Regenerative assesement tool by Prasanjeet Biswas

ISD 5106 | Sustainability Models and Blueprints Master of Science Integrated Sustainable Design School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 2017

SMART+: A Smart and Regenerative Assessment System and Beyond Lecturers: Prof. Siu Kit Lau & Prof. Chrisna du Plessis Group: Jessyca Felany Harifin A0151306U Ivan Poon A0148665R PrasanjeetBiswas A0151332W Zhao Baoyue A0163365A

ABSTRACT

Since 1990s, the green building movement has been rampantly discussed around the world as an act to mitigate the negative impact that buildings bring to the natural environment. However, recent studies show that the movement can only reduce energy and resources consumption in a limited extent and the existing checklist‐based green building assessment and rating systems failed to educate the real meaning of sustainability to the public. Therefore, there is a need of reconstruction in humans’ mindset and paradigm regarding the failing systems that occurred. Thus, the idea of SMART+ was initiated. It is to bring up the new movement of smart and regenerative design. “Smart”, as in to aim for the enhancement of life quality by smart initiatives, and “regenerative”, as in promoting the connection between human and the nature and giving positive impacts to the ecosystem services. The future cities should have these values to restore the natural environment and improve the people’s living standard at the same time. So far, there is no single green building assessment tool in the market can serve this purpose. SMART+ will be the new assessment system is needed to cater for the future needs. The framework of SMART+ consists of five capitals, namely Natural Capital, Social Capital, Human Capital, Symbolic Capital and Economic Capital. Under each capital, KPIs are identified and point(s) can be scored by achieving each KPI standard. The five capitals and KPIs are selected based on their significance in a development to the principle of regenerative design, the ability for the system to measure each capital objectively, and how close the parameters are to the users for they will also be involved in using SMART+ tool itself. Nonetheless, SMART+ is more than a building assessment system. A mobile application is also initiated as well and will be distributed to all residential developments that have joined SMART+ movement. The intention of developing the mobile application is to improve individual awareness to the importance of regenerative living. The application serves as a building control system and provides a two‐way communication channel to the people who are living in the community by collecting their feedback and giving them information of the community, so as to connect them to the sustainable community and give them a stronger sense of belonging. “Regenerate Cities, Re‐Shape Lives” is what we want to achieve and we hope that SMART+ can contribute to a smart and regenerative environment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. iii CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 1 1.1. CURRENT SCENARIO: WHY “GREEN” IS NOT ENOUGH ...................... 1 1.2. HOW SHOULD OUR FUTURE ENVIRONMENT BE LIKE? ..................... 2 CHAPTER 2 THE IDEA OF SMART+ ................................................................................... 5 2.1. THE OVERALL CONCEPT ..................................................................... 5 2.2. A TAILOR‐MADE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR THE FUTURE ................ 6 CHAPTER 3 SMART+: THE SYSTEM .................................................................................. 7 3.1. HOW IT WORKS .................................................................................. 7 3.2. SMART+ CHART .................................................................................. 7 3.3. SMART+ SCORING SYSTEM ................................................................. 10 3.4. SMART+ TIME FRAME ......................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 4 SMART+: BEYOND AN ASSESSMENT SYSTEM ............................................... 13 4.1. THE SMART+ APPLICATION ................................................................ 13 4.2. KEY FEATURES .................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION: TOWARDS A SMART+FUTURE ............................................... 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 21

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Regenerative Movement ........................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Eight Forms of Capital in Regenerative Design ................................................................ 3 Figure 3. Key Elements of Smart City ............................................................................................. 4 Figure 4. The Future Environment Goals ......................................................................................... 5 Figure 5. SMART+ Chart ................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 6. SMART+ Scoring System .................................................................................................. 10 Figure 7. SMART+ Scoring System KPI: Satisfaction Level .............................................................. 11 Figure 8. SMART+ Time Frame ....................................................................................................... 12 Figure 9. The Concept of SMART+ Mobile Application .................................................................. 14 Figure 10. Tabs on SMART+ App .................................................................................................... 15 Figure 11. SMART+ App: Timeline .................................................................................................. 15 Figure 12. SMART+ App: Search ..................................................................................................... 16 Figure 13. SMART+ App: Post ........................................................................................................ 17 Figure 14. SMART+ App: Community ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 15. SMART+ App: Profile ..................................................................................................... 19 Figure 16. Concept Illustration of SMART+ .................................................................................... 20

