Ar. Pooja Dubey - U.G. Architectural Thesis

2 0 1 8

i ho b Da

A Public Space in a Historical Context Development of Hira Gate Precinct at Dabhoi, Gujarat

POOJA DUBEY B - 4013 Indubhai Parekh School of Architecture Rajkot,Gujarat

© 2018 All rights reserved.

This is a document written for the Bachelor’s degree - Design Thesis at Indubhai Parekh School of Architecture.

Pooja Dubey Indubhai Parekh School of Architecture Rajkot, GUJ. India.

D edicated T o My grand fat her

“

“

UNDERGRADUATE DISSERTATION V.V.P. SANCHALIT

INDUBHAI PAREKH SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE RAJKOT

The following study is hereby approved as creditable work on the approved subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree for which it has been submitted.

It is understood that by this approval,the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve of any statement made,opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein and approves the study only for the above purpose ; and satisfies her as to the requirements laid down by the thesis committee.

Title : A Public Space in a Historical Context Development of Hira Gate Precinct at Dabhoi, Gujarat

Studio co-ordinator : Prof. Hakimuddin Bharmal

Guide : Prof. Devang Parekh

Signature :

Signature :

Date :

Date :

POOJA DUBEY

I

B - 4013

Acknowledgements I

owe thanks to many upon the completion of this work.

I am eminently thankful to my guide Prof.Devang Parekh for his valuable comments and deliverables on each and every discussion.From the very beginning of my thesis he has been equally involved in the process whenever approached for guidance and has given me the necessary inputs.I thank him for sharing his knowledge and constant support in guiding my thesis.

I would like to give my special thanks to Ar.Yatin Pandya, Ar. Riyaz Tayyibji ,Ar.Poonam Trambadiya and Ar.Jayant Gunjaria for guiding me all the way on formulating the base of my thesis and I am grateful to Prof.Hemen Sanghvi for sharing with me his enriched knowledge in the field of conservation and heritage and assist me at the times of hurdles during my project. I also extend my thanks to Ar.Dhirendra Patel for providing me with his felicitous inputs during the initial stages of my thesis and Prof.Hakimuddin Bharmal to give me his valuable comments during the design development stages.

I am deeply indebted to Dabhoi Municipality, Vitrag Patel and Spandan Das to provide me with all the required documentations and information regarding the site.

I thank I.P.S.A. Library for being a great resource of knowledge and I.P.S.A. college to give me this opportunity.

I would like to cordially acknowledge for all the support and encouragement that my family has shown towards my education. My parents and grandparents have always been by my side to overcome any hurdles throughout my academics and contribute towards fulfilling my dreams.

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

iii

Preface A

s a student of architecture I was always keen to learn about the architecture of the past and had always been curious to acquire knowledge about history and heritage and how architecture evolved through ages. I used to be awestruck with how people in the pre-historic times were so intelligently craftful in making such monumental buildings even when technology was not so powerful. To carry forward my interest in the subject of history and heritage manifestation of my ideas and concepts was required.

While studying architecture of various places throughout my academics and travelling to different regions,I realised that we are losing our connection to the age-old heritage that our country bears.People have become insensitive towards saving the heritage buildings and have been constantly deteriorating them and there rises a need to save our architecturally rich buildings to minimise their worsening condition and continue borrowing knowledge from them.

It is evident that many historical/heritage sites today lie in a derelict condition unless special attention is paid by the Archaeological Survey of India. It is observed that even A.S.I. protected monuments are under neglected and isolated state inspite of them being a monument of national importance. Thus an approach towards raising this issue and catering it through a certain design solution was needful.I strongly believe in saving our age-old architectural heritage that helps in passing on knowledge to our future generations.

“ Understanding the past,having reminders of the past,even just in architecture will allow people to understand where they are and where they have headed �

- Victoria Lautman

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

v

Contents Approval

i

Acknowledgements

iii

Preface

v

Introduction

1

- Background

01

- Aim and Objectives

03

- Methodology

04

- Scope and Limitations

04

- Research Questions

05

ARCHITECTURE and HERITAGE 1.1

1.2

Architectural Heritage 1.1.1

Introduction to Architectural Heritage

08

1.1.2

Importance of a Heritage Site

10

1.1.3

Issues with existing Architectural Heritage

12

Introduction to Dabhoi 1.2.1 Architecture of the Medieval gujarat Era of Solanki dynasty

14

1.2.2 Location and Connectivity

16

1.2.3 Evolution of the Town

18

1.2.4 Timeline of Dabhoi

20

A Chronology of Events

2

SITE and CONTEXT 2.1

vi

Site Study : Dabhoi Town 2.1.1

Town planning system

24

2.1.2

Major nodes of the Town

30

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

3

4

5

2.2

Site Selection

31

2.3

Site and its Environs

33

2.4

Hira Gate - A Historical Context

36

PROGRAMME 3.1

The Project

42

3.2

Area Statement

45

3.3

Proposal for Heritage Walk

46

CASE STUDIES 4.1

Five Dragons Temple, China

51

4.2

Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur

60

4.3

Conclusion

66

DESIGN MANIFESTATION 5.1

Conceptual Design

70

5.2

Design Drawings

82

5.3

3D Visualization

92

List of Illustrations

96

Bibliography

102

Appendix

104

Appendix citations

114

vii

Background:

Introduction

A historic/heritage site is a location where pieces of architectural, political, military, cultural,religious or socio-economic history can be found.It may be any building, landscape,site or structure that acquires local,regional,national or international significance.1 Such places give us a vivid idea about the rule,culture and the faith of changing times which that particular area underwent with the ages and thus they bind one generation to another.They throw light on our earlier generations,their skills,their way of living etc.

One such historic setting that portrays magnificent structures of medieval Gujarat is the ancient fortified town of Dabhoi,originally known as Darbhavati which contains archaeological monuments that attract visitors from various parts of India.The town is close to numerous tourist attractions.Chanod,a place of Hindu pilgrimage is about 10 miles to the south of Dabhoi. It is also a major gateway for Narmada Dam.As Dabhoi stood on the main route to Jain tirth and was a fortified frontier city in Central Gujarat it was a well known locality of early medieval period.

Dabhoi was established in the early 6th century AD. Its foundation and fortification is ascribed to the great King of Gujarat, Siddharaj Jaisinh,who made this his frontier fortress.It is mentioned as an important city in the Jain inscriptions of Girnar.The fort of Dabhoi is one of the rare surviving examples of Hindu military architecture.2

N.T.S.

Fig. i : Plan of the fortified town of Dabhoi 1 Ref : “Historic Site”. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_site. 12 Jan 2018.

2 ”Dabhoi & Gates ”. History Of Vadodara, http:// www.historyofvadodara.in/ dabhoi-gates/. 5 Feb 2018.

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

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THESIS

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2018

In the heart of the fortified town is an 80-year old man-made lake known as Dabhoi talav which was the source of water supply to the town.A step towards beautification of the city lake has already been taken up by the Dabhoi Municipality.

The Hira Gate to the east of the town known as the Diamond Gate is an ancient monument of national importance under the A.S.I. and falls in the route of Gujarat Fig.ii : Hira Gate Tourism and thus attracts tourists.A temple of Kali that stands beside it called Kalika Mata/Gadhbhavani Mandir is popular all over the region and is a place of religious and historical importance.

The adjuncts of Hira Gate lies in a derelict condition and slums have taken over the government land besides the Ban Lake and Hira Gate.The peripheries of the lake are usually found accumulated with dirt and garbage due to misuse of the land by the Fig.iii : Vadodara Gate local people.Thus,developing the contextual areas of the Hira Gate and Ban Lake as a tourist attraction has potential to revitalize the place which would help in increasing the historical importance of the town and give a new meaning to its identity which would eventually minimize the deteriorating condition of the monument itself.

Due to various push and pull factors leading to rapid urbanization and expansion of the town it has lost its original relevance to the Fig.iv : Nandodi Gate historic structures that it bears.The historical significance of the town being in a neglected state,revitalizing the core of the town can become a means to bridge its past with its present. People of the town and Dabhoi Municipality have given a proposal to develop the Hira Gate precinct as a place of tourist attraction,of which,a heritage museum for the city is a part of the proposal.

Thus,an approach towards development of Hira Gate Precinct holds the potential to take it forward which has been dealt with in this thesis. Fig.v : Mahudi Gate

02

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Aim : The aim is to develop the surroundings of the historical precinct of Hira Gate , at Dabhoi ,as a multifarious public space to attract tourists and thereby promote the rich history of the town.

Objectives : • To understand the historical background of Dabhoi by collecting data about history of Dabhoi and Hira Gate.

• To discern the current issues pertaining to historic structures in the town like Fort Gates,lakes and stepwell such as their neglected state and misuse due to which these architectural marvels are on the verge of vanishing today.

• To identify the historical value of Hira Gate and figure out reasons behind its negligance.

• Provide an appropriate design solution to develop the historical precinct of Hira Gate as a public space that serves the local people as well as visitors.

Introduction

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THESIS

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2018

M ethodo logy : The thesis methodology is foreseen in two parts.The first part will focus on understanding and study of architectural heritage of Dabhoi and identification of one particular historic structure for contextual development while the second part will focus on development of the surroundings of the identified structure (Hira Gate).

•

Knowing the historical background of Dabhoi through various primary and secondary resources.

•

Mapping the historic structures in and around the fortified town and know its importance.

•

Primarily focussing on Hira Gate and the Ban Lake,studying its surrounding urban fabric and figuring out issues pertaining to its neglected state/ misuse in present day through interacting with the local people and observations on the site.

•

Carrying out case studies to understand similar development projects in a historical context.

•

Providing a design solution that focusses on portraying the historic grandeur of the town to spread awareness along with addition of valuable public spaces that the town is devoid of.

Scope and Limitations : •

The thesis is case-specific focussing on a place whose rich heritage lies in shambles today, little known beyond its immediate region but has enough potential to incorporate contextual development.

•

Scope of the thesis includes developing the surroundings of Hira Gate and the adjacent peripheries of the Ban Lake.

•

The thesis does not include restoration or conservation of the existing historical buildings of the site.

•

The thesis focusses on the nature of architectural manifestation of public space in response to the existing monument.

04

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Research Questions : A few research questions that arose in my mind are : •

Why many historic public spaces are no more valued as they were in the past and why have we been so insensitive towards it?

•

What are the reasons behind a historically valuable place to sustain itself or lose its importance in today’s time?

•

How can we contribute towards solving this issue and upbring the present condition of such places to a better level?

•

What can be an appropriate method to channelise our learnings from the past into contemporary architecture?

•

Should we merge the old with the new ideas and concepts and if yes then what can be a suitable approach for the same?

These can be some queries that one’s mind might stumble upon before intervening into a historical context.

Introduction

05

CHAPTER

1

ARCHITECTURE and HERITAGE

1.1

1.2

Architectural Heritage 1.1.1

Introduction to Architectural Heritage

1.1.2

Importance of a Heritage Site

1.1.3

Issues with existing Architectural Heritage

Dabhoi as a historical context 1.2.1

Architecture of the Medieval Gujarat Era of Solanki Dynasty

1.2.2

Dabhoi - Location and Connectivity

1.2.3 Evolution of the Town 1.2.4 Timeline of Dabhoi A Chronology of Events

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

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THESIS

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2018

1.1 Architectural Heritage 1.1.1 Introduction to Architectural

Heritage

A heritage site is usually associated monument which is a historic structure.

with

a

‘Monument’

Fig. 1.1

The Great Pyramid of Giza - a symbol of Egyptian civilization

The word comes from the Greek ‘mnemosynon’ and the Latin ‘moneo’, ‘monere’,which means ‘to remind’,‘to advise’or ‘to warn’ which suggest that a monument allows us to see the past helping us visualize what is to come in the future.1 ‘Monumentality’ The term relates to the symbolic status and physical presence of a monument.1 ‘Historic site’ It can be defined as any official location, locality or region where pieces of architectural, political, military, cultural, religious or socioeconomic history can be found.

Any heritage structure in the form of building is known as architectural heritage.The historical relics or monumental buildings of the bygone ages are archaeologically very useful and in some cases they help in tracing fragments of built environment giving us insights into our past.2 For example,the mughals introduced new techniques in the feild of architecture and the materials used in its building design gives us a vivid idea about the craftsmanship of the people at that time.In past,architectural design,its construction, people’s mind and action worked simultaneously unlike what it is today.

