4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT THESIS REPORT - PRAJWAL H A

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY "Jnana Sangama" , Belgaum - 590018

A THESIS REPORT ON

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" SUBM ITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLM ENT FOR THE A WARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE For the academic year 2020 - 2021 SUBMITTED BY

PRAJWAL H A

(1 DTl 6AT051)

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

DAYANAN DA SAGA R ACA DEMY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT Udayapura, Kanakapura Main Road, Opp. Art of Living, Bangalore-560082.

I

DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT Udayapura, Kanakapura Main Road, Opp. Art of Living, Bangalore-560082.

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that SHIVAMOGGA"

the thesis entitled "4- D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @

is a bonafide work carried out by PRAJWAL H A

(IDT16AT051) student

of

DAYANANDA

SAGAR

ACADEMY

OF

TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, in partial fulfillment for the award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE, under the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM during the year 2020 - 2021 . The thesis report

has been approved

as it satisfies

the

academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the Bachelor of Architecture degree.

Internal Guide Prof. Harshalatha.A.P SOA, DSATM Bangalore - 82

Director Prof. Gaddam.D. Ramesh SOA, DSATM Bangalore - 82

Signature

Na m e of Examiner:

Principal Dr.B.R. Lakshmikantha DSATM Bangalore - 82

Signature

Signature

Signature With Date:

II

DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT Udayapura, Kanakapura Main Road, Opp. Art of Living, Bangalore-560082.

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

DECLARATION I, PRAJWAL

H

A

B.Arch., DSATM,

thesis

entitles

(IDT16AT051)

Bangalore,

student

hereby

of

declare

IX

semester that

the

"4- D DOMESTIC @ SHIVAMOGGA" has been

done and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree in Bachelor of Architecture of

the

during

Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum the

academic

year

2020

–

2021.

Place: Bangalore Date: 22nd January 2021

PRAJWAL H A 1 DT16AT051

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank the following people with immense gratitude for their undying and incessant support towards the successful completion of the academic thesis project.

I would like to thank our beloved Principal Dr. B R Lakshmikantha and the management of Dayananda Sagar institutions for the provision of state-of-the-art educational facilities and the creation of a healthy working environment.

My endeavour as a student may go and fulfilled if not for the continued vision and support of the director Professor Gaddam.

D. Ramesh (Director). His leadership and stark clear mission for the department's success has enabled me to achieve my goals on a personal and educational level.

The success and completion of the thesis design project has seen its fate due to incessant guidance and teachings of my mentor Prof. Harshalatha A P (Guide). Their periodic sharing of knowledge and expertise with subject-related matters has allowed me as a student to achieve the desired product in terms of design the cooperation and support of the other department faculty members as well have allowed every student to perform to full potential.

I would also take opportunity to thank Ar. Anil Dube and Ar. Vageesh Nagnur for their innovative strategy, guidance and timely help.

Lastly I would like to thank all my friends and family for lending hand in need, sharing their expertise and wishes. members at the administrative department of all locations of study who enabled me to explore and Empire from the architectural knowledge present at the venues.

PR AJWA L . H. A

IV

CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 A NEED

1

1.2 A TITLE

1

1.3 REASON FOR SELECTION

2

1.4 METHODOLOGY

2

2. TERMINOLOGIES AND STANDARDS 2.1 TERMINOLOGIES 2.2 STANDARDS

7

2.2.1 Things to keep in mind while planning airport terminals 2.2.2 Runways and Taxiways 2.2.3 The site-selection process

7 7 8

2.3 AERONAUTICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

8

2.4 PARKING REQUIREMENTS

8

2.5 AIRFIELD LAYOUT AND CONFIGURATIONS

9

2.6 RUNWAY CONFIGURATIONS

9

2.7 AIRFIELD LIGHTING

10

2.8 RUNWAY MARKINGS

11 V

2.9 TERMINAL DESIGNS

12

2.9.1 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITIES IN PASSENGER TERMINAL

13

2.9.2 PASSENGER MOVEMENT FLOW CHART

14

2.9.3 TERMINAL BUILDING NORMS

15

2.10 HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS AND FUNNEL

16

3. CASE STUDY 3.1 MANDAKALLI AIRPORT, MYSORE

17

4 LITERATURE STUDY 4.1 SINGAPORE CHANGI AIRPORT

20

4.2 VADODARA AIRPORT

22

5 SITE 5.1 SITE SELECTION

24

5.2 SITE ANALYSIS

24

5.2.1 Location

24

5.2.2 Culture And Tradition

25

5.2.3 Economy

25

5.2.4 Climate Of Shivamogga

26

5.2.5 Demography Of Shivamogga

27 VI

5.2.6 Climate Analysis

27

5.2.7 Existing site features

27

5.2.8 Air Funnel

28

5.2.9 Site Pictures

28

6 PROGRAM AND ZONING:

7 Research 7.1 HISTORY 7.2 CURATION

29

30 31

8 CONCEPT 8.1 CONCEPTUAL FORM DEVELOPMENT

32

8.2 Mood board

33

9 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND MAIN DRAWINGS 9.1 MASTER PLAN ZONING

34

9.1.1 Future Development

34

9.1.2 Circulation

35

9.1.3 Landscaping

35

9.2 MASTER PLAN FINAL DRAWING

36

9.3 Terminal Building Zoning

37 VII

9.4 TERMINAL BUILDING FINAL DRAWING

38

9.5 SECTIONS AND ELEVATIONS

40

10 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIEWS

10.1 Exterior Renders

41

10.2 INTERIOR RENDERS

42

11 CONCLUSION

42

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY

43

VIII

List of Figures FIGURES

DISCRIPTION

PAGE No.

