A Dialouge with Past | Extending Markets of Agra to River-front, Agra | Thesis Dissertation by Prachi Panchasara

A Dialogue With Past Extending the Markets of Agra to Riverfront Agra, Uttar Pradesh

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A. P. I. E. D.

A Dialogue with Past

A Dialogue With Past Extending the Markets of Agra to Riverfront Agra, Uttar Pradesh By Prachi Panchasara 16SA151 Gudided By Ar. Shital Shah

Thesis Submitted to Arvindbhai Patel Institute of Environmental Design (A.P.I.E.D.) D.C. Patel School of Architecture,

August, 2021

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C E R T I F I C A T E This is to certify that the Thesis titled

A Dialogue with Past, Extending the Markets to river-front. has been submitted by Prachi Panchasara 16SA151 Towards Partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture Degree At D.C. Patel School of Architecture, A.P.I.E.D. Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar Approved by

Thesis Chair

Ar. Rahul Patel

Guide

Ar. Shital Shah

Examiner

Ar.

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U N D E R T A K I N G I, Prachi Panchasara the author of the thesis titled

A Dialogue with Past,

Extending the Markets to river-front. hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Architecture Degree at D.C. Patel School of Architecture, A.P.I.E.D. Affiliated to Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India. This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any Degree. All views and opinions expressed in this dissertation report are my mine, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

_______________________ Prachi Panchasara 16SA151 A.P.I.E.D., Anand

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The successful completion of this thesis has been one of the most challenging academic assignments faced by me which could not have been accomplished without the unconditional support, guidance and patience of the following people. I begin by sincerely thanking our thesis mentor, Ar. Shital Shah for her guidance throughout my thesis program, in these difficult times of pandemic she was just a call away for even a slightest difficulty. I’m grateful to her for having faith in me and providing me with such excellent supervision. I would also like to thank my father, Ar. Dhaval Panchasara who always motivated and pushed me to work and reach the final goal to achieve a perfect thesis. I am deeply indebted to my friends, Subham Singh and Sagar Pratap Singh who revived my faith in the project and made the things required for my thesis available easily in this tough times. Also, Thank you to everyone, named and unnamed for helping me and keeping me going.

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00. Prolouge ................................................................................................. 01 - 09 0.1 Title Page 0.2 Certificate 0.3 Understating 0.4 Acknowledgements

01. Introduction ........................................................................................... 13 - 18 1.1 Introduction to thesis 1.2 Research and Research Question 1.3 Aim 1.4 Objective 1.5 Methodology 1.5 Limitations of Thesis Study

02. Markets of the world ............................................................................ 13 - 18 2.1 Ancient routes that shaped the world 2.2 History of markets 2.2.1 Greek Empire and Markets 2.2.2 Trade and Travel : Markets and Caravansaries Islamic reign 2.3 Faneuil Hall, Boston, U.S.A 2.4 Johari bazar, Jaipur 2.5 Souks of Marrakesh 2.6 Grand bazzar, Istanbul

03. Analogue ............................................................................................... 49 - 69 3.1 Rawatpara Bazar - Spice market 3.2 Hing Ki Mandi - Leather Market 3.3 Gokulpara Bazaar - Stone inlay Market 3.4 Subhash Bazaar - Zari dossi Market 3.5 Taj Ganj Bazzar - Carpet textile

04. Juxtxaposing ......................................................................................... 71 - 78 4.1 Comparative Matrix of Markets of the world and Markets of Agra 4.2 Learnings - Markets of the World 4.3 Findings - Markets of Agra 4.4 Area of Intervention 4.5 Study for a suitable Intervention

05. Examining of Architecture proposition ........................................... 79 - 85 5.1 Site specifications 5.2 Site Analysis 5.3 SWOT Analysis

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06. Facts and Findings

........................................................................... 87 - 104

6.1 About the city 6.1.1 About the city 6.1.2 Historical Time line 6.1.3 Urban Sprawl 6.1.4 Zonal Division of Agra City 6.1.5 Development Plan 6.1.6 Statistical Population Data ‘ 6.1.7 Statistical Data of Economical Activities 6.1.8 Statistical Data of Tourist Influx 6.2 Urban Context 6.3 Geographical Study 6.3.1 Land Terrain 6.3.2 Tree Cover 6.3.3 Climate of city 6.4 Physical infrastructure Study 6.4.1 Road Typology 6.4.2 Parking Facility 6.5 Infrastructure Study 6.5.1 Land use 6.5.2 Built vs open 6.5.3 Height Matrix

07. Design Brief ....................................................................................... 105 - 110 7.1 Capacity Calculation 7.2 Area Statement 7.3 Amenities 7.4 Primary Design Drivers 7.5 Design Philosophy

08. Conceptualization on site

8.1 Site Development 8.2 Module Design Development

............................................................. 111 - 115

09. Design Developments. .................................................................... 117 - 135 9.1 Site Development 9.2 Basement Development Plan 9.3 Site Section 9.4 Site Views 9.5 Module Development 9.6 Furniture Layout - Craft Hub 9.7 Furniture Layout - Administration Block 9.8 Furniture Layout - Basement Circulation Block 9.8 Furniture Layout - Circulation Block

10. Appendix ............................................................................................ 136 - 145 10.1 List of Figures 10.2 References

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Chapter

Introduction This chapter, Briefly defines the Introduction, Research Aim and Objective of the study. The working methodology is briefly explained of how the Research Design Thesis is carried forward and the limitations faced during the study.

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1.1 Introduction Trade has been an important aspect in shaping the world as it is today. Not only the goods but various diseases and bacteria were also transferred through these routes. Domestic animals such as horses and camels were significantly used for trade purposes, depending upon the terrain. The first routes were only based on the land, it was later when the sea routes emerged as the proficiency and ease of ships were available. The Islamic reign was one of the most influential people that believed in moving and expanding their culture as well as their art. Well on the move they built various structures that are still in good shape as well as the markets which now are one of the most visited markets in the world. Taking various Cases of these markets based on Islamic, Indian, and American examples were compared on similar grounds to the city of ‘Agra’ which is one the oldest Mughal city and was very well known for its Architectural Marvel, trade, and handicrafts. These markets descend throughout the era and are currently thriving as well. This thesis study looks upon the study of these initial trade routes and historical markets of the world, which compared to one of the most prominent cities of Mughal Empire ‘Agra’ Markets which are slowly losing their touch on the city, due to industrialization and sensitivity towards these markets. However, the vision here was generating a “Dialogue With the Past”, not only through the built or suggesting the best possible intervention to protect these markets or uplifting the artisans and their culture but also through the intangibles that were observed in the Historical markets as well the local markets during the Thesis study. To generate “Dialogue With the Past” the site was strategically chosen between Archeological monuments a land bandwidth that was generated due to change in course of the river Yamuna, near the archaeological sites.

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1.2 Research Examining the initial query of the link of the past public spaces to the present, one can re-look at the markets of the world and its “Dialogue” with the past and present. “A Dialogue with Past” for the city of Agra, is in terms of connection with monuments, tourists, markets and the locals. Neglected for long period of time can be threating to the culture, thus the thesis focuses on the rectifying the current situation of the International monuments, Handicraft Market spaces and people associated with it.

1.3 Aim Increase in the Industries resulting in the Rivers Morphological change there is land band generation of opposite the Agra Fort. The idea is to revive the area with best possible Environmental and Ecological intervention to avoid Commercial development near the Archaeological sites. The intervention will lead to the overall development of the economy of the locals and enhance the values attached to the heritage of the city and its handicraft culture.

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1.4 Objective The idea is to develop an tangible link for both locals as well as Tourists for the city’s values and culture will be established by a New Built Form. The following pointers would be kept in mind before introducing an intervention. 1. The Idea is an attempt to abstract the Historical Handicraft markets of Agra and providing a global level platform that could create its stand at global level. It would not only enhance the skills but also give an economic boost to the industry. 2. Rejuvenating the River plains of Yamuna, opposite the Agra fort viewing the old Mughal Gardens and Taj Mahal will create a great Public realm with the river, along the development of the Historical stretch. 3. Rich Cultural and Heritage : Presence of the Mughal architecture since 16th century 4. The idea to cater International as well as National tourist keeping in mind “Indian Chaos” 5. Recreational area for locals in addition to the Archaeological Sites

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1.5 Methodology

01 02 03 04

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Research Researching the markets of the world and their connection to the trade routes throughout the globe; emerged as small centers thereafter developed into trade centers carrying out businesses. Further research and concluded that the prominent cities of the world also had these routes passing through them..

Idea Strategically choosing the city of Agra as it was and is a trade center and gave the idea of reviving and rehabilitating the markets of Agra on the land opposite to the Agra Fort.

Process After the research certain degree of inspiration was taken from the markets of the world. This pattern of markets of Agra were abstracted in a way that it reflects the informal nature of markets of crafts.

Goal The goal is to retain the historical crafts of the city and uplift its economy on a global level.

A Dialogue with Past

1.6 Limitations of Thesis Study The limitations of this Thesis study : 1. The data of the site location generated in this thesis is hypothesized as the original and authentic drawings were not available due to the restriction guidelines set by the Government of India. 2. The research was mainly done through secondary resources. Due to travel restrictions and lock-downs caused by SARS COVID - 19. 3. The accountability of the shop owners and vendors were not available due to restrictions 4. The discussions to carry forward the thesis with the guide were done through Online medium.

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Chapter

02 Markets of World The chapter overlooks the brief study of how the trade was established in the world and how cities emerged as the major trade centres. These trade centre markets of the world, in American, Indian and Islamic context, were compared on the similar Architectural Characters and Street behavioural patterns.

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2.1 Ancient Routes that shaped the World The Ancient routes where the beginning of shaping the world that it is today. These routes passed to various cities, which later became the Trade Centers in ancient times and are still thriving as an important landmark in global trade. The first and one of the most important route was the Silk route Route, which passed through India which started the initial trade through the country, during various empires that ruled India.

01 Silk

Route 130 – 1453

02 Spice Route

2000 – 1498

03 Incense Route

7th bc – 3rd ad

04 Amber Route

1900 bc - 300

05 Tea - Horse Route

6 th - 20th ad

06 Salt

Route

The Chinese sold silk teas, salt, sugar, porcelain, and spices. They also brought back cotton, ivory, wool, gold, and silver.[1] Spice Route was ot to the Middle East with spices from Sri-Lanka & China. Non-spice goods included ivory, silk, porcelain, metals and gemstones.[1] Frankincense & myrrh, collected in Ethiopia, Somalia, & southern Arabia & dispatched from Yemen & Oman, through the Negev desert, to the Mediterranean port in Gaza. [1]

Etruscan and Greek traders to transport amber and tin from northern Europe to points on the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. [1]

Tea Horse Road linked Sichuan, Yunnan, & Tibet, stretched across Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, and India, and then reached the Middle East, & even the Red Sea coast of Egypt. [1] Lüneburg in northern Germany, which was one of the most plentiful salt sources in northern Europe, to Lübeck on the north German coast. Salt was majorly transferred. [1]

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07 Trans-Saharan Route

08 Tin

Route 1400 - 1200 ad

Silk Route

Instrumental in the spread of Islam North Africa into West Africa, & with Islam came Arabic knowledge, education, & language. It also encouraged the development of monetary systems & state-building, as local rulers saw the strategic value in bringing large swathes of land. [2] Mycenaean who sailed out of the Mediterranean and up to the coast of Britain to acquire the tin needed to mix with copper to get the bronze they craved. [1]

Incense Route

Tea-Horse Route

Fig. 2.1 : Trade Routes through world

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Tin route

Spice Route

Amber Route

Salt Route Trans-Saharan Route

A Dialogue with Past

Silk

Route 130 – 1453

The Silk route Passed through Delhi Mathura - Sarnath to reach the Eastern Coast for easy transportation. [3] And in today’s context these Cities are still very much in existence and still work as the key points for trade.