Architecture of any place is embodied in its roots in the form of settlements/building establishments and reflects expression of the people and their ideas in its building design which emerges out of the cultural as well as socio economic scenario of the place at that particular period of time.The characteristic urban settlements of 17th,18th and 19th century stand testimony to this idea in many a towns and cities of Gujarat at present.

08

Fig. 1.2 Lothal City - an example of the early Harappan civilization

1 ”Monument”. En.Wikipedia.Org, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki 11 Jan 2018.

2 Rabindra Vasavda. et al. “Evolving

Scenario Of Architecture In Gujarat: An Overview”. https://architexturez.net/doc 21243.

26 Dec 2017.

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Monuments are often designed to convey information about the religion,culture,political status or socio-economic condition or even set as reminders to commemorate a person in the past or the events associated with the time.

Fig. 1.3 Jallianwala Baugh - a reminder of a historic event in the past

Architectural heritage cultivates pride of our past.

It is usually a landmark, unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place.Thus,one must believe in preserving our age - old heritage to keep borrowing knowledge about the rich history of our past to inspire the future generations about the significance of the historical establishments of our nation which unveil hidden histories to us.

A historic or heritage site may be classified into the following categories according to its importance :

• • • •

Local Regional National International

A historic or heritage site may be a symbol of representation of any of the following :

Culture or Religion Fig. 1.4

Socio-Economic or Political status

Taj Mahal - a monument in remembrance of a person

A Person or An Event

Fig. 1.5 C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

Settlement or Civilization

Types of symbolisms in a heritage site

09

THESIS

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1.1.2

Importance of a Heritage Site

2018

‘Heritage’ It can be defined as the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character.1

Heritage, whether tangible or intangible is an important factor for a community’s growth and development.A heritage site is an important community asset.

Community plays a major role in preserving heritage buildings.People feel proud of their local history but do not always express how much they value it unless the monument is under threatening condition.Such buildings add value to the environment and its regeneration process.Thus it helps in both economic and environmental aspects. It is a source of raising economy,particularly through tourism.

Fig.1.6 : Community values associated with a stepwell

Such places are an excellent resource of education for people of all age groups. They bring a unique cultural identity to that area.Places where heritage is valued and understood tend to acquire better importance than those where heritage has no link with the community assets.Such a relationship helps to foster civic responsibility.

A monument at a larger scale serves as a node to the city.It acts as a point of reference in directing people and thus it can become a landmark for the city.Any heritage building attracts tourists and helps in raising the economy along with passing on information about the historical value of the place.

Thus it also helps in raising awareness among the local people as well as tourists to save our heritage buildings.

Kevin Lynch talks about nodes and landmarks in the urban context in his book ‘The Image of A City’.

He describes the inter-relationship of the elements that form the image of any city/place.Any Heritage building can become a node/landmark in an urban context and therefore any city forms its identity in reference to that particular monument.

10

Fig.1.7 : Qutub Minar as a landmark for the city of Delhi

1 Oxford Dictionary

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Monument as a Node of the city : ‘Node’

Fig.1.8 :

India Gate as a point of foci of the city of Delhi

is a word used in various different contexts.It is derived from a Latin word ‘nodus’ meaning a knot.1 It is defined as a point of reference in a huge diagram or network.In the context of heritage a monument or historic site acts as a node.There are different point of views about the word ‘node’ as given by distinct people : “Nodes can be traffic squares,public squares (as markets and commercial place), gardens, architectural squares (foregrounds of monumental buildings, etc).” 2 - Joseph Stubben “Nodes are the strategic foci into which the observer can enter,typically either junctions of paths or concentrations of some characteristics.But although conceptually they are small points in the city image , they may in reality be large squares, or extended linear shapes,or even entire central districts when the city is being considered at a large enough level.” 3 - Kevin Lynch

4

1

3

2

Thus, historic monuments are an important asset of the society.They serve as a reminder of the past and help in passing knowledge to future generations, which is why they should be safegaurded.

HERITAGE CYCLE By understanding

1.

2.

3.

4.

Sursagar Lake Music College Nyay Mandir Mandvi Gate

Fig.1.9 : Aerial view of old city of Vadodara showing the major nodes of it

Comes a thirst to understand

They will value it

From enjoying

By valuing It will help people enjoy it

They will want to care for it

1 Oxford Dictionary

2 Joseph Stubben - “ City Building ” 3 Kevin Lynch - “ Image of the City ” , pg.73

By caring

Fig.1.10 : Heritage cycle

C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

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THESIS 1.1.3

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2018

Issues with the existing Architectural Heritage

The architectural heritage of any region is a prime property of the people of that particular region.It belongs to all casts,sects and religions and so the society as a whole is responsible to understand it as a whole and take all the measures to safegaurd it from deteriorating.

India consists of many heritage structures and sites among which 37 are on the world heritage list of UNESCO out of which 29 are built structures,1 mixed while the rest 7 are natural heritage sites.1 The built heritage of the country showcases the various layers of cultural evolution throughout the ages.

In present day,the architectural heritage of India is facing a very poor condition of treatment.The root cause of which is its misuse and social ignorance which leads to its neglected state.There are various kinds of issues regarding heritage structures,one of which is the illegal encroachments and extensions by the adjoining properties.For example,markets and shops coming up surrounding an old city which subdues its importance as a public space.

The heritage structures are also facing a serious lack of concern by the associated professionals.The role of professionals and officials related to heritage buildings is to help,guide and bring awareness among the society to save it.The professionals are responsible authorities to provide assistance in conservation/preservation of heritage sites.2 It is observed that even if a heritage site is under the list of protected monuments of the Archaelogical Survey of India,it does not recieve any attention for preservation/conservation and eventually the society takes over the place as if it is merely an old structure which needs to be brought down for new construction to take place. 2

Fig.1.11 : Stepwell converted into a dumpyard

Fig.1.12 : Filthy surroundings of the Nageshvar Lake,Dabhoi

Fig.1.13 : Illegal slums near the Hira Gate

1 Centre, UNESCO. “UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List�. Whc.Unesco.Org, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list.

25 Jan 2018.

2 Ref : cpwd.gov.in

12

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

An important force which contributes towards anti-conservation society is the greed for land in a prime location of any city.Many Indian cities are expanding at a faster pace which in past were just small villages or towns.The old towns have many institutional , religious or commercial heritage structures right in the heart of the old city which now has become a part of the core of an expanding city fabric which has eventually led to higher land prices.

Fig.1.14 : Waste dumping near Nandodi Gate, Dabhoi

Fig.1.15 : Waste dumping at the ruins near the Hira Gate

Bringing awareness among the people can be an appropriate medium to safegaurd such architecturally rich structures and increase their lifespan.Peoples’ participation is the key to save our heritage.Many organizations and personels are working to bring the much needed people’s participation in bringing awareness in the society.

Some of the tools to spread awareness are heritage walks,educational seminars to acquire knowledge about history and heritage,workshops on dealing with conservation.

The role of Government also plays a crucial role in this direction.The government should also make amendments in the laws securing the interests of heritage.The laws should be made in such a way that it protects the heritage structure and helps in minimizing any unnecessary changes or damages due to removal of any building portion or inexpert ways of handling the structure.

Thus the thesis focuses on the common issues related with heritage sites which are as follows :

Fig.1.16 : The ruined Saptmukhi stepwell

•

Irrelevant use that have led them to merely become dumpyards in current times instead of being an active public space.

•

Neglegent state and deterioration of such historically rich architectural marvels which have been forgotten today and are on the verge of vanishing.

C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

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THESIS

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1.2 Introduction to Dabhoi 1.2.1 Architecture of the

Medieval Gujarat

Era of Solanki Dynasty Gujarat has a very rich and artistic heritage with a number of pilgrimage sites which are of varied culture. The present day Gujarat was ruled by the Solanki dynasty during the period extending from 10th century to 13th century. This was the last Hindu dynasty to rule the North-Western regions.The period saw tremendous development in architecture, language and scripts. Numerous artistic temples were also built.

Fig.1.17 : Reign of Mularaja 1st,the founder of Solanki Dynasty

The geographical boundaries encapsuling Gujarat covers a large part of Western India and the regional history covers periods from ancient times with some of the relics still standing giving testimony to its links with prehistoric and ancient times.

Western India was one of the richest in early times ,in terms of Architectural developments. Medieval Gujarat including the early 11th and late 13th centuries,was an important phase of architectural development.1 The Solanki Period is evident of many examples of fine pieces of architecture which is our heritage today but there are no surviving examples of building design from the Pre-Solanki Period,as the succeeding Muslim rule brought them down in 13th century.But a few are still surviving in coastal areas of Saurashtra.In 8th century due to the absence of central authority it led to a severe competition among the small chiefs to acquire principality all throughout the India.It led to the rise of one such ruling family of the Chaulukyas/ Solankis under whose authority gujarat was at peace and prosperity.

1 Rabindra Vasavda. et al. “Evolving Scenario Of Architecture In Gujarat: An Overview”. https://architexturez.net/doc 21243.

26 Dec 2018.

Fig.1.18:

Reign of Jaysimha Siddharaja (1094-1144)

Fig.1.19: Fort of Dabhoi established under the Solanki Rajputs

Ref : ”The Culture And Heritage Of Gujarat, Its Origin And Development CHAPTER-2”. Shodhganga.Inflibnet.Ac.In, http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/. pdf.

2 Feb 2018.

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Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Gujarat witnessed a golden age under the rule of Mularaja,the ruler of this dynasty.The glory of the empire was at its zenith when the most admired king of the Solanki dynasty,Jaysimha Siddharaja,came to power.His reign saw peace,prosperity and progress in all spheres.He erected many temples,stepwells and public buildings like the Rudramahalaya temple at Siddhpur,Sahastralinga Lake etc.

Solanki rule provided the much needed stability to Gujarat when Patan became the important center in this region.The wealth was largely due to its geological location on coast.Thus it was a focus of trade and commerce and the communities set one of the distinct form of architecture of that era.

Fig.1.20 : Carved brackets from the period of Solanki Dynasty

This period saw evolution in religious aspects and thus its expression in the buildings as well.This phase for this reason became one of the significant phases for architectural developments.The Solanki dynasty from 10th to 13th century was exemplified by temples and was also rich in examples of civic architecture connected with buildings for public use and also other monumental functions.They commissioned forts at Dabhoi and Jhinjhuwada with exquisitely carved gateways.City-gates,victory towers and also buildings associated with utilitarian function are examples of exquisite building crafts.

With the westernization taking firm roots new institutions were gradually introduced to supplement the civic life.Almost in all princely towns there were buildings for offices and educational institutions, which stand testimony to the changed attitudes to building arts.The era of Solankis marked the beginning of establishing public buildings and urban scale architecture that served the entire city/town and not just a family or group of people.

Thus, an old city that flourished under the reign of Solanki rulers has been selected as a case for the thesis project.

Fig.1.21: Figures of deities from the fort gates of Dabhoi

Ref : �The Culture And Heritage Of Gujarat, Its Origin And Development CHAPTER-2�. Shodhganga.Inflibnet.Ac.In, http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ pdf. 2 Feb 2018

C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

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THESIS

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1.2.2

2018

Location and Connectivity

The ancient fortified town of Dabhoi is well connected to various major cities in its vicinity and thus the reason behind it being a major town since the historic times when trade route developed from Vadodara to Dabhoi.

Due to various economic activities coming up in the town people settled here for employment and trading business after which it acted as a trading centre for cotton,utensils,vegetables etc. and these were supplied to the nearby villages and cities from Dabhoi.

With the development of trade route across the state,Dabhoi gained its entity.

As a result market places and residential settlements evolved periodically and then the town acted to be a major centre of trade as it served connections to other towns.

N.T.S.

Fig.1.22:

Location and Dabhoi

regional context of

After the introduction of Railways by Sir Sayajirao Gaekwad during his reign in Vadodara,Dabhoi stood to be the oldest narrow gauge station in Asia before the steam engines were finally introduced.As a major station to transport goods and people Dabhoi still stands as an important town in the Vadodara district.

Due to various pilgrimage sites nearby and Dabhoi itself being a Jain Tirth,huge number of pilgrims travel here and it stood as a pausing point to pilgrims travelling to Chanod and Sardar Sarovar dam.

