic rusi specialistebis gakvirvebas iwvevs. es Zeglebi aZlevT maT saSualebas gaecnon uZveles zogjer winaqristianuli periodis kulturas. maTi azriT, aq SeiZleba didi samecniero samuSaoebis dawyeba da Semdgom am teritoriaze rusi turistebisaTvis saintereso adgilebis Seqmna.173 172
http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/477079.html
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http://www.kavkaz-news.info/portal/cnid_5419/alias__Caucasus-Info/lang__en/ tabid__2434/default.aspx
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2010 wlis aRdgomis brwyinvale dResaswaulisaTvis soxumis yovlad wmnida RvTismSoblis saxelobis sakaTedro taZars gumbaTi Seucvales. gumbaTis damzadeba isev Geliabinskis firma „marionma~ Seasrula, romelic am firmis mier Secvlili gumbaTebis ricxvSi rigiT meocea. arsebuli gumbaTi Seicvala specialuri SenadnobiT rogorc aqamde axali aTonis monastris dros, xolo zemodan mooqrovilia. „afxazeTis mniSvnelovan ZeglTa aRdgena es absoluturad ruseTis amocanaa~- ganacxada istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa dacvis sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebis sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomarem pavel poJigailom. afxazeTSi Gasul delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian arqeologebi, xelovnebaTmcodneebi da restavratorebi ruseTis federaciidan. bunebrivia, araferi SeiZleba gvqondes kulturul-istoriuli Zeglebis gadarGenisa da aRdgenis sawinaaRmdego. magram, mTavari problema isaa, rom aseTi e.w. „restavraciisas~ yuradReba ar eqceva Zeglebis pirvandeli saxis SenarGunebas. faqtobrivad xdeba arsebuli istoriuli stilis rusuli stiliT Ganacvleba, rac zemo xsenebul kulturis saganZurebs udides safrTxes uqmnis. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT parlamentis Tavmjdomaris moadgilem umciresobidan, paata daviTaiam moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarq kirils specialuri mimarTvac ki gaugzavna, romelSic afxazeTis qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis dacvisaken mouwodebs. parlamentis wevri ruseTis partiarqs sTxovs, yuradReba miapyros saqarTvelos okupirebul teritoriaze arsebuli eklesia-monas trebis, romelic saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis religiur-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, e.w. restavraciis process. daviTaias TqmiT, e.w. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi eklesia-monastrebis Tavdapirveli saxis SenarGunebas ar isaxavs miznad. kerZod, es qmedebebi „Rrma da damTrgunveli~ azris Semcvelia da misi Sedegebic ar daayovnebs. miT umetes damafiqrebelia am mimarTulebiT kerZo
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biznesmenebis monawileoba, romelTa mier Gatarebuli „restavraciac~ ZiriTadad individualuri gemovnebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. „mimdinare restavraciiT rusi biznesmenebis dainteresebam da am procesSi maTma monawileobam maiZula TqvenTvis momemarTa, ramdenadac aRniSnuli qmedebebi srulad ewinaaRmdegeba ruseTis sapatriarqos pozicias, romelic saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sazRvrebisa da mTlianad marTlmadidebluri memkvid reobis xelSeuxeblobis sakiTxs exeba. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT gTxovT, miiRoT yvela zoma imisaTvis, raTa yvela GvenganisaTvis gamanadgurebeli procesi SeaGeroT~, _ naTqvamia moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqisadmi mimarTul werilSi.174
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http://www.internet.ge/index.php?action=news&category=home&news=83490
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kultmasobrivi ideologiuri RonisZiebebi da “Soft Power”-is sxva gamovlinebebi okupirebul teritoriebze nato baGiaSvili
kultmasobriv da sxvadasxva ideologiur RonisZiebebs ruseTisa da okupirebuli teritoriebis de faqto xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben. gansazRvreba „ideologiuri~ aq SemTxveviT ar gvixmaria. okupirebul teritoriebze ganxorcielebul amgvar proeqtebs Tavad moskovi aZlevs iseT ideologiur datvirTvas, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli masobrivi aqciebis suliskveTebas Seesabameba da kremlis dRevandeli reJimis mier Seqmnili „sulieri sazrdos~ TvalsaGino gamovlinebas warmoadgens. gamovyofT ramdenime maTgans: samxreT oseTSi 2010 wlis 11 ivniss, ruseTis federaciis erovnul dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT, ganxorcielda aqcia „me _ ruseTis moqalaqe~.175 aqciis organizatorebi iyvnen samxreT oseTis axalgazrduli politikis sammarTvelo da axalgazrduli organizacia “Новые люди”. 2010 wlis 10-18 ivniss Gatarda ruseTis kvireuli. cxinvalSi gaimarTa sajaro leqcia-moxsenebebi Temaze: „osebi rusul armiaSi~.176 aseve moewyo mrgvali magida „ruseTis roli oseTis saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenaSi~. 12 ivniss cxinvalSi gaixsna `rusuli saxli~ da Gatarda mrgvali magida „ruseTi da samxeT oseTi 21-e saukeneSi~.177 175
http://cominf.org/node/1166483517
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http://cominf.org/node/1166483505
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http://cominf.org/node/1166483535
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2008 wlis 12-16 noembers soxumSi Gatarda patriotul -kulturuli aqcia „afxazeTi _ megobrebis qveyana~. RonisZiebis amocana iyo rusi telemayureblebisaTvis Tanamedrove afxazeTis mimzidvelobis warmoGena da maTSi afxazeTisadmi interesis gazrda. RonisZiebaSi monawileobas iRebda rusuli telearxi „tv centri~. rac Seexeba aqciis WeSmarit mizans, igi Tavadve ganmartes organiza torebma. maTi azriT, es proeqti „udavod warmoadgens 2008 wlis aprilis TveSi ruseTis prezidentis vladimer putinis ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrosa da ruseTis mTavrobis mimarT mocemuli davalebis Sesrulebisaken gadadgmul pirvel nabijs, rac miznad isaxavda afxazeTTan savaWro-ekonomikur, socialur, samecnier-teqnikur dargebSi, informaciis, kulturisa da ganaT lebis sferoebSi urTierTobis mowesrigebas, maT Soris ruseTis regionebis GarTulobiT am procesebSi.~178 proeqtis erT-erT RonisZiebad dagegmili iyo gasvliTi tele gadacemis momzadeba saxelwodebiT „Seni bedis quGa~ (Улица твоей судьбы), romlis organizebac TviT moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis kaTalikos-patriarqis aleqsei II kurTxeviT iyo ganxorcielebuli. telegadacemis Seqmna xorcieldeboda ruseTis federaciis regionuli ganviTarebis saministrosa da fond „russki miris~ finansuri mxardaWeriT. aqciis organizatorebi: regionuli sazogadoebivi organizacia „voini duxa~ _ rusuli nacionalistur-patriotuli gaerTianeba, telekompania tv centris (TV центр) programa „Seni bedis quGa~, marTlmadidebluri saqvelmoqmedo fondi „peresveti~, fondi „evraziis kvlevebis centri~- organizacia, romlis mizansac „ruseTsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSiris republikebs Soris kulturuli, humanitaruli da saganmanaTleblo kavSirebis ganviTareba warmoadgens~179 da 178
http://www.abkhaziya.org/news_detail.html?nid=21063
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http://www.ea-studies.ru/about/
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romelic kremlis erT-erT ideur laboratorid da „rbili Zalis~ ganmaxorcielebel struqturad moiazreba. kompania „a mobail~, „afxazeTis sazogadoebrivi olimpiuri moZraoba~ da sxv. afxazeTSi „farTo masebis~ yuradRebis misapyrobad sportuli RonisZiebebic imarTeba. 2009 wlis 3 agvistos soxumSi gaimarTa me6 „saerTaSoriso~ festivali WadrakSi, saxelwodebiT “ABKHAZIA OPEN: soxumi 2009”. turnirSi monawileobas iRebdnen ruseTisa da afxazeTis 200-mde moWadrake. turniris mTavari msaji iyo krasnodaris Wadrakis federaciis aRmasrulebeli direqtori aleqsandr sapfi rovi. amave wlis agvistos Sua ricxvebSi q. gagraSi gaimarTa „saerTa Soriso~ turniri GogburTSi, romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen axalgazrdebi moskovidan, sankt-peterburgidan, vladikavkazidan, soWidan, nalGikidan, adleridan, taganrogidan da ivanovodan. 2009 wlis ivlisSi soxumSi moewyo ruseTisa da afxazeTis veteran fexburTelTa Sexvedra mini fexburTSi. ruseTis mxares am Sexved raze warmoadgendnen ruseTis nakrebis yofili wevrebi sergei kiriakovi, dimitri ananko, axrik cveiba da a.S. imave wlis oqtomberSi soxumSi Gatarda rusul-afxazuri erTob livi aqcia „moskovis sporti afxazeTSi~. ZiriTadi RonisZiebebi Gatarda muhajirebis sanapiroze. RonisZiebis farglebSi afxazeTisa da moskovis mTavrobebis mier dagegmili iyo amxanaguri Sexvedrebi fexburTSi, master-klasebi da saGvenebeli gamosvlebi ZiudoSi, samboSi, sumoSi, WadrakSi, motofrisTailSi da a.S. RonisZiebaSi aseve monawileobas iRebdnen ruseTis saxalxo artisti nadeJda babkina da misi ansambli „russkaia pesnia~, aseve musikisa da xelovnebis sxva warmomadgenlebi ruseTidan da afxazeTidan. 19 oqtombers Sedga ruseTsa da afxazeTs Soris fizikuri kulturisa da sportis sferoSi TanamSromlobis memorandumis xelmoweris ceremoniali.