Fig. 2.2 : Map showing the Silk Route

Grand Trunk Route

333 BC

The Grand Trunk Road formerly known as Sarak-e-Sher Shah is one of Asia’s oldest & longest major roads.[4] It runs roughly, 2,400 kms from Teknaf, Bangladesh on the border, west to Kabul, Afghanistan. [5] India it passes through Howrah, Kolkata, Durgapur, Purnea, Patna, Varanasi, Allahabad, Kanpur, Agra, Mathura, Aligarh, Delhi, Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Ambala, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar. [5]

Fig. 2.3: Map showing the Grand Trunk Road

Learnings These trade routes indeed shaped the national as well international boundaries. It has tremendous potential to transform the local trade, in international exchange. In this Global world we still indulge in these same trade routes which also holds one of the many significant cities that are International Trade centers for goods.

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2.2 History of Markets 2.2.1 Greek Empire and Markets

City of Persopolis 518 BC

Fig. 2.4 : Map of Achaemenid Persia

Persepolis, whose magnificent ruins rest at the foot of Kuh-e Rahmat (Mountain of Mercy) in south-western Iran, is among the world’s greatest archaeological sites. Renowned as the gem of Achaemenid (Persian) ensembles in the fields of architecture, urban planning, construction technology, and art.[7]

Fig. 2.5 : Aerial View of THE city of Perspolis

Persepolis was one of the first cities which promoted the mass globalization at such a scale. And later on in coming years it became a trade mark point in silk route for all the traders to stop. Based on its building structure and functions , It was known ass the “Terrace of Unity”. It was built as the high level public area, where all the cultures of the world can come together to exhibit their good with the nationals as well as internationals.

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Fig. 2.6 : Ramp Reaching to Upper Level

The construction went through several phases between 515 & 330 BCE.[7] About 50 kilometres North East of Shiraz in the province of card it was the close the lands to the fertile coast.[7] Cutting into irregular and Rocky mountain side to level a large platform 10 - 20 metres above the ground & measuring about 300m in length and 450m width.[7] It is a complex system of drainage and water channel into the foundation the building little left standing to themselves.[7]

100 m 90 ft

Fig. 2.7 : Plan of the city of Persepolis

The complex was comprised of nine structures:

Fig. 2.8: Ramp with low steps

1. The Apadana (hypostyle receiving hall) 2. Trachara (Palace of Darius I) 3. Council Hall 4. Treasury 5. Throne Hall 6. Palace of Xerxes I 7. Harem of Xerxes I 8. Gate of All Nations 9. Tomb of the King [6]

ll the main reception Hall of the King had 73 tools Lander 20 hai fluted and tapered limestone columns surmounted by bull and lion shaped capitals precious metals the general concept of columnar hall.[7] The southern section content the places of tourist first and the harem a Council hall and store rooms.

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The store rooms also held the beauty of the conquered tribe and state as well as the annual tribe sent by the king subject records that were found show that in your 467 BCE. [7]

Fig. 2.9 : High Plinth with Statues

Fig. 2.10 : Ramp with low steps with carvings on side

Access to the terrace was provided by the staircase cow with release that show tribute Paris from all the corners of the Persian Empire. The steps were flat and deep enough so that important guest were able to ride up their horses at the head of the status was a gate it’s still visible guarded by a pair of large bulls invest and the bulls head a bearded man in the East. [7] Learnings The city showed the diversity that different cultures and functions and activities can come together to celebrate each other. The global market area was lower level and the plazas and urban spaces on upper level.

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2.2 History of Markets 2.2.2 Trade and Travel : Markets and Caravansaries Islamic reign Muslim civilisation has always been mobile, both Arabs & non Arab Congress from Central Asia were originally Nomadic & inherited by tradition of travel. In the harsh conditions & country side of the most Islamic countries, the travellers were merchants & pilgrims which needed more frequent places to rest & shelter that the widely spread towns & cities could provide.[8]

Fig. 2.11 : Painting of settlements

Fig. 2.12 : Tent Structures

The travellers used the caravans for their travel and tents for resting in over the time. Caravans both the form of mutual protection like convoys of ship in wartime.[8] It was necessary that all the ancillary services that caravansaries themselves their urban equivalent,the Khan and the markets should be but on corresponding communal scale.[8]

Fig. 2.13 : Bridges in Iran with pavilions

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Muslim Road often followed Pre-Islamic routes. Muslim Bridge building techniques are based on Roman and Saracen precedent primitive structures can be seen today in remote areas like Afghan. The most impressive are those in seljuq Anatolia, where the Roman prototype is modified by raising & widening the central arch. High point of Islamic Bridge building is reached in famous khwaju Bridge at Isfahan,where functional & aesthetic considerations are effortlessly combined the central toll-way is flanked by arched galleries.[8] Markets A settle hierarchy governs the layout of Muslim market and is surprisingly constant from North Africa to India foodstuff are generally sold in open air as in the example of Morocco. The Bazaar is one of the Classic defining features of Islamic town the commercial spine of the urban fabric linking Mosque hamams, Khan’s and school, a city in a miniature consisting of dozens of streets sometimes intersecting at right angle. Shops selling the same good are always group together, so that they will be Spice Bazaar, a leather Bazaar, a metal work Bazaar. [8]

Fig. 2.14 : Market as Social Centre in middle of city

The standard Bazaar plan is a network of streets (Souks) covered with walls and domes of an with higher don’t or open areas at the crossing points in Central Asia the market may be enclosed by a wall as in Bukhara.[8]

Fig. 2.15 : Market as Social Centre in middle of city

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Bazaar and bath group together the Twin poles of Islamic urban life, separated but in harmony. This remains true even at a local level as in small Bazar at Quzvin, Iran. Ottoman Bazaar is that of Istanbul at whose Centre rise the two multi sections of Britain where the most prestigious goods were sold. [8]

Fig. 2.16 : Streets Covered with vaulted domes

Each shop occupies 1 compartment in Souks. Every available wall surface is used for displaying goods. The Vaulted streets are led by a pictures in the centre of each Bay, creating a cool & well ventilated space that is ideal for hot climate. Essentially the same architecture form previous all over the whole Islamic world. [8]

Fig. 2.17 : Carpet section In The Bazaar in Libya.

Learnings The markets evolved with a specific Architecture style that clearly indicated that showed the dominance of domes, arches and solid materials after being a nomadic community that used to thrive in tents. These were the one of the first completely developed, dedicated and built market space. These markets are currently thriving with same architectural features.

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2.3 Faneuil Hall Boston, U.S.A

Fig. 2.18 : Location of Hall

Faneuil Hall and the Faneuil Hall Marketplace are located within the urban downtown core of Boston. Faneuil Hall is used as a market, meeting hall, and is home to the Boston Classical Orchestra. East of Faneuil Hall are the three linear market buildings which house food stalls, restaurants, shops, and cafes.

01 Eateries

02 Local Shops

03 Community

04 History

Fig 2.19 : Inside view of the hall

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Architectural Character

163 m Fig 2.20 : Architectural Plan

Fig 2.21 : Exterior View

Fig 2.22 : Roman Style

Fig 2.23 : Post Beam columns with Glass

Fig 2.24 : Facade View

Exterior is largely granite, with red brick on interior walls

Large-scale use of granite and glass in post-and-beam construction.

Roman style with Pediments and Doric Columns

The glass creates an visual connection-with built & segregates spaces.

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Sections through Bazaar

The 2 storery built has the central hallway with skylight on roof, supported by the metal trusses. As from the picture the small sections are used walking as well as sitting purposes by the users.

Fig 2.25 : The skylight

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market .

Fig 2.26 : Market Spaces

Shopping Patterns

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by.

Fig 2.27 : People’s approach

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Classification of Establishments

The shops here fall under category of pubic spaces owned by the government. These spaces are mostly rented out to different owners. The hall is a two storey built with different Restaurants and sitting spaces for it. Fig 2.28 : Double Storey Built

Urban Design Innovations CASE 1 : Street in-between The street between the built is majorly used as shopping or food lane with temporary carts coming in at specific times.

Fig 2.29 : Eveninng Markets

CASE 2 : The Plazas These plazas are the most multi functional spaces, which cater to food carts, shopping carts and sometimes even open public forum if someone wants to host local competitions.

Fig 2.30 : Urban Square

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Street Character Case 1 : The space around the hall is pretty versatile, here the could be free walking, people can come and leisure, The outside of hall it also has enough space for the daily hawkers to come and make sale.

Fig 2.31 : Linear Market Space

Case 2: Inside the newly extensions, these hawkers can leave their carts. Light and other services are provided for the comfort of both customers as well as the sellers.

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Fig 2.32 : Inside Street

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2.4 Johari Bazaar Jaipur, India

Fig 2.33 : Location of Market in context to City Palace

Johari bazar is one of the most renowned Jewellery markets of Jaipur. Originally only four bazaars were planned for the city. These were later named as Johari bazaar, Sireh Deori Bazaar, Kishan pole Bazaar & Gangori Bazaar. Its located in the main planned city, near the City palace and Hawa Mahal.

01 Residences

02 Local Shops

Eateries

History

Fig 2.34 : View at a Chaupar

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Architectural Character The city is developed in 9 garhas of vastu. The main bazaar has 108 Feet wide streets and the tertiary and inner mohallas are just 3 feet wide. The junctions formed at the 2 streets are the civic squares or Chauphars. These chauphars are in 3 times the width to that of the main streets.

Planning Blocks

Chauphar

Fig 2.36 : Exterior Facade

Fig 2.37 : Street Style

Fig 2.38 : Built

Fig 2.39 : Terrace View

The facades have jharokha & jalis, which as per JDA rule can’t be replaced.

The Other Streets here are multistroyed where usually cafes and residences.

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Streets

Fig 2.35 : Graphical representation of City planning of Jaipur

The smaller streets have a single storey built with small residences on top.

Cafe opposite historic Monuments.

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Sections through Bazaar These covered streets of about 2 meters wide provide the perfect atmosphere for the customer to shop near these shops. The upper floor are usually occupied as commercial spaces or typical courtyard homes for the families.

Fig 2.40 : Covered Shopping Street

Fig 2.41 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market .

Fig 2.42 : Linear Market

Shopping Patterns

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by.

Fig 2.43 : People’s approach

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Main Road

Classification of Establishments The shops here fall under category of Single owner - single single storey shop style, where it is a complex structure of the streets together forming the market. The shops in the interior are majorly small of approx 10 feet in size, with covered walkway on the side of the road.

Fig 2.44 : Built

Urban Design Innovations

CASE 1 : Use of Main Street As from the image the street is used by owners in some cases as the extension of display. A large amount of parking is seen on these sides as it is in the city centre.

Fig 2.45 : Main street use

CASE 2 : The Elements Here, a small bossiness owner has used stairs approaching to the building as his display as well as a major extension of shop.

