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HISTORY

IN

PICTURES

ESTONIAN

People have lived in this part of the world for more than 10 000 years. The reindeerhunting ancestors of presentday Estonians were probably the first humans to move to the pristine land exposed by the retreating glaciers.

Arguably, it is hard to find in Europe another nation who has stayed as long in one place.

Tools of the Stone Age hunters from Pulli camp site

8000 BC

8000 BC

The Holy Lake in the

1000toBC 1000 AD

Kaali meteorite crater in Saaremaa: a major place of worship for the ancients of Northern Europe?

In 1154, Estonia was depicted on a world map for the first time.

However, as early as the 1st century AD, the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus mentions people called Aestii – a collective name that probably included the forebears of the Estonians.

1154

Standing next to the crater made by the only meteorite to fall on the densely in­habited region during human history – in the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean – it is hard not to think that for hundreds of years, our ancestors might have been asking the gods for clemency at this very spot.

ERGO IAM DEXTRO SUEBICI MARIS LITORE AESTIORUM GENTES ADLUUNTUR, QUIBUS RITUS HABITUSQUE SUEBORUM, LINGUA BRITANICAE PROPRIOR

1000 BC to 1000 AD

The map by an Arab geographer al-Idrisi who worked in the court of the Norman kings of Sicily

1154

1100s National Romanticist portrayal of ancient Estonian seafaring.

Lennuk, tempera by Nikolai Triik,

Silver penannular brooch from the Kostivere trove, 13th century From the start of seafaring on the Baltic, Estonia has been en route between East and West. In early 13th century, traders from Gotland and North German towns, members of the newly formed merchants’ league – Hanse – strove to take over the lucrative trade with Russia and beyond from the pagan peoples of the Eastern Baltic littoral.

1910

The siege of Muhu stronghold painting by Ott Kangilaski

1200s

Interest in profit­ able commerce was soon followed by the desire to gain control over the hinterlands of the trading outposts. Typically for the times, bringing Christian faith to heathens served as a handy justi­ficat­ion for a ‘mercantile’ conquest.

1100s

early1200s

1219 The crusade against the Estonians left its mark on the history of several other nations. According to legend, the only thing that saved Valdemar II, King of Denmark, from defeat by the Estonians at their stronghold Lyndanise (the Toompea castle of modern Tallinn) on 15 June 1219 was a red banner with a white cross, the Dannebrog, which fell from the sky as a revelation.

The miracle is commemorated on Tallinn’s small coat of arms

The Battle of Lyndanise

Teutonic knight – woodcut from Sebastian Münster’s Cosmagraphia Universalis

13th-16th c

1219 by Kræsten Iversen

Signal of the St George’s Night by Richard Sagrits, 1943.

Pseudo-heroic depictions of the uprising were utilised for the

Estonia, conquered by the mid-13th century, was divided between several feudal powers, the Teutonic Order being the mightiest among them. Although the appropriated lands were associated with the Virgin Mary, there was not much love lost either among the newcomers or towards them.

Fierce and frequent revolts by the indigenous people left the outcome of the crusade undecided for many more decades. At least until the failed up­rising of St George’s Night in 1343– 4 and the incorporation of Estonia’s northern provinces into the realm of the Order two years later.

purposes of anti-German Soviet propaganda during WWII

1219

13th–16th c

14th-15th c

Despite the perpetual feuding among local petty sovereigns, as well as frequent threats of foreign invasion and piracy, commerce flourished and agriculture throve.

Old Livonia became to be known as the granary of Northern Europe, trading corn for cloth from Flanders, herring from Scotland and salt from Poitou.

An ink drawing of a Hanse holk from a manuscript of the Town Council of Tallinn

The terracotta sculptures of the redbrick St John’s church, as well as the 13th century Venetian glass beakers unearthed in the Old Town display the welfare of the citizenry of Tartu, the first Estonian Hanse-town

1500s

The fortresses of Narva, Estonia, and Ivangorod, Russia, facing each other across the River Narva

With their feudal economy and military strength starting to wane in the era of centralised nation states, the German rulers of Estonia became increasingly worried about their eastern neighbour, Muscovy, whose attention gradually shifted westwards in the late 15th century. In comparison with the ‘merchant democracies’ of Novgorod and Pskov, the emerging despotism of their conqueror posed a threat in a league of its own.