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afxazi sportsmenebi saerTaSoris turnirebze ruseTis federaciis saxeliT monawileoben. 2009 wlis 23 seqtember afxazma moWidavem denis carguSma ruseTis moWidaveTa erovnul nakrebs msoflio Gempionis oqros medali moutana.180 ruseTi mcdelobas ar aklebs moizidos turistebi afxazeTis kurortebze, rac miznad isaxavs afxazeTis mimarT ruseTisa da msoflios sxva qveynebis moqalaqeTa dainteresebis gazrdas. reklama ZiriTadad turistuli firmebis saitebze Tavsdeba. aRsaniSnavia rom aseTi firmebi, rogorc wesi, ruseTSia ganlagebuli. afxazeTSi moqmed ZiriTad turistul kompaniad iTvleba „rusalturi~, romlis ofisi moskovis centrSi mdebareobs. sainteresoa, rom ofisSi moqmedi saSvebis sistema rusuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebis Ginovnikebsac ki SeSurdebaT.181 savaWro niSani „rusalturi~ daarsebulia 1996 wels. Sps „apsnituri~ aris „rusalturis~ markis mflobeli da warmoadgens rusuli bazris dasvenebis organizebis liders afxazeTis respublikaSi. ruseTSi am kompaniasTan TanamSromlobs 2000-mde turistuli saagento, amitom afxazeTSi turis yidva TiTqmis yvela msurvels SeuZlia. kompanias aqvs yvelaze didi kvotebi afxazeTs sastumroebsa da pansionatebSi da turistebs sTavazobs dasvenebas afxazeTis kurortebze: gagra, biWvinTa, soxumi, axali aToni, gudauTa, miusera da a.S. kompania emsaxureba rogorc kerZo, ise korporatiul klientebs. igive rusalturs Semdeg gverdze detalurad aqvs aRwerili, rom ruseTis moqalaqeebsa da dsT-s moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT uvizod gadalaxon ruseT-afxazeTis sazRvari, saerTo sabaJo da sasazRvro Semowmebis Semdgom. ruseTis moqalaqeebs, aseve dsT-s moqalaqeebs (ukrainisa da tajikeTis garda) SeuZliaT sazRvargareTis pasportebTan erTad aseve ruseTis federaciis moqalaqis Sida pasportebic 180
http://www.allsportinfo.ru/index.php?id=32220
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http://www.abkhazia.ru/tours/
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gamoiyenon. 2009 wlis aprilidan ukrainisa da tajikeTis moqalaqe足 ebisaTvsi aucilebelia sazRvargareTis pasportebis qona. ucxoeTis moqalaqeebs aucileblad unda hqondeT ruseTis federaciis viza (orjeradi an mravaljeradi-ruseTis federaciaSi Sesvlisa da gasvlis) da afxazeTis vizebi. afxazeTis respublikis sakurorto mosakrebelis Sesaxeb 2006 wlis 25 ivlisis kanonis Tanaxmad sazRvargareTis moqalaqeebi afxazeTSi Gasvlisa da qveyanaSi dasvenebis mizniT 3 dRe-RamiT darGenis SemTxve足vaSi ixdian sakurorto mosakrebels 30 rublis odenobiT dasasvenebeli adgilis mixedviT.182 saitze aseve dawvrilebiTaa mocemuli afxazeTis sakurorto adgileb足Si dasvenebis fasebi. afxazeTis ZiriTad sakurorto qalaqebSi ivnisi-agvistos periodSi sastumros saSualo dRiuri fasi saSualod 1000-2600 rusul rublamde meryeobda (50-100$), bavSvi _ saSualod 600-1300 rubli (daaxloebiT 25-50$), ufro Zviri Rirda oTaxi kondicioneriT, televizoriT, macivriTa da aivniT 2500-6000 rublamde (100-220$). kerZo seqtorSi fasebi SedarebiT ufro dabalic iyo. miuxedavad arc Tu ise maRali fasebisa, afxazeTSi 2010 wels sakurorto sezoni Gavarda. Tu 2009 wels afxazeTSi 5000-mde turisti Gavida,183 2010 wels es ricxvi zogierTi sainformacio wyaros cnobiT 200-s ar aRemateboda. turistuli sezonis Gavardnis ZiriTad mizezad ruseT-afxazeTis sazRvarze gaWianurebuli formaluri procedurebi, afxazeTSi rTuli kriminogenuri situacia da samxedro teqnikis mozRvavebuli raodenobaa, rac arc Tu ise dadebiTad moqmedebs damsveneblis ganwyobaze, aseve damsveneblebi uGiodnen momsaxurebisa da kvebiT uzrunvelyofis dabal dones. yvelaze 182
http://abkhazia.ru/useful/
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http://www.rosbalt.ru/2010/07/21/755403.html
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didi sayvedurebi ki afxazeTis saxelmwifo sadazRvevo uwyebaze wamovida, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu pirovneba afxazeTSi 3 dRiT Gadis, igi ixdis dazRvevis gadasaxads 30 rublis odenobiT, xolo Tu sam dReze mets Gerdeba maSin _ 250 rubls, ojaxTan erTad dasvenebis SemTxvevaSi ki es Tanxa sakmaod izrdeba. Tumca afxazeTis oficialuri struqturebi saguldagulod cdiloben turistebis raodenobis gazviadebas. maTi mtkicebiT marto 2009 wels afxazeTSi milionamde turisti Gasula,184 rac afxazeTSi arsebuli dRevandeli infrastruqturis gaTvaliswinebiT yovelgvari fantaziis zRvarze metia. afxazeTis damoukideblobis popularizaciis mizniT, 2009 wels ruseTis federaciaSi „damoukidebeli afxazeTis respublikis~ safosto markebis pirveli seria gamoica. saxelmwifo kompania „afxaz kavSiris~ (“Абхазсвязь”) generaluri direqtoris eduard filias sityvebze dayrdnobiT sainformacio saagento iuwyeba, rom gamocemulTa Soris aris markebi me-8 saukuneSi afxazTa saxelmwifos gamosaxulebiT, romlis dedaqalaqic Turme „quTaisi _ dRevandeli samegrelo~ yofila!185 aseve daibeWda afxaz-abazgTa xalxebis mexuTe msoflio kongresis, afxazeTis gamarjvebisa da damoukideblobis 15 wlisadmi miZRvnili markebi. erT-erTi marka miZRvnilia ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebisadmi. filias gancxadebiT, marTalia afxazuri markebi jerjerobiT marto afxazeTis teritoriaze moZraobs, magram igegmeba ruseTis federaciis kavSirgabmulobis saministrosTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba, ris Sedegadac afxazuri markebis sazRvargareT mimoqcevisa da afxazeTSi werilebis mimosvlis problema erTianad moixsneba. amJamad es problema, filias ganmartebiT, gvardeba isev ruseTis daxmarebiT: afxazeTis moqalaqeebisaTvis gankuTvnili safosto gzavnilebi Gadis q. soWSi, sadac gaxsnilia specialuro safosto yuTi #1455. 184
http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/164334/;
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http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/stamps_abhazia
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kviraSi orjer afxazeTis kavSirgabmulobis TanamSromeli miemgzav reba soWSi da iqidan Gaaqvs werilebi afxazeTSi.186 okupirebuli teritoriis „aTvisebaSi~ ruseTis kavSirgabmulobis wvlili mxolod safosto markebiTa da werilebis mimosvliT ar Semoifargleba. 2009 wlis noemberidan daiwyo afxazeTis gadayvana ruseTis satelefono kodebze + 7 940 mobiluri kavSirisaTvis da + 7 840 stacionaruli telefonebisaTvis. satelefono numeraciac, rogorc ruseTis teritoriaze, Svidcifriani gaxda. 2010 wlis ianvrisaTvis aRniSnuli procesi dasrulda da afxazeTi mTlianad Gaewera ruseTis satelefono kodebis sistemaSi.187
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http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/stamps_abhazia
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http://www.interfax.ru/society/txt.asp?id=117518&sw=interfax&bd=17&bm=12&by= 2009&ed=17&em=1&ey=2010&secid=0&mp=0&p=46
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ganaTleba da mecniereba, rogorc „ruseTis rbili Zalis~ instrumenti Tengiz fxalaZe , nato baGiaSvili
mefis ruseTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi moskovze damokidebulebis sistema batonobda. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan am sistemam rRveva daiwyo. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg ruseTis federacia cdilobs daimkvidros postsabWoTa sivrcis ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo-samecniero centris statusi, magram moskovis politika am mimarTebiTac ideologiuri wnexisa da mouxeSavi biurokratiis GarGoebSia moqceuli, rac am sferoSi gaformebuli ormxrivi xelSekrulebebs ZiriTadad formalur xasiaTs aniWebs. saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federacias Soris saganmanaTleblo da samecniero sferoSi moqmedi xelSekrulebebia: 1. SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da ruseTis federaciis mTavrobas Soris samecniero-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb (1994 wlis 3 Tebervali); 2. SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da ruseTis federaciis mTavrobas Soris kulturis, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis dargSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb (1994 wlis 3 Tebervali); 3. SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministrosa da ruseTis federaciis ganaTlebis saministros Soris ganaTlebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb (2004 wlis 11 Tebervali).
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saswavlo procesi saqarTveloSi (okupirebuli teritoriebis gamoklebiT) mimdinareobs saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros mier damtkicebuli programiTa da saxelmZRvaneloebiT. rusul da qarTul-rusul skolebSi swavlebac am programiTa da saxelmZRva neloebiT xorcieldeba. radikalurad gansxvavebuli situaciaa okupirebul teritoriebze. afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi swavleba ruseTis ganaTlebis saministros programiTa da saxelmZRvaneloebiT mimdinareobs, romlebic srulad miesadageba oficialuri moskovis ideologias. rusul oficialur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ruseTis umaRles saswav leblebSi sabiujeto dafinansebiT swavlobs 600-mde qarTveli studenti da aspiranti188 (am SemTxvevaSiac aqcenti erovnebaze keTdeba da ara moqalaqeobriv kuTvnilebaze). es ZiriTadad ruseTSi qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebi arian. rac Seexeba saqarTvelodan oficialurad gagzavnil studentebs, saqarTvelos ganaT lebis saministros monacemebiT189 2005 wels ruseTis federaciaSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad 15 adamiani gaemgzavra, rac 2005 wels sazR vargareT swavlis gasagrZeleblad wasulTa saerTo raodenobis (sul 311 studenti) 4.8%-s Seadgens. 2006-2008 w.w. ruseTis fede raciaSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad arc erTi studenti ar gagzavnila. es statistika naTlad mowmobs, rom ruseTis agresiulma politikam saqarTvelos mimarT Tavisi asaxva ganaTlebis sferozec hpova. am mxriv mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis minis tris ramdenime brZaneba, romelTa saSualebiTac 2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegad dazaralebuli, ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovrebi an saswavleblad wasuli qarTveli axalgazrdebis dasaxmareblad ganxorcielda Semdegi programebi: 1. ,,2008 wlis 7 agvistomde ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovrebi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis saqarTvelos akreditebul umaRles 188
http://www.georgia.mid.ru/rg/rg_05.html
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http://mes.gov.ge/index.php?module=text&link_id=68&lang=geo
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saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi swavlis gagrZelebis uflebis mopovebis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2009 wlis 06 ianvris #2 brZaneba. mizani: 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTveloSi warmoebuli saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad dazaralebuli, ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovrebi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis saqarTvelos umaRles saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi integraciis xelSewyoba. programa moqmedebda 2009 wlis ivlisamde. aRniSnuli programis farglebSi saqarTvelos akreditebul umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi swavlis ufleba mieniWa ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovreb 43 saqarTvelos moqalaqes. 2. ,,saqarTvelos akreditebul umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis/saerTo samagistro gamocdebis gavlis gareSe akreditebuli programiT swavlis uflebis mqone abiturientebis/magistrantobis kandidatebis/studentebis mier dokumentebis wardgenis da ganxilvis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2009 wlis 04 seqtembris #725 brZaneba. mizani: ucxo qveynisa da ucxo qveyanaSi mcxovreb saqarTvelos moqalaqe abiturientTa xelSewyoba da studentTa mobiluroba. programis farglebSi, 2008 wlis 7 agvistos Semdeg saqarTvelos akreditebul umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi swavlis gagrZelebis ufleba mieniWa ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovreb 100-ze met qarTvel axalgazrdas. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros oficialuri informaciiT, saqarTveloSi amJamad 2300 zogadi saganmanaTleblo dawesebu足lebidan 409 aris araqarTulenovani (maT Soris, skolebi enob足rivi seqtorebiT da skolebi, sadac swavlebis ena aris mxolod rusuli/azerbai-
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januli/somxuri), saqarTveloSi moqmedebs 140 somxurenovani, 124 azerbaijanulenovani, 142 rusulenovani da 3 osurenovani skola. amJamad saqarTveloSi aris 14 skola sadac swavla mxolod rusul enaze mimdinareobs, maT Soris 12 saxel足mwifo da 2 kerZo. aRniSnuli monacemebi ar moicavs saqarTvelos okupirebul terito足 riebs. sanam uSualod aRniSnul regionebSi arsebul viTarebas SevexebodeT, mizanSewonilad gvesaxeba warmovaGinoT zogadad saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis mokle analizi da is SesaZleblobebi, romelic gaaGnia araqarTulenovan mosaxleobas ganaTlebis misaRebad. saqarTvelos mravalerovani saxelmwifoa. statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier 2002 wels Gatarebuli aRweris monacemebis mixedviT mudmivi mosaxleobis ganawileba, okupirebuli teritoriebis monacemebis gareSe. calkeuli erovnebebis mixedviT Semdegnairia:190 sul mosaxleoba - 4371535 maT Soris: - 3661173 qarTveli azerbaijaneli - 284761 somexi - 248929 rusi - 67671 osi - 38028 afxazi - 3527 iezidi - 18329 berZeni - 15166 qisti - 7110 ukraineli - 7039 germaneli - 651
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TaTari - 455 belorusi - 542 Turqi (osmani) - 441 poloneli - 870 qurTi - 2514 GeGeni - 1271 moldoveli - 864 ebraeli - 3772 boSa - 472 asirieli - 3299 sxva - 4651
http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/census/2002/I%20tomi%20%20saqarTvelos%20mosaxleobis%202002%20wlis%20pirveli%20erovnuli%20sayov elTao%20aRweris%20Sedegebi.pdf
warmodgenili cxrilidan aSkarad Gans, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTveloSi, rogorc mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi, araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis ganaTlebis sakiTxebs.
sk o la m de l i g an aT le b a
2009 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris #188-e brZanebiT daamtkicda qarTuli enis programa, romlis farglebSiac saministrom 2009 wlidan daiwyo qveprogramis, `skolam足deli ganaTlebis safexurze qarTuli enis swavlis xelSewyoba araqarTulenovan regionebSi~ ganxorcieleba. qveprogramis mizania araqarTulenovan regionebSi qarTuli enis codnis donis amaRleba skolamdel asakSi bavSvebisaTvis xarisxiani saganmanaTleblo prog足 ramis miwodebis gziT. qveprogramis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi191 SerGeuli eqvsi sajaro skolis bazaze skolamdeli ganaTlebis centrebis mowyoba, centrebisaTvis maswavleblebisa da bavSvebis saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocema, saTanado inventarisa da saswavlo TvalsaGinoebebis Sesyidva. garda amisa, gansazRvrulia mSobelTa ganaTlebis saxelmZRva足-nelos SemuSaveba, romelic iTargmneba da gamoicema azerbaijanul da somxur enebze.
zo g ad i g an aT le b a
araqarTulenovani skolebis saxelmZRvaneloebiT uzrunvelyofa
saqarTvelos zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemis gardaqmnisa da ganmtkicebis procesis farglebSi saqarTveloSi Seiqmna axali saswavlo gegmebi da maT safuZvelze _ axali saxelmZRvaneloebi. axal 191 orive regioni warmoadgens saqarTvelos azerbaijanuli da somxuri mosaxleobis kompaqturad dasaxlebis adgilebs.