Thus,the location of the town and connections to Dabhoi becomes a prime factor behind its development and it could therefore become a means to attract tourists as well.

16

N.T.S. Rivers Road network National highway Rail network District Headquarter

Fig.1.23:

Connectivity of the Dabhoi town

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Fig.1.24:

N.T.S.

Growth direction of Vadodara towards Dabhoi

60 kms

10 km s

20

km

s

Fig.1.25: Dabhoi as a centre to various tourist attractions

C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

17

THESIS

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1.2.3

Evolution of the Town

2018

Dabhoi originally known as Darbhavati once upon a time belonged to that golden period of ancient India when the architecture was probably at its best when no walls were plain, they were either painted or sculpted.1 Dabhoi is a city and a municipality in Vadodara district in the state of Gujarat,India.The architectural style and the exquisite stone carving and iconography on the fort gates suggests that it was conceived and constructed in the same period as Rudra Mahalaya and Jinjhuwada Fort.The famous battle of Dabhoi was fought on 1 April 1731 between Senapati Trimbakrao Dabhade and Bajirao Peshwa.2 Fig.1.26: PHASE - I : Selection of the site As

per

the

ancient

Indian

town

planning system, town planner first had to determine the site with a special view to the extent to which its natural situation could best be turned into fortifications and the sites of town were carefully chosen near the bank of river or a big tank, so that the bathing

facilities

were

easily

accessible.

N.T.S.

Fig.1.27: PHASE - 2 : Fortifications and Connectivity of town

The Nageshwar Tank and its street linkage to the four gates on each cardinal directions

1 Anuradha Goyal. “Carved Gates Of Dabhoi, Heritage Monuments Of Gujarat”. Inditales, https://www.inditales.com/carvedgates-of-dabhoi/.18 Feb 2018.

2 ”Dabhoi & Gates ”. History Of Vadodara - Baroda, http:// www.historyofvadodara.in/ dabhoi-gates/. 5 Feb 2018.

N.T.S.

18

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

N.T.S.

N.T.S.

Fig.1.28: PHASE - 3 : Dabhoi during 4th century

Fig.1.29: PHASE - 4 : Dabhoi during 6th century

The first settlement of Jain community settled down near Kansara bazaar.Some 1550 years old sculptures of Jainism were found from Kansara.

After the settlement evolved,the jain community spreaded towards the Southern end of the town known as Jain waga.

N.T.S.

N.T.S.

Fig.1.30: PHASE - 5 : Dabhoi during 13th century

Fig.1.31: PHASE - 6 : Dabhoi at present

After the establishment of trade route near Mahudi Gate (which was not a physical entity at that time), the market place and bazaar evolved.

As Dabhoi became a trade centre,it started developing and spreading in all directions and is a major town of Vadodara at present.

Fig.1.32 : Map showing the Darbar and its

adjuncts at Sarkarwada area in front of the central city lake

History speaks of Visaldeva as the major ruler of Dabhoi.Visaldeva’s father named Viradhavala built a fortified town there and got the old lake extended.

The architect under whum the citadel was built was called Dabhane.As the tradition says,the name Darbhavati was derived from “Darbha”- the sacred grass that grew near the Dabhoi lake which was used to worship Shiva at the shiva shrine in the Saptmukhi stepwell located on the western side of the lake.

C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

19

THESIS 1.2.4

I

2018

Timeline of Dabhoi Plate I : A Chronology of Events

20

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

* Note : The plate has been prepared by Author as per data obtained from multiple sources as mentioned below : • Burgess, James, and Henry Cousens. The Antiquities Of The Town Of Dabhoi In Gujarat. G. Waterston & Sons, Printers, 1888. Print.

• Ross, Edward Denison. A History Of Gujarat, By Khan Bahadur U.S. Commissariat, With An Introduction By Sir E. Denison Ross. Vol. I. From A.D. 1297-8 To A.D. 1573. London, Longmans, Green And C°, 1938.

Print.

• Sastri, Hiranand. The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati In Baroda State.

Baroda State Press, 1940. Print.

• ‘Urban Study : Dabhoi’. Vadodara, 2013. Print.

• Vyas, Surendra. “A Study Of Ancient Towns Of Gujarat”. M.S.U., 2001.

Print.

• Desai, Hemang. Architectural Treasures Of Gujarat. Tourism Corp. Of Gujarat Ltd., 2008. Print.

Vaidyanath Temple

The old Darbar and adjacent scenery,1780 A.D.

Saptmukhi stepwell

Kalika mata Temple

Dabhoi city tank as seen in 13th century

C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

21

CHAPTER

2

SITE and CONTEXT

2.1

Site Study : Dabhoi town 2.1.1

Town planning system

2.1.2

Major nodes of the town

2.2

Site Selection

2.3

Site and its Environs

2.4

Hira Gate - A Historical Context

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

23

THESIS

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2018

2.1 Site Study : 2.1.1

Dabhoi Town

Town Planning system

The ancient towns were classified into 8 major types namely Dandaka, Sarvotabhadra, Nandyavarta, Padmaka, Swastika, Prastara, Karmuka and Chaturmukha.Out of these the town of Dabhoi falls under the Swastik type of town planning system.

Planning of Dabhoi was based on the traditions of “Shilpa-Shastra“ written by architect Mansara.Fort of Darbhavati was a garrison centre of the south-eastern border of the Solanki kingdom.Due to the constant threatening of the Parmaras of Malwa and the Yadavas of Devagiri this fortified military outpost was erected to check the raids of the enemies.The fort of Dabhoi is rectangular(1000 mts, 800 mts)with a huge tank called Nageshvar on its noth-east corner.The four gates on each cardinal direction were all double structures consisting of an inner and outer curtain. The former being at right angles to the lines of the outer.1

Fig. 2.1 :

Swastik type of town planning system

Characteristics of planning system of Dabhoi : - It was central based with important structures planned at the corners for easy accessibility and water supply was based on central distribution from the highest elevation.

- This type of plan contemplates some diagonal streets dividing the site into certain rectangular plots.

- The site need not be marked out into a square or rectangle and it may be of any shape.

-

A rampart wall surrounds the town with a moat at its foot filled with water for security purpose.

- The road networks were based on grid iron pattern.

-

Two main streets cross each other at the centre running north-south and east-west.

- The site is divided into 4 quadrants by means of W-E Axis (Brahmasutra) and N-S Axis (Yamasutra).

- Mixed use on the main streets with residential above commercial and crematoria were planned to be outside the layout of mandala.2 1 Surendra Vyas. “A study of Ancient Towns of Gujarat”. M.S.U, 2001. pg.34. Print.

Fig. 2.2 : Quadrant divisions of the site

2 C.T. Laxmanan. “Ancient System Of Town Planning In India”.

Slideshare.Net, https://www.slideshare.net/ctlachu/ancientsystem-of-town-planning-in-india.Web. 20 Mar 2018.

24

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Dabhoi and Jhinjhuwada were planned as sister fortresses and thus one can observe similarity in the planning system of both the towns.

The northern part of Dabhoi is crossed by the Dhandhar river. To the east the taluka of Dabhoi is partly bounded by the Orsang river which on its way southwards crosses the South-East corner of the taluka and meets the Narmada near Chandod.A settlement surrounded with water features and rivers is considered to be wealthy land as per the Mansara planning system.

Fig. 2.3 : Plan of Jhinjhuwada fort

The plan of this military fort - architecture forms a swastik shape.Hence as per Vastusastra the fort of Dabhoi is of Swastika type.1 1 Surendra Vyas. “A study of Ancient Towns of Gujarat�. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy : MSU, 2001. pg.34

Fig. 2.4 : Plan of Dabhoi as per swastik system with grid iron streets C H A P T E R 2 : Site and Context

25

THESIS

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2018

N.T.S.

Fig. 2.5 : Analysis of the planning system - 01

It can be observed that four gates in each cardinal directions with 2 main roads along the N-S and W-E axes divide the town in four distinct sectors.Thus , the planning is in cardinal directions with 4 quadrants as per Mansara vastu shastra.

26

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Text

N.T.S.

Fig. 2.6 : Analysis of the planning system - 02

The streets are planned according to the iron-grid pattern and there was a moat of water surrounding the fortwall which can be still observed in the present-day in the form of swamps and historic water bodies surrounding the old town.

C H A P T E R 2 : Site and Context

27

THESIS

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2018

The slope of the ground is elevated towards the centre and gradually slopes down on the four directions forming water bodies at its base(Ref. Fig. 2.9).As it is evident from the slope,the central city lake is supposed to be man-made and planned as per the Vastu planning guidelines.

Even though the fortwall does not exist,it can be figured out that a moat of water existed in the historic times for defensive purpose and thus little water bodies can be seen even at present to be evident of the fact.

Furthermore, street patterns and road networks also depict the typical characteristics of the swastik planning system.Ghats existed in the earlier ages which are partially visible on the lake edges.

Thus, selecting a site with a historic water body in its context would help attract more public and make the place active.

Fig. 2.7 : Elevated ground towards the centre of the town while low lying areas on the periphery

Fig. 2.8 : 18th century map showing the central City tank

28

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

1. Dabhoi city lake

2. Saptmukhi stepwell

3. Sluice

4. Causeway

5. Ten Talav

3 2

4

1

6

6. Swamps

7

6

7. Ban talav near Hira Gate known as Visarjan Talav

Fig. 2.9 : Historic water bodies in and around Dabhoi C H A P T E R 2 : Site and Context

29

THESIS

I

2.1.2

Major nodes of the town

2018

To understand the activity nodes of the town nature of activities of each major node is studied which will further aid in setting up criterias for selecting the potent site and its association with the activity nodes of the town.

Fig. 2.10 : Road networks and major acivity nodes

30

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

2.2 Site Selection Probable Site Options :

2

1

3

N.T.S.

Option -1

Option - 2

Option - 3

Site Location

Land Ownership

Government + Private

Government

Government

Land Use

Institutional + Commercial

Recreational + Garden

Residential + Recreational

Advantages

Backdrop of Vadodara Gate,On the major road towards Vadodara which is entrance to the old fortified town

In front of the central Nageshvar Lake,Adjacent to Saptmukhi stepwell, Existing Public garden, On-going lake beautification project,Site of Darbargarh initially

Backdrop of Hira gate, Adjacent to the Ban lake, Existing small number of slums can be relocated, On-going proposal for Hira gate contextual development and the museum

Fig. 2.11 : Site options C H A P T E R 2 : Site and Context

31

THESIS

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2018

Selection Criteria : • Strategic Location On the banks of Ban lake adjacent to the Hira Gate and the old fortified town,the site gives an addiotional opportunity for lake front development along with development of Hira Gate precinct and has potential to attract tourists coming to Hira gate and going to Vadhwana Bird Sanctuary and other nearby attractions.

Lake

Old City Towards Vadodara

Fort Gate

Site

Towards Vadhwana Bird Sanctuary

New Development

N.T.S.

Fig. 2.12 : Site and its strategic location

• Potential in the Context The site has a rich historical context which includes the Hira Gate,Kalika temple and the historic Ban Lake that also has a religious layer associated to it.The already existing ghats of the Ban Lake can be redeveloped as a public space for the city and thus it can help revive the old historic structures which are at present neglected by the people.The site can thus become an anchor point of the entire city.

Fig. 2.13 : Hira Gate

32

Fig. 2.14 : Kalika Temple

Fig. 2.15 : Ghats of the Ban Lake

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

2.3 Site and its Environs

Ban Lake

Ghats

SITE

Hira Gate

Fig. 2.16 : Site plan and Site section

C H A P T E R 2 : Site and Context

33

THESIS

I

2018

Site Photographs

1. Hira gate compounds

2. Street facing Hira Gate 3. Kalika Temple

4. Street facing temple

6a. Door of the Hira Gate

8 1

3 2

4

5. Entrance to Hira Gate

5

6

7

N.T.S. 6b. Inside of the Gate

7. Temple adjoining Gate 8. Ghats of the Ban Talav, in front of the entrance to Hira Gate

Fig. 2.17 : Site Photographs

34

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Site Model

(Scale - 1: 500)

Fig. 2.18 : Site Model

2.18 a : View of Hira Gate from inside old town

2.18 b : Aerial view of Hira Gate and the site

2.18 c : View of Hira Gate from outside old town

2.18 d : Aerial view of Hira Gate compounds

C H A P T E R 2 : Site and Context

35

THESIS

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2018

2.4 Hira Gate A Historical Context The Hira Gate serves as reminder of the past generations of the Solanki dynasty and its historical establishments at the ancient town of Dabhoi.

