Vyakran Ganga 2 -Hindi Grammar and usage by pre-primary

eepshikha's Age Group 6-8

o.kZekyk

O;kdj.k xaxk ¼ ys[ku ,oa iBu xfrfof/k;ka W ½

Loj ,oa ek=k ds fpUg

'kCn jpuk

vks

laKk

u Å

loZuke

fo'ks"k.k

i= ys[ku okrkZyki j ds fofHkUu mi;ksx

vk m

x B

fp=k o.kZu

?k b

laxr 'kCn fxurh

M r

opu

fdz;k

,s <

fyax

vkS

V Q

?k t >

O;kdj.k xaxk ¼ys[ku ,oa iBu xfrfof/k;kWa½

ys[ku] ijke'kZ ,oa laiknu J)k Jh eueksgu dkS'ky ,e0 ,0

,e0 ,0 ¼laLd̀r½

nhif'k[kk cqDl ,aM baQks lfoZlst

ewY;%& 130/-

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I SBN 81 - 87282 - 31 - 2

9 788187 282310

izFke laLdj.k % 2022 dkWihjkbV c nhif'k[kk cqDl ,aM baQks lfoZlst] 2017 lokZf/kdkj lqjf{krA izdk'ku dh fyf[kr iwokZuqekfur ds fcuk iqLrd dk dksbZ Hkh va'k izdk'ku ds fy, otZuh; gSA

O;kdj.k xaxk Acknowledgment : The publisher has made every effort to contact copyright holders. However, if any material has not been acknowledged,

Information contained in this book has been published by Deepshikha Books & Info Services and has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damage arising out of use of this

Designed & Typeset:- Ph.: 9312423072

lEikndh; O;kdj.k xaxk ¼ys[ku o iBu iqfLrdk½ nhif'k[kk cqDl ,aM baQks lfoZlst dk iz;kl gS O;kdj.k dks ubZ fn'kk iznku djus dkA tgka W fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks O;kdj.k uhjl] Hkk"kkfu;ekoyh u yxsA lfp=k] #fpdj xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk bls jkspd izdkj ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl iqLrd ds varZxr yh xbZ xfrfof/k;kWa fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lkspus dh Lora=krk nsrh gSaA tSls%& ¹ leku y; okys 'kCn ¼laxr 'kCn½ ¹ 'kCn esa nh xbZ ek=kk gVk ;k cnydj u, 'kCn dh jpuk ¹ 'kCn esa fn, x, Loj ,oa ek=kk igpku dj fy[ksa ¹ gS@gSa ,oa Fkh@Fkha dk iz;ksx ¹ ckyd dh dYiuk 'fDr dks c<+kus ds fy, mUgsa fn, x, 'kCn esa ls vusd 'kCn cukus dh xfrfof/k nh cbZ gSA ¹ dqN vU; xfrfof/k;kWa tSls%& okrkZyki] gkWa ;k ugha okys iz'u vkfn Hkk"kk esa izokg ykus ds fy, lgk;d gksaxsA

vk'kk gS O;kdj.k xaxk vius m|s'; esa lQyrk ik,xhA fon~;kFkhZ rFkk f'k{kdx.k bls mi;ksxh ik,WaxsA lq>ko vkeaf=kr gSA

nhif'k[kk cqDl ,aM baQks lfoZlst 2017

fo"k; lwph de z la[;k (Alphabet) 1o.kZekyk (Language) 2Hkk"kk 3Loj ,oa ek=kk ds fpUg xfrfof/k;k¡ 4'kCn jpuk xfrfof/k;k¡ (Noun) 5laKk xfrfof/k;k¡ (Male-Female) 6L=kh&iq#"k xfrfof/k (Pronoun) 7loZuke xfrfof/k (One-Many) 8- ,d&vusd (Describing Word) xfrfof/k 9dSlk&fdruk (Doing Word) xfrfof/k 10- djuk@gksuk (Poem) xfrfof/k tkuojksa vkSj if{k;ksa dh cksyh 11- vFkZ ,d 'kCn vusd (Counting Poem) xfrfof/k (Rhyming Words) 12 fxurh dfork (Creative Activities) 13- laxr 'kCn 14- jpukRed xfrfof/k;k¡ 15- fp=k o.kZu xfrfof/k (Letter Writing) 16- fnu@lIrkg@eghuk@lky xfrfof/k

i`"B la[;k 5-6 7 8 9-13 14 15-17 18-19 20-21 22 23-25 26 27 28 29-33 34 35-36 37 38-40 41-42 43 44 45 46 47-49 50 51 52-53

o.kZekyk ¼Loj vkSj O;atu½ vkvks tkusa

¹ fganh Hkk"kk esa nks izdkj ds o.kZ gksrs gSa µ Loj vkSj O;atuA ¹ o.kZ Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gS ftlds VqdM+s ugha fd, tk

vPNs cPps & I;kjs cPps vkt feys gaS dsys dPps b ls beyh ykuk HkkbZ bZ[k ls er djks yM+kbZ mBks mBdj cSBks vc Åu ds iguks LosVj lc _ ls _f"k djrk gS ri ,d uke bZ'oj dk ti ,sud yxk ds ckx esa vk;k vksl gj iÙkh ij ik;k vkSj u ns[kk mlus dqN vaxwj [kk, cl Nqi&Nqi

va bZ m vkS Å _ , ,s vks 5

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vkW

O;atu pkVZ d

;