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saswavlo gegmebsa da saxelmZRvaneloebs saqarTvelos araqarTulenovani skolebic iReben (maT Soris azerbaijanul, rusul da somxur enebze). saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom 2005 wels pirvelad araqarTulenovani saxelmwifo zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisTvis daiwyo qarTuli saganmanaTleblo standartis Sesa bamisi saxelmZRvaneloebis masStaburad Sesyidva. qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, standartebis implimentaciisa Tvis saWiro gaxda qarTuli enis axali tipis saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba, romelic meore enis swavlebis meTodikas da sakomunikacio enis swavlebis principze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. Sesabamisad, 2005-2006 wlebSi Seiqmna am tipis saxelmZRvanelos _ „TavTavis~ I da II nawili, romelic daefuZna enis flobis doneebis ganmsazRvrel kriteriumebs, momzadebuls evropis sabWos programis „evropuli enis portfoliosa~ da „ucxo enis swavlis, swavlebisa da Sefasebis erTiani evropuli sarekomendacio GarGos~ farglebSi. „TavTavis~ I nawili Sedgeba moswavlis wignis, savarjiSoebis wignisa da maswavleblis wignisagan, xolo II nawili _ moswavlis wignis, savarjiSoebis wignis, maswavleblis wignis da portfoliosagan. 2007 wels gan xorcielda „TavTavis~ III donis kompleqtis momzadeba da danergva, rac moicavda avtorTa koleqtivis mier saxelmZRvanelos momzadebas (moswavlis wigni, savarjiSoebis rveuli, maswavleblis wigni) da dabeWdvas. saxelmZRvanelo „TavTavis~ samive donis kompleqti usasyidlod daurigda yvela araqarTulenovan (maT Soris rusul enovan) skolas. garda amisa, saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis saxelmZRva neloebi 100%-iT miiRo yvela me-5 klaselma. amave sagnebSi saxel mZRvaneloebi miiRes araqarTulenovani skolebis VI-XI klaselebmac. 2008 wlis ganxorcielebuli aqtivobebis statistikuri monacemebi aseTia:
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2008 wels, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom qvemo qarTlis 7 raionis (bolnisi, TeTriwyaro, walka, gardabani, marneuli, dmanisi, rusTavi) skolas dauriga 34 438 saskolo saxelmZRvanelo. amave wels samcxe-javaxeTis 6 raionis (borjomi, ninowminda, axalqalaqi, axalcixe, adigeni, aspinZa) skolebs daurigda 16 883 erTeuli saskolo saxelmZRvanelo. 2008 wels erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris mier qvemo qarTlis skolebSi 7290 saxelmZRvanelo, xolo samcxejavaxeTis skolebSi 4497 saxelmZRvanelo darigda (qarTuli ena, maTematika, biologia, musika, xelovneba da ucxo enebi). 2008 wels „araqarTulenovan skolebSi saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis programis~ farglebSi saqarTvelos yvela araqarTulenovani skolis meoreklasel moswavles ufasod daurigda me-2 klasis qarTuli enis saxelmZRvanelo „SeviswavloT qarTuli ena~. programis farglebSi sul SeZenil iqna 7000 wigni. „araqarTulenovani seqtorebis moswavleTa saxelmZRvaneloebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobesebis qveprogramis~ farglebSi 2009 wels uzrunvelyofil iqna yvela araqarTulenovani skolisa da seqtoris 6025 me-3 klasis moswavlisaTvis (maT Soris 1888 rusulenovani moswavle) „qarTuli, rogorc meore ena~ saxelmZRvanelos darigeba. saskolo grantebis programis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centrma moamzada „proeqtis mosamzadebeli saxelmZRvanelo~ da skolebs GautardaT treningebi, Tu rogor unda SeeqmnaT „skolis gaumjobesebis proeqtebi~. saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros da maswavleb lebis profesiuli ganviTarebis centris mier ganxorcielda programa „araqarTulenovani skolebis qarTuli enis maswavlebelTa gadamzadeba~. am droisaTvis gadamzadebul iqna araqarTulenovani skolebis qarTuli enis 250 maswavlebeli.
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2009 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro da maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri axorcielebs or programas: 1) „kvalificiuri qarTuli enis specialistebi eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebis skolebSi~ da, 2) „viswavloT da vaswavloT qarTuli~. programa „kvalificiuri qarTuli enis specialistebi eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebis skolebSi~ aris saxelmwifo programa, romelic gulisxmobs eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi qarTuli enisa da literaturis profesional maswavleblebs daeniSnoT maRali xelfasi. konkursis Sedegad SeirGeva maswavleblebi, romlebic floben adgilobrivi mosaxleobis enas da SeuZliaT maRal doneze aswavlon qarTuli ena da literatura. SerGevisas prioriteti mieniWeba adgilobriv specialistebs da ukve moqmed qarTuli enis maswavleblebs. konkursis wesiT SerGeul specialistebs, romlebic akmayofileben winaswar gansazRvrul sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs, maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris mier GautardebaT Sesabamisi treningi da gauformdebaT xelSekruleba. xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, garda moswavleebis swavlebisa, maswavleblebi moamzadeben maTi an/da mimdebare skolebis qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblebs. centris mier Gatarebuli treningis dasrulebisas SeirGeva 10 saukeTeso maswavlebeli, romlebic imuSaveben trenerebad. dana rGeni SerGeuli 40 maswavleblisagan gansxvavebiT, isini moicaven regionis yvela qarTulis Seswavlis msurvel maswavlebels. maswavleblebis da trenerebis movaleoba iqneba skolaSi sxvadasxva aqtivobebis dagegmva/ganxorcieleba, TavianT TemSi garemos gaaqtiureba, qarTuli enis klubebis Seqmna, romlebSic moewyoba qarTuli enis saRamoebi/konkursebi. am RonisZiebebSi GarTuli iqnebian ara marto maswavleblebi da moswavleeebi, aramed mSoblebic. programa „viswavloT da vaswavloT qarTuli~ iTvaliswinebs, yvela eTnikuri umciresoebis qarTuli enis da literaturis mas-
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wavleblis trenings da profesiul ganviTarebas. imisaTvis, rom virtualuri sivrce xelmisawvdomi iyos enobriv umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebisaTvis, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro axorcielebs specialur programebs. saganmanaTleblo reformis farglebSi erT-erT aseT warmatebul proeqtad iTvleba saqarTvelos skolebis kompiuterizaciis programa „irmis naxtomi~. programa 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos yvela zogadsaganmanaTleblo saswavlo dawesebulebas, maT Soris araqarTulenovan skolebs, uzrunvelyofs kompiuteruli teqnikiTa da internetis momsaxurebiT, moaxdens informaciuli teqnologiebis integrirebas saswavlo procesSi.
multilingvuri ganaTleba
2008 wels, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministroSi, euTos mxardaWeriT, SemuSavebul iqna politikis dokumenti da samoqmedo gegma (2009-2014) „erovnul umciresobaTa integracia multilingvuri ganaT lebis saSualebiT~. samoqmedo gegmis Sesabamisad, 2009 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris #185 brZanebiT damtkicda „multilingvuri swavlebis xelSewyobis programa~. programis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia multilingvuri swavlebis programebis pilotireba 40 araqarTulenovan (maT Soris 15 rusul- enovani) skolaSi. multilingvuri programebis ganxorcielebaze treningebi GautardaT ganaTlebis saministros TanamSrolebs, skolis direqtorebs, saganmanaTleblo resurscentrebis Tana mSromlebsa da maswavleblebs. aseve, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrSi mimdinareobs muSaoba multilingvuri swavlebis programebis nimuSebze zogadi ganaTlebis yvela safexurisaTvis. amave centris mier SemuSavdeba multilin- gvuri ganaTlebis saxelmZRvanelo da damatebiTi saswavlo masalebi, romlebic araqarTulenovan skolebs usasyidlod daurigdebaT.
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u m aR le s i g an aT le b i s x e lm i saw v d o m o b a
2008 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa da gamocdebis erovnuli centris erToblivi iniciativiT ganxorcielda sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos araqarTulenovan abiturientebs miecaT erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis mSobliur enaze Gabarebis SesaZlebloba (garda saxelmwifo enisa). „socialuri grantebis~ programis farglebSi saxelmwifo afinansebs im studentebs, vinc saSualo ganaTleba qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis araqarTulenovan skolebSi miiRo. TiToeuli regionidan 20 studenti finansdeba. saqarTvelos prezidentTan arsebul ganviTarebisa da reformebis fondi ucxoeTSi swavlebis dafinansebis programas sTavazobs erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebs. fondis dafinansebiT, 2007 wels biznes-administrirebis sabakalavro programaze ungreTsa da aSS-Si erovnuli umciresobis 7 wamomadgenli gaemgzavra. konkursis saSualebiT SeirGa 7 studenti 2008 welsac. saxelmwifo enis swavlebis gaZlierebis fonze mniSvnelovani iyo eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis mSobliuri enis swavlebis meTodikis ganaxlebac. daiwyo azerbaijanulis, rogorc mSobliuri enis, mxardaWeris programebi qvemo qarTlis araqarTulenovan skolebSi, saTanado standartebis momzadebiTa da pedagogebis treningebiT. am programis farglebSi treningi 500-mde pedagogma gaiara. 2006 wlidan erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris mier xdeba gazeT `dialogis~ gamocema, romelic skolis administracias, maswavleblebs, mSoblebs, moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs SekiTxvebiT mimarTon uSualod centris eqspertebs, gauziaron maT TavianTi xedvebi da miiRon maTgan pasuxebi.
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`araqarTulenovani seqtorebis moswavleTa saxelmZRvaneloebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobesebis qveprogramis~ (biujeti: 543,600 lari) farglebSi 2009 wels saqarTvelos araqarTulenovani sajaro skolebis 6025 mecxreklaseli uzrunvelyofil iqna saqarTvelos istoriis, geografiisa da samoqalaqo ganaTlebis saxelmZRva足 neloebiT TavianT mSobliur enaze (maT Soris 1888 rusulenovani moswavle). 2010 wels, zemoaRniSnuli qveprogramis farglebSi saministros mier uzrunvelyofili iqneba me-7, me-8, me-10, me-11, me-12 klasebis moswavleebisaTvis saqarTvelos istoriis da saqarTvelos geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebis darigeba (sul: 9440 rusulenovani moswavle). 2009 wels gamocdebis erovnuli centri saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTan erTad atarebs saskolo olimpiadebs qarTul, azerbaijanul, somxur da rusul enebze. erovnuli gamocdebis centri aseve uzrunvelyofs eqsternatis gamocdebisas testebis Targmnas azerbaijanul da somxur enebze. aseve, direqtorobis kandidatTa testirebisas gaTvaliswinebulia azerbaijanul, somxur da rusul enebze Targmanis uzrunvelyofa. 2009 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris brZanebiT damtkicda `umciresobaTa enis dacvis qveprograma~. qveprograma iTvaliswinebs Tbilisis me-11 sajaro skolaSi 2007-2008 saswavlo wels ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros dafinansebiT gaxsnili osuri sakvirao skolisaTvis dafinansebis gagrZelebas. Tbilisis me-11 sajaro skolis bazaze arsebuli osuri sakvirao skola xels Seuwyobs osuri enis Semswavleli sakvirao skolis tradiciis damkvidrebas, sadac osi bavSvebi (da sxva erovnebis dainteresebuli pirebi) Seiswavlian osur enas, maT kulturas, istorias, folklors, qarTul-osur literaturul urTierTobebs, qarTvel da kavkasiel xalxTan keTilmezoblur urTierTobebs, miTologias, ekologias, kavkasiur cekvebs da simReras. igive programa 2010 welsac grZeldeba.
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ru su l i sazo g ad o e b r i v - sa g an m an aT le blo o r g an i zac i e b i s m o Rv aw e o b a saq ar T v e lo S i
amJamad saqarTveloSi mravali rusuli sazogadoebriv-saganmanaT leblo da kulturuli organizacia moqmedebs. maTi umravlesobis mizania rusuli enisa da rusuli kulturis popularizacia. saqarT veloSi dRemde aqtiurad moRvaweoben rusi Tanamememuleebis kavSiri „otGizna~, saerTaSoriso kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri „russki klub~, fondi „russki mir~, saqarTvelos rusulenovani Jurnalistebis asociacia, saqarTvelos rus qalTa kavSiri „iaroslavna~. TiTeul am organizacias aqvs filialebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regoionSi an aerTianebs ramdenime organizacias. maga liTad rus TanamemamuleTa kavSir „otGizna~-Si Tavis mxriv Sedis 25-mde organizacia, romelTa Sorisac aris: saqarTveloSi rusuli saTvistomos saqvelmoqmedo-kulturuli da samecniero-saganmanaT leblo kavSiri „raduga~, kavSiri „slavianski dom~, puSkinistebis literaturul-poeturi gaerTiana „arioni~, saqarTveloSi rus axalgazrdaTa kavSiri, saerTaSoriso humanitarul-saqvelmoqmedo kavSiri „nadeJda~, pedagogTa kavSiri „ruskoe slovo~ da a.S. samwuxaroa, rom zogierTi am organizaciaTagani cdilobs saqarT veloSi arsebuli viTarebis araobieqturad asaxvas da xSirad imeorebs kremlis ritorikas. magaliTad organizacia „otGiznas~ 2009 wlis angariSSi miTiTebulia, rom saqarTveloSi rusuli ena idevneba da rom xorcieldeba rusuli enis, rusuli kulturisa da mTlianad rusuli faqtoris mizanmimarTuli gamodevna.192 Tumca igive organizacia Tavadve ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnul debulebas da igive angariSSi miuTiTebs, rom igi aqtiurad muSaobs da axorcielebs sakuTar proeqtebs. angariSis mixedviT, „otGiznam~ 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi 100-ze meti sxvadasxva saxis RonisZieba da aqtivoba ganaxorciela saqarTveloSi. misi ZiriTadi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo ruseTis federaciis TanamemamuleTa mxardaWeris saxelmwifo 192
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programis Sesasruleblad, aseve sazRvargareT macxovrebeli Tanamemamuleebis samSobloSi nebayoflobiT dabrunebis saxel mwifo programis Sesasruleblad. aqtivobebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs axalgazrda TanamemamuleebTan mudmivi kontaqtebi da erToblivi RonisZiebebi, rogorebicaa rusulenovan skolebs Soris „brein ringis mowyoba~, didi samamulo omis dResaswaulebis dros skolis moswavleebisaTvis samamulo omis Temaze Sexvedrebisa da eqskursiebis mowyoba, aseve meTodologiuri saqminoba _ rusulenovani skolebisa da moswavleebisaTvis ufaso meToduri da saswavlo literaturiT momarageba. amave wels oqtomber-noemberSi „otGiznam~ Gaatara olimpiada rusul enasa da literaturaSi, romelSic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxreebidan 600-mde bavSvma miiRo monawileoba. aseve konkursi „saukeTeso maswavlebeli~, kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi rusuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblebisaTvis (110 maswavlebelma gaiara kursebi). aseTi RonisZiebebis dafinansebiT da ganxorcilebis masStabebiT saqarTveloSi arsebuli bevri sazogadoebriv-politikuri organizacia ver daikvexnis, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom qveyanaSi sulac ar xdeba rusuli an rusulenovani organizaciebis Seviwroeba, an maTTvis xelovnuri barierebis Seqmna. amasve mowmobs rusulenovani kerZo skola „inteleqtis~ direqtoris orest pesGanenkos portal „sooteGestvennikebisaTvis~ micemuli interviu.193 sadac igi Jurnalistis dasmul kiTxvaze aRniSnavs, rom misi saswavlo dawesebuleba cnobili iyo, rogorc samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis jarebis skola #9, xolo Semdgom ruseTis saelGosTan arsebuli skola, saqarTvelodan ruseTis jarebis gasvlisa da Semdgom saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Sewyvetis gamo skola daxurvis saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoGnda, Tumca daxmarebis xeli am skolas isev saqarTvelos mxarem gauwoda. dRes igi funqcionierebs rogorc kerZo skola „inteleqti~, muSaobs saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros gacemuli licenziis safuZ193
http://www.russedina.ru/articul.php?aid=11389&pid=21
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velze. saswavlo programaSi Sedis yvela sagani, rac saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros mier damtkicebul yovelwliur erovnul gegmaSia gaTvaliswinebuli. Tumca inteviudan Gans, rom skolaSi iswavleba is programac, romelic xels Seuwyobs ruseTis federaciaSi swavlis gagrZelebis msurvel moqalaqeebs. interviuSi skolis direqtori gamoTqvams madlierebas saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mimarT da aseve isani-samgoris resurs-centris xelmZRvanelis mimarT, romlebic, misi TqmiT, yuradRebas ar akleben skolas da maqsimalurad exmarebian sakuTari SesaZleblobebis farglebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2009 wels skola „inteleqtis~ ramdenime warmatebul kursdamTavrebuls saqarTvelos prezidentis mier saGuqrad gadaeca kompiuteri.194 saqarTveloSi aseve funqcionirebs rusuli enis Semswavleli centrebi da tardeba olimpiadebi rusul enaSi moswavleTa Soris. amdenad, yovelgvari saubrebi rusuli enis devnasa da Seviwroebaze mxolod da mxolod araobieqturi suraTis SemqmnelTa, Tu damatebiTi grantebis mopovebis msurvelTa fantaziis nayofs warmoadgens da aranairi kavSiri arsebul realobasTan ar gaaGnia.
ok u p i r e bu l i t e r i t o r i e b i
sruliad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa saqarTvelos okupirebul teritoriebze. 1992-1993 wlebis konfliqtebis Semdgom afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi Tanamimdevrulad gadadioda ganaTlebis rusul standartebze.195 mas Semdgom afxazeTsa da samxerT oseTSi yvelaferi keTdeboda am regionebSi rusuli ganaTlebis sistemis danergvisa da 194
http://www.vestikavkaza.ru/articles/obshestvo/mif/636.html 10.04.2009
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adgilobrivi axalgazrdobis am procesebSi GarTvisaTvis. aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT muSaoba 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdgom sagrZnoblad gaaqtiurda. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eniWeba axalgazrdobis gagzavnas ruseTis umaRles saswavleblebSi, sadac isini specialobasTan erTad Sesabamis ideur-politikur „ganaTlebsac~ miiReben. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis momavali elitis gamozrda ruseTisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. rusuli “Soft Power”-is es instrumenti uzrunvelyofs okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis Semdgom loialurobas moskovis mimarT, amitomac, kremli arc Zalisxmevas da arc finansebs ar iSurebs aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT. 2008 wels afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis moqalaqeebisaTvis ruseTis umaRles saswavleblebSi Gasaricxad 70 adgili gamoyo, ris Sesa xebac moxseneba ruseTis federaciis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis kolegiis 2008 wlis 12 noemberis sxdomaze gaakeTa saministros da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis dargSi saerTaSriso TanamSromlobis departamentis Tavmjdomarem vladislav niGkovma. aRsaniSnavia, rom kolegiis sxdomis ganxilvis Tema iyo „dsT-s qveynebSi rusuli saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis ganviTarebisa da srulyofis, aseve rusuli erovnuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis ganviTarebis RonisZiebebi~. kolegias uZRveboda ruseTis ganaTlebisa da mecni erebis ministri andrei fursenko. amave sxdomaze moskovis m. v. lomonosovis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori viqtor sadovniGi gamovida winadadebiT, Seiqmnas specialuri uwyebaTSorisi komisia, romelic dakavebuli iqneba ruseTis saganmanaTleblo teqnologiebis ganviTarebisa da eqsportis xelSewyobis, aseve am mimarTulebiT mkafio erovnuli strategiis SemuSavebis sakiTxebiT. misi azriT, es xels Seuwyobs am mimarTulebiT momuSave yvela arsebuli uwyebis saqmianobis ukeT koordinirebas, romelTa Sorisacaa organizaciebi „roszarubeJcentr~ da fondi „russki mir~.196 196
http://www.edu.ru/fasi/mon-site/press/reliz/5027,print/С
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2009 wels ukve mxolod afxazeTis moqalaqeebisaTvis gamoyofil iqna 100 adgili ruseTis teritoriaze arsebul umaRles saswavleb lebSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazeTis „prezidentis~ pirad saitze ganTavsebuli informaciis mixedviT am wels mxolod 70 adgili iqna aTvisebuli, aqedan 27 teqnikuri da teqnologiebis aTvisebis specializaciiT, 12 _ jandacvis, 12 _ ekonomikisa da menejmentis mimarTulebiT da sxv. danarGenma ver Gaabares gamocdebi. 2010 wels afxazeTidan mxolod 57 abiturienti gaxda ruseTis umaRlesi saswavleblebis studenti. maTgan 14 iswavlis moskovis, 6 _ voroneJis, 6 _ rostovis, 3 _ sankt-peterburgis, aseve nalGikis, riazanis da samaris umaRles saswavleblebSi. studentebi daeuflebian Semdeg specialobebs: 18 _ samSeneblo da satransporto speci aloba, 5 _ kulturisa da xelovnebis mimarTulebiT, 8 _ samedicino, 5 _ ekonomikuri specialobiT, xolo 3 _ iurisprudenciis mimarTulebiT.197 afxazeTis de faqto mTavrobis vice-premieris leonid lakerbaias gancxadebiT, limitis mopoveba SeuZlia `afxazeTis respublikis~ nebismier moqalaqes, mTavari moTxovna ki is aris, rom mas afxazuri pasporti unda hqondes. Sesabamisi sabuTebis mogrovebis Semdgom (maT Soris, janmrTelobis cnoba, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba Sidsze testis monacemebi) limitis mopovebis msurvelebi Sesabamis gamocdebs Gaabareben. SesarGev komisias `afxazeTis respublikis ganaTlebis saministro~ Gamoayalibebs. Garicxvisas upiratesobiT afxazeTis omSi daRupulTa Svilebi, skolis medalosnebi da olimpiadebSi gamarjvebulebi isargebleben. sxva danarGen SemTxvevaSi abiturientebi Gveulebrivi konkursis wesiT SeirGevian. Garicxu lebi saerTo sacxovrebliT im SemTxvevaSi isargebleben, Tu aseTi piroba umaRles saswavlebels gaaGnia. afxazi studentebi, garda Gveulebrivi stipendiisa, yovelTviurad soxumis xelisuflebis mier 5 aTasi rublis odenobiT daniSnul stipendiasac miiReben. 197
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moskovis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo institutsa (МГИМО) da afxazeTis saxelmwifo universitets Soris 2009 wlis 4 seqtembers gaformda xelSekruleba „urTierTTanamSromlobisa da afxazeTSi diplomatiuri kadrebis momzadebis Sesaxeb~. am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, yovelTve saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi moskovis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo institutis profesorebi leqciebs waukiTxaven afxaz studentebs rogorc saerTaSoriso urTi erTobebis, aseve iuridiul da ekonomikur fakultetebze. rac Seexeba samxreT oseTs, 2009 wels gamoyofili iyo 200 adgili, magram, mxolod 150 abiturientma Seitana sabuTebi ruseTis umaRles saswavlebelebSi gamocdebis Gasabareblad. 2010 wels gamoiyo 172 adgili, aqedan aTvisebul iqna mxolod 117. 2010 wels aspiranturaSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad gamoiyo 26 adgili.198 paralelurad, ruseTis federaciaSi ara erTi RonisZieba imarTeba samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis sazogadoebriv-samecniero wreebisa da politikosTa monawileobiT. 2010 wlis TebervalSi, afxazeTis de faqto arGevnebis Semdgom, swored moskovis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo institutSi studentebTan da profesor-maswavleblebTan SexvedriT daiwyo sergei baRafSis `oficialuri viziti~ ruseTis federaciaSi.199 afxazeTis de faqto prezidentis oficialuri vizitebis nusxaSi aseve Sedioda Sexvedrebi ruseTis prezident dimitri medvedevTan, ruseTis premierministr vladimer putinTan, mis moadgile sergei ivanovTan, transportis ministr igor levitinTan. vizitis programa iTvaliswinebda ruseTsa da afxazeTs Soris samxedro, satransporto, sabanko, aseve ukanono migraciasTan brZolisa da sagangebo situaciaTa likvidaciisa da garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi sxvadasxva xelSekrulebebze xelmoweras. vizitis bolos sergei baRafSi ruseTis patriarq kirilsac Sexvda. 198
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mogvianebiT, ukve martSi (16.03.2010), amave vizitis gamoZaxili gaxda isev moskovis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo institutSi gamarTuli samecniero konferencia, romelic afxazeTis ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvlis 200 wlisTavs mieZRvna. konferenciis Tema iyo: `ruseTi-afxazeTi: megobrobisa da urTierTTanamSromlobis 200 weli~. konferecias eswrebodnen institutis proreqtori sergei bagaturovi, institutis profesor maswavleblebi, aseve moskovSi samuSao vizitiT myofi afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministri sergei Samba, romelmac waikiTxa moxseneba: „ruseTi da afxazeTi: istoria da Tanamedroveoba~.200 rogorc ityvian, komentari zedmetia! mefis ruseTis mier afxazeTis, iseve rogorc mTeli saqarTvelos, teritoriaze gatarebuli rusifikaciis politika, represiebi da afxazeTis mkvidri mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis iZulebiTi gadasaxlebis xelSewyoba (muhajiroba)201 namdvilad „sazeimod aRsaniSnavi~ faqtia! amave Sexvedraze sityviT gamovida ruseTis federaciis sagareo saqmeTa saministros dsT-s me-4 departamentis direqtori andrei kelini. romelmac SekrebilT amcno, Tu ra etapzea amJamad ruseTafxazeTis Tanamedrove urTierTobebi. man aRniSna, rom dRevandeli „saxelmwifoTSorisi urTierTobebi~ swrafad viTardeba, ukve xelmowerilia 34 xelSekruleba, male maTi ricxvi 50-s gadaaWarbebs. kelinma aRniSna, rom sagareo saqmeTa saministro axorcielebs koordinirebul muSaobas, asrulebs ra dimitri medvedevis davalebas samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis daxmarebis programis farglebSi. misi TqmiT, ZiriTadi aqcenti amJamad gadatanilia usafrTxoebis problemebis mogvarebaze, Semdgom ukve daiwyeba ekonomikuri progra mebis ganxorcieleba. aseve mimdinareobs aqtiuri muSaoba afxazeTis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mimarTulebiT, rac grZelvadiani sakiTxia. direqtoris TqmiT „sabWoTa kavSiris aRiarebasac mravali weli dasWirda!~202 verafers vityviT, udavod mravlismetyveli Sedarebaa! 200
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plenarul sxdomas aseve eswrebodnen `afxazeTis elGi~ ruseTis federaciaSi igor axba, `samxreT oseTis elGi~ ruseTis federaciaSi dimitri medoevi, ruseTis sazogadoebisa da afxazeTis diasporis warmomadgenlebi. konferenciaze sityviT gamovidnen rusi istorikosebi, eTnografebi, politologebi: aleqsandr krilovi, ana broito, aleqsandr skakovi, lubov soloviova, aleqsandr kadirbaevi. afxazeTis humanitaruli kvlevebis institutis direqtori vasili aviZba, afxazeTis saxelmwifo universitetis arqeologiis, istoriisa da eTnografiis kaTedris gamge antonina xaSba, eTnologi Teimuraz aGuRba, aseve afxaz-abazgTa xalxis msoflio kongresis prezidenti taras samba, mwerali denis GaGxalia. monawileTa moxsenebebi calke broSurad gamoica. xSiria ruseTis samecniero wreebis warmomadgelobiTi vizitebi afxazeTSi da erToblivi konferenciebis mowyoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi araerTi „saerTSoriso konferenciad~ da „saerTSoriso simpoziumad~ Seracxuli RonisZieba imarTeba. aq principSi gasakviri araferia, garda im erTaderTi gamonaklisisa, rom yvela aseTi „saerTaSoriso~ RonisZiebis erTaderTi stumari ruseTis federaciaa. 2008 wlis 22-26 seqtembers 110-ze metma rusma mecnierma monawile oba miiRo biWvinTis me-4 saerTaSoriso konferenciaSi „sainformacio teqnologiebi mecnierebas, teqnikasa da ganaTlebaSi~. aRniSnul RonisZiebas organizebas uwevdnen ruseTis federaciis proxorovis saxelobis sainJinro mecnierebaTa akademia, ruseTis federaciis federaluri kosmosuri saagento, ruseTis federaciis Tavdacvis saministros samxedro topografiuli sammarTvelo, ruseTis federaciis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros moskovis instituti, moskovis eleqtro teqnikis energetikuli instituti, afxazeTis saxelmwifo universiteti da soxumis fiziko-teqnikuri instituti.203 203
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es RonisZieba ki namdvilad imsaxurebs yuradRebas. saqme isaa rom 2010 wlis maisSi ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma sergei lavrovma ruseTis federaciis prezidents, dimitri medvedevs warudgina „sagareo-politikuri faqtorebis sistemur safuZvelze efeqturi gamoyenebis programa ruseTis federaciis grZelvadiani ganviTarebisaTvis~ (ПРОГРАММА ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ НА СИСТЕМНОЙ ОСНОВЕ ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ В ЦЕЛЯХ ДОЛГОСРОЧНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ). aRniSnuli dokumentis erT-erT punqtSi miTiTebulia, rom saWiroa erToblivi rusul-afxazuri sawarmos “era-sfti”-is Seqmnis xelSewyoba, „rosatomis~ monawileobiTa da soxumis fizika-teqnikuri institutis bazaze, 2010 wels multisilikonuri plastinebis maRalteqnologiuri warmoebis gaSvebisaTvis, romelic aucilebelia ekologiurad sufTa energiis warmoebisaTvis.
vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli sruliad naTels xdis konferenciis namd vil mizans. aseve niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnuli programa gamoqveynebuli iyo rusul JurnalSi “Newsweek”, magram ukanasknel periodSi gaqra (!) internet-saitebidan. amitomac zemoxsenebuli citatis originals mkiTxvels vTavazobT nabeWdi saxiT: “Оказывать содействие созданному с участием Росатома на базе Сухумского физикотехнического института совместному российско-абхазскому предприятию ООО «ЭРА-СФТИ» с целью запуска в 2010 году высокотехнологичного производства мультикремниевых пластин, необходимых для создания экологически чистых источников энергии.”
ruseTi yvelanairad cdilobs rac SeiZleba male moaxdinos afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis calke saxelmwifoebad warmoGena. am mizniT ruseTis geodeziisa da kartografiis federalurma saagentom gamosca rukebi, sadac afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi gamoxatulia saqarTvelosagan gansxavebuli ferebiT, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, xolo dedaqalaqebad aRniSnulia „suxum~ (Сухум) da
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„cxinval~ (Цхинвал).204 aseTive rukebis gamocema dagegmilia momavalSiac, sadac afxazeTisa da oseTis teritoriaze arsebul ZirZvel qarTul soflebs saxelebi eqnebaT Secvlili osuri da afxazuri SesatyvisebiT. axal rukebSi zemoxsenebuli „damoukidebeli qveynebis~ saxelmwifo sazRvari gamoixatul iqneba 1991 wlis sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periodisaTvis am respublikebis administraciuli sazRvrebis mixedviT.205
ok u p i r e bu l i t e r i t o r i e bze ar se bu l zo g ad sa g an m an aT le blo sk o le b S i S e q m n i l i v i T ar e b a
okupirebul teritoriebze saSualo ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT kremls gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvs. afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTis teritoriaze swavleba ruseTis ganaTlebis saministros programiTa da saxelmZRvaneloebiT mimdinareobs, rac srulad miesadageba oficialuri moskovis ideologias. 2008 wlis 18 agvistos, samxreT oseTis „damoukideblobis~ aRiarebamde 8 dRiT adre, ruseTis premierTan, vladimer putinTan gamarTul TaTbirze ganaTlebis ministrma fursenkom ganacxada, rom ruseTs SeuZlia gaaumjobesos ganaTlebis xarisxi samxreT oseTSi, Tuki moxdeba samxreT oseTis GarTva ruseTis nacionalur proeqtebSi. razedac vladimer putinma Tanxmoba ganacxada. amrigad, samxreT oseTis ganaTlebis sistema mTlianad aRmoGnda GarTuli ruseTis ganaTlebis nacionalur proeqtSi.206
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afxazeTSi oficialuri monacemebiT, galis raionis gareSe, aRiricxeba 25 840 moswavle. funqcionirebs 63 afxazuri, 51 rusuli, 39 somxuri da erTi rusul-somxuri skola.207 afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi rusul enas saxelmwifo statusi aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare misi swavla yvela zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi savaldebuloa. media mauwyebloba orive regionSi ZiriTadad rusul enaze xorcieldeba, rusul telearxebs srulad aqvT aTvisebuli saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebi. garda amisa, dRevandeli moswavleebis ZiriTad samomavlo perspeqtivas ruseTis federaciaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba warmoadgens. rac Seexeba dasaqmebas, aqac ZiriTadad rusuli kompaniebi arian warmodgenilni. Sesabamisad moTxovnileba rusuli enis Seswavlaze mosaxleobaSi sakmaod maRalia da moswavleTa umravlesoba rusul ganaTlebas etaneba. garda amisa, ar arsebobis sxvadasxva sagnebis afxazur da osur enebze swavlebis programebi da rac yvelaze mTavaria, ar arseboben afxazuri da osurenovani specialistebi, romlebic SeZleben moswavleTa srulfasovan aRzrdas. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis ganaTlebis sistemebis rusuli patronaJis qveS moqceva mxolod rusuli enis swavlebiT ar Semoifargleba. yvela sagani Seiswavleba rusul enaze da, ZiriTadad, ruseTis federaciis ganaTlebis saministros mier damtkicebuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT. faqtobrivad aranairi yuradReba ar eqceva afxazur da osur enebs da maTi swavlebis done realurad fakultaturs gautolda. marTalia, okupirebuli teritoriebis de faqto mTavrobebi xmamaRla xazs usvamen zrunvas erovnul TviTmyofadobasa da mSobliuri enis statusze, magram arsebuli realoba radikalurad gansxvavdeba deklarirebuli kursisagan. magaliTisaTvis aRvniSnavT Tundac im faqts, rom afxazeTis 2009 wlis biujeti Seadgenda _ 3 mlrd. 874 mln 44 aTas rusul rubls. aqedan: social-kulturuli 207
