B.arch: Thesis research work report 2018

THESIS

REPORT

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM - V YEAR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

OPEN SPACE, AND CONSERVING ENERGY AND WATER.

CAUSE: Ÿ THE HISTORIC CANTER IS IN DESPERATE NEED OF A PROGRAMMATIC MAKE OVER. Ÿ NEW INFRASTRUCTURE, OFFICE , RETAIL AND LIVING SPACE IS REQUIRED BUT NO EMPTY PLOTS ARE AVAILABLE. Ÿ MEXICO CITY GOVT. HAVE STRICT RULES AGAINST BUILDING MORE THAN 8 STOREY BUILDING ON SURFACE. BUT THERE ARE NO

RULES FOR BUILDING UNDERGROUND. Ÿ SO THIS MASSIVE PROGRAM OF HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SQUARE METERS. THIS MEANS THE ONLY WAY TO GO IS DOWN.

EXISTING SUBWAY TRAIN STATION:

BY CONSERVING AND EXPANDING THE EXISTING SUBWAY STATION, IT BECOMES THE MAIN ACCESS TO THE BUILDING AND ELIMINATES COMPLETELY PARKING SPACES FOR CARS.

MUSEUM AREA: THE FIRST 10 STOREYS WILL BECOME A MUSEUM TO APPRECIATE THE AZTEC PYRAMIDS OF THE CEREMONIAL COMPLEX BELOW GROUND.

ZOCALO SQUARE BEFORE

ZOCALO SQUARE AFTER

CONCEPT:

SHOULD A NEW BUILDING BE CONCEIVED IN A CITY SQUARE?

A SKYSCRAPER WOULD DIMINISH THE ICONIC PRESENCE OF THE PLAZA AND SURROUNDING BUILDINGS.

A LANDSCRAPER WOULD REQUIRED HISTORIC BUILDINGS TO BE DEMOLISHED.

PRESERVES THE EXISTING HIERARCHY AND DOES NOT DISTURB ANY ACTIVITIES.

PIRANESIAN VOID: THE CENTRAL VOID ACQUIRES A PIRANESIAN CHARACTER AS THE ROTATION COMMUTERS FACILITATE COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BUILDING.

DESIGN FEATURES:

A CENTRAL VOID TO MINIMIZE THE WALKING DISTANCE

MACRO ANALYSIS:

PROVIDES THE INTERIOR WITH COMMUNAL SPACE ON EVERY NATURAL LIGHTING AND 10TH STOREY AS A LINEAR PARK VENTILATION AND SKY LOBBY

THE HISTORICAL CENTER AS THE MOST POLLUTED AREA IN MEXICO CITY

COMMERCIAL AREA AROUND THE HISTORICAL CENTER

EXISTING SUBWAY LINE, VEHICULAR ACCESS, COMMERCIAL ZONE, SITE AREA

LOCATION: ZOCALO SQUARE, MEXICO CITY

ARCHITECTURE FIRM: BUNKER ARQUITECTURA 2 PLOT AREA: 57,600 M 2 GROSS FLOOR AREA:775.000 M INVERTED HEIGHT: 300M FUNCTION: HABITABLE STRUCTURE 300MM DEEP 725,000 SQM OF MUSEUM RETAIL, LIVING AND OFFICE SPACES RETAIL AREA: CAPACITY: 100,000 PEOPLE RETAIL AREA AS A TRANSITION BETWEEN LIVING AWARDED IN: 2009 ‘SKYSCRAPERS OF THE SPACES AND MUSEUM. FUTURE’ COMPETITION IN THE ARCHITECTURE MAGAZINE eVolo.

CLIMATE: WINTER - 20 TO 24 DEGREE CELSIUS SUMMER - AROUND 28 DEGREE CELSIUS RAINFALL - JUNE TO SEPTEMBER 304MM PER YEAR MAJOR LAND MARKS AROUND THE SITE: HISTORIC MAIN PUBLIC SQUARE AND CENTER, ZOCALO. AROUND THIS SQUARE ARE SOME OF MEXICO PIRANESIAN VOID: CITY’S MOST WELL KNOWN MONUMENTS: COMMUNAL SPACE ON EVERY 10 FLOORS AS A GREEN ‘EARTH’ LOBBY THE CATHEDRAL AND THE VERTICAL GREEN WALLS IN THE OFFICE SPACE PROVIDE THE NATIONAL PALACE OXYGEN AND A PLEASANT SETTING FOR WORKING ENVIRONMENT. THE CITY GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURE: BELOW GROUND LEVEL 10 STOREYS EXISTING MUSEUM

VERTICAL MUSEUM DISPLAY:

VERTICAL MUSEUM DISPLAY:

A FOOTPRINT THAT REDUCES IN SIZE AS IT GOES DOWN

EARTH SCRAPER, MEXICO CITY

TO ABSORBS WATER FROM THE INFERENCES: GROUND, PROCESS AND DISTRIBUTES IT THROUGH. IT SHAPE AND GEOMETRY : ALSO REINSERTS TREATED WATER BACK INTO THE SOIL

GLASS PEDESTRAIAN SURFACE A TRANSPARENT FLOOR ALLOWS PEOPLE TO APPRECIATE THE MUSEUM BELOW AS THEY WALK THROUGH THE PLAZA. GREEN WALL: IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND INDOOR AIR FILTRATION.

DOUBLE ENVELOPE: TWO STRUCTURAL WALLS TO SUPPORT THE FLOOR LOAD AND THE PRESSURE FROM THE SURROUNDING THE SUBSOIL.

A FOOTPRINT THAT REDUCES IN SIZE AS IT GOES DOWN IN THE MANNER OF AN INVERTED PYRAMID

A CENTRAL VOID TO MINIMIZE THE WALKING DISTANCE

PROVIDE THE INTERIOR WITH NATURAL LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION : Ÿ THE DESIGN ALSO INTEGRATES THE EXISTING SUBWAY STATION Ÿ ITS FLOORS ARE BROKEN UP INTO PROGRAMMATIC SUBDIVISIONS FOR: MUSEUM. RETAIL, LIVING, AND OFFICE SPACE.

ENVELOPE 1

ENVELOPE 2

ENVELOPE 1

Ÿ EVERY 10 FLOORS THERE IS A GREEN ‘LOBBY’

ZONING : VERTICAL ZONING

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY INDICATES THE NEED OF NEW RETAIL SPACES AND MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

NEW BUILDING FORCES PEOPLE TO USE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION THUS REDUCING THE NO. OF CARS AND THE POLLUTION

THE HIGH DENSITY OF PUBLIC MOVEMENT AND OF THE COMMERCIAL ZONE MAKES THE CITY SQUARE SPOT FOR COMMERCIAL INTERACTIONS

EXTERNAL BARRIER WALL: CLEAN WATER: PUMPED FROM THE WATER TURBINE ON THE LOWER FLOOR THROUGH THE PIPE INSIDE THE BARRIER WALL TO EVERY FLOOR.

BUILDING DESIGN: THE EXTRUDED PLAZA AREA

CENTRAL VOID TO MINIMIZE THE WALKING DISTANCE

THE FOOTPRINT REDUCES IN SIZE AS IT GOES DOWN

THE CIRCULATION

1ST ENVELOPE AS A LIGHT CAPTURER

MUSEUM

VERTICAL GREENERY: ON THE INSIDE OF THE BARRIER WALL TO PROVIDE OXYGEN TO THE HABITABLE SPACE.

RETAIL LIVING

OFFICES

SERVICES

2ND ENVELOPE AS A BUILDING FOUNDATION

USED WATER: FROM THE TOILET PUMPED DOWN INTO THE TURBINE TO BE RECYCLED AND USED FOR THE GREENERY IRRIGATION.

HORIZONTAL GREENERY: TRANSFORMS THE EARTH LOBBIES ON EVERY 10TH STOREY AND SERVES AS COMMUNAL AREA.

ELECTRICITY: THE MAIN ENERGY SOURCE IS GENERATED BY THE TURBINE IN THE RECYCLING PROCESS. THE ELECTRICITY IS THEN DISTRIBUTED BY PIPES HIDDEN ON THE BARRIER WALL.

INDOOR PLANTS:

HOUSEPLANTS ARE USED TO PURIFY AND RENEW THE INDOOR AIR BYNFILTERING OUT TOXINS, POLLUTANTS AND THE CARBON DIOXIDE PEOPLE EXHALE- REPLACING THEM WITH LIFE SUSTAINING OXYGEN.

MOVEMENT AND CIRCULATION:

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

01

A MODEL URBAN SPACE:UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

CASE STUDY-01

AIM: TO BUILD A SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURE FOR SOLVING ISSUES LIKE POPULATION GROWTH, CURBING SPRAWL, PRESERVING

SUBSURFACE, THE TERRITORY WHERE THE MINERS LIVING AND WORKING, WITH A TOTALLY DIFFERENT POSTURE. MEANWHILE, IT WILL ALSO RESTORE AND REDEFINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CITIES AND VILLAGES IN COAL MINE AREA. CAUSE: MARCH 28,2010, UNDERGROUND WATER FLOODED PARTS OF THE WANGJIALING COAL MINE. A TOTAL OF 261 PEOPLE WERE IN THE MINE WHEN WORKERS FIRST BROKETHROUGH AN ABANDONED SHAFT THAT WAS FILLED WITH WATER. OVER 100 MANAGED TO ESCAPE, BUT 153 WORKERS WERE TRAPPED IN NINE DIFFERET PLATFORMS OF THE MINE.

DESIGN :

CASE STUDY-02

THE URBAN REGENERATION:

1300

URBAN MORPHOLOGY IN HUMAN CITIES BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF HIGH-RISES WAS MAINLY DEVELOPED IN HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONS.

1700

1990

THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS AND DISCOVERY OF COAL MINING PROVIDES AN IMPETUS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES. BEFORE THE BUILD OF HIGH-RISES, PITS ARE THE EARLIEST VERTICAL CONSTRUCTIONS.

COAL MINING SUPPORTED A CITY, AND THE HIGHRISES CONSTANT EXPANDED IN CITY, HOWEVER, THE MINERS COULD HARDLY EXPERIENCE THE CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE METROPOLISES AND HIGH-RISES.

