Academic Research Paper - Urbanization Factors affecting Urban growth of Ahmedabad Metropolitan Area

Academic Research Paper

Urbanization Factors affecting Urban growth of Ahmedabad Metropolitan Area

By Pooja Mehta

List of Figures: Figure A. 1 Growth of Urban Population in India.................................................................................... 2 Figure A. 2 Bar Chart Shows the growth of total population & Urban Population................................. 2 Figure A. 3 Fishbone Diagram for study .................................................................................................. 5 Figure A. 4 Bar chart showing the Decadal growth of the city (Source: Census, Auda) ........................ 7 Figure A. 5 Map of Village Gamtal / Peripheral region of Ahmedabad Municipal boundary (AUDA, 2016) ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure A. 6 Map showing growth centers of AUDA (AUDA, 2016) ......................................................... 8 Figure A. 7 Map Showing the JANMARG network of Ahmedabad Municipal boundary (AUDA, 2016) . 8 Figure A. 8 Map showing the road network of Ahmedabad (AUDA, 2016) ............................................ 9 Figure A. 9 Vibrant Gujarat Summit at Ahmedabad (Source: http://vibrantgujarat.com/ ) ................... 10 Figure A. 10 Example of the Town planning scheme (Source: http://www.auda.org.in/TPScheme.aspx) ............................................................................................. 10 Figure A. 11 Map showing the fragmentation of Ahmeddabd metropolitan region (Source: Author) 11 Figure A. 12 Map showing the Local and national connection of Ahmedabad (Source: Author) ....... 12

List of Abbreviations: AMC – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AUA – Ahmedabad Urban Agglomeration AUDA – Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority CBD – Central Business District DFC – Dedicated Freight Corridor JNNURM – Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission NUTP – National Urban Transport Policy SEZ – Special Economic Zone SIR – Special Investment Region UN – United Nations

Urbanization factors affecting Urban growth of Ahmedabad Metropolitan area Pooja Mehta*, *

Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, MAHE, MIT Inside road, Eshwarnagar, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104

ABSTRACT

Urbanization is a Socio-Economic phenomenon because of the industrial, social, and economic transformation of the region. Each city of developing countries is in the phase of Urbanization with a sudden boom in urban population, spatial development, and economic growth—India rank number 2 in the list of countries by people as per UN mid-year data of 2020. There are various factors which directly or indirectly affect the growth of the urban agglomeration area. Ahmedabad is one of India's greatest urban regions, with a complete populace of 6.30 million, according to the 2011 registration. In 2016, Ahmedabad announced India's first World Heritage city with the most established history of 600 years. Post the Republic earthquake of 2001, Ahmedabad has seen many physical changes, and it has evolved also. This paper will discuss the factors/causes that impact and affect the Ahmedabad metropolitan area's spatial growth over time. This paper also critically analyzed the causes of urban development and discuss the outcomes from the same.

KEYWORDS: Urbanization, Ahmedabad, World Heritage city, transformation, metropolitan area

Introduction Urbanization is a word of the 21st century and a Socio-Economic phenomenon. It is a social transformation from traditional rural hamlets to modern community clusters with a longterm continuous process. Almost all developing country is in transitional mode, or one can say towards Urbanization. In India, majorly, all the cities are walking towards Urbanization. As per the census 2011, the entire urban population is 377 million in India, constituting 31.16% of the complete populace. By the 2030 year is projected at around 590 million (Census, 2011).

In India, 53 urban agglomeration areas have more than 1 million population in it. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad are amongst those metropolitan regions. (2011, ‫)الهنائي‬ According to census 2011, those settlements are considered as urban settlements in which; a total populace of more than 5000;(Rajeshwari & Alka, 2019); up to seventy-five percent of the male working population have to be concerned in the primary interest of farming, and those densities must be more than 400 people according to the square kilometer.

(Anonymous, 2001). Actions that take place in city settlements are often considered as an Urbanization. In any case, by using its very definition, it includes a flow inside the population from village to metropolitan regions, reworking rural and urban landscapes and livelihoods.

Inevitably, Urbanization includes adjustments in demographic, financial, and environmental flows among rural and urban settlements, even though not continually in expected methods.

Urbanization may be recommended with the aid of converting city conditions, but additionally by way of growing rural wishes. About 60% of the past urban populace's growth is inherent, while rural-urban migration has contributed to approximately 20%. There is a congregation of the urban people in large towns and current urban agglomeration. Many cities are born in the vicinity of present cities with a million-plus network.

