Smithgall Student Service Building Energy Performance Evaluation and Retrofit Department
Assigned Area
Auxiliary Services, AVP
1,653
Center For The Arts, R. Ferst
N
Room/Space Count 9
847
5
Counseling Center
5,084
40
Dean of Students
7,227
38
Housing Office
3,226
16
Leadership Education & Development Program Non-Assignable Parents Program Student Affairs, VP
209
1
9,840
42
732
5
7,182
15
Student Government Assoc.
429
3
Unassigned
460
3
VPSA - Assessment
131
1
1,762
10
VPSS-Student Publications Vending
65
TOTALS
38,847 Total Gross Floor Area
Energy evaluation methods The climate in Atlanta is 3a, which is humid and hot in the summer and humid and mild in winter, It makes the natural ventilation difficult during summer when the air contains high humidity. Based on the wind rose diagram, the monthly dominant wind direction mostly from North West direction and it is stronger and last longer during January to May and from October to December. It creates possible opportunities for natural ventilation during these seasons. Since the temperature and humidity fluctuates daily, an automated natural flush out plan can be embodied in the boiling to comply with indoor thermal comfort and maximize the efficiency of energy usage. Currently, there are some operable windows on west and east facade of the building, but it possibly doesn’t work as effectively since the users don’t operate these windows based on the temperature or humidity pattern, especially most of operable time is after office hours. Also, the building is quite bulky, and the whole façade is occupied by offices. During after hour time when doors of each office are closed, the natural air flush out become fairly difficult. Based on the Ecotect Analysis, the shading reduction factor is shown as follows. 1 represents no shading at all, and 0 represents fully shaded. Here is a group of simulation smaples of west facade. All the scale is from 1(blue)-100.
1 189
West
Sep.
Floor two
Feb.
May
Oct.
Dec.
42,598
Floor one
south
east
north
west
Jan.
0.81
Feb.
0.85
0.42
0.1
0.62
0.41
0.15
Mar.
0.69
0.89
0.51
0.2
0.7
Apr.
0.9
0.51
0.3
0.76
May
0.9
0.61
0.5
0.82
Smithgall student service building is located in the west east portion of Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta campus. It was built in 1990 by architect Johnson Smith Reagan with a steel and concrete structure. As an administrative building on campus, it provides 42,598 sq ft (3957 sq m) gross floor area, which includes 38,847 sq ft (3609 sq m) assigned office spaces for 14 departments and a three story tall open space for group gathering or lobby. In a regular situation, the assigned space could accommodate for 189 people to work and study (Spacemanagement). Sitting at the South-west portion of the campus, Smithgall building is in a relatively dense context and surrounded by student center parking lots, open lot visitor parking, Wenn student center, and Crest Art Center.
Jun.
1
0.67
0.5
0.85
Jul.
1
0.68
0.5
1
Aug.
1
0.68
0.35
1
Sep.
0.9
0.64
0.15
0.9
Oct.
0.88
0.64
0.1
0.7
Nov.
0.88
0.35
0.08
0.65
As an office building serves every student, the Smithgall building has a nice Architectural gesture with a three-story tall “greenhouse” space at North-east corner, which responds well to the glass-box dinning space in student center. Structurally, it is independent from the whole building with its own concrete frame, which creates a contrast with the red bricks wall finish of rest of the building. Within this space, the architect tried to simulate a conditioned outdoor space by creating extra height with a massive pitched roof, installing the same outdoor lighting fixtures and pavement. As it moves toward the South-west direction, the building is closed up as regular two story buildings with traditional offices. When users enter the building, they could have a smooth spatial transition. Outside of this glass space, it is surrounded by plenty of trees to create a sense of being embraced by in nature, which also acts as shading and alleviate the solar radiative heat gain through huge area of the curtain walls.
Dec.
0.86
0.34
0.08
0.63
To create a sense of outdoor in the glass box space, the building faces a serious challenge in shading on East side and heat loss/gain throughout the massive glass surface. Although the space is surrounded by dense cluster of trees, the sufficiency of shading still need further proof. On South direction, there are no shading devices, and the windows are almost flushed with exterior finishes of the wall assembly, which have no shading effect to the glazing. Even worse, adjacent to a ground parking lot, there is no other sun light sun obstructions, which could potentially cause serious glare in the south office space. Although the west façade is usually in the worst situation, the extruded parking garage is only 6-8 feet away from the Smithgall building at the south west portion; it alleviates the glare issues on the west façade. The downside of it is the parking structure basically kills the view from the west side office. Also, the tree density along west side is very high and creates a lot of shading to this side. In the morning, most rooms need to open lights to satisfy certain lighting level. The east façade faces the student center with plenty of trees around this side. The 25 feet walk path means the two buildings has no shading effect to each other since both buildings are about 9 meters tall. Probably, new shading devices need to be introduces to avoid glare in the morning. Overall, due to a low height of the windows on the first floor, 90% of the windows are covered by the internal drips to private privacy. At the same time, people turn on the light throughout the whole day, which is a huge water of natural light and increase the energy consumption in terms of brighten the spaces.