M+

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´k .k

6 C

M-

Q+

Hkk"kk ¼fy[kuk o cksyuk½ vkvks tkusa! l Is ;k SA eq> xh g y

fy[k dj

cksy dj

fp=k esa jk/kk dks cgqr I;kl yxh gS og fdl rjg ikuh ek¡xsxh\ vkvks vkSj tkusa ;fn vkidks Hkw[k yxh gS rks vki dSls [kkuk ek¡xsaxs\ 1- fy[k dj 2- cksy dj tc ge cksyus ;k fy[kus ds fy, 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa bls gh ¹

ge viuh ckr dgus ds fy, Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

7 C

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Loj ,oa ek=kk ds fpUg v m _ v%

¼dksbZ ek=kk ugha ½ ¼ q½ ¼ `½ ¼%½

vk Å vks va W

¼ k½ ¼ w ½ ¼ kss ½ ¼ µa W ½

b , vkS vkW

¼ ¼ ¼ ¼

f½ µs ½ kS ½ kW ½

bZ ,s va

¼h ½ ¼ µS ½ ¼ µa ½

vkvksa tkusa%& fdlus viuk uke dSls fy[kk\ lgh uke dSls fy[kk

jkek

jvk/kvk

jkek us viuk uke lgh fy[kk gSA D;ksafd 'kCn jpuk esa O;atu ds

dvkSvk eby dgbZ db/kj

dkSvk fey dgh fd/kj

gj o.kZ esa v dk Loj fcuk ek=kk ds lkFk gS gh blfy, v dh dksbZ ek=kk ugh gSaA dey ¾ d $ v $ e $ v $ y $ v ;fn O;atu esa ls v dh ek=kk vyx djuh gS rks Lojghu O;atu esa gyar yxsxkA tSls%& d~ $ v ¾ d ,sls 'kCn esa ek=kk gyar okys O;atu 8

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Lojµek=kk Loj

ek=kk,a W

v vk b bZ m Å _ , ,s vks vkS vaa v% vkW vWa C

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Loj

v vk b bZ m Å _ , ,s vks vkS vaa v% vkW vWa

ek=kk,a W

ek=kk dk mi;ksx vkvks tkusa

'kCn Loj ek=kk,Wa dksV vks ks

'kCn Loj ek=kk,Wa dhV bZ h

'kCn Loj ek=kk,Wa w dV w Å

uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa esa Loj igpkudj ek=kk Hkh fy[ksaA 'kCn jksd #d

Loj ¼ vks ½ ¼ ½

ek=kk,Wa ¼ ks ½ ¼ ½

dsd

vkSj /kwe

fey

dhy [kkV

vax MkWDVj

10 C

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vH;kl ¼Loj vkSj 'kCn½ v Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA vk Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA b Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA bZ Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA m Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA Å Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA , Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA ,s Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA vks Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA vkS Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA va Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA v% Loj ds pkj 'kCn fy[ksaA 11 C

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'kCn vkSj Loj dh ek=kk 'kCn tksj ls i<+sa vkSj Loj dh lgh ek=kk ij ¼

'kCn

Loj dh ek=kk

vkx

v dh ek=kk

vk dh ek=kk

fdl

bZ dh ek=kk

b dh ek=kk

gVh

b dh ek=kk

bZ dh ek=kk

[k'k q

Å dh ek=kk

m dh ek=kk

dn w

m dh ek=kk

Å dh ek=kk

jr s

,s dh ek=kk

, dh ek=kk

ilk S

, dh ek=kk

,s dh ek=kk

o{k `

_ dh ek=kk

,s dh ek=kk

eksj

vkS dh ek=kk

vks dh ek=kk

nkSM+

vks dh ek=kk

vkS dh ek=kk

dB a

v% dh ek=kk

va dh ek=kk

vr%

va dh ek=kk

v% dh ek=kk

12 C

½ yxk,WaA

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Loj dh ek=kk ¼fpUg½ uhps fy[ks 'kCn esa js[kkafdr O;atu dh ek=kk cnydj] crkbZ xbZ ubZ ek=kk yxk,a W ,oa u;k 'kCn cuk,a WA

'kCn

Loj dh ek=kk

u;k 'kCn

bZ dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

dyh

bZ dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

vk dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

, dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

vks dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

, dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

vk dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

, dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

,s dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

vk dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

xyk

bZ dh ek=kk yxk,Wa

13 C

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'kCn jpuk vkvks tkusa] ek=kk gVkus ;k yxkus ls 'kCn dk vFkZ cny tkrk gSA vkvks fy[ksa vkSj tkusa uhps fy[ks 'kCn esa js[kkafdr O;atu dh ek=kk cnydj] crkbZ xbZ ubZ ek=kk yxk,a W ,oa u;k 'kCn cuk,WaA tSls%& tku Å dh ek=kk yxk,a W twu bZ dh ek=kk yxk,a W gjk bZ dh ek=kk yxk,a W dksM+k vks dh ek=kk yxk,a W Bhd m dh ek=kk yxk,a W cu vks dh ek=kk yxk,a W fy[k vks dh ek=kk yxk,a W Hkj bZ dh ek=kk yxk,a W crk bZ dh ek=kk yxk,a W ckjs ukjk bZ dh ek=kk yxk,a W ekyk b dh ek=kk yxk,a W dV Å dh ek=kk yxk,a W lgh 'kCn ij ¼ 4 ½ yxk,WaA 4 fy[kuk @ yh[kuk dksvk @ dkSvk Bhd @ fBd esjk @ eSjk D;ksafd @ D;ksadh dSls @ dsls D;wWafd @ D;ksafd mUdks @ mudks rkfd @ rkdh rqEgkjk @ rqegkjk 14 C