Figure 1

Typical Airport

3

Figure 2

Air Traffic Control

4

Figure 3

Wind Flow In Airfield

9

Figure 4

Types Of Runways

10

Figure 5

Airfield Lighting

10

Figure 6

Runway Markings

11

Figure 7

Runway Markings Plan

11

Figure 8

Apron Configuration

12

Figure 9

Terminal Configuration

12

Figure 10

Vertical Distribution Activities

13

Figure 11

For High Risk Airport

16

Figure 12

For Medium Risk Airport

16

Figure 13

For Low Risk Airport

16

Figure 14

Air funnel View

16

Figure 15

Mysore Airport Terminal Plan

17

Figure 16

Top View Of Mysore Airport

18

Figure 17

Mysore Airport Materials Photos

18

Figure 18

Mysore Airport Photos

19

Figure 19

Changi Airport Plan

20

Figure 20

Changi Airport Section

21

Figure 21

Changi Airport Photos

21

Figure 22

Vadodara Airport Façade

22

Figure 23

Vadodara Airport Master Plan

23

Figure 24

India Map

24

Figure 25

Karnataka Map

24

Figure 26

Shivamogga Map

24

Figure 27

Site Connectivity

24

Figure 28

Cultural Forms Of Shivamogga

25

Figure 29

Sun Path Of Site

26

Figure 30

Climate Analysis

27

Figure 31

Site Features

27

Figure 32

Air Funnel

28

Figure 33

Obstacles

28

Figure 34

Site Pictures

28

Figure 35

Air Side And Landside Zoning

29

Figure 36

Malnad Style Pictures

31

IX

Figure 37

Typical Malnad House Section

31

Figure 38

Slope Roof Properties

31

Figure 39

Sectional Wall View Of Malnad House

31

Figure 40

Conceptual Sketches

32

Figure 41

Malnad Elements

33

Figure 42

Master Plan Zoning

34

Figure 43

Future Expansion Options

34

Figure 44

Circulation Diagram

35

Figure 45

Landscaping

35

Figure 46

Terminal Building Zoning

37

List of Charts CHART

DESCRIPTION

PAGE No.

Chart 1

Planning Consideration Graph

7

Chart 2

Passenger Movement Flow Chart

14

Chart 3

Economy Of Shivamogga

25

Chart 4

Climatic Conditions In Shivamogga

26

Chart 5

Demographic Charts

26

Chart 6

Terminal Building Flow Chart

29

Chart 7

Rulers Who Ruled Shivamogga Province

30

List of Tables TABLE

DESCRIPTION

PAGE No.

Table 1

Airport Terminal Coding

2

Table 2

Unit Area Norms For Terminal

15

Table 3

Level Of Service Standards

15

Table 4

LOS Table

15

Table 5

Program

29

X

ABSTRACT

A domestic airport is an airport that handles only domestic flights —flights within the same country. Domestic airports do not have customs and immigration facilities and so cannot handle flights to or from a foreign airport. These airports often have short runways sufficient to handle short or medium haul aircraft and regional air traffic. Security check / metal detectors are used in most countries, but in many cases they were installed decades after security checks for international flights had become commonplace.

The proposed project is a Greenfield Domestic Airport that will be built at Shivamogga district in the state of Karnataka, India. Shivamogga , also known as ' Gateway of Malenadu ' which has a lot of potential in the field of A agriculture, Industry and Tourism. The main means of transportation in the district is by Bus and Railways. To expand the connectivity of the district with various parts of India, I would like to propose a Domestic Airport at Shivamogga which will be an iconic landmark which explains about Malenadu and its culture.

It is without doubt that airport terminals are some of the most complex building types in existence. Their scale, the nature of their functions , the strict security measures as well as the function-specific components and building equipment that is present in such buildings are all factors that increase their level of complexity as a building type. In a real design situation, dealing with the variety of design parameters that the design of an airport terminal incorporates can be a difficult task to manage and may sometimes become an impediment to the design process.

XI

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 A NEED The district has abundant non-cultivable and fallow land available which can be effectively used for starting industries. The district has 3 Hydro-Electric Power projects. The district has got rich and varied agricultural produce. Handicraft artisans producing sandalwood and rosewood articles are producing certain precious articles, which have great demand in the country as well as abroad. The foundry and automobile sec tors have excelled by way of their quality and innovativeness. This fac tor needs to be utilized for further development.

Teak, sandalwood , Rosewood, etc. available in the forests , have very good potential for value-added products, horticultural crops & plantation in the district indicate a promising future for many new industries. Because of the rapid tourism-related developments in Karnataka and the proximity to key tourism destinations in South India like Jog waterfall , Matturlake, Gajunur dam, Mandagadde bird sanctuary, and cultural heritage sites (Sringeri Sharadamba temple , KollurMukambikatemple , Sigandur Choudeshwri temple, etc.)

1.2 TITLE Airport terminals are coded as per the letters (A,B,C,D,E & F) and numbers ( 1, 2, 3 & 4) . These signify the runway catering capacity of the terminal. After my site analysis the first thing bought to my notice was the placement of the runway and its reference code (The intent of the reference code is to provide a simple method for interrelating the numerous specifications concerning the characteristics of aerodromes so as to provide a sense of aerodrome facilities that are suitable for the airplanes that are intended to operate at the aerodrome), which gives me a suitable title to my project ' 4-D' in which 4 stands for length of the runway which is above 1800mts and the letter ' D' stands for wingspan of the aircraft that can be catered which is 36mts to 52mts. And the type of airport with its location along with the codes.

The title of the SHIVAMOGGA "

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

project hence is

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @

1

Table 1

Airport Terminal Coding

1.3 REASON FOR SELECTION Govt. Of Karnataka has been facilitating investments from automobile companies to set up their manufacturing units at Shivamogga. Growing industrial development coupled with religious and domestic tourist destinations in and around Shivamogga has augmented the need for an airport. The nearest airport near Shivamogga city is the Mangalore Airport which is at a distance of 200 Kms from Shivamogga. Rail connectivity is minimal, only a single express train plies between Shivamogga and Bangalore. Road connectivity is good with the major cities in the vicinity of Shivamogga. The existing means of transport have limited connectivity and these constraints do not allow development of Shivamogga city at par with the surrounding region.

1.4 METHODOLOGY The methodology I have adopted to design this complex infrastructural building is the combined knowledge imparted to me in my 4 years of architecture, with the help of my professors and also with the support and care of my parents. The course of architecture in itself is sufficient enough for a designer to design any sort of complex building. The data collection, finding out requirements, analysing some case studies building up the program than finding out about the site conditions then the client conditions which in this case is universal as an airport caters to one and all. The use of vernacular elements in both design and in decorations are seen for example the known fact that it rains a lot in the Malnad region which is why the sloped roof is very common in these regions and it has become a vernacular style of Malnad so why not to include that element and adopt it in my design in a more efficient way.