The latest time of renovation on Smithgall building is in 2010, and the facility management replaced the HVAC system with variable air volume system and re-wire the lighting system. Besides it, the building maintains the original construction since 1990. Here are major factors of original input that influencing the energy consumption. 1. Building automation system 5. Occupancy activity 3. Building envelope information 2. COP of HVAC 4. Applicance and lighting To measure the energy consumption threshold, the EPC (energy performance coefficient) calculator developed by Georgia Institute of Technology is applied. The ECP calculator contain four major EUI, heating& cooling need, delivered energy, primary energy and CO2 emission. The tool also set a baseline as reference for these four EUI values to evaluate the energy performance of the buildings. The ratio of building EUI to reference EUI is called EPC. The calculation of EPC is built upon Excel and linked to specific climate data. The major adjustable parameters are listed above, and each category has multiple sub-categories. It provides quick but accurate results when evaluating a building energy performance. Based on the monthly shading reduction factor and all the key factor input, we could calculation the current primary energy consumption of the building as 550.52 kwh/m2/ yr. As for the delivered energy of the building, it consumes 234.9 kwh/m2/ yr, which include 89 kwh/m2/ yr natural gas and 145.9 kwh/m2/ yr of electricity. EPC1 EPC2 ECP3 ECP4
Jan 17.840 49.520 73.670 14444.000
Feb 10.510 30.690 49.140 11672.000
Mar 3.770 13.080 29.750 6760.000
Apr 2.760 7.980 25.510 5617.000
May 7.520 11.780 35.980 8764.000
Jun 12.940 16.120 54.710 11993.000
Jul 15.230 18.860 61.280 13433.000
Aug 16.310 17.830 60.500 13263.000
Sep 7.900 11.930 46.100 8872.000
Oct 2.360 8.910 25.080 5582.000
Nov 5.110 17.300 33.410 6298.000
Dec 11.990 30.910 55.390 13172.000
TOTAL Total/ref. 114.240 1.503 234.910 1.894 550.520 2.284 119870.000 2.211
1 front
Energy star target finder become a prevailing measure of the energy consumption level of buildings and helps architects, engineers, and property owners and managers assess the energy performance of commercial building designs and existing buildings by giving us a quick-and-easy calculations and “what-if” scenario. With a scale of 1 – 100 ENERGY STAR score, it could give us amounts of energy consumption based on the score we plan achieve. To normalize the data, target finder is only calculating the EUI (Energy Usage Intensity) per square meet/feet by input location, gross floor area, building adjacency condition, occupancy load, major function, heating/cooling percentage, operation hours and the amount of appliances (Energy Star).However, due the difference calculation methods behind EPC and Energy star Target finder, we need to normalize the data first before we could apply the same data in both programs to compare the performance of the building. As the reference of EPC indicates that the average EPC3 (source EUI) of office building is 241 kwh/m2/ yr, which need to scale up to be comparable to Energy start target finder. In other words, the ration of energy consumption of certain level to the average consumption should be same no matter in target finder or EPC.
Window Design
1 4 7
2
3
5 8
6
0.6m x 0.9m
1 2
4 3
9
Roof Deisgn
1 2
4
1.2m x 1.8m
3 PV Panels
Currently the EPC 3 is [550.52 kwh/m2/ yr] / [241 kwh/m2/ yr] = 2.28 To reach the score 75, the primary energy need to reduce to 578 kwh/m2/ yr in Energy Target Finder. [578 kwh/m2/ yr] / [778 kwh/m2/ yr] = [ EPC 75 Normalized data] / [241 kwh/m2/ yr] EPC 75 Normalized data = 179.05 kwh/m2/ yr [179.05 kwh/m2/ yr] / [241 kwh/m2/ yr] = 0.74 To reach the score 90, the primary energy need to reduce to 431 kwh/m2/ yr in Energy Target Finder. [431 kwh/m2/ yr] / [778 kwh/m2/ yr] = [EPC 90 Normalized data] / [241 kwh/m2/ yr] ETF 90 Normalized data = 133.51 kwh/m2/ yr [133.51 kwh/m2/ yr] / [241 kwh/m2/ yr] = 0.55 Another crucial factor is EPC 2, which is 1.89 in this case. To clients, this number is mostly what make a difference since EPC 2 relates to the utilities bills and determine if the renovation could get pay back. Usually When EPC 2 reaches 1, it represent 30% better than the requirement of code. EPC 1
EPC 2
EPC 3
EPC 4
Energy Star 50
dependent
124 - 1
241 - 1
dependent
Energy Star 75
dependent
91.8 - 0.74
178.3 - 0.74
dependent
Energy Star 90
dependent
69.4 - 0.56
132.6 - 0.55
dependent
Energy Star 95
dependent
57 - 0.46
110.9 - 0.46
dependent
In the current design, the building has generic windows that don’t provide enough shading in South side and partially on west side. Also, users don’t have enough control to the daylight level. As a result, users usually shut down the blinds all day or forced to bear with glare without sufficient consciousness or knowledge in lighting control. Another issue in the building is the daylighting of central area. Currently, the middle area has more than 50% of office which has no access to natural light at all. A DIVA model is operated to quantifying the day lighting. As the diagrams shows that central area has less than 50 lux throughout the whole year. In order to solve these problems, the new façade design has series smaller windows with size of 600mm x 900mm derived from the location of original windows. Each of the window is split into 6-12 modules to gain the flexibility of user control. This method could allow the natural light coming into space from different height and invite the light to further inner space. at the same time, it could help the 1st floor user to protect their privacy as well as invite the natural light in from higher windows. In general, the total glazing area doesn’t change except the extra openings on the roof area to invite natural light to central area. For each new window, the shading is composed with 4 pieces as movable elements. It could be fully closed and block 100% or open piece based on the internal lighting need. The transparent join are hidden behind each solid triangular shading device, so when those shading pieces open up, they could be connected by expanded transparent joints panels to gain the stability. The skylight light has same concept in design except for the size scaled up to 1.2m x 1.8 m, which is constrained by the located of the interior wall. The design modelling is accomplished by the grasshopper in Rhino. With the design optimization, the lighting level of central space on second floor has been greatly improved as showing below. Also, due to better natural lighting condition, the lighting operation time get reduced from 1 to 0.65 during week day work hour, and shading reduction factor gets lower especially on south and west façade. I n this situation, the shading reduction factor are the average data for a year since the user could have more control to the shading, As it shows in the original simulation, the EPC 3 is 551 kwh/m2/yr when SRF are changed monthly, and the EPC 3 is 544 kwh/m2/yr when the SRF is average for whole year. As it shows the difference is only 1.3%. As it proves, the EPC data calculated with yearly average SRF is feasible. From the diagram, we could tell the EPC primary has lower from 544 kwh/m2/yr to 506 kwh/m2/yr by redesign the facade and roof. The diagram below shows that the cooling need and heating need get smaller with better lighting.