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Loj dh ek=kk,Wa uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dh ek=kk gVk ;k cnydj u, 'kCn fdl ek=kk ls tqM+ dj cus gSa] mUgsa [kkyh LFkku ij fy[ksaA

lknk xyk

vkS dh ek=kk

xqy

dh ek=kk

dkV

dwV

dh ek=kk dh ek=kk

lSj

dh ek=kk

tku

dh ek=kk

dy dj

dh ek=kk

yM+

dh ek=kk

iys

dh ek=kk

15 C

lkSnk

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dhy djks yM+h iyh

'kCn&jpuk uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa dh ek=kk,Wa cny dj u;s 'kCn cuk,Wa x, gSa mUgsa pqudj fy[ksaA 1 dhM+k dksM+k 2 isM+ 3 xky 4 [kkuk

u, 'kCn

dhM+h

dksM

esjk

+k esjh

uky

ejh

esjk

fey

7 uhyk 8 eksy 9 ejk

xksyk

s p h u

dhM

xksan

Hkhx

xhy

Hkksx

[kku

Hkkxk

eksj [kksu

uhyh

5 Hkkx 6 ukp

ekj

xksy xank isM+k

upk

ihM

;g xfrfof/k igys ekSf[kd :i ls djk;h tk,A u,&u, 'kCnksa dk fon~;kFkhZ }kjk lksps tkuk] lkFk gh xyr ek=kk,Wa u yxkuk gh bl ikB dk mn~ns'; gSA

16 C

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'kCn&jpuk pyks 'kCn cuk,WaA fn, x, 'kCn esa ls u, 'kCn <wa<+ dj fy[ksaA rktegy

lqUnjrk

vktex<+

rkt

jktegy

jkt?kjkuk

bl izdkj ls dh xbZ 'kCn jpuk dh ;g xfrfof/k cPpksa dks #fpdj yxsxh lkFk gh bls ekSf[kd #i ls d{kk dks lewg esa ckWaVdj [ksyk tk ldrk gSA 17 C

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uke&laKk vkvks tkusa%& lalkj esa gj pht+ gj izk.kh ,d uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fdls mls\--;k mls\-- ;k mls\--

t+jk mls cqykuk

vkvks cksysa vkSj tkusa fdlh dk Hkh uke u fy;k tk, rks vki vius nksLrksa ls D;k dgsaxs\ vkt eSa ogkWa tkÅWaxk] oks [ksyawWxk vkSj oks&oks [kkdj okil vkÅa WxkA vkvks vkSj tkusa gj bd pht+ uke ls tkuh tkrh gS vkSj ;s gh mldh igpku gSA 1 D;k d{kk ds Hkhrj dksbZ pht+ gS ftldk uke u gksA gkWa ugha 2 d{kk ds ckgj eSnku esa] vkleku esa ;k vkids ?kj ds vUnj dksbZ gkWa ugha ikWap pht+ks ds uke crk,Wa tks d{kk ds vUnj gSaA

ika Wp pht+kas ds uke crk,a W tks ?kj ds vUnj gaSA

18 C

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nw/k

ngh lHkh txgksa ds uke gksrs gSaA

fnYyh lHkh yksxksa ds uke gksrs gaSA

ikuh

unh

igkM+

jk"Vªifr izfrHkk ikfVy

lkfu;k fetkZ lHkh lfCt+;ksa ,oa Qyksa dks uke ls tkurs gSaA ;gh mudh igpku gSA

rjcwt

vukukl dsyk lHkh tkuoj vkSj if{k;ksa ds uke gksrs gSaA

eksj

?kksMk+

cr[k 19

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fepZ

gkFkh

laKk 1- oLrqvksa ds uke ij ¼

½ dk fu'kku yxk,WaA

dsyk

Vscy

pkdw

fdrkc

xsan

'ksj

vaxwj

dqlhZ

eksxjk

dcwrj

fxykl

2- LFkku ds uke ij xksyk yxk,a WA t;iqj

cSaxu

rksrk

fnYyh

igkM+

cktkj

vkVk

xk;

y[kuÅ

dqrqc ehukj

ikB'kkyk

vkyw

3- i'kq ds uke ij xksyk yxk,a WA cSy

eSuk

cqycqy

ykSdh

gkFkh

phrk

xqykc

cdjh

iihrk

lM+d

isM+

?kksM+k

4- if{k;ksa ds uke ij xksyk yxk,a WA Åa WV

/kfu;k

eksj

fiadh

fcYyh

dcwrj

'ksj

vaxwj

rksrk

phy

dks;y

canj

20 C

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laKk 11

fdlh Hkh uke 'kCn dks laKk dgrs gSaA cxhps esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh pkj phtksa ds uke fy[ksaA 2 3 4