A woodcut depicting the Muscovites’ terror in Livonia.

From the Horrifying, gruesome and unheard-of tyranny of Ivan Vasilyevich… by Georg von Hoff

14th–15th c

1500s

The Lutheran Reformation, arriving in the towns of Estonia in 1523–4, shook the country to its foundations. Apart from political upheavals and cases of iconoclastic pillage, it encouraged the spread of the new art of printing which, in turn, led to the publication of the first books in Estonian. The earliest notion of printed Estonian text, reference to a Lutheran compendium published in Lübeck, dates from 1525.

Fragment of the Wanradt-Koell catechism (1535), the earliest book printed in Estonian still

The austere

extant

interior of many an Estonian

1523-4 From 1558 to 1581 the devastating Livonian War was fought between Russia, Sweden, Denmark and Poland-Lithuania, the main prize being Estonia. All castles and fortified centres apart from Tallinn were sacked and several towns wiped out altogether.

parish church derives from the time of sermonfriendly and effigy-hostile Reformation

1500s

Viljandi Castle was a central stronghold of the Order in Estonia and one of the mightiest fortifications in Northern Europe at the time

Monumental tablet by the burghers of Tallinn to mark the incorporation of the province of The rural population was hit the hardest – more than half perished, and with the destruction of ancient peasant lineages many of the Estonians’ traditional privileges and rights were lost.

Warfare between the two most committed com­batants – Catholic Poland and Lutheran Sweden – continued into 1620s, the latter emerging as the winner.

1523–4

Estonia to the Kingdom of Sweden in 1561

late 1500s

Although the living standards of the Estonian peasantry did not improve much under Swedish rule, progress in the spheres of education and land tenancy and, most especially, the harshness of the era that followed, ensured that this period became imprinted as ‘the good old Swedish time’ in the Estonian collective memory.

In 1632, the second university of the Kingdom of Sweden was founded in Tartu.

King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden at the reopening of the monument to Gustaf II Adolf, founder of the University

Tallinn in 1634.

1600s

Print by Adam Olearius

Trading on the Baltic – the main basis of wealth for Estonia – soon recovered from the ebb caused by the war, Tallinn and Narva gaining prominence as the centres of Sweden’s eastern trade.

The Battle of Narva in 1700. Unknown painter, early 18th c

Rogosi manor in 1795, water-

1700s

Despite a promising start for the Swedes, the result of the Great Northern War (1700–21) was predictable. Left alone to fight against all the great powers around the Baltic, Sweden could not defend its overseas provinces against their combined onslaught. With plagueridden Pärnu and Tallinn capitulating in 1710, Estonia was devastated to the extent that a Russian Field Marshal could declare bluntly to Peter the Great: "My Lord, there is nothing left to destroy."

colour by Johann Wilhelm Krause (1757–1828)

1600s

The country, however, recovered quickly and witnessed a boom in construction of grand palaces in the late 18th century.

The Golden Age of the local landlords whose privileges were even broadened by the Tsars, meant the aggravation of corvée and institution of serfdom for the Estonian peasants.

1700s

Although more than two thirds of Estonian peasants were literate by the early 19th century, they were still virtually excluded from political decision-making – for any upward mobility in society one had to be, or become, German. In 1818, the poet Kristjan Jaak Peterson, one of the first university-educated Estonians, could only sigh: "Shall our tongue ever be equal to other languages..."

early 1800s A leading Estophile, Reverend Otto Wilhelm Masing, father of Estonian ‘õ’

An embroidery

by Elgi Reemets depicting the poet and visionary

However, with the spread of the Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity, the local Baltic German version of the Ancient Régime also started to crumble. In the first decades of the 19th century Estonian peasants were freed from serfdom and given family names and limited self-government – steps that provided the native people with an incentive and readiness to become involved in what is nowadays called nationbuilding.

To mark a vowel that occurs neither in Latin nor in German, Masing added a novel character to the Estonian alphabet and popularised its use in his primers

Bookbinding Climbers’

of the national

detachment

epic by Eduard

of the Viljandi

Encouraged by a rich folklore and by the example of their northern neighbours and close linguistic relatives, the Finns, another cornerstone for nation-building was set: on the model of Elias Lönnrot’s Kalevala, the Estonians’ own epic was published in 1857.