EARTH SCRAPER, CHINA LOCATION: WANGJIALING, SHANXI, CHINA

2011

2050 MUSEUM:

THE VMCM IS THE BEGINNING OF THE CHANGE AND IT TRYS TO RESTORE AND REDEFINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CITIES AND VILLAGES IN COAL MINE AREA.

DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF CLEAN ENERGIES MAKE THE TRADITIONAL MINING INDUSTRY TURN INTO HISTORY, WHICH ENABLE THE UNDERGROUND SPACES TO BE A COMPLEX OF STORAGE POWER STATION, MUSEUM AND TOURIST ATTRACTION. BESIDES, THE GENERATED ENERGY CAN CONTINUOUSLY SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPING CITY.

CONCEPT: Ÿ THIS PROPOSES TO TRANSFORM AN AREA OF WORKING COALMINES INTO AN UNDERGROUND CITY FULL OF REVERSE SKYSCRAPERS Ÿ Ÿ

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THAT COAL MINERS CAN ENJOY. THE MINERS WILL WORK, BUT ALSO LIVE AND PLAY UNDERGROUND. ULTIMATELY, AS GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RENDERS COAL MINING OBSOLETE, THE MINERS WILL MOVE BACK ABOVE GROUND AND THE SITE WILL TURN INTO A MUSEUM AND HISTORICAL SITE TO REMIND PEOPLE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WORK AND THE SACRIFICES MADE BY COAL MINERS. THE NEW CITY PROPOSES CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT GEARED TOWARDS MINERS SO THEY CAN ENJOY THEIR FREE TIME IN AN UNPOLLUTED ATMOSPHERE. THE SKYSCRAPERS, WHICH PROTRUDE UNDERGROUND INSTEAD OF RISING IN THE SKY, CONNECT TO CREATE A CITY WITH MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE, MUNICIPAL AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES AND RESIDENCES.

FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM:

WITH THE DETERIORATION OF THE FUNCTION OF RESIDENCE, THE MODULES WILL BE REASSEMBLED TO FORM THE MUSEUM.

ARCHITECTS: FAN SHUNING, ZHANG XIN INVERTED HEIGHT: VARIES FUNCTION: THIS PROPOSES TO TRANSFORM AN AREA OF WORKING COALMINES INTO AN UNDERGROUND CITY THAT COAL MINERS CAN ENJOY. CAUSE: THE WANGJIALING COAL MINE FLOOD CLIMATE: WINTER - 22 F (NOVEMBER TO FEBRUARY) SUMMER - 69F (MAY TO SEPTEMBER) RAINFALL - 4 INCH (APRIL TO OCTOBER)

COALFIELD:

FACTORY:

THE PLAZA OF THE VERTICAL METROPOLIS OF COALMINE IS THE PERMANENT REFUGE OF THE COALFIELD.

IN THE DEEPER LAYER UNDERGROUND, THE MINEWORKERS ARE STILL WORKING. THE FACTORIES LOCATED IN THE DEEP MAJOR LAND MARKS AROUND THE SITE: EARTH WILL DO LESS HARM TO THE ENVIRONMENT. Ÿ THE MINE (SITE) IS LOCATED BETWEEN THE TOWN OF FANCUN AND XIAHUA TOWNSHIP. POWER STATION: Ÿ THE MINE IS LOCATED NEAR BRIDGES THAT THE CARVES COULD BE SWITCHED INTO PUMPED STORAGE SPAN THE YELLOW RIVER. POWER STATION

GROUNDWATER: TAKE BEST USE OF THE ADVANTAGE OF THE GROUNDWATER SYSTEM TO CREATE THE WATERFALL SCENARY

YEAR 2010:

YEAR 2030:

IN MOST DISTRICTS WHICH HAVE ABUNDANT MINE RESOURCE, THE MINING SUPPORTED THE CITY. IT’S LUCKY FOR A CITY TO OWN MINE RESOURCES, HOWEVER, IT’S A NIGHTMARE FOR THOSE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN THE MINING DISTRICT. THE MINE SUPPORTED THE CITY WHILE BEEN CONTAMINATING ENVIRONMENT AND COULD HARDLY FEEL THE CITY LIFE. THAT’S THE MOST NORMALLY SCENES IN CHINA OR EVEN ALL OVER THE WORLD

WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTICAL METROPOLIS OF COALMINE, THE MINEWORKERS HAVE THERE OWN CITY. IT’S A NEW ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CITY AND THE RURAL DISTRICT OF MINING. THE VERTICAL METROPOLIS CITY PROVIDES EVERY KINDS OF SPACES WHICH ARE MOST SUITABLE FOR THE CERTAIN FUNCTION FOR THE REASON THAT THE SECTION OF THE BUILDING COULD SUPPOSE TO BE FREE, WHICH IS THE NATURAL ADVANTAGE OF UNDERGROUND BUILDING.

INFERENCES: SHAPE AND GEOMETRY:

YEAR 2050: WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, THE MAIN RESOURCE IN THE YEAR 2050 WOULD NOT BE THE TRADITIONAL RESOURCES IN NOW A DAYS SUCH AS COAL OR OIL, AND THERE WILL BE NO MINEWORKERS IN THAT DAY. THE GIANT UNDERGROUND CITY TURNS FROM THE INTEGRATED CITY FOR EVERYDAY LIFE TO THE NEW POWER STATION, MUSEUM, HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND SITES. THE VERTICAL METROPOLIS OF COALMINE CONTINUES TO PLAY A POSITIVE ROLE IN THE HUMAN HISTORY.

DESIGN ATTRIBUTES:

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: SIX DIFFERENT MODULES ARE OFFERED FOR RESIDENCES, AND THEY VARY IN HEIGHT BETWEEN 4M TO 8M.

HOW FAR BETWEEN THE COAL MINER AND THE MODERN METROPOLIS AND MODERN LIFE? Ÿ COAL MINING SUPPORTED A CITY AND THE HIGH-RISE

Ÿ TO ENSURE THE BASIC LIVING CONDITION IN THE VERTICAL METROPOLIS OF COALMINE, THE INFRASTRUCTURES ARE

ADDED TO THE UNDERGROUND SYSTEM. Ÿ TO IMPROVE THE LIGHT ENVIRONMENT, LIGHT SYSTEM WHICH CONSIST OF SEVERAL LIGHT TUBES WITH MIRRORS INSIDE WERE ADDED TO THE MINE. Ÿ IN ORDER TO AVOID THE ACCIDENCE, THE SECURE SYSTEM WHICH INCLUDE SEVERAL BIG PERMANENT REFUGES IN THE CENTER OF THE UNDERGROUND SYSTEM, SOME SMALL PERMANENT REFUGES ALONG THE TUNNEL OF THE COALFIELD, AND MANY TEMPORARY REFUGES. Ÿ THE CORE TUBE AND AIR VENTILATING SHAFT WERE ALSO CONSIDERED REFUGES.

LIGHT TUBE: USE THE MIRROR IN THE TUBE TO REFLECT THE LIGHT TO CREAT THE LIGHT ENVIRONMENT.

AIR SYSTEM USE THE VENTILATING SHAFT AND RETURN AIRCOURSE TO CIRCULATE THE AIR.

ZONING: TOP LEVEL: ALL MAJOR FACILITIES LIKE, Ÿ CONCERT HALL Ÿ TOWN HALL BUILDINGS EXPANDING CONSTANTLY IN A CITY, WITH MINES Ÿ SUBWAY STILL STAYING UNDER THE GROUND OUTSKIRTS IN SILENCE. Ÿ THEATER THE MINEWORKERS FEEDS THE CITY. HOWEVER THE CITY MIDDLE LEVEL: ABANDONED THEM. Ÿ RESIDENCE Ÿ THIS REVERSED HIGH-RISE BUILDING SHOWS THE DIFFERENT Ÿ GROUND WATER SYSTEM ATTRIBUTES TOWARDS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CITY Ÿ POWER STATIONS Ÿ TEMPLE, CHURCHES AND MINING AREA. Ÿ MUSEUM Ÿ THE MINEWORKERS SHOULD ENJOY THE LIFE BROUGHT BY BASE LEVEL: THE CITY CULTURE WHICH COULD BE REPRESENTED BY THE Ÿ GROUNDWATER SYSTEM HIGH-RISE CULTURE. Ÿ COALFIELD Ÿ WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, THE Ÿ FACTORY

COAL ENERGY WOULD BE ELIMINATE, AND INSTEAD BY SOME CLEAN ENERGY. Ÿ THE VERTICAL METROPOLIS OF COALMINE WILL TURN TO A HISTORICAL SITE AND MONUMENT, AND STILL PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PEOPLE’S LIFE.

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

02

A MODEL URBAN SPACE:UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

AIM: THE VERTICAL METROPOLIS OF COAL MINE MANAGES TO INTRODUCE THE HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS INTO

Ÿ THE DERINKUYU UNDERGROUND CITY IS LOCATED IN THE SAME

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NAMED TOWN DERINKUYU, WHICH IS SITUATED 40KM FROM GOREME. SAME NAMED TOWN DERINKUYU, WHICH IS SITUATED 40KM FROM GOREME TO SERVE AS A REFUGE FROM THE RAIDS OF THE UMAYYAD ARAB AND ABBASID ARMIES, UNDERGROUND CITY HAS AT LEAST EIGHT LEVELS AND DEPTH OF 85 M AND COULD HAVE SHELTERED THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE. THE CITY COULD ACCOMMODATE AS MANY AS 20,000 PEOPLE THE CITY CONTAINED FOOD STORES, KITCHENS, STALLS, CHURCHES, WINE AND OIL PRESSES, VENTILATION SHAFTS, WELLS, AND A RELIGIOUS SCHOOL. THE 55M DEEP VENTILATION SHAFT WAS ALSO USED AS A WELL. NOT EVERY FLOOR WAS PROVIDED WITH WATER WELLS UP TO THE SURFACE IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE DWELLERS FROM POISONING DURING RAIDS. DERINKUYU CONTAINS AT LEAST 15,000 VENTILATION DUCTS THAT PROVIDE FRESH AIR DEEP WITHIN THE UNDERGROUND CITY. THEY WERE CLEARLY BUILT TO WITHSTAND ATTACK AND COULD SUPPORT LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE AND THEIR DOMESTIC ANIMALS, FOR EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME. THE CITIES WERE COMPLETE WITH WELLS, CHIMNEYS FOR AIR CIRCULATION, NICHES FOR OIL LAMPS, STORES, WATER TANKS, STABLES AND AREAS WHERE THE DEAD COULD BE PLACED UNTIL SUCH TIME AS CONDITIONS ON THE SURFACE WOULD ALLOW THEIR PROPER DISPOSAL. MOST IMPORTANTLY, CAREFULLY BALANCED MOVING STONE DOORS, RESEMBLING MILL STONES, WERE DEVISED TO QUICKLY BLOCK THE CORRIDORS IN THE EVENT OF AN ATTACK. EACH FLOOR COULD BE CLOSED OFF SEPARATELY. THE LOCATIONS ARE NOW ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOURIST ATTRACTIONS.

