Love and Other Drugs Magazine

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LOVE AND OTHER DRUGS

Dear Readers, The title of this issue is “Love and Other Drugs.”

Thinking of drugs may elicit negative feelings. Drugs are notorious for altering a person’s mental state, hijacking our bodies and exploiting our pleasure sensors to make addictions. Some drugs such as cocaine mock feelings of extreme satisfaction, which result from a specific physiological pathway. This commandeered pathway was in fact developed for love-- perhaps an even more contentious subject.

My favorite literary portrayal of love is in Plato’s Symposium from which the concept of a soul mate was first introduced to everyday speech. The story goes, humans were once one gender and body, a combination of both male and female. Zeus, angered at the magnificence of the being, halved it into two parts dooming each half to find its missing piece. The halves were called soul mates: beings unconditionally understood, overwhelmingly happy, and fulfilled only when reunited with each other.

Physics has its own variant of the idea of two interconnected parts. In quantum physics, the concept of “quantum entanglement” presents a story just as sweet. Two particles that are entangled will both respond to actions done on one or another, irrespective of proximity. Albert Einstein dubbed this phenomenon “spooky action”.

This issue seeks to shed scientific light onto two dubious, seemingly unavoidable subjects in our young, collegiate lives: love and drugs.

Though it may not fully encapsulate the awesome nuances of love nor address the difficulty that is drug abuse and/or addiction, we try our best to make understandings of these spooky subjects.

In reading this issue, you’ll find the many ways that love and drugs are similar: the chemicals released when in love and on drugs (page 1), the addictive power of both (page 19) and more. You’ll also notice the series of interactives that fill the last couple of pages in the magazine; these have been created for you to be more engaged, in love, and maybe a bit addicted to our magazine as readers and learners. Enjoy.

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f o e l b ta tents con

LOVE AND OTHER DRUGS

Health 5

Intimately Pornographic

9

Commercial Overdose

11 Do I Love You or Do I LOVE You? 13 Rebounding from Rejection 17 Crazy, Stupid Love

Science 1

The Love Hormone

3

The Science of Seduction

7

Unzipping Your Genes

19 The Science Behind Love and Why We Crave It So Much 21 Human Pheromones: Myth or Magic

Interactives 25 Introduction to Drink Gastronomy 27 A Scientifically Accurate Love Letter (MadLib) 29 Saving Lives with RedCross

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1

THE LOVE HORMONE BY: LEAH GINN

T

here is a distinct feeling you get the first time someone sparks your eye; the feeling isn’t always obvious, or even necessarily physical. You might feel bubbly and anxious to see them again or you might find yourself thinking about them all day and all night. You may not be able to anticipate the outcome or the purpose of these feelings, but they are too strong to deter you from testing your luck. On the first date, their company

satisfies your intrigue, and over time, the feelings between the two of you might grow deeper and stronger. The chemistry between two people seems unexplainable—an abstract concept that exists in a higher realm beyond the physical. However, the term “chemistry,” as used when referring to the connection or relationship between two people, is actually a straightforward notion.

Science | love and other drugs

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lot of the feelings we perceive regarding our sexual partners and significant others can be attributed to the chemicals and hormones that are secreted in our bodies when that special someone is near. One hormone in particular is so strongly associated with our sexual and love lives that it has acquired the nickname “the love hormone.” Oxytocin, a nonapeptide hormone that doubles as a neurotransmitter, plays a crucial role in our reproductive systems, intimate relationships and love lives.

"Oxytocin invokes an emotional response related to trust, relaxation, and psychological stability" Love is undoubtedly in the air, but it may stem straight from our hypothalamus. Oxytocin is formed in the hypothalamus, along with many other hormones, and is transferred to the pituitary gland, a master of all glands located at the base of the brain, and is ultimately secreted throughout the body. According to professional medical news author Mark MacGill, “the neuropeptide exerts multiple psychological effects, influencing social behavior and emotion (MacGill, 2015.)” It has been shown that oxytocin invokes an emotional response related to trust, relaxation, and psychological stability, and MacGill also shares that oxytocin reduces stress by creating an anti-anxiety response in our brains. There are a few certain times that oxytocin is produced in our bodies, and in women, oxytocin plays a large role in labor, childbirth, and breastfeeding. The love hormone is released during labor, increasing uterine motility and inducing uterine contractions to aid in childbirth (MacGill, 2015.) Doctors also prescribe oxytocin to induce labor when necessary.

The hormone is also released when the nipples are stimulated during breastfeeding, creating feelings of attachment between the mother and child.

With respect to relationships, MacGill shares that couples generally exhibit high levels of oxytocin during the first six months of being together. The “honeymoon phase” may be a real deal, due to the love hormones raging throughout our bodies during these first few months. In both men and women, oxytocin is also released during sexual activity, and may correlate to arousal, orgasmic intensity and the stimulation of an erection. This could explain

why sexual relationships sometimes turn into longlasting relationships. According to Marie Ellis, Medical News Today writer, oxytocin stimulates the reward centers in our brains and leads to strengthened attractiveness to our partners and may strongly encourage fidelity and monogamy (Ellis, 2013.) In Ellis’s article, “Oxytocin: the Monogamy Hormone?”, she describes a research study done at Ruhr University of Bochum in Germany during which male participants were given a dose of oxytocin while seeing pictures of familiar women in their lives. Based on their findings, the researchers claimed that oxytocin is a bonding hormone, since men who were given this chemical showed increased activity in the reward centers of their brains when shown pictures of their partners, and little reward center activity when shown pictures of strangers.