Original
Design Improvment
Before
After
February 21 st
April 21 st
July 21 st
Noverber 21 st
1 back
Example of detailed calculation in EPC calculator
11. Appliance In this office building, the major appliance include 120 computer, 10 printers, 5 refrigerators, 5 microwaves, 5 coffeemakers and 5 TV , also some plug load.
The first set of renovation concentrates on the mechanical system, including lighting bulb, ventilation fans and heat recovery system. As it is stated, the HVAC system of the building has been renovated and changed to Variable Air Volume system in 2010. In this section, the first step is to change the lighting bulbs. Currently the building uses traditional incandescent light bulbs in the glass box space and fluorescent light, which round up the energy intensity of lighting to 10 W/m2. In office space, the illuminance level requires 320-500 lux, and 50 lux for hallway or circulation space To reach the same light density level of average 400 lux light level (400 lumens/m2), we need to replace current light bulbs with the same amount of LED bulbs with 4 W/m2 (Light comparion chart).
12. Lighting Lighting has three options; include pure CFL, mix of CFL and LED, pure LED light. The light optimizations are not expensive and also have a significant effect in improve energy performance.
500 lumens/m2 * 3385 m2 (office area) = 1692750.9 lumens 50 lumens/m2 * 572 m2 (other area) = 28600 lumens (1692750.9 lumens + 28600 lumens)/3957 m2 = 435 lumens/m2 450 lumens/m2/4.5 W = 435/ actual watt actual watt = 4.35 W/ m2 EPC1 EPC2 ECP3 ECP4
Jan 16.410 43.220 59.380 9882.000
Feb 9.680 25.010 30.090 7081.000
Mar 3.180 9.940 21.190 4851.000
Apr 5.480 7.350 14.860 3824.000
May 6.380 8.180 27.190 6413.000
Jun 11.380 11.110 82.620 8142.000
Jul 13.620 12.610 42.810 9385.000
Aug 14.460 13.200 44.780 9817.000
Sep 8.080 7.340 29.280 6001.000
Oct 1.810 6.440 17.360 3913.000
Nov 4.830 14.280 25.330 5931.000
Dec 11.270 30.040 29.860 10305.000
TOTAL 106.580 188.720 424.750 85545.000
TOTAL 0.933 0.803 0.772 0.714
Total/ref. 1.402 1.522 1.762 1.578
14. Opaque Similar to roof, but R-value doesn’t need to be as high. The cost is the highest since the amount is high. As the exterior material has been determined, the Absorption and Emissivity are fixed number regardless of the layers of the walls.
From the result, the EPC2 reduces to 80.3%, which is still below the energy usage code. Although the EPC primary reduces 37.8%, it is still almost two times as energy star 75. In addition, the EP4, CO2 emission has reduced to 71.4% to the original condition, but it is still 1.58 time higher than the reference. In this session, without major renovation of HVAC system, it is quite difficult to make a huge improvement. Tech-opt optimization In EPC, there are plenty of energy conservation methods with different level of optimization in adjusting energy consumption of buildings. Tech-opt provides us a platform to figure out the best combination of different method to reach least energy consumption under certain constrains such like present value or the effeteness of different level of technologies. As it is addressed before, the Smithgall student service building need to reach the following energy consumption standard. As the payback and present values tightly related to EPC 2 delivered energy, the final goal set in Tech-opt is to reach Energy Star 90, EPC 2 of 69.4 kwh/m2/yr. The optimization eventually will be evaluated by the financial rule. In this case, the setting is to get payed backed by 20 years. Based on the following calculation, Premium cost of mix of technologies = sum of cost of each applied technologies – total saved Total saved = A * [(1+i)n - 1] / i * (1+i)n A = annual saved = E (delivered baseline) – E (delivered optimized) • E (delivered baseline) is the delivered energy when all the technology are in baseline, which is 127.3 kwh/m2/yr in this case. i = inflation rate (Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015) • The average in the past 10 years in US is around 2%. In this calculation, it is accounted as 3% n = payback year = 20 • Per request, it is set as 20 years When premium cost is smaller than 0, the optimization gets payed back. To shorten the payback period while reaching the level of Energy Star, this case doesn’t plan to generate excessive energy by PV to sell back to the grid.
2. Lighting occupancy factor The occupancy sensor could avoid the unnecessary lighting when no users occupy the space. 3. Lighting constant illumination control factor The dimmer could firstly control the light density controlled by users to improve the comfort level, especially the full lighting intensity usually causes glare. 4. HVAC The optimization uses Heat pump instead of chiller and boiler to improve the COP. Based on the size of the building, it needs seven 5 ton pumps to provide sufficient heating and cooling. 5. Heat recovery type It could be used to maximize un-used heat with relative cheap equipment.
16. Specific fan power (new technology) This is part of the HAVC system. The fan power, a low cost portion, could influence the EPC
13. Roof The roof component has a higher price since it require higher R-value. Also, the paint on the outer layers are very importnat to avoid the solare heat gain.