ANCIENT CITIES UNDERGROUND ARCHITECTURE

Ÿ WE MUST HAVE HEARD TALES

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Ÿ VENTILATION SHAFT IS VISIBLE HERE AND CONNECTION OF ONE LEVEL TO ANOTHER

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KAYMAKLI UNDERGROUND CITY

DIXIA CHENG- BEIJING’S UNDERGROUND CITY

Ÿ UNDERGROUND CITY, SUCH AS NEST OF GIANT ANTS LIKE HUGE CITY Ÿ THE CITY WAS CONNECTED WITH DERINKUYU UNDERGROUND CITY THROUGH Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

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MILES OF TUNNELS. THE UNDERGROUND CITY AT KAYMAKLI DIFFERS FROM DERINKUYU IN TERMS OF ITS STRUCTURE AND LAYOUT. KAYMAKLI UNDERGROUND CITY IS BUILT UNDER THE HILL KNOWN AS THE CITADEL OF KAYMAKLI AND WAS OPENED TO VISITORS IN 1964.

THE PEOPLE OF KAYMAKLI (ENEGUP IN GREEK) VILLAGE HAVE CONSTRUCTED THEIR HOUSES AROUND NEARLY ONE HUNDRED TUNNELS OF THE UNDERGROUND CITY. THE KAYMAKLI UNDERGROUND CITY HAS LOW, NARROW AND SLOPING PASSAGES. WHILE THE UNDERGROUND CITY CONSISTS OF 8 FLOORS BELOW GROUND, ONLY 4 OF THEM ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC TODAY, IN WHICH THE SPACES ARE ORGANIZED AROUND VENTILATION SHAFTS. THE VENTILATION SHAFT CAN ALSO BE SEEN FROM THE 4TH FLOOR. IT IS A VERTICAL WELL AND PASSES ALL FLOORS DOWN LIKE ON THE ELEVATOR IN AN APARTMENT. THE DEPTH OF THE VENTILATION SHAFT IS ABOUT 80 METERS IN TOTAL. IT IS ACCEPTED AS THE WIDEST UNDERGROUND CITY OF CAPPADOCIA. THE NUMBER OF THE STORAGE ROOMS IN SUCH A SMALL AREA SUPPORTS THE IDEA THAT A GREAT NUMBER OF PEOPLE RESIDED HERE. ARCHEOLOGISTS THINK THAT THIS COULD HAVE BEEN UP TO 3500 PEOPLE. THE DESIGN OF EACH ROOM OR OPEN SPACE DEPENDENT ON THE AVAILABILITY OF VENTILATION.

Ÿ THIS CITY WAS BUILT IN 1960’S TO SERVE AS A SHELTER DURING BOMBINGS AND NUCLEAR

EXPLOSIONS. Ÿ THIS HIDDEN UNDERGROUND CITY IS LOCATED UNDERNEATH BEIJING AND HAS APPROXIMATELY 90

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CERTAIN LEVELS FLOORS CAN VISIVLE IN ONE VIEW

HOLES FOR VENTILATION AND AIR CIRCULATION IN MAIN VENTILATION SHAFT

ENTRANCES; IT IS A LONG NETWORK OF TUNNELS AND IS REFERRED TO AS ‘UNDERGROUND GREAT WALL’.

ALSO, IT HAS BEEN CLAIMED THAT IT CAN HOLD HALF OF CHINA’S POPULATION. THE COMPLEX WAS EQUIPPED WITH FACILITIES SUCH AS RESTAURANTS, CLINICS, SCHOOLS, THEATERS, FACTORIES, A ROLLER SKATING RINK, GRAIN AND OIL WAREHOUSES, AND A MUSHROOM CULTIVATION FARM AND SUNFLOWER AS THESE CAN GROW WITHOUT SUN. VENTILATION SYSTEMS WERE INSTALLED, WITH 2300 SHAFTS THAT CAN BE SEALED OFF TO PROTECT THE TUNNELS' INHABITANTS FROM POISON. GASES AND WATERPROOF HATCHES CONSTRUCTED TO PROTECT INSIDERS FROM CHEMICAL ATTACK AND RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT. IT IS SPECULATED THAT THE TUNNELS MAY LINK TOGETHER BEIJING'S VARIOUS LANDMARKS, AS WELL AS IMPORTANT GOVERNMENTAL BUILDINGS. THE TUNNELS, BUILT FROM 1969 TO 1979 BY MORE THAN 300,000 LOCAL CITIZENS AND EVEN SCHOOL CHILDREN, WIND FOR OVER 30 KILOMETERS AND COVER AN AREA OF 85 SQUARE KILOMETERS EIGHT TO EIGHTEEN METERS UNDER THE SURFACE. IT INCLUDES AROUND A THOUSAND ANTI-AIR RAID STRUCTURES.

CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE CITY VENTILATION SHAFT

SMALL HOLES FOR VENTILATION INSIDE THE ROOM

CENTRAL VENTILATION SHAFT

NARROW PASSAGE WAY

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OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS LIVING IN TUNNELS OR DARK CAVES. THAT WAS ALL THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT EVEN TODAY, SUCH SECRETIVE PLACES EXIST IN THE WORLD. NOT IN THE FORM OF CAVES BUT MANY AREAS OF THE WORLD OUT THERE ARE CONSIDERED SECRET UNDERGROUND CITIES CONSISTING OF HIDDEN PASSAGES AND ANCIENT UNDERGROUND TUNNELS. CARVED BY HISTORY, THESE LARGEST UNDERGROUND CITIES HAVE EXISTED FOR YEARS, AND THEY ARE THE CHARMING REFLECTIONS OF LIFE THAT LIVES ABOVE THEM. THESE SECRET CITIES ARE NOT ON THE WORLD MAP. DERINKUYU AND KAYMAKLI CITIES ARE TROGLODYTE CAVECITIES WERE EXCAVATED AS EARLY AS HITTITE TIMES, AND EXPANDED OVER THE CENTURIES AS VARIOUS MARAUDING ARMIES TRAVERSED CENTRAL ANATOLIA IN SEARCH OF CAPTIVES AND PLUNDER. THERE ARE 36 UNDERGROUND CITIES IN CAPPADOCIA AND THE WIDEST ONE IS KAYMAKLI UNDERGROUND CITY, WHILE THE DEEPEST IS THE DERINKUYU UNDERGROUND CITY.

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

03

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

CASE STUDIES

DERINKUYU UNDERGROUND CITY

Ÿ THE WIELICZKA SALT MINE, LOCATED IN THE TOWN OF WIELICZKA IN

SOUTHERN POLAND, Ÿ IT’S NOT JUST A MINE IT’S A GREAT MUSEUM UNDERGROUND. Ÿ OPENED IN THE 13TH CENTURY, THE MINE PRODUCED TABLE SALT

ANCIENT CITIES UNDERGROUND ARCHITECTURE

CONTINUOUSLY UNTIL 2007, AS ONE OF THE WORLD'S OLDEST SALT MINES IN OPERATION. Ÿ THE WIELICZKA SALT MINE REACHES A DEPTH OF 327 METERS AND IS OVER 287 KILOMETRES (178 MI) LONG. Ÿ A WOODEN STAIRCASE PROVIDES ACCESS TO THE MINE'S 64-METRE (210FOOT) LEVEL.

Ÿ WE MUST HAVE HEARD TALES

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Ÿ INTERIOR VIEW

CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW

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Ÿ Ÿ ENTRANCE TO SALT MINE

CROSS SECTION OF SALT MINE

INSIDE VIEW SALT MINE

COOBER PEDY, AUSTRALIA’S UNDERGROUND CITY Ÿ INSIDE THE AUSTRALIAN MINING TOWN WHERE 80% OF PEOPLE LIVE Ÿ Ÿ

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UNDERGROUND. COOBER PEDY IS A TOWN IN NORTHERN SOUTH AUSTRALIA, 846 KM (526 MI) NORTH OF ADELAIDE. THE TOWN IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS THE "OPAL CAPITAL OF THE WORLD" BECAUSE OF THE QUANTITY OF PRECIOUS OPALS THAT ARE MINED THERE. COOBER PEDY IS RENOWNED FOR ITS BELOW-GROUND RESIDENCES, CALLED "DUGOUTS", WHICH ARE BUILT IN THIS FASHION DUE TO THE SCORCHING DAYTIME HEAT. THE HARSH SUMMER DESERT TEMPERATURES MEAN THAT MANY RESIDENTS PREFER TO LIVE IN CAVES BORED INTO THE HILLSIDES A STANDARD THREE-BEDROOM CAVE HOME WITH LOUNGE, KITCHEN, AND BATHROOM CAN BE EXCAVATED OUT OF THE ROCK IN THE HILLSIDE FOR A SIMILAR PRICE TO BUILDING A HOUSE ON THE SURFACE. HOWEVER, DUGOUTS REMAIN AT A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE, WHILE SURFACE BUILDINGS NEED AIR CONDITIONING, ESPECIALLY DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS, WHEN TEMPERATURES OFTEN EXCEED 40 °C. VISITORS ATTRACTIONS IN COOBER PEDY INCLUDE THE MINES, THE GRAVEYARD AND THE UNDERGROUND CHURCHES WHAT BEGAN IN 1917 AS PERHAPS THE LARGEST OPAL MINING OPERATION IN THE WORLD. ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED AS AN OPAL MINING TOWN, THE UNUSUAL VILLAGE IS HOME TO MORE THAN 3,500 PEOPLE. THERE IS ALSO FIVE CHURCHES, A RESTAURANTS AND HOTEL ROOMS FOR PEOPLE WHO WANT TO EXPERIENCE LIFE "DOWN UNDER".