"The study proved oxytocin to be a bonding hormone, as the men whom were given oxytocin showed increased activity in the reward centers of their brains" Ellis goes on to discuss the work of Dr. Rene Hurlemann, researcher at Bonn University Medical Center. In her studies on oxytocin, she states that “this [hormone] could explain why people fall into depression or deep mourning after a separation from their partner: due to the lack of oxytocin secretion, the reward system is under-stimulated, and is more or less in a withdrawal state. (Ellis, 2013.)” It is apparent through these studies that, despite its miniature size, oxytocin plays a very essential role in developing strong feelings of fond attachment to important people in our lives.

While there are countless factors that come into play in determining who we want to spend most of our time with and grow close to, let us not neglect the love hormone and its part in promoting our feelings of giddiness, jealousy, affection and connection with our partners and love interests. Oxytocin creates bonds between mother and child, and establishes the chemistry you feel when someone intrigues you a little more than the average Joe would. This simple chemical could be a crucial aspect in your future progeny, and make long lasting relationships possible and worthwhile.

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The Science of Seduction BY: CHRISTINA NAJJAR

T

he art of seduction is elusive; few individuals are capable of mastering the craft. The public idolizes those whose character is rich in intrigue and confidence, even if it is unaware of this effect. Dr. Monica Moore, a psychologist at Webster University in St. Louis, has conducted a study producing evidence that the individuals who are most commonly approached are not the classically attractive ones, but rather the people who nonverbally signal their availability while simultaneously exuding an aura of self-assurance. This study also revealed a trend -- women are generally attracted to power and candor while men prefer mystery and challenge. While the reason behind these preferences cannot be quantifiably determined, their triggers and effects can. The common scene of simultaneously smiling and making eye contact with the object of one’s affections is rich in neurochemical and social-psychological implications. Once a person understands these effects, they may manipulate their occurrence and successfully wield the power of seduction. Intellect has never been sexier.

photo provided by: Nneka Ewulonu

Science | love and other drugs

While natural appearances have been proven to not

be a factor of relative importance, how an individual presents oneself can have a significant impact on their degree of attraction. The most effective way to enhance one’s sex appeal? Wear the color red. Studies published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology and the Journal of Personality and Social psychology have presented evidence that men and women are empirically more attracted to those associated with the color, even when the participant was simply standing in front of a red backdrop as opposed to actually wearing the color. Dr. Andrew Elliot, professor of psychology at University of Rochester and primary investigator for one of the more popular studies, explains, “We link red to passion because red is the color we exhibit on our skin when sexually interested -- a red blush.” This biological implication may have sparked the initial reason for society associating the shade with lust.

Over the years, this association has grown; culture provides men with sensual appropriations such as Amsterdam’s red light district, red lipstick, and red lingerie while symbols of power such as red sports cars, the red power tie, even the red uniform of history’s monarchies and nobility are marketed to women. This societal conditioning has resulted in an color association so strong that red has the ability to actually change the body’s physiology by altering the hormone balance. The mind is incredibly flexible, with new synapses forming between different neurons as they collectively fire. Once these connections have formed, observing red will trigger the associative neurons, stimulating information centers associated with power and desire. This provocation of the sympathetic nervous system releases neurotransmitters linked to heightened attention and the fight-or-flight response most commonly attributed to adrenaline.

The simplicity of wearing a specific color has the scientific power to veritably excite one’s desired partner. The best part? They are consciously unaware of its corporeal affect on their perceptions.

The second critical element of seduction is nonverbal communication -- specifically, eye contact.

A famous 1989 study in the Journal of Research in Personality empirically measured elevated rates of attraction between couples who shared prolonged eye contact.

“THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO ENHANCE ONE’S SEX APPEAL? WEAR THE COLOR RED.” The intimacy of direct visual contact generates production of the neuromodulator phenylethylamine, commonly known as “the Love Drug”. This nootropic drug triggers the release of dopamine and norepinephrine; the former is popularly linked with the brain’s reward system, sexual drive, and feelings of pleasure while the latter is similar to adrenaline. The combination of arousal, heightened focus, elevated heart rate, and a variation of the fight-or-flight response is the state most would attribute to being in love.

The combined effects of eye contact and the color red present one with an exciting choice: flee or flirt. While both of these are linked to physiological factors of romance, the neurotransmitters released may also communicate aggression. The key to seduction is manipulating this interpretation to signal availability rather than hostility; this outcome may be accomplished by pairing an approach with positive indicators, such as a smile. The overall perception will be confidence rather than intimidation,and intrigue rather than hostility.

Finally, an individual must live up to the perception they have created; the final element of successful seduction is a productive conversation. Luckily, the neurochemical effects of attraction extend to both parties.

Phenylethylamine improves verbal and logical reasoning as well as reaction time; the color red has been proven to increase testosterone levels, inducing the sensation of confidence. Take a risk., Uutilizing these spikes in courage and rhetorical ingenuity- nothing is sexier than a witty, bold conversation.

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4

INTIMATELY PORNOGRAPHIC P

ornography. It’s a word that is not often uttered in everyday conversation. Many turn their heads in shame at the mention of such a taboo subject.

It is stigmatized, especially with the increasingly popular idea of anti-porn feminism and the very real problem of exploitation and sex trafficking. Although these issues are relevant, how does pornography affect intimacy in a monogamous relationship?

Porn, when viewed alone and not in a committed relationship, can definitely shape attitudes about sex, one’s own sexuality, and the opposite gender. However, it gains most of its infamy from its perception in relationships. It is seen as the relationship-destroyer as it may be a sign of infidelity. Alternatively, it is seen as therapeutic as couples can enjoy the content together. Essentially, pornography is

either a threat or an enhancement to happiness and sexual satisfaction in a relationship.