EPC 3 [424.75 kwh/m2/ yr] / [241 kwh/m2/ yr] = 1.76 ECP2 [188.72 kwh/m2/ yr] / [124 kwh/m2/ yr] = 1.52 ECP4 [85545 g/m2/ yr] / [54211g/m2/ yr] = 1.58
1. Lighting daylighting factor Daylighting sensor in this case is applied as optimization options. This sensor could avoid the unnecessary lighting when daylight in sufficient.
15. Window Windows are key components in optimization because the solar gain in summer is really high. A low E coating that lower the SHGC could be significant to reduce solar gain. Usually the price of windows is quite higher. It may not be the best solution to choose best quality if the payback is required.
6. Exhaust air recirculation percentage 7. Building air leakage level It could be achieved by sealing the windows and wall, roof joints. Also, by replacing windows and walls, it could be imporved. 8. DHW Generation System This is the backup system for DHW supply. 9. Type of BEM system installed Class C means the installation of thermostat. Class B means higher level control. 10. Solar Collector Surface Area This is the major method of getting hot water. It doesn’t require much since the DHW is only needed in the bathrooms.
category
specific items
Lighting daylighting factor
Baseline (NULL)
SPECS
cost 0.0
Lighting occupancy factor
Partial sensor
Lighting constant illumination control factor
Partial dimmer
7929.6 7977.2
HVAC (COPs)
HVAC variation 1
Heat recovery type
No heat recovery
Exhaust air recirculation percentage
No exhaust air recirculation
Building air leakage level
Air Tightness Improvement
DHW Generation System
Electric (0.75)
Type of BEM system installed
Class D
no BEM
0.0
PV module Surface Area (m2)
PV area
204 m2 1 m2 per piece
65331.4
Solar Collector Surface Area (m2)
3 solar water colletor
160 gallons/collector
30000.0
Appliance (W/m2)
Energy-Star Top 10%
Lighting (W/m2)
LED and CFL combo
Roof1
Roof Baseline 1
U = 0.24 Absor. = 0.7 Emiss. =0.6
0.0
Opaque1
Wall Baseline 1
U = 0.42 Absor. = 0.42 Emiss. =0.92
0.0
Window1
Window Improvement 2
U = 2.84 Emiss. =0.6 SHGC = 0.16
Specifiec fan power(new tech)
X2
1.5 [W/(l/s)] Total
75121.5 4560 360147.2
H-COP = 2.05; C-COP = 2.88;
0.0 0 0.0
1.2 m3/h per floor area at Q4Pa
5935.5 0.0
7.2 w/m2
153727 9565
8w/m2
Start with the test of reaching Energy star 90, the solver gives us following combination. Under this situation, the EPC 2 reaches 69.4 kwh/m2/yr, and intial cost is $360147.2. As it shows, the three most expensive optimization options are the PV panels, Appliance and Windows. From the result, it clears shows that with PV panels generating partial of the energy usage, even the HVAC system doesn’t have a quite high efficiency, the building could really easy reach Energy Star 90.
Delivered Energy Usage Reduction (kwh/m2/yr) 75.00 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 -
original epc 2
0
1
2
3
4
design epc 2
5
6
7
Primary Energy Usage Reduction (kwh/m2/yr)
Energy star 90 epc 2
8
9
10
11
12
75.00 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 -
original epc 3
0
1
2
3
4
design epc 3
5
6
7
Energy star 90 epc 3
8
9
10
11
12
2 front
Trombe Wall Heat Transfer Modeling
Cost analysis The cost of retrofit is the most important decision making factor. If the payback goes beyond 20 years, it is quite difficult to persuade clients to accept the plans. However, if the retrofitting couldn’t reach a certain level, the energy saving effect will be limited. It is important to reach a balance between energy saving and cost of retrofitting. After all, to most people the significance of saving energy is to save consumption of pursing energy in a long term. Specifically, the part of energy consumption is the EPC 2, delivered energy, which is the part clients are paying for. In this analysis, the cost of retrofit the design optimization is not accounted as it could be influence by various parameters. As it is shown before that delivered energy drops from 235 kwh/m2/ yr to 69 kwh/m2/ yr, which give annual energy conservation of 166 kwh/m2/ yr, 166 kwh/m2/ yr x 3957 m2 = 656,862 kwh / yr Tracking back to EPC, the energy consumption ratio of electricity to natural gas is about 63.13% to 36.87%. With the price of electricity in Atlanta of $0.15/kwh (Statistics, 2015) and $1.28/therm for natural gas based on the pre-pay plan (Commission, 2015), we save $72772.4/ annually in energy consumption. From the previous step, we could tell that the initial cost is $360147.2. 656862 * 63.13% * 0.15 = $62201.5 656862 * 36.87% * 0.0341 * 1.28 = $10570.9 $62201.5 + $10570.9 = $72772.4/year
Instructor: Jason Brown Date: Fall Semester, 2016 Based on the description, the trombone wall could be modeled as shown in the right diagram. The whole section as be sliced into several pieces as it could be analyzed in 5 layers . As it is a steady-status model, each layers should be thermal equilibrium. It will be explained by lays as follows.
There are several parameters in this model 1. density : ρ 2. thermal conductivity: k 3. view factors: f1, f2, f3.... 4 . specific heat: Cp 5. the thicknedd of 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 : L 6. Tn means the temparature at layer n 7. Outside temp. is T_air & inside temp. is T_in
$1,200,000 $1,000,000 $800,000 $600,000 $400,000 $200,000 $0 ($200,000) ($400,000)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Discounted Payback
Undiscounted payback
As it shows in the diagram, with a 3% inflation rate, the payback period of the retrofit will be 5.26 years. Without considering the inflation it could be paid back by 4.94 years. However, the cost of the design optimization isn’t accounted. Usually, it won’t happen in a deep level retrofit process. From the energy conservation perspective, the design optimization doesn’t help as much, but as the natural light could be utilized more, the comfort level could be improved, which is hardly to be revaluated simply by numbers.