IT IS ECO-FRIENDLY BECAUSE THE UNDERGROUND ROOMS NATURALLY REGULATE THEIR TEMPERATURE WHICH REDUCES THE NEED FOR AIR CONDITIONING.

VIEW OF UNDERGROUND HOTEL

VIEW OF UNDERGROUND SHOPPING AREA FOR TOURIST

GUIDELINES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERGROUND BUILDING IN COOBER PEDY : Ÿ VENTILATION: A SPACE WITHIN A BUILDING USED BY OCCUPANTS MUST BE

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PROVIDED WITH MEANS OF VENTILATION WITH OUTDOOR AIR, WHICH WILL MAINTAIN ADEQUATE AIR QUALITY. UNDERGROUND DWELLINGS MUST BE PROVIDED WITH AN APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF VENT SHAFTS TO PROVIDE FOR ADEQUATE AIR CIRCULATION. EACH ROOM OF A DUGOUT DWELLING MUST HAVE A VENT SHAFT WITH A CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF AT LEAST 3500MM² FOR EVERY SQ.M OF FLOOR AREA OF THE ROOM. EGRESS: EXISTS MUST BE PROVIDED FROM A BUILDING TO ALLOW OCCUPANTS TO EVACUATE SAFELY, WITH THEIR NUMBER, LOCATION AND DIMENSIONS BEING APPROPRIATE TO THE TRAVEL DISTANCE AND WHETHER THE PATH OF TRAVEL IS FROM ABOVE OR BELOW GROUND LEVEL. WALLS:THE THICKNESS OF INTERNAL WALLS OF UNDERGROUND DWELLINGS MUST BE NOT LESS THAN 1.5 METRES AND THE THICKNESS OF WALLS BETWEEN ANY ROOM AND AN ALLOTMENT BOUNDARY MUST BE NOT LESS THAN 1 METRE. WHERE THE LENGTH OF AN EXCAVATION TUNNEL EXCEEDS 4.8 M AND WHERE THE CEILING SPANS MORE THAN 3M IN WIDTH, THE JUNCTION OF THE CEILING AND ANY SUPPORTING PIERS OR WALL MUST BE ROUNDED OR CHAMFERED AT LEAST 0.4M FROM THE JUNCTION.

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PEOPLE HAVE LIVED UNDER THIS DUSTY DESERT FOR MORE THAN 100 YEARS

THERE IS PLENTY TO KEEP TOURISTS ENTERTAINED IN THE UNDERGROUND HOTEL

DOORWAY: THROUGH THIS TUNNEL THERE ARE AROUND 1,500 HOMES OR “DUGOUTS"

INSIDE THE HOTEL, HOSTEL OR CAMPSITE THERE ARE AROUND 3,000 PEOPLE STILL LIVING IN THESE CAVE HOMES

VIEW OF UNDERGROUND PASSAGE

THERE ARE FIVE SCULPTED CHURCHES IN THE UNDERGROUND TOWN

OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS LIVING IN TUNNELS OR DARK CAVES. THAT WAS ALL THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT EVEN TODAY, SUCH SECRETIVE PLACES EXIST IN THE WORLD. NOT IN THE FORM OF CAVES BUT MANY AREAS OF THE WORLD OUT THERE ARE CONSIDERED SECRET UNDERGROUND CITIES CONSISTING OF HIDDEN PASSAGES AND ANCIENT UNDERGROUND TUNNELS. CARVED BY HISTORY, THESE LARGEST UNDERGROUND CITIES HAVE EXISTED FOR YEARS, AND THEY ARE THE CHARMING REFLECTIONS OF LIFE THAT LIVES ABOVE THEM. THESE SECRET CITIES ARE NOT ON THE WORLD MAP. DERINKUYU AND KAYMAKLI CITIES ARE TROGLODYTE CAVECITIES WERE EXCAVATED AS EARLY AS HITTITE TIMES, AND EXPANDED OVER THE CENTURIES AS VARIOUS MARAUDING ARMIES TRAVERSED CENTRAL ANATOLIA IN SEARCH OF CAPTIVES AND PLUNDER. THERE ARE 36 UNDERGROUND CITIES IN CAPPADOCIA AND THE WIDEST ONE IS KAYMAKLI UNDERGROUND CITY, WHILE THE DEEPEST IS THE DERINKUYU UNDERGROUND CITY.

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

04

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

CASE STUDIES

WIELICZKA SALT MINE, POLAND

CASE STUDIES

MC

Ÿ MONTREAL IS ALSO THE WORLD’S LARGEST UNDERGROUND COMPLEX IN THE WORLD.

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Centre

1000

Mont-Royal

Sherbrooke Ouest

Musée McCord

de Maisonneuve

Pavillon Henry F. Hall

Industrielle Alliance

2075 University

2020 University

Les galeries 2001

2021 Union

UQÀM

Grande

Pavillon PrésidentKennedy

Bibliothèque

Station centrale d'autobus

du Québec

UQÀM

Université Concordia

Les Cours

Carrefour

Mont-Royal

Industrielle Alliance

Pavillon John-Molson

Place Montré al Trust

Centre Eaton

Place de la Cathédrale Promenades Cathédrale

Complexe Les Ailes

Simons

PLACE-DES-ARTS

Musée

La Baie

d’art contemporain

Esplanade Place des Arts

Place des Arts

CCA Centre Canadien d'Architecture

1250 RenéLevesque

Info touriste

Place Ville-Marie

Square Dorchester

Hôtel Le Reine Élizabeth

Marriott Château Champlain

Gare Centrale

LUCIEN-L ‘ALLIER

CÔTE-VERTU

800 RenéLévesque

Hôtel Windham

Square Phillips

Complexe Desjardins

BOULEVARD RENÉ-LÉVESQUE Complexe GuyFavreau

Tour Bell

RUE SAINT-URBAIN

RUE SAINTE-CATHERINE Square Cabot

SAINT-LAURENT

Centre PierrePeladeau

BERRI-UQAM

UQÀM

UQÀM

UQÀM

Pavillon de Design

Pavillon AthanaseDavid

Pavillon JudithJasmin

UQÀM

UQÀM

Pavillon J.-A.-DeSève

Pavillon HubertAquin

HONORÉ -BEAUGRAND

Hôtel

Place ÉmilieGamelin

Place Dupuis

des Gouverneurs

LONGUEUIL

Université Concordia

McGILL

RUE SAINT-HUBERT

Plaza AlexisNihon

PEEL

RUE SAINT-DENIS

Westmount Square

GUY-CONCORDIA

BOULEVARD SAINT-LAURENT

ATWATER

ANGRIGNON

RUE UNIVERSITY

Ÿ

Université McGill

1001

Université Concordia

Collège Dawson

RUE PEEL

Ÿ Ÿ

Université McGill Salle Redpath

RUE SHERBROOKE Tour Scotia

Musée des beaux-arts

AVENUE ATWATER

Ÿ Ÿ

IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE INDOOR CITY. MONTREAL IS THE NETWORK OF INTERCONNECTED COMPLEXES UNDERGROUND. THE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT COMPLEXES THAT ARE UNDERGROUND HAS BEEN ACHIEVED THROUGH THE CONSTRUCTION OF TUNNELS. THE TUNNELS ARE TECHNICALLY AND ARCHITECTURALLY SOUND. THEY HAVE CONDITIONED AIR AND GOOD LIGHTING TO CREATE COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT AND MAKE IT AESTHETICALLY PLEASING. THE VARIOUS COMPLEXES CONNECTED THROUGH TUNNELS INCLUDE SHOPPING MALLS, APARTMENT BUILDINGS, HOTELS, CONDOMINIUMS, BANKS, OFFICES, MUSEUMS, UNIVERSITIES, SEVEN METRO STATIONS, TWO COMMUTER TRAIN STATIONS, A REGIONAL BUS TERMINAL AND THE BELL CENTRE AMPHITHEATRE AND ARENA. 80% OF ALL OFFICE SPACE AND 35% OF ALL COMMERCIAL SPACE IN DOWNTOWN MONTREAL. SINCE THE CLIMATE IN CANADA IN WINTER DOES NOT PERMIT EASY MOVEMENT IN THE CITY OVERGROUND, THEY HAVE DEVELOPED THE ENTIRE CONCEPT OF UNDERGROUND CITY SO THAT THE PEOPLE CAN MOVE AROUND COMFORTABLY IRRESPECTIVE OF THE KIND OF CLIMATE. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT OVER 500,000 PEOPLE USE THE UNDERGROUND CITY IN WINTER EVERYDAY. RESO, COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS THE UNDERGROUND CITY IS THE NAME APPLIED TO A SERIES OF INTERCONNECTED OFFICE TOWERS, HOTELS, SHOPPING CENTRES, RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES, CONVENTION HALLS, UNIVERSITIES AND PERFORMING ARTS VENUES THAT FORM THE HEART OF MONTREAL'S CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT, COLLOQUIALLY REFERRED TO AS DOWNTOWN MONTREAL. THOUGH MOST OF THE CONNECTING TUNNELS PASS UNDERGROUND, MANY OF THE KEY PASSAGEWAYS AND PRINCIPAL ACCESS POINTS ARE LOCATED AT GROUND LEVEL, AND THERE IS ALSO ONE SKYBRIDGE. THE UNDERGROUND CITY IS PROMOTED AS AN IMPORTANT TOURIST ATTRACTION BY MOST MONTREAL TRAVEL GUIDEBOOKS, AND AS AN URBAN PLANNING ACHIEVEMENT IT IS IMPRESSIVE. MANY CANADIAN CITIES HAVE SOME KIND OF TUNNEL OR SKYWALK SYSTEM DOWNTOWN TO HELP PEOPLE AVOID THE WEATHER. ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL STATISTICS, ITS CORRIDORS LINK UP WITH 10 METRO STATIONS, 2 BUS TERMINALS, 1,200 OFFICES, ABOUT 2,000 STORES INCLUDING 2 MAJOR DEPARTMENT STORES, APPROXIMATELY 1,600 HOUSING UNITS, 200 RESTAURANTS, 40 BANKS, 40 MOVIE THEATRES AND OTHER ENTERTAINMENT VENUES, 7 MAJOR HOTELS, 4 UNIVERSITIES, PLACE DES ARTS, A CATHEDRAL, THE BELL CENTRE (HOME OF THE MONTREAL CANADIENS), AND 3 EXHIBITION HALLS: THE PLACE BONAVENTURE, THE CONVENTION CENTRE AND THE OLYMPIC CENTRE. THEY HAD SHORE UP THE SAGGING SLAB OF CONCRETE, INSTALLED MORE THAN ONE THOUSAND TEMPORARY METAL SUPPORTS.

Université McGill Pavillon Bronfman

HENRI-BOURASSA

Le plus vaste rréseau éseaude degaleries galeriesint int érieures au monde

Esplanade du Palais

Tour Banque Nationale

BONAVENTURE

SQUARE-VICTORIA

E-MARS CHAMP-D

PLACE-D ‘ARMES

TRAINS DE BANLIEUE DIRECTION BLAINVILLE

HENRI-BOURASSA Centre Bell

Gare LucienL'Allier

Gare Windsor

Place du Canada

Terminus RTL

Le 1000

Hôtel

Place

De La Gauchetière

Hilton Bonaventure

Bonaventure

OACI Place de la Cité Internationale

Square Victoria

Place de la Cité Internationale

Centre

Centre

CDP Capital Bloc C

CDP Capital Blocs A B

Place Jean-PaulRiopelle

HONORÉ-BEAUGRAND

Palais des congrès

SAINT-MICHEL JARRY

RUE SAINT-ANTOINE Hôtel Delta Centre-Ville

Square Victoria

Place Victoria Tour de la Bourse

Centre de commerce mondial

DE C

Champ de Mars

Hôtel InterContinental

D’IBERVILLE FABRE

J

NES

U

ASSOMPTION VIAU

BEAUBIEN

P

PIE-IX JOLIETTE PRÉFONTAINE

ROSEMONT LAURIER

ACADIE

RADISSON LANGELIER CADILLAC

OUTREMON

RUE SAINT-JACQUES Place d'Armes

Planétarium de Montr éal

Place Vauquelin

de ville de Montréal

UNIVERSIT É-DEMONTRÉAL

PLACE-DES-ARTS

PLAMONDON

C

PEEL

SNOWDON

P

CONCORDIA

VILLA-MARIA

Place JacquesCartier

Pointe-àCallière

INSIDE VIEW OF THE UNDERGROUND MOTREAL

MCGILL

CÔTE-DES-

CÔTE-SAINTE-CATHERINE

RUE NOTRE-DAME ÉTS

UNIVERSITÉ-

ÉDOUARDMONTPETIT

Hôtel

S

V

BONAVENTURE VENDÔME

TRAINS DEBANLI BANLIEUE D DORI RION/RIGAUD

LUCIEN-L’ALLIER

PLACESAINT-HENRI

GEORGES-VANIER

LIONEL-GROULX

MC

Centre des sciences

JOLICOEUR MONK

ONT-SAINT-HILAIRE

CHARLEV OIX

LASALLE DE L ’ÉGLISE

VERDUN

ANGRIGNON

CARTE-SCHÉMA DU R ÉSO ET DE CERTAIN S LIEU X D'IN TÉRÊT ET SERVI CES DE M ONT RÉAL

SKYLIGHT IN PLACE DES ARTS CORRIDOR TOWARDS METRO STATION

Immeuble et lien R ÉSO

Termin usd'autobus Terminus d'autobus

Informations revis ées en octobre 2003

Stat ionn em ent Stationnement

Conception et implantation : Inf o touriste Info tou ri ste

MC

2003, Tous droits de reproduction r éservés Arrondissement de Ville-Marie

SQUARE-VICTORIA-OACI METRO ENTRANCE, FEATURING THE PARIS METRO STYLE ENTRANCE WHICH WAS RESTORED IN 2003

THE LOWER FLOORS OF THE EATON CENTRE BETWEEN THE MCGILL AND PEEL METRO STATIONS

THE AVERAGE METRO TRAIN DOESN’T GO BEYOND A FEW STORIES UNDERGROUND. BUT SOMETIMES THE GEOLOGY AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE REGION, SUCH AS THE PRESENCE OF RIVERS AND SWAMPS, FORCES ENGINEERS TO GO DEEP UNDERGROUND.

INSIDE VIEW OF THE UNDERGROUND MOTREAL

The Deepest Metro Stations in The World 1. ARSENALNA METRO STATION, UKRAINE

2. SAINT PETERSBURG, RUSSIA

3. PARK POBEDY, MOSCOW

4. PYONGYANG METRO, IN NORTH KOREA

Ÿ ARSENALNA STATION IS LOCATED 105.5 METERS BELOW THE SURFACE,

Ÿ THE WORLD’S SECOND DEEPEST METRO STATION IS LOCATED ON SAINT

Ÿ THE FORMER SOVIET UNION HAS SOME OF THE MOST DEEPEST UNDERGROUND

Ÿ ANOTHER CONTENDER TO THE TITLE OF THE WORLD’S DEEPEST METRO SYSTEM IS

PETERSBURG METRO, WHICH IS ONE OF THE DEEPEST METRO SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD AND THE DEEPEST BY THE AVERAGE DEPTH OF ALL THE STATIONS. Ÿ THE SYSTEM'S DEEPEST STATION, ADMIRALTEYSKAYA, IS LOCATED 86 METERS BELOW GROUND. Ÿ THE SAINT PETERSBURG METRO INCLUDING ADMIRALTEYSKAYA HAS SOME OF THE LONGEST ESCALATORS IN THE WORLD, EXCEEDING 130 METERS.

METROS IN THE WORLD. Ÿ PARK POBEDY, LOCATED ON THE MOSCOW METRO, LIES 84 METERS UNDERGROUND, WARRANTING IT THE THIRD POSITION IN THE ‘LIST OF DEEPEST METRO STATIONS IN THE WORLD’.

PYONGYANG METRO, IN NORTH KOREA’S SECRETIVE CAPITAL CITY, WITH TRACKS LYING AT OVER 110 METERS UNDERGROUND. Ÿ THE JOURNEY TAKES NEARLY FOUR MINUTES. Ÿ BECAUSE OF ITS DEPTH, THE METRO STATIONS DOUBLE AS BOMB SHELTERS, WITH BLAST DOORS IN PLACE AT HALLWAYS. Ÿ THE METRO IS SO DEEP THAT THE TEMPERATURE OF THE PLATFORM REMAINS A CONSTANT 18°C ALL YEAR.

MAKING IT THE DEEPEST METRO STATION IN THE WORLD. Ÿ ARSENALNA’S UNUSUAL DEPTH IS ATTRIBUTED TO KIEV'S GEOGRAPHY. Ÿ IF YOU MADE A VERTICAL SHAFT ON EARTH AS DEEP, YOU COULD DROP

THE ENTIRE STATUE OF LIBERTY INTO IT AND STILL HAVE MORE THAN TWELVE METERS OF HEADROOM LEFT TO DROP OTHER STUFF. Ÿ TO BOARD A SUBWAY TRAIN AT THIS STATION, COMMUTERS HAVE TO TAKE TWO SEEMINGLY NEVER-ENDING ESCALATORS TO THE BOTTOM. THE JOURNEY TAKES UP TO FIVE MINUTES.

ARSENALNA METRO STATION

ARSENALNA METRO STATION

THE ESCALATOR AT ARSENALNA METRO STATION ESCALATORS AT METRO STATION

UNDERGROUND PASSAGE OF THE STATION

LIKE MANY RUSSIAN SUBWAY STATIONS, PARK POBEDY IS BEAUTIFULLY DECORATED.

MURALS OF ULTRA-NATIONALISTIC THEMES DECORATE WALLS AT STATIONS OF PYONGYANG METRO.

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

05

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

UNDERGROUND CITY, MONTREAL, CANADA

Ÿ THE REDEVELOPMENT OF PRAGATI MAIDAN PRESENT AN GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO ADDRESS TRAFFIC ISSUES. Ÿ AS EXISTING CURRENTLY AS WELL AS THE FUTURE ADDITION AND ELABORATE TRAFFIC SOLUTIONS HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO

SOLAR CHIMNEY THE SOLAR CHIMNEY PROVIDES ELECTRICITY AND VENTILATION FOR THE COMPLEX. NATURAL VENTILATION IS EMPLOYED TO SUCK AIR IN FROM OUTSIDE THEN DOWN THROUGH INTAKES AT THE BOTTOM. HOT AIR IS FORCED OUT OF THE TOP THROUGH THE SOLAR CHIMNEY.

ENSURE THAT OLD ROAD CROSSINGS. Ÿ A MEETS SIGNAL FREE AND THEIR CAPACITY AUGMENTATION AS WELL AS CONNECT THE PRAGATI MAIDAN REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT SEAMLESSLY WITH THE SURROUNDING ROAD NETWORKS WHILE CREATING ALTERNATE RULES TO SATURATE BHAIRON ROAD.

TYPOLOGY: INVERTED COMMERCIAL HUB MOVING FROM SHALLOW LAYERS TO DEEPER LAYERS, THE LAYERS OF UNDERGROUND SPACE THAT CAN BE USED: • GLOBALLY ORGANISED CORPORATIONS MIGHT BUILD AT LEAST ONE LARGE UG MARKET FOR SELLING THEIR PRODUCTS IN THE HEART OF METROPOLITIAN CITIES. • IN THE LONG RUN UG COMMERCIAL COMPLEX WITH UG PARKING LOTS AND UG STORAGE AND UG LINK ROADS ETC. SEEMS TO BE HIGHLY PROFITABLE THAN THE FAR AWAY SURFACE MARKETS. • MORE EXTENSIVE USE OF THE URBAN UG CAN HELP CITIES TO REACH THE GOAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH LONG TERM PLANNING.