Famous as the Diamond Gate, it is the most important fort gate to the East of the town and is the most preserved out of the four gates of the town.The fortwall at that time surrounded the town of Dabhoi from all four sides with the gates on the cardinal directions and a moat of water surrounding its peripheries.

In the historic times it served as a gateway for the influx of people from outside the city and was a barrier between the outside and the inside of the old city.It was used for military purpose as well for the defence against raids of the enemies.There are religious values associated with the gateway since there exists a temple of Kali which was supposed to be built with the belief that the goddess will safegaurd the prosperity of town.

In the present day, it is still used as a gateway between the outer and the inner city where people are found passing by from inside to outside and vice- versa both through the primary and secondary entrance ways of the complex. On a larger scale,usually people orient themselves in the city with respect to the hira gate as a landmark of the town.The use of the Kali temple is still prevalent.

However, the portion of Vaidyanath shrine on the southern end of the gate is almost ruined.

The issues concerned with this historical context is that the surroundings of Ban Lake have been illegally encroached by slums which have led to filthy environment and accumulation of dump on the peripheries which eventually makes it invaluable and thus tourist attraction is not observed much here.Also the place is not well maintained.The ruins of prehistoric times are still present and thus preserving them would help develop this site and give a new identity to the place by promoting more tourism.

36

Fig. 2.19 : Jarokha of the Kalika Temple as viewed from outside the old town

Fig. 2.20 : Balcony of the Kalika Temple as viewed from inside the old town

Fig. 2.21 : The ruined Vaidyanath shrine on the southern end

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Section through Hira gate balcony

Balcony

(Front elevation)

Balcony

(Side elevation)

Mythological figures sculpted on the Kalika Temple

Two sculptured panels of the Kalika Temple Fig. 2.22 : Hira Gate drawings C H A P T E R 2 : Site and Context

Pillar Detail

(Kalika temple)

37

THESIS

I

2018

Hira Gate Drawings

Plinth Level Plan (Lvl +2.5 mtrs)

First Level Plan (Lvl +5.5 mtrs)

Floor Plans

Fig. 2.23 : Floor Plans

38

Drawing Credits : Shazaman Saiyed, Hitesh Suthar, Spandan Das.

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Front Elevation

Terrace level

First level

Plinth level

Rear Elevation

Fig. 2.24 : Elevations

Drawing Credits : Shazaman Saiyed, Hitesh Suthar, Spandan Das.

C H A P T E R 2 : Site and Context

39

CHAPTER

3

PROGRAMME

3.1

The Project

3.2

Area Statement

3.3

Proposal for Heritage Walk

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

41

THESIS

I

2018

3.1 The Project The intention of this thesis is to understand the importance of historic buildings and its role in generating an active urban node of the city/town.

Thus identification of such an active node of Dabhoi was needful.

The programme took shape when a letter was issued by the Dabhoi municipality to chief minister of Gujarat,Vijaybhai Rupani,appealing to develop the historical precinct of Hira Gate at Dabhoi as a tourist attraction since the people of the town see potential in the heritage value of the town.Thus the letter insisted on improving the deteriorating conditions of the Hira Gate and the adjoining Ban lake so that it will attract more number of tourists every year and give a new meaning to its identity in terms of heritage and tourism.

Fig. 3.1 : Illegal constructions blocking the view of Hira Gate

The given proposal for contextual development of Hira Gate precinct included a museum,gathering and outdoor recreational spaces for local people,lake beautification,road development and temple restoration.1 At present the surroundings of Hira Gate are majorly occupied by residential units and slums coming up near the Ban lake adjacent to the Gate.People have become insensitive towards this place and usually one would observe heeps of garbages thrown out in the Ban lake which creates a filthy atmsphere that one might not prefer visiting.

The Ban lake is frequently visited by people during ganesh visarjan.In the historic times it was a place of religious importance and one could find temples and dharamshalas in its context,as seen in the 18th century map of the fortified town.In the current scenario the place has lost its religious significance too and considering the current deteriorating conditions of the site, redevelopment stands to be an appropriate approach towards saving this heritage site and providing public spaces to the town which also serves in spreading awareness regarding the rich heritage.

Fig. 3.2: Waste dumping at the Hira Gate and the Ban Lake

Fig. 3.3 : Waste dumping at the 80year old Nageshvar lake

1 Inamdar, Sanjay. “About Hira Gate Development�. Dabhoi Nagarpalika, 2018.

42

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Fig. 3.4 : Historical value of Dabhoi and the need to develop it in terms of heritage and tourism C H A P T E R 3 : Programme

43

THESIS

I

2018

Based on the demands of the project and the place,probable activities and spaces that can be incorporated in the proposed design programme include the following functions as shown in the diagrams on the right.

As per the requirements set by the Dabhoi municipality and its proposal to develop it as a tourist attraction,museum and heritage department are the primary built spaces required to fulfill the need of the project.Spaces that guide the tourists and enhance their experience of the place were also required.Apart from the core functions,built spaces for supporting activities like recreational and gathering are also included in the design programme.

A similar step has been taken forward by the Dabhoi Municipality which includes beautification of the 80 - year old Dabhoi City Lake which is in the heart of the town.The central lake lies in a dilapidated condition at present and the Saptmukhi stepwell in the lake is almost ruined and neglected.

Therefore,considering future developments of the Lake beautification and opening up the stepwell for the public,the town posseses potential to incorporate tourist facilities to activate and facelift the node of the town-Hira Gate.

Fig. 3.5 : Loop of activities

Researchers Enthusiasts Photography

Historians To u r i s m

Learning for kids

Fig. 3.6 : Purpose of the programme and various user groups

44

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

3.2 Area Statement ACTIVITY

A

CORE ACTIVITIES Heritage Museum (permanent exhibition) • • • • • •

B C

AREA (sq.m.)

Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery Gallery

1 2 3 4 5 6

1000 150 150 150 150 200 200

Library

300

• Heritage Library (Reading and stack areas,Storage)

300

Information Centre

400

• Heritage walk department (Ticket Counter,Luggage storage,Souvenir shop)

• Heritage department (Restoration / Research / Training)

200 200

SUPPORTING AREAS

A

Central Administration • • • • •

B C D

Head Office and Curator’s office Reception / waiting area Security cabin Records room / storage Toilets

250 60 60 10 30 30

Gathering Spaces

400

• Amphitheatre (Outdoor gathering)

400

Cafeteria

200

Parking • Two wheelers ( 50-70 ) • Four wheelers ( 20-30 )

TOTAL ( Built up) SITE AREA

C H A P T E R 3 : Programme

1000

3600 13,400

45

THESIS

I

2018

3.3 Proposal for Heritage Walk

N.T.S.

Fig. 3.7 : Heritage Walk Route - Option 01

N.T.S.

Fig. 3.8 : Heritage Walk Route - Option 02

46

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Dabhoi Heritage Walk Route

6 7

8 9

10 5

11

4 2 1

3

Dab ho i Fig. 3.9 : Dabhoi Heritage Walk map

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Hira Gate Kalika Temple Nandodi Gate Vadodari Gate Dabhoi Tower Mahudi Gate Historic Sluice Dabhoi Lake MotiBaug Saptmukhi Stepwell Ban Lake

Start & End point Walk Route Historic Structure Pause Point

* Note : Refer Appendix for a brief description of the monuments included in the Heritage Walk Route.

C H A P T E R 3 : Programme

47

CHAPTER

4

CASE STUDIES

4.1

Five Dragons Temple, China

4.2

Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur

4.3

Conclusion

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

49

THESIS

I

2018

Selection Criteria 4.1 Five Dragons Temple, China The case has been selected for the purpose of understanding the nature of intervention in response to the historic relic site and enhancing the experience of the place through adapting to its environment and preserving the relics as well.

The framework of analysis includes study of:

1. Issues addressed 2. Design approaches in response to the existing 3.

4.

5.

6.

historic relic site Display areas and types of exhibits Spatial organisation (Majorly outdoor exhibits) Interactive spaces through outdoor display areas Circulation and Movement

Fig. 4.1 : Dragons temple, China

4.2 Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur The case has been selected for the purpose of understanding nature of spaces and features of a museum that depicts the regional identity in itself and symbolizes the meaning of that place.

The framework of analysis includes study of:

1.

2.

3.

4.

50

Contextual Response Planning concept and Spatial organisation Circulation and Movement Material pallette

Fig. 4.2 : Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

4.1

Five Dragons Temple Project, China Location: Ruicheng City, Shanxi Province Project Year: 2015-2016 Principle Architect: Wang Hui Exhibition Design: Han Jiaying Design & Asso.

Client: The Tourism Cultural Relics Bureau of Ruicheng City Site Area: 5,838 sq. mtr.

Floor Area: 267 sq. mtr.

ISSUES ADDRESSED : •

Seldom known and having few visitors,located on a high slope,the temple as a cultural relic was segregated from the neighbourhood.The advancement in agricultural irrigation technology caused the vanishing of the rain praying culture at dragon temples, resulting in decline of the temple as the neighborhood center.

•

With the transition from traditional to modern agricultureal practices,and reduction in natural resources,the historic spring became a dumpyard.

•

The original picturesque view of the temple has also lost its charms due to the increasing deterioration and negligence of the environment.

•

Modern irrigation techniques has replaced the rite for praying rain ,a societal change that left the structure abandoned, thus the temple had lost its significance.

This architectural and landscape regeneration project has restored life to China’s oldest surviving Taoist temple in a programme to conserve and renovate this historical site with adoption of traditional building methods.It lies in perfect balance of history,nature,expertise,innovation.

Five Dragons Temple (Guang Ren Wang Temple) is listed as class A cultural relic by the National Cultural Heritage Conservation Bureau in China.

It was built in 832 A.D. during Tang Dynasty.The Vanke Group gave proposal of the “Long Plan” to revitalise the surroundings of the temple.The programme also raises the necessary public awareness on historical preservation.

Fig. 4.3 : Phase wise change in space - Entrance to the complex C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

51

THESIS

I

2018

DESIGN APPROACHES : The design of the environment uplift for the temple revolves around two themes. • An Outstanding theme : Included layers of over lapping spaces around the main temple precinct to narrate the story of the temple history and ancient Chinese architecture. This theme aided in making people aware about the traditional Chinese architecture. •

The Latent theme : Included restoration of the temple precinct into an area of public gathering, and enhance the environment to induce contemporary lifestyles with the essence of past of the ancient chinese architecture.

Fig. 4.4 : Combining new materials with the old

The temple was reinvigorated and after the completion of renovation, ancient relics were once again protected. The reeds from the Yellow River gel well with the tone of the weathered relics, and the mud ground became a public square frequently visited by people which became the major activity node.

The design preserved several cave dwellings that served as livestock shelters. They were restored with traditional rammed-earth method, turning it into a shaded area for visitors. With the participation of local workers, the cave renovations helped the villagers to re-master this traditional construction skill.

The entrance was once a muddy slide,making it difficult to travel to the temple. It was replaced with traditional stone steps that were paved on original path, preserving the plants along the side of it.

Entering the temple, one would see a fore-court of prefabricated concrete with the backdrop of rammed earth wall. The cladding imitates the color of local soil and gives it a character of originality.

A time line of Chinese architectural history on the walls and a temple miniature carved on the ground depicts the rich history of the place.

Entering further through a narrow passage,comes the main structure of the Five Dragons Temple.People would feel a sense of excitement and curiosity upon seeing this picturesque view of the historic setting.

52

Fig. 4.5 : Curiosity of temple view through narrow passages designed in respect of the historic structure

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Fig. 4.6 : Temple in the context

Fig. 4.7 : Five Dragons Temple - Master Plan C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

53

THESIS

I

2018

Fig. 4.8 : Axial planning corresponding to the axis of the main temple and existing ruins/relics

Fig. 4.9 : Spaces designed in the surroundings of the restored temple precinct

54

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Fig. 4.10 : Front plaza (villagers court) as an entrance to the temple while behind is the main temple with its court surrounded by the open air exhibitions

Fig. 4.11 : Various views towards the surroundings and the historic structure as well that keeps visitor’s mind always occupied and generates a sense of curiosity C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

55

THESIS

I

2018

•

The ground between the main structure and the theater stage was enlarged and paved. The new ground could also help prevent the temple from suffering water erosion, becoming an ideal place for villagers to hold activities.