Overall
slice 1
slice 2
dT/dt = 0 q rad._air + qirr. * cosθ * (µ+ β) - q rad._sky qconv. air - qrad _ interior - qconv. _ interior = 0 µ + α +β=1 q rad._sky = f1 * ξ1 * σ * (T_glass4 - T_sky4 ) qconv. air = qconv._air = h_air* (T_glass - T_air) qrad _ interior = f2 * ξ2 * σ * (T_in4 - T_54 ) qconv._interior = h_in * (Tin - T5)
qirr. * cosθ * (µ+ β) + q rad_air - q rad._sky q conv._air - q conv._wall - q rad._wall = dT/dt µ+α +β=1 q rad._sky = q rad._sky = f1 * ξ1 * σ * (T_glass⁴ - T_sky⁴ ) q rad._air = f3 * σ3 * (T_air⁴ − T_glass⁴) q rad._wall = f3*σ*(T2⁴ − T_glass⁴) qconv._air = h_air*(T_glass - T_air) qconv._gap= h_inbetween * (T2 - T_glass)
β * q irr.* cosθ + qrad._wall + qconv. _gap - qcond._wall-3 = Cp * ρ * (V/A) * dT/dt β * q irr. * cosθ = β * q irr. * cosθ qrad._wall = f3* σ * (T24 − T_glass4) qconv._gap= h_gap * (T2 - T_glass) qcond._wall-3 = k/L (T3 - T2) q_2_store = Cp * ρ * (V/A) * dT/dt
The HVAC system is usually quite expensive and requires a long payback period. It could be beneficial if the building performance could reply less on the HVAC system and create a naturally comfortable indoor environment. As the advance mechanical system get developed in the past 30 years, modern architecture theory leans more toward an irrational aesthetical perspective and the energy consumption was gradually ignored. As Le Corbusier said, “Windows are for the visual connection between indoor and outdoor space not for ventilation. That work can be handled by engineers and HVAC system”. It also was fully expressed in most of his projects, which causes a significantly influence to modern architecture design. To reach a balance of simply reducing energy consumption and pursuing purely aesthetic aspects is going to be a key topic in current architecture field. The design estimation further proved the effectiveness of the energy consumption consideration in design phase. Furthermore, it also proves that the comfort level can also be guaranteed as we try to reduce energy usage in design. In this case, to maximize the effectiveness of natural light helps to achieved the energy conservation as well as the aesthetic appearance of the bundling. In decision making of optimization should not be made by evaluating single parameters. To reach the targeted goal, the best combination is not necessarily the combination of all best options, especially when the payback comes into consideration. However, the first of everything is to set an appropriate target before searching for the specific strategies. As it mentioned, the pollution control should be considered from energy generation and energy usage. The generation could be managed by the resource of energy, which could be solved or alleviated by the on-site energy generation by PV panels. On the other hand, the problem caused by energy usage such as heat island effect need to be controlled from appliance and other types of energy usage. slice 3
slice 4
slice 5
qcond_3-4 - qcond_2-3 = Cp * ρ * (V/A) * dT/dt qcond._2-3 = k/L (T4 - T3) qcond_3-4 = k/L (T3 - T2) q_3_store = Cp* ρ * (V/A) * dT/dt
qcond_3-4 - qcond_3-4 = Cp * ρ * (V/A) * dT/dt qcond._3-4 = k/L (T4 - T3) qcond._4-5 = k/L (T5 - T4) q_4_store = Cp * ρ * (V/A) * dT/dt
qcond._5-4 - qrad_interior - qconv._interior = Cp * ρ * (V/A) * dT/dt qcond._5-4 = k/L (T5 - T4) qrad _ interior = f2 * ξ2 * σ *(T_in4 - T_54 ) qconv._interior = h_in*(T5- Tin) q_5_store = Cp*ρ*(V/A)*dT/dt
2 back
Drift Hotel Top 3 in the national Hospitality Design Competition hold by Hospitality Design Magazine Instructor: Jason Alread (Arch.) Çigdem T. Akkurt (ID) Partner: Ashley Wire &Zoe Bick (Arch.) Amanda Roth &Lu Liu (ID) Location: South Beach, Miami, FL Date: Spring Semester, 2014 The Drift Hotel is aiming to become a landmark at South Beach and standout from the surrounding famous hotels with its extreme skinny proportion. Setting all the guest rooms along one side, it creates as many opportunities as possible for guest to visually connect with outdoor space. The contineous entertainment is one of the dominant elements in Miami culture. The landscape, cabanas and private bungalows are spread out on the rest of the site. It activates the whole site with the diverse activities of guests, which responds to the local culture appropriately.
Building form development
Circulation/Access Diagram
Back Entrance
Lobby
Main Entrance
Resturant Entrance
Vertical Cirulation Horizontal Cirulation
3 front
Lobby
Lobby Patio
Cafe
Garden
Gym
Penthouse
3 back
Remote Desert Research Station To utilize natural and renewable energy in modern architecture is becoming a dominant research direction. The remote desert research station (RDRS) is designed with a unique hypothesis of utilizing solar energy and rain water in Saguaro National Park, Tucson, Arizona, which is in an extremlydry and hot climate condition. The main objective of this project is to design a pilot Remote Desert Research Station (RDRS) in the western portion of Saguaro National Park. The project of the station would be considered to fit in a general condition in the park. The RDRS will be staffed by 6 University of Arizona students, faculty, and/or staff. Researchers will gather soil, water, and plant samples, tag and track wildlife, and record geographic information. The RDRS will serve as “home base” and staging point for extended field research excursions and will provide for temporary data and specimen storage. No main power or water will be transported to the site, which means the energy and water usage of RDRS should be self-sufficient with all required set of energy and water catchment systems. As it serves for university staffs, the RDRS will not be operated during the hot summer months of June to August. The RDRS is designed to be secured from vandalism, animals and weather during this unoccupied period. The design will be approached from biomimicry as a design methodology. Through 3.6 billion years of evolutionary trial and error, nature has developed and perfected the design of a wide variety of systems, structures, processes and materials. The extreme climatic conditions of the desert represent clear design drivers and hold rich potential for formal, material, and strategic architectural response.
The shell could be regarded as four sections, the tail section, west section, true south section and east section (diagram 2). Most PV panels and Solar Water Collector are located on true south section. Those panels could guarantee the primary energy generation. More PV panels and Solar Water Collectors will spread out on other sections in ideal weather conditions. The intention is to capture more energy when sunlight hits the shell from other directions, which could provide energy to be potential use for heat radiator during winter, operating any lab machines or any unexpected weather changes. The tail of the shell will extend to the ground on west side to avoid glare on the building during late afternoon. At the east side, the shell will shade part of the building due to the different needs for light intensity of the internal programs. Judging from North- South section, the shell extends out from the roof edge more than ½ of the building width on the south side to provide shading for the south elevation. All of the panels are almost equally spread out on the entire shell, which will avoid over-concentrated light. Aesthetically, the pattern creates a sense of flow.
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1. Face the wall to dominant wind direction
2. Create a core to ultilize stack ventilation& solar chimney
3. Create skylight to light up space with reflected light of the shelter
Diagram 4 Wind rose
Diagram 5. Form development
The arrangement of the program is determined due to natural climate conditions and the special needs of each program. As it shows in diagram 6, the living space is arranged at the center space of the first floor. The bedroom space has two alternative choices. The first space is on the east side of the first floor. The intention is to get plenty of morning solar radiation since the shell would only shade a small portion of the first floor. It wouldn’t create too much interruption since the whole building would only staff 6 people at most. During summer, people could also choose to move the bedroom space to the outdoor terrace on the west side of second floor since the west side would be completely covered by the shell. The terrace, with great view and convenient access creates an active social space for the staff at the same. Natural ventilation could create a comfortable outdoor environment even when the temperature is above 75 °F. The lab space is arranged on the east side of the second floor, and it is only half closed from the central core. The main natural light comes from clearstorys window on the north façade.
The most impressive animal to me is the desert tortoise with its shell based on a comprehensive study on desert animals. As it is shown in the diagram 1, when air comes in the dome shell from a tiny entrance, the air flow will be sped up due the pressure difference. It brings heat away quickly. The ratio of the width of shell to the length of shell is around 1:5, which aligns with the best situation to accelerate the air flow. Finding inspiration in the shell, my initial proposal is to create a super structure shell with four different types of panels to cover it. They are a Photovoltaics (PV) panel, a solar heat collector, a translucent panel, and a high reflective panel (diagram 3). he roof are mostly tilted down toward the south side with a calculated slope to receive solar energy with PV panels and solar heat collectors. The PV panels absorb solar energy which is converted into electricity. The energy will provide basic lighting, radiant space heat in winter and power for lab equipment, such as refrigerator and small operation light. Solar heat collectors would directly heat up water to provide basic hot water usage. In order to prevent glare, the translucent panels are designed to filter intense natural light and create a comfortable luminance underneath of the shell. In the desert, people could easily get lost without an obvious way-guiding object. The highly reflective panels on the top of the shell reflect daylight and make the whole building shine in the desert. People could easily find their ways back as they follow the direction of shining landmark.
Diagram 1 Inspiration
Solar Water Heater Transparent Panel
4. Elevate North wall, Maximize sunlight
As the diagram 4 shows, the dominant wind direction is southeast and northwest. In order to create good ventilation, the main walls of the building are perpendicular to wind direction to potentially receive maximum air flow. The building is two-story structure with a two-story tall central space. It is to pull up heated air from the lower level by utilizing volume and pressure difference. Each single space has windows on both south and north façades, which creates the possibilities of cross ventilation and natural light from different orientations. The size and shape of windows are designed according to orientation. The windows on south side are minimized and lower to the floor level. Only sunlight with a low angle could directly get into the room. The windows are larger on the east side since the morning light is not as strong. The north façade is designed with large windows, and it is also the main natural light resource. The solid wall is fairly thick and mainly made of concrete. It will provide sufficient thermal mass to keep the room temperature relatively consistent. The roof of the building follows the slope of the shell, and the central area is open with skylights.
Bedroom
Living Space
Lab
Summer Situation
Lab Bedroom Living Space
Winter Situation Diagram 6. Program design
Roof Plan Floor Plan --- 1’ = 1/32”
PV Panels High SRI Material
40° E
Diagram 2 Panel arrangement
High SRI Panels Way finding tool
Light Reflecter
Solar Water Heater Solar to Hot water
15° PV Panels Solar to Electricity
First Floor
SecondFloor
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The most significant factor influencing the installation of PV panel and solar water heater are angles and area. The latitude of Tucson, Arizona is 33º 26' N. According to the MEEB, the most efficient angle for PV panels is “latitude - 15°” when it faces true south. The most efficient angle for solar water collector should be the same. The panels in the calculations are the portion on the true south shell. It will guarantee the greatest energy and hot water generation. The PV panels sitting on other portions of the shell will work as supplement in case the staff needs to use heat radiator during winter, operating any lab machines or to accommodate any unexpected weather changes. The detailed calculation process is listed below. Part I: Calculation of Photovoltaics (PV) panels Step1. List of the regular daily energy usage (unit W hr/day) Living Space Microwave Refrigerator Coffee maker 2 central Lights Bedrooms 6 lights 1 central light Bathrooms 1 light Water pump
The only water resource is rain water. The usage of water should be minimized. The portable water is not included since it is considered to be supplied from outside. Step1. List of the regular daily water usage (unit: gallon/day) 5-minute Shower (6 people once per day) 15 gallon x 6 = 90 gallon Others 30 gallon Total Water Usage: 120 gallon
Step2. Calculation the area of water collector
11w x 6 x 2hr = 132 W hr
Lab 6 computers 1 lab monitor 6 phone chargers 2 concentrated lights 2 sets of Basic lab equip. Specimen Storage refrigerator
22 x 4hr = 88 W hr
Assume a 10% changing range.
22x 4 = 88 W hr 750 x 4 = 5400 W hr
Total Energy Usage: 36,480 W hr x 110% = 40128 W hr/DAY
700W x 1hr = 700 W hr 540 W x 24hr = 12,960 W hr 800W x 1hr = 800 W hr 22W x2 x 4hr = 176 W hr
Part II: Water usage
40w x 6 x 4hr = 960 W hr 150W x 24hr = 3600 W hr 24 W x 1hr = 24 W hr 110w x 2 x 2hr = 440 W hr 80w x 2 x 4hr = 540 W hr 540W x 24hr = 12,960 W hr
According to the MEEB part II, the equation of calculating the amount of heat (Q) is Q (daily heat needed) = 8.33 x gallon per day x (Ts – Tg) Ts is the storage temperature -110 °F; Tg is the ground water temperature- 60 °F Q (daily heat needed) = 8.33 x 120 x 50 = 49980 BTU System efficiency = 0.8 x collector efficiency Collector efficiency: 0.7(the common data)
Collector area = daily heat needed x percent solar desired / daily insolation x system efficiency Collector area = 49980 x 100% / (1847x 56%) = 48.32 ft2
The average annual precipitation is 12.18” (30.25 cm). The roof size should be large enough to collect enough rain water for regular daily usage and create enough shading area for outdoor activities. The roof sizing calculation is as follows. For the sake of ease of calculation, the rain collection portion is divided into 5 pieces.
Step2. Calculate the angle Tucson Altitude is: 33º 26' N The best PV panel angel: 33-15= 18 º True South Step3. Calculate the size of PV panels From the solar radiation chart on MEEB, we could get 1. January: 4.6 kWh/m2/day --- 0.62 kWh/ft2/day Temperature: 10.7°C Monthly Average Incident Solar Radiation: 470 wh/m2/day 2. April: 7.8 kWh/m2/day --- 0.87 kWh/ft2/day Temperature: 18.8°C Monthly Average Incident Solar Radiation: 680 wh/m2/day 3. August: 6.6 kWh/m2/day --- 0.74 kWh/ft2/day Temperature: 29.2°C Monthly Average Incident Solar Radiation: 540 wh/m2/day
Daily insolation = Clear day total x (Average day total / Clear day total) Clear day total: 2356; Average day total: 1874; Clear day total: 2390 Daily insolation = 2356 X (1874/2390) = 1847 BTU/ sq. ft. day
1 2 3
Area of roof (unit: ft2) 2
80 x 29 x ½ = 1160 ft 2 80 x 19 x ½ = 760 ft 2 54 x 39 x ½ = 1053 ft
2
4 23 x 54 x ½ = 621 ft 2 5 (69 + 43) x 45 x ½ = 2520 ft 2 Total area: 6114 ft
Besides the area of roof, the total daily water usage will also determine the size of water tank. There is plenty of space underneath of the tail of the shell. The clear height is less than 6 feet and wouldn’t be accessible by users. The tank is covered by the tail and half buried into the ground. In order to calculate the size of water tank, the significant factors are Catchment Yield, Usage, Net Water and Cumulative Capacity Adjusted for Actual Size. In most months, the usage of water is more than water catchment. The main water storage heavily relies on June to August and assume taht the water tank is 15,000 gallons. When people leave the station at May, the water remaining is 1677.4 gallon. If the precipitation reduction is less than 0.71” every year, the water storage wouldn’t be affected at all. When the water collection exceeds the volume of the tank, the extra water will be piped out through an overflow. Total water usage (unit: gallon)
The three months listed above are the time period of the least, medium, and the most solar radiation. In order to make sure every single month receives enough solar energy, it is better to use the January data since it is the worst case scenario. All the data is based on the 10% efficiency of PV panels, which is the most common type. In order to collect enough rain water, the shell surface is quite large. Considering economic benefit, the highly efficient PV panels wouldn’t be the first choice.
a
n Are
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r coll wate Rain
5-minute Shower (6 people once per day) 1.6-gallon flush toilet (10 time per day) Others Total Water Usage: 140 gallon
15 gallon x 6 = 90 gallon 1.6 gallon x 10 = 16 gallon 34 gallon
Water Tank
Water tank calculation (unit: gallon)
40128 W hr/DAY / 470 wh/m2/ day = 85.4 m2 = 768.4 ft2
Month & Rainfall
Formula for the calculation 1. Catchment yield = Precipitation x roof area 2. Cumulative capacity adujusted for acutral size = CCAfAS (Former month) + Net water
Longitudinal Section
July August September October November December January February March April May June
2.34" 2.24" 1.18" .86" .62" .97" .97" .96" .77" .36" .17" .21"
Catchment Yield Net Cumulative Cumulative Capacity Usage (gallon) Water Capacity Adjusted for Actual Size 8918.5 0 gal 8918.5 8918.5 8918.5 8537.4 0 gal 8537.4 17455.9 15000 17753.3 4497.4 4,200 gal 297.4 15000 3277.7 4,340 gal -922.3 16831.0 14077.7 1615.0 4,200 gal -2588 14243 11489.7 3697 4,340 gal -643 13600 10846.7 3697 4,340 gal -643 12957 10203.7 3658.9 4,060 gal -401.1 12555.9 9802.6 2934.7 4,340 gal -1405.3 11150.6 8397.3 1372.1 4,200 gal -2827.9 8322.7 5569.4 647.9 4,340 gal -3692.1 4630.6 1877.3 800.4 0 gal 800.1 5430.7 2677.4 3; 2677.6 gallon = 358 ft it give a 0.71” annual precipitation reduction.