There are various studies that delineate the negative effects of pornography on a relationship. For example, one study demonstrated that after six weeks of non-violent pornography viewing, both women and men reported less satisfactions with their partner’s physical appearance, sexual curiosity, and performance. When both genders are exposed to this material, it often reveals the possibilities of attaining a more physically and sexually attractive partner. Those who oppose the usage of pornography view it as an endorsement of non-monogamous relationships.

Fear of partner infidelity as a result of pornography usage is not without blame. Multiple studies suggest that those who consume pornography reported lower levels of commitment. This study also showed that porn usage positively correlated with infidelity. Porn viewing provides an avenue for fantasizing about having someone better.

Not only do perceptions change in the partner viewing porn, but insecurities may arise in the significant other, and relationship satisfaction can suffer. Often, women are the victims of these insecurities, feeling unwanted and ugly. They see their significant others as perverted and untrustworthy.

These feelings of distress increase tension. However, isn’t sex just a natural part of life?

Pornography is not one-dimensional. There are subcategories of porn that can contribute to certain behaviors in couples’ relationships. Porn can be grouped into three subcategories: sexually-violent pornography, nonviolent pornography, and erotic. While sexually-violent pornography may lead to negative perceptions of sex, and nonviolent pornography can promote apathetic sex, erotica shows more affectionate and positive sexual encounters with more balance of power.

However, not everyone holds negative opinions of porn. In fact, women tended to agree with some positive statements about their partners’ pornography use, such as “My partner’s use of pornography does not affect the intimacy in our relationship,” and “My partner’s use of pornography leads to variety in our sexual relationship”. These results indicate that women may not see their partners’ pornography usage as unhealthy as long as consumption is not excessive. It can be said that some women may view their partners’ pornography use as beneficial for sex.

BY: CHARYSE MAGDANGAL

5 Health | love and other drugs

Honesty regarding porn usage is also a large factor in a

committed relationship. “Being honest about pornography use with a partner indicates that the person is comfortable with their own sexuality and the things that sexually titillate, stimulate, arouse, and turn-on their excitation,” said Dr. Fran Walfish. Secrecy and hiding porn viewing can be seen as betrayal, mistrust, and even cheating. According to the Scientific American, women whose partners were honest about viewing pornography reported lower levels distress and higher levels of relationship satisfaction.

As can be seen, the usage of porn and its effects on intimacy depends entirely on the people involved and the type of relationship they have. No matter who is involved, it is quintessential to communicate and be honest regarding consumption of porn. It is important for both partners to be explicit with their feelings about porn and stop treating the subject as taboo.

"multiple studies suggest that those who consume pornography reported lower levels of commitment"

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6

UNZIPPING YOUR

Find out how genes work, the cause of some genetic disorders, and how modern science is coming up with ways to modify our genetic make-up

T

ucked inside every cell of the human body are two meters of DNA. From hair color to the protein channels in our cell membranes, only four nucleotide bases are needed to encode our body’s entire instruction manual. The central dogma, the backbone of genetics, states that information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. When a gene needs to be expressed, it is transcribed from DNA into RNA. The process, called transcription, begins when the double helix of DNA is unzipped by DNA helicase. This allows RNA polymerase to find the exposed promoter, a section of the gene that helps direct the proteins involved in transcription to the correct starting location. Next, RNA polymerase lays down complementary nucleotides to those found in the DNA. Uracil replaces thymine in the RNA sequence and pairs with adenine, while cytosine and guanine behave normally. Once the gene is fully transcribed, the DNA returns to its normal double helix state and the new messenger RNA (mRNA) can be edited (Clancy 2008). During this process, pieces of mRNA called introns are cut out of the sequence. The exons, pieces of mRNA that are not spliced out, are reconnected and allowed to exit the nucleus to be translated (McClean 2008).

BY: EMMA BURKE

7 Science | love and other drugs

T

ranslation converts mRNA into an amino acid sequence.

Ribosomes, made of ribosomal RNA and protein, read the mRNA in codons. These sets of three bases are related to a specific anticodon on a transfer RNA (tRNA). On the opposite end of a tRNA molecule is an amino acid. When the anticodon and codon are matched, the amino acids link together to form a chain. Special stop codons are recognized and terminate translation. Eventually, this process will form a functional protein after folding and modification occurs (Genetic Science Learning Center 2016). A person’s genotype and environment determine the type and quantity of proteins produced. In turn, this impacts the phenotype and determines how we look and function.

D

espite the complexity of the pathway from DNA to protein, few errors are made. However, when the process does not proceed normally, the effects can be detrimental. About one in every 3,500 to 5000 infant males is diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) each year. This disease, characterized by the atrophying of muscles, is caused when dystrophin protein is incorrectly made. In a healthy individual, dystrophin is responsible for transfer of power by connecting muscle cells to the extracellular matrix. DMD patients either do not produce any dystrophin or have dysfunctional protein (Duchenne and Becker, 2016). There are over 1,000 ways for the dystrophin gene to be mutated to cause DMD, including something as simple as the deletion of one nucleotide. The reason that mostly males have DMD is due to the X-linked recessive inheritance pattern of the responsible gene. Since it is a recessive condition, two copies of the allele are needed in a diploid organism for the trait to be displayed.

Since males are hemizygous for the X chromosome (only have one x chromosome while females have two), it is much more common for their phenotype to resemble the recessive genotype than a female (DMD 2016). Disorders can also be inherited autosomally, through non sex chromosomes. One example of this is cystic fibrosis (CF). Another recessive disorder, CF is caused by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. In turn, the CFTR protein cannot properly transport salts into and out of cells. The most common result is mucous build up in the lungs which causes frequent infection. CF can be caused by almost 2,000 different mutations, with some mutations being more common than others (CF Genetics 2016).