The coronation of Kalevipoeg

1857

Taska

1869

Voluntary Fire Fighting Brigade

With the rise of self-consciousness and improvement in economic conditions, the hitherto peasant nation – maarahvas (‘people of the country’) – became Estonians. The sense of unity was further strengthened by the foundation of numerous societies as well as the tradition of nation-wide song festivals in 1869.

by Kristian Raud

1800s

1869

Founded by Johann Voldemar Jannsen in 1857, the first Estonian-language newspaper Perno Postimees heralded a novel form of action that remained central to Estonian national awakening until the beginning of the 20th century.

Most future statesmen acquired their initial skills from the press and by the turn of the century the editorial staffs of news­ papers had become the main foci of party politics.

The 50th and 120th anniversaries of the Estonian national colours in Otepää

1884

Several important national symbols of Estonia date from late 19th century: e.g. the blue-black-andwhite tricolor, introduced as the banner of the Estonian Students’ Society in 1884. The original flag has almost miraculously survived the turmoil of the 20th century, and is again publicly displayed on festive occasions.

Departure of recruits to the WW I

The 1905 revolution in Estonia involved bloody clashes between demonstrators and military in towns, as well as the destruction of landlords’ property in the countryside. The inept reaction by the Tsarist government – harsh repression and heightened Russification – only resulted in the growing radicalisation of Estonian nationalism.

Military losses in the WW I caused constant social unrest in the whole Russian Empire. For Estonians of whom about 100 000 fought and about 10 000 fell in the War, the final impetus towards full independence was the Bolsheviks’ establishment of dictatorship in late 1917.

A picket by proindependence actors in front of the Estonia theatre,1917

24 February 1918

Seizing the opportunity offered by the withdrawal of red militia ahead of the advancing German troops, the National Salvation Committee of the Estonian Diet proclaimed Estonian independence on 24 February 1918

Maximilian Maksolly’s 24th of February 1918

1884

1905–18

1918-20 Estonia had to defend its independence against both the Red Army and the Landeswehr, a militia formed by Baltic German reactionaries.

1919

Nationalist troops loyal to the new govern足ment were joined by volunteers from Finland and Denmark, as well as a number of local Germans who supported the Republic. Essential military aid was provided by the British fleet, which arrived in Tallinn at the most crucial moment of the war, the end of December 1918.

Livestock of a newly established farm

Having failed to subdue its small neighbour by military force, Soviet Russia finally recognised the independence of Estonia, and renounced forever all rights of sovereignty formerly held over its people and territory.

In parallel with the fighting on several fronts, the newly established republic was preparing one of the most radical land reforms in post-WW I Europe. 874 baronial estates were expropriated and re-allotted to volunteers fighting on the front. Severely criticised in the West, this measure proved absolutely crucial in terms of uniting the nation for the defence of its independence.

The Tartu Peace Treaty was signed on 2 February 1920

2 February 1920 1918

1920

Holiday-makers in Haapsalu

1920-30s Ski-jump competition in Viljandi

In contrast to the previous and subsequent colonial periods, the two decades of independence offered enormous possibilities to the Estonian public and cultural life.

Virtually within one generation a cultural space based on Estonian language and mentality was created – higher education and police force, literature and legal system, scientific and sporting administrations and many more essential facets of a modern nation state; the basis for the national selfconsciousness that has survived, despite everything, to this day.

Students in the psychology lab of the University of Tartu

Many were surprised by the rapid developments in the young republic’s economy. The re-orientation of the economy from the Russian to the European markets was successfully accomplished and despite the backlash of the Depression in 1929–32, the standard of life in Estonia in late 1930s was comparable to that of the Scandinavia.

Modern buses in Tallinn, 1930s

1920-30s The political system, typically for the era, showed less stability, its vulnerability becoming apparent in the 1934 bloodless coup d’etat by the ‘Founding Fathers’ of the young democracy, president Konstantin Päts and general Johan Laidoner. The following six years were dubbed the ‘Era of Silence’ by a critical public opinion.

State Elder Päts with happy inhabitants of the Isle of Muhu

1920s

1930s

The policy of non-involvement of the democratic West in the 1930s left Estonia between the devil and the deep sea.

Berlin and Moscow wasted no time: with the Hitler-Stalin Pact of August 1939, Estonia became one of many nations the Nazis and Soviets ‘shared’ between themselves.