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Fig 2.46 : Intricate details

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Street Character

Case 1: The streets are the major attraction of tourist as well as locals in festivals as major spot to celebrate them. In other cases, the streets are seen to be used by hawkers and vehicular parking on either side.

Fig 2.47: Street at times of festivals

Case 2 : The small and high staircases are seen at the entrances of the building which is usually over-coverd by the nearby shops.

Fig 2.4 : Market Spaces

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2.5 Souks of Marrakesh Marrakesh, Morocco

Fig. 2.49 : Location of Market

The souks are the heart of the Marrakesh medina and have been the center for trade in the city a thousand years. Today they’re as much a tourist attraction as anything but still have that exotic, chaotic feel. Over 3000 stalls sell everything from tagines and glassware to scarves and spices.

01 Eateries

02 Local Shops

03 Workshops

04 History

Fig 2.50 : Market Space

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Architectural Character

Fig 2.51 : Arches

The Islamic arches are seen all over the market space. These are seen at major junctions or meeting of 2 alleys, creating a sort of small plaza space at the centre.

Fig 2.53 : Facade Style

The streets are pretty naroow and major footfall seen here is of locals.

The main character of the is the Terracotta plastered on the brick walls that is evidently seen on the major parts of the market. These walls are usually 9”-12” thick. Narrow and high staircases are used to climb highest for recreational spaces.

Fig 2.54 : Intricate entrance

Fig 2.55 : Terrace View towards Urban squares

Fig 2.52 : Exterior Streets

The entrances on outer sides have detailed arches that are usually made of stone or directly onto wood.

The overlooking urban square creates a void in this built which results into the Hawker shopping area

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Sections through Bazaar

The streets on the inner and centre core are narrow with width of about 2 meters - 3 meters wide, covered with temporary roofing of tin or Bamboo in some cases. The arches at certain meeting of streets give a sort of gateway as well as Moroccan Touch to the Market.

Fig 2.56 : Interior of the Souk

Fig 2.57 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market .

Fig 2.58 : Linear Market

Shopping Patterns

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by.

Fig 2.59 : People’s approach

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Fig 2.60 : Typical street View

Urban Design Innovations Case 1 : Use of the Street The streets are majorly used for circulation and a lot of hawkers selling food items could be seen. Motorized 2-wheeler vehicles are seen on this narrow street with the pedestrians walking along the site. The most area is covered by shop extensions.

Fig. 2.61 : Typical street View

Case 2 : Facade as display Panels These Red Terracotta façades are normally used by the nearby shops as their product display boards, which usually gives the street its own character.

Fig. 2.62 : Facade as display

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Street Character Case 1 : These streets are covered with the bamboos on top of which allows the natural light to enter through these narrow streets and also provides a ventilation for the same, as in peak hours it is jampacked. These streets also act as wind tunnels on very hot summer days.

Fig 2.63 : Covered Streets

Case 2: As seen the 2-wheeler easily moves along these narrow streets with all the shop products displayed on the Road itself. The Street floor is paved which helps these movements easily.

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Fig 2.64 : Users on streets

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2.6 Grand Bazaar Istanbul, Turkey

Fig. 2.65 : Location of the Bazaar

he Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world, with 61 covered streets and over 4,000 shops on a total area of 30,700 m2. It attracts about 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily. The Grand Bazaar at Istanbul is often regarded as one of the first shopping malls of the world. The construction of the future Grand Bazaar’s core started during the winter of 1455/56.

01 Eateries

02 Local Shops

Mosque

History

Fig 2.65 : Main Market street

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Architectural Character

Fig 2.66 : Arches

The Arched hallway at junctions. The specific double heights and the us carefully marked ventilations were seen.

Fig 2.68 : Arched Hallway

Sustain three rows of bays, five in each row. Each bay is surmounted by a brick dome with blind drum.

Fig 2.67 : Exterior Streets

The vendors use external facade with awnings as their shops.

Fig 2.69 : Central Squares

The entrances & market squares have detailed arches that are cladded with the distinctive Persian tiles.

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Fig 2.70 : View to Hajia Sofia

The Material is Clay terracotta tiles which is ideal for the climate present there.

A Dialogue with Past

Sections through Bazaar The section of the market-is like the double heighten alley with skylights with single storey minimum 10’ shop on either sides. The maximum height of the lanes its about 5 meters and the shops height vary from 3 metres to 5 meters.

Fig 2.71 : Inner street

Fig 2.72 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market .

Fig 2.73 : Linear Market

Shopping Patterns

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by.

Fig 2.74 : People’s approach

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Classification of Establishments The shops here fall under category of Single owner - single singel storey shop style, where it is a complex structure of the streets together forming the market. The shops in the interior are majorly small of approx 10 feet in size. Usually, the shop owners use the extensions for the shop S t r e e t for the display of their products.

Fig 2.75 : Shop

Urban Design Innovations

Case 1 : Use of Main Street The inner and the main street is used for shopping and as every other Islamic market the products are displayed here on on the street. But it is quite wider and organised as compared to the Souks.

Fig. 2.76: Street Division

CASE 2 : The Outside Streets These streets also have vendors on walkway but here there is a bit more of Chaos as compared to the inner and main bazaar.

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Fig. 2.77: Exterior View

A Dialogue with Past

Street Character

Case 1 : The streets are usually in certain areas used as the display panel as the other Islamic Markets. These are well lit with the light as well as the light from Skylight, and a through ventilation through them on peak hours of the day.

Fig. 2.78: Inner View

Case 2 : The Entrance Plaza is an Arch Gateway that gives the major entrance to this market as well the to the Mosque.

Fig. 2.79: Exterior View

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Chapter

03 Analouge This chapter, Overlooks at the linear proposition of Historic markets through examining the case of urban settlement world of the city of Agra. These markets are briefly studied on their Architectural and Street characters with the total boost this industry holds in the economy of the City itself.

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3.1 Rawatpara Bazar - Spice Market

Fig. 3.1 :Jami Masjid from market

Rawatpara Bazar is located near the Shahi Jami Masjid behind Agra Fort. The Bazaar is known for its Trade in Spices. It is divided in 2 Major streets based on its functions. 1. The main street is for locals and the tourists that visit the market area and buy goods at retail. 2. The interior or the tertiary streets are known for its wholesale markets which is only and majorly visited by the local trades-person. Architectural Character

Fig. 3.2 : New construction - no unique character

As from the Picture above the specific built is major Ground plus 1 and most of this construction done in recent times. But furthermore there are some streets where articulate work is seen on the façades that has arches and brackets with wood as a Material.

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Street Character

Fig. 3.3 : Primary street with activities

The streets are usually crowded with 2 wheelers, Rickshaw pullers and good transporters as seen from the picture. The street also has large footfall of locals and tourists. The majority of street width is covered in parking and illegal extension of shops by the owners. Sections through Bazaar The section below clearly shows the various activities and these Streets are mostly climatically cooler as the building to road ratio of the street. Tertiary Street

Primary Street

Fig 3.4 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market . The Market fucntions from 10 am -4 pm everday.

Graphic : Linear Market

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Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market .

Fig. 3.5 : Linear Market

A Dialogue with Past

Shopping Patterns

Graphic : Shoppers approaching

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by.

Fig. 3.6 : People’s approach

Classification of establishments

Graphic depicting the establishment in interior street

The shops here fall under category of Single owner - single multi storey shop style, where as there are built with living houses on top. The shops in the interior are majorly small of approx 10 feet in size, and the shops on main road are usually of about 15 to 20 feet in width

Fig. 3.7 : Lower level shops

Fig. 3.8 : Built on main Road

Statistical Data of the Economic Investments

Units

Turnover

Exports

Employees

Investment

680

120 cr

100 cr

30 k

50 k

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Urban Design Innovations

Case 1 : Use of Main Street The street is usually visited by the large number of tourists. The shop vendors usually use the road or public footpath to spread their goods for display. The use of Awnings was distinctly seen in these shops.

Fig. 3.9 : Use of Street

Case 2 : The Tertiary Streets These streets were majoly visited by the wholesalers and were pretty narrow. There was 2 wheeler parking and additional lay of goods on this particular 2.5 - 3 metre wide street.

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Fig. 3.10 : Crowded inner street

A Dialogue with Past

3.2 Hing Ki Mandi - Leather Market

Fig. 3.11 : Leather Market

Hing ki mandi is one of the oldest bazzar in Agra Kinari Bazzar by the Mughals. The market space is thriving in the vicinity of Agra since the Mughal Rein. This market itself is known for its various sale of Clothing material and specializes in Leather. The raw goods usually arrive from the factories outside the city and major handicraft work is done in these small shops, which are later exported as well sold near the monuments. Architectural Character

Fig. 3.12 : Typical built in interior streets

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Street Character

Fig. 3.13 : Activities on street

Tertiary Street

Primary Street

Fig 3.14 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market . The Market fucntions from 10 am -4 pm everday.

Graphic : Linear Market

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Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market .

Fig. 3.15 : Linear Street

A Dialogue with Past

Shopping Patterns

Graphic : Shoppers approaching

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by.

Fig. 3.16 : Location of Hall

Classification of establishments

Graphic depicting the establishment in interior street

Fig. 3.17 : Multistory Built

Fig. 3.18 : Shops and offices

Statistical Data of the Economic Investments

Units

Turnover

Exports

Employees

Investment

500

125 cr

100 cr

25 k

50 k

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Urban Design Innovations

Case 1 : The Tertiary Streets These streets had low footfall and it was usually the wholesale market. The streets had the extra goods and two wheeler parking throughout.

Fig. 3.19 : Goods in interior

Case 2 : The Primary Streets These streets were wide enough to carter the high traffic flow, parking on either side and even the vendors used the footpath to display their shop goods.

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Fig. 3.20 : Traffic on primary streets

A Dialogue with Past

3.3 Gokulpura Bazar - Stone Inlay Market

Fig. 3.21 : Main street

Gokulpura is one of the oldest bazaar known for its work in Stone Inlay. This is the similar work that is seem in marble and is on Taj Mahal. The various semi precious stones arrive to these artisans places from outside the city. The market space is thriving in the vicinity of Agra since the Mughal Rein. The shops here are usually at the ground floor and the artisans stay on upper Level. Architectural Character

Fig. 3.22 : Residential area and Handcart area

As from the Picture above the specific built is major Ground plus 2. The streets where articulate work is seen on the façades that has arches and brackets with wood as a Material and sometimes they are distinctively coloured.

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Street Character

Fig. 3.23 : Interior Street

As we go further to the streets more residences are observed. The streets have the specific character of open drains and high plinths. Sections through Bazaar The section below clearly shows the various activities and these Streets are mostly climatically cooler as the building to road ratio of the street. There are open drains on both the sides.

Fig 3.24 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market . The Market fucntions from 10 am -4 pm everday.

Graphic : Linear Market

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Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market . The Market functions from 10 am -4 pm everday. Fig. 3.25 : Linear Market

A Dialogue with Past

Shopping Patterns

Graphic : Shoppers approaching

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by.

Fig. 3.26 : People’s approach

Classification of establishments

Graphic depicting the establishment in interior street

Fig. 3.27 : Shop size

Fig. 3.28 : Single Storey shop

Statistical Data of the Economic Investments

Units

Turnover

Exports

Employees

Investment

600

128 cr

100 cr

30 k

50 k

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Urban Design Innovations

CASE 1 : The Tertiary street majorly used by the locals and wholesalers for the buying purpose. Also these streets were used to serve as parking spaces as well as the centre to loads and unload the goods and raw materials.