W

hile changes in DNA sequence can cause life-altering diseases, the ability to edit genetic information can also be exploited for our benefit. CRISPR/Cas9 has been successfully used to influence gene modification. The system is made of a guide CRISPR-RNA (crRNA), RNA that identifies and locates certain DNA or RNA sequences, and an endonuclease. This endonuclease cuts the DNA or RNA around the binding site of the crRNA. Prokaryotes use this system to cut up invading genetic materials to fend off viruses. With continued experimentation in eukaryotes, scientists have learned how to fine tune CRISPR/Cas9 to image DNA, activate or repress genes, and purify

DNA (CRISPR/Cas9 Guide). Old methods of gene editing, such as zinc finger proteins (ZNFs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), have become obsolete with the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. By using RNA, it is possible to target any DNA sequence rather than one that can only be recognized by proteins.

This increases the number of sites that edits can made. CRISPR/Cas9 is also much faster and cheaper than TALENs and ZNFs, not only expediting the process but also making it more available to those who need it. Finally, using more than one gRNA can allow for changes to be made in multiple genes simultaneously (Yeadon 2014). The future of healthcare is going to be greatly influenced through the use of genome editing, with some diseases already being treated in this way.

Research is being done to use CRISPR/Cas9 as a way to edit a plethora of defective genes.

Cancer and HIV are just two of the ailments that scientists hope to fight using gene modification

R

esearch is being done to use CRISPR/Cas9 as a way to edit a plethora of defective genes. Cancer and HIV are just two of the ailments that scientists hope to fight using gene modification (Hsu, Lander, et al, 2014). Cystic fibrosis patients are another group that might be able to benefit from gene therapy in the near future. In a study conducted in the United Kingdom, healthy CFTR genes were packaged into lipids and delivered by nebulizer into the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.

Inhalation by nebulizer gave the healthy genes the best chance at being incorporated into the affected lung tissue. The study was double-blind and done using a placebo comparison group. After treating patients for a year with either the placebo or the functioning CFTR gene, the results showed that patients receiving the treatment were in better health than those taking a placebo (Alton, Boyd, et. al. 2015). Continued testing and clinical trials will hopefully bring a myriad of gene therapies to the market in the coming decades. Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients are also on track to benefit from CRISPR/Cas9 therapy. In one study, a team at Duke University found that some normal dystrophin protein could be produced after using this technology to cut out “the mutated exon 23 from the dystrophin gene” (Nelson, Hakim, et. al. 2015). While this treatment would only be effective in treating one DMD-causing mutation, it provides hope that soon gene editing will cure all forms of DMD.

O

n the journey from genotype to phenotype, an incredible amount of work is done. Our DNA is regularly being transcribed and RNA is always being translated. Stimuli can increase or decrease the rate at which these processes occur, but our genes are still being used to maintain life. When this process fails us, the effects can be detrimental.

However, there is hope that soon we can use genetics to cure the very diseases our genes cause.

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COMMERCIAL OVERDOSE

BY: HALEY VALE

We’ve all seen the commercials: people

made of copper plumbing looking for a bathroom, a woman with graying hair and fibromyalgia going for a bike ride, a depressed cartoon going about her life.

These commercials are everywhere and are on the rise. After a meeting in Atlanta on November 17th of last year, the American Medical Association (AMA) called for a ban on direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of prescription drugs. Only the United States and New Zealand allow direct-to-consumer drug advertising. The AMA argued that eliminating direct-to-consumer drug advertising could help contain the rising tide of prescription drug costs.

The Pros The strongest argument in favor of DTC drug advertising is that it allows patients to be more informed and and thus participatory in visits to their doctors. The exposure to information about these drugs in the form of advertising, may prompt patients to ask more questions. A survey of patients found that DTC advertising was the reason 27% of patients sought medical advice on issues they previously had not. Another survey of doctors found that 48% of doctors believed DTC drug advertisements "inform, educate, and empower" patients. Overall, DTC drug advertising empowers patients to take an active role in understanding their health and treatment by providing information and cause them to make the first move in ensuring their health.

9 health | love and other drugs

The rise of online and television advertising has coincided with a spike in drug costs. Spending on pharmaceutical advertising has steadily been increasing in recent years. From this, the AMA has concluded that consumers are bearing the brunt of this increased spending in the form of higher drug costs. Prior to the early 2000s, the primary method of advertising by pharmaceutical companies consisted of pharmaceutical representatives directly advertising to physicians. Now, pharmaceutical companies use everything from television to magazines to billboards to sell prescription drugs, and patients who require these drugs to maintain their health are paying for it.

In a survey conducted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 65% of physicians reported that DTC ads misled patients about the relative risks and benefits of taking advertised medication.

75% of physicians said they believed their patients were led to believe that an advertised drug worked better than it did.

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ST

AB

Despite stronger arguments against DTC advertising, the point may be moot. Restricting DTC drug advertising may be unconstitutional. Several court cases have come to the conclusion that DTC drug advertising is a form of “commercial speech� and is protected under the First Amendment. The AMA did not comment on how a ban would be accomplished without overturning previous court decisions. At the end of the day though, DTC drug ads seem to do more harm than good. The benefits of patient participation and engagement do not outweigh the detriment of higher drug costs, prescription overuse, and misinformation. With the AMA in support of prohibiting DTC drug advertising, we may all be rid of those annoying commercials soon.

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The Cons

DTC drug advertising is also responsible for escalating consumer demand for prescription drugs. This demand is for newer, more expensive drugs, which is beneficial for pharmaceutical companies.

This, however, is ultimately to the detriment of the consumer: drug ads lead to emphasis on prescription drugs for treatment and subsequent overuse.

Prescription drug ads tend to emphasize drug use as the primary solution for medical conditions, as opposed to other types of treatment such as diet modification.

8 LISH ED 1

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10

DO I LOVE YOU, OR DO I LOVE YOU? BY: JESSE HU

11 Health | love and other drugs

I

f the complexity of the word “love” in English were applied to all other words in the language, we would probably never communicate anything effectively. Consider a few examples.

What do you mean when you say “I love you” to your best friend?

How does that change when you say it to your significant other?

What about your dog, your parents, your siblings, your cheeseburger, your iPhone, your helpful classmate that took notes, your God, your last chance at not being lonely on Valentine’s, your vocation, something you’re learning, a work of art, a work of music, someone’s sense of style, someone’s talents, or (hopefully) yourself ?

And then what happens when we consider its use as a noun instead of a verb? As is, the word “love” is a lawyer or philosopher’s delight while likely a computer programmer’s nightmare (though hopefully only in the semantic sense). The possibilities are seemingly endless when we consider both the uses of the word “love” and the subsequent subtleties and nuances in meaning.

Therefore, what meaning should ought we assign to the word “love,” or is that too restricting? Of course language is fluid, and highly non-verbal; language changes depending on its users and often how something is said is more important than what is said.

To clarify its meaning, I could jot down a laundry list of dictionary definitions, but still, the presence of such a high level of vernacular variation makes a dictionary definition lacking. FBut for the sake of due diligence, I have included the aforementioned definition of the word love, from the Oxford English dictionary below.

“A feeling or disposition of deep affection or fondness for someone, typically arising from a recognition of attractive qualities, from natural affinity, or from sympathy and manifesting itself in concern for the other’s welfare and pleasure in his or her presence [...]; great liking, strong emotional attachment; (similarly) a feeling or disposition of benevolent attachment experienced towards a group or category of people, and (by extension) towards one’s country or another impersonal object of affection” While this definition was certainly a brave attempt at the task, this fails to capture the “essence” of love, much the same way that describing the ordering of pixels in an image generates at best a facsimile of a sunset. This issue of representation stems in part from what seems to be a lack of specificity in the use of the word “love.” I first came across this issue with my then best friend, to whom I greatly wanted to express the feeling of “I love you,” but could not find a way to do so because I found the word “love” laden with all of the wrong connotations.

But where did these connotations come from? I don’t want to dive into a full blown sidebar evaluating the process by which language and its nuances are learned, but it’s certainly important to consider where we came to understand the meanings of words that we use. Perhaps I learned of “love” as a child by asking my parents?

Perhaps through my peers? Through reading? Through rom-coms?

Through the trope of saying “I love you” too soon? Where this meaning came from certainly is intriguing, but not the central point.

The central point is that the word “love” in the English language is used to capture a wide spectrum of thoughts, feelings and actions.

The “love” I was expressing for my friend was then a seemingly platonic love, or so I thought. Later, it would evolve into a romantic love, culminating in a relationship that I’m still in today.

And what sparked that love? Was it intellectual? Or emotional? Or physical? Or social? Or a combination thereof ? All of this was in English. What if we spoke another language that had a vocabulary better suited to capture what I meant? It seemed, and still seems impossible that all that I hoped to convey, all that I felt, and all that I wished for could be captured in one simple four letter word, even one with so much flexibility.

Perhaps that is the answer all along. Despite its best attempts to do so, language can only capture, in its tidy order, the messiness that is human thought, communication, and existence. This happens not just with “love,” but with languages as a whole. Though language has enabled humanity to shape their thoughts, it still is not a perfect medium. Hence we have words that take on seemingly a thousand shades of meaning for one reason or another (one example pops to mind that starts with “f ” and may be synonymous with love in certain contexts…). Because real life is infinitely and infinitesimally complex, oftentimes mere words cannot capture much past the essence of what has happened.

“I found the word ‘love’ laden with all of the wrong connotations.”

This is by no means meant to discount the power of words and language. Personally, I’m a lover of books and literature. However, it points out that language has its limits. Attempting to address those limits in either direction is likely to fail. We either make “love” highly specific to address one situation, at which point the number of words to address the number of situations creates a language too cumbersome to learn, or devolve to a heavier dependence on nonverbal cues thereby making “love” tantamount to just pointing and grunting.

Therefore, language in its everyday use has fallen into a nice happy ground that leaves interhuman communication an incredibly complex endeavor that has to be learned over the course of a lifetime.

And though I would love to dedicate a lifetime to exploring just how language works, I have already dedicated myself to the path of become a doctor that loves his work, loves his patients, and loves medicine. Nonetheless, it certainly behooves me to love my patients in the right way, much as it behooves all of us to be cognizant of the subtleties that make language such a vibrant and enriching part of being human.

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REBOUNDING FROM BY: NIKHIL GANGASANI

Rejection A

fter months of sitting on the fence, it was time. I had feelings for a special someone, and I just had to let her know. With butterflies in my stomach, I told her how I felt. I still remember the first words I received in response: “Oh no…” Rejection hurts. While experiencing rejection is common when it comes to applications and interviews, no rejection hurts more than that experienced in the pursuit of love. Applications and interviews are open to many, but a love interest is singular and therefore more personal. On top of that, pursuing a love interest involves a deep emotional investment. Consequently, experiencing rejection in the game of love causes the greatest pain. However, as psychologist Guy Finch wisely notes, the greatest damage rejection causes is self-inflicted. While there is no way to prevent the pain experienced by rejection, there are steps one can take to have a smooth recovery and rebound stronger than ever.

The first step to ensuring recovery from a rejection happens before rejection even occurs: preparation. From his experiences with rejection as a writer, psychiatrist Dr. Fred Neuman offers two important pieces of advice on preparing for potential rejection...

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1. Know the odds of a particular effort being successful

eelings of love are complex. Realize that when it comes to these feelings, there is always the chance that the other person does not feel what you feel, even if you think you see “signs” of a mutual attraction. Our perception of mutual attraction can often be clouded by our fantasies and imaginations associated with a person of interest. Because of how we think and want the other person to feel about us, a friendly hug can easily be interpreted as a demonstration of something more.

However, even if mutual attraction seems like a longshot, do not give up on letting someone know how you feel. In my personal experience, it is always better in the long run to let someone know how you feel and get rejected, than sit there indefinitely wondering what if. Once the odds of mutual attraction are considered, rejection becomes more bearable.

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2. Rejection is not a reflection on who you are

here are so many variables that play into a mutual attraction, including timing, fit, and circumstances, which are not under your control. Just as a romantic connection can be established between two people for reasons that are not immediately clear, so too can a rejection similarly occur. Of course, sometimes one person is simply not physically attracted to the other, but keep in mind that what one person may find unattractive, another will find immensely so. This is the beauty of diverse human tastes. Do not give up. Heed Dory’s advice and just keep swimming.That being said, preparation only serves as emotional insurance. Eventually, you will have to face the potentially inevitable rejection.

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oom. A bomb goes off in your chest and your heart sinks. As the journey towards recovery and rebound from rejection continues, the hardest part begins here. Take time to vent your frustration, sadness, anger, and heartbreak to a friend or family member. Acknowledge that this IS a big deal for you. As Finch explains, we do not always prioritize emotional health the way we prioritize physical health. Interestingly, when we experience rejection, our brain responds the same way it does when we experience physical pain, as shown by a study utilizing functional MRI to study brain responses to rejection. Finch advocates for emotional hygiene, proposing the following as coping mechanisms for dealing with rejection:

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1. Have zero tolerance for self-criticism

hile excessive complacency is not an ideal virtue, neither is excessive self-criticism – especially in midst of a rejection. It is perfectly acceptable to go over both how the rejection played out and how to approach a situation that involves a potential rejection differently, but do not devalue your own character and self-worth by making disparaging remarks about yourself, such as “Wow, she must think I’m a creep.” Searching for reasons why you as a person are responsible for your rejection does nothing but harm. Remember that fit, timing, and circumstances also play a role in mutual attraction and rejection.

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2. Revive your self-worth

o avoid further damaging your self-esteem after facing rejection, focus on your strengths instead of your shortcomings. According to Finch, the best way to bring out feelings of self-worth after facing rejection is to remind yourself of what you know makes you valuable. He suggests writing (not thinking up) a list of five of your own personal qualities you know are important and meaningful. Write about how you’re a good listener, how you’re a hard worker, or even how you bake the most delicious chocolate chip cookies anyone has ever tasted. Have fun with it. Then, pick your strongest or favorite personal quality and write a paragraph or two about why this quality matters to those around you, how it brings you and others together, and how you would express it in a relevant situation. Finch defines this process as “applying emotional first aid,” which will ultimately boost your self-esteem, diminish your emotional pain, and build your confidence moving forward.

Just like we apply first aid to heal our cuts and bruises, we also must apply emotional first aid following a painful experience like rejection to heal our self-esteem.

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3. Boost feelings of social connection

uman beings are social creatures and acceptance from our respective social groups is a necessity. According to Finch, when we experience rejection, our need to belong becomes destabilized. To stabilize your social situation after a rejection, reach out to those who make you feel appreciated and loved, whether that is friends or family. Go try out a new restaurant with your friends or catch the latest movie with a sibling or parent. For me personally, hitting up the gym with my guys is a great way to fulfill my “need to belong” as we let off steam together.

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hile these are all great tips for coping with rejection, the feelings of melancholy and desire for self-criticism can still creep in when trying to move on. Here are a few additional tips for coping with rejection and moving forward: 1. Dive deeper into an existing passion

inging has recently become a passion mine, and it was one of the first things I turned to as a means of consolation after my rejection. I recently joined an acapella group called UGA Kalakaar, and singing with them has already become one of the most enjoyable and therapeutic experiences of my life as an undergraduate. Focusing on singing has helped me build confidence as an individual as I watch myself improve as a singer and performer. In the short term, a passion that brings enjoyment and provides a means of growth is a great confidence booster for getting over the blues of rejection. In the long term, a passion ultimately provides a foundation for happiness and a strong sense of self-esteem. And it definitely doesn’t hurt when this passion can be shared with peers.

health | love and other drugs

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2. Do something nice for yourself

ince rejection makes us upset with ourselves, it helps to do something nice for ourselves to reverse unnecessary self-inflicted damage to our self-esteem. Get that stylish new haircut you’ve been daring yourself to try out. Buy that one dress or hat you know you’ll look good in. Little confidence boosters like these can come a long way if used occasionally rather than as a crutch.

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he idea of rejection is daunting, but it is also a natural part of life. Instead of fearing rejection as an exhibition of your own shortcomings, embrace it as an opportunity to build upon your strengths. While rejection always brings a painful process of self-healing, you can ultimately use it to learn more about yourself and emerge stronger than ever before. And lastly, remember that one rejection is not a curse. Someone else will definitely notice what one person failed to see in you, especially when you rebound from your previous rejection with more confidence in yourself.

3. Don’t dwell on shortcomings – convert them to strengths

ejection puts us into a fragile state where we can easily start listing off our shortcomings. We as people are not perfect, but that does not exclude the fact that there is always room for improvement. For example, I am a pretty skinny guy, so instead of moping about how small I am, I have started setting aside time to hit the gym and eat more frequently. I also feel that sometimes I lack confidence and enthusiasm when I speak in front of other people.

Instead of retreating towards always being the quiet guy, I have enrolled myself in a public

ool?

cal Sch i d e M f o ing

Think

at an M O C V Visit

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C r a z y, Stupid Love

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f you’ve ever suffered through a bad rom-com, you’ve likely cringed with secondhand embarrassment at some of the inane and insane actions intended to win over a love interest’s heart. It’s easy to dismiss the ridiculous scenes to creative licensing, but if you look at people you know in real life, maybe you’ll see the acts are not so ridiculous after all. People really do change when they fall in love sometimes they stop making time for their friends, sacrifice their own time to do favors for their partner, and act like nothing can ever hurt them physically or emotionally. These behaviors don’t make much sense to those not in the love-bubble, but they’re universal. Fortunately, there may be a biological explanation behind those cheesy nicknames somewhere deep inside our skulls.

To answer this question, one must first define love in scientific terms. One study divides love into two categories: companionate and passionate. Companionate love is what a couple who has been dating for a year might feel; it’s comfortable and intimate and it gives a sense of security. It is what maintains a good partnership. However, passionate love is why songs are sung and books are written. Passionate love is what brings two people together into a new relationship -- it’s the spark that ignites the initial attraction. It involves an almost obsessivelike focus on another person, and reorganizes one’s own self-concept to include another individual.

This study measured passionate love on a numerical scale, and found it was correlated with decreased cognitive control (also known as executive function or self-control). This meant that people newly in love, within six months of the study, were more likely to achieve lower score on tasks measuring their self-control.

This phenomenon is also supported by neuroimaging. A group of researchers in London performed

fMRI scans on people in love while showing them pictures of the person they loved. The activity in their brain showed that their frontal cortex, the part of your brain involved in judgement and decision making, shut down. Another study examined how chemicals in your brain, called neurotransmitters, are just as active in a person passionately in love as they are in a person on drugs. Perhaps this is why love is often referred to as an addiction Each encounter with the object of our affections provides a rush of euphoria, a craving for more, and a willingness to make sacrifices to get another fix.

At first, these studies may sound a bit grim. It seems as if poor judgement would be detrimental to our success, but that would be wrong. Evolutionarily speaking, if judgement is lowered or impaired, it increases the chance of more offspring, as females find males more attractive when males take risks. However, all of these studies cannot claim that love is not real, chemical or otherwise, or that it is merely a biological byproduct of a survival mechanism, because companionate love does exist. This kind of love is what makes relationships move from the fast-paced courtship to a partnership that can last decades.

“ Perhaps this is why love is often referred toknown as an addiction, as - each encounter provides a rush of euphoria, a craving for more, and a willingness to make sacrifices much to get your fix again ”

BY: MEGAN MURPHY premedmag.org

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19 Science | love and other drugs

THE SCIENCE BEHIND LOVE and why we crave it so much

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r. Helen Fischer, a biological anthropologist and head researcher at Rutgers University, has spent a majority of her academic career trying to understand which regions of the brain are activated during love and exactly how they interact with other body systems to produce certain sensations. In her study, Dr. Fischer used young lovers to determine which brain regions were activated when they showed affection to their significant others. Brain scans of these people showed that certain regions of the brain-the caudate nucleus, a structure that makes up the basal ganglia, our more primitive brain area, and regions that contribute to the increased presence of two “feel good” chemicals in our body---were highly active.

Norepinephrine and dopamine are important excitatory neurotransmitters that play a major role in regulating mood and behavior and also help improve memory, focus, and concentration. The production of these two chemicals is upregulated in people who are in love. This might be the reason, states Dr. Fischer, that “ lovers talk all night or walk till dawn, write extravagant poetry and self-revealing e-mails, cross continents or oceans to hug for just a weekend, change jobs or lifestyles, [and] even die for one another”. Oxytocin, a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, also plays an essential role in bonding and other interactions associated with love. Often referred to as the “love hormone”, oxytocin plays a crucial role in the body and is especially important during processes associated with mother-child interactions, sexual activity and various other social interactions.

BY: SARAH CAESAR

Dr. Fischer also noted that regions of the brain associated with the reward system were also activated, giving these young lovers the pleasurable feeling similar to that experienced by cocaine addicts whose brains are swarming with dopamine. This seemingly odd association between brain activity levels of cocaine addicts and people who are madly in love can shed light onto the addictive nature of love and why some people might take longer to recuperate after breakups. This dopamine-center of the brain also plays a crucial role in alleviating pain. A group of researchers at Stanford University Medical Center studied the neurological effects of romantic love and compared it to those of certain addictive drugs and painkillers. Using MRI scanning, they found that the reward areas of the brain were highly operative when people saw pictures of their lovers, just as they were when they were exposed to distraction-reduced pain.

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uman beings possess an innate craving for intimacy and bonding, more so than any other mammalian species, and often feel intense loneliness when either of these are lacking. Research has shown that this yearning for connection with others is just nature. The human body is teeming with hormones and chemicals which are used to communicate within and active certain regions of the brain to produce that tingling, nervous sensation we get when we are attracted to someone or fall in love.

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Human Pheromones Myth Or Magic?

BY: MEGAN O’MARA

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19 Science love and| other love and drugs other | premed drugs magazine

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hey’re everywhere: magical potions promising the biological secret weapon to love, pheromones. Sound too good to be true? That’s because it probably is.

Pheromones are chemical signals that help some species communicate, usually detected by smell. The goal of every pheromone is to produce a behavioral or psychological reaction.

It’s important to note that the reaction they produce is not always meant to be sexual - many pheromones across the animal kingdom serve to induce aggression, promote parent-offspring bonds, or advertise territorial boundaries.