Along with that, India is experiencing economic liberalization and globalization processes in Urbanization since the 1990s. (Burte & Krishnankutty, 2014). Numerous metropolitan regions have sprung up in post-economic reform and the outward development of existing urban areas. This spatial spread has consistently been an issue for planners and infrastructure providers. (Burte & Krishnankutty, 2014) India's New Economic Policy was reported on July 24, 1991, known as the LPG or Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization. That prompts significant changes in the industrialization sector, and the development happened—the major reason behind the migrations and Urbanization into the Indian cities.

A metropolitan agglomeration is a constant urban spread establishing a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs) or at least two or more physically contiguous towns and or without outgrowth of such villages. An Urban Agglomeration must comprise at least a statutory town, with the population maintaining 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. When a particular city is under the process of Urbanization or transforming from rural to urban, multiple factors/causes can be the main driving factors of that process. Those factors/causes cannot be one single thing; more than 2 or 3 elements are inter-related in this, which are like; Natural annual or decadal growth of Population, Rural-urban migration, spatial planning of the city, modernization, necessary infrastructural services, or facilities, Industrial revolution, transportation facilities, global-local level connection of that city, and new employment opportunities. Along with these driving factors, multiple positive and negative impacts are also there, which are related to demography, density, connectivity, physical infrastructure, housing, health infrastructure, environmental problems, and economic problems, which may directly impact the personal satisfaction of the citizen.

Aim of the Study: • To understand Ahmedabad's development post republic earthquake of 2001, by focusing on different spatial development & urban growth.

Objectives: • To understand the different theories of Urbanization implemented in the growth of the city.

• To understand the factors affected by the urban growth of the city.

• Impact on the city boundary, and it is expansion.

Need for the study: • Educating the civilian about the process of the city development help in achieving the goals adequately.

• This study can be an example that will show the different strategic planning, development and planning policies, and the growth of the metropolitan region in a particular manner, which will help the tier – 2 cities development process.

• This study can also contribute to the educational stream for those students working in the same field.

• It can also provide a snapshot of where things are with this field of research.

To understand Ahmedabad city's spatial growth, 20 years' timeline has been taken for this study. These 20 years starting from 2001 till 2020 were chosen for the study and were considered for its interventions related to the development. Post the Republic earthquake, Ahmedabad city started walking towards the transformation. This all-year transformation was directly related to the town's physical growth—more details about this timeline and the specific event we will discuss in the methodology part.

The reason for writing this paper is to understand the urbanization process; we will discuss all factors/causes and the positive-negative impacts with the Ahmedabad Metropolitan area. By understanding the city's dynamics, motivations, opportunities, interventions, and the site's evolution over time, this paper may shed light on how a particular town is growing over time and how that impacts the city's spatial development. The paper's structure/characterization will be in the following manner. The article's initial part will talk about Urbanization's general introduction, Urbanization in India, its causes, and its effects comprehensively. A basic literature review will be the next part of this paper to understand the city's major attributes or metropolitan area. With the literature's help, the main case-based study for the urbanization process will occur in the article's main body. With critical analysis – discussion, the paper will enlighten the different causes and effects of this urban growth and conclude it. This paper's whole study is based on secondary resources; one may end as a case-based review study of the Urbanization in Indian cities.

Literature Study According to the paper, Urbanization in India: Dynamics & consequences – published

by Goi; Urbanization in India has been relatively delayed during the only remaining century contrasted and numerous other nations. In India, the definition of "Urban" continued as before for 1901-1951. In the 1961 Census, few adjustments were made, and the interpretation of 'town'

embraced for the 1961 Census was much more attentive. (Rajeshwari & Alka, 2019) Further, this new definition was followed everywhere in the nation consistently—the four-principle part of the urban growth area: Natural Increase, Migration, Boundary Change, Declassification.

Figure A. 1 Growth of Urban Population in India

The table shows that the urban population's growth from 1901-2001 is clearly mentioned, from 0.00 in 1901 to 27.78 in 2001.

Figure A. 2 Bar Chart Shows the growth of total population & Urban Population

Similarly, this chart displays the growth of the total inhabitants + metropolitan inhabitants from the year 1901 to 2001, which is continuously increasing with its pace. The nation's urban inhabitant's size had risen from around 11 percent in 1901 to 28 percent in 2001.