A couple of weeks later, openly threatened with invasion by the Soviet Union, Estonia had to accept the establishment of Red Army and Navy bases on its territory.

Red Navy in the Bay of Tallinn

In June 1940, a de facto military take-over ensued. At a time when the bewildered eyes of the world were focused on the Nazis’ entry to Paris, few took any notice of the beginning of Soviet occupation in the Baltic countries.

The Soviets did not even bother to hide the role of their military in the ‘democratic decision-making’ processes of the Estonian people

Local and immigrant communists (in spring 1940 the Estonian CP had only 133 members!), installed in power by overtly farcical elections, promptly ‘asked’ for Estonia’s attachment to the Soviet Union.

1940 A typical example of Stalinist terror tactics can be seen in the fate of one of the best-known Estonian columnists, Eduard Laamann – execution in a Russian prison following the ‘verdict’ by a three-member NKVD tribunal

1941 On 14 June 1941 it was the turn of the families and relatives of ‘elements hostile to Soviet power’: without discrimination according to gender or age, over 10 000 Estonians were deported without trial to prison camps and exile. Many perished.

Orders from Moscow decreed that the foundations of Estonian civic society were to be destroyed along with the Estonian state.

Repression targeted a large part of the intelligentsia, and nearly all civil servants, from heads of state to office clerks.

Estonian national flowers – laid in remembrance of those deported

A covert photo of livestock carriages that were ‘provided’ for several weeks’ journey

1940

1941

Members of the Mõniste squad of

24

the Estonian Home Guard, 1941

A year of Soviet rule was followed by the Nazi invasion in 1941. Recent me­mories of Communists’ atrocities caused a great number of Estonians to fight against the retreating Soviets and cheer the advance by the troops of Wehrmacht.

Estonian volunteers in the Finnish Army on the Karelian front and upon their return to Estonia

1941-4

The sense of relief was shortlived. It became evident that the Nazis would not countenance any attempt at restoring Estonia’s independence. Instead, they initiated repression against Jews and Romani, Communists, and also against pro-Western Estonian Nationalists.

To avoid being forced to fight Communists with the Nazis, many opted for ‘a decent uniform’ and fled to serve in the Finnish Army.

1944

In early 1944, war returned to Estonia. The battles of Narva and Vaivara in the North-East — the heaviest of the whole Soviet-German front at the time – raged on until August.

The heart of town after the Red Army bombing raids and artillery bombardments in March 1944 The baroque old town of Narva was one of the most valuable architectural ensembles in pre-war Estonia

An Estonian nationalist government, formed amidst the chaos of the collapsing German defence, declared the restoration of independence and proclaimed neutrality in the war between Nazis and Soviets. Yet, the desperate efforts to organise Estonian military units (and obtain recognition from the Western Allies) were not sufficient to repeat the miracle of the War of Inde­pen­dence, and by late autumn the Red Army had re-occupied the whole of Estonia.

Ahead of the returning Bolsheviks, tens of thousands of Estonians, who were fortunate enough to get to the coast and find any kind of vessel, escaped overseas.

1941

Refugees leaving for Sweden

1944

Thousands of Estonians resisted the second Soviet occupation: the guerrilla war of the forest brothers lasted until mid-1950s.

1944-53 Guerrillas of Arnold Leetsaare’s group, 1948

Again, people who had often been given only one hour to pack found themselves in Siberia with virtually none of the items essential for everyday life. Many did not make it through the first winter

1949 To eradicate the guerrillas’ main supply base as well as the staunchest pillar of Estonian national identity still intact – peasant smallholders – another mass deportation was carried out in 1949. In the period of 1940–49 altogether, Estonia lost almost one fifth of its population through killing, deportation, war and flight to exile.

Deportation’s commemoration in Ülemiste railway station

Members of the first Estonian collective farm, the Red Meadow, in Petserimaa

Construction of the Baltic Power Station near Narva, 1959

For those lucky enough to escape the deportation, joining the kolkhozes under the watchful eye of omnipresent Stalin became imperative.

The main instrument for maintaining Soviet power was the re-population of Estonia that took place under the label of industrial development. Thousands of labourers were moved from the Soviet Union to work in the factories and mines of Northern Estonia; as a result, the portion of Estonians fell from the pre-war 88% to 61% in 1990.