REDEVELOPMENT OF PRAGATI MAIDAN

SOCIAL INTERACTION

OFFICES, EXHIBITIONS, COMMERCIAL, FACILITIES, RECREATIONAL HALLS USED BY LARGE NO. OF PEOPLE

TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES, UNDERGROUND PARKING LOTS ARE USED FOR A FIXED PERIOD OF TIME

THE TOP OF THE SKYSCRAPER IS COVERED WITH A TRANSPARENT GLASS, LIGHT FROM SUN RAYS TO HELP CONTROL THE CLIMATE AND LET DAYLIGHT IN.

COMPRISES FACILITIES USED ONLY BY TRAINED PERSONNEL: POWER PLANTS, TRANSFORMER STATIONS, PRODUCTION FACILITIES ETC.

SOLUTION FOR RING ROAD AND BHAIRON ROAD CROSSING , LEADS TO LONG WAITING TIME

COMMERCIAL HUB

THE PRAGATI MAIDAN AS INVERTED GATHERING AREA

TO RESOLVE TRAFFIC ISSUE

THE UNDERGROUND AS A PROBLEM SOLVER.

TO BUILD YET TO CONSERVE THE HISTORIC CHARACTER OF THE AREA AND THE FUNCTION OF THE PRAGATI MAIDAN AS A GATHERING SPORT AS WELL AS TRAFFIC PROBLEM SOLVER.

ANOTHER UNDERPASS WILL PLAN NEAR THE SUPREME COURT TO MAKE THIS ROAD, SIGNAL FREE BY PROVIDING DIRECT ACCESS FROM MATHURA ROAD TO RING ROAD THROUGH UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE.

Ÿ UNDERGROUND TUNNEL CAN BE PLAN RUNNING

BUILDING DESIGN INSPIRED FROM STEP WELL, CHAND BAORI, RAJASTHAN

MINIMIZE WALKING DISTANCE BY CONNECTING FLOORS THROUGH SKY WALK BRIDGE

DESIGN SOLUTION AND RESOLVE TRAFFIC ISSUE TO ELIMINATE FREQUENT TRAFFIC SIGNALS STARTING FROM ITO TILL THE DPS

RECREATIONAL CENTRE

VERTICAL CIRCULATION

UNDER THE PRAGATI MAIDAN PROJECT CONNECTING PURANA QUILA ROAD TO THE RING ROAD. Ÿ ACCESS CAN BE PROVIDED TO THIS TUNNEL FROM MATHURA ROAD ALSO. THIS WILL BE THE MUCH ALTERNATIVE TO BHAIRON ROAD PROVIDING DIRECT ACCESS BETWEEN THE TRAFFIC FROM INDIA GATE AS WELL AS RING ROAD. Ÿ THIS TUNNEL WILL PROVIDE DIRECT ACCESS TO PRAGATI MAIDAN TO PARKING LOTS. METRO LINKS AND BUSES ROADS WILL LINK UNDERGROUND FOR SMOOTH TRANSPORTATION

COOL AIR IS PASSING INSIDE THROUGH OPENINGS ABOVE BECAUSE OF STORED WATER DOWN

STRUCTURE OUTLINE CENTRAL VOID TO MINIMIZE WALKING DISTANCE

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES IS A PACKAGED, CONNECT ASSEMBLY OF TYPICALLY 6X10 PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS. IT GENERATES AND SUPPLIES SOLAR ELECTRICITY. EACH MODULE TYPICALLY RANGES FROM 100-365 WATTS.

WATERWORKS, SEVER LINES, GAS LINES, TELEPHONE LINES, COMMON DUCTS, UNDERGROUND WATERWAYS

THE NEED OF

LINKING OF ROAD NETWORKS SMOOTH TRANSPORTATION

CONCEPT SHEET

DESIGN FEATURES

BY PROVIDING UNDERGROUND TUNNEL THROUGH PRAGATI MAIDAN TRAFFIC BURDEN ON BHAIRON ROAD WILL REDUCE. DIRECT ACCESS TO PRAGATI MAIDAN PARKING FROM UNDERPASS. DIRECT SIGNAL AND CROSSING FREE ENTRY AND EXIST TO PRAGATI MAIDAN PARKING CAN BE DESIGN FROM BHAIRON ROAD.

TWO UNDERPASS SIGNAL FREE U-TURN WIL PLAN

THE FOOTPRINT REDUCES AS GOING DOWN SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

09

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

REDEVELOPMENT OF PRAGATI MAIDAN

SITE ANALYSIS-01

IMPORTANT ROAD NETWORKS AROUND SITE

URBAN SPRAWL OF NEW DELHI

YAMUNA LINE OF METRTO MATHURA ROAD BEFORE 1950

1950 - 1975

1975- 2000

RING ROAD

2000-2011 PRAGATI MAIDAN

THE FOCAL POINT OF NEW DELHI

TRAFFIC IS GROWN TO VERY LARGE VOLUME SURROUND TO THE SITE

SUBWAY METRO STATIONS

FINAL SITE: PRAGATI MAIDAN

BHAIRON ROAD

SITE AREA: 123 ACRES

SITE POTENTIAL: HIGH TRAFFIC ON ROADS

SITE AREA

CONNECTS THE WEST OF DELHI

ISSUES IDENTIFIED OF SURROUNDING ROAD NETWORKS

Ÿ 123 ACRES OF HUGE SITE

Ÿ

TRAFFIC IS GROWN TO VERY LARGE VOLUME ON THE SURROUNDING ROAD OF PRAGATI MAIDAN AND NEEDS BHAIRON IMMEDIATE AN ELABORATE TRAFFIC SOLUTION

ROAD

Ÿ PRGATI MAIDAN AN ICON OF INDEPENDENT

INDIA IS LOCATED IN CLOSE VICINITY OF THE HISTORIC INDIA GATE APPROCHED TO THE PURANA QUILA ROAD.

AS TRAFFIC INVASION SURROUNDING TO PRAGATI MAIDAN NEEDS IMMEDIATE AN ELABORATE TRAFFIC SOLUTIONS.

BY NOT PROVIDING CAR PARKING, THE NEW BUILDING FORCES PEOPLE TO USE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AS WELL AS NEW SUBWAY ROAD LINKS. THUS REDUCING THE NUMBER OF CARS AND THE POLLUTION THEY ENGENDER.

ISSUE: THE MATHURA ROAD HAS FREQUENT TRAFFIC SIGNALS STARTING FROM ITO TILL THE DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL NEAR SUNDAR NAGAR LEADING TO LONG TRAFFIC HOLDUPS. DESIGN SOLUTION: TO MAKE THIS ROAD, SIGNAL FREE BY PROVIDING DIRECT ACCESS FROM MATHURA ROAD TO RING ROAD THROUGH UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE.

SUBWAY METRO STATIONS IN NEW DELHI. (PHASE 2)

MICRO ANALYSIS IMPORTANT PLACES NEARBY SITE

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ ISSUE: THE RING ROAD AND BHAIRON ROAD CROSSING ALSO LEADS TO LONG WAITING TIME. BHAIRON ROAD HAS ALREADY CROSSED 120% OF ITS PLANNED CAPACITY AND IS AN IMMEDIATE NEED OF ALTERNATIVE TRAFFIC RULES. DESIGN SOLUTION:

BY PROVIDING UNDERGROUND TUNNEL THROUGH PRAGATI MAIDAN TRAFFIC BURDEN ON BHAIRON ROAD WILL REDUCE.

VEGETATION ON SITE Ÿ THE HIGH DENSITY OF PUBLIC MOVEMENT BECAUSE OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS,

THIS AREA BECAME TOURIST PLACE AND THATS WHY COMMERCIAL ZONES, IT MAKES HOT SPOT FOR COMMERCIAL INTERACTION TOO. Ÿ AS WE KNOW PRAGATI MAIDAN IS USE FOR EXHIBITION COMPLEX WHERE LARGE NUMBER OF PUBLIC VISIT WHEREAS ALL BASIC FACILITIES. Ÿ THE REDEVELOPMENT OF PRAGATI MAIDAN HAS PLANNED BY IECC: THE PROJECT CENTERS AROUND THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ‘INTEGRATED EXHIBITION CONVENTION CENTRE. Ÿ INSTEAD OF CONSTRUCTING BUILDING UPWARD WE HAVE SOLUTION TO GO DOWN WHICH HAS MANY ADVANTAGES: TRAFFIC ISSUE WILL RESOLVE, CONSERVATION OF MOTHER LAND, CLIMATIC ISSUES, HELPS IN GLOBAL WARMING...ETC

Ÿ AS WE KNOW DELHI IS FULL OF HERITAGE

MONUMENTS WHICH HELPS DELHI IN EXCHANGE CURRENCY IN ALL WAYS. Ÿ TOURISTERS VISIT DELHI MORE OFTEN FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD. Ÿ BY GIVING STRUCTURE LIKE UNDERGROUND WITH ALL AMENITIES WHICH IS VERY NEW CONCEPT TO PUBLIC, DEFINITELY RAISE IMPORTANCE OF DELHI AS WELL AS RESOLVE TRAFFIC ISSUES. Ÿ IT WILL BE AN EXAMPLE OF MIX ARCHITECTURE STYLE AS WE SEE IN DELHI, MODERN AND OLD ARCHITECTURE STYLE.

MEDIUM VEGETATION

DENSE VEGETATION

DENSE VEGETATION

SPARSE VEGETATION

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

LOCATED ADJACENT TO LUTENS DELHI. PRGATI MAIDAN AN ICON OF INDEPENDENT INDIA IS LOCATED IN CLOSE VICINITY OF THE HISTORIC INDIA GATE APPROCHED TO THE PURANA QUILA ROAD. MANY HISTORIC ICONS AND MONUMENTS ARE NEARBY. SURROUNDED BY MANY IMPORTANT ROAD NETWORKS. THE YAMUNA LINE OF METRO CONNECTS THE SITE TO THE WEST OF DELHI. ICONIC SUPREME COURT ATNORTHEN END. HISTORIC PURANA QUILASOUTHERN EDGE. SURROUNDED BY MATHURA ROAD- WESTERN EDGE. BHAIRON ROAD- SOUTHERN EDGE RING ROAD ALONG- ESTERN EDGE PRAGATI MAIDAN REDEVELOPMENT IS AS AN ICONIC STRUCTURE WHICH GROWS MUCH BEYOND HIS BOUNDARIES AND CREATES LANDMARK IN THE STRUCTURE IN THE CITY OF DELHI.

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

07

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

MACRO ANALYSIS

IMPORTANT LANDMARKS FROM SITE

SITE ANALYSIS-02

2 KM

8 KM

LAND USE PATTERN

4 KM COMMERCIAL AREA PUBLIC AND SEMI PUBLIC AREA RESIDENTIAL AREA GOVERNMENT AREA RECREATIONAL AREA TERMINAL/ DEPOTRAIL/ MRTS/BUS/TRUCK

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

08

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

ROAD NETWORKS AND LINKS

Here we stand in Delhi city, symbol of old india and the new.

It is not the narrow lanes and houses of old Delhi or the wide spaces and rather preten ous buildings of new Delhi that count, but the sprit of this ancient city.

For Delhi has been an epitome of India’s history with its succession of glory and disaster, and with it’s great capacity to absorb many cultures and yet remain itself.

It is a gem with many facets, some bright and some darkened by age, presen ng the course of India’s life and thought during the ages. Even the stones here whisper to our ears of the ages of long ago and the air we breathe is full of the dust and the fragrance of the past, as also of the fresh and piercing winds of the present.

We face the good and bad of India in Delhi city which has been the grave of many empires and the nursery of a republic. what a treatments story is here; the tradi on of millennia of our history surrounds us at every step, and the procession of innumerable genera ons passes by before our eyes...

SITE SELECTION

SELECTED SITES: 1. SHIVAJI METRO STATION, NEW DELHI SITE POTENTIAL: Ÿ SHIVAJI METRO STATION IS UNDERGROUND STATION. Ÿ THIS IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT METRO STATION IN NEW DELHI WHICH LINK WITH ANOTHER STATIONS AND MAIN ROADS IN NEW DELHI. Ÿ METRO STATION IS LOCATED ON THE ‘DELHI AIRPORT EXPRESS LINE’ OF THE DELHI METRO. PROPOSAL: Ÿ TO REDESIGN OF METRO STATION AS THIS IS UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE WITH 3 FLOORS DOWN. Ÿ BY LINKING METRO LANES AND CITY BUSES LANES UNDERGROUND TO REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND ALSO PROVISION OF PUBLIC ACTIVITIES LIKE: WAITING LOBBY FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT, SHOPPING HUBS, CAFES, NIGHT SHELTERS, EXBITION AREAS ETC.

NEW DELHI, INDIA

-PT. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU IMPORTANT METRO STATIONS ARE LINK TO SHIVAJI METRO STATION.

ATTRIBUTES OF CITY: Ÿ DELHI IS THE TRADITIONAL AND PRESENT DAY CAPITAL OF INDIA HAS A STRONG

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. DELHI STANDS IN A TRIANGLE FORMED BY THE RIVER YAMUNA IN THE EAST AND SPURS FROM THE ARAVALI RANGE IN THE WEST AND SOUTH. DELHI IS NOT ONLY THE LARGEST COMMERCIAL CENTRE IN NORTHERN INDIA, BUT ALSO THE LARGEST CENTRE OF SMALL INDUSTRIES. THE IT SECTOR, HANDLOOM, FASHION, TEXTILE AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTE A LOT TO DELHI’S ECONOMY. DELHI IS BOUNDED BY FOUR STATES NAMELY HARYANA, RAJASTHAN, UTTAR PRADESH AND PUNJAB THAT HAVE A STRONG INFLUENCE ON THE LIFESTYLE OF DELHI. DELHI IS A COSMOPOLITAN CITY WHERE PEOPLE ARE OPEN TO EMBRACING NEW IDEAS AND LIFE STYLE. PEOPLE FROM ALL PART OF COUNTRY LIVE HERE. ALL MAJOR FESTIVAL OF INDIA ARE CELEBRATED AND THE UNITY IN DIVERSITY IS EVIDENT IN SOCIAL AND CULTURE GATHERINGS. MODERN DELHI, POPULARLY KNOWN AS LUTYENS’ DELHI, BEARS A STRIKING CONTRAST TO OLD DELHI WITH RESPECT TO ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING MATERIALS AND LAYOUT. NEW DELHI, AS IT IS KNOWN TODAY, DESIGNED BY LUTYENS, HAS WIDE-OPEN LANES, AVENUES AND BUILDINGS THAT ARE WORTH TRAVELLING ACROSS THE GLOBE FOR. THE CAPITAL HAS A CHARMING MIX OF OLD AND NEW WORLD. ON ONE SIDE YOU CAN SEE OLD ARCHITECTURAL SITES, BUZZING STREETS AND EXOTIC MARKETS, AND ON THE OTHER SIDE DELHI HAS MAGNIFICENT MALLS, SWAN BY OVERBRIDGE, MODERN OPULENT HIGH RISE BUILDINGS AND LOTS OF GREENERY.

TRANSPORTATION:

DELHI IS WELL CONNECTED WITH DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS. DOMESTIC AIRPORT CONNECTS DELHI TO THE MAJOR CITIES IN INDIA.

THE RAILWAY NETWORK CONNECTS DELHI TO THE ALL MAJOR AND, NEARLY, ALL THE MINOR DESTINATIONS IN INDIA. THERE ARE 3 STATIONS IN DELHI.

DELHI IS WELL CONNECTED, BY A NETWORK OF ROADS AND NATIONAL HIGHWAYS, WITH ALL THE MAJOR CITIES IN INDIA. 3 MAJOR BUS STANDS IN DELHI

“Once there was nothing here, now look how minarets camouage the sunset.

Do you hear the call to prayer?

It leaves me unwinding scrolls of legend till I reach the rst brick they brought here, How the prayers rose, brick by brick?”

- Agha Shahid AliAREA: 1,484.0 Km² (573.0 SQ. MI) AREA RANK: 31 st POPULATION: 16,787,941 DENSITY: 11,312/km²

2. PRAGATI MAIDAN, NEW DELHI

CLIMATE: Ÿ DELHI HAS AN EXTREME CLIMATE. Ÿ IT IS VERY HOT IN SUMMER. SUMMER: 25 C to 45 C (APRIL-JULY) WINTER: 22 C to 5 C ( DECEMBER-JANUARY) SEASONS :

AUTUMN 20 C to 30 C SEPTEMBER END TO NOVEMBER

SUMMER 25 C to ⁴⁵ C APRIL TO JUNE

SITE POTENTIAL: Ÿ PRAGATI MAIDAN IS LOCATED IN THE HEART OF THE CITY Ÿ THIS SITE IS SURROUNDS AND LINK UP WITH ALL MAJOR ROADS. Ÿ ALL HISTORICAL MONUMENTS PROXIMITY TO PARAGTI MAIDAN AND THATS WHY IT HAS SPECIAL IMPORTANT. Ÿ 150 ACRES OF LARGE SITE WITH NATURAL VEGETATION. Ÿ LINKED TO ONE OF THE METRO STATION AS WELL AS OTHER PUBLIC TRANSPORT FACILITIES.

PROPOSAL: Ÿ AT PRESENT, PRAGATI MAIDAN APPROACHING PUBLIC FOR VARIOUS EXHIBITION, STALLS AND MANY MORE THINGS WITH PARKING FACILITY. Ÿ ALREADY GOVERNMENT PLANNED TO REDEVELOPING THIS VAST 123 ACRE AREA TO CONVENTION CENTRE WITH MANY FACILITIES. Ÿ THIS AREA IS MOST KNOWN AREA IN NEW DELHI AS WELL AS NORTH INDIA, IT HAS MANY TRAFFIC ISSUES LIKE CONGESTION, AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION. Ÿ TO RESOLVE SUCH A BIG ISSUES LIKE TRAFFIC CONGESTION I HAVE DECIDED TO LINK PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES UNDERGROUND.

AUTUMN 30 C to 3⁵ C JULY TO MID SEPTEMBER

WINTER 5 C to ²⁵ C DECEMBER TO JANUARY

SPRING 20 C to ²⁵ C FEBRUARY TO MARCH

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

06

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

SOME ARTICLES BASED ON CITY CONDITIONS:

DELHI

FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS: Ÿ BY FAR THE MOST COMPELLING ARGUMENT FOR USING NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE IS FOR GREATER ENERGY EFFICIENCY. Ÿ NANOTECHNOLOGY OFFERS A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL MEANS WITH WHICH TO TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE AND HELP REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. Ÿ THE USE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION IS STRONGLY LINKED TO SUSTAINABILITY. 1. SELF-CLEANING : LOTUS-EFFECT Ÿ THE LOTUS PLANT WITH ITS NATURAL SELF-CLEANING QUALITIES LENDS ITS NAME TO THE ‘LOTUS-EFFECT’. Ÿ THE NAME ‘LOTUS-EFFECT’ IS EVOCATIVE, CONJURING UP ASSOCIATIONS OF BEADS OF WATER DROPLETS, AND THEREFORE THE EFFECT IS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH ‘EASY-TO-CLEAN’ SURFACE. Ÿ MICROSCOPICALLY ROUGH WATER-REPELLENT (HYDROPHOBIC) SURFACE, WHICH IS COVERED WITH TINY KNOBBLES OR SPIKES SO THAT THERE IS LITTLE CONTACT SURFACE FOR WATER TO SETTLE ON. Ÿ THE EFFECT OF THE ROUGH SURFACE IS STRENGTHENED STILL FURTHER BY A COMBINATION OF WAX ON THE TIPS OF THE KNOBBLES ON THE LOTUS LEAVES AND SELF-HEALING MECHANISMS, WHICH RESULTS IN A PERFECT, SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SELF-CLEANING SURFACE. Ÿ WATER FORMS TINY BEADS AND ROLLS OFF THE LEAF, TAKING WITH IT ANY DEPOSITED DIRT. IF LEAVES SHOULD BE DAMAGED THEY HEAL ON THEIR OWN.