The method adopted to design this project is a lot of background research and a lot of one on one interactions with concerned personnel.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

2

2. TERMINOLOGIES AND STANDARDS 2.1 TERMINOLOGIES: An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area: which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars, and terminals. Larger airports may have airport aprons, taxiway air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges: and emergency services.

Figure 1

Typical Airport

Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. The landside area is open to the public, while access to the airside area is tightly controlled. The airside area Includes all parts of the airport around the aircraft and the parts of the buildings that are only accessible to passengers and staff. Passengers and staff must be checked by security before being permitted to enter the airside area. Many major airports WIII issue a secure key card called an airside pass to employees, as some roles require employees to frequently move back and forth between landside and airside as part of their duties.

The following facilities are essential for departing: • Check-in facilities including a baggage drop-off • Security clearance • Gates • Waiting areas The following facilities are essential for arriving passengers: • Passport control (international arrivals only) • Baggage reclaim facilities often in the form of a carousel • A landside meeting place "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

3

There are three types of surface that aircraft operate on: • Runways, for take-off and landing • Taxiways, where planes "taxi" (transfer to and from a runway) • Apron or ramp: a surface where planes are parked, loaded, unloaded, or refuelled.

Air traffic control (ATC) is the task of managing aircraft movements and making sure they are safe, orderly, and expeditious. A "towered" or "controlled" airport has a control Tower where the air traffic controllers are based. Pilots are required to maintain two-way radio communication with the controllers, and to acknowledge and comply with their instructions.

Ground control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snow ploughs, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks: airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles, and other Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use: which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park: and when it is safe to cross runways.

Tower control is responsible for aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in threedimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation

Figure 2

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Air Traffic Control

4

GATE CONCOURSE: An extension Yom the main terminal building primarily intended to provide protected access for passengers between the main terminal building and the gates. In addition to the passenger corridor, the concourse may include airline functional areas and minimum consumer services GROUND TRANSPORTATION: The independently operated vehicles scheduled for passengers' use between airports and the areas served thereby is called ground transportation LONG-HAUL A term used to define flights or traffic which travel over a relatively long distance as opposed to those which travel over a shorter distance. Normally, long-haul passengers arrive at their originating airport earlier than short-haul passengers, carry more baggage than short-haul passengers, and are accompanied to or are met at the airport by more persons than short-haul passengers OUTBOUND BAGGAGE ROOM: The area to which checked baggage of originating passengers is delivered for sorting by flights before it's being dispatched to the aircraft for loading.

AVERAGE PEAK HOUR: The peak hour of the average peak day. The peak hour is the one hour of any peak day during which the highest percentage of the day's traffic is experienced. The average peak day is the average of the top 37 days (10 percent) of a year in terms of traffic volume.

BOARDING CONTROL POINT: The point at which a passenger's credentials are inspected to assure that he is authorized to board a particular flight. Normally, this point is located in the vicinity of the gate from which the flight will depart.

CONNECTING PASSENGER: A passenger who arrives on one flight only to transfer to another flight to reach his destination. These passengers are broken down into categories: intra line and interline passenger.

DEPARTURE ROOM: An assembly area: including the boarding control point, located at a gate position(s) for passengers pending availability of aircraft for boarding.

DEPLANING: Any passenger, cargo: baggage, visitor: ate. , which is related to the unloading from an arriving flight.

ENPLANING: Any passenger, cargo: baggage, visitor: etc., which is related to the boarding of a departing flight.

GATE: A location to which aircraft are brought to discharge and load passengers and their baggage.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE: The function of the Public Health Sen-ice is to determine whether an arriving passenger will present a health hazard to the general population. This may require inoculation, special examination, and possibly quarantine Design requires correlation with federal READY ROOM: An area adjacent to the normal areas in which personnel whose duties are performed out-of-doors may assemble, be protected, and from which they may receive their assignments.

These rooms should be concealed from public view.

SELF-CIAIM BAGGAGE: A method under which passengers have direct access to terminating baggage in a controlled area. As passengers leave the area, an attendant retrieves baggage claims checks and matches them to strap checks to assure that passengers have selected only baggage to which they are entitled.

SHORT -HAUL: A term used to define flights or traffic which travel over a relatively short distance as opposed to those which travel over a long distance. Normally: short-haul passengers arrive at the airport of origin later than long-haul passengers, carry less baggage than long-haul passengers, and are accompanied to or met at the airport by fewer persons than long-haul passengers.

TRANSFER BAGGAGE ROOM: The area to which checked baggage of connecting passengers is delivered for sorting by flights before its being dispatched to the aircraft for loading. This may be combined with the outbound baggage room at some locations.

BAGGAGE DIVERTER: A mechanical device for transferring baggage from a moving conveyor belt to a baggage claim counter in such manner that the baggage is evenly distributed along the baggage counter.

BOARDING PASSENGER: Any originating or connecting passenger authorized to board a flight.

INTOWN TERMINAL: A facility located apart from the airport: usually in the downtown area of the city: at which passengers may be processed, baggage is checked to passengers' destinations, and from which ground transportation is provided.

ORIGINATING PASSENGER: A passenger who is starting his trip.

STANDBY PASSENGER: A passenger not holding confirmed space but who is on hand at departure time for space that might become available.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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2.2 STANDARDS 2.2.1 THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE PLANNING AIRPORT TERMINALS: • • • • • • •

Growth rate for traffic projection Target year for capacity creation Peak hour projections; Level of service in target year; Unit area norms; Unit cost of construction.

Suitability

Chart 1

Planning Consideration Graph

2.2.2 RUNWAYS AND TAXIWAYS: Runway end safety areas (RESA): • A runway end safety area should be provided to mitigate the consequences of overruns and under shoots, which may result from a combination of adverse operational factors should extend to a distance of at least 240 meters beyond the runway strip for a code number 3 or 4 runway (i.e. Any runway with a reference field length of I ZOO meters or more), which corresponds to a minimum of300 meters beyond a runway end or stop way.

Width of taxiways, taxiway shoulders, and taxiway bridges: • The taxiway width recommended by ICAO for code letter E is 23 meters, and the code letter F is 25 meters. ACI believes that existing 23-meter taxiways may also safely handle code F operations, on the condition that adequate aircraft guidance systems such as centre line lighting are provided.