Since their discovery in 1959, pheromonal communication has been the subject of rife interest. Most research has been into “releaser” pheromones, which are notable for elicting immediate behavioral responses. The American entomologist Joseph Lintner discovered that when the female silk moth releases the molecule bombykol, male silk moths will swarm intensely around the female, resulting in plenty of mates. Since then, scientists and single-savvy companies have been attempting and failing to pinpoint certain behavior and nail down which molecules cause that behavior.

Scientists have known for years that the olfactory sense is essential to mate preference. Humans can discern a whopping 1 trillion separate odors, and use some of those to determine how compatible the mates may be, based on things like diet, cleanliness, and genetic capabilities.

A famous 1995 experiment conducted by Claus Wedekind at the University of Bern in Switzerland which women sniffed the sweat-soaked t-shirts of men suggested that women prefer scent of men with different immune system genetics than their own.

But don’t get too excited: Scientists have yet to definitely find a human pheromone. To make matters worse, the organ most animals with known pheromones use to communicate, the VNO, “vomeronasal organ” disappears during fetal development in humans, and lacks sensory neurons. Most perfumes boasting instant sexual appeal tout the steroid androstenone, which is found in sweat and urine of pigs. A scientist explains, “Androstenone has been shown to act as a pheromone in pigs—when a female pig smells this in males, she assumes the mating stance—but there is no clear data on what androstenone might do in humans.”

Furthermore, even if there were human pheromones, scents are usually processed in context, so they would likely would have very little effect if found at all. That’s why the smell of pancakes reminds you of warm summer mornings, and doesn’t immediately require you to go find a mate.

The final kicker? The pheromone science is so controversial and sensational that some scientists believe all past studies should be considered moot and start over from scratch, due to low sample size and questionable results. Trust us, save your money and try a conversation instead.

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Salivating for Synthetics BY: SAAKYA PEECHARA

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eefer. Pot. Old man. Herb. Kind. Ice. Meth.

Speed. Glass. Fire. These are all terms for some of the most popular, addictive and ubiquitous recreational substances discovered who's synthetic forms have also become extremely popular.

Marijuana, one of the most popular drugs of the 21st century was also one of the earliest used and cultivated.

Beginning as a plant cultivated by Jamestown settlers for its uusually strong fiber, it transitioned into being popularly used for recreational purposes following the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The influx of Mexican immigrants introduced the alternaive use of the drug.

Marijuana became more popular in the 1960's, when a changing political and cultural climate lead to a more lenient attitude towards the drug. This leniency made the use of the drug more widespread among the upper middle class of America.

Another extremely popular drug in this century is cocaine, a drug derived from the coca plant, a flora native to the Andean highlands. While first isolated in the mid-19th century and soon after used in the medical world, it only became popular in mainstream American culture when John Pemberton first introduced Coca-Cola, a syrup that was concocted from coca leaves and African kola nuts.

The creation and consumption of Cola-Cola, as well as an endorsement for the medical use of cocaine by then Surgeon General of the United States Army, led to an influx of unregulated medical “tonics” in the 1900s that contained cocaine and other addictive substances. As a result, cocaine addiction increased significantly in the early 1900s. While usage of the drug declined in the mid-1900s due to legislation outlawing cocaine in the United States, recreational use of the drug increased in popularity in the 1970s. This was due to Hollywood media glamorizing the use of the drug and depicting it as the white-collar man’s drug of choice as it was the perfect companion for a trip into the “fast lane”. And of course, the mid1980s heralded the emergence of crack cocaine, and the beginning of the crack cocaine epidemic. This form of cocaine, created by cooking cocaine powder, water, and baking soda to form a solid that provides a more intense and potent high than powder cocaine. While the advent of crack cocaine did see popular opinion of the drug fall, it most definitely increased use and addiction to the drug.

But why are substances like marijuana and cocaine so addictive and their presence in society so hard to diminish?

Well, it all boils down to neurotransmitters and feelings.

Marijuana relaxes the user and elevates their mood, inducing a mild euphoria and, with acute intoxication, visual hallucinations, anxiety, depression, paranoid reactions, and psychoses, among other symptoms.

These mind-altering affects of marijuana are attributed to the compound tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This psychoactive compound affects the user by interacting with certain receptors (to date two have been discovered, termed CB1 and CB2) located throughout the central nervous system. Interestingly, the human brain produces substances that are very similar to THC and other cannabinoid substances found in marijuana, and that naturally interact with the same receptors cannabinoid substances effect, These compounds and the receptors they interact with are collectively termed the endogenous cannabinoid system, and when marijuana is used, the cannabinoids interact with this portion of the brain and neurological system of the body to produce the mindaltering effects that are attributed to the drug.

Cocaine, a stimulant and the polar opposite of the depressant marijuana, works by interfering in the process of neural communication by interfering with monoamine neurotransmitter release and uptake by neurons. The majority of the symptoms attributed to cocaine use - a sense of energy, an increase in focus and alertness, talkativeness, increased heart rate and blood pressure - are caused by a class of neurotransmitters known as monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine. In the normal neural communication sequence, dopamine is released into the synaptic cleft where it binds to dopamine receptors on neighboring neurons and send a signal to that neuron. Then, the dopamine is recycled back into the transmitting neuron by way of another specialized protein called the dopamine transporter. However, when an individual intakes cocaine, the cocaine molecules attach to the dopamine transporter, hindering the uptake process by the transmitting neuron, and leading to a build-up of the neurotransmitter in the synapse. Cocaine users experience euphoria as a result of this interference in normal neural communication.

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19 Science love and| other love and drugs other | premed drugs magazine

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ocaine, a stimulant and the polar opposite of the depressant marijuana, works by interfering in the process of neural communication by interfering with monoamine neurotransmitter release and uptake by neurons. The majority of the symptoms attributed to cocaine use - a sense of energy, an increase in focus and alertness, talