Digital Transformation in Architecture

Digital Transformation In Architecture

Adrian Castro - Tylor Kerpan - Zhehuan Li - Quentin Miller - Pratima Tatikonda

Digital Transformation Digital transformation is not just the adoption of a set of technologies. Rather, it is a fundamental shift in culture, supported and facilitated by technology. A digitally transformative culture enables collaboration and innovation. These, in turn, have the potential to radically improve productivity and efficiency.

Digital transformation is about reimagining how you bring together people, data and processes to create value for your customers and maintain a competitive advantage in a digital-first world. It is an ongoing process of change and renewal, rather than a road to a set destination. ‘It’s a different way of working, a new process model and more agile,where data is produced once, and is used many times for more tasks’

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Sketching / Hand Drawing

What is Sketching in Architecture?

What is Hand Drawing in Architecture?

A sketch is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished work. It might record or develop an idea for later use or it might be used as a quick way of graphically demonstrating an image, idea or principle.

Drawing is a tool for thought, for creativity, for invention. It is the practice of creating drawings by hand. It is a method for problem solving – exploring, planning, documenting and communicating the evolution of ideas and construction information.

Precise drawings allowed for architects to be exact when constructing, visualizing, measuring, and making any necessary changes to their projects—all before taking them off the page where errors, mistakes and other setbacks could be costly, cumbersome or deadly, as aforementioned.

History Looking across history, drawings have been used throughout millennia as a way to imagine new realities and rethink the world around us.

But they have also changed architecture itself.

The Plug-in City is a mega-structure with no buildings. In Cook’s vision, the “machine” has taken over and people are the raw material being processed — but despite this dystopian premise, people are meant to enjoy the experience. Antonio Sant’Ella was an Italian architect notable for his visionary drawings of the city of the future.

He made many highly imaginative drawings and plans for utopian cities, few of which entitled Città Nuova (“New City”).

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Benefits Sketching/Hand drawing is used in a variety of design stages: - saves time in the workflow process - helps eliminate layout and functionality issues - great for brainstorming - discovering potential solutions early on - explore concepts and ideas - illustrate mechanical relationships - communicate and collaborate with clients - better and more visually interesting story

Impacts

Sketching is much more than a scribble on a piece of paper. It is a powerful process that aids in discovering the best ideas and solutions to a design problem. It helps to extract numerous ideas out quickly before you enter into the digital world.

Drawings are part of the thought process of architectural design expressing the interaction of our minds, eyes and hands. Even in the most computer-focused areas of architecture, sketches can be a useful starting point for ideas. Rarely is the first idea good or of any value, but all ideas can inform.

The ability to draw by hand - both to create precise technical drawings and expressive sketches - has been central to the architecture profession.

CASE STUDIES Case study - Louis Vuitton Foundation Gehry Partners, LLP

41 Cooper Square Morphosis

Gehry’s design was inspired by both the traditional 19th-century glass-and-steel greenhouse architecture, and by the image of a “sailing ship”.

41 Cooper Square was designed to manifest the character, culture and vibrancy of both the 150 year-old institution and of the city in which it was founded.

Each of his major projects begins with a sketch. This evanescent, abstract drawing is then turned into tangible, three-dimensional forms & models. Then he goes back and forth from sketching to model making again-and-again; studying the two to see how it works, how it fits into the environment and how it will function.

Through the sketch, you can begin to understand initial ideas on the façade and the “vertical piazza”, a central space for informal exchange at the heart of the new academic building.

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Programming Software

Post Digital

Post Orthographic

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malevi.ch

Computational Color image projection: ray tracing, parsing, sorting, scanning and other forms of algorithmic pixel manipulation.

CASE STUDIES 1970 “Pixillation” Lilian Schwartz

Detroit Reassembly Plant

T. E. A. M.

Outpost Office

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BIM

Building Information Modeling

What is Building Information Modeling?

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a process that improves how architects and engineers design and construct buildings. Bim authorizes tools that architects can create a digital 3D model of the building, allow to see a representation of what it will not only look like, but operate. Can include several pieces of information, data that can be leveraged outside of the tool.

What Else?

BIM enables advanced workflow capabilities that augment the design process, from concept to completion. The data BIM developed through the project’s life cycle is: - Parametric relationships and model element dependency - Computational design - Space planning - Energy Analysis - Light and daylight Analysis - Display complex spatial relationships - Calculate the cost and number of required building materials - Virtual conflict detection and resolution - Extended Reality (ER) This is more than a glimpse at the building’s physical features, it is a shared knowledge resource where architects and collaborators can store of their ideas and make complex calculations.

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More Benefits!

Building Information Modeling Benefits?

The greatest benefit of BIM to this industry is the collaboration it enables between designers, owners, and builders. As an industry, it has evolved from file exchange to live collaboration in the cloud.

We all share the same information and this improves our design and decision-making process immensely. How we used to run would be the architect and subcontractor would estimate how many materials they needed to complete the project and how much these materials would cost. Whenever the architect made changes to the design, subcontractor would need to calculate all over again, this can be done in silos.

BIM enables advanced workflow capabilities that augment the design process, from concept to completion.The data BIM developed through the project’s life cycle is: - Parametric relationships and model element dependency - Computational design - Space planning - Energy Analysis - Light and daylight Analysis - Display complex spatial relationships - Calculate the cost and number of required building materials - Virtual conflict detection and resolution - Extended Reality (ER) This is more than a glimpse at the building’s physical features, it is a shared knowledge resource where architects and collaborators can store of their ideas and make complex calculations.

CASE STUDIES Le Architecture / Aedas

Macquarie University Incubator / Architectus How? Architects worked closely with the consultants and contractor to high degree design resolution through traditional means of meetings, hand-sketching and also 3D BIM models.

Accuracy was fundamental to ensure the building components were fully coordinated before transported and installed.

Statoil Regional and International Offices / a-lab

How? An advanced Green BIM platform and scientific green building analysis, a seamless integration of scientific analysis and aesthetic design is achieved.

Central Taiwan Innovation Campus MOEA / Bio-architecture Formosana + NOIZ ARCHITECTS Nanjin International Youth Cultural Centre / Zaha Hadid Architects How? Centre is first completely top-down/ bottom-up tower construction in China. Constructed in 34 months using 3D digital BIM. This helped design and construct management to reduce the on-site programming to only 18 months.

How? Thanks to thorough planning, advanced BIM modeling and solutionoriented dialogue, the architects, client, owner, construction companies, and subcontractors were able to complete the complex design on schedule.

How? This building’s life cycle was taken into account for the foundation of the operational management, which determined based on the demand, design, and characteristics of each space since the beginning of the planning phase. The goal was to reduce 10 percent of the overall carbon offset during its construction phase. BIM was adopted to conduct analysis for the efficiency of the operation.

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Virtual

Architecture

What is Virtual Architecture?

Virtual reality is a medium that, just like music or any other forms of media, can be used for many purposes. The primary purpose for any medium is the communication of ideas, and these ones in VR can range from purely abstract (what is it like to live inside an animated cartoon?) to the purely practical (will this design work correctly after we build it).

History Attempts to try to immerse a person in a different place has been made since the middle of the 19th century with Charles Wheatstone’s stereoscope. However, it was in the 20th century that the concept and technology of VR were created and developed, and until the year of this thesis, it is developing in a rapid progression, due to the increased market interest.The technology improvements were encouraged often throughout its history within the objective to be used in the aerospace industry and entertainment industry.

What is Augmented Reality(AR)?

- Augmented Reality (AR) will enhance the scheduling aspect of the construction project significantly; it is able to show an as-planned vs. an as-built form to allow visualization of progress.

- Augmented Reality (AR) is a kind of interactive, reality-based display environment that takes the capabilities of computer generated display, sound, textual content and effects to enhance the user’s real-world experience.

- Augmented reality combines real and computer based scenes and images to deliver a unified but enhanced view of the world.

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Virtual Reality in Architecture Virtual Reality, beyond being a tool for communication, has major impacts for architecture at every stage along the lifecycle of a building.

VR technology has so much potential for architects and designers.

From initial design mock-ups, to project collaboration, through to the finishing touches that make a building design go from good to great, virtual reality possesses the capability to really sell an idea better than any other medium.

How is a rendering in VR different from a rendering designed in other 3D engines? VR renderings may be interactive-when used with a headset, a user can walk through a prospective space. While traditional renderings are static, showing a single perspective view of a building or space, VR are scenes are dynamic; they can show how light changes in a space throughout the day, a user’s movement through a space, and items within the space moving as they would in real life.

Virtual Reality in Construction VR furnish the opportunity to get thrown into a new dimension with new depth of digitally constructed reality which resembles real life.

In construction industry, dealing with the reality for workers and consultants. Construction project often failed for arising problems directly related with incapability, unreachability and inexperience of field personnel and consultants. In that case VR technologies allows them to truly experience a project before it is built. Virtual Reality (VR) technologies are now used in integrated department of the

CASE STUDIES HYPERFORM

The Peak

Creative digital studio Squint/Opera has worked with BIG and UNStudio to create Hyperform, a tool that allows architects and planners to collaborate in virtual reality. Hyperform, which the studios have been developing for two years, is a virtual desktop that can be accessed from computers, tablets, smartphones, or using a virtualreality headset.

Early Paintings and Drawings, a series of virtual reality experiences have been specially developed with Zaha Hadid Virtual Reality Group working in partnership with Google Arts & Culture. In the same way that Zaha Hadid’s paintings served as tools for thinking through and proposing the design of new buildings, this experience seeks to translate some of the key aspects and DNA contained inside the paintings into virtual reality (VR). This is a 360° film of one of the virtual reality experiences.

The Future of Virtual Reality VR technology is hugely used in architecture design industry from many past years. Even though VR technology seem to be a vital tools in the architecture industry, there are multiple drawbacks of these technologies. Those drawbacks and limitations are quickly broken by the upcoming generations and the sustained and continual advancement in technology around the world. Assuming that VR technology will improve with safety, quality, visualization, workforce management, it’s far nearly sure that such technologies will play more important roles in architecture industry for future years.

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Ai

Robotics

“Researchers design the Rancho Arm robot at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital in Downey, California as a tool for the handicapped.The Rancho Arm’s six joints gave it the flexibility of a human arm.

Acquired by Stanford University in 1963, it holds a place among the first artificial robotic arms to be controlled by a computer”.

What is Ai Robotics?

History

Ai Robotics is a new tool that has been created and integrated into the architectural and construction industry pushing innovation practices to its limits. Building off of technical advancements like Rhino, AutoCAD, Revit, and BIM, Ai robotics can fabricate, build, and construct any 3D objects into reality from a 3D modeling software.

Through this avenue, Ai and architecture are generating a new aesthetic language that is creating an unimaginable and unbelievable design.

Since the early 1900’s Ai robotics have been a dream until the 1960’s when the first computer-controlled robot arm was created. Since then they have made their way into the industrial department and have made huge advancements in efficiency and assembly. They soon were brought into the studio because of the efficiency and accuracy in model building. They then have been applied to large-scale projects that have been pushing the boundaries of architecture. Ai robotics is not just a robotics arm doing all the work it is a combination of CNC routers, 3D printers, and laser cutters.

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Laser Cut Concept Models Ai 3D Printer Ai Robot Bricklayer CNC Carved Model

Laser Cut Model

Ai Robotics in Architecture

Ai Robotics in Construction

Ai robotics in architecture has opened up a whole new world for designers to play and explore. These robotics allow for precise, intricate, and complex design throughout the architecture of a building. They allow us to materialize the virtual model/design/ building and get a sense of the experience of space/item/design. Ai has given architects more freedom and power to work as a smaller team or even as a one-man team that can accomplish more and focuses more on resolving certain issuers or problems rather than the drawings.

Technology Used

3D Printed Structure

Laser Cut Panels

Ai Robotic Arm-Glass tunnel

Constructed Wall

CNC Wall

Laser Cutter

The merging of Ai robotics and construction is creating unimaginable and unbelievable forms. Along with the exploration with fabrication and robotic craftsmanship is creating a new aesthetic language.

Through Ai robotics, we can focus on ornamentation and details that were hardly looked at as compared to constructing the traditional way. We are now able to hit print and 3D print rooms, homes, and small sections of bigger buildings.

Robotic Arm

CNC Router

3D Printer

CASE STUDIES Museum of Robots Seoul, South Korea The museum will display and educate the public on robotics and also increase interests in robots. Ai and robotics have changed the design process greatly and hopes to relay that idea through its design, which gives the form of the build a non-directional and spherical shape. The building’s spherical form creates huge possibilities for functional public spaces while creating spatial comfort. The creation of the museum is to make the public aware of the scientific culture and allowing individuals to experience the last tech gear and gadgets. The architecture of the museum reflects the cutting-edge technologies and construction mythologies. Robots will be building and constructing the museum which will create “continuity within the museum between robots for construction, robots for service, and robots for exhibition.”

Museum of Robots Seoul, South Korea

“the new Robots Science Museum (RSM) which plays a catalytic role in advancing and promoting science, technology, and innovation throughout society is not only going to exhibit robots but actually from design, manufacturing to construction and service robots will be in charge. In other words, RSM will start it’s ‘first exhibition’ with ‘it’s own construction’ by robots on site.” - Melike Altinisk

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Digitalization - Digital tools keep evolving?

Architects and the wider design community are taking advantage of the digital technologies available to them. They are changing how they work now, and will continue to do so in the near future.

Future of Architectural Practice?

Keep evolving with technology. Technology growing exponentially means architecture will continue to grow. We created this magazine to highlight the growth of this field and start to show the positive impact it is having in architecture. Complex problems are starting to become solvable and the excellence of buildings is growing rapidly.

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Handwriting / Sketching Bibliography “60 Second Floor Plan // Architectural Design Time-Lapse.

” YouTube, 19 Apr. 2016, youtu.be/Q7NkdJTmzTU. Baldwin, Eric. “10 Drawings That Changed Architecture - Architizer Journal.” Journal, 22 May 2019,

architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/drawings-that-changed-architecture/.

Baldwin, Eric. “10 Hand-Drawn Sketches That Prove CAD Will Never Kill Drawing - Architizer Journal.” Journal, 8 Feb. 2020,

architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/hand-drawn-sketches/.

Dasso, Andrew. “The Importance of Sketching in Architecture.” Streamline Architects, Streamline Architects, 23 Jan. 2018,

streamlinearchitects.com/blog/2018/1/23/the-importance-of-sketching-in-architecture.

“How To Think Like An Architect: Designing From Organic Form.”

YouTube, 14 July 2011, youtu.be/fwJB7KzDEbQ. “Manual Drafting Techniques.” Manual Drafting Techniques - Designing Buildings Wiki,

www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Manual_drafting_techniques.

Marica, John. “The Importance of Sketching.” Studio MM Architect, 15 Nov. 2016

maricamckeel.com/importance-architectural-sketching/.

Sanchez, Drew. “Design Process: The Power of Drawing in Architecture.” Dekker / Perich / Sabatini,

www.dpsdesign.org/blog/architectural-sketches.

Stott, Rory. “The Computer vs The Hand In Architectural Drawing: ArchDaily Readers Respond.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 5 May 2015,

www.archdaily.com/627654/the-computer-vs-the-hand-in-architectural-drawing-archdaily-readers-respond.

Programming Bibliography Canizares, Galo. Digital fabrications : designer stories for a software-based planet. Novato: ORO

Editions/Applied Research & Design, 2019. Print.

Canizares, Galo/officeca. “On simulation”. Online video clip.Youtube.Youtube 02 may, 2020. 20 oct, 2020.

Kane, Carolyn L., and Zeina Koreitem. Computational Color. 2017,

static1.squarespace.com/static/579fef6903596ed4bfa1eb90/t/5bb3738c24a6944d658bcc46/1538487181513/PROJECT_Issue+7_Kane_ Koreitem.pdf.

Koreitem, Zeina. “Some Notes on Making Images with Computers.” e-Flux ,

www.e-flux.com/architecture/becoming-digital/248077/some-notes-on-making-images-with-computers/.

May, John. Signal. image. architecture. : (everything is already an image. New York, NY: Columbia Books on Architecture and the City, 2019. Print.

Meredith, Michael. Radical Inclusion! (A Survival Guide for Post-Architecture). drive.google.com/file/d/0B8veHPMHC8hIVElRR3pZQk9QRTg/view.

Building Information Modeling Bibliography AutodeskBuilding. “What Is BIM (Building Information Modeling)?” YouTube,YouTube, 29

Aug. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=suNadRnHy-U. “Building Information Modeling Benefits for Architecture and Construction:

Thought Leadership.” HMC Architects, 25 Sept. 2019, hmcarchitects.com/news/building-information-modeling-benefits-for-architecture-and-

construction-2019-06-05/.

Delaqua,Victor. “10 Projects in Which BIM Was Essential.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 16 July

2019, www.archdaily.com/920839/10-projects-in-which-bim-was-essential.

Lorek, Sarah, et al. “What Is BIM (Building Information Modeling).” Constructible, 25 Apr.

2020, constructible.trimble.com/construction-industry/what-is-bim-building-information-modeling.

“Lè Architecture.” Aedas, 3 Oct. 2019, www.aedas.com/en/what-we-do/featured-projects/le-architecture.

“Macquarie University Incubator: Architectus.” Architectus Australia, 8 Nov. 2019,

architectus.com.au/projects/macquarie-university-incubator/.

“Zaha Hadid Architects.” Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre – Zaha Hadid Architects,

www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/nanjing-culture-conference-centre/.

Insporation Bibliography Baratto, Romullo. “Trends in Architectural Representation: Understanding The Techniques.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 9 May 2017,

www.archdaily.com/867060/trends-in-architectural-representation-understanding-the-techniques.

“Microsoft and RIBA Report Shows the Rise of Digital Technology in Making Better Buildings.” RIBA,

www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/microsoft-and-riba-report-shows-the-rise-of-digital-technology-in-

making-better-buildings.

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Virtual Reality Bibliography Bestringtoness.com. “Bestringtoness.com.”

Virtualist, virtualist.app/augmented-reality-ar-in-architecture/.

ConstructConnect, November 14. “Virtual Reality Is Architecture’s next Big Game-Changer .”

The American Institute of Architects, www.aia.org/articles/6232562-virtual-reality-is-architectures-next-big-.

Coorey, Dr Ben. “A Beginner’s Guide to VR in Architecture.” ArchiStar Academy, ArchiStar, 20

Jan. 2020, academy.archistar.ai/a-beginners-guide-to-vr-in-architecture.

D’Amico, Gianpaolo. “Virtual Architecture: the Revolution in Architectural Design?” Emotional

Intelligent Identity, nerei.org/virtual-architecture-the-revolution-in-architectural-design/.

Quirk,Vanessa. “Disrupting Reality: How VR Is Changing Architecture’s Present and Future.”

Metropolis, 18 Oct. 2017, www.metropolismag.com/architecture/disrupting-reality-how-vr-is-changing-architecture-present-future/.

Slenske, Michael. “Will Virtual Reality Change the Design World?” Architectural Digest,

www.architecturaldigest.com/story/virtual-reality-augmented-reality-apps-oculus-vr-design-world.

Squintopera. “Introducing Hyperform.” YouTube,YouTube, 19 June 2019,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAds0fLjfxo. theserpentinegallery. “Zaha Hadid Virtual Reality Experience: The Peak.” YouTube,YouTube, 1 Feb. 2017,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=_X4RWvXkXV0.

Ai Robotics Bibliography “Gallery of Robots Will Construct Melike Altinisil Robot Museum in Seoul - 3.” Archdaily,

www.archdaily.com/911761/robots-will-construct-melike-altinisik-robot-musuem-in-seoul/5c6b7111284ddlaf7400067-robots-will-construct-

melike-altinisik-robots-museum-in-seoul-photo.

Coldewey, Devin. “This Robotics Museum in Korea Will Construct Itself (in Theory).” TechCrunch, Techcrunch, 21 Feb. 2019,

techcrunch.com/2019/02/20/this-robotics-museum-in-korea-will-construct-itself-in-theory/.

“IAAC & WASP Present 3D Printing Earth Wall with Embedded Staircase.” Industry Europe, 15 Mar. 2019,

industryeruope.com/iaac-wasp-present-3d-printed-earth-wall-with-embedded-staircase/.

“AI & Robotics: Timeline of Computer History: Computer History Museum.” AI & Robotics | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum, www.computerhistory.org/timeline/ai-robotics/.

“The Architecture of Artificial Intelligence.” Archinect, archinect.com/features/article/149995618/the-architecture-of-artificial-intelligence.

“Gallery of Robots Will Construct Melike Altinisil Robot Museum in Seoul - 3.” Archdaily, www.archdaily.com/911761/robots-will-construct-melikealtinisik-robot-musuem-in-seoul/5c6b7111284ddlaf7400067-robots-will-construct-melike-altinisik-robots-museum-in-seoul-photo.

“AI & Robotics: Timeline of Computer History: Computer History Museum.” AI & Robotics | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum, www.computerhistory.org/timeline/ai-robotics/.

“3D-Printed Concrete Columns Set the Stage for a Dance Festival in the Middle of the Alps.” FRAME, freamweb.com/article/3d-printed-concrete-setthe-stage-for-a-dance-festival-in-the-alps.

“Concrete Choreography.” Dbt, 2 Mar 2020, dbt.arch.ethz.ch/project/concrete-choreography/.

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Digital Transformation In Architecture

Adrian Castro - Tylor Kerpan - Zhehuan Li - Quentin Miller - Pratima Tatikonda