• The width of a taxiway bridge should not be less than that of the pavement plus shoulder width of the connecting taxiways (exclusive of shoulder provided for fire-protection).

Width of runways and runway shoulders: • The runway width recommended by ICAO for code letter E is 45 meters and for code letter, F is 60 meters. ACI believes that existing 45-meter runways may also safely handle code F. • Operations provided that adequate shoulder width and aircraft guidance systems are provided.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

7

2.2.3 THE SITE-SELECTION PROCESS: The site-selection process for large airports can take many months; in some notable eases it has extended over many years. The procedure is complicated by the number of factors that must be taken into account First, the operational capability of the site is assessed, particularly concerning weather conditions such as wind: snow, ice, fog, and low visibility and also concerning obstructions to air navigation around the airport, particularly on the approach and take off paths. The location of the facility about air-trafficcontrolled airspace is also operationally important Also, there must be an evaluation of the capacity of the available land to accommodate the expected configuration of runways and other facilities. Flat or very gently undulating land necessary, because runways must be constructed according to restrictions on maximum allowable slopes—which in turn are governed by aircraft performance on landing and take off.

2.3 AERONAUTICAL FACTORS:

AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

Selecting a site for a new airport: or evaluating how well an existing site can be expanded to provide a new major airport is a complex process A balance must be achieved between aeronautical and air-transport requirements and the impact of the airport on its environment. From an aeronautical viewpoint, the basic requirement of an airport is that it has a relatively flat area of land sufficiently large to accommodate the runways and other facilities and that this area is in a locality free from such obstructions to air navigation as mountains and tall buddings.

2.4 PARKING REQUIREMENTS: The revenue that is collected from the public parking areas of an airport is one of the airport authority's largest sources of income.

Therefore, the architect must devote attention to the different types of parking and how they function as well as the amount of parking required as based upon the accrual rate (turnover rate) The different types of parking are short term (metered park-mg): medium-term (one or two days): long term parking: valet parking, and rent-a car parking. Each parking area will require a separate system for collecting revenues economically and rapidly. This should be accomplished without requiring policing.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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2.5 AIRFIELD LAYOUT AND CONFIGURATIONS: Operational requirements: The principal determinants of airport layout are the number of runways and their orientation, the shape of the available site: and constraints at the site both on the ground and in the air. The location and orientation of runways are governed in turn by the need to avoid obstacles: particularly during landing and take off procedures. For the largest airports, obstacles to air navigation must be considered up to about km (I O miles) from the runways. Runway configurations must also ensure that, for percent of the time, aircraft can approach and take off without either crosswinds or tailwinds that would inhibit operations. At the smallest airports, light aircraft are unable to operate in crosswinds greater than 10 knots; at all airports, operation in tailwinds above 10 knots is not recommended by aircraft manufacturers (I O knots, or nautical miles per hour, is equal to about 12 statute miles per hour or 19 km per hour).

LANDING

TAKE OFF Figure 3

Wind Flow In Airfield

2.6 RUNWAY CONFIGURATIONS: The operational capacity of an airport, which is usually defined as the maximum possible number of aircraft landings and take offs, is determined by the number of runways that are available for use at any one time. The vast majority of airports around the world have the simplest possible layout, a single runway. Where crosswinds would be high for an unacceptable proportion of operational time: a two-runway configuration necessary, usually in the form of a mam runway and an auxiliary crosswind runway. Depending on the shape of the site and the availability of a lack the crosswind facility can take on a crossed configuration or an open or closed V layout.

'There visibility is good and aircraft can operate under visual flight rules (VFR), operational capacity increases from the lowest level: crossed runways: through the closed V and open V configurations.

However, in poor visibility or under certain conditions of very heavy air traffic, aircraft must operate under the strict instructions and rules of air traffic control and instrument operation; these are called instrument flight rules (IFR). Under such conditions, crosswind runways cannot be used simultaneously with main runways, so that the capacities of the crossed and V configurations are equivalent to that of a single runway.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

9

Figure 4

Types Of Runways

2.7 AIRFIELD LIGHTING: Visual guidance to approaching aircraft is also provided by approach lighting systems, a configuration of high-intensity white lights running along the centreline of the runway and extending up to 600 meters (2,000 feet) beyond the threshold At airfields where aircraft operate in very poor visibility, touchdownzone lighting is provided over the first 900 meters (3,000 feet) from the runway threshold. These lights set in patterns flush with the runway pavement, guide up to the final moment of touchdown.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Figure 5

Airfield Lighting 10

2.8 Runway markings: Considerable additional visual guidance is given to pilots by painted markings on the runway. The form of marking indicates at a glance whether radio instrument guidance is available at any particular airfield On precision instrument runways, the runway edges are indicated by painted lines and distances along the runway from the threshold are indicated by pavement markings. In touchdown-zone markings are painted on the pavement immediately after the threshold, providing vital visual guidance during the moments immediately before touchdown when all lighting may be obscured by fog.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Figure 6

Runway Markings

Figure 7

Runway Markings Plan

11

2.9 TERMINAL DESIGNS: The oldest and simplest layout for passenger terminals is the open apron design, in which aircraft park on the apron immediately adjacent to the terminal and passengers walk across the apron to board the aircraft by mobile steps. Frequently, the aircraft manoeuvre in and out of the parking positions under their power.

As airports grow, however, it is impossible to have large numbers of passengers walking across the apron. In this case, it is common to have terminals designed to the linear concept, with aircraft parked at gates immediately adjacent to the terminal itself. Usually, air bridges are employed for transferring passengers directly between the terminal budding and the aircraft The limitation of the linear concept is usually the long building dimensions required; these can mean long walking distances for transferring passengers and other complications related to budding operation.

Figure 8

Figure 9 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Apron Configuration

Terminal Configuration 12

2.9.1 Vertical Distribution of Activities In Passenger Terminal: In small airport terminals, the passenger and baggage flow described can be accommodated on a single level. Where passenger flows are relatively small and there are few transfer passengers, the complexity and expense of multilevel terminal facilities are unwanted.

Two level operation has the advantage of maximum site utilization and can provide go flow statistics with a minimum of conflicting flows suitable for high-traffic volumes. Typical c arrangements separate enplaning passengers on the upper level from deplaning passengers.

The one-and-a-half-level arrangement works well at lower volume airports because departing passengers require more facilities than arriving passengers. Many domestic designs place arrival facilities and baggage handling on the lower level and departure facilities on the upper level.

Three-level designs are the most usual form of separation is departures, arrivals, and baggage flow. This the arrangement seems to give the best separation of possibly conflicting flows, but the expense of the third the floor of operations may not be warranted, even for relatively high flows.

Figure 10 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Vertical Distribution Activities 13

2.9.2 PASSENGER MOVEMENT FLOW CHART:

Chart 2 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Passenger Movement Flow Chart 14

2.9.3 TERMINAL BUILDING NORMS:

UNIT AREA NORMS: Sl. No. 1.

Area Norm – Sqm/php

Nature of Terminal Domestic Terminals a) Traffic up to 100 php b) Traffic between 100-150 php c) Traffic between 150-1000 php d) Traffic above 1000 php

2.

Integrated terminal for handling both domestic and international

3.

International terminals Table 2

12 15 18 20 25 27.5

Unit Area Norms For Terminal

LEVEL OF SERVICE STANDARDS(sq.m per occupant): A

B

C

D

E

F

Check-in queue area

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

-

Wait/Circulate

2.7

2.3

1.9

1.5

1.0

-

Hold room

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

-

Bag claim area

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

-

Government inspection

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

-

Table 3

Level Of Service Standards

Table 4 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

LOS Table 15

2.10 HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS AND FUNNEL:

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Figure 11

For High Risk Airport

Figure 12

For Medium Risk Airport

Figure 13

For Low Risk Airport

Figure 14

Air funnel View

16

3. CASE STUDY 3.1 MANDAKALLI AIRPORT, MYSORE • • • • • • • • • •

Mysore airport is located 12kms(15-20mins) from the center of the city.

It can be accessed from Kozhikode - Kollegal highway.

Airport can be accessed through city bus, cab or rikshaw 1740mts long and 30mts wide Runway.

4-6 planes per day.

3 Airlines company: True jet, Alliance Air, IndiGo Approx. 30 AAI employees work here.

ATR-72 runs here which has a capacity to withhold 68-72 passengers in it.

Terminal occupies 3,250Sqm and can hold a maximum of 150 passengers.

Elevation AMSL - 715mts

25-30 Passengers can stand in queue in front of one boarding pass counter without disturbing the movement of the terminal.

DEPARTURE

CONVEYOR BELTS FOR CARGO

EMERGENCY LONGUE/

ADMIN BAGG ARRIVAL AGE

AIRLINES CABINS

PILOT LOUNGE

WAITING AREA

WASH ROOM

CAFETERIA

AIRLINES SUPPORT CABIN 6.5M PASSAGE

EXIT

ENTRY 5M wide ROAD 5M wide ROAD

Figure 15 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Mysore Airport Terminal Plan

17

TOP VIEW OF AIRPORT Kohikode-Kollegal highway 20ft wide road

H

AAI employee quatres VIP Car parking( 5 cars) Car parking(40-50) Generator room Garden Air Traffic Control building Airport terminal Apron

Figure 16

Runway

Top View Of Mysore Airport

CIRCULATION PATH OF TERMINAL

CIRCULATION PATH OF AIRPORT RUN WAY

HELIPAD

APRON

TAXIWAY

DEPARTURE

ARRIVAL

APRON

LONGUE

1 min by walk

TERMINAL 2-3 mins by walk PARKING

BOARDING PASS

ATC BUILDING

1 min in car

VIP PARKING

CAFE

WAITING AREA

ENTRY GATE

ENTRY

1 min by walk MAINTA-INANCE ROOM

STAFF QUATERS

LUGGAGE COUNTER ADMIN

AIRLINES HELPLINE

EXIT

CAB WAY

MATERIALS AND STRUCTURE: • • • • •

CURTAIN WALLS WITH GLASS PANNELS FOR EXTERIOR WALLS. STEEL SPACEFRAME TRUSS FOR ROOFING SHEETS. STEEL COLUMNS AND BEAMS FOR SUPPORT. VITRIFIED TILES FOR FLOORING INSIDE THE TERMINAL. ACP SHEET CLADDING TO COVER STEEL COLUMNS.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Figure 17

Mysore Airport Materials Photos 18

TERMINAL BUILDING

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL BUILDING

TAXI-WAY

CAB WAY

MAINTAINANCE BUILDING Figure 18

ROAD AND PARKING

TERMINAL WAITING AREA

Mysore Airport Photos

INFERENCE: • • • • •

•

The reason I chose this case study was for its similar function and context to Shivamogga, which is mainly for Industrial and Tourism purposes in Mysore also.

Even though there is lack in maintaining the vernacular architecture style but still it is very functional for its end-users.

Easy check-in way and one can access departure gate from entry point of the terminal in 10-12mins including verification and security procedures.

Because of largely used glass panels in exterior facades, the heat is trapped inside the terminal building which resulted consuming more of electricity for artificial ventilation and air conditioning.

It is facing a serious issue for the expansion of runway in future due to National highway and Terrains located on either side of the runways.

Being an historic city and one of the princely state; Mysore has its own architectural style(Indo-Saracenic) followed in most of the public buildings in Mysore, where it was not implemented in this particular project which lacked the experience of that space in terms of architecture.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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4 LITERATURE STUDY: 4.1 SINGAPORE CHANGI AIRPORT Location- Changi, Singapore Accessibility- Changi, at the eastern end of Singapore, approximately 20 km from Marina Bay Site area.

• Built-up area- 12276OOOsqm • Ownership and development- of Singapore Changi Airport Group (CAG)Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CANS)Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF)Airport type- Public military: international • Aircraft parking bays- 1 17 (aerobridge)+ 42 (remote) • Peak Hour Passenger Capacity- 42500pax • Annual capacity • Parking- 2500 cars • Air traffic (annual)- 386000 • Terminal Details and Facilities- Changi Airport has four main passenger terminals arranged in an elongated inverted 'V' shape.

Currently, the airport has a designed total annual handling capacity of million passengers.

• Terminal I: opened on I July is located at the northern end.

• Terminal 2: opened on 22 November 1990, located at the eastern end.