Fig. 3.29 : Goods on the Interior street

CASE 2 : The Primary Streets These streets were wide enough to carter the high traffic flow, parking on either side and even the vendors used the footpath to display their shop goods.

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Fig. 3.30 : Characteristics on main road

A Dialogue with Past

3.4 Subhash Bazar - Zarri Dossi Market

Fig. 3.31 : Market next to Jami Masjid

Subhash Bazaar is also known as Kinnari Bazaar by the Mughals. The market space is thriving in the vicinity of Agra since the Mughal Rein. This market itself is known for its various sale of Clothing material and specializes in Zarri Dozzi work. This market is only for the retail purpose and a large footfall is seen in this market. The goods are usually ready made and their workshops are usually on upper levels or located outside. Architectural Character

Fig. 3.32 : Buildings usually not high then 2 story

As from the Picture above the specific built is major Ground plus 2 and most of this construction done in recent times. But furthermore there are some streets where articulate work is seen on the facades that has arches and brackets with wood as a Material.

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Street Character

Fig. 3.33 : Activities on street

Fig 3.34 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market . The Market fucntions from 10 am -4 pm everday.

Graphic : Linear Market

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Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market . The Market functions from 10 am -4 pm everyday. Fig. 3.35 : Linear Market

A Dialogue with Past

Shopping Patterns

Graphic : Shoppers approaching

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by. The shoppers here are usually the retailers and sometimes foreigners.

Fig. 3.36 : People’s Approach

Classification of establishments

Hawker with Collapsible Roofs

10’x10’ : Shop with extension

Fig. 3.37 : Extensions to the shop

Fig. 3.38 : Coverings in Small temp. shops

Statistical Data of the Economic Investments

Units

Turnover

Exports

Employees

Investment

190

400 cr

100 cr

75 k

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Urban Design Innovations

Fig. 3.39 :

CASE 2 : The Primary Streets These streets were wide enough to carter the high traffic flow, parking on either side and even the vendors used the footpath to display their shop goods.

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Fig. 3.40 : Vendors on Road Side

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3.5 Taj Ganj - Carpet Textile Market

Fig. 3.41 : Market

The Taj Bazaar is located exact outside the Taj Mahal and it is also one of the oldest market of the city. The market is mainly known for its Marble and stone work known as Stone Inlay. It the work which is used on Taj Mahal for its Facade and aesthetic Elements. The Market has the large footfall of tourists whether national or international for souvenir shopping. The market has recently been redeveloped under A.D.A. for the reason mentioned above.

Architectural Character

Fig. 3.42 : Recently developed street

Since the Market is located in the in closest vicinity to that to Taj Mahal, it was recently re developed and the façades are painted pink. The streets still have the concept of open drains at certain points, but the built is no more that 2 floor.

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Street Character

Fig. 3.43 : Street

After the redevelopment project the street is entirely paved and well maintained. There is still high frequency of the vehicles here as the locals take it all the way up-to their shops. The street is usually Packed up with people at most of the times during the day. Sections through Bazaar The section below clearly shows the various activities and these Streets are mostly climatically cooler as the building to road ratio of the street.

Fig 3.44 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market . The Market fucntions from 10 am -4 pm everday.

Graphic : Linear Market

Prachi Panchasara | 1 6 S A 1 5 1

Bazaar Style Market, where the shops are located in line along side the streets. It is a City Market . The Market fucntions from 10 am -4 pm everday. Fig. 3.45 : Linear Market

A Dialogue with Past

Shopping Patterns

Graphic : Shoppers approaching

The shoppers usually approach the shop owners or the hawkers standing by. The shoppers here are usually the retailers and sometimes foreigners.

Fig. 3.46 : People’s Approach

Classification of establishments

Graphic depicting the establishment in interior street

Fig. 3.47 : Establishments

Fig. 3.48 : Establishments

Statistical Data of the Economic Investments

Units

Turnover

Exports

Employees

Investment

680

120 cr

100 cr

30 k

50 k

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Urban Design Innovations

Fig. 3.49 :

CASE 2 : The Primary Streets These streets were wide enough to carter the high traffic flow, parking on either side and even the vendors used the footpath to display their shop goods.

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Fig. 3.50 :

A Dialogue with Past

Chapter

04 Juxtaposing This chapter, states the learnings and findings of the various markets of world to that of markets of Agra . It also gives the brief idea of the Area of Intervention and the study that was done to support as well as give a basic idea of the project.

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4.1 Comparative Matrix of Markets Market

Faneuil Hall Boston

Johari Bazar Jaipur

Souks of Mar- Grand Bazaar rakesh, Morroco Istanbul

Market Established in

Built in 1742

Built in 1700s

Built in 1072

Built in 1461

Market Known for

Food Carts, House items,Restaurants & halls for Occasions

Handicraft Items: Leather,jewellery, Blue pottery, rajasthani dress.

Spices, lamps, Persian Carpets, Leather Items, Metal sculptures.

Spices, lamps, Persian Carpets, Leather Items, Turkish jewellery

Market Typology

Bazaar Style Linear Market

Shopping Patterns

Customer to Sellers

Establishment Type

G + 1 Storey

Single storey

Ownership of The shop

Public Ownership

Urban Innovations

Small Streets used in for market in Morning and street food plaza in evening

The covered streets with cantilevered roof & its usually used as display and small hawker staining.

Architectural Character

Street Façades used as display for the products as the shops are small and crowded.

- Built w.r.t Faneuil hall

- The facades have jharokha & jalis, which as per JDA rule can’t be replaced.

-The Islamic arches are seen all over the market space.

- The Arched hallway at junctions.

- Roman style Colonnades - Translucent Roof for more light to penetrate inside - Glass façades on outer edge to create visual Connection

- The here royed cafes es.

Other Streets are multistwhere usually and residenc-

Street Width

10 - 15 Metres

1.5 - 2 Meters

Street Character

The space around the hall is pretty versatile, here the could be free walking, people can come and leisure. Glass, Steel, Granite, Red exposedbricks.

Material Used in Built

- The smaller streets have a single storey built with small residences on top.

- 2 alleys creating a small plaza space at the centre. -The entrances on outer sides have detailed arches that are usually made of stone or directly onto wood.

- The specific double heights and the us carefully marked ventilations were seen. -The entrances & market squares have detailed arches that are cladded with the distinctive Persian tiles.

2.5 - 3 Meters

3 - 3.5 Meters

The small and high staircases are seen at the entrances of the building.

Covered with Bamboo and Metal sheets as covering material for the streets.

Covered in huge Arched hallway with shops extending on both the sides.

Sandstone, and Cement

9” - 12” thick wall, plastered and painted red.

9” - 12” thick wall, with supporting arches, then cladded wit Persian tiles.

bricks

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Market

Rawatpara Bazar, Spice Market

Market Established Built in 1550s in

Hing Ki Gokulpura Mandi , Leather Bazzar Market

Stone Inlay Market

Subhash Bazzar

Zarri Dossi Market

Taj Ganj Bazzar

Carpet Textile Market

Built in 1550s

Built in 1600s

Market Known for

Sale of Spices

Sale of Leather

Sale of Stone Inlay Handicrafts

Sale of Zarri dossi Cloths & Dresses

Sale of Carpet textile

Market Typology Shopping Patterns

Bazaar Style Linear Market

Customer to Sellers

Single storey Or G +1

Private Ownership

Establishment Type Ownership

Space near to Small streets Space near to Urban used for keepshops used for shops used for Innovations

Architectural Character

Street Width Street Character

Material Used in Built

display and as extended version of shops.

ing the finished display and as product and for extended vercirculation. sion of shops.

Space near to shops used for display and as extended version of shops.

Built is major Ground plus 1 and most of this construction done in recent times.

Streets where articulate work is seen on the façades that has arches and brackets

5 - 6 Metres

Hawkers, Pedestrians, Vehicle Parking and vehicular movement

RCC slab in roof, Brick for walls which are plastered and then painted

Metal Sheets in roof, Brick for walls which are plastered and then painted

RCC slab in roof, Brick for walls which are plastered and then painted

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The streets where articulate work is seen on the façades that has arches and brackets with wood as a Material and sometimes they are distinctively coloured.

3 Meters

Streets where articulate work is seen on the façades that has arches and brackets

3 Meters

Small streets used for keeping the finished product and for circulation. Recently re developed and the façades are painted pink. The streets still have the concept of open drains at certain points, but the built is no more that 2 floor.

3 Meters

A Dialogue with Past

4.2 Learnings

Markets of the World

The study of these markets, led to different experiences that a community as whole feels when they visit them which such a strong Historic context.

Faneuli Hall, Boston U.S.A A building in American Context, showed,the fusion of new and old materials together that complement each other despite being different in their nature.

Johari Bazar, Jaipur, India Built in one of oldest planned city, the market showed its characteristics in Architectural Element details and how commercial and residential actives could sustain together. Climate aspect was kept in mind as the shopping arenas were covered.

Souks of Marrakesh, Marrakesh Morocco The market was organically developed with the local materials and still, the same character in the new built is maintained. To protect from the harsh Moroccan climate semi-covered streets are developed.

The Grand bazaar, Istanbul, Turkey Being one of the oldest covered market in the world, it clearly shows the dominance of Islamic Architectural Character of arches, domes, Skylights and wide streets.

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4.3 Findings

Markets of Agra

The study of these markets, led to different experiences that a community as whole feels when they visit them which such a strong Historic context. Rawatpara Bazaar - Spice Market The market is divided into major categories, of primary street where major retail is carried out and smaller streets that have wholesale dealers.

Hing Ki Mandi - Leather Market The market is actually a co-existing space of selling and workshop area. The major raw goods come from outskirts of the city. The Islamic elements are very sparsely seen in this market.

Gokulpura Bazaar - Stone Inlay Market The market was organically developed with the local materials and still, the same character in the new built is maintained. To protect from the harsh Moroccan climate semi-covered streets are developed.

Subhash Bazaar - Zarri Dossi Market The Market sits exactly next to Shahi Jama Masjid,the retail is majorly at ground level. The Architectural built around mainly has the Arches and Wooden truss systems.

Taj Ganj Bazaar - Textile Carpet Market This market is recently developed by ADA, The streets were widened and proper shops were allocated to Craftsmen for their direct link with the tourist customers.

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4.4 Area of Intervention The site is selected on a land that has been generated due to the morphological change in Yamuna rivers course. The site has been chosen as it is in a prime location of : 1. Archaeological Monuments 1.1 Agra Fort 1.2 Taj Mahal 1.3 Mehtab Bag 1.4 Imat-ud-llah 1.5 Shahjahan Park 2. Historical Markets of the city 3. The approach to the site and movement of the Tourists.

Archaeological Monuments

Markets

Probable Site N

Fig. 4.1: The context of site and Markets

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4.5 Study for Intervention A google form was rolled out, on various platforms and Public Groups of the city. There were about 65 responses received in an span of 15 days. The basic idea for the form was to get a logical as well as an appropriate intervention at the site. Age group

Based in the city of Agra ?

Yes

10-25 years

45-60 years

25-45 years

60 and above

What is the essence of City of Agra Profession (defines the city)

Architectural Monuments

Local Handicrafts

Tourism

All of the above

Student Local Resident

Handicraft Personal

Govt. Service

Others

What are the major causes of pollution?