The quality of the Soviet way of life and its ‘remarkable progress’ was demonstrated on every possible occasion

1944–53

1950s

The launching of the passenger boat Vanemuine in 1965 reopened the traffic between Estonia and Finland that had been disrupted by WW II

The period following Stalin’s death – which marked the end of the brutal terror and the start of Nikita Khruchev’s reform plans – gave many a hope of building ‘humane socialism’.

1970s

Along with the return of the rehabilitated deportees, some communication with abroad resumed. A special role here belonged to relations at grass root level with the Finns, who are related to Estonians by a similar language: smuggled jeans and Western pop music, the ability to watch Finnish TV, and the ideas that permeated across the border turned Estonia into a ‘Soviet West’.

1956-68

The hugely popular TV programme Horoskoop presented the same songs performed at Eurovision. The censors missed that.

With the suppression of the 1968 popular revolt in Czechoslovakia the regime’s ideological pressure strengthened once again, as the Soviet central government strove to create a uniform Homo sovieticus.

The covert campaign involved forced industrial development and residential building for new immigrants, the overt effort comprised routine parades and voting in support of the regime.

Culture became a refuge: people perfected their protest by interpreting what was squeezed between the lines. Hidden allusions were sought in theatre and art, and meaningful lines of poetry were quoted by the entire nation.

One of the best-loved young poets of the time, Paul-Eerik Rummo

1956–68

1970s

Long queues and empty shop shelves were inevitable features of everyday life in the Soviet Union, which increasingly lagged behind the Western world. This, of course, only increased the frustration and resentment felt towards ‘the most progressive country in the world’ and made a mockery of the rhetoric employed by the local puppet leaders.

The Soviet regime increasingly resembled a cumbersome giant – feared for its strength, but increasingly ridi­culed for its apparent incapacity.

1987

Phosphorite – thanks, but no thanks!

The early 1987 environmental movement against the planned development of massive phosphorite mines, coupled with the formation of national heritage societies that gathered momentum at the end of the same year developed into protest against the Soviet authorities. Valuing one’s history and Estonia as the country of Estonians provided the foundation for later, overtly political demands.

R.I.P. Brachiopoda of Kabala! Slogans at the students’ protest marches in Tartu

1989

The culmination of the Estonian-Latvian-Lithuanian popular movements came on 23 August 1989 with the formation of the Baltic Chain, a 600 km human chain extending from Tallinn to Vilnius. Around two million people participated in this demonstration that brought the Baltic independence struggle to TV-screens all over the world.

A demonstration by the proSoviet Interfront in Tallinn

Some communist die-hards kept fighting back despite the inevitable collapse of the Soviet Empire…

1991

... but their enthusiasm was curbed along with the failure of the plans of the hardliners in Moscow. During the attempted reactionary coup, Estonia declared the restoration of its independence on 20 August 1991.

Soviet troops leaving Tallinn in August 1991

1980s

1991

A few days later, the new reality was acknowledged by the inter­ national community – with Iceland leading the way, one country after another recognised Estonia’s regained independence.

The international recognition of the re-established Republic – formerly belonging to the League of Nations – was concluded with Estonia’s acceptance as a member of the United Nations’ Organisation

1991 State borders and legislation awaited quick restoration, as did the citizenry. Hitherto Moscow-controlled or practically non-existent areas of life — from border guards to estate development, from post­ al service to banking — required speedy organisation.

First things first: 1992 saw the parliamentary and presidential elections.

Some of the Estonian state symbols are yet to be regained; e.g. the Collar of the Order of the National Coat of Arms – badge of office of the Estonian President – kept ever since being looted by the Soviets in 1940 in the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin

As early as June 1992 Estonia became the first of the post­communist nations to carry through a daring currency reform

Another addition to the new terms in the everyday language of the Estonians that arrived together with independent nationhood, is ‘national carrier’ dating

1992 Due to its small size and the support it enjoyed from across the Gulf of Finland, Estonia made a flying start in rearranging its economy – regardless of political background, the subsequent governments of the early 1990s pursued a neo-liberal ‘shock therapy’ approach which brought rapid privatisation, liberalisation of prices, and the establishment of a free foreign trade regime whilst maintaining the stability of the currency.

from 1 December 1991.

1991

1992

1993-1994

The freedom of movement and action that belong to free society gradually returned to the Estonian landscape and to people’s minds.