• Terminal 3: opened on g January 2008, is located at the western end.

• Terminal 4: opened on 1 October 2017 , is located on the south side, at the site of the former budget terminal.

Cargo Tonnage- 2150000 Runway Size1 _ Direction 02L20R- 4000M 2. Direction 02cnoc3. Direction 02R'20L- 4000M Width 30M

Figure 19 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Changi Airport Plan 20

Sustainability- The design concept of Changi's airport is to establish a green environment for the interior space, which is in accordance to the nation's vision — 'City in a garden' _ And also: to design it with environmental concerns, the impact reinforcement and also its sustainability Another intention of this design is also to establish and create an interior environment where planting is not just for some decorative or accents but is also for architecture.

Building Materials- The material used for the cantilever roof the double-insulating glass. These glasses are manufactured with glass thickness at 3-10mm per piece. Double insulating glass is separated by a spacer which separates the glass panels to seal the gas space between them.

Special Structures- Roof and rainforest canopy that is built-in terminal 3 that uses an intelligent and brilliant system that enables natural daylight to penetrate in the interior space of the building: maintain the heat and thermal inside the building and creates an overall soothing and comfortable ambiance for the users. Apart from that, the lush green walls in the airport had also become one of the most prominent designs And other green feature design of this building is also its facade design on the elevation that helps to regulate the heat of the sunlight ray and minimizing most heat to penetrate the building.

Figure 20

Figure 21

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Changi Airport Section

Changi Airport Photos

21

4.2 VADODARA AIRPORT Location- Gujrat Site area- 222 ACRES Built-up area- 19500 SQM Ownership and development-AirPort Authority of India Airport. type-public: Domestic: Integrated terminals Aircraft parking bays- 6 parking bays Peak Hour Passenger Capacity- 800 pax.

Parking- 1000 cars Air traffic (annual)- 8330Integrated Airport Terminal Design, Jaipur • Runway Size-DIRECTION 0422 (2465 M X CM)Sustainability- Shaded front prevents building Yom from getting heated up Kalzip cooling offers thermal and acoustic insulation .Use of green pavers as a measure to control water Building Materials- Roof as a metal skin and is heavily insulated to minimize the heat gain External walls as AAC Blocks The double protected glass on North and South. 'm one 32 View • Terminal Details and Facilities- Domestic term. Is a mix of Gujarati and architectural styles complete with domes on the roof. small and cannot handle large numbers of passengers. International term. Have I S check-in counter Term. The area also uses a big picturesque garden wherein marvellous artworks& sculptures by the city artists are installed ft does not handle cargo. Arrival and departure sections are segregated on the same floor. cargo Tonnage- 2,973 TONNES • • • • • • • •

Figure 22 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Vadodara Airport Façade 22

Figure 23

Vadodara Airport Master Plan

Inference: •

•

•

•

The prominent feature for the New Terminal is the large arching roof spanning across the length of the terminal which is used to form a light and open, column-free terminal with expansive curtain walls creating a feeling of spaciousness.

Landscaping within the terminal building – one of the most interesting components is the design of the stepped pool between the visitors’ concourse and check-in hall and baggage claim hall.

Sub-surface car parking facility has been provided at north-east corner of the site. The facility is designed to accommodate 250 car parking spaces and will allow full view of the terminal from the roadway system.

The project experiments with the term dynamic solid and also plays with the idea of opposites.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

23

5 SITE 5.1 SITE SELECTION The site selected is in Sogane village in Shivamogga, Karnataka.

The site is situated in the outskirts between Shivamogga and Bhadravathi. It has a flat terrain and this location is ideal as per AAI norms. It is situated at a distance of 12 Kms from Shivamogga city.

The land to the extent of 662.38 acres (2.681 sq. km) has been identified under Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Act, 1966 for the purpose of the project. The Land measuring about 663 acres for the purpose of the Project is in the possession of the Government.

5.2 SITE ANALYSIS 5.2.1 Location It lies between 14.00° North Latitude and 75.28° East Longitude.

Figure 24

India Map

Figure 25

Figure 27 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Karnataka Map Figure 26

Shivamogga Map

Site Connectivity 24

5.2.2 Culture And Tradition: Dance forms: Yakshagana and Dollu kunitha.

Literature: Hosts Akhila Bharatha Sahitya Sammelana fest during August or September every year, where poets from all over India visits Shivamogga to participate in this event.

Festivals: Shivamogga Dasara habba, Marikamba habba and Ganapathi festival is very largely celebrated festivals in shimoga, where people from other parts of Karnataka visits every year.

Agricultural events: Krishi mela and Phalapushpa pradarshana are the biggest events hosted every year by Shivamogga APMC and Horticulture department to encourage the agricultural products produced by locals and create awareness regarding latest farming techniques and equipment’s where farmers from other parts of Karnataka take part in this.

• • • •

DOLLUKUNUTHA

YAKSHAGANA Figure 28

DASARA HABBA AT SHIVAMOGGA

Cultural Forms Of Shivamogga

5.2.3 Economy: Industries:

5%

• •

15% 22%

58%

AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIES TOURISM OTHERS

Chart 3 Economy Of Shivamogga

• • • • • • • •

Mysore paper mills Vishweshwaraya iron and steels limited Pearlite Liners Pvt. Shantala Spero Cast Pvt. Perfect Alloy Components Karnataka soaps and detergents Shahi exports ltd.

Paper Package Private ltd.

Bhadra Packaids Pvt. Ltd. Ambuthirtha Powe Pvt. Ltd.

Agriculture: • • • • • • • • • • •

Animal husbandry Arecanut/Beetle nut Paddy Sugarcane Vanilla Jatropha Cotton Pepper Oil seeds Spices Coffee

Tourism: • • • •

Water falls : Jog falls, Vanake Abbi falls, Barkana falls, Kunchikal falls, Hidlumane falls etc.

Hill stations and Adventure: Kodachadri, Kundadri, Agumbe, Yana caves, Hulikal etc.

Tiger and Lion Safari, Sakrebailu Elephant Camp, Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary, Sharavathi wildlife, etc.