The haphazard urban expansion causes the boom of slums and squatter settlements, varying consequences at the environment, and accelerated burden on present infrastructure. The widespread issues which might be the side impact of a particular form of urbanization characteristic of low-income nations are: 1. Lack of shelters, 2. Basic deficiencies in available infrastructure services viz, power, water, health-related facilities, sewerage system, etc., 3. Disintegrating environment & unemployment of urban areas, blockage, etc., 4. Intense poverty, and 5. Slums proliferation. (Anonymous, 2001) One of the literature studies has been done to understand density as an urban attribute, which has a major role in city planning and development. According to that author Colin McFarlane in his paper De/re-densification: A social geography of urban density, he discusses the connection between Densification, De-Densification, and Re-densification urban transformations and the future of the place. (McFarlane, 2020) He is also talking about three inter-related processes of Urban change, socio-spatial imbalance, and environmental emergency. He took an example of Glasgow city in Europe to explain post-industrialization concerning the population density and how lack of housing & sanitation made administrative or political authorities decide to de-densify the town. As a result, people move from the core city to new suburban housing estates in a newly developed satellite town called Pollok. To promote those opportunities for corporators made the film also on it which says that from 'miserable,' 'smoke-crammed,' 'blocked' 'mean roads' in and across the middle, to new presentday and extraordinarily gendered suburb housing, in which 'bushes are throughout' – the territory became on the suburban-rural fringe of the city-and where authentic provision become guaranteed, including facilities. (McFarlane, 2020) After a few years again, despite having all facilities, Pollak faced health and social problems, and a large area of Pollok & the surrounding area was demolished. With the help of this example, the author started the argument and highlighted four points. "First, how density transforms over the years is an essential expression of the geographical transformation of Urbanization. (McFarlane, 2020) Second, de/re-densification are relational procedures pushed utilizing political, monetary, and social alternate and conditions. (McFarlane, 2020) Third, de/re-densification are both temporal and spatial: they're fashioned by using history and place, and in turn, are effective of area and time, and they bring about collectively one of a kind temporal trajectories and locations across the metropolis, region, and international.

(McFarlane, 2020) And fourth, these modifications are ecological, carrying extensive environmental influences that connect sites in and past the city."(McFarlane, 2020) The attitude of urban groups and Urbanization through the geologies of de/redensification. This article also talks about the Roger Keil connection, which expresses that 'no longer conform to any smooth categorization of centre=excessive density and suburb=lowdensity. It is critical to re-look at each density and sprawl.'(McFarlane, 2020) Densification – they contain around three percent of the planet's surface. Urbanization is a cycle of making and revamping city and non-city areas. He also noted the taking into consideration City in French philosopher Deleuzian phrases that focus on the outlining and operations of de/re-

densification of the metropolis and the emphasis on territoriality cycle, deter, and reterritorialization. From the Delauzian position, the development of deterritorialization and reterritorialization exists together, yet are not equivalent to each other, 'they do not adjust.'

(McFarlane, 2020) One more urban phenomenon, the Peri-urban areas, is discussed in this paper, Periurbanization, and its impacts on rural livelihoods in Mumbai's urban fringe, written via Minsun KIM. (Kim, 2012) This paper focuses on fringe area development based on different factors and indicators. The case study taken in this paper is the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR).

MMR includes multiple Municipalities, gram panchayats, and other administrative bodies in it. With the help of a regional plan, development plan, population data (Census data), and change in land use pattern, they have analyzed the growth and major factor affecting urban development. (Kim, 2012) The elements on which Mumbai's urban fringe areas were developed are population growth, peri-urbanization, industrial corridors, and transportation networks. The core and surrounding rural communities ought to be undertaken inclusively through micro-level region-primarily based rural-urban integrated making plans, explicitly thinking about the area's socio-economic variables and characteristics.

Methods & Materials This research study the case of the Metropolitan territory of Ahmedabad in India. This study focuses on the city's physical growth over some time. To understand the development in a particular manner with a proper timeline, few events related to the physical intervention within the region in different years have been taken for doing this study. In the year 2001, the Republic day earthquake put Ahmedabad city in a very devastating condition. To cope with this loss and to have a great comeback, the re-establishment of the town took place, and multiple interventions were happening within and outwards of the area. To understand the region's incremental growth, the different interventions are important to study, which are as follows.

1. 2001 – Earthquake on Republic Day 2. 2002 – Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway started 3. 2003 – 1st Vibrant Gujarat Summit 4. 2004 – Sardar Patel Ring-road started 5. 2008 – Industrial development-GDP increased 6. 2009 – BRTS Janmarg Started 7. 2017 – Declared World Heritage City As mentioned above, this study's timeline is from the year 2001 to 2020 (Present year).

The research started with the basic literature study about the Urbanization, Urbanization in India, causes of the Urbanization, widespread impacts of the Urbanization, urban attributes, etc. Based on this literature and the knowledge I gained from these data, I also studied the different cases. Those cases were focusing on the various parameters/factors. End of this literature, I found several factors/parameters from that to study the physical aspect. I detailed out the major five factors that directly impacted urban growth, and those were also interrelated.

With this factor's help, data collection for this study has been done using a systematic review.

Those five factors are demographic, transportation & communication, suburbanization, local & global connections, and industrialization. To study this Urbanization in Ahmedabad, secondary data which have been collected are as follows:

1. District Census Handbook Part A & B – Ahmedabad 2. Ahmedabad Vision Report for 2022 3. Maps generated by HCP+AUDA a) Zonal map b) Masterplan c) Road-network d) Gamtal village expansion e) BRTS route f) New Urban centers map g) MRTS route h) TP schemes i) SRFD masterplan 4. Ahmedabad-BRTS-Janmarg Data 5. AMC/AUDA Zonal Website (Reports) 6. Research Papers, Articles.

Another method has been selected to understand these factors/parameters to evaluate and reach this case-based study's final impact. The way which I adopted is a fishbone diagram.

"The Fishbone diagram is an analysis tool that offers a scientific manner of searching at results and the causes that create or contribute to the consequences of the ones. Because of the Fishbone diagram feature, it could be referred to as a cause-and-effect diagram."(Ciocoiu, 2010) "Fishbone (Ishikawa) diagram, in particular, represents a suggestive presentation for the correlations between an occasion (impact) and its a couple of taking place reasons. The shape furnished by the chart enables team individuals to suppose in a very systematic way. Some of the blessings of building a Fishbone diagram are that it allows determining the foundation reasons of a problem or great function, using a based approach, encourages organization participation, and utilizes organization information of the manner. It identifies areas in which facts must be gathered for similarly observe."(Ciocoiu, 2010) In this case base study, the major effect is 'Urban Growth of Ahmedabad Metropolitan Area.' And the important 5 causes are Demography, Transportation & Communication, Local & Global Connection, Suburbanization, and Industrialisation. In this below figure, the study also shows the exact route cause under these main causes.

Figure A. 3 Fishbone Diagram for study

(Source: Author)

City Profile – A case of Ahmedabad With a populace of 5.8 million within the metropolis vicinity and 6.3 million within the metropolitan agglomeration territory in 2011, Ahmedabad is the 7th-biggest city in India and the most important city of Gujarat State. The AMC, whose limits have been finally reached out in 2010, secured 466 sq. Km. The past expansion of as some distance as viable turned into in 1986. The AUA consists of 4 towns and 103 villages aside from the municipal location and covers 1,866 sq. Km. Ahmedabad has been one of the predominant groups of change and commerce in western India. The metropolis became as soon as famous as the 'Manchester of India' by using its textile enterprise. It had upward of sixty-six turbines recruiting a team of workers of over 1,00,000 human beings. The populace development in fringe regions is faster than the areas within the metropolis limits. This is due to the populace's saturation inside the metropolis region and huge-scale housing improvement in the fringe areas. The western part is encountering extra rapid development than the eastern part. Rapid increase as a strip development along the Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway is being witnessed in the 1990s. It is blanketed by way of the Sardar Patel external ring road. The regions in which the ring avenue joins with the National highways are being grown greater unexpectedly than the others. The JnNURM and the NUTP have helped bus rapid transit structures in lots of Indian metropolitan territories. Ahmedabad's Janmarg is the most important such community now in function.

(Abhijit Datey, Darshini Mahadevia, 2013) Along with the business district, the city is also a hub of the educational and IT sectors, giving the other townspeople employment. Ahmedabad is also the 1st Indian City to become a World Heritage city. Vibrant Gujarat is a biennial investors' summit held by the administration of Gujarat in Gujarat, India. The feature expects to unite commercial enterprise pioneers, financial professionals, organizations, idea leaders, methods, and opinion-makers; the result is publicized as a stage to realize and discover enterprise opportunities in Gujarat. To understand the urban development growth of the Ahmedabad metropolitan area, based on literature study, 5 factors have been selected, which are as follows: 1. Population growth 2. Peri-urbanization 3. Transportation network 4. Industrial development 5. Local-global connection

Understanding the Data 1. Bar chart of Ahmedabad's projected population within the AMC, rest of AUDA, and other growth centers.

Figure A. 4 Bar chart showing the Decadal growth of the city (Source: Census, Auda)

As of now, Ahmedabad metropolitan territories are home to around 60 lakh individuals.

These inhabitants are required to develop to 88 lakhs by 2021 and 108 lakhs by 2031. This implies about 21 lakh extra individuals living in AUDA's urbanized territory by 2021 and approximately 30 lakhs by 2031. (AUDA, 2016) 2. Development around the AMC boundary in peripheral regions (Village Gamtal)

Figure A. 5 Map of Village Gamtal / Peripheral region of Ahmedabad Municipal boundary (AUDA, 2016)

The plan shows the location of Gamtal buffers outside the AMC boundaries. In the map, the darkest brown dot indicates the center of the Gamtal, and the blue layer dots shows the buffer till 200mts where the population is less than 5000, Orange layer dots shows the buffer till 300mts.

3. New Industrial Area in the AUDA boundaries

Figure A. 6 Map showing growth centers of AUDA (AUDA, 2016)

The above map shows the 5 new industrial growth centers in the AUDA boundaries based on SEZ and SIR. These 5 new industrial growth centers are proposed for future development with the vision of compact and sustainable development of the city for the future urban growth. These centers will be considered as the new peri-urban area of the town.

4. Janmarg Network – BRTS Map

Figure A. 7 Map Showing the JANMARG network of Ahmedabad Municipal boundary (AUDA, 2016)

The JnNURM and NUTP have boosted rapid transportation structures in many Indian urban regions, and Ahmedabad's Janmarg is the biggest such community now in functioning commenced in 2009. BRTS network currently has 3 phases. Majorly the system is designed for the AMC area and in some part of AMC-AUDA transitional space. A long-term view of this network includes its combination with the land use plan BRTS and housing approach of a metropolis for equitable accessibility and lowering journey distances, diminishing carbon emissions. At present, the Ahmedabad BRT system corridor is 125km long length with an 89km long dedicated route. A total of 14 lines is there. (Mahadevia et al., 2013) 5. Ahmedabad road network Map

Figure A. 8 Map showing the road network of Ahmedabad (AUDA, 2016)

For better connectivity and continuity for the transportation network to all parts of the metropolitan area, multiple ring-roads (peripheral roads), DFC, Sabarmati riverfront road network, arterial road have been developed, which are directly connected to the Town planning schemes of Ahmedabad metropolitan area for better physical infrastructure and services facilities. In Ahmedabad, 2 major ring-roads are there: Sarkhej – Gandhinagar Highway (SG Highway) and Sardar Patel Ring-road (SP ring-road). Besides these 2 major road networks, DFC, which connects Delhi's capital city with the Mumbai Metropolitan region, passes through the city outskirts. In the above map, red lines show the National highways passing through the AMC and AUDA.

6. Vibrant Gujarat Summit

Figure A. 9 Vibrant Gujarat Summit at Ahmedabad (Source: http://vibrantgujarat.com/ )

Vibrant Gujarat Summit became conceptualized in 2003 to re-introduce Gujarat as a favored funding destination inside India. The biennale has advanced into a platform for brainstorming on worldwide socio-economic development agendas and facilitating knowledge sharing and forging effective partnerships. This summit now provides the forum for Global, national, and state-level plan for a better 'New India' this summit was held in Ahmedabad because of the 1 st largest city of the state and also it is next to the capital city of the Gujarat state, along with that national, state and international connectivity is extraordinary. With this summit's help, the city and the government have re-established the connection with local and global investors for business + networking and Development agendas.

7. Town Planning Schemes:

Figure A. 10 Example of the Town planning scheme (Source: http://www.auda.org.in/TPScheme.aspx)

Ahmedabad's previous situation resembled Riotous development, Deficient assets for Foundation, Lacking area for streets, and Inadequate information for arranging. According to the recommended guidelines of the Gujarat state Town Planning & Urban Development Act, 1976, the TP scheme's process has been done. The 'Town Planning Scheme' component is an incredible and very much planned legal instrument for simultaneously preparing a detailed land appropriation, land rearrangement, infrastructure-building plan, an agency for financing and implementing the project involving landowners the process. From the year 1999 to date, 83 TP schemes have been finalized. With these schemes' help, AUDA can recover the infrastructure facilities and amenities given to these areas' development. This scheme has changed the

metropolitan area's spatial planning, and almost all the lands/plots are connected to the main or secondary roads with adequate infrastructure facilities.

Up till this part of the paper, we discuss the 5 factors with 7 different topics in which we include the projected population/decadal growth, the road network in the City (BRTS + Maroj roads), New growth centers, Gamtals with its buffers, Vibrant Gujarat summit, and Town planning scheme. These points show the basic city profile of the Ahmedabad metropolitan area. These all features are interconnected, which helps to grow the city physically, socially, and economically. Further detailed analysis of these data, here now, overlapping of these maps will be done, and from that, inferences will be taken for the final conclusion of this paper.

Results and Discussions:

Figure A. 11 Map showing the fragmentation of Ahmeddabd metropolitan region (Source: Author)

As towns grow, they pass from traditional mono-centric bureaucracy to polycentric structures. Polycentrism: The formation of a couple of nuclei (boom centers) with interconnection and inter-dependency instead of a single center is called polycentrism or polycentric trends. This phenomenon takes place while towns enlarge, rising new centers shape nodes giving it a polycentric form.

Figure A. 12 Map showing the Local and national connection of Ahmedabad (Source: Author)

Ahmedabad metropolitan region has been divided into 7 areas: North region, South region, East region, West region, Central region, North-west region, and South-west region. In the Above overlapped map, the darkest black line shows the Ahmedabad Municipal corporation boundary, and extreme end, the brown color line shows the Ahmedabad Urban Development authority's boundary. All-new industrial growth centers for compact and sustainable design are located near the major networks of state highways, DFC connection, and the national routes by overlapping all these maps. The orange stips near the AMC boundary are located on both the side of the Sarkhej - Gandhinagar Ring-road, a dedicated affordable housing zone for the MIG and LIG group of people. New BRTS, MRTS, Primary – Secondary roads are laid as per the planning schemes, which helps in land readjustment, land positioning, and redeveloping the land parcel with new infrastructure facilities for the area's future development. Gamtals were the villages with a population of 3000-5000 people, dependent on Ahmedabad for social, economic, and basic facilities for the citizens' day-to-day lives. To develop those gamtals, AUDA has included those villages into the AUDA boundary and proposed the TP schemes.

The Central Zone of the town depicts the old Ahmedabad, which was built by the Ahmedshah in 1411. Currently, that zone is the main part of Heritage city and Main CBD area with more than 600 pols in it, a city's unique identity.

Conclusion The urban growth of any region depends on physical, social, and economic development. As we talked about earlier, Urbanization is a Socio-Economic Phenomenon as it is a transformation and the modernization of industrial, spatial, and planning development of a metropolitan area. With the Ahmedabad metro area case, this paper helped us understand this change and its growth concerning different sectors. Multiple factors have been discussed earlier that are the causes of the Ahmedabad Metropolitan area's urban development. These causes have a positive and negative impact on the growth pattern. In Ahmedabad, individuals' movement from nearer habitats to metropolitan territories and natural decadal growth of the city's population is happening, which causes insufficient data for planning and leads to the lack of resources and chaotic development of the place. Industrial towns and SEZ have created opportunities for the citizens to upgrade themselves economically. The connectivity to each part of the area and the different cities, states, and countries help that connection grow in multiple directions. Over time, one can notice the city's densification within the CBD and Ahmedabad's central zone, which changed by densifying the place by proposing the new centers and the well-connected road networks public transport facilities. Because of all these reasons, the spatial – physical growth of the Ahmedabad metropolitan area has been noted, and the change majorly happening is the outward growth in compact – TOD and sustainable planning methods.

Acknowledgment The author likes to express the deepest gratitude to her professors Ar. Sanghamitra Roy and Ar. Rituka Kapur. Their guidance and support during the process help to finish this paper.

The author is also grateful to the two anonymous referees for their critical and insightful comments.

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