After half a century of rigidly guarded borders, bathers no longer have to fear being dragged in their swimsuits to the border guard headquarters. Coastal fisherman and devotees of all kinds of water sports can now set out to sea without a special permit.

In 1994, after three years of arduous talks, the last Russian troops were withdrawn from Estonia leaving behind a range of ecological booby-traps, such as extensively polluted ground water around military airfields or nuclear waste in naval bases.

After 1991 Estonia remained on a steady course to join the EU and NATO. The almost idolatrous admiration for all things Western has nonetheless given way to a more critical approach, not least because the domestic bureaucracy has tended to cite ‘Euro-norms’ as justification for various imprudent decisions.

2004 Having once learned the hard way about the dangers of international isolation, the majority of Estonians view international co-operation as offering the best guarantee for security. Nevertheless, not even the greatest optimists of the early 1990s could have predicted that in April 2004, even before joining the EU, Estonia would become a full member of NATO.

1994

2009

P H O TO CREDITS [t – top, b – bottom, c – centre, l – left, r – right] Margus Ansu: p 35 tl; Endel Grensmann: p 2 t; Jüri Kass ja Ülle Marks: p 35 tr; Henri Laupmaa: p 9 t; Lembit Michelson: p 26 b; Sigurd Roove (courtesy of Liina and Göte Ask): p 25 b; Jüri Rõõmus: p 32 c; Kalju Suur: p 30 br; Peeter Säre: pp 6 l, 8 l, c, 10 r, 11 r; Endel Tarkpea: p 30 c; Toomas Tuul: p 34 t; Tiit Veermäe: pp 29 tl, 30 t, 31 b, 31 tr; Kristel Vilbaste: p 30 bl; Academic Library of the Tallinn Pedagogical University: p 12 b; Art Museum of Estonia: pp 7 c, 15 b; Centre of Archaeology of the Estonian Institute of History: p 1 (photo: Piia Ruber); Christiansborg Palace: p 6 c (photo: Flemming Rasmussen); Eesti Ekspress: p 21 b; Eesti Päevaleht (PressPhoto): pp 16 b, 35 a, 36 cr (Rauno Volmar); Estonian Air: p 33 b; Estonian Film Archive: pp 17 tl, 18 c, b, 20 tl, 22 c, 27 t, bl, 28 t, 29 tr, c, 31 tl, 32 t (photo: Albert Truuväärt); Estonian History Museum: pp 5 (photo: Toomas Kohv), 19 c, b, 22 t, 23 bc, 25 tr, 26 cr, 27 br, 33 tl, tr; Estonian Institute: p 4; Estonian Literary Museum: pp 14 c, 23 tc, 29 b; Estonian Museum of Applied Art and Design: pp 14 r, 15 tl (photo: Henri Laupmaa); Estonian National Museum: p 16 tl; Estonian State Archives: pp 24 t, 23 tr, 26 t; Estonian Television: p 28 c; Estonian Union of Finnish War Veterans: p 24 c, b; Museum of Occupations of Estonia: p 31 c; Museum of Viljandi: pp 11 l, 15 tr, 17 tr, 18 t, 19 t, 20 tr, 26 cl; National Library of Estonia: pp 9 b, 16 tc; Latvian Academic Library: p 13 b; Postimees (Scanpix Baltic): pp 23 br, 34 l, 34 br (photo: Albert Truuväärt), 36 tl (photo: Raigo Pajula), 36 cl (photo: Toomas Huik), Publishing House Avita: pp 22 b; Sven Karjahärm’s photo collection: p 25 tl; Tallinn City Archives: pp 8 r, 10 l; Tallinn City Museum: pp 13 t (photo: Piia Ruber), 17 b (photo: Piia Ruber); Tartu University Library: pp 3 b, 12 t (photo: Eduard Sakk), 20 b.

Reproductions: p 21 t – Eesti, 20 aastat iseseisvust, Tallinn 1939; p 4 l – Kalevipoeg kunstis, Tallinn 1962

Special thanks to Ants Hein, Tiina Kala, Juhan Kreem, Sulo Lembinen, Tiit Noormets, Peep Pillak, Ülle Tamla and Maruta Varrak

Text by Priit Raudkivi and the Estonian Institute Design by Angelika Schneider

ISBN 978-9985-9994-0-0