Increase In Factories Vehicles Lack of Awarness All of the above

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Has Pollution been a major factor in change of Yamuna’s water Course as well as causing bad effects on Monuments

Is Handicraft industry of Agra loosing its essence ?

Yes No

Does Agra need an urban project that can entertain to all the Local residents, Tourists and Handicraft Artisans ?

Yes No

Maybe

What could be the best suited project on river-front near monuments ?

A Public Realm to entertain Locals A space to express the culture of Agra A upliftment center for Handicrafts All of the above

Also many some responses suggested certain built that could be proposed : A centre that has exhibition space as well as hands-on activity for the tourist that visit so that awareness can be generated for the local handicrafts of Agra.

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Chapter

05 Examining Architectural Proposition This chapter overlooks the brief study the Site and its logistics. The chapter also hold the strengths and opportunities of the site, whether the architectural proposition could be proposed on the location and the weakness and threats of the same.

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5.1 Site Specifications The site is currently a waste land, where major siltation and garbage floating at river edge where as opposite Agra fort it is a maintained garden . Area of the Site : 32,000 m2 Stake Holders of the site : ADA Site Dimensions : Width - 25 meters Length from Taj Mahal to Agra fort - 950 meters

Fig. 5.1: Map showing Site

5-10 m

500 m

Site

700 m

900 m

Yamuna River

10.9 km

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5.2 Site Analysis The site is currently a waste land, where major siltation and garbage floating at river edge where as opposite Agra fort it is a maintained garden . Planted Trees

Natural Depression

Slope towards River N

7 1 2 3 5

4 6

Fig. 5.2 : Site Analysis

Heritage Park

Natural Depression

Yamuna River

Nala

Garbage Dump

Conserved Greens

Fig. 5.3 : Site Section

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1 Fig. 5.4 : Existing Trees on Site 1

2 Fig. 5.5 : View towards Taj Mahal

Fig. 5.6 : Panoramic View of the Site

4 Fig. 5.7 : Site near Taj Mahal

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5 Fig. 5.8 : Sewage Line Opening

6 Fig. 5.9 : Sewage Line Passing on the edge

7 Fig. 5.10 : West Gate

Site Approach from Taj

8 Fig. 5.11 : View of Taj from Site

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Soil Type The site is on the newly formed land due to change in the river’s course. Can be used for built, as a conservation park was newly built adjacent to site.

Flood Line

01 Soil Type

Silt

As a limitation on site the flood line was assumed from the site boundary. Also, the river is nearly dried and there are least chances of over flooding.

02 Flood line

15 m

Topography on site The topography of the site ranges form 6 metres to 8 metres constantly.

Fig. 5.13 : Contour Section 1

Fig. 5.12 : Contours on site

Fig. 5.14 : Contours Section 2

ADA Building Guidelines

02 F.S.I

Permissible

1.2 84

Ground

Coverage

03 Max. Height Coverage

Emergency Service Road

Archaeological Monument

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5.3 SWOT Analysis

S W

- The site is located in the center of the city. - Near the World Heritage Monuments - The ancient and historical markets of Agra are in very close proximity of the site. - The is very well connected to the primary road as well as there is also a railway station at 500 meters. - Already a popular spot to for viewing the monuments that are in this 1 km radius. The Newly developed land due to rivers morphological change - High accumulation of garbage at the river edge - The site near the river edge maily covered in wild trees, making the river unaccessible sometimes. - A nala flows directly through the site which overflows and dumps he waste on the river edge.

- A famous spot amongst the locals as well as tourists - Scope of development of public realm for locals. Many recreational boating spots are here. - The project can act as an expression to portray the city’s image to international tourists. - A controlled built responding to the site to avoid any haphazard development. - Historic Markets in the close proximity, which can help for its revival.

- High chances of flooding due to close proximity to the river. - Some stretches have loose soil which may lead to sinking of silted land.

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Chapter

06 Facts and Findings This chapter, briefly explains the study of history of the city, population statistics, geographical and infrastructure of the area around the site ranging from Taj Mahal to Agra Fort.

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6.1 About the city 6.1.1 About

The city of Agra hold rich socio-culture as well as the architectural assets such as Taj Mahal and other 48 sites approved by Archaeological Survey of India. Taj Mahal being the most prominent and recognized globally as compared to others. In terms of the Tourist flow the city falls in the “Golden Triangle” of the Indian Tourism including Delhi and Jaipur.

Fig. 6.1 : I’timād - ud Daulah Tomb

Fig. 6.2 : Fatehpur Sikhri

Fig. 6.3 : Red Fort

Fig. 6.4 : Taj Mahal

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6.1. About the city 6.1.2 Historical Timeline

Fig. 6.5

Fig. 6.6

Fig. 6.7

Fig. 6.8

Fig. 6.9

Fig. 6.10

Fig. 6.11

Fig. 6.12

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6.1. About the city 6.1.3 Urban Sprawl The city of Agra gradually developed from years. The growth of the city boomed in the year 1991, expanding its major city boundaries. Currently the city itself has developed a new plan fro the expansion from year 2021.

Fig. 6.13 : Urban Sprawl

Planning Boundary

16th Century

18th Century

2001 Sprawl

Municipal Boundary

17th Century

1991 Sprawl

2011 Sprawl

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6.1. About the city 6.1.4 Zonal Division of Agra The city of Agra is divided into 7 major zones. Each zone has its specific guidelines stated in the Building regulations depending upon the area. The site is located in Zone 1, which is the oldest zone of the city and built here mainly restricted and is directly under ADA.

Fig. 6.14 : Zonal Division Plan

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Zone - 1

Zone - 2

Zone - 3

Zone - 5

Zone - 6

Zone - 7

Zone - 4

A Dialogue with Past

6.1. About the city 6.1.5 Development Plan of Agra Agra Master Plan 2021 envisages an urban area of the order of 20,000 ha which has been Subdivided into various land uses as given in the table. It is also estimated the housing shortage for the plan period of the order of 2.5 lakh. [10]

Fig. 6.15 : Development Plan

Railway Lines District Boundary

Villages

Forest Areas

Yamuna River

Agricultural Zones

High Urban Density

Medium Urban Density

Low Urban Density

Industrial Area

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6.1. About the city 6.1.6 Statistical Population Data Population Growth[10] The data represented here is based on the Census carried out by Government in the year 2011.

Area

Density

Population

121

10340

15.9

Km2

People

Lakhs

Sex Ratio [10] The data represented here is based on the Census carried out by Government in the year 2011.

Females

Males

875

1000

Females

Males

Community Affiliation Percentage [10]

01 Despite being city ruled by Mughals the city is currently dominated by the Hindu residents in major part of the city.

Hindusim

Islam

Sikhism

80.68 %

15.37%

0.62 %

Jainism

Christianity

Buddhism

01.04 %

0.72%

0.19 %

Literacy Rate [10] Total literate in Agra city was 10,14,872 of which 5,75,475 are males while 4,39,397 are females. High literacy rate brings in modern lifestyle preference and general awareness.

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6.1. About the city 6.1.7 Statistical Data of Economical Activities [10] The city of Agra holds major economy in its industry’. Here, Agriculture Economy Industrial Economy 40 % of the Industry Economy [10] Cotton And Textiles Casting goods Major Industry

Steel Rolling Milk Products Pipes

Cotton And Textiles Mini Industry

Wood Paper Products Leather Products Electrical Goods

Zari Dossi Handicraft Industry

Stone Inlay - Marble Spices

Shoe Industry [10]

1.5 lakhs shoe production per day, of which 65 % os in-house domestic use and rest is transported to the rest of the country.

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6.1. About the city 6.1.8 Statistical Data of Tourist Influx

COUNT AS PER 1000S

138.52

172.79

362.07

962.07

2008.21

5663.14

Count as per 1000s

ITMAD-UDDAULAH

MEHTAB BAGH

AKBAR'S TOMB

FATEHPUR SIKRI

AGRA FORT

TAJ MAHAL

Fig. 6.16 :

288860600 3780752

285079848

237533823 3556204

233977619

216701016

Total

3156204

213544204

International

3104062

206515617

209619679

Indian

2015

2016

2017

2018

Fig. 6.17 :

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6.2. Urban Context

Shahi Jama Masjid

Site

Imad - u-llah

Mehtab Baug

Fig. 6.18 : Aerial View of Context

Agra Fort

Shahjahan Baug

Taj Mahal

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6.3. Geographical Study 6.3.1 Land Terrain N

Fig. 6.19: Terrain

During the study of the terrain, it was found that the land band that is generated on the river edge is a silted land. Overall, the highest pointed is The Agra fort and rest is coming towards the river.

Fig. 6.20 : Section of levels through Agra fort and Yamuna

Fig. 6.21 : Section of levels through Taj Mahal and Yamuna

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6.3. Geographical Study 6.3.2 Green Cover N

Fig. 6.22: Map showing the Greens

Greens

Yamuna River

During the study of context if was found that the green cover in Zone 1 of the city varies, as there are conserved forest areas on the Banks of the Yamuna river and it gradually reduces when moved away from the bank towards the living city. The greens are broadly categorized in 3 types as listed below:

The Conserved forest :

Plantation around the Monument :

Greens in Private Built :

The areas fall under the direct stakeholdings of the ADA & ASI. These are used to protect the monument from haphazard development.

This is specifically done to avoid any direct connection to the monument from other-sides rather then the entrance.

Near the banks, the Govt. Is recently developing public gardens. Moving towards the actual built, almost no green space is observed.

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6.3. Geographical Study 6.3.3 Climate of the City The City of Agra overall has the climatic features of both Semi-Arid as well as Humid Sub - Tropical climate. The City doesn’t have monsoons as strong as the other parts of India, but is also fairly known as the city which is the coldest and hottest city of India. The city is coldest in winter which eventually leads to the factor that there is high flow of tourists in these months. Maximum Minimum

Humidity

Average Humidity

Rainfall

Precipitation in m.m.

Sun Hours

Sunhours

Fig. 6.26 : Sunhours

Fig. 6.25 : Rainfall

Fig. 6.24 : Humidity

Fig. 6.23: Temperature

Temperature

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6.4. Physical Infrastructure Study 6.4.1 Road Typology N

Primary Roads

Secondary Roads

Fig. 6.27 : Road Network

Tertiary Road

Yamuna River

Primary Road : These roads range from 15 m to 25 m in different areas which are well lit and proper pedestrian safety.

Fig. 6.28 : Section through Primary Road

Secondary Road : These roads range from 7 m to 10 m in with no footpath and a lot of encroachment in the shop area.

Fig. 6.29 : Section through Secondary Road

Tertiary Road : These roads range from 2 m to 3 m in with no footpath and a lot of encroachment in the shop area.

100

Fig. 6.30 : Section through Tertiary Road

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6.4. Physical Infrastructure Study 6.4.2 Public Parking N

Parking Spots

Fig. 6.31 : Available Public Parking

6/18/2021

Yamuna River

The nearest Public Parking spots were identified with respect to the site stretch of 950 meters. The public parking was easily available at the marked spots and usually a person can pick up a taxi or another public transport form these points. The 3 major parking spots were : Agra Fort station paid parking Taj Mahal WestGate Parking - Google Maps

6/18/2021

Taj Mahal WestGate Parking

Agra Fort station paid parking - Google Maps

6/18/2021

Parking area at Red Fort, Agra. - Google Maps

Parking area at Red Fort, Agra.

Fig. 6.32

Digital Safar

Fig. 6.33

Taj West gate:

Red Fort :

It is the nearest parking spot available to Taj Mahal complex. After this point major circulation happens on Tuk-Tuk or by walking.

This is the nearest public parking spot at Red fort and usually private vehicles are seen. It functions whenever the monument is open.

Image capture: Jan 2021

Fig. 6.34

Railway Station :

Image capture: Mar 2018

Gautam Chatterjee Images may be subject to copyright. Photo - Mar 2018

Images may be subject to copyright.

Street View - Jan 2021

This a paid public parking. A huge amount of public transport vehicles and taxis are seen besides the railway employee vehicles.

https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Red+Fort+Parking/@27.1756635,78.0211479,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipPFhmcxcXpKz7lSOQ7dS2nSkt4s1vdxaUmYM7hL!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F…

https://www.google.co.in/maps/@27.1732839,78.033801,3a,90y,164.34h,92.52t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipP5GKGU9EdhRisLHeMAXJklRARrt_E4s72VqLvz!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.google…

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1/2

Image capture: Dec 2020

Sandeep kumar Saral

Photo - Dec 2020

https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Agra+Fort+station+paid+parking/@27.1825977,78.0167326,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipPRwcX-asVtqL31KNU

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6.5. Infrastructure Study 6.5.1 Building Land Use N

Commercial

Mixed Use

Fig. 6.35 : Building Typology

Archaeological Monuments

Depending upon the functions of the locality the built in overall area is varies in 3 types as categorised as follows : 1. Commercial 2. Mixed us : Commercial + Residential 3. Archaeological

102

Commercial Built :

Mixed Use Built :

Archaeological :

The built is purely dedicated to the commercial activites. Most of these buildings are even renovated to serve the purpose.

This built comprises of various functions from commercial space to a residential space, where usually ground floor is shop.

The built is protected under A.S.I and it is strictly not allowed to built or renovated premises.

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6.5. Infrastructure Study 6.5.2 Built V/S Open N

Fig.6.36 : Built

Built

Yamuna River

The built in overall area is varies in 3 types as categorised as follows :

The built behind the Agra fort is clustered and can be said a high density area.

The area under the A.D.A. & A.S.I. is mainly an open land which is termed as the Conserved Forest Area. Here, there is a bare minimum built seen.

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The built on the opposite side of the Yamuna Bank is majorly an illegal construction done, but still it can be stated under high density area.

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6.5. Infrastructure Study 6.5.3 Height Matrix N

G+1

G+2

G+3 or more

Yamuna River

Fig. 6.37 : Building Heights

The built in the area has height restrictions as it is in Zone 1. The built here is usually ground or ground plus 3. In the Cases of heighten buildings on the secondary and tertiary roads the built vs road ratio is quite minimal which created shaded streets which in summer months are climatically cooler.

Courtyard

Fig. 6.38 : Section 1 : through Main Streets

Fig. 6.39 : Section 2 : through Tertiary Streets

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Chapter

07 Design Brief This chapter overlooks, the modulation of the program, the Primary design drivers, Amenities, Design Philosophy and the People capacity of the the project.

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7.1 Capacity Calculations Handicraft Industry : the no. of people in 30% of the current Population constitutes in the local businesses and daily trading = 15,00,000 x 30% = 4,50,000 people Therefore, Handicraft Industry Takes about 20% of the total workers and traders Influx = 4,50,000 x 20% = 90,000 Considering the Daily Visits of these artisans and the sellers at 70% at old city market, the total people that would visit would be 63,000 People . Now Considering that out of the mentioned numbers only 10% would have holdings at the site. Hence Total Number would be : 6,300 People Tourists : the no. of people in that visit the Monuments and city of Agra daily Max :1,00,000 persons Min : 25,000 persons Considering the Daily Visits of these Tourists minimum at 50% at the site proposed, the total people that would visit could be 12,500 People Now considering Min Tourist Flow and Min Flow of Handicraft industry The total Capacity would be = 6,300 + 12,500 = 18,800 Hence, The capacity should be minimum of 18,800 People and max. upto 20,000 people. If 100 people occupy min. area of 50m2 Then, 20,000 people should occupy min area of 10,000 m2

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b. a. b.

Total C

7.2 Area Statement No. 1 2 2

SITE AREA

AREA F.S.I 1.2 15600 sq. m Capcity 20000 people Ground Coverage (Permissible) a. 40 13,028 b. 60 19,542

PARKING

1 2

a. b. a. b.

32,570 sq. m.

AREA 1.2 15600 sq. m 20000 people missible) 13,028 19,542

NO.

AREA

No. A

1 0

13.5

1 2a. 3b. 4c. 5d. 6

7 8 9 10a.

b. c. d. a. b. c. d. e f g h

32,570 sq. m.

a. b. c.

NO.

AREA

A No. a. b. 1 1 c. 2 d. 3 4 5 B0 6

Food Stalls Market space Modular Design ACTIVITIES Kitchen Common Ammenities Selrcing Amphitherere Sitting Area Hertage park Service Area Viewing Gallery Total 13.5 Craft Hub Exhibition Exhibition AreaHall

Open Groungs for festivities

AREA 1 Open Open closed Closed Closed Open

790 sq m 0 250 sq m 10,000 1000 sq m D 0

3050 a.7 Curator Services area Food Stalls 500 sq m b.8 Circulation 1 Supporting Services 0 c.9 Administration Infrastructure 0 1 d.10 Supporting Services Total xyz sq.m. 13050 Total Total Amphitheatre C Capacity 250 persons Market space a. Stage Area 110 ACTIVITIES Craft Hub AREA Eb. Lobby 9 Common Ammenities Cluster 1 : Zarri Dossi Art 70 Units Food Stalls c. Viewing Area 550 Selling Display area Amphitherere Open 790 sq m Modular Design d. a. Ticketand Office 4 1 Workshops for tourists Hertage park Open 0 b. Kitchen e Control Room 6 1 craftspersons 18 Viewing closed 250 sq m SelrcingGallery f c. Workshops ProjectionforStudio Store area Craft Hub Closed 10,000 Sitting Area g d. Dressing rooms 80 Total Exhibition Hall Closed 1000 sq m 2250 Service Area h Backstage area30 sq m 13 sq m OpenTotal Groungs for festivities 0 Total 13.5 Open 790 Cluster 2 : Stone inlay Services 3050 75 Units Selling and Display area Food Stalls 500 sq m a. Exhibition Area Services D Workshops for tourists Supporting Services 0 b. 250 Toilets for 20,000 people 250 2 Workshops for Infrastructure 0 c. Curator area Male craftspersons83 nos. Total Store area xyz sq.m. 13050 d. Circulation Female 84 nos. Amphitheatre Total Administration Handicap 30 sq m 852250 nos.sq m 1 Capacity 250 persons Supporting Services a. Restrooms 10.2 2550 Cluster 3 : Leather Market Stage Area 110 65 Units Total b. Drinking Water Services 5 500 Selling and Display area Lobby 9 a. c. Circulation 0 0 3 Store area Viewing Area 550 b Total 3050 Ticket Office 4 c Total Control Room 6 25 sq m 1625 sq m Projection Studio 18 Cluster 4 : Spice Market Dressing rooms 80 65 Units Selling and Display area Backstage area 13 a. Total Store area 4 790 b c Services Total 25 sq m 1625 sq m 250 Toilets for 20,000 people 250 Cluster 5 : Textile Market Male 83 nos. 70 Units Selling and Display area Female 84 nos. a. Store area Handicap 85 nos. b 5 Restrooms 10.2 2550 c Total Drinking Water Services 5 500 30 sq m 2250 sq m Open Space Circulation 0 0 Total Semi open 3050

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7.3 Amenities Programs The project would mainly cater the following amenities, which would create an Global Urban platform for tourist, locals as well as Artisans.

Fig. 7.1

Craft Hub

Viewing Galleries Fig. 7.2

Public Cultural Space Fig. 7.3

Fig. 7.4

Fig. 7.5

Fig. 7.6

Fig. 7.7

108

Public Gardens

Outdoor Meeting Area

Flea Markets

Food Festivals

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7.4 Primary Design Drivers The idea here is to create “Inclusivity”, by bringing together diverse group, Interests and communities. This would give a project it’s identity as well as communal satisfaction.

Fig. 7.8

Fig. 7.9

Spiritual

Fig. 7.10

Fig. 7.11

Fig. 7.12

Fig. 7.14

Sense of Community

Fig. 7.17

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Environmental

Emotional

Social Fig. 7.13

Fig. 7.15

Health

Vocational

Intellectual

Fig. 7.16

Physical Well being

Sustainable Nature

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A Dialogue with Past

7.5 Design Philosophy These pointers would help to achieve a good design that justifies all the research done before.

Fig. 7.18

Fig. 7.19

Circulation at Ease

Fig. 7.20

Multilevel Spaces

Intervening Greens

Fig. 7.21

Public Relaxing Spaces

Fig. 7.22

Fig. 7.23

Building with Landscape

Fig. 7.24

Fig. 7.25

Multi Functional Spaces

110

Contrasting Design Elements

River as Public Realm

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Chapter

08 Conceptualization In this chapter, Briefly looks upon how the design was conceptualized as of a module in order to achieve Justification on he research done.

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8.1 Site Development

Zoning and Defining Axis : The site is zoned into 2 major parts based on functions : 1. Formal Zone - For dignitorial and cultural functions 2. Informal Zone - For the craft hub and recreational public realm. N

Fig. 8.1 : Zoning and Defining Axis

Division of Land into 200 Meters stretch Modules : The linear stretch was divided into 200 m by 25 m module for development of case sensitive design. N

Fig. 8.2 : Division of Land

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Responding to Site : Using the Natural slope which is about 6 meters throughout the site. The built should be along this slope so that it doesn’t violate the guidelines. Fig. 8.3 : Responding to Site N

Development for Activities in formal Zone :

From the axis of the Agra fort, and other axis of at approx 75 degrees is used.

Fig. 8.4 : Development of Activities

The segregation of Spaces.:

Main vehicular circulation is identified with the, 1. Parking spot near the roads and existing trees 2. Connection to nearby Conservation Park 3. Amphitheater at the existing depression on the site.

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Fig. 8.5 : Segregation of Spaces

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A Dialogue with Past

8.2 Module Design Development

Linear stretch of 950m division of land : The linear block was majorly Categorized into 3 parts : 1. River edge - Public Area 2. Craft Hub - Consumer Area 3. Service Road - for emergency N

Yamuna River

25 m

River Edge Public Realm Craft Hub Area Service Road Fig. 8.6 : Linear Stretch

Defining Smaller Axis : Smaller Axis at an angle with respect to main axis and also at 75 degrees are introduced, to guide the built. The Angular Axises were chosen to break the “Linear Nature of site” and to “Abstract the Random Nature of Market Streets of Agra”. N

Fig. 8.7 : Axis

Identifying the Built : Based on the axises choose the built was identified according to the site conditions. The site maintains an approximate slope of 6-8 meters in the 25 meter width. N

Fig. 8.8 : Built

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The Abstraction of Street : From the axis, a sky walk was identified to create a Street at the highest level. The street connects the Built to the Service Road level. N

Fig. 8.9 : Abstarction

Main Circulation and Services : The site is divided into 3 levels, 1. Ramp of length 80 meters is provided to cover the height 2. Intermediate steps for vertical circulation in between 3. A Service block with Lifts and toilets is provided at every 160 m. N

Fig. 8.10 : Circulation

Juxtaposing the Built : The last module at the river edge side is elevated to create a semi covered public realm along the river edge, which also creates an interest to the users. The idea was to create a contrasting built to the context.

Fig. 8.11 : Juxtaposing

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Chapter

09 Design Development The chapter overlooks to technical drawings and Visual 3d renders that are produced to achieve the vision and conceptual ideas.

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Fig. 9.1 : Site layout

9.1 Site Development

1. Entry- Exit Point 2.Food l - Flea Festival Area 3. Administration Block 4. Amphitheatre

5. Circulation Block 6.Recreational Multi Functional Space 7. Ramps 8. Sky Walk

09. Craft Hub 10. Dignitorial Parking 11. Conservation Park 12. Agra Fort 13. Yaumna

A Dialogue with Past

119

Legends

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Fig. 9.2 : Plan : Basement Level

9.2 Basement Plan

Basement Capacity : 105 : Cars 125 : 2 Wheeelers

Legends : 1. Ramps 2. Circulation Built 3. Basement Circulation

A Dialogue with Past

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9.3 Site Sections

Fig. 9.3 : Section AA’

Fig. 9.4 : Section BB’

Fig. 9.5 : Section CC’

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9.4 Site Views

Fig. 9.6 :View Towards Taj Mahal

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Fig. 9.7 : Site

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Fig. 9.8 : Module Design

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Fig. 9.9 : Food Festival Area

Fig. 9.10 : Food Festival Area

Fig. 9.11 : Food Festival Area

Fig. 9.12 : Food Festival Area

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A Dialogue with Past

Fig. 9.13 : Recreational Area

Fig. 9.14 : recreational Area

Fig. 9.15 : Amphitheatre

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9.5 Module Development Plan H

3 3 D

4 8

Fig. 9.16 : Module Plan : Level 1 : 0.0 m

D’

H’

G’

F’

E’

5 D

Fig. 9.17 : Module Plan : Level 2 : -3.0 m

H’

G’

F’

E’

1 D

Fig. 9.18 : Module Plan : Level 3 : -6.0 m

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D’

H’

G’

F’

Legends 1. Ramp 2. Craft Hub 3. Viewing Gallery 4. Recreational areas 5.Lifts 6.Toilets D’ 7. Skywalk 8. Service Road

E’

127

A Dialogue with Past

Fig. 9.19 : Section DD’

Fig. 9.20 : View towards Taj Mahal

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Fig. 9.21 : View towards Taj Mahal

128

A Dialogue with Past

Fig. 9.22 : Section EE’

Fig. 9.23 : Section FF’

Fig. 9.24 : Section GG’

Fig. 9.25: Section HH’

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0.13

0.04

25 mm Thk Metal Plate

Foundation 0.5

Fig. 9.27 : DETAIL B

Fig. 9.28 : DETAIL C

Fig. 9.29 : DETAIL D

0.1

Welded to Metal Plate Hollow Box Section

Hollow Box Section

Translucent Glass

0.13

Anchor Fasteners

Motar

0.13

0.17

0.13

0.15

0.5

0.03

0.13

Welded to I section

Welded to Metal Plate

0.13

0.04 0.19

0.03

0.2

Ground

0.15

Metal Plate 0.15

R.C.C Slab Tile

0.37

0.46

Tile

Fig. 9.26 : DETAIL A

Motar

Hollow Circular Section

0.75

Motar

I section

0.13

0.04

R.C.C Slab

Tile

Translucent Glass

I section Tile

R.C.C Slab Motar

0.17

I section

Coping

0.02

R.C.C Slab

0.1

0.15

Fig. 9.30 : DETAIL E

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A Dialogue with Past

Fig. 9.31 : Skywalk

Fig. 9.32 : Craft Hub

Fig. 9.33 : Craft Hub

Fig. 9.34 : Craft Hub at River Edge

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Fig. 9.35 : Craft Hub

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Fig. 9.36 : Viewing Gallery

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A Dialogue with Past

Fig. 9.39 : Service block

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Fig. 9.40 : Service Block

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A Dialogue with Past

9.6 Furniture Layout - Craft Hub

Zarri Dossi Shop

Entry

Textiles and Carpets

Entry

Stone Inlay Crafts

Fig. 9.41 : Furniture Layout

Entry

Furniture Layout for Spice and Leather

Entry

Fig. 9.42 : Furniture Layout

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Fig. 9.43 : Furniture Layout : Plan

Customer Circulation Inner Retailer Circulation Sitting Mattress Counter Stools

Wall Mount Cabinets On floor Cabinets Entry Display Cabinet

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A Dialogue with Past

9.7 Furniture Layout - Administration Block

9.7 Furniture Layout - Circulation Block 9.8 Furniture Layout - Circulation Block 1

8 2

1 Fig. 9.44 : Furniture Layout : Plan - Ground Floor

Fig. 9.46 : Furniture Layout : Plan - Ground Floor

7 1 5

5 5

10 9

4 3

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6. Office 1 7. Conference room 8. Dressing Area 9. Clerks Office 10. Staircase

1. Entry 2.Lift Cabin - capacity 8 people 3. Passage 4. Well 5. Staircase

Fig. 9.48 : Furniture Layout : Plan

1. Entry 6. Female Toilet 2.Lift Cabin 7. Male Toilet 3. Passage 8. Changing Room 4. Duct 5. Water cooler Area

Legends

1. Entry 2.Reception 3. Inquiry Desk 4. Pantry 5. Toilet

Fig. 9.47 : Furniture Layout : Plan - First Floor

Legends

Fig. 9.45 : Furniture Layout : Plan - First Floor

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A Dialogue with Past

Chapter

Appendix This chapter has all the list of figures, references and credits given to the sources that helped in formulating this Thesis.

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10.1 List Of Figures Chapter - 2 : Markets of World Fig. 2.1 : Trade Routes of the world (Source : Self) Fig. 2.2 : Map Showing the Silk Route (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.3 : Map Showing the Grand Trunk Route (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.4 : Map of Achaemenid Persia (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.5 : Aerial View of The city of Perspolis (Source : UNESCO.com) Fig. 2.6 : Ramp Reaching to Upper Level (Source : UNESCO.com) Fig. 2.7 : Plan of City of Persopolis (Source : Francis D.K. CHing, A Global History of Architecture)

Fig. 2.8 : Ramp with low steps (Source : UNESCO.com) Fig. 2.9 : High Plinth with Statues (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.10 : Ramp with low steps with carvings (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.11 : Painting of Settlements while on move (Source : Mitchel George, Architecture of Islamic World)

Fig. 2.12 : Tent Structures (Source : Mitchel George, Architecture of Islamic World) Fig. 2.13 : Bridges in Iran with pavilions (Source : Mitchel George, Architecture of Islamic World)

Fig. 2.14 : Markets as social Centre in middle of city

(Source : Mitchel

George, Architecture of Islamic World)

Fig. 2.15 : Abandoned Market in Afghanistan

(Source : Mitchel George,

Architecture of Islamic World)

Fig. 2.16 :Streets Covered with vaulted domes (Source : Mitchel George, Architecture of Islamic World)

Fig. 2.17 : Carpet section In The Bazaar in Libya.

(Source : Mitchel

George, Architecture of Islamic World)

Faneulli Hall, Boston Fig. 2.18 : Location of Hall (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.19 : Inside View of the Halll (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.20 : Architectural Plan (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.21 : Exterior Source : https://tclf.org/quincy-market) Fig. 2.22 : Roman Style (Source : https://tclf.org/quincy-market) Fig. 2.23 : Post Beam columns with Glass (Source : https://tclf.org/quincy-market)

Fig 2.24 : Facade View (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.25 : The Skylight (Source : Google.com)

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Fig 2.26 : Market spaces (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.27 : People’s approach (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.28 : Double Stroey built (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.29 : Evening Markets (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.30 : Urban Square (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.31 : Linear Market Space (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.32 : Inside Street (Source : Google.com) Johari Bazaar, Jaipur Fig 2.33 : Location of Market in context to City Palace (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.34 : View at a Chaupar (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.35 : Graphical representation of city Planning of Jaipur (Source : Self ) Fig 2.36 : Exterior facade (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.37 : Street Style (Source : Google.com)

Fig 2.38 : Built (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.39 : Terrace View (Source : tripadvisor.com) Fig 2.40 : Covered Shopping street (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.41 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built Fig 2.42 : Linear Market (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.43 : People’s approach (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.44 : Built (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.45 : Main street use (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.46 : Intricate Details (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.47 : Street at times of Festivals (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.48 : Use of streets (Source : Google.com) Souks of Marrakesh, Morroco Fig 2.49 : Location of Market (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.50 : Market Space (Source : cktravels.com) Fig 2.51 : Arches (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.52 : Exterior streets (Source : cktravels.com) Fig 2.53 : Facade Style (Source : cktravels.com) Fig 2.54 : Intricate Entrance (Source : cktravels.com) Fig 2.55 : Terrace view towards the Urban square (Source : cktravels.com) Fig 2.56: Interior of the souk (Source : youtube.com/c/WannaWalk) Fig 2.57 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built Fig 2.58 : Linear Market (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.59 : People’s Approach (Source : youtube.com/c/WannaWalk) Fig 2.60 : Typical Street View (Source : youtube.com/c/WannaWalk)

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Fig 2.61 : Typical Street View (Source : youtube.com/c/WannaWalk) Fig 2.62 : Facade as display (Source : cktravels.com) Fig 2.63: Covered Streets (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.64 : Users on street (Source : cktravels.com) Grand Bazaar, Istanbul Fig 2.65 : Location of the Bazaar (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.66 : Main Market Street (Source : earthtrekkers.com) Fig 2.67 : Exterior streets (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.68 : Arched Hallway (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.69 : Centre Squares (Source : Dreamstime.com) Fig 2.70 : View to Hajia Sofia (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.71 : Inner Street (Source : Google.com) Fig 2.72 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built Fig. 2.73 : Linear Market (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.74 : People’s approach (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.75 : Shop (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.76 : Street Division (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.77 : Exterior View (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.78 : Interior View (Source : Google.com) Fig. 2.79 : Exterior View (Source : Google.com)

(Source : Self )

Chapter - 3 : Analogue Rawatpara Bazaar - Spice Market Fig. 3.1 : Jami Masjid from market (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.2 : New construction - no unique character (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.3 : Primary Street with activities (Source : Self )

Fig. 3.4 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.5 : Linear Market (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.6 : People’s Approach (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.7 : Lower level shops (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.8 : Built on Main Road (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.9 : Use of Street (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.10 : Crowded inner street (Source : Self ) Hing ki Mandi - Leather Market Fig. 3.11 : Leather Market (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.12 : Typical built in interior streets

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Fig. 3.13 : Activities on street (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.14 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.15 : A (Source : Self) Fig. 3.16 : Linear Street (Source : Self) Fig. 3.17 :Multistory built (Source : Self) Fig. 3.18 : Shops and offices (Source : Self) Fig. 3.19 : Goods in interior (Source : Self) Fig. 3.20 : Traffic on primary streets (Source : Self) Gokulpura Bazaar - Stone Inlay Market Fig. 3.21 : Main Market (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.22 : Residential area and Handcart area (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.23 : Interior street (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.24 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.25 : Linear market (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.26 : People’s Approach (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.27 : Shop Size(Source : Self ) Fig. 3.28 : Single storey(Source : Self ) Fig. 3.29 : Goods on the interior street (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.30 : Characteristics on main road (Source : Self ) Shubash Bazaar - Zarri Dossi Market Fig. 3.31 : Market next to Jami Masjid (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.32 : Buildings usually not high then 2 story (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.33 : Activities on street (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.34 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.35 : Linear Market (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.36 : People’s Approach (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.37 : Extension to the shop (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.38 : Coverings in Small temp. shops (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.39 : (Source : alamy.com) Fig. 3.40 :Vendors on Road Side(Source : alamy.com ) Taj Ganj Bazaar - Textile Market Fig. 3.41 : Market (Source : alamy.com) Fig. 3.42 : Recently developed street (Source : alamy.com) Fig. 3.43 : Street (Source : alamy.com) Fig. 3.44 : Graphical representation of the section through street and built (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.45 : Linear Market (Source : alamy.com)

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Fig. 3.46 : People’s approach (Source : Self ) Fig. 3.47 : Establishments (Source : alamy.com) Fig. 3.48 : Establishments (Source : alamy.com) Fig. 3.49 : (Source : Google.com ) Fig. 3.50 : (Source : Google.com )

Chapter - 4 : Juxtaposing Fig. 4.1 : The context of site and Markets (Source : Self)

Chapter - 5 : Examining Architectural Proposition Fig. 5.1 : Map showing the site (Source : Self ) Fig. 5.2 : Site Analysis (Source : Self )

Fig. 5.3 : Site Section (Source : Self) Fig. 5.4 : Existing trees on Site(Source : Self) Fig. 5.5 : View towards Taj Mahal (Source : Self) Fig. 5.6 : Panoramic View of the Site (Source : Self) Fig. 5.7 : Site near Taj Mahal (Source : Google.com) Fig. 5.8 : Sewage Line Opening (Source : Self) Fig. 5.9 : Sewage Line Passing on the edge (Source : Self) Fig. 5.10 : Site Approach from Taj West Gate (Source : Google.com) Fig. 5.11 : View of Taj from Site (Source : Self) Fig. 5.12 : Contours on Site (Source : GoogleEarth.com) Fig. 5.13 : Contours Section 1 (Source : GoogleEarth.com) Fig. 5.14 : Contours Section 2 (Source : GoogleEarth.com)

Chapter - 6 : Facts and Findings About Fig. 6.1 : I’timād-ud-DaulahTomb (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.2 : Fatehpur Sikhri (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.3 : Red Fort (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.4 : Taj Mahal (Source : Google.com) Historical Timeline Fig. 6.5 : (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.6 : (Source : Google.com)

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Fig. 6.7 : (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.8 : (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.9 : (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.10 : (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.11 : (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.12 : (Source : Google.com) Urban Sprawl Fig. 6.13 : Urban Sprawl (Source : adaagra.in ) Zonal Division Plan Fig. 6.14 : Zonal Division Plan (Source : adaagra.in ) Development Plan Fig. 6.15 : Development Plan (Source : adaagra.in ) Statistical Plan of Tourist Influx Fig. 6.16 : R (Source : UNESCO.com) Fig. 6.17 : R (Source : UNESCO.com) Urban Context Fig. 6.18 : Aerial View of Context (Source : Google.com) Geographical Study : Land Terrain Fig. 6.19 : Terrain (Source : Googelearth.com) Fig. 6.20 : Section of levels through Agra fort and Yamuna (Source : Googelearth.com) Fig. 6.21 : Section of levels through Taj Mahal and Yamuna (Source : Googelearth.com) Geographical Study : Green Cover Fig. 6.22 : Map showing the greens (Source : Self) Geographical Study : Climate of City Fig. 6.23 : Temperature (Source : weather-and-climate.com) Fig. 6.24 : Humidity (Source : weather-and-climate.com) Fig. 6.25 : Rainfall (Source : weather-and-climate.com) Fig. 6.26 : Sunhours (Source : weather-and-climate.com) Physical Infrastructure Study : Road Network Fig. 6.27 : Road Network (Source : Self)

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Fig. 6.28 : Section Through Primary Road (Source : Self) Fig. 6.29 : Section Through Secondary Road (Source : Self) Fig. 6.30 : Section Through Tertiary Road (Source : Self) Physical Infrastructure Study : Public Parking Fig. 6.31 : Available Public Parking (Source : Self) Fig. 6.32 : Taj West Gate Parking (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.33 : Red Fort (Source : Google.com) Fig. 6.34 : Red Fort Railway Station (Source : Google.com) Infrastructure Study : Building Use Fig. 6.35 : Building Typology (Source : Self) Infrastructure Study : Built Vs Open Fig. 6.36 : Built (Source : Self)

Infrastructure Study : Height Matrix Fig. 6.37 : Building Heights (Source : Self) Fig. 6.38 : Section 1 : Through Main Street (Source : Self) Fig. 6.39 : Section 2 : Through Tertiary Street(Source : Self)

Chapter - 7 : Design Brief Amenities Program Fig. 7.1 : Craft Hub (Source : Self) Fig. 7.2 : Viewing Galleries (Source : Self) Fig. 7.3 : Public Cultural Space (Source : Self) Fig. 7.4 : Public Gardens (Source : Self) Fig. 7.5 : Outdoor Meeting Area (Source : Self) Fig. 7.6 : Flea Markets (Source : Self) Fig. 7.7 : Food Festivals (Source : Self) Primary Design Drivers Fig. 7.8 : Health (Source : Self) Fig. 7.9 : Spiritual (Source : Self) Fig. 7.10 : Environmental(Source : Self) Fig. 7.11 : Emotional(Source : Self) Fig. 7.12 : Social (Source : Self) Fig. 7.13 : Intellectual (Source : Self)

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Fig. 7.14 : Vocational (Source : Self) Fig. 7.15 : Sense of Community (Source : Self) Fig. 7.16 : Physical Well being (Source : Self) Fig. 7.17 : Sustainable Nature (Source : Self) Design Philosophy Fig. 7.18 : Circulation at Ease (Source : Self) Fig. 7.19 : Intervening Greens (Source : Self) Fig. 7.20 : Multilevel Spaces (Source : Self) Fig. 7.21 : Public Relaxing Spaces (Source : Self) Fig. 7.22 : Building with Landscape (Source : Self) Fig. 7.23 : Contrasting Design Elements (Source : Self) Fig. 7.24 : Multi Functional Spaces (Source : Self) Fig. 7.25 : River as Public Realm (Source : Self)

Chapter - 8 : Conceptualisation Site Development And Module Development Fig. 8.1 : Zoning and Defining Axis (Source : Self) Fig. 8.2 : Division of Land (Source : Self) Fig. 8.3 : Responding to Site (Source : Self) Fig. 8.4 : Development of Activities (Source : Self) Fig. 8.5 : Segregation of Spaces (Source : Self) Fig. 8.6 : Linear Stretch (Source : Self) Fig. 8.7 : Axis (Source : Self) Fig. 8.8 : Built(Source : Self) Fig. 8.9 : Abstraction (Source : Self) Fig. 8.10 : Circulation(Source : Self) Fig. 8.11 : Juxtaposing (Source : Self)

Chapter - 9 : Design Development Site Development Fig. 9.1 : Site Layout (Source : Self) Basement Development Fig. 9.2 : Plan : Basement Level (Source : Self)

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Site Sections Fig. 9.3 : Section AA’(Source : Self) Fig. 9.4 : Section BB’(Source : Self) Fig. 9.5 : Section CC’(Source : Self) Site Views Fig. 9.6 : View Towards Taj Mahal (Source : Self) Fig. 9.7 : Site (Source : Self) Fig. 9.8 : Module Design (Source : Self) Fig. 9.9 : Food Festival Area (Source : Self) Fig. 9.10 : Food Festival Area (Source : Self) Fig. 9.11 : Food Festival Area (Source : Self) Fig. 9.12 : Food Festival Area (Source : Self) Fig. 9.13 : Recreational Area (Source : Self) Fig. 9.14 : Recreational Area (Source : Self) Fig. 9.15 : Amphitheater (Source : Self) Module Development Fig. 9.16 : Module Plan : Level 1 : 0.0 m (Source : Self) Fig. 9.17 : Module Plan : Level 2 : -3.0 m (Source : Self) Fig. 9.18 : Module Plan : Level 3 : -6.0 m (Source : Self) Fig. 9.19 : Section DD’ (Source : Self) Fig. 9.20 : View towards Taj Mahal (Source : Self) Fig. 9.21 : View towards Taj Mahal (Source : Self) Fig. 9.22 : Section EE’(Source : Self) Fig. 9.23 : Section FF’(Source : Self) Fig. 9.24 : Section GG’(Source : Self) Fig. 9.25 : Section HH’(Source : Self) Fig. 9.26 : Detail A (Source : Self) Fig. 9.27 : Detail B (Source : Self) Fig. 9.28 : Detail C (Source : Self) Fig. 9.29 : Detail D (Source : Self) Fig. 9.30 : Detail E (Source : Self) Fig. 9.31 : Skywalk (Source : Self) Fig. 9.32 : Craft Hub (Source : Self) Fig. 9.33 : Craft Hub’(Source : Self) Fig. 9.34 : Craft Hub at River Edge(Source : Self) Fig. 9.35 : Craft Hub at River Edge(Source : Self) Fig. 9.36 : Viewing gallery (Source : Self)

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Fig. 9.37 : Recreational Area(Source : Self) Fig. 9.38 : Recreational Area (Source : Self) Fig. 9.39 : Service Block (Source : Self) Fig. 9.40 : Service Block (Source : Self) Furniture Layout - Craft hub Fig. 9.41 : Furniture Layout (Source : Self) Fig. 9.42 : Furniture Layout (Source : Self) Fig. 9.43 : Furniture Layout : Plan (Source : Self) Furniture Layout -Administration Block Fig. 9.44 : Furniture Layout : Plan - Ground Floor(Source : Self) Fig. 9.45 : Furniture Layout : Plan - First Floor (Source : Self) Furniture Layout -Basement Circulation Block Fig. 9.46 : Furniture Layout : Plan - Ground Floor(Source : Self) Fig. 9.47 : Furniture Layout : Plan - First Floor (Source : Self) Furniture Layout - Circulation Block Fig. 9.48 : Furniture Layout : Plan (Source : Self)

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10.2 References 1. Robbin Robby-Fritz Jane. Global Trade is an Ancient Tradition. 25 May, 2020 : https://robbyrobinsjourney.wordpress.com/ 2. Cock-Starkey Claire. 8 Trade Routes That Shaped World History. 20 September, 2016 : https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/86338/8trade-routes-shaped-world-history

3. Silk Route,https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/silk-road/a/the-silk-road

4. Grand Trunk Road, https://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/india/119grand-trunk-road-india.html

5. Grand Trunk Road, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road 6. Mark Joshua J., Persepolis, 19 November 2019 : https://www. worldhistory.org/persepolis/

7. Francis D.K Ching,Jarzombek Mark M,Prakash Vikramaditya, 400 BCE, A Global History of Architecture, pg 114 - pg 115, 8. Architecture of Islamic World, George Mitchell 9. https://www.holidify.com/pages/history-of-agra-325.html 10. City Development Plan - Agra, http://localbodies.up.nic.in/

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