Heritage Sites: Keladi, Ikkeri, Banavasi, Shivappanayaka kote, Kavale durga, Nagara fort, Balligavi temple, Humcha, Laxminarasimha temple, Koodali, Bandalike, Saint Thomas church, Talagunda etc

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

25

5.2.4 Climate Of Shivamogga:

Chart 4

Climatic Conditions In Shivamogga

Figure 29

Sun Path Of Site

5.2.5 Demography Of Shivamogga:

Chart 5

Demographic Charts

As per the Census in the year 2011, the population of the district was 17,52,753. Population density was 207 persons per sq.kms. The district has a literacy level of 74.84%. It has 9 towns and 1537 villages of which 87 villages are uninhabited.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

26

5.2.6 Climate Analysis:

Figure 30

Climate Analysis

5.2.7 Existing site features:

Figure 31 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Site Features 27

5.2.8 Air Funnel:

4km 16km 20km

C

INNER HORIZONTAL SURFACE

A

Should be less than 45m above mean sea level

OUTER HORIZONTAL SURFACE

B

Figure 32

CONICAL SURFACE

Air Funnel

OBSTRACLES

C

A

B

Figure 33

Obstacles

5.2.9 Site Pictures: SHAHI EXPORTS

1. AIRSTRIP

7

4

5

662 acers

1 DISTRICT JAIL 2. DISTRICT JAIL

6

3. SHAHI EXPORTS

4. N.R PURA HIGHWAY

5. AIRSTRIP

8.SIDE VIEW "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

6.VINAYAKA NAGARA

Figure 34

7.CATCHMENT AREA

Site Pictures 28

6 PROGRAM AND ZONING: PROGRAM

AREA(Sqm)

END USERS

TERMINAL BUILDING

12000-15000 (200-250 pass./hr.)

2200-2500 100 sqm X 10 Units=1000 sqm 130s sqm X 2 Units= 260 sqm 150-200 sqm 350 – 500 sqm

Passengers , AAI staffs, Airlines staff AAI staff AAI staff and their family, Public AAI staff AAI staff, Firefighters

5000 sqm X 3 units 50M wide X 2100M length 20000-25000 (4-5Aircraft) 300-350 cars

Pilots, Airlines staff

A.T.C STAFF QUARTRES GENERATOR ROOM EMERGENCY SERVICE BUILDING HANGERS RUNWAY APRON PARKING V I P PARKING CARGO CATERING

20-25 cars 2500-3000sqm 1500-2000sqm Table 5

Pilots, Airlines staff, Passengers Public, Passengers, Cab services V I P’s

Airlines staff

Program

Chart 6

Figure 35 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Terminal Building Flow Chart

Air Side And Landside Zoning 29

7 Research: 7.1 HISTORY Even though many dynasties was ruled in this region we can observe a large number of heritage sites build by Chalukyas, Kadambas, Hoysalas and Keladi nayakas despite of others.

Hoysala, Kadambas and Chalukyas has made their remarkable achievements in building temples like Lakshmi Narasimha swamy temple at Bhadravati(Chalukyas) , Banavasi in Sirsi(Kadambas), Rameshwar temple at Koodali (Hoysala) etc.,. Nayakas of Keladi, also known as Nayakas of Bednore and Ikkeri Nayakas (1499– 1763), were an Indian dynasty based in Keladi in presentday Shimoga district of Karnataka, India. They were an important ruling dynasty in post medieval Karnataka. They initially ruled as a vassal of the famous Vijayanagar empire. After the fall of the empire in 1565, they gained independence and ruled significant parts of Malnad region of the Western ghats in present-day Karnataka, most areas in the coastal regions of Karnataka, and parts of northern Kerala, Malabar and the central plains along the Tungabhadra river.

7.1.1 Timeline 240 BC

Mauryan Empire 345 CE

Kadambas Empire

540 CE 1200 CE 1565 CE 1763 CE 1945 CE

Chalukyan Empire Hoysala Empire Vijayanagara Empire

Keladi Nayakas

Kingdom of Mysore Chart 7

VIJAYANAGARA: Mixture of Hoysala, Dravida, Cholas, Chalukyas and Pandya’s.

Symmetric floor plans.

Geometric shaped pillars were started.

Started using wood, bricks and lime concrete at the end.

High plinth and natural lighting was taken into consideration.

Ex:.Vidyashankara temple at Sringeri.

KADAMBAS: Square plans.

Stepped pyramid Vimanas.

Sloped stone eve projection.

Ex: Madhukeshwara temple at Banavasi.

HOYSALAS: Stellate design plans.

Stepped Vimana with double height.

Balanced and Symmetric elevations.

Landscaping was introduced.

Used soapstone as a building material.

Ex: Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebedu.

KELADI NAYAKAS: Square or Rectangular shaped plan with high plinth and central courtyard. Square based semicircular Pillars and beams were made of wood. Sloped roof with wooden rafters and clay tiles for roof cover.

Clear height or double height in front facades. Landscaping with areca trees, Pongamiya trees and coconut trees with grass for ground covers. Jali openings which use to create patterns due to natural light and natural ventilation as well; was very much common during this time.

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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7.2 CURATION

Geometrical shaped plans, Symmetric & Concentrated, Cross ventilated openings, Wooden windows.

Square based circular wooden pillars and beams, Jagali katte in front.

Figure 36

Multistory with pyramidal sloped roof with Mangalore tiles.

Central courtyard with surrounded wooden columns.

Malnad Style Pictures

Coconut trees and areca trees will be planted in the surroundings which will purifying the air.

Dormer window for natural light to enter inside the building.

Projected eves.

WOOD FOR INTERIORS AND PILLERS: Very good insulator that protects against inclement weather, So the house will be warm in winter and cold in summer. Construction is also clean and fast. Locally available wood are: Teak, Sandalwood, Silver, Jack wood etc.

Figure 37

Typical Malnad House Section

CLAY TILES FOR ROOFING:

Figure 38

Locally available, Provides good insulation, Low cost & Durable, Good for rainfall areas, Low maintenance, Creates less dead load, Easy to construct.

Slope Roof Properties

WALL MATERIALS: Clay Brick, Laterite Stone and Granite are locally available materials, Built with running bond masonry for brick walls which is easy and fast, Very good insulator of rain, heat and electricity, Very strong and durable.