•

To the north, behind the stone wall, one would see a new viewing platform overlooking the other national treasures: the city wall ruins of the ancient State of Wei, and the distant Zhongtiao Mountain. With the platform, all the rich historical elements of the surroundings forms an intimate connection with its urban context. The temple now looks like a museum of Chinese architectural history, or a rural architecture classroom along with relics revived.

Viewing platform

Main Temple

Court of Meditation

Theatre Stage

Main Temple

The Relic Site

Outdoor Display

Fig. 4.12 : Temple and its contextual relationship The caves

The entrance

After

Before

The dragon spring

Fig. 4.13 : Restoring and adapting to the existing ruins

56

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Before

After

Fig. 4.14 : The temple precinct before and after the environmental upgradation

Fig. 4.15 : Axonometric view of the upgraded temple precinct C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

57

THESIS

I

2018

INFERENCES : • Appreciation of the historic context by respecting and thus focussing to exaggerate on the presence of the Temple in the context.

• Going back in time to bridge the connection between the past and the future by reviving the existing cultural relics of the site : Fig. 4.16 : Temple as viewed from the stage

“ The Caves, The Dragon Spring and The Temple ” • In balance with history by adopting traditional building methods.

• Contextual response : Color tone of the stone selected reflects and matches with the color of reeds of Yellow river.

Fig. 4.17 : Similarity in the color contrast with the fields

The cladding on the walls immitate the color of the local soil.

• Public awareness through a display of Chinese architectural history : Depiction of temple miniature and the timeline of Chinese history to educate people about the rich history of the region.

Fig. 4.18 : Outdoor display areas

Excitement and curiosity upon seeing the picturesque view of the historic setting.

Views from the viewing platform : “ Open fields Zhongtiao mountain, and National treasure like the city wall ruins “

• A public space for ‘ community gathering ’.

58

Fig. 4.19 : A place for public gathering,interactions and celebration

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

References :

•

“Wang Hui - The Five Dragons Temple, Ruicheng City, China”. Magzter.Com, https://www.magzter.com/articles/.

Accessed 18 May 2018.

•

Obermoser, Edina. “Respectful Renovation: Urbanus Revitalizes The Five Dragons Temple”.

Detail-Online.Com, https://www.detail-online.com/article.

Accessed 21 Aug 2018.

•

“The Environmental Upgrade Of The Five Dragons Temple| URBANUS”. Urbanus.Com.Cn, http://www.urbanus.com. cn/projects/five-dragonstemple/.

Accessed 9 June 2018.

“ The sustenance of a cultural relic cannot simply rely on a singular village, but also the support of tourism, and special outreach to the public. ”

1

- Wang Hui & Team Urbanus

1 “URBANUS Renovates ‘Five Dragons’ Temple In Shanxi, China” Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. 2018. Print.

C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

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THESIS

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4.2

2018

Jawahar Kala Kendra , Jaipur Location: Jaipur, Rajasthan Project Year: 1986 Architect: Charles Correa Client: State Government Site Area: 9.6 acres

CONCEPT OF THE MUSEUM : The city of Jaipur is an ideal example to study the synthesis of past and future since it was built by Maharaja Jai Singh who held the two conflicting ideas of the mythology and a new future.Jawahar Kala Kendra is an Arts Centre dedicated to Nehru,based on an archaic notion of the cosmos-Navgraha Mandala, in which one square is displaced and two central squares combined.

The building is defined by 8m high wall, symbolizing the fortification wall along the Jaipur old city.The building is important to the city of Jaipur as an attempt that amalgamates history and modern efforts together to create a public space of a humane scale.

The design was prepared by Ar. Charles Correa in 1986 and the building was ready in 1992. The plan is inspired by the original city plan of Jaipur, consisting of nine squares with central square left open.It adapts and applies concepts from ancient architectural principles called the Vastu Vidya.

Fig. 4.20 : Entrance to the complex from the main road

60

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

HISTORICAL IDEOLOGY and DESIGN CONCEPT : •

The centre is a perfect example where the modernity fuses with the past through different space organisation and materials.

• The building plan is an analogue of the original city plan of Jaipur drawn by the Maharaja Jai Singh.It has a grid iron planning with connectivity.

• It uses symbolism & extends it into a liveable experience quite effectively by crafting spaces based on the elements of nature and their symbols.

•

The partly open courtyards and the traditional design elements of Rajasthan have been incorporated in the complex.

• The surrounding 8 mtr high walls with no fenestra tion in the facades make the building enclosed and symbolizes the fortwalls of the old city of Jaipur.Also,Vastu symbol is depicted on the facade of each unit.

Fig. 4.21 : Plan of the institute as per the old city plan of Jaipur C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

•

The use of reference from traditional architecture is evident through out the museum.

•

Correa, with the help of traditional artists of Rajasthan, recreated the images from the history on the walls of the museum, bringing life into it.

Fig. 4.22 : Topographic map of Jaipur City

61

THESIS

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2018

MASS and VOID :

Fig. 4.23 : Relation of mass and void

CIRCULATION PATTERN :

Fig. 4.24 : Circulation pattern

62

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

SPATIAL PLANNING : The centre has been made in eight blocks housing museums, one amphitheatre and the other closed auditorium, library, arts display rooms, cafeteria, small hostel and art-studio. The building program has been segregated in such a way that the 9 groupings correspond to the myths represented by that particular planet.For eg.

Library is located in the planet Mercury that traditionally represents knowledge and the theatres are in the planet Venus, representing the artsAlso the central square as specified in the Vedic Shastras is a void symbolizing Nothing which is Everything.

5. Sudarshan,Surekh & Sukriti Art Gallery 6. Satkar Cafeteria Guest house and Dormitory 7. Admin Block and Reception Conference and Cashier 8. Madhyavarti - Open court 9. Rangayan Krishnayan Theatre Director Theatre

1. Sandarbh Library Audio -Visual Reading 2. Sphatic Art Gallery 3. Parijat Gallery Srajan Workshop Srajan Photo Workshop 4. Alankar Museum Curator

Gallery/Display areas

4

5

6

Learning areas Recreational areas Central courtyard Administration

3

8

2

1

7

9

Fig. 4.25 : Programmatic space distribution C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

63

THESIS

I

2018

INFERENCES : • An attempt to relate with the historical ideologies.

• A design incorporating the design Rajasthan.

elements of

• Planning concept as per ancient vastu traditions: “ The Navgraha

Fig. 4.26 : Symbolic gestures of planets on wall

Mandala ” • Spaces organised with respect to the astrological relevance with the programmatic functions.

• The space has an interesting play of light,shadow and colors evoking emotions in the visitor.

• Materials and Aesthtics : Symbolism by recreating images of planets and other elements on the walls through use of different local building materials.

Fig. 4.27 : Traditional aesthetics in the materials used

External facade are clad in red Agra sandstone topped by a coping of beige dholpur sandstone.

Expressions of the 9 planets inlaid in white marble with polished black granite and mica slate recalling the surfaces of astronomical instruments at Jantar Mantar.

The surrounding 8 mtr high walls make the building enclosed and symbolizes the fortwalls of the old city of Jaipur.

Fig. 4.28 : Play of light and shadows through pergolas

Fig. 4.29 : Walls symbolizing the fortification wall of Jaipur city

64

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

References :

•

Sharma, Rishabh. “JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA”.

Academia.Edu, http://www.academia.edu/30954088/JAWAHAR_ KALA KENDRA. Accessed 23 Aug 2018.

•

“Jawahar Kala Kendra|Astronomy|Science”. Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/117152896/ Jawahar-Kala-Kendra.

Accessed 2 July 2018.

•

Kendra, Jawahar. “Jawahar Kala Kendra”.

Hiddenarchitecture.Net, http://www.hiddenarchitecture.net/2015/10/jawaharkala-kendra.html.

Accessed 10 July 2018.

•

“A Contemporary Architecture Exhibition At The Jawahar Kala Kendra,Jaipur, Questions The Notions Of Space And Time”.

The Indian Express, https://indianexpress.com/article.

Accessed 26 Sept 2018.

“ The complex and ambiguous relationship between man and nature is central to Indian architecture. ” 1 - Charles Correa

1 “Inspiration – {Blinks}”. Wordpress.Com, https://shreyathinks.wordpress.com/tag. 27 Dec 2018.

C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

65

THESIS

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2018

CONCLUSION : 4.1 Five Dragons Temple, China •

Initially barren, the forecourt around the main temple has been activated through a reduction in its scale.

•

Other programs now help occupy the space, with areas for meditation and observation joining various open-air exhibition halls behind new walls, which reactivate the dead space and give a new character to its spatial quality.

•

For appreciation of the historic context of the cultural relics was made possible through a series of spaces designed around the temple.

•

Visiting the relics is like going back in time through reading the history along with view points toward the temple that generates a psychological connection to the past.

Fig. 4.30 : Conclusion - Five Dragons Temple, China

66

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

4.2 Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur •

It is a representation of the original city plan of Jaipur - guides the visitor and relates to the original planning system.

•

Contextual response - The building language goes with the tradition with a mixture of both new and old.

•

It is a community space with both formal and informal spaces integrated within.

•

Use of local materials contributes towards the traditional look of the building.

•

Responding to the astrological aspects of the planet corresponding to the programmatic spaces in the building.

Fig. 4.31 : Conclusion - Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur C H A P T E R 4 : Case Studies

67

CHAPTER

5

DESIGN MANIFESTATION

5.1 Conceptual Design 5.2 Design Drawings 5.3 3D Visualization

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

69

THESIS

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2018

5.1 Conceptual Design Site Response

Site Access

Axis and Backdrop of Hira Gate

Existing Public Walkway

“Ghats� : Land water interface

Fig. 5.1 : Site response

Contextual Response

Institute as an annexe to the existing fort gate,central axis to be undisturbed

In-between spaces connecting the heritage plaza and and the core activities of Institute

Entrances and approach to the Institute

Fig. 5.2 : Contextual response

Hira Gate forms a skyline of Dabhoi and people orient themselves with respect to this landmark,thus any intervention should not disturb the view of the Gate

A heritage plaza as a public space for people to gather and embrace the historic setting of the place

Fig. 5.3 : Monument as a landmark and a backdrop for the public space

70

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Land - Water Interface

Fig. 5.4 : Lakefront for multifunctional purpose ie.religious,recreational etc. thus plinths & covered spaces

Fig. 5.5 : Various sketches showing public space overlooking the Ban Lake C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

71

THESIS

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2018

Circulation

The site has a random circulation patern at present with no defined entrance to the Hira Gate precinct.

Un-organized Circulation Fig. 5.6 : Existing circulation

The institute forms a footprint of the Fort Gate along with giving various views towards the Hira Gate and Ban Lake

Fig. 5.7 : Institute as an edge of entrance to the Gate

72

Organized Circulation

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

The Fortgate

Fig. 5.8 : Interpretations from the fort gate

Fig. 5.9 : Proposed landscaping within the fort gate compounds C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

73

THESIS

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Massing Concepts

1.

Singular massing built form with interconnecting passages and courtyards,more introvert in nature

2.

Built form facing the lake with linear series of courtyards dividing it into different open spaces as per function

3.

SW - NE alignment of clustered built form with common open space within and fore court at the entrance

Fig. 5.10 : Massing options - 01

74

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

4.

C - Shaped massing facing the lake with a singular common court for all activities, walkway being segregated from the institute

5.

L - Shaped massing facing the historic structure,common court opening towards the walkway,lake and the Hira gate making it more interactive

6.

Clustered massing with common court leading to secondary open spaces within the built mass,opening up into all four cardinal directions

Fig. 5.11 : Massing options - 02 C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

75

THESIS

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2018

Axis towards Hira Gate

Fig. 5.12 : Plan of an alcove of the outdoor exhibits

Fig. 5.13 : Concept of the interlinked display areas of the ruins gallery

Fig. 5.14 : Display area along the axis towards Hira gate

Fig. 5.15 : Section of display alcoves separated by human heighted planters in-between

76

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Fig. 5.16 : Conceptual sketch showing the circulation and courtyard spaces

Fig. 5.17 : Different ways of taking in light into museum galleries

Fig. 5.18 : Common court between galleries

Fig. 5.19 : Conceptual sketch of the galleries C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

Fig. 5.20 : Pylons at the entrance of Institute

77

THESIS

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Fig. 5.21 : Conceptual mass models

Fig. 5.22 : Conceptual GF layout - Site Planning

78

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Fig. 5.23 : Conceptual GF layout C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

79

THESIS

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2018

Design Concepts from the Fort Gate

Fig. 5.24 : Design Concepts from the existing fort gate

80

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Design Evolution

Fig. 5.25 : Sketch showing the courtyard of galleries

G.F.

F.F.

B.F.

Fig. 5.26 : Conceptual floor plans C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

81

THESIS

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2018

5.2 Design Drawings

N.T.S.

Contextual Plan

82

Hira Gate

Proposed Institute

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

LEGENDS : 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

15

8.

20

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

MASTER PLAN

19

Entry Entrance Foyer Museum Gallery Nageshvar Court Reception or Waiting Area Curator’s Office Head’s Office Ticket Counter & Luggage storage Souvenir Shop Workshop Female Toilet Male Toilet Pantry & Refreshment Viewing Deck Amphitheatre Hira Gate Parking Mahadev Temple Gallery of James Forbes Plaza of Jaisinh

C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

83

FLOOR PLANS PAVILION Detail

Dome

C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

85

SECTIONS C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

87

Galleries

Compound Wall C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

ENLARGED DETAILS

Landscaping of Hira Gate - Floor Plans

89

WALL SECTION C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

91

THESIS

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5.3 3D Visualization

Sketchup Model

Museum Gallery

92

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Verses of James Forbes carved on stone walls

View from basement towards the plaza of Jaysinh

Plaza of Jaysinh Siddharaja in front of Hira Gate

Aerial view of the Open Walkway Gallery

The Open Walkway Gallery of James Forbes C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

93

THESIS

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2018

Design Model (Scale - 1:200)

Hira Gate and the Heritage Plaza

94

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Lakefront and the Amphitheatre

Temple and the Lakefront Entrance to the Institute

Museum block

Supporting activities Block

Aerial view of the Institute and the lakefront C H A P T E R 5 : Design Manifestation

95

List of Illustrations

Page No.

Fig. i : Plan of the fortified town of Dabhoi by, “Places (Re-) Discovered” - LIK Trophy Documentation : 2007-09 Vol-I, Pg.111. Print Fig. ii : Hira Gate by,Google Images. Web. 12 Feb 2018.

Fig. iii : Nandodi Gate by, Author.

Fig. iv : Vadodara Gate by, Author.

Fig. v : Mahudi Gate by, Author.

1

Fig. 1.1 : The Great Pyramid of Giza - a symbol of Egyptian civilization by,Google Images. Web. 12 Dec 2017.

Fig. 1.2 : Lothal City - an example of the early Harappan civilization by,Google Images. Web. 12 Dec 2017.

Fig. 1.3 : Jallianwala Baugh - a reminder of the historic event in the past by, Author.

Fig. 1.4 : Taj Mahal - a monument in remembrance of a person by, Author.

Fig. 1.5 : Types of symbolisms in a heritage site by, Author.

Fig. 1.6 : Community values associated with a stepwell

by, Author.

Fig. 1.7 : Qutub Minar as a landmark for the city of Delhi by, Author.

Fig. 1.8 : India Gate as a point of foci of the city of Delhi

by, Author.

Fig. 1.9 : Aerial view of old city of Vadodara showing major nodes of it

by,Google Images. Web. 15 Dec 2017.

Fig. 1.10 : Heritage cycle

by, “What Is Cultural Heritage - Culture In Development”. Culture In Development, http://www.cultureindevelopment.nl/Cultural_Heritage/ What_is_Cultural_Heritage. Web. 11 Dec 2017.

Fig. 1.11 : Stepwell converted into a dumpyard

by, www.pinterest.com. Web. 12 Dec 2017.

Fig. 1.12 : Filthy surroundings of the Nageshvar Lake,Dabhoi

by, Author.

Fig. 1.13 : Illegal slums near the Hira Gate

by, Author.

Fig. 1.14 : Waste dumping near Nandodi Gate

by, Author.

Fig. 1.15 : Waste dumping at the ruins near the Hira Gate

by, Author.

Fig. 1.16 : The ruined Saptmukhi stepwell

by, Author.

Fig. 1.17 : Reign of Mularaja 1st,the founder of Solanki Dynasty

by, Author.

Fig. 1.18 : Reign of Jaysimha Siddharaja (1094-1144)

by, Author.

Fig. 1.19 : Fort of Dabhoi established under the Solanki Rajputs

by, “Marvels Of Solanki Rajputs | Mystery Of India”. The Mysterious India, http://www.themysteriousindia.net/marvels-of-solanki-rajputs/. Web. 19 Mar 2018.

Fig. 1.20 : Carved brackets from the period of Solanki Dynasty

by, Google Images. Web. 19 Mar 2018.

Fig. 1.21 : Figures of deities from the fort gates of Dabhoi

by,Google Images. Web. 21 Mar 2018.

8

96

2 2 2 2

8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11

12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14

15 15

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Page No. Fig. 1.22

Fig. 1.23

Fig. 1.24

Fig. 1.25

Fig. 1.26

Fig. 1.27

Fig. 1.28

Fig. 1.29

Fig. 1.30

Fig. 1.31

Fig. 1.32

Plate I :

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

: Location and regional context of Dabhoi by, Author. : Connectivity of the Dabhoi town by, Author. : Growth direction of Vadodara towards Dabhoi by, www.magicbricks.com. Web. 20 Feb 2018. : Dabhoi as a centre to various tourist attractions by, www.entechsolarcity.com. Web. 13 Jan 2018. : PHASE - I : Selection of the site by, Shah,Dipal ( Redrawn by Author ). : PHASE - 2 : Fortifications & Connectivity of town by, Shah,Dipal ( Redrawn by Author ). : PHASE - 3 : Dabhoi during 4th century by, Author. : PHASE - 4 : Dabhoi during 6th century by, Author. : PHASE - 5 : Dabhoi during 13th century by, Author. : PHASE - 6 : Dabhoi at present by, Urban Study : Dabhoi. Vadodara Design Academy, 2013. Print. : Map showing the Darbar and its adjuncts at Sarkarwada area in front of the central city lake by, Author.

A chronology of Events ( Ref. Ch.01, pg. 20-21)

16

2.1 : Swastik type of town planning system by, www.slideshare.net. Web. 23 July 2018.

2.2 : Quadrant divisions of the site as per swastik type by, www.slideshare.net. Web. 23 July 2018.

2.3 : Plan of Jhinjhuwada fort by, Vyas, Surendra.A study of Ancient Towns of Gujarat.

Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, MSU, 2001. Print.

2.4 : Plan of fortified town as per swastik system with grid iron streets by, Vyas, Surendra. A study of Ancient Towns of Gujarat.

Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, MSU, 2001. Print.

2.5 : Analysis of the planning system - 01 by, Author.

2.6 : Analysis of the planning system - 02 by, Author.

2.7 : Elevated ground towards the centre of the town while low lying areas on the periphery of fortwall by, Author.

2.8 : 18th century plan showing the central City tank by, Dabhoi nagarpalika. Print.

2.9 : Historic water bodies in and around Dabhoi by, Author.

2.10 : Road networks and major acivity nodes by, Urban Study : Dabhoi. Vadodara Design Academy, 2013. Print. ( Redrawn by Author ) 2.11 : Site options by, Author.

2.12 : Site and its strategic location by, Author.

2.13 : Hira Gate by, Author.

2.14 : Kalika Temple by, Author.

24

16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 19

20-21

24 25

25

26 27 28

28 29 30

31 32 32 32

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Page No.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

2.15 : Ghats of the Ban Lake by, Author.

2.16 : Site plan and Site section by, Author.

2.17 : Site Photographs by, Author.

2.18 : Site Model by, Author.

2.19 : Jarokha of the Kalika Temple as viewed from outside the old town by,Google Images. Web. 23 Aug 2018.

2.20 : Balcony of the Kalika Temple as viewed from inside the old town by, Author.

2.21 : The ruined Vaidyanath shrine on the southern end by, Author.

2.22 : Hira Gate drawings by, Burgess, James, and Henry Cousens. The Antiquities Of The Town Of Dabhoi In Gujarat. G. Waterston & Sons, Printers, 1888. Print.

Fig. 2.23 : Floor Plans

by, Saiyed, Shazaman. Hitesh, Suthar. and Spandan, Das. Dabhoi, 2012.

Fig. 2.24 : Elevations

by, Saiyed, Shazaman. Hitesh, Suthar. and Spandan, Das. Dabhoi, 2012.

32

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

42

3.1 : Illegal constructions blocking the view of Hira Gate by, Author.

3.2 : Waste dumping at the Hira Gate and the historic ruins by, Author.

3.3 : Waste dumping at the 80-year old Nageshvar lake by, Author.

3.4 : Historical value of Dabhoi and the need to develop it in terms of heritage and tourism by, Miscellaneous newspaper articles.

3.5 : Loop of activities by, Author.

3.6 : Purpose of the programme and various user groups by, Author.

3.7 : Heritage Walk Route - Option 01 by, Author.

3.8 : Heritage Walk Route - Option 02 by, Author.

3.9 : Dabhoi Heritage Walk map by, Author.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

98

4.1 : Dragons temple,China by,Google Images. Web. 03 Aug 2018.

4.2 : Jawahar Kala Kendra by,Google Images. Web. 19 Aug 2018.

4.3 : The phase wise change in space by, www.archdaily.com. Web. 03 Aug 2018.

4.4 : Combining new materials with the old by, Author.

4.5 : Curiosity of temple view through narrow passages designed in respect of the historic structure by, Author.

4.6 : Temple in the context by, www.magzter.com. Web. 03 Aug 2018.

4.7 : Five Dragons Temple - Master Plan by, “Wang Hui - The Five Dragons Temple, Ruicheng City, China�.

Magzter.Com, https://www.magzter.com/articles/.

Accessed 18 July 2018.

33 34 35 36 36 36 37

38 39

42 42 43

44 44 46 46 47

50 50 51 52 52

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Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

Page No. Fig. 4.8 : Axial planning corresponding to the axis of the main temple and existing ruins/relics

by, Author.

Fig. 4.9 : Spaces designed in surroundings of the restored temple precinct

by,Author.

Fig. 4.10 : Front plaza (villagers court) as an entrance to the temple while

behind is the main temple with its court surrounded by the open

air exhibitions

by, Author.

Fig. 4.11 : Various views towards the surroundings and the historic structure

as well that keeps visitor’s mind always occupied and generates

a sense of curiosity by, Author.

Fig. 4.12 : Temple and its contextual relationship with surrounding spaces

by, Author.

Fig. 4.13 : Restoring and adapting to the already existing ruins

by, “The Environmental Upgrade Of The Five Dragons Temple | URBANUS”.

Urbanus.Com.Cn, http://www.urbanus.com.cn/projects/five-dragons-temple/.

Accessed 9 June 2018.

Fig. 4.14 : The temple precinct before and after the environmental upgradation

by, “The Environmental Upgrade Of The Five Dragons Temple | URBANUS”.

Urbanus.Com.Cn, http://www.urbanus.com.cn/projects/five-dragons-temple/.

Accessed 9 June 2018.

Fig. 4.15 : Axonometric view of the upgraded temple precinct by, Obermoser, Edina. “Respectful Renovation: Urbanus Revitalizes The Five Dragons Temple”. Detail-Online.Com, https://www.detail-online.com/article/ respectful-renovation-urbanus-revitalizes-the-five-dragons-temple-31688/.

Accessed 21 June 2018.

Fig. 4.16 : Temple as viewed from the stage

by, www.urbanus.com.cn. Web. 03 July 2018.

Fig. 4.17 : Similarity in the color contrast with the fields

by, www.urbanus.com.cn. Web. 03 July 2018.

Fig. 4.18 : Outdoor display area

by, www.urbanus.com.cn. Web. 03 July 2018.

Fig. 4.19 : A place for public gathering,interactions and celebration

by, www.urbanus.com.cn. Web. 03 July 2018.

Fig. 4.20 : Entrance to the complex from the main road

by,Google Maps. Web. 14 July 2018.

Fig. 4.21 : Plan of the institute as per the old city plan of Jaipur

by, Author.

Fig. 4.22 : Topographic map of Jaipur City

by, www.aceademia.edu.net. Web. 14 July 2018.

Fig. 4.23 : Relation of mass and void

by, Author.

Fig. 4.24 : Circulation pattern

by, Author.

Fig. 4.25 : Programmatic space distribution

by, www.hiddenarchitecture.net. Web. ( Redrawn by Author ) Fig. 4.26 : Symbolic gestures of planets on wall

by, Google Images. Web. 29 July 2018.

Fig. 4.27 : Traditional aesthetics in the materials used

by, www.hiddenarchitecture.net. Web ( Redrawn by Author ) Fig. 4.28 : Play of light and shadows through pergolas

by, Google Images. Web. 30 July 2018.

Fig. 4.29 : Walls symbolizing the fortification wall of Jaipur city

by, Author.

Fig. 4.30 : Conclusion - Five Dragons Temple, China

by, Author.

Fig. 4.31 : Conclusion - Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur

by, Author.

54

54 55

55

56 56

57

57

58 58 58 58 60 61 61 62 62 63 64 64 64 64 66 67

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THESIS Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

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Page No.

5.1 : Site response by, Author.

5.2 : Contextual response by, Author.

5.3 : Monument as a landmark and a backdrop for the public space by, Author.

5.4 : Lakefront for multifunctional purpose ie.religious,recreational etc. thus plinths & covered spaces by, Author.

5.5 : Various sketches showing public space overlooking the Ban Lake by, Author.

5.6 : Existing circulation - unorganised by, Author.

5.7 : Institute as entrance to historic site - controlled circulation by, Author.

5.8 : Inferences from the fort gate by, Author.

5.9 : Proposed landscaping within the fort gate compounds by, Author.

5.10 : Massing options - 01 by, Author.

5.11 : Massing options - 02 by, Author.

5.12 : Plan of an alcove of the outdoor exhibits by, Author.

5.13 : Concept of the interlinked display areas of the ruins gallery by, Author.

5.14 : Display area along the axis towards Hira gate by, Author.

5.15 : Section of display alcoves separated by human heighted planters in-between by, Author.

5.16 : Conceptual sketch showing the circulation and courtyard spaces by, Author.

5.17 : Different ways of taking in light into the museum galleries by, Author.

5.18 : Common court between galleries by, Author.

5.19 : Conceptual sketch of the galleries by, Author.

5.20 : Pylons at the entrance of the Institute by, Author.

5.21 : Conceptual mass models by, Author.

5.22 : Conceptual sketch of the GF layout - Site Planning by, Author.

5.23 : Conceptual sketches of the GF layout by, Author.

5.24 : Design Concepts from the existing fort gate by, Author.

5.25 : Sketch showing the courtyard of galleries by, Author.

5.26 : Conceptual sketches of the floor plans by, Author.

100

70 70 70 71

71 72 72 73 73 74 75 76 76 76 76

77 77 77 77 77 78 78 79 80 81 81

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Bibliography a . Books /Journals /Articles : • Burgess, James, and Henry Cousens. The Antiquities Of The Town Of Dabhoi In Gujarat. G. Waterston & Sons, Printers, 1888. Print.

• “Dabhoi & Gates | History Of Vadodara - Baroda”. History Of Vadodara - Baroda, 2018, http://www.historyofvadodara.in/dabhoi-gates/. Accessed 5 Feb 2018.

• Desai, Hemang. Architectural Treasures Of Gujarat. Tourism Corp. Of Gujarat Ltd., 2008. Print.

• Gujarat State. Vadodara District. Gazetteer of India. Vadodara : Directorate of Government Print, 1979. Print.

• Goyal, Anuradha. “Carved Gates Of Dabhoi, Heritage Monuments Of Gujarat”.

Inditales, 2018, https://www.inditales.com/carved-gates-of-dabhoi/.

Accessed 18 Feb 2018.

• Hui, Wang. “The Five Dragons Temple,Ruicheng City,China”. Domus.

Vol. 6. No. 062. May 2017. Print.

• Lautman, Victoria, and Divay Gupta. The Vanishing Stepwells of India. Merrell Publishers ,2016. Web. Accessed 14 Jan 2018.

• Livingston, Morna. Steps to Water : The ancient stepwells of India.

New York : Princeton Architectural Press, 2002. Print.

• Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. Cambridge,Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press,1960. Print.

• “Marvels Of Solanki Rajputs | Mystery Of India”. The Mysterious India, http://www.themysteriousindia.net/marvels-of-solanki-rajputs/. Web.19 Mar 2018.

• Neubauer, Jutta Jain. The Stepwells of Gujarat : In Art - Historical Perspective.

Abhinav Publications, 1981. Print.

• Ross, Edward Denison. A History Of Gujarat, Including A Survey Of Its Chief Architectural Monuments And Inscriptions, By Khan Bahadur U.S. Commissariat, With An Introduction By Sir E. Denison Ross. Vol. I. From A.D. 1297-8 To A.D. 1573. London, Longmans, Green And C°, 1938. Print.

• Sastri, Hirananda. Gaekwads Archaeological Series Memoir No.III: The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State. Baroda State Press,1940. Print.

• Stubben, Joseph. City Building. M.I.T. Library: Julia Koschinsky and Emily Talen,1890. Web. Accessed 6 Mar 2018.

• Tayyibji, Riyaz. Ancient Stepwells of Ahmedabad: A Conversation On Water And Heritage. Ahmedabad : Anthill Design , 2016. Web. Accessed 2 Jan 2018.

• ”The Culture And Heritage Of Gujarat, Its Origin And Development CHAPTER-2”.

Shodhganga.Inflibnet.Ac.In, 2018, http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ . pdf. Web. Accessed 2 Feb 2018.

• Vyas, Maulik. Indian Antiquaries and Local Histories: a Retroscope in Gnosis.

Ed. Saikat Banerjee. Vol. 2. No. 4. July, 2016. Web. Accessed 13 June 2018.

• “When is Space?” An Exhibition on Contemporary Architecture Commissioned by Jawahar Kala Kendra, Ed. Rupali Gupte and Prasad Shetty. Jaipur: Jawahar Kala Kendra.

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b . Thesis/Documentations : • Bhagia, Indra. A study of Placenames of Baroda District(Gujarat)India.

Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy : M.S.U., 1984. Print.

• Mehta, R.N. Archaeology of the Baroda, Broach and Surat districts upto 1300 a.d.

Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy : M.S.U., 1957. Print.

• “Places (Re-) Discovered” - LIK Trophy Documentation. Vol. 1. 2007-09. Print • Shah, Aniket. “Heritage Awareness Centre, Ahmedabad - An Approach towards Interpreting Learnings from the Past”: I.P.S.A. 2016. Print.

• Shah, Dipal. “Dabhoi : Research Thesis”. Dabhoi, 2018.

• Saiyed, Shazaman. Hitesh, Suthar. and Spandan, Das. Dabhoi, 2012.

• Urban Study : Dabhoi. Vadodara Design Academy, 2013. Print.

• Vyas, Surendra. A study of Ancient Towns of Gujarat. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy,Vadodara : MSU, 2001. Print.

c . Institutions : • Archaelogical Survey of India, Vadodara branch, Vadodara.

• Dabhoi Nagarpalika, Dabhoi.

• I.P.S.A. - Library, Rajkot.

• M.S.U. - Library, Vadodara.

• V.D.A. - Library, Vadodara.

d . Interviews : • Inamdar, Sanjay. “About Hira Gate Development”. Dabhoi Nagarpalika, 2018.

• Parekh, Hesha. “About Dabhoi : Urban study”. Dabhoi, 2018.

• Patel, Smit. “About Hira Gate Development”. Dabhoi Nagarpalika, 2018.

• Patel, Vitrag. “About Dabhoi”. Dabhoi , 2018.

• Shah, Dipal. “History of Dabhoi”. Dabhoi, 2018.

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Appendix Architectural Heritage of Dabhoi Dabhoi is known for its historic setting and attracts tourists from various places.The major attractions in the town are the Dabhoi fort gates on each cardinal directions,each one decorated with intricate carvings.It is the rare surviving examples of military architecture of Gujarat style.Thus,one can observe water spaces in the form of lakes and swamps all around the fortified town which once used to be the moats of water outside the fortwall.Hira gate on the east with the Kalika Temple standing besides is the most adorned gates out of the four and is an ancient monument preserved by A.S.I. Another architectural marvel of the town is the 13th century man made lake right in the heart of the town known as Dabhoi lake that sufficed water requirements of the entire town in the old days.Other attractions in the town include the Dabhoi tower,narrow gauge railway heritage park,Dayaram house and library.The railway heritage park is no more active due to various reasons and thus giving back such place to the city will help attract more public.A brief introduction to architectural heritage of Dabhoi is given further.

Mahudi Gate

Vadodara Gate

Hira Gate

Nandodi Gate

N.T.S.

Fig. 1 : Location of the Fort Gates

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Fig. 2 : Map showing Historic Landmarks of Dabhoi C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

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A. HIRA GATE The chief fort gate of Dabhoi,the one which has suffered the most goes by the name of Hira Bhagol famous as the “Diamond Gate” named after the architect Hiradhar,who punished by king after stealing stones built a Lake now named as Ten-Talav which was made by him for memory of his wife Ten.It is also told that this gate is known as Hira gate on account of its beautiful decorations.

The Gate is on eastern side with its adjoining right side having a temple of Kalika Mata.It has been almost entirely rebuilt.The gate proper, ie. the entrance has hardly any carvings left . The southern side where the Vaidyanatha temple stood is practically gone excepting a small portion of the shrine which has now been conserved.1 The entire front of the gate has been rebuilt by the Muhammadans and we can see old string courses, cornices and a balcony window inserted above the Saracenic arch.The inner side is not much destroyed and the central portion has been largely renewed.

Dabhoi is one of the finest examples of the miltary architecture of the early ages with its fort gates preserved,thus one can find massive wooden doors with iron spikes that served for the defence purpose of the town and regulated the movement between the inside and the outside.The door is still in place at the Hira Gate.On inner side of this gate, is a famous inscription composed by Rajkavi Someshwar Dev.2

Fig. 3 : Hira Gate as viewed from outside the old town

Fig. 4 : Hira Gate as viewed from inside the old town

1 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.29 2 ”Dabhoi & Gates ”. History Of Vadodara - Baroda, http:// www.historyofvadodara.in/dabhoi-gates/. 5 Feb 2018.

Fig.5 : Ruined Vaidyanath temple on southern part of gate

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Fig. 6 : Massive wooden door with iron spikes within inner part of gate

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B. KALIKA MATA TEMPLE

Fig. 7 : Kalika temple as viewed from outside the old town

Fig.8 : View of Kalika temple balcony

The nouthern side of the Hira Gate named as Kalika Mata temple is the most preserved temples and has undergone substantial repairs with its exterior still retaining the original striking features of the intricate carvings.The temple dates from 1225 and is dedicated to goddess Kali.It has profuse carvings depicting miniature figures,animals and lotus motif all minutely detailed.The temple has three storeys the shrine proper being on the first floor.1 The mandapa or hall of the temple has projecting balconies and the shrine houses a figure of goddess Kali on a marble altar.An opening between the legs of the elephant in the centre admits light to the interior.

The sculptures are distributed over the walls of the Hira gate in niches,panels,balconies etc. either in single figures,in pairs or in groups.The outer walls of the temple are covered by sculptures of various Hindu divinities.The larger figures are built into the wall in niches,but round the basement of the temple there are empty niches which must have contained figures,now missing.Among the larger figures on the west face of the temple are Brahma and Ganpati.

Lower down on the inner side of the temple,and nearer the gateway is a very pretty little projecting niche holding mutilated figure of goddess Mahakali.2

1 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.30 2 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.34

Fig. 9 : Detailed carvings of the jarokha of Kalika temple

Fig. 10 : Balcony of Kalika temple as viewed from outside the old town

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C. VADODARA GATE The Vadodara Gate lies on west side and there are cornices on the back as well as front of the gate.The outer facade of this gate is adorned with figures of Hindu idols like Lord Vishnu,Shiva,Brahma,Mother Goddess etc. It is more or less standing intact in its entirety.It must have had six bracket supports instead of arches springing from pilasters,but now the third pilaster from the outside have been cut away to make room for an arch,evidently Muhammadan in origin.The bracket and the arch support six architraves over which the slabs of the roof are laid.

The deep cornices over-hanging are partially preserved.1 Inspite of various alterations made during Muhammadan period it still retains some remarkably profuse sculptures.In erecting the Saracenic arch, fine images have been cut off to accomodate the jambs,and the carving in and between the corbel supports have been already spoiled.2 1 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.34 2 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.37

Fig. 11 : Vadodara Gate as viewed from inside the old town

Fig. 12 : Vadodara Gate as viewed from outside the old town

Fig. 13 : Collonade of Vadodara Gate

Section of the Vadodara Gate

Bracket Detail

Plan

Fig. 14 : Vadodara Gate drawings

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Fig. 15 : Sculptures carved out in the inside of Vadodara Gate

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D. NANDODI GATE

Fig. 16 : Nandodi Gate as viewed from outside the old town

The Nandodi Gate is in the southern part of the fort town having double gates with an open court in between.The Gate is famous for its carved Brackets.1 On its inner sides, figures of Lord Shiva and Vishnu with all his attributes adorn the gate. Though somewhat inferior to Hira and Vadodara gate,it is equally interesting in its architectural details.The pilasters,brackets and the sculptures exhibit great skill of the masons and the architect.Among the magnificently carved out mythological figures which adorn the gate are lord Shiva in his various forms,Vishnu with his emblems and vehicle Garuda, his Narsimha or Man-Lion incarnation,Daksha with the head of Ram,Sarasvati with her vehicle peacock, Mahakali in the grim skeleton form and various other intricately detailed figures.2

Fig. 17 : Secondary entrance to Nandodi Gate

The inner face above its cornice carries three large figures of the hindu traid.One represents Shiva,with his vehicle Nandi and other Brahma,sitting to the right.It reflects the credit on the authoritites who financed the undertakings of constructions.3 The gateway is the primary entrance to the old settlement of Jain community locally known as the Jain Wago where there are a number of temples,upashrays and derasars,the important one being the Lodhan Parshwanath Jain temple which is the Dabhoi Jain Tirth that holds religious significance since the 6th century when Jains first settled here near the kansara bazaar.It is also a major gateway to reach the central Nageshvar lake from the southern end of the town.

Fig. 18 : Ruins at the Nandodi Gate

1 http://www.historyofvadodara.in 2 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.34 3 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.36

Fig. 19 : View of the inner compounds of Nandodi Gate showing the double entrances C H A P T E R 1 : Architecture and Heritage

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E. MAHUDI GATE Also known as the Champaneri Gate,this gate has five bracket supports instead of arches springing from pilasters.It is on the north side of the ancient fortified town and was completed in the Vikrama year 1344 ie. some 33 years after the date of Hira gate prasati or Somesvara.The interior of the gate bears magnificent sculptures and carvings.The mythological figures on the walls include Lord Shiva, Vishnu, Narshimhas and Saraswati etc.1 In the sculptures of Mahudi gate lord Shiva is shown as the Creator.The sculptures of dancing Shiva represent him as Nataraja and it visualises the mystic dance of creation.His sixteen-armed representation in the Tandava posture is the most attractive amongst other carvings of this gate. Below the Nataraja or Shiva figures, which are carved on the top of the internal walls,we see the goddesses like Brahmani,Chamunda or Kali and also Ganesha with a mouse close by.Below the goddesses we find male figures,probably saints or rishis,with labels engraved behind their heads.2

Fig. 20 : View of Mahudi Gate from inside the old town

Fig. 21 : Carved brackets of Mahudi Gate

The builders of the citadel of Dabhoi were chiefly ‘Shaivas’ who regard lord Shiva as the supreme God.That is why a special sanctuary dedicated to Shiva (Vaidyanath temple) to the south of Hira gate was built.3 The residents at Dabhoi still have faith in the belief that such representations of gods and goddesses owe to the security of this wealthy town even till date.They believe that all the forms of hindu divinities in each gate on the four cardinal directions are protecting the town from enemies and are responsible for keeping all the negative energies outside the old fortified town.

1 ”Dabhoi & Gates ”. History Of Vadodara - Baroda, http:// www.historyofvadodara.in/dabhoi-gates/. 5 Feb 2018.

2 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.35-36 3 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.35

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Fig. 22 : Carvings of hindu divinities in the inner side of the brackets

Development of Hira Gate Precinct,Dabhoi

F. SAPTMUKHI STEPWELL The central lake of Dabhoi town was fed by the periodical rains but a stone aqueduct(Saptmukhi stepwell - a small shrine on the west) communicating with it from outside is supposed to exist for keeping the tank replenished with water all the times.

The floor of the shrine is several feet below the water Fig. 23 : Pavilion of the Saptmukhi Vav surface.It would have probably been a Shiva temple since it consists of a central shrine or small hall with porches on the north and the south sides.The east side adjoins the central tank from which the shrine is approached through a third entrance.On the west side is a roomy balconied window and seat overlooking the tank view.A subterranean passage in the stepwell is still pointed out which was meant for worshipping the deity in pardah (behind the curtains). 1

Fig. 24 : View of the stepwell from entrance way at Motibaug

The stepwell lies in a ruinous condition now and thus it is not in a suitable condition to be opened up for the tourists and local people.The cleaning and beautification of the Nageshvar lake and restoration and preservation of the stepwell has potential to attract tourists and thus special attention should be paid to save these architectural marvels of the 13th century which will also help in spreading the rich history of the town which is unknown to many people today.

1 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State�. 1940. pg.38

Fig. 25 : Carved doorway below the entrance to the pavilion

Fig. 26 : The ruined dome of the pavilion of Saptmukhi stepwell

Fig. 27 : 18th century view of the stepwell from the lake

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G. DABHOI CITY LAKE Like other citadels or forts Dabhoi also has a large artificial tank right in the heart of the town which is irregular in shape surrounded by strong masonry and grand flight of steps, formerly known as Nageshvar Talav.One can find a stone aqueduct (Saptmukhi stepwell) on the west side of the tank which was built with the purpose of keeping the tank replenished with water.The tank must have been the principal supply of water for the entire town during the earlier ages though there are old wells(kuva) as well.People still point out a place whence excess water could escape through a channel to the open country outside the walls.1 At present the water of the tank is used for washing clothes and one would observe heaps of garbages on its peripheries.

A large piece of land is seen jutting into the south side of the tank almost surrounded by water on its three sides.For over a hundred and fifty years,it held the old Residency and offices,and the two-storeyed house overlooking the tank in which the late Mr.Forbes lived though now its shaky and abandoned.2 On the other side of it ,is a small ruined gateway, looking as if it had been an entrance to a temple.A causeway connects it with the opposite side of the tank where one can point out the sluice.It stands in a way as if it had been built for the king to let his horses cross the lake.

1 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.38 2 Sastri, Hirananda. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. pg.38

Fig. 28 : Old houses on the edge of the Nageshvar lake

Fig. 29 : Sluice on the northern side of the lake

Fig. 30 : Causeway connecting the two opposite ends of the lake

Fig. 31 : View of the lake as seen from Motibaug

Fig. 32 : View of the lake from its western edge

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H. DABHOI TOWER The old city tower of Dabhoi stands on the south west corner of the central lake,from where one can view the entire old city.It is located in the busy bazaars of the town and can be reached by two major roads ie. one leading from Vadodara gate and another from Mahudi gate respectively.

Fig. 33 : Dabhoi tower

Its construction is dated back to the 18th century and supposed to be built by the Gaekwads of Baroda after they established their centre at Dabhoi,as can be observed from its architectural style too.The Dabhoi tower houses a public library where people of all age groups come for reading.

I. JAIN TIRTH

Fig. 34 : Dabhoi Jain tirth

Fig. 35 : Entrance to Jain temple

Dabhoi is mentioned as an important city in the Jain inscriptions of Girnar.It has many Jain and Hindu temples devoted to different gods and goddesses.

Many Jain scholars also stayed here in the past and enriched the Jain Granth Bhandar which has a collection of ancient Jain manuscripts.It is a major Jain pilgrimage place.There are six Jain temples out of which Shri Lodhan Parshvanath temple is main attraction.The first settlement of Jain community settled down near Kansara bazaar during 4th-6th century and some 1550 years old sculptures of Jainism were found from the Kansaras.Use of Derasar is still prevalent and the essence of Jainism is still found in the town.

Fig. 36 : The historic well at Jain wago that contained the idol of Lord Parshwanath

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Appendix citations

Page No.

Fig. 1 : Location of the Fort Gates in each cardinal directions, within the fortified town

by, Author.

Fig. 2 : Map showing Historic Landmarks of Dabhoi

by, Author.

Fig. 3 : Hira gate as viewed from outside the old town

by, Author.

Fig. 4 : Hira gate as viewed from inside the old town

by, Author.

Fig. 5 : Ruined Vaidyanath temple on the southern part of gate

by, Author.

Fig. 6 : Massive wooden door with iron spikes,within inner part of the gate

by, Author.

Fig. 7 : Kalika temple as viewed from outside the old town

by, Author.

Fig. 8 : View of Kalika temple balcony

by,Google Images. Web. 23 Aug 2018.

Fig. 9 : Detailed carvings of Kalika temple balcony

by,Google Images. Web. 23 Aug 2018.

Fig. 10 : Balcony of Kalika temple as viewed from outside the old town

by, Author.

Fig. 11: Vadodara Gate as viewed from inside the old town

by, Author.

Fig. 12 : Vadodara Gate as viewed from outside the old town

by, Google Images. Web. 17 Jun 2018.

Fig. 13 : Collonade of Vadodara Gate

by, Author.

Fig. 14 : Vadodara Gate drawings

by, by, Burgess, James, and Henry Cousens. The Antiquities Of The Town Of Dabhoi In Gujarat. G. Waterston & Sons, Printers, 1888. Print.

Fig. 15 : Sculptures carved out in the inside of Vadodara Gate

by, Author.

Fig. 16 : Nandodi Gate as viewed from outside the old town

by, Author.

Fig. 17 : Secondary entrance to Nandodi Gate

by, Author.

Fig. 18 : Ruins at the Nandodi Gate

by, Author .

Fig. 19 : View of the inner compounds of Nandodi Gate showing the double entrances

by, Author.

Fig. 20 : View of Mahudi Gate from inside the old town

by,Google Images. Web. 17 Jun 2018.

Fig. 21 : Carved brackets of Mahudi Gate

by,Google Images. Web. 17 Jun 2018.

Fig. 22 : Carvings of hindu divinities in the inner side of the brackets

by, Author.

Fig. 23 : Pavilion of the Saptmukhi Vav

by, Author.

Fig. 24 : View of the stepwell from entrance way at Motibaug

by, Author.

Fig. 25 : Carved doorway below the entrance to the pavilion

by, Author.

Fig. 26 : The ruined dome of the pavilion of stepwell

by, Author.

Fig. 27 :18th century view of the stepwell from the lake

by, by, Burgess, James, and Henry Cousens. The Antiquities Of The Town Of Dabhoi In Gujarat. G. Waterston & Sons, Printers, 1888. Print.

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Page No. Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

28 : Old houses on the edge of the Nageshvar lake by, Author.

29 : Sluice on the northern side of the Lake by, Author.

30 : Causeway connecting the two opposite ends of the lake by, Author.

31 : View of the lake as seen from Motibaug by, Author.

32 : View of the Dabhoi city lake by, Patel, Vitrag. Dabhoi. 2018.

33 : Dabhoi tower by, Google Images. Web. 09 Jun 2018.

Fig. 34 : Dabhoi Jain tirth

by,Google Images. Web. 09 Jun 2018.

Fig. 35 : Entrance to Jain temple

by, Author.

Fig. 36 : The historic well at Jain wago that contained the idol of Lord Parshwanath

by, Author.

112 112 112 112 112 113 113 113 113

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“ Dubhoy, farewell ! Farewell ye ancient towers , Ye peaceful lakes, ye consecrated bowers !…

Dubhoy, farewell ! thy gloomy change so near , For thee I drop the sympathetic tear !… ” 1 - James Forbes

1 Sastri, Hiranand. “The Ruins Of Dabhoi Or Darbhavati in Baroda State”. 1940. Pg.42-44. Print.