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RonisZiebebi (raSic ZiriTadad ruseTis federaciidan Gamosuli stumrebis miReba da maTi monawilebiT koncertebis gamarTva igulisxmeba) _ 743, 263 mln rubli, ganaTleba da profesiuli kadrebis momzadeba _ 401 mln. rubli, xolo afxazuri enis ganviTarebis programa _ 13,63 mln rubli. samxreT oseTisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi Riad mimarTavda oficialur moskovs TxovniT, mieRo ruseTis federaciis Semadgenel nawilad, afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi TviTmyofadobis idea gacilebiT ufro Zlieria. aseve SedarebiT Zlieria samoqalaqo sazogadoebac, romelic dRes realur problemad Tvlis afxazeTis ruseTTan asimilacias da afxazebis rusifikacias.208 aqedan gamomdinare, afxazeTSi arsebuli de faqto xelisufleba iZulebulia gaiTvaliswinos mosaxleobis ganwyobebi da erovnul TviTmyofadobaze zrunvis iluzia mainc Seqmnas. magram es yovelive imdenad xelovnuria, rom zog SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso komediadac ki gadaiqceoda, Tavis SinaarsiT tragedia rom ar iyos. ase magaliTad, sergei baRafSma 2010 weli afxazuri enis wlad gamoacxada da arGevnebis win Tavadac daiwyo afxazurSi mecadineoba, radgan prezidentobis kandidatad dasaregistrireblad soxumis cesko-Si adgilobrivi lingvisturi komisiis daskvna unda waredgina. afxazeTis „konstituciis~ Tanaxmad, afxazeTis prezidenti Tavisuflad unda flobdes saxelmwifo enas. lingvisturma komisiam prezident sergei baRafSsa da yofil vice-prezidents, raul xajimbas dadebiTi daskvna Semdegi formulirebiT misca: `radgan winasaarGevno kampaniis dros sergei baRafSma da raul xajimbam afxazuri enis kargi codna gamoamJRavnes, komisiam maTTvis gamocdis Gabarebis aucilebloba mizanSeuwonlad miiGnia.~ prezidentobis danarGeni kandidatebisTvis _ beslan buTbasTvis, zaur arZinbasTvis da vitali bganbasTvis ki gamocdis Gabareba aucilebeli, magram arcTu ise rTuli aRmoGnda. xuTkaciani lingvisturi komisia kandidatebs afxazuri teqstis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da wakiTxulis Sinaarsis moyolas sTxovda; amasTan, unda 208
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GarTuliyvnen dialogSi sxvadasxva Temebze da komisiis wevrTa kiTxvebisTvis epasuxaT. komisiis Tavmjdomare aleqsei kaslanZias gancxadebiT, `yvela kandidati Tavisuflad flobs saxelmwifo enas.~ kidev ufro „ukeTesi~ viTarebaa afxazeTis parlamentSi anu „erovnul krebaSi~. 2010 wlis pirveli ianvridan amoqmedda 2007 wels miRebuli kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac prezidentis oficialuri Sexvedrebi da parlamentis sxdomebi afxazur enaze unda gaimarTos.209 es amocana faqtiurad ganuxorcielebeli aRmoGnda, radgan arsebuli 35 `deputatidan~ mxolod ramdenime Tu flobs salaparako afxazurs, rom araferi vTqvaT literaturul afxazurze. magram am dabrkolebam „kanonmdeblebi~ ar SeaSina da maT saSvelad sinqronistebs mimarTes. 2010 wlis aprilSi pirveli `sxdoma~ gaimarTa sinqronuli TargmaniT _ rusulidan afxazurze da piriqiT. sakmaod rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoGnda Tarjimani, romelmac ver moaxerxa erTdroulad molaparake ramdenime deputatis sityvis Targmna; xolo zogierT replikebs, romlebsac sicili da azrTa gacvla-gamocvla axlda, Tarjimani ar Targmnida, radgan egona, rom kanonmdeblobasTan am replikebs kavSiri ar hqonda.210 yvelaze saintereso ki isaa, rom miuxedavad amdeni wvalebisa, saqmis warmoeba igive parlamentSi rusul enaze mimdinareobs da saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mxolod 2015 wels211 SeiZleba moxdes gadasvla afxazur enaze. Tuki, ra Tqma unda, momavali xuTi wlis Semdeg afxazuri enis specialistebis Tundac minimaluri raodenoba mainc iarsebebs afxazeTSi.
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Республика Абхазия, 08.04.2010, http://www.abkhaziya.org/news_detail. html?nid=25746
210 ix. gazeTi 24 saaTi 13.05.2010, http://24saati.ge/index.php/category/news/201005-13/6505
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ok u p i r e bu l t e r i t o r i e bze ar se bu l q ar T u l sk o le b S i S e q m n i l i v i T ar e b a
Tuki 2008 wlamde galis raionis qarTul skolebSi maswavlebelebi met-naklebad axerxebdnen qarTuli wignebiT swavlebas, ruseTis mier afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis Semdgom, viTareba gaci lebiT damZimda. 2009 wlidan galis raionis skolebSi ukve Seitanes axali wignebi _ afxazeTis geografia da istoria. bavSvebs ruseTis istoriasa da geografiasac aswavlian im saxelmZRvaneloebiT, romlebic moskovis meriam gadasca saGuqrad afxazeTis de faqto mTavrobas. am saxelmZRvaneloebSi, imdroindeli afxazeTis legitimuri mTavrobis ganaTlebis ministris aleqsandre aplakovis TqmiT, saSinlad aris gayalbebuli qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebi. 212 pedagogebs ki aiZuleben, rom swavleba rusul enaze awarmoon. savaldebulo saswavlo sagnebia: afxazuri ena, aseve afxazeTis istoria da geografia romlebic iswavleba rusul enaze.213 aseve iswavleba ruseTis istoria da ruseTis geografiac. 214 amaSi afxazeTis de faqto ganaTlebis saministro verafers cuds ver xedavs, radgan gali afxazeTis erT-erTi raionia da iq ganaTleba „saxelmwifo standartebs~ unda Seesabamebodes. galis raionSi 31 qarTuli skola funqcionirebs. afxazeTis de faqto mTavrobis oficialur wyaroebSi es ricxvi ukve Tormetamdea dayvanili.215 ra Tqma unda, ase ufro mosaxerxeblia, raodenobis SemcirebiT mcirdeba qarTuli skolebis daxurvis braldebis riskic, amitomac 20-mde skola, TiTqos arc yofila, ise gaqra oficialuri monacemebidan. aRniSnuli saswavlo dawesebulebebi mudmivi daZabulobisa da daxurvis muqaris qveS imyofeba, skolebSi rusifikaciis procesi mimdinareobs. qarTvel maswavleblebsa da 212
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http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/president/press/news/detail.php?ID=28054
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moswavleebs qarTul enaze swavlebasa da saubars ukrZalaven. xSiria skolebze Tavdasxmisa da daSinebis faqtebic. magaliTad, 2009 wlis 8 seqtembers galis raionis sofel nabakevSi arsebul #13 skolaSi, samxedro formaSi Gacmuli SeiaraRebuli pirebi SeiWrnen. incidentis mizezi qarTuli warwera gaxda, romliTac skolis administracia moswavleebs saswavlo wlis dawyebas ulocavda. pedagogebma scades, aexsnaT agresorebisaTvis, rom es qarTuli skola iyo da hqondaT ufleba, qarTulad misalmebodnen moswavleebs, rasac maTi mxridan yvirili da muqara mohyva. mogvianebiT, agresorebma Gamoglijes qarTuli warwera da mxolod amis Semdgom datoves skolis teritoria.216 2010 wlis 3 Tebervals galis raionis qarTuli da somxuri skolebi moinaxula euTos umaRlesma komisarma erovnuli umciresobebis sakiTxebSi knut bollebekma. mas Tan axlda afxazeTis de faqto ganaTlebis ministri indira vardania. amJamad qalbatonma vardaniam galis raionSi ukve 20 skolis arseboba „aRiara~, saidanac zogierTi qarTulic „yofila~.217 rac Seexeba euTos umaRles komisars, man ganacxada, rom kmayofilia im midgomiT, rasac somxuri skolebis mimarT iyenebs afxazeTis mTavroba, magram igives Tqma ar SeuZlia qarTul skolebTan mimarTebaSi. komisarma aseve aRniSna, rom, mas afiqrebs am skolebSi qarTul enaze ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleb lobis ararseboba.218 rac Seexeba axalgoris raions, agvistos omamde axalgorSi sami sajaro skola iyo _ ori qarTuli da erTi rusuli. amJamad, rogorc cnobilia, mxolod erTi qarTuli da erTic rusuli skola fun216
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qcionirebs, romlebic erT SenobaSia ganTavsebuli; 219 rusul skolaSi swavla ruseTis fedraciis mier damtkicebuli saswavlo gegmisa da saxelmZRvaneloebiT mimdinareobs, xolo qarTuli ena da literatura 2010-2011 wlebis saswavlo gegmidan amoiRes. qarTul skolaSi qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavleba formalurad SenarGunebulia, Tumca amisaTvis mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs saxelmZRvaneloebis TbilisSi SeZena da okupirebuli axalgoris raionis teritoriaze gadatana mouwevT.220
219
http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/2145300.html
220
http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/2145300.html
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„sazogadoebasTan dialogi~ da ruseTis „rbili Zala~ Tengiz fxalaZe , nana devdariani
2008 wlis samxedro agresiis Semdeg kremlisaTvis saqarTvelos sazogadoebasTan dialogi metad popularul Temad iqca. rogorc wina TavebSiac aRvniSneT, vladimer putinsa da dimitri medvedevs araerTxel ganucxadebiT sajarod qarTvel xalxTan megobruli kavSirebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi mravali rusuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciaa, romelTa miznebSic rusuli kulturis popularizacia da rusuli kulturis kerebis ganviTareba Sedis. TbilisSi funqcionirebs saerTaSoriso kulturul saganmanaTleblo kavSiri „russki klub~, prezidenti nikoloz svetnicki. aseve gamoicema yovelTviuri sazogadoebrivkulturuli Jurnali „ruski klub~. funqcionirebs griboedovis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo akademiuri rusuli dramatuli Teatri, romlis direqtoric igive nikoloz svetnickia da n.dumbaZis saxelobis centraluri sabavSvo Teatris bazaze arsebuli rusuli Tojinebis Teatri. sxva aqtiuri rusuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebidan, romlebic saqarTveloSi kulturuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebas emsaxu rebian aRsaniSnavia saqarTveloSi rusuli saTvistomos saqvelmo qmedo-kulturuli da samecniero-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri „raduga~, rusulenovani kulturis centri „iskra~, saqarTvelos rusulenovan JurnalistTa asociacia, rusulenovani kulturis centri „JemGuJina~, saqarTvelos rus qalTa kavSiri „iaroslavna~ da sxv. organizaciaTa saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebis warmoadgens kulturisa da lite raturis sferoSi Sexvedrebis, mrgvali magidebis mowyoba, literaturuli saRamoebis, speqtaklebisa da sxvadasxva RonisZiebebis Gatareba.
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wlebis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis federaciis teritoriazec qarTuli diasporis araerTi organizacia Gamoyalibda. maTi saqmianoba ZiriTadad mimarTulia eTnikuri TviTmyofadobis, kulturisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarGunebisa da socialur-humanitaruli sakiTxebis gadaWrisaken. garda amisa, jer kidev arsebobs wlebis ganmavlobaSi Gamoyalibebuli kavSirebi samecniero-akademiur wreebs, xelovnebis muSakebs, profesiul wreebs, sazogado moRvaweebsa da politikosebs Soris. yvela am resursis gamoyeneba marTlac SesaZlebelia or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebis mosagvareblad. magram, samwuxarod, „urTi erTobebis~ kremliseuli xedva, rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, orientirebulia mxolod sakuTari ambiciebisa da imperiuli zraxvebis realizaciisaken. amitomac, sazogadoebis keTili nebis Zalisxmeva moskovis mxridan sxva ideologiur platformas awydeba, rac „xalxTa Soris ndobis aRdgenis~ keTilSobilur da TavisTavad misasalmebel ideas GanasaxSive problemas uqnis da amaxinjebs. 2010 wlis 15 ivnisis gadawyvetilebiT saerTaSoriso rusul-qarTuli poeturi festivalis Sedegebis mixedviT rusulenovani mwerlebis saerTaSoriso federaciam daajildova Tavisi oficialuri warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi _ aleqsandre griboedovis saxelobis rusuli saxelmwifo akademiuri Teatris direqtori, saerTaSoriso kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiris `ruski klubis~ prezidenti nikolai sventicki, poeti da mTargmneli, qarTuli poeziis anTologiis Semdgeneli _ naTan baazovi, `literaturnaia gruzias~ redaqtori, kritikosi da mwerali zaza abzianiZe, poeti lia sturua, poeti daviT gulua. amave federaciam iubilesTan dakavSirebiT da msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarGunebasa da ganviTarebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis gamoGenili qarTveli mwerali, scenaristi da dramaturgi _ otia ioseliani daajildova ordeniT `kulturuli memkvidreoba~.221 221
http://rulit.org/announcements/
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am dajildovebebs didi aJiotaJi ar mohyolia, gansxvavebiT `saqarTvelos xalxTa kongresis~ damfuZneblis, moskovSi moRvawe qarTveli biznesmenis _ aleqsandre ebraliZis mier qarTveli poetebisa da kritikosebis daviT aRmaSeneblis premiebiT dajildoebisagan. es jildo ebraliZem Tavad dafuZna 2009 wels. Tu mis debulebas222 SevxedavT, igi „istoriul-literaturuli~ premiaa da uaRresad keTilSobilur miznebs emsaxureba: „sazogadoebrivi interesis gaRrmaveba saqarTvelos istoriis da istoriul Temaze Seqmnili literaturuli nawarmoebisadmi, Rvawlmosil mamuliSvilTa cxovrebis gaSuqeba da maTi rolis warmoGena.~ erTaderTi, ramac vnebaTaRelva da azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia, Tavad damfuZnebli, ruseTis moqalaqe da „qarTvel xalxTa msoflio kongresis~ prezidenti aleqsandre ebraliZea. rusul mediaSi araerTxel gasula informacia misi kriminaluri warsulis Sesaxeb.223 sazogadoebrivpolitikur asparezze ebraliZe oriode wlis win gamoGnda, rodesac 2009 wels sajarod ganacxada pretenzia saqarTvelos momaval prezidentobaze.224 misi organizacia TvalsaGino warmomadgenelia ukanasknel wlebSi ruseTSi Seqmnili im e.w. „sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebisa~, romlebic qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis aqtiuri ganxilviTa da xmamaRali politikuri xasiTis gancxadebebiT arian dakavebulni da romelTa ritorikac srul unisonSi JRers kremlis ideologTa ritorikasTan. gawyvetili diplomatiuri urTierTobebis fonze moskovi didi „gulisxmierebiT~ ekideba qarTvel politikosebTan dialogs. bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTSi ramdenime qarTveli politikuri lideris viziti ganxorcielda. vladimer putinTan Sexvedrisa da piradad saubris „gansakuTrebuli pativi~ mxolod or maTgans, nino burjanaZesa da zurab noRaidels xvdaT wilad. politikur moZrao-
222
http://premia-davit.congress-georgia.org/award/regulations/
223
http://criminalnaya.ru/publ/30-1-0-1360; http://www.rospres.com/corruption/2934/
224
http://lenta.ru/news/2009/05/15/ebralidze/
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basTan „samarTliani saqarTvelosaTvis~225 ruseTis saxelisuflebo partiam „edinnaia rossiam~ TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebac ki gaaforma.226 iyo dapirebebic, „borjomisa~ da qarTuli Rvinis rusul bazarze SesaZlo dabrunebis Sesaxeb, periodulobiT ixsneboda ruseTis sahaero sivrcec da qarTul aviakompania „airzenas~ eZleoda saSualeba Seesrulebina ramdenime Garteruli reisi ruseTis teritoriaze, Tumca es yovelive qarTuli mxaris araerTi Txovnisa da mimarTvis Semdeg ganxorcielda, xolo Tavad ruseTis mxridan sakiTxi imdenad iqna politizebuli, rom naklebad hgavda qveynebis urTierTobis gasaumjobeseblad gadadgul realur nabijebs. zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom rusul-qarTuli saxalxo diplomatiis saSualebebi amJamad metad SezRudulia. kremlis mcdeloba, gamoiyenos sazogadoebis aqtivoba sakuTari zegavlenis gasaZliereblad damatebiT eWvebsa da undoblobas badebs oficialur TbilisSi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT uyurebs aseT iniciativebs da amitomac Sexvedrebi, rogorc wesi, saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT tardeba. „sazogadoebriv formatSi~, iseve rogorc oficialur doneze, ruseTi isev da isev saubrobs „axal realobaze~, 2008 wlis agvistos omis damnaSaved acxadebs saqarTvelos mxares da Tavad arc ki cdilobs Tundac odnavi pasuxismgeblobis aRebas. sainteresoa, ra tipis urTierTobebs gulisxmobs ruseTis oficiozi da rogor esaxebaT maT saqarTvelosTan megobruli kavSirebi „axali realobebis~ konteqstSi? upirveles yovlisa, saqme exeba saqarTvelos sagareo-politikur kurss, konkretulad ki mis swrafvas evroatlantikuri integraciisaken. am Temaze rusi eqspertebisa da politologebis mosazrebebi araerTxel iqna gamoqveynebuli, magram 225
http://justiceforgeorgia.ge/
226
http://www.edinros.ru/text.shtml?12/1426
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pirveli Ria gancxadeba oficialuri piris mier 2007 wlis TebervalSi gakeTda, rodesac moskovSi konsultaciebidan dabrunebulma ruseTis federaciis sagangebo da sruluflebianma elGma saqarTveloSi viaGeslav kovalenkom q.TbilisSi gamarTul pres-konferen ciaze ganacxada: ruseTs surs ixilos saqarTvelo damoukidebel, suverenul, neitralur saxelmwifod!227 saqarTvelos pirveli damoukidebeli republikis Seqmnis (1918 w.) Semdeg bolSevikuri moskovi daJinebiT iTxovda Tbilisisagan neitralitets da mxolod amis sanacvlod daTanxmda xeli moewera xelSekrulebisaTvis, romliTac saqarTvelos damoukideblobas aRiarebda. aseTi xelSekruleba 1920 wlis 7 maiss daido.228 misi gaformebidan ramdenime TveSi (1921 wlis 25 Tebervals) ruseTma saqarTvelos okupacia da aneqsia moaxdina. dRes moskovi aqtiurad saubrobs neitralitetze. iqmneba „konfliqtebis mogvarebisa~ da „keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Gamo yalibebis~ scenarebic. moskovis karnegis centris xelmZRvaneli dimitri trenini statiaSi „rogor SevurigdeT saqarTvelos~ aRniSnavs: afxazeTi ar dabrundeba saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, magram SeuZlia gacvalos teritoriebi damoukideblobis aRiarebaze. galis raioni, Tavis qarTuli mosaxleobiT, unda daubrundes saqarTvelos, samagierod ki Tbilisi aRiarebs afxazeTis damoukideblobas. aseTi daregulirebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis samxedro yofna afxazeTSi naklebad aqtualuri gaxdeba da SesaZlebeli gaxdeba misi raodenobis Semcireba. rac Seexeba samxreT oseTs, mas sicocxlisunarian saxelmwifod
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http://top.rbc.ru/politics/06/02/2007/95947.shtml
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http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ %D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81 %D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0 %BE%D1 %80_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%80%94_ %D0%93%D1%80%D1 %83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1920)
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Gamoyalibebis perspeqtiva ar gaaGnia. misi SeerTeba GrdiloeT oseTTan, ruseTis sazRvrebSi Tu mis sazRvrebs gareT, iqneba katastrofa. am problemis gadaWra SegviZlia vipovoT andoris modelSi. samxreT oseTi formalurad inarGunebs damoukideblobis atributebs _ dabeWdavs sakuTar fuls, markebs, aRmarTavs droSas, magram saqarTvelo, kanonier safuZvelze, iqneba warmodgenili samxreT oseTSi, rogorc iq arsebuli da momavalSi dabrunebuli qarTuli mosaxleobis garanti. aseTi yofna daicavs TviT saqarTvelos mis sakuTar dedaqalaqze samxedro Tavdasxmis safrTxisagan. ruseTi, aseT SemTxvevaSi gaiyvans Tavis jarebs rokis gvirabis iqiT, magram daitovebs osebis dacvis uflebas.229 Seqmnilia kidev sxva, msgavsi scenarebic. magram arsebobs erTi „patara problema~ _ ramdenad miiRebs yovelive amas saqarTvelos sazogadoeba? amitomac moskovi cdilobs Seqmnas „sasurveli sazogadoebrivi azri~ da am mizniT „xalxTaSorisi dialogis~ ideis gamoyenebas cdilobs. aseT dialogs ideologiuri platforma sWirdeba, romelic ruseTs mimzidvel partniorad aqcevs. aq ki moskovi seriozul problemas awydeba. rusi eqsperti viaGeslav nikonovi aRniSnavs, rom ruseTs `rbilis Zalis~ gamovlenis erTob SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs. pirvel rigSi, ruseTs ara aqvs ideologia, romelsac SesTavazebda msoflios. finansuri saSualebani mas dasavleTze asjer, an aTasjer ufro naklebi aqvs. ruseTs aqvs garkveuli saSualebani globaluri mediis gamosayeneblad, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ZiriTadad globaluri media ruseTis winaaRmdeg muSaobs, es sakmaod rTulia. Tavad rusuli globaluri media saSualebani ki Ganasaxobriv mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. meores mxriv, mxolod globaluri media verafers gadawyvets _ saWiroa sakuTari faseulobiTi orientirebis Gamoyalibebis unari, rac rusul biurokratias ara aqvs. nikonovi xazs usvams im upiratesobas, rac, misi azriT, ruseTs udavod gaaGnia _ diadi kultura.230 229
http://www.carnegie.ru/publications/?fa=41404
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http://www.russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Komponentov-myagkoj-sily-u-Rossiinemnogo130
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Tu mTel danarGen msoflios Tavs davanebebT da saqarTveloze movaxdenT fokusirebas, sakmaod saintereso suraTs miviRebT; `ideologiis arqona~ metad zogadi daxasiaTebaa. sinamdvileSi, komunisturi ideologiis gardacvalebis Semdeg yvelaze Rrmad liberalizmSi (misi maxinji gamovlinebebis GaTvliT) swored ruseTi gadaeSva. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTSi ar wydeba `meoTxe ideologiis~ Ziebani (iqneba es Serbilebuli komunisturi, `liberaluri imperiis~, Tu e.w. `evraziuri~ ideologia). verc erTi maTgani ver iqneba damakmayofilebeli qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis, vinaidan met-naklebobiT Seicavs rusuli imperiis aRdgenis miswrafebas adrindel sazRvrebSi. 2008 wlis omis Semdeg am sakiTxebze saubari TiTqmis absurdis xasiaTs iZens. warmoudgenelia imgvari ideologiis Seqmna, romelic momxiblavs gaxdis teritoriebis 20%-is wamrTmevs. Tu mivubrundebiT im upiratesobas, romelzec nikonovi uTiTebs, _ rusul kulturas, aqac saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi did Sedegs ar unda velodeT; saqarTvelo samarTlianad amayobs ufro Zveli da maRali kulturiT (rac sulac ar niSnavs, magaliTad, puSkinis, tolstois, dostoevskis, Gexovisa da sxvaTa ugulebelyofas). cxadia, saerTo kulturuli tradicia Zalzed mniSvnelovania, magram Tu gaviTvalis足 winebT, rom Tanamedrove rusuli mas-kultura amerikul modelze gadaewyo, arGevani originalze gakeTdeba da ara mis aslze. rGeba klasikuri (an sabWoTa) kulturuli memkvidreoba, magram igi pirTa mcire wres moicavs, xolo mcirericxovan jgufebs Soris dialogs saerTo viTarebaze gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia da arc saTanado sainformacio uzrunvelyofa aqvs.
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daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi
“Soft Power”-is
rusuli modeli Rirebulebebs moklebuli politikuri instrumentia, romelic jer kidev ganviTarebis stadiaSi imyofeba. Tumca es procesi mimarTulia ara faseulobaTa sistemis Seqmnisaken, aramed arsebuli politikuri interesebis SeniRbvis teqnologiebis daxvewisaken. amisaTvis moskovi iyenebs sagareo politikis e.w. „humanitarul mimarTulebas~, romlis Semadgenel nawilebsac kultura, ganaTleba, mecniereba, TanamemamuleTa dacvis politika, sakonsulo saqmianoba da media warmoadgens. maTi gamoyenebiT ruseTi cdilobs saqarTveloSi misTvis sasurveli sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnas, raTa gaadvilos sakuTari Ganafiqris realizacia _ gaaZlieros sakuTari zegavlena regionSi da samxreT kavkasia aqcios sakuTari „privilegirebuli intersebis~ de faqto zonad. sakuTari miznebisaTvis moskovi kvlavac ormagi standartebis politikas atarebs. magaliTad, saubrobs „istoriis gadaweris~ dauSveblobaze da realurad igives axorcielebs saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. kremlis ideologebi sakuTari SexedulebebiT „cvlian~ saqarTvelos istorias, toponimikas, oficialur dokumentebSi eWvqveS ayeneben qarTvelis, rogorc eris cnebas da yofen mas Tormet sxvadasxva, ararsebul erovnebad. moskovi saubrobs „TanamemamuleTa~ interesebis dacvaze, rodesac sakuTar teritoriaze awyobs represiebs maT mimarT da devnis moqalaqeebs nacionaluri niSnis mixedviT. igi arigebs pasportebs afxazeTSi da imavdroulad 50 000-mde afxazeTidan ltolvils, romelic TiTqmis 20 welia mis teritoriaze cxovrobs, yovelgvari mizezis gareSe uars eubneba statusisa da sabuTebis gaformebaze. sakuTari miznebisaTvis kremli mzadaa daarRvios rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi, aseve ruseTis federaciis kanonmdebloba. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritoriaze wlebis ganmavlobaSi moqmedi e.w. „sakonsuloebi~, iseve rogorc maT mier darigebuli pasportebi amis aSkara magaliTia.
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ruseTis „rbili Zalis~ politika sruliadac ar aris umtkivneulo. saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebze Gatarebulma eTno wmendebma dRes adgili „gamalebuli~ rusifikaciis politikas dauTmo, rac gadaSenebiT emuqreba am teritoriebis mosaxleobas, upirveles yovlisa ki afxazebs. pasportizacia, ganaTlebis sistemis rusul standartebze gadayvana, eklesiis kontroli, afxazuri enis gegmazomierad rusuliT Ganacvleba afxazuri eTnosis arsebobas, faqtobrivad, udidesi safrTxis winaSe ayenebs. sagulisxmoa, rom kremli TiTqmis ucvlelad axorcielebs mefis ruseTis droindel afxazeTis kolonizaciis gegmas. maSinac mTavar samiznes skola da eklesia warmoadgenda, romlebic mosaxleobaze zemoqmedebis yvelaze Zlieri RerZia. oris saukunis win, Tavis erTerT moxsenebaSi quTaisis samxedro gubernatori, general-maiori gerSelmani Gioda, rom maTi Secdoma iyo, rodesac dauSves qarTveli mRvdlebi afxazur mosaxleobaSi da qarTvel samRvdeloebas da maswavleblebs gadasces xelSi saxalxo ganaTlebis saqme. generali gerSelmani upatakebs xelmZRvanelobas mis mier am daSvebuli Secdo mis gamosasworeblad gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb, romelTa GamonaTvali Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: 1) wminda sinodis 1898 wlis 3 seqtembris brZanebiT ganisazRvra RvTismsaxurebisa da yvela qristianuli wesis afxazuri mosaxleobis mrevlSi slavur enaze Sesruleba; 2) saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodis kantoris 1898 wlis 17 martis brZanebiT aikrZala qarTuli enis swavleba afxazeTis da samurzayanos skolebSi; 3) gaixsnas soxumis mTielTa skola, umTavresad afxaz bavSvTa aRsazrdelad da maTTvis saxelmwifo stipendiebis gadasacemad, stavropolis gimnaziaSi;
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4) dawesdes saeparqio da administraciuli zedamxedveloba miTiTebuli gankargulebebis dasacavad RvTismsaxurebasa da saskolo swavlebasTan mimarTebaSi; 5) qarTvelebs SeezRudoT ZiriTadi mosaxleobis soflis sazogadoebebSi Gaweris ufleba, riTic 1865 wlamde Gasaxlebulni sargebloben; 6) ganxorcieldes soxumis olqis kolonizacia rusi xalxis mier; dabolos _ 7) Svidi megreli, romlebic monawileobdnen qarTul moZraobaSi wardgenili arian kavkasiidan gasaxlebaze.~ rogorc vxedavT, am mimarTebiT dResac bevri araferi Secvlila. kremlis Tanamedrove ideologiuri manqana igive meTodebiTa da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs SeaGvios okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleoba „sworad azrovnebas~. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom rusuli „rbili Zalis~ formireba dinamiurad ganviTarebadi procesia. mudmivad mimdinareobs misi „gamocda~ ruseTis mezobel saxelmwifoebSi. saqarTveloSi aprobirebulma „pasportizaciis~ teqnologiebma odnavi saxecvlilebiT sxva regionebSi iGines Tavi, magaliTad ukrainaSi (yirimSi) da moldovaSi (dnestripireTi), analogiurad xdeba baltiis saxel mwifoebSi gamocdili teqnologiebis saqarTveloSi gadmotana. samwuxarod, verc saqarTvelos xelisuflebam da verc saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam imTaviTve ver gansazRvra, Tu raoden did safrTxes warmoadgenda ruseTis mier saqarTveloSi (kerZod afxazeTisa da samreT oseTis teritoriaze) ganxorcielebuli pasportizaciis procesi da ra savalalo Sedegebamde SeeZlo mas qveynis miyvana, iseve rogorc „Tanamemamuleebis politika~ ar iqna aRqmuli, rogorc axali tipis safrTxe ruseTis mezobeli qveynebisaTvis. amJamad Sedegebi aSkaraa. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos teritoriaze
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arsebuli konfliqtis zonebi iqca kremlis agresiuli politikis erTgvar laboratoriad, sadac mimdinareobs moskovis mier momzadebuli „saSinao davalebebis~ gamocda da realizacia. amdenad, es procesi ufro da ufro saSiS formebsa da masStabebs iRebs, rasac saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier drouli reagireba da adekvaturi RonisZiebebis gatareba sWirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, avtorebs mizanSewonilad esaxebaT Semdegi rekomendaciebi:
ruseTis „TanamemamuleTa~ Tanamedrove politika iZleva imis seriozul safuZvels, rom aRniSnuli problemebi araerTxel iGens Tavs momavalSi axali simwvaviT. amitomac mizanSewonilad gvesaxeba am sakiTxebze TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba im qveynebTan, romlebic kremliseuli TanamemamuleTa politikis „pirveli rigis~ samizneebs warmoadgenen (mag.: ukraina, moldova, baltiis saxelmwifoebi). garda urTierTgamocdilebis gaziarebisa, erToblivi ZalisxmeviT ufro advili iqneba aRniSnuli problematikis ganxilva saerToevropuli usafrTxoebis kuTxiT;
Tavis droze saqarTvelom dauSva didi Secdoma, rodesac saSualeba misca ruseTs „Tanamemamuleebad~ gamoecxadebina afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTis regionebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba. saqarTvelos mTavrobis strategia okupirebuli teritoriebis mimarT „GaTuloba TanamSromlobis gziT~ erT-erTi realuri saSualebaa am Secdomis gamosasworeblad. okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleoba mxolod maSin igrZnobs Tavs saqarTvelos da ara ruseTis „Tanamemamuled~, rodesac realuri ndoba gauGndeba saqarTvelos sazogadoebis da aqedan gamomdinare saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mimarT. amitomac, sazogadoebis maqsimalurad farTo monawileoba strategiisa da misi „samoqmedo gegmiT~ gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa realizaciaSi maTi warmatebiT ganxorcielebis erT-erTi
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umniSvnelovanesi sawindaria. amdenad, qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri sazogadoebrivi dialogis grZelvadiani platformis Seqmna erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa;
aucilebelia rusuli ideologiuri centrebis muSaobis mavne Sedegebis ganeitraleba saqarTvelos Tanamedrove istoriaze Seqmnili Sromebisa da narkvevebis gamocemis mxardaWeriTa da waxalisebiT, maT Soris rusul enaze, radgan okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis, maT Soris axalgazrdobis, umravlesoba swored rusulenovania.
ruseTs kargad esmis, rom dasavleTi afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobas ar aRiarebs. amitomac, cdilobs nabij-nabij Seaguos im mosazrebas, rom es yvelaferi ukve Semdgari faqtia da radgan ruseTi ukan aRar daixevs, dasavleTisaTvis ajobebs momxdars Gumad Seeguos. amis Tavidan asacileblad saqarTvelom aqtiurad unda imuSaos, raTa dasavleTis sazogadoebrivma azrma sakuTar mTavrobebs am sakiTxis miGumaTebis saSualeba ar misces. saWiroa, Gvens partniorebs davanaxoT ruseTis politikis realuri saxe da misi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi okupirebul teritoriebze. ruseTis `axali realobebis~ Teoriebis sapasuxod da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi kremlis ideologTa ritorikis Sesasusteblad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas euTos buqarestisa da lisabonis samitebze miRebuli dadgenilebebi, sadac laparakia qarTvelTa eTnikur wmendaze afxazeTSi. am dadgenilebebs ruseTmac dauWira mxari, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi axla eTnikuri wmendis Sedegebis dakanonebasa da legitimacias cdilobs.
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs kiber safrTxeebisagan Tavdacvisa da sufTa sainformacio garemoze zrunvas. aqac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs TanamSromlobas iseT partniorebTan, rogoricaa magaliTad estoneTi. am qveynis gamocdilebis
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gaziareba udavod mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosaTvis. dasavleTis partnior saxelmwifoebTan erTad SesaZloa Seiqmnas erToblivi wvrTnebis meqanizmi kibersafrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom kiberusafrTxoebis sakiTxebi mniSvnelovan rols ikavebs NATOs axal strategiul koncefciaSi. am mimarTulebiT aliansTan TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis amocanaa;
informaciuli kulturis donis misaRwevad mizanSewonilad gvesaxeba informaciul sazogadoebasTan adaptaciis evropuli programis ganxorcieleba. sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoba informaciuli kulturis sakiTxebs eTnikuri da regionuli aspeqtebis gadasawyvetad;
mniSvnelovania ruseTis sazogadoebasTan dialogis Tema. am ideaze xelaRebiT uaris Tqma wamgebiani iqneba saqarTvelosaTvis. aucilebelia vifiqroT iseT formatze, romelic maqsimalurad Sedegis momtani iqneba qarTuli mxarisaTvis da Tundac erT konkretul sferoSi TanamSromlobis precendents Seqmnis (magaliTad ruseTis federaciaSi arsebul uflebaTadacviT organizaciebTan TanamSromloba).
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs qarTuli diaspora ruseTis federaciaSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu rogori zewolis qveS uxdebaT maT saqmianoba. qarTuli diaspora, iseve rogorc ruseTis mTeli mosaxleoba, imyofeba im sainformacio-ideologiur sivrceSi, saidanac uaRresad rTulia obieqturi suraTis danaxva. amitom, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs mozomil Sefasebebs diasporis misamarTiT da specialuri saxelmwifo programebis Seqmnas, romelic daexmareba ruseTis teritoriaze mcxovreb qarTvelebs sakuTari TviTmyofadobis SenarGunebasa da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb obieqturi informaciis miRebaSi.
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dabolos, rusuli “Soft Power”-is faqtoris gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi. riskebis Sefasebisas sagulisxmoa, rom es teqnologia iTvaliswinebs iseTi mgrZnobiare instrumentebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa religia, kultura, ganaTleba, sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba da a.S. amdenad kargad unda iqnas gamijnuli rusuli „rbili Zala~ da is kulturuli, saganmanaTleblo, religiuri da sxva saxis RonisZiebebi, romlebsac araviTari kavSiri ruseTis politikasTan ar gaaGniaT. SeuZlebelia „rbili Zalis~ akrZalva, misi zemoqmedebisagan saukeTeso prevencia obieqturi informaciis gavrceleba, sakuTari istoriul-kulturuli faseulobebisa da sulieri Rirebulebebis popularizacia da ganviTarebaa.
geopolitikuri kvlevebis saerTaSoriso centri 0105, Tbilisi, lermontovis q.#10 tel: +995 32 72 81 47; icgs@icgs.ge; icgs.geo@gmail.com; www.icgs.ge
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