Figure 39

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Sectional Wall View Of Malnad House 31

8 CONCEPT: 8.1 CONCEPTUAL FORM DEVELOPMENT:

Diagonally chamfered the block to get perpendicular sun light.

Slicing the entire block into 9 parts to eliminate few parts of it.

Identification and removal of 2 parts which would help the north and south light to enter the block and also to create visual connectivity with the external landscaping.

Removal of back central part to break the monotony and create some breathing space with landscaping.

Final form by eliminating all the 3 marked parts with diagonal chamfer façade.

Figure 40 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Conceptual Sketches 32

8.2 Mood board:

Figure 41 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Malnad Elements 33

9 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND MAIN DRAWINGS: 9.1 MASTER PLAN ZONING

Figure 42

Master Plan Zoning

9.1.1 Future Development

SERVICE ENTRTY

ENTRY

SERVICE ENTRTY

PROPOSED DESIGN FUTURE EXPANSION OPPORTUNITIES

Figure 43 "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Future Expansion Options 34

9.1.2 Circulation

Figure 44

Circulation Diagram

9.1.3 Landscaping

Figure 45

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Landscaping

35

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

+1M

0

+1M

9.2 MASTER PLAN FINAL DRAWING:

36

C A R G O

BUS BAY

AIRLINES HELP DESK

PARKING

PLAN

TAXI BAY

BUS BAY

PASSENGER PARKING

EXIT/ARRIVAL

BAGGAGE CAROUSELS

PARKING

BARRIER FREE PARKING

DROP OFF ZONE

ENTRY/ DEPARTURE

KIOSKS

PASSENGER PARKING

PASSENGER PARKING

VIP PARKING

AIRLINES PARKING

APRON AREA

STAFF PARKING

9.3 Terminal Building Zoning Ground floor will be handling all the admin operations and Arrivals with a gallery space and info desks. In first floor all the Departure activities and concessionaires will be taking place. Where as in the second floor conference hall which can be transformable into quarantine center in terms of emergency.

Figure 46

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

Terminal Building Zoning

37

9.4 TERMINAL BUILDING FINAL DRAWING:

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

38

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

39

9.5 SECTIONS AND ELEVATIONS

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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10 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIEWS 10.1 Renders

"4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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10.2 INTERIOR RENDERS

CONNECTING SPACE BETWEEN FOOD COURTS, CONCESSIONARES AND WAITING LOUNGE

WAITING LOUNGE AND GATES AREA

BAGGAGE DROP-IN COUNTERS "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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CONCLUSION: Airports play a significant role in globalization, connecting cities and countries. They are a major part of a country's infrastructure and foster economic activities by encouraging international commerce and tourism and generating employment. With growing population and growth of cities, fast transportation and new global hubs are a constant requirement, and air transportation being the need airports have increased rapid layover the past decades. Airports offer increased accessibility, which in turn fuels the tourism sector. With an increased number of visitors and airport users, more money flows into the local economy.

This study provides a standard data and information of airport terminal building for any designer who needs to study about it. To design any terminal it is important to study its all dimensions thoroughly and understand them practically . Also, the case study and analysis given is justifying all the theoretical data provided in study. The main points a designer can get from this study are: 1. Terminologies related to airport 2. Spaces, their function and idea of its dimensions 3. Passenger types and their circulation

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12 BIBLIOGRAPHY Web Reference: 1. https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_development/ 2. https://in.changiairport.com/ 3. http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/NDZVNEM5cS84Ukxhek0vZ1h6cl hKSlpxTno0aC9tN3NRczJaU0dLQ2RwVS9oSEJ5U3JiQkFBSUo2TFpu cWpUeA 4. https://www.aai.aero/hi/services/technology-new-initiatives 5. https://www.edreams.com/blog/10-of-the-worlds-most-beautifulairports/ 6. https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allc argo_stats/categories/ 7. https://acceleratecapetown.co.za/importance-of-airports/ 8. https://airchat.ai/solutions-to-common-airport-challenges/ 9. https://www.fresherslive.com/current-affairs/article/list-ofinternational-and-domestic-airports-in-india-3 10. https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/ 11. https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/accessible_airports/ 12. https://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/airport_design/ 13. https://www.detail-online.com/article/a-roof-with-a-wavezagreb-international-airport-30843/ 14. https://aceupdate.com/2018/08/06/roofing-ideas-for-airportdesign/ 15. https://www.airport-suppliers.com/supplier/sika/ 16. https://www.arup.com/projects/hong-kong-international-airport 17. https://www.arup.com/expertise/services/infrastructure/airportplanning 18. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/som-unitesmumbai-airport-terminal-with-fractal-roof-canopy-02-25-2014/ 19. https://www.buildingenclosureonline.com/articles/87771-thefuture-of-airport-architecture 20. https://www.som.com/projects/chhatrapati_shivaji_international _airport__terminal_2__structural_engineering 21. https://architizer.com/projects/chhatrapati-shivaji-internationalairport-terminal-2/ 22. https://architizer.com/idea/1121175/ 23. https://www.careinsurance.com/travel-insurance/airportproceduresindia#:%7E:text=At%20immigration%20counters%20in%20Indian,In dia%20for%20the%20ongoing%20trip 24. https://mechtraveller.com/2017/02/a-peak-behind-the-scenesat-gatwick-airport/ "4-D DOMESTIC AIRPORT @ SHIVAMOGGA" PRAJWAL H A/ 1DT16AT051 – SOA DSATM

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25.https://www.slideshare.net/singhania97/abstract-of-the-casestudy 26. https://www.grossarchive.com/project/3499/domestic-airportterminal-building-case-study-makurdi-airport-terminal-buildingmarkurdi-benue-state

Book and Report Reference: 1. Volume 19, Issue 4 Time-Saver Standards for Building Types: 3rd Edition 2. AIRPORT FROM ARCHITECT'S DATA-NEUFERT 3 EDITION 3. AIRPORT ENGINEERING – S RANGWALA 4. “4-F”- THE AIRPORT TERMINAL, GOA-SNIGDHA JOHAR 5. HTTPS://ISSUU.COM/ANIRUDHS/DOCS/ANIRUDH_S_723815251005_ THESIS_REPORT_DEVELOPMENT_ 6. HTTPS://ISSUU.COM/NUPUR2709/DOCS/FR_NUPUR_CHATURVEDI

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