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CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND 1.1. CURRENT SCENARIO: WHY “GREEN” IS NOT ENOUGH Since the industrial revolution from the 20th century, environmental pollution and heavy CO2 emissions come along with the rapid economic development. Until recently, leaders of different nations are aware of the consequences of global warming and hence, they agreed in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) to set a target to limit global warming within 2oC. Today, building sector is the largest contributing sector of greenhouse gas emission (30%) and accounts for about 40% of the global energy consumption, according to the statistics published by the United Nations (UN). Therefore, to fight against global warming, buildings have to be green and sustainable. In 1990, the first green building assessment and rating system, the Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) was developed in UK. Since then, various green building assessment and rating systems were developed in different parts of the world, including the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system developed in the US, and they are considered as tools to determine how “green” a building is. In the last decade, many countries, especially in Asia, are promoting the adoption of green building assessment in new buildings. The percentage of new construction projects that are targeted to be certified by green assessment systems are 37%, 36% and 28% in India, Singapore and China respectively in 2015. Singapore Government even set a target to have 80% of the buildings in their country to be certified by the local assessment system, Green Mark, by 2030. However, “green” building is not good enough. The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore published the BCA Building Energy Benchmarking Report in 2015. It shows that Green Mark certified office buildings saves energy in a limited extent, e.g. their energy efficiency index (EEI) is only 15% lower than the non‐certified buildings. Apart from the certified buildings may not be able to reduce much consumption in resources, there are other critics about the existing building assessment systems. 1) Only aim to promote green buildings that can just bring less harm to the environment. As a result, these systems are not able to cater for the needs of the future cities’ development that we think they ought to be, i.e. the future cities should be smart and regenerative. 2) Furthermore, most of the assessment systems are checklist based. Cole (2012) argues that as the existing systems are checklist based and introduced for more than a decade ago, the design approach of marginally achieving a certain rating in the assessment system has been assimilated into many practitioners’ decision‐making process. Thus, the

true essence of having a green b building is slo owly gone. O Owners and d developers aare doing mply the cerrtification requirement. TThe so‐called d ‘green’ the least that they sshould to com nect the hum man to the natural enviro onment and may not buildingg may not be able to conn have a ssite‐specific d design as weell. 3) Only thee building professionals p s are involveed. For the traditional aassessment systems, occupan nts are not involved in the t assessmeent process and hence, they don’t feel f that they aree benefited from living orr working in a green build ding. Therefore, theree are suggestions that “ggreen” building is not en nough, in thee sense that building hould design n buildings that t are beyyond “green n” so as to restore thee natural proffessionals sh enviironment. 1.2. HOW SHOU ULD OUR FUTTURE ENVIRO ONMENT BEE LIKE? ugh, we beelieve our ffuture envirronment sho ould be sm mart and Sincce “green” is not enou rege enerative. REG GENERATIVE DESIGN As m mentioned in n the previou us section, ““green” build ding still doees harm to th he environm ment, just not as much ass a traditional building would w be. Hence, H somee suggested that “regen nerative” be adopted instead. Defiined by Colee (2012), reggenerative d design is to “support “ design should b n of human and natural systems in a partnered relationship p”, and regeenerative the co‐evolution ding can brin ng positive im mpact to thee living system m. design ensures tthat the build

FFigure 1. The Regenerativve Movemen nt (Source: M Mang & Reed,, n.d.) orks develop ped to explaain regeneraative design. These fram meworks There are severral framewo orks was havee a similar principle but with different capitals adopted. Onee of the earliiest framewo deveeloped by Laarrick (1997)), his framew work emphasized the hu uman and naatural impacct on the

living system by different activities. To restore the living system, both ecological regeneration and regenerative social development are required. Roland and Landua (2011) developed another regenerative design framework, they believed that regenerative design can be explained by eight individual capital: 1) Social capital, refers to politics, business and community; 2) Material capital, refers to every raw and processed resource; 3) Financial capital; 4) Living capital, refers to all the living things, like human, animals, plants and water; 5) Experimental / Human capital, refers to human's experience; 6) Spiritual capital, refers to religions and spiritual existence; 7) Intellectual capital, refers to intellectual properties; and 8) Cultural capital, refers to the shared value of a community.

Figure 2. Eight Forms of Capital in Regenerative Design (Source: Roland and Landua, 2011) Whilst Kishnani and Cossu adopted another six capital regenerative design framework in their study. These six capitals are: 1) Financial capital: financial or monetary benefit that the project can bring to the community and its neighborhood, e.g. stimulate the local economic activities; 2) Social capital: perceived social value, the project can provide social space to the occupants (residents for residential development) or form social network within the community; 3) Human capital: occupants’ wellness, health and happiness; 4) Natural capital: ecosystem and natural resources management. And if the project is able to reconnect human back to nature; 5) Symbolic capital: the reputation of the project and whether it is special to the local community; 6) Built capital: the project can provide the building space of suitable type;

SMA ART CITIES Smaart city implies an urban u development th hat plans to t integratee informatiion and com mmunication technologiees (ICT) to manage m the ccity and collect feedbacks. For Singaapore, it plan ns to transform itself into o a “Smart N Nation” by ad dopting the latest ICT in their countrry widely in orrder to improve their citiizens’ qualityy of living. Smaart city shou uld not be only a city with all th he latest ICTT adopted ffor the easee of the goveernment to manage thee city, insteaad, Arup sugggested that a smart cityy should havve these seveen characteristics: p the city 1) Green eenvironment & resiliencee: the smart technologies should be able to help to be mo ore green an nd climate reesponsive; 2) Pubic en ngagement: ccitizens shou uld be involvved during th he urban plan nning stage aand they can alw ways give feeedback to the t governm ment on ho ow they feeel about the eir living environm ment; 3) Efficientt services; 4) Resourcces optimizaation: data received enables the governmen nt to make correct decision ns and allocatte resourcess wisely; 5) Collaborration: differrent stakeholders can plaay a role in th he developm ment of the ccity; 6) Mobilityy: smart tech hnologies and d big data co ollected enab bles the government to redesign the transport netwo ork; and nclusion: citiizens of diffe erent classes and with different d needs would be b taken 7) Social in care of in the smart city.

FFigure 3. Key Elements of f Smart City ((Arup)

CHAPTER 2 THE IDEA OF SSMART++ ALL CONCEPTT 2.1. THE OVERA ny futurologgists have made their predictions about how people p will liive, work, and even Man travvel in the next thirty yeaars. Dr. Ian Pearson P even foresees that buildinggs will adapt to have artifficial intelligeence person nalities and would w also be b able to co ommunicatee to people over o the nextt three decad des (Woollasston, 2015). Thiss indicates th hat the wholle world is h heading to th he direction where build dings cannott be only rege enerative, neet‐positive, aand so forth,, but at the ssame time they have to be smart. H Hence, to assisst people in n achieving the ideal fu uture environment, we are introdu ucing to you u, a new + rege enerative asssessment too ol called SMA ART (read: SSmart Plus).

Figure 4. Th he Future Envvironment Go oals SMA ART+ represeents two meanings in its name as itss identity. “SSmart” mean ns that the to ool itself will be interactivve with peop ple so that through the ssystem peop ple can give ffeedback. It can also ote a smart b building and living system m at the set aa benchmark against certain criteriaa and promo sam me time. While “+” or “P Plus” means that the sysstem is aiming to encou urage net‐po ositive develo opments back more to t the grid, restore and d regeneratee a damageed environm ment and thatt will give b conttribute moree values within its circumstances. Itt also has to o promote a livable and resilient enviironment thaat the develo opment will be able to w withstand sho ocks and adaapt. Thuss, the tool w will hopefullyy be the ansswer to makee the ideal ffuture enviro onment to b be within reacch, especiallyy bringing th he concept o of regenerattion to citiess that are higghly develop ped. The who ole idea will b be discussed d furthermore in the follo owing chapteers.

2.2. A TAILOR‐MADE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR THE FUTURE MODIFIED REGENERATIVE DESIGN CAPITALS After reviewing different regenerative capitals, five capitals are selected as the framework of the system. They are selected based on their significance in a development to the principle of regenerative design, the ability for the system to measure each capital objectively, and how close the parameters are to the users for they will also be involved in using SMART+ tool itself. Natural capital is considered as the most important capital. It NATURAL CAPITAL caters to all elements of nature, which is often called ecosystem services, including water, air, soil, geology, energy, and all living creatures. Developments are directed to support restoration of the damaged environment and regeneration of natural resources to enhance the life quality. Social capital is linked to human connections and community SOCIAL CAPITAL engagement. Developments are guided to trigger social interactions through design and planning, as to provide the space and facility for people to communicate with each other. Human capital implies health, wellness, convenience, and so HUMAN CAPITAL forth, which impacting on individual’s productivity. Developments are designed for people, and regenerative buildings should take care of occupants’ health, happiness, and satisfaction. Symbolic capital caters to the reputation, prestige, or honor of SYMBOLIC CAPITAL a development within social structure. Developments have to respect their historical and cultural values to bring out their identity. Thus, developments should innovate in a unique way to gain recognition from the society as an exemplary project for others to follow. The project should stimulate the economic activities in the ECONOMIC CAPITAL community, such as value of the assets or resources. It should be able to bring financial benefit to the investors or stakeholders. Developments have to influence and improve the economic condition, not to the development itself, but also their surroundings. SMART ELEMENTS Apart from regenerative design capitals, the fundamental smart city elements are integrated into the assessment system as well, e.g. SMART+ promotes the installation of smart building management system and encourages the residents of the community to participate in the system to communicate more on sustainability issues by SMART+ mobile application.

CHAPTER 3 SMART+: THE SYSTEM 3.1. HOW IT WORKS To be certified by SMART+, the participated building or community has to achieve certain KPIs under the five regenerative capitals identified for the system. For certain KPIs, occupants’ involvement is required and they have to complete a survey via a mobile application, which is developed for this assessment system. 3.2. SMART+ CHART

Figure 5. SMART+ Chart

NATURAL CAPITAL  Energy Sufficiency It takes into account the percentage of the number of energy generated to the number of total energy consumption of the development. This will lead to excessive energy generation to be given back to the grid.

 Water Sufficiency It takes into account percentage of the amount of water that is collected, recycled, and treated, to the number of total water consumption of the development. This will promote rainwater harvesting and water reuse to fulfill their water demand sufficiently.  Water Quality It takes into account the grey and black water quality after treatment before it is discharged to the ground or reused in the development. The water should not be contaminated and cause water pollution when discharged. It also considers the restoration of water quality in a development or enhancement of water quality value on the site.  Biodiversity Value It takes into account the restoration of biodiversity value, e.g. species of flora and associated fauna attracted. This will enhance the biodiversity value by restoring what is damaged, and at the same time connecting to a larger network in a larger scale.  Materials It takes into account the materials used for the construction of the development regarding impacts and locality value. Life‐cycle analysis will be the base to measure the impacts in a more valid method. This will push the development to select their materials wisely.  Food Production It takes into account percentage of the amount of food produced on site to the number of total food consumption of the development. This will lead to excessive food production to fulfill the food demand of a larger scale, probably block or district.  Waste Management It takes into account how the waste is treated and what can be produced from what is left. This will promote 3R action (reduce, reuse, recycle) to reduce environmental degradation.  Indoor Air Quality It takes into account how the ventilation in a room within the development is doing. This will measure whether the air will contain contaminants or not and to what extent the concentration level should be. This will also relate to human health and productivity. SOCIAL CAPITAL  Community Engagement It takes into account the role of the development being a magnet to bring various communities. This will promote social events from the development as a media for society to interact and connect with each other.

 Public Space It takes into account the percentage of space given for public space to the site area or GFA. Developments are required to dedicate certain amount of space to initiate the social interaction and activities. HUMAN CAPITAL  Community Engagement It takes into account the quality of environment given for the occupants. This will promote a healthy environment for people to work, live, or visit, and how it affects the productivity.  Satisfaction It takes into account the percentage of the occupants’ satisfaction level regarding the built environment created within the development. This will promote happiness, convenience, and preference of the users. SYMBOLIC CAPITAL  Exemplary Projects It takes into account the innovation and ideas that the development shows as an effort to bring positive impacts to influence and inspire people. This will promote recognition of good development that has made a significant contribution in a unique way as an example for other developments to follow.  Cultural Heritage It takes into account the historical and cultural values as the identity of a development. This will also cater to how a development makes an effort in retaining those values and implement it in the modern world. ECONOMIC CAPITAL  Profit for Developer It takes into account the Return on Revenue or net profit margin and how good the development is doing in terms of economic and financial condition. A regenerative development will bring profit and benefit, not only for the users, but also for the developers or stakeholders or owners as the mastermind behind the planning.  Benefit for Surrounding Community It takes into account the advantages of the surrounding community, including the vibrancy of social nodes the development is creating, the gathering spaces provided, and so forth. This will lead to enhancement of life quality and livability in terms of economic capital to all the surrounding area.

 Increase in Land Value It takes into account the impacts to the surrounding environment based on the land or property value. This will help to build a resilient and adaptable development.  Jobs Provided It takes into account the number of job opportunities provided for the people. Significant growth in employment rate will lead to social empowerment and increase of quality of life. 3.3. SMART+ SCORING SYSTEM

Figure 6. SMART+ Scoring System

The scoring systtem of the aassessment ttool will be based on 18 8 KPIs that aare derived ffrom the w have thrree points, which w will be e scored five capitals thaat are mentioned abovee. Each KPI will of the project or develo opment. Firsttly, the projeect has to co omply at baseed on the peerformance o least 5 KPIs in naatural capital to achieve the certificattion. ng categoriess with differeent minimum m score: Nextt, for the cerrtification itsself, there are three ratin 1) One+ : minimum 1 15 points 30 points 2) Two+ : minimum 3 40 points 3) Three+ : minimum 4

Figure 7 7. SMART+ Sccoring System m KPI: Satisffaction Level

Thiss is one exam mple of how tthe assessment tool worrks on one off the KPI. To achieve Onee+ rating + in SMART in teerms of satisfaction leveel, the deveelopment has to satisfy at least 30% % of the upants ratingg. This will be seen from the feedbacck that is con nducted thro ough SMARTT+ mobile occu application, which will be explained in i Chapter 4. Furtherm more, the development will be nts, and Threee+ if they caan satisfy awaarded Two+ if they can saatisfy more tthan 50% of tthe occupan morre than 70% % of the occcupants. So o, for examp ple, if the developmen d t achieved 75%, as expllained in Figu ure 3.3., theyy will be awaarded Three++ rating for SSatisfaction LLevel KPI.

3.4. SMART+ TIM ME FRAME

Figure 8. SMART+ TTime Frame

Diffeerent than other existingg assessmentt tools, the aassessment is done in thrree differentt phases. The certification n or license itself also has time perio od of validityy, which is th hree years, especially m the operational phases acccurately. After three yeaars, the licen nse will be renewed r to measure baseed on the peerformance o of the buildin ng.

CHAPTER 4 SMART : BEYOND AN ASSESSMENT SYSTEM +

4.1. THE SMART+ APPLICATION Other than an assessment tool, SMART+ mobile application is also initiated. This program will help to complement the usage of the tool and act as a response to what is lacking in the existing assessment system currently. The vision of this application is to improve individual awareness to the importance of regenerative living. SMART+ mobile application will also spread its wing to reach and involve all parties to connect and participate in this movement and hence, social interaction that is decreasing lately can be restored as well to build a stronger community. Government and its policy are also strong drivers of regenerative movement and thus, this program will empower and support them with data that is collected to contribute in providing guidelines for them in generating rules or laws. The SMART+ mobile application will combine the function as a building control system, social media, and individual feedback at the same time to fulfill what is needed in various levels of users. The application will be distributed to all residential developments that are joining the certification. SMART+ will be connected to the users’ mobile phones and directly to their electricity and water meter in their household to help them monitor their society. This will also cater to community engagement where people are encouraged to do social activities, such as helping each other, invite other people to do positive things for the environment, inspire others, and so forth. In individual level, users are also allowed to give their individual feedback regarding their satisfaction to the development and this function will help the development to gain their score in the assessment system.

Figure 9. The Concept of SMART+ Mobile Application

4.2. KEY FEATURES There are five key features, which have been developed for SMART+ application. The features will respectively cater to the capitals of the assessment system with some adjustments to humanize the program itself. The features are provided freely for them to use, but this will let them to get used to smart and regenerative living slowly time by time. Mainly, there are five things you can do with the application, which are:

Figure 10. Tabs on SMART+ App

TIMELINE Timeline is to show what other people in the community have posted chronologically. Users can also react to what they posted, as to like, bookmark, or comment. Once people give reaction to one user’s post, they will be given a notification.

Figure 11. SMART App: Timeline

SEARCH Search is to find some topics that people have been talking about, for example job vacancy (catering to economic capital), social events (catering to social capital), and so forth, or to find some friends in your community that you would like to contact or interact with.

Figure 12. SMART+ App: Search

POST Post can be done through clicking the “+” button on the application. There are several different things to post regarding what people want to show in their profile. This is how people can interact with others by inviting them to activities and places, telling them about information, asking and giving help to others, and so forth (example of the what people post can be seen in Figure 4.3.).

Figure 13. SMART+ App: Post

COMMUNITY Community is to find more friends within your block, development, or even other developments that are using the application. Through this feature, people can message or call others. Users’ friends will appear on the list or they can also add new friends through usernames or phone number and once their friends accept their request, their names will also appear on the list. This feature will act as a contact book for the users and help people to interact in an easier way.

Figure 14. SMART+ App: Community

PROFILE Profile is where users can find anything about themselves. They can see their posts, check their energy and water consumption, and also fill in the feedback report for the development assessment (including their degree of satisfaction and happiness). Basically, this feature is to measure how active a user is in terms of regenerative living. Time by time, they can review their past activities and keep their postings as a diary or portfolio of contribution to smart and regenerative movement. People might no longer be looked at meaninglessly for their social status, but to their contribution to the environment.

Figure 15. SMART+ App: Profile

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION: TOWARDS A SMART+ FUTURE There is no one‐size‐fits‐all solution to the challenges that our community is facing nowadays, e.g. degradation of natural environment, human indifference in the society, lack of space for social activities. But SMART+ can be an answer to people's question of how to achieve a smarter and more regenerative city and hence enhance their quality of living. We also believe that the SMART+ can fill up the gaps that the existing building assessment systems are missing and it is designed as a well balanced system in terms of practicality vs. conceptuality, comprehensiveness vs. complexity. The ultimate goal of SMART+ is "Regenerate Cities, Re‐Shape Lives". We hope that through this system, the future environment as illustrated in the graph below can be achieved.

Figure 16. Concept Illustration of SMART+

BIBLIOGRAPHY Arup. (2016) Smart City @ http://www.smartke.hk/eng/smartke.php#nav3

Kowloon

East.

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at:

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