'kjhj ds pkj vaxksa ds uke fy[ksaA 2 3

vius pkj fe=kksa ds uke fy[ksaA 2 3

pkj tkuojkas ds uke fy[ksaA 2 3

pkj if{k;ksa ds uke fy[ksaA 2 3

pkj Qyksa ds uke fy[ksaA 2 3

pkj txgkas ds uke fy[ksaA 2 3

pkj Qwykas ds uke fy[ksaA

21 C

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vkSjr & vkneh ¼L=kh&iq:"k½ L=kh L=khfyax

iq#"k iqfYayx

nknh

nknk

yM+dh

yM+dk

vkSjr

vkneh

cgu

HkkbZ

jkuh

jktk

'ksjuh

'ksj

eqxhZ

eqxkZ

canfj;k

canj 22

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L=khfyax&iqfYayx pkpk

nknh

jktk

ukuk

ekSlk

eksjuh dqfr;k

xk;

ckyd

'ksj

HkkbZ

cgu

phy

eqxhZ

canj

pkph

jkuh

eksj

pyks fy[ksa] tks 'kCn L=kh ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk, mls L=khfyax vkSj tks iq:"k ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk, mls iqfYayx ds uhps fy[ksaA

iqfYayx

L=khfyax 1

'kCn }kjk fyax dh igpku u gksa rks ekSf[kd #i ls 'kCn dks okD; esa iz;ksx dj ns[ksaA 23

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fyax lgh ds fy, ¼ jktk cSBh gSA

½ vkSj xyr ds fy, ¼ ¼ ½

canj cSBh gSA

eqxhZ [kM+h gSA

eqxkZ [kM+h gSA

'ksj ?kwe jgh gSA

xk; ?kkl pj jgk gSA

'ksjuh ?kwe jgk gSA

cSy ?kkl pj jgk gSA

½ yxk,WaA

okD; i<+ dj L=khfyax ;k iqfYayx yxk,WaA 1 Hkkx jgk gSA ¼ pwgk@pqfg;k ½ 2 ukp jgh gSA ¼ eksj@eksjuh ½ 3 diM+s yk;kA ¼ /kksch@/kksfcu ½ 4 esjh vkbZA ¼ nknk@nknh ½ 5 esjk [ksy jgk gSA ¼ HkkbZ@cgu ½ tc okD; ds L=khfyax@iqfYayx dk irk u pys rks 'kCn dks okD; esa iz;ksx djsaA ¹ ikuh cg x;k@ikuh cg xbZA ¹ vkleku uhyk gS@uhyh gSA ¹ isM+ fxj x;k@fxj xbZA ¹ 'kjcr Ba<k Fkk@Ba<h FkhA 24 C

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lgh ij fu'kku yxk,a W lgh ij ¼

½ yxk,WaA

1- 'ksj cSBk gS@cSBh gSA 2- ?kksalyk VwV xbZ@x;kA 3- isM+ dV xbZ@x;kA 4- xsan xqe gks xbZ@x;kA 5- Qwy eqj>k xbZ@x;kA

okD; i<+dj lgh 'kCn ij ¼

½ fu'kku yxk,WaA

1- xk;@cSy ?kkl pj jgh gSA 2- phaVha@phaVk cgqr t+ksj ls dkVrk gSA 3- nhnh@HkS;k vk xbZA 4- pwgk@pqfg;k dqVj&dqVj djrh gSA 5- pkph@pkpk vk jgs FksA

25 C

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uke dh txg&loZuke vkvks tkusa uhps fy[ks okD;ksa dks i<+saA ¹ t; QqVckWy [ksyrk gSA og ,d vPNk f[kykM+h gSA ¹ vkt esjs nknk nknh esjs ?kj vk,WaxsaA os pkj cts vk,a WxsA igys okD; esa t; ds ckjs esa ckr djrs gq, nksckjk og 'kCn dk iz;ksx gSA blh izdkj nwljs okD; esa nknk nknh ds fy, nksckjk os 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

fdlh uke dks ckj&ckj iz;ksx u djds mlds LFkku ij ftl 'kCn iz;ksx gksrk gS mls loZuke dgrs gSaA uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa laKk rFkk loZuke pqudj fy[ksaA jke i<+us tk jgk gSA mlds gkFk esa fdrkcsa gSA firkth vk jgsa gSaA muds gkFk esa FkSyk gSA canfj;k isM+ ij cSBh gSA og dsyk [kk jgh gSA jfo cktkj x;k FkkA mlus vke [kjhnAs jk/kk us nknk&nknh dks Qy w fn,A mUgas vPNk yxkA b'Zkk vkjS by Z k [ky s jgha gASa os vPNh f[kykMh+ gAaS rqe nsj ls vk;sA rqEgas tYnh vkuk pkfg, FkkA 26 C

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laKk @ loZuke

loZukeksa ds #i ;g jfo gSA og jfo dk ?kj gSA

;g jfo gSA og mldk ?kj gSA laKk loZuke

dqN loZukeksa ds #i%& eSa ge og os rqe ;g

esjk] eq>s geas] gekjk mudh] mudk] mudks] mUgsa mudh] mudk] mudks] mUgsa rqEgkjk] rqedks] rqEgsa budk] budh] budks] bUgsa

lgh loZuke pqudj fy[ksaA jke dk dqRrk cgqr vPNk gSA cgqr rst HkkaSdrk gSA ¼og@os½ jax lQsn vkSj Hkwjk gSA ¼mldk@mudk½ nks pksj idM+sA ¼mUgksusa@mlus½ jke cgqr rkjhQ djrk gSA ¼budh@mldh½ jke ds lkFk lSj ij tkuk cgqr vPNk yxrk gSA ¼mls@mUgsa½ 27 C

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,dopu&cgqopu

¼,d@vusd½

vkvks vkSj tkusa tc fdlh ,d ds ckjs esa dgk tk, rks mls ,dopu dgrs gSaA tSls%& ,d yM+dk tc ,d ls T;knk ds ckjs esa dgk tk, rks mls cgqopu dgrs gaSA i<+as vkSj fy[kas

¼ ,dopu ½

¼ cgqopu ½

yM+dk x/kk ?kksM+k diM+k cLrk isafly

yM+ds x/ks ?kksM+s diM+s cLrs isaflysa

dqN 'kCn opu cnyus ij Hkh ugha cnyrs] tSls%& ,d vke & pkj vke] ikuh] o"kkZ] vkleku] lwjt] pka Wn] /kjrh] isM+A

¼ ,dopu ½ ¼ cgqopu ½ vkleku ikuh /kjrh isM+

¼ ,dopu ½ ¼ cgqopu ½

vkleku ikuh /kjrh isM+

o"kkZ vke igkM+ pkWan 28

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o"kkZ vke igkM+ pkWan

opu fp=k ns[ksas vkSj lgh opu ij ¼

½ dk fu'kku yxk,WaA

dqÙks ,dopu@cgqopu

dqÙkk ,dopu@cgqopu

¼,d+½

¼vusd½

yM+dh ,dopu@cgqopu

yM+fd;kWa ,dopu@cgqopu

xk; ,dopu@cgqopu

dqlhZ ,dopu@cgqopu

isaflysa ,dopu@cgqopu

eNfy;kWa ,dopu@cgqopu

dqflZ;kWa ,dopu@cgqopu

fcYyh ,dopu@cgqopu

eNyh ,dopu@cgqopu

cksrysa ,dopu@cgqopu

cksry ,dopu@cgqopu

xeyk ,dopu@cgqopu

29 C

¼vusd½

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vkvks vkSj tkusa dqÙks

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½ ¼,d+½

¼vusd½

diM+s

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

dqflZ;kWa

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

yM+fd;kWa

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

fdrkc

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

dye

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

jksVh

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

pus

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

dkWfi;kaW

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

¼,d+½ ¼,d+½ ¼,d+½ ¼,d+½ ¼,d+½ ¼,d+½ ¼,d+½ ¼,d+½

¼vusd½ ¼vusd½ ¼vusd½ ¼vusd½ ¼vusd½ ¼vusd½ ¼vusd½ ¼vusd½

iwjh

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

f[kykSus

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

iSls

¼ ,dopu] cgqopu ½

¼,d+½ ¼,d+½ ¼,d+½

¼vusd½ ¼vusd½ ¼vusd½

30 C

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,d&vusd 'kCnksa dks i<+dj ,d vkSj vusd ij fu'kku yxk,a WA 1- rhu frrfy;kWa

,d@vusd

2- ika Wp Qwy

,d@vusd

3- nks xk;

,d@vusd

4- ,d ?kksM+k

,d@vusd

5- nks fcfYy;kWa

,d@vusd

6- rhu dqRrs

,d@vusd

vkvks i<a+s ,dopu µ cgqopu dqRrk µ dqRrs iRrk µ iRrs NRrk µ NRrs MaMk µ MaMs

yM+dh µ yM+fd;ka W cdjh µ cdfj;kWa Vguh µ Vgfu;ka W xyh µ xfy;ka W

dye µ dyesa cgu µ cgusa fdrkc µ fdrkcsa rkj µ rkjsa

fpfM+;k µ fpfM+;ka W pqfg;k µ pqfg;ka W xqfM+;k µ xqfM+;ka W

31 C

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opu dqÙks] vka W[k]

ckr] ikS/kk] cksry] x/ks] yM+fd;ka W] ekyk,a W] xktj]

Åij fn, gq, ,dopu 'kCnksa ij ¼ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij fy[ksaA

dgkuh] jkras] vkSjrsa] maxyh]

½ yxk,a W ,oa cgqopu 'kCnksa dks

cgqopu

Åij fn, gq, cgqopu 'kCnksa ds ,dopu uhps fn, x, LFkku ij fy[ksaA

,dopu

32 C

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

opu fpfUgr 'kCn dk opu cnydj okD; iqu% fy[ksaA mnkgj.k%&

og yM+dh Hkkx jgh gSA os yM+fd;ka W Hkkx jgha gaSA 1- mlus vke rksM+kA 2- jkLrs ij xkM+h [kM+h gSA 3- ikS/ks dk xeyk vPNk gSA 4- og iwM+h [kk jgk FkkA 5- vkleku esa flrkjk pedrk gSA 6- mlds ?kj esa canj gSA 7- og jkst ckx tkrk gSA 8- mls ukfj;y ilan gSA

33 C

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dSlk @ fdruk vkvks tkusa t; ds ckjs esaA t; ,d yM+dk gSA og ,d vPNk f[kykM+h gSA og yEck gSA og xksjk gSA vkvks iwNas t; ds ckjs esa vkSj D;k&D;k irk gS\ vPNk] yEck] xksjk gSA ;s lkjs 'kCn t; ds ckjs esa crkrs gaSA blh rjg uhps fy[ks ukeksa ds ckjs esa vkSj tkuasA

ihyh irax

xksy xqCckjk

yky lsc

yack flikgh dPph beyh

lqanj ?kj dVk vke [kM+k dqrk cM+k isM+ vPNk yM+dk tks 'kCn fdlh laKk vFkok loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crk,a W mUgsa fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA fo'ks"k.k lnk laKk vFkok loZuke ls igys yxk;k tkrk gSA

fo'ks"k.k tkuus ds fy, laKk ds vkxs dSlk ;k fdruk yxk dj iwNasA ;g idk iihrk gSA dSlk iihrk\ idk iihrk ;gkWa pkj dsys gaSA BaMk ikuh ykvksA

fdrus dsys\

pkj dsys

dSlk ikuh\

BaMk ikuh

ika Wp xsans yk;kA

fdruh xsans\

ikWap xsans

34 C

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myVs vFkZ okys 'kCn vkvks tkusa vkxs vkvksA

ihNs tkvksA

jfo vkSj t; ,d nwljs dh ckr u eku myVk dg jgs gaSA oSls gaS Hkh os ,d nwljs ls myVs] jfo iryk gS rks t; eksVk gSA rHkh os gj 'kCn dk myVk vFkZ crkus okys 'kCn dgrs gSaA Åij µ uhps

b/kj µ m/kj

xje µ BaMk

jkr

FkksM+k µ cgqr

lqcg µ 'kke

vanj µ ckgj

jksuk µ ga Wluk

dPpk µ iDdk

cw<+k µ toku

'kq: µ var

NksVk µ cM+k@yEck

ikl µ nwj

fy;k µ fn;k

u;k µ iqjkuk

xhyk µ lw[kk

µ fnu

geus tkuk fo'ks"krk okys 'kCnksa esa gj 'kCn dk myVk Hkh gksrk gS myVh fo'ks"krk okys 'kCn dks foijhr@foykse dgrs gaSA 35 C

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uhps fn, js[kkafdr 'kCnksa ds foijhr 'kCn fy[ksaA 1-

jkgqy toku gks x;kA

pknj xhyh FkhA

;g dPpk dsyk gSA

fcYyh isM+ ds uhps FkhA

iqjkuk fMCck ys tkvksA

lqcg gks xbZA

bl xeys dks b/kj j[kksA

36 C

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djuk @ gksuk µ fd;k z vkvks ns[ksa] vius vkl&ikl gj rjQ] gj le; dksbZ u dksbZ dqN dj jgk gSA tks 'kCn dke djus vFkok gksus dks izdV djrs gS mls fd;k z

jfo D;k dj jgk gS\ tkuW dye ls D;k dj jgk g\S jktw us D;k fd;k\ jfo ga Wl jgk gSA tkWu fy[k jgk gSA jktw us ikuh fi;kA fd;k fd;k fd;k z µ ga Wluk z µ fy[kuk z µ ihuk

jktw us yEch Nyka Wx yxkbZA jktw us D;k fd;k\ Nyka Wx yxkbZA fd;k z ¼Nyka Wx yxkbZ½

uhuk us #eky ls eksfgr [kkuk [kk,xkA vka Wlw iksaNsA eksfgr D;k djsxk\ uhuk us #eky ls [kkuk [kk,xkA D;k fd;k\ vkl aW w ikN as s fd;k fd;k z ¼[kk,xk½ z ¼vka Wlw iksaNuk½ 37

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vH;kl ¼fd;k½ z 1- fd;k z js[kkafdr djsaA ¹

nknkth cSBs gSaA

jfo [kM+k gSA

Qwy f[ky x;kA

ekyh Qwy yxk jgk gSA

v/;kfidk i<+k jgha gSaA

lksuy [ksy jgh gSA

2- uhps nh xbZ fd;k z dks okD; esa iz;ksx djsaA [ksyuk gWa luk ?kweuk fy[kuk i<+uk [kkuk lksuk 38 C

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vH;kl ¼fd;k½ z uhps fn, okD;kas dks i<+saA lgh Hkk"kk u gksus ij ¼ yxk,WaA pkpkth vk jgh gSA

firkth pk; ihrh gSA

eka W [kkuk cuk jgk gSA

ckfj'k #d x;kA

pk; BaMk gks x;kA

phaVh dkVrk gSA

isafly VwV x;kA

Ba<h vk x;kA

nhnh i<+rk gSA

Hkkjr ns'k gekjh gSA

unh cgrk gSA

lkseokj chr xbZA

39 C

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

½ dk fu'kku

vH;kl Fkh @ Fkha dk iz;ksx eS tk jgh Fkh @ FkhaA og xkuk xk jgh Fkha @ FkhA ge lc Ldwy xbZ Fkh @ FkhaA esjh eka W vk jgh Fkh @ FkhaA

gS @ gSa dk iz;ksx oks tk jgh gS @ gSaA og [kk jgk gS @ gSaA os idk jgs gSa @ gSA ge i<+ jgs gSa @ gSA firkth vk jgsa gSa @ gSA

dh@ fd dk iz;ksx jes'k dh @ fd isafly VwV xbZA canj fd @ dh ia wWN Qa Wl xbZ gSA bZ'kk dh @ fd eka W vk jgha gSaA xk; dh @ fd iwWaN yach gksrh gSA ;'k dgrk gS fd @ dh og ugha vk,xkA eS ?kj ls fudyk fd @ dh ckfj'k 'kq# gks xbZA 40 C

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fHkUu&fHkUu cksyh i{kh vkSj tkuoj Hkh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx cksy dj djrs gSa tSls%& fpfM+;k djrh pha pha pha dkSvk cksys dkaoW dkaoW ?kksM+k djrk fgu fgu fgu canj djrk [kh [kh [kh dqÙkk HkkSads] 'ksj ngkM+s phrk gS xqjkZ, xk; jaHkk,] gkFkh fpa?kkM+s cdjh jgh fefe;k,A 41 C

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fd;k z ¼i'kq&if{k;ksa dh cksyh½ 1- okD; i<+dj lgh cksyh ij ¼ ½ dk fu'kku yxk,WaA 1- fpfM+;k pha pha@VjZ&VjZ djrk gSA 2-

'ksj ngkM+rk@xqVjxwWa djrk gSA

dqrk fgufgukrk@HkkSadrk gSA

esa<+d E;kmWa E;kmWa@VjZ&VjZ djrk gSA

dcwrj fpa?kkM+rk@xqVjxwWa djrk gSA

?kksM+k feufeukrk@fgufgukrk gSA

dkSvk [kh&[kh@dkWao&dkWao djrk gSA

8- x/kk HkkSadrk@jsadrk gSA 2- fp=k ns[ksa vkSj uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dks lgh txg ij fy[ksaA

pha&pha 1- pha&pha]

2- dqdM+&dwWa

3- xqVjxwWa

42 C

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4- [kh&[kh

vFkZ ,d 'kCn vusd vkvks tkusa jk/kk vkSj mldk HkkbZ t; viuh eka W ls ikuh eka Wx jgs gaSA mudh eEeh us eEehs vkSj eka W nksuks 'kCnksa ds cnys esa tokc fn;k] D;ksafd eka W] eEeh] ekrk vkSj tuuh lcdk vFkZ ,d gS µ ekaAW eka]W eq>s ikuh nksA

eEeh] eq>s ikuh nksA

vkvks vkSj tkusa ,sls gh dqN 'kCn uhps fn;s gaSA ;s gSa lekukFkZd 'kCn ;kfu leku vFkZ okys 'kCnA Qwy] lqeu

gkFkh] xt

ckny] es?k

cjlkr] ckfj'k

pka Wn] 'kf'k

ikuh] ty

lwjt] jfo

L=kh] ukjh

jkr] jkf=k

isM+] o`{k 43

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vusd 'kCnksa ds fy, ,d 'kCn i<+sa o igpkuas] ;s dkSu gaS\

MkWDVj

;g chekj dk bykt djrk gSA ;g twrs cukrk vkSj mudh ejEer djrk gSA ;g cky dkVrk gSA

;g [ksrh djrk gSA

;g gesa i<+krha gaSA

;g QuhZpj cukrk gSA

;g ns'k dh j{kk djrk gSA 44 C

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

fxurhµdfork ,d Hkkyw eksVk µ eksVk nks canj dks mlus ihVk rhu fcfYy;ksa dks ekjk iatk pkj ?kksM+ksa dks fd;k gS xatk ikWap fpfM+;kas dks pir yxkbZ N% N% ckj mB & cSB yxkbZ lkr fnu fpfM+;kWa jgha ijs'kku vkB ckj dgk Hkxoku~ & Hkxoku~ ukS fnu tk ds jkgr ikbZ nl ckj ;gh iqdkj yxkbZ cl] cl] cl] clA Hkkywth cksys fxuks lc ^,d ls nl*

,d] nks] rhu] pkj] ikWap] N%] lkr] vkB] ukS] nlA

1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9] 10-

X;kjg] ckjg] rsjg] pkSng] iUnzg] lksyg] l=kg] vV~Bkjg] mUuhl] chl

11] 12] 13] 14] 15] 16] 45 C

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

17]

18]

19] 20-

leku y; okys 'kCn

¼laxr 'kCn½

leku y; okys 'kCn fy[ksaA mnkgj.k %& dc µ vc fdls µ

xoZ

feyk µ

dke µ

dqRrk µ

<hy µ

vaM+k µ

nqe µ

xje µ

:i µ

gksyh µ

VwV µ

ekSu µ

csj

fdlus µ

Hkksj µ

NksVh µ

eksM+ µ

xM+k µ

isank µ

geyk µ

c<+

b/kj µ

>Vd µ

rqe µ

µ 46

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

jpukRed xfrfof/k;ka W esjk dqÙkk

1- esjs dqÙks dk uke

gSA

2- og

jax dk gSA

3- og

nkSM+rk gSA

4- mls

ialn gSA

5- og eq>s cgqr vPNk yxrk gS D;ksafd] ¹ ¹ 47 C

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

dqÙks dk fp=k cuk,WaA

esjh eka W

1- esjh ekWa dk uke

gSA

2- og

gSaA

3- og

idkrh gSaA

4- og eq>s

gSaA

5- og jkst lqcg

tkrh gSaA

6- og eq>s cgqr vPNh yxrh gSa D;ksafd] ¹ ¹ 48 C

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ekWa dk fp=k cuk,WaA

esjk fiz; fe=k fe=k dk fp=k cuk,WaA

1- esjs fiz; fe=k dk uke 2- mls 3- mls

gSA

[ksyuk

yxrk gSA

[kkuk cgqr ilan gSA

4- mldk lcls fiz; Qy gS 5- eq>s viuh fe=k cgqr vPNk yxrk gS D;ksafd] ¹ ¹ 49 C

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

fp=k o.kZu

v/;kiu funsZ'k%& cPpksa ls iwNsa fp=k esa dkSu ls i{kh] tkuoj] isM+ o Qwy gSaA fp=k esa lkjs tkuoj izlUu fn[k jgsa gS cPpksa ls iwNs D;ksa\ blls mudh dYiuk 'kfDr dk fodkl gksxkA gjsd tkuoj ds ckjs esa mUgsa mldh cksyh] pky o fo'ks"krk,Wa crk,WaA 50 C

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

fnu vkSj lIrkg vkvks tkuas ,d lIrkg esa lkr fnu gksrs gSaA ;s lkrksa fnu feydj ,d lIrkg dgykrk gSA;s fnu dekuq z lkj blh izdkj vkrs gSA

lkseokj

eaxyokj cq/kokj xq#okj 'kqdz okj 'kfuokj jfookj vkvks fy[ksa vkSj tkusa vkt dkSu lk fnu gS\ dy dkSu lk fnu gksxk\ dy dkSu lk fnu Fkk\ 51 C

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vH;kl 1-

lIrkg ds fnu de z ls fy[ksaA 2

lIrkg dk rhljk fnu

gksrk gSA

lIrkg dk lkrokWa fnu

gksrk gSA

lIrkg dk igyk fnu

gksrk gSA

lIrkg dk pkSFkk fnu

gksrk gSA

2- okD; i<+dj gka W ;k uk ij ¼

½ fu'kku yxk,WaA

cq/kokj eaxyokj ds ckn esa vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

xq#okj 'kqdz okj ls igys vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

jfookj 'kfuokj dss ckn vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

lkseokj eaxyokj ds ckn vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

jfookj lkseokj ls igys vkrk gSA

gka W 52

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ugha

fnu] eghuk vkSj lky ,d lky esa ckjg eghus gksrs gaS tks blh de z esa vkrs gSaA

tuojh

tqykbZ

Qjojh

vxLr

ekpZ

flrEcj

vizSy

vDVwcj

ebZ

uoEcj

twu

fnlEcj

2- okD; i<+dj gkWa ;k uk ij ¼

½ fu'kku yxk,WaA

tuojh ds ckn twu vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

fnlEcj ls igys uoEcj vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

tqykbZ vxLr dss ckn vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

Qjojh ekpZ ls igys vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

flrEcj vDVwcj ls igys vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

vizSy ebZ ds ckn vkrk gSA

gka W

ugha

53 C

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i=k ys[ku D;k dHkh vkius vius nknk&nknh ;k ekrk&firk dks i=k fy[kdj ;g crk;k gS fd vki muls fdruk Lusg j[krs gSa vkSj D;ksa\ vkvks lh[ksa jfo us viuh nknh dks dSls i=k fy[kkA dksBh u-µ89 jkuh pkSd] jkeuxj 26 tqykbZ 2007

esjh I;kjh nknh] iz.kke] vki dSlh gSa\ ;gkWa jkst eSa vkidks ;kn djrk gWawA vkidh lqukbZ dgkfu;kWa vius nksLrksa dks lqukrk gWawA vk'kk gS vxys eghus vki gekjs lkFk vkdj jgsaxhA esjs fe=k Hkh vkils feyus dks mRlqd gSaA esjh vksj ls vkidks vkSj nknkth dks iz.kkeA vkidk I;kjk iksrk jfo

54 C

Deepshikha Books & Info Services

okrkZyki iz'u dk mÙkj iwjs okD; esa nsaA ¼ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr½ 1- vkidk uke D;k gS\ 2- vki fdrus o"kZ ds gaS\ 3- vki dgkWa jgrs gSa\ 4- vki fdl fo|ky; esa i<+rs gaS\ 5- vkidh v/;kfidk dk D;k uke gS\ 6- vkids firkth dk uke D;k gS\ 7- vkidh ekrkth dk uke D;k gS\ 8- vki fo|ky; dSls vkrs gSa\ 9- fo|ky; vkrs le; jkLrs esa D;k&D;k fn[krk gS\ 10 vkidk fiz; Qy@Qwy dkSu lk gS vkSj D;kas gS\ 11- vkidk fiz; fo"k;@[ksy dkSu lk gS vkSj D;kas gS\ 12- vki cM+s gksdj D;k cuuk pkgsaxsa vkSj D;ksa\ 13- vki vius cM+ksa dks fdl izdkj vknj djrss gSa\ 14- vkidks D;k djuk vPNk yxrk gS vkSj D;ksa\ 15- vkidk fiz; ioZ dkSu lk gS\ 16- vkidh fiz; _rq dkSu lh gS\ 17- vkidk fiz; Hkkstu dkSu lk gS\ 55 C

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¼j½ dk mi;ksx x`g esa _ ¼Loj gS½ _ dh ek=kk ¼ ` ½ ls o`{k u`i vkfn 'kCn cusA

Vªd

lw;Z

tc *j* vk/kk *j* fdlh O;atu ds ;k gyar *j* ckn la;qDr gksus ij og gksrk gS rks vk/kk gksdj izk;% uhps dh ftl O;atu vksj yxrk gS ds Åij yxk tSls%& de] z Hkze gks mlls igys flQZ V oxZ ds uhps gh j ¼ ª ½ cksyk tkrk gS bl #i esa yxrk gS tSls%& /keZ] deZA tSls%& Vªd] jk"Vª ;g jsQ dgykrk gSA

lgh mPpkj.k ds lkFk uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa dks t+ksj ls i<+sa vkSj lgh 'kCn ij ¼ ½ dk fu'kku yxk,WaA o`{k ioZr lwZ; izl xzg ni.kZ lZi o`"kk ezx Vªd

oz{k iozr lw;z iZl x`g nzi.k lzi oz"kk e`x VZd

o{kZ ioZr lw;Z ilZ xà niZ.k liZ o"kkZ eZx V`d 56

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