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The choice of construction material and assembly method could be rather influential to indoor temperature. As it has been discussed before, the walls as valuable thermal mass could protect indoor space from excessive heat gain or loss. The air gap is assembled as a critical component to stop moisture exchange. The interior space is finished with gypsum wall. For the exterior finishing, the coarse concrete stucco is assembled to avoid sunlight reflection, which could avoid the temperature raise around the building. The windows are constructed with triple-panel glass. The two layers of air gaps are sufficient to block the heat transfer. This type of glass could refract sunlight three times, which could also reduce the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation. The roof is unusually thick, assembled with extra insulation to keep the room temperature stable. At the edges of the shell, the water gutter is embedded and flush with the surface of the shell for aesthetic reasons.
Jama’a House Instructor: Ulrike Passe Robert Demel Partner: Brandon Pearson Mohammed Ali Location: Berlin, Germany Date: Summer Semester, 2013
Neuköl is a district with high immigrant density in Berlin,Germany. The goal of this project is to design a residential housing to relieve the shortage of the living space. At the same time, the sustainability should be the key element. To reduce theenergy usage and to create a better ventilation and temperature condition is required. This project is designed based on the sustainable aspect. Considering the climate condition in Berlin, to receive more sunlight is required. Every unit has a balcony. The balconies are shifted a little bit between each two floors so that each of them wouldn’t be completely shaded. At the same time, the balconies works as a transition space between the indoor and the outdoor subway station across the street. The courtyard is designed as a typical community space in Berlin.
Circulation & Connection
H JAMA’A U S
Community
Courtyard
Public relationship to
Private
Students Families
Residents
Live+Work
Green Roof
During June to August, the building would be vacant. In order to keep the vandalism, animals and sandstorms out, another layer of protection is required. For the sake of installation convenience, the cover would be made of 1/16” thick metal sheet. The metal sheet is soft as fabric and strong as regular metal. When people occupied in the building, the metal sheet could be rolled up and hidden under the shell. The metal covering is made of translucent modules and highly reflective modules, which could extend the pattern on the shell. When people leave the building, they could simply pull down the metal sheet and hook it on the deck. The metal sheet will follow the form of the shell and the building, which could seal the building completely. The buffer zone between outdoor and indoor space could avoid direct sunlight radiation indoor facilities and furniture.
Courtyard Facade Apartment Units
From ventilation, energy usage and materiality, the Remote Desert Research Station is a comprehensively considered project. As a project base in biomimicry, the RDRS has been inspired from desert tortoise. The RDRS has not only simulated the form and pattern of the tortoise but also learned from how the tortoise’s shell works. As a passive energy structure the RDRS has fully taken advantage of the shell and set up a complete system of solar energy and rain water collection within the special structure. It has greatly reduced the need for imported energy by fully utilizing any native and renewable resources, which is a practical precedent for future energy-efficient architecture.
Evaporative Cooling
Egress Window Facade
warm outlet
Undulating Balcony
cool inlet prevailing west wind
Cross Ventilation gap Courtyard Entrance
hot air outlet Vent for air entry
Green Wall Open Season
Pull Down the Metal Sheet
Close Down
Ground Level Shop Water Features
Courtyard
Inlet for outside air Curtain Wall perforated metal panel
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Contemplation Urban Condo N
Instructor: LaDan Omidvar Location: SoHo District, New York City, NY Date: Spring Semester, 2013; Simulation and modelling done by Spring, 2015 The Contemplation Urban Condo located at the historic Cast Iron District is aiming to provide living space for single people and young families. The primary consideration of unit design is compact housing and flexible spatial separation. The urgent demand of living space, the affordable prices, easy access to necessary amenities and convenient transportation determine the site as an idea location for condo design.
Public& Commercial Space
One Bedroom Units
Public Outdoor Space
Circulation Space
Private Outdoor Space
Two Bedroom Units
Library
Studio& Guest Room
15mm 200mm 20mm
20mm
60mm 10mm
10 mm thick light grey costumed prefabricated concrete block 60 mm rigid exterior glass fiber insulation 15 mm air gap Tyvek Air Barrier (housewrap) 20 mm exterior gypsum wall 200 mm batt fiberglass insulation Polyethylene vapor retarder steel stud 20 mm interior gypsum wall wood block 460mm
wood finish wooden window frame air sealant
710mm
6mm glass with low-E coating on both panes 6mm glass with low-E coating on both panes Air 5%, Argon 95%
First Floor
Six& Eighth Floor
Hard wood floor
I-beam structure
440mm
New Order
Bro
om
. St by s o Cr
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Corner Condition Second Floor
Fifth& Seventh Floor
Curtain wall 3280mm
Private Public
Public/Private Space
370mm
Curtain wall
Indoor Outdoor Reinforced foundation
In/Out Space
Therm/Window Study
Reinforced foundation
Third Floor
Sixth& Eighth Floor
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