MATERIALS 2.SELF CLEANING: PHOTOCATALYSIS PHOTOCATALYSIS: Ÿ HYDROPHILIC SURFACES Ÿ DEPOSITED DIRT IS BROKEN DOWN AND LIES LOOSE ON THE SURFACE. Ÿ A WATER FILM WASHES DIRT AWAY Ÿ UV LIGHT AND WATER ARE REQUIRED Ÿ REDUCES MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT

BEFORE AND AFTER: ON CONVENTIONAL TILES, WATER FORMS DROPLETS THAT DRY LEAVING BEHIND DIRT DEPOSITS.

ON THE HYDROPHILIC SURFACES OF PHOTOCATALYTIC TILES, WATER FORMS A FILM THAT RUNS OFF TAKING ANY LOOSE DIRT DEPOSITS WITH IT.

3. ANTIBACTERIAL:

4. FIRE-PROOF:

Ÿ BACTERIA ARE TARGETED AND DESTROYED Ÿ THE USE OF DISINFECTANTS CAN BE REDUCED Ÿ SUPPORTS HYGIENE METHODS- ESPECIALLY IN HEALTH CARE

Ÿ HIGHLY EFFICIENT FIRE PROTECTION. Ÿ LIGHT AND TRANSPARENTS Ÿ THE GEL FILL MATERIAL IN THE GLAZING CAVITY

FOAMS WHEN EXPOSED TO FIRE FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD. Ÿ A ROBUST SANDWICH PANEL MADE OF STRAW AND HEMP WITH A GLASSY COATING THAT SERVES AS A BONDING AGENT AND IS ALSO FIRE RESISTANT. WHEN EXPOSED TO FIRE THE PRODUCT SMOULDERS AND EXTINGUISHES.

ENVIRONMENTS Ÿ WITH THE HELP OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES IT IS POSSIBLE TO MANUFACTURE SURFACES SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO BE ANTIBACTERIAL OR GERMICIDAL. Ÿ WHETHER IN THE FORM OF ULTRA-THIN AND INVISIBLE COATING OR MATERIALS TO WHICH THE PARTICLES HAS BEEN ADDED, THESE HAVE AN EFFECT STRONGER THAN ANTIBIOTICS. 6. LIGHT TRUMPETS:

5. AIR-PURIFYING: Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

AUGSBURG CITY LIBRARY AUGSBURG, GERMANY

POLLUTANTS AN ODOURS ARE BROKEN INTO THEIR CONSTITUENT PARTS. DOES NOT REPLACE VENTILATION, BUT IMPROVES AIR QUALITY. NANOTECHNOLOGY ON THE OTHER HAND, MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO CHEMICALLY DECOMPOSE ODOURS INTO THEIR HARMLESS CONSTITUENT PARTS. HERE THE MOLECULES ARE CRACKED, GIVING OFF STEAM AND CARBON DIOXIDE.

TYPES OF PRODUCT:

Ÿ IN THE AREAS ILLUMINATED FROM THE TOP, THERE ARE THREE SOŸ

AIR-PURIFYING MATERIALS SUCH AS PLASTERBOARD OR ACOUSTIC PANELS.

PHOTO CATALYTIC CEMENT

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

AIR-PURIFYING PAVING TILES

AIR-PURIFYING BUILDING BOARD

Ÿ

CALLED ‘LIGHT TRUMPETS’.

SPECIALLY DEVELOPED LIGHT SHAFTS CLAD WITH HIGH GLOSS, SPECULAR ALUMINIUM REACHING FROM THE ROOF DOWNWARD. THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURE INSIDE THE LIGHT SHAFT COMPRISES MORE 400 PRECISELY SHAPED FACETED MIRRORS REFLECTING DAYLIGHT IN THE CENTER OF THE BUILDING, PROVIDING ADEQUATE GENERAL LIGHTING THROUGH THE DAY. WHEN THE SUN SHINES, THE EVER CHANGING SUN PATTERNS AROUND THE CORE ADD LIFE AND EXCITEMENT TO THE CORE OF THE BUILDING. LIGHT REDIRECTING LOUVERS MADE OF AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED, HIGHLY SPECULAR ALUMINIUM MOUNTED TO THE FACADES PROVIDE EFFECTIVE SUN PROTECTION WHILE CHANNELING DAYLIGHT INTO THE BUILDING FROM THE SIDES. THE LOUVER ANGLES CHANGE POSITION DEPENDING ON THE POSOTION OF THE SUN. REFLECTIVE CEILING PANELS TRANSPORT NATURAL LIGHT FURTHER INTO THE DEPTH OF THE INTERIOR SPACES.

PHOTO VOLTANIC MODULES: Ÿ Ÿ THE PHOTOVOLTANIC EFFECT IS THE BASIC PRINCIPAL PROCESS BY

WHICH PV CELL CONVERTS SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY. Ÿ WHEN LIGHT SHINES ON A PV CELL, IT MAY BE REFLECTED, ABSORBED, OR

PASS RIGHT THROUGH. THE ABSORBED LIGHT GENERATES ELECTRICITY. Ÿ VERY THIN LAYERS OF PURE SILICON ARE IMPREGNATED WITH TINY

AMOUNTS OF OTHER ELEMENTS WHEN EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT, SMALL AMOUNTS OF ELECTRICITY ARE PRODUCED. Ÿ

SUBMITTED BY: PRANJAL P. MORE X SEM V YR SMMCA, NAGPUR GUIDED BY: DR. SAMPADA PESHWE

03

A MODEL URBAN SPACE: UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

NANOTECHNOLOGY IS REGARDED AS THE KEY TECHNOLOGY OF THE 21ST CENTURY AND IS ALREADY TRANSFORMING MANY AREAS OF EVERYDAY LIFE. IN ARCHITECTURE, NANO TECHNOLOGY HAS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND SURFACES THAT OFFER VAST INNOVATION POTENTIAL, IN PARTICULAR WITH REGARD TO GREATER ENERGY EFFICIENCY. WHAT IS NANO TECHNOLOGY? Ÿ IT IS, HOWEVER, MOST DEFINITELY MORE THAN JUST A PASSING FASHION. Ÿ IN FACT, AT PRESENT NANOTECHNOLOGY IS STILL A FLEDGING SCIENCE BUT ONE THAT HAS BEEN FORECAST AN EXTREMELY PROMISING FUTURE WITH THE POTENTIAL TO CHANGE THE WORLD AROUND US. Ÿ NANOMETRE IS AN 80,000TH OF THE DIAMETER OF A HAIR AND IS THE SAME SIZE AS ABOUT FIVE TO TEN ATOMS. Ÿ COMPARISONS HELP US TO BETTER COMPREHEND THE SCALE OF THE DIMENSIONS INVOLVED- A COMMON COMPARISON IS THAT -THE PROPORTION OF A NANOMETRE TO A FOOTBALL IS ABOUT THE SAME AS THAT OF A FOOTBALL TO THE EARTH. - HUMAN FINGERNAILS GROW AT A RATE OF 1NM PER SECOND. THE DEFINITION GIVEN BY THE GERMAN FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (BMBF) SUMMARISES NANOTECHNOLOGY AS FOLLOWS -’NANOTECHNOLOGY REFERS TO THE CREATION, INVESTIGATION AND APPLICATION OF STRUCTURES, MOLECULAR MATERIALS, INTERNAL INTERFACES OR SURFACES WITH AT LEAST ONE CRITICAL DIMENSION OR WITH MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES OF LESS THAN 100NM. Ÿ THE DECISIVE FACTOR IS THAT THE VERY NANOSCALE OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS RESULTS IN NEW FUNCTIONALITIES AND PROPERTIES FOR IMPROVING PRODUCTS OR DEVELOPING NEW PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS. Ÿ IN THE WORDS OF THE AMERICAN NANOSCALE SCIENCE -’RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AT THE ATOMIC, MOLECULAR OR MACROMOLECULAR LEVELS, IN THE LENGTH SCALE OF APPROXIMATELY 1-100NM RANGE, TO PROVIDE A FUNDAMENTAL UNDERSTANDING OF PHENOMENA AND MATERIALS AT THE NANOSCALE AND TO CREATE AND USE STRUCTURES, DEVICES AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE NOVEL PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS BECAUSE OF THEIR SMALL AND/OR INTERMEDIATE SIZE. Ÿ THE NOVEL AND DIFFERENTIATING PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS ARE DEVELOPED AT A CRITICAL LENGTH SCALE OF MATTER TYPICALLY UNDER 100NM. Ÿ NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES MANIPULATION UNDER CONTROL OF THE NANOSCALE STRUCTURES AND THEIR INTEGRATION INTO LARGER MATERIAL COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS AND ARCHITECTURES. Ÿ WITHIN THESE LARGER SCALE ASSEMBLIES, THE CONTROL AND CONSTRUCTION OF THEIR STRUCTURES AND COMPONENTS REMAINS AT THE NANOMETER SCALE. NANO RAW MATERIALS: Ÿ THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WHICH SITS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CHAIN AS A SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS FOR FURTHER PROCESSING, USES VARIOUS RAW MATERIALS. Ÿ NANOPARTICLES CAN BE PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. Ÿ THE MOST COMMON NANO RAW MATERIALS INCLUDE POLYMER AMULSIONS, AEROGELS AND ZEOLITES, CARBON BLACK, DENDRIMERS, NANOSILICA AND METALLIC NANOPARTICLES, TITANIUM DIOXIDE, CEROXIDE AND ALUMINIUM OXIDE. Ÿ THE PROPORTION OF NANOPARTICLES IN A COMPOSITE MATERIALS OR COATING IS COMPARATIVELY SMALL, SO TYPICALLY ONLY SMALL QUANTITIES ARE REQUIRED. Ÿ FOR EXAMPLE, THE NANO RAW MATERIAL IS MIXED INTO ANOTHER RAW MATERIAL AND THEN PROCESSED FURTHER, OR A COATING THAT CONTAINS NANOPARTICLES IS APPLIED USING CONVENTIONAL METHODS SUCH AS DIPPING OR SPRAYING USING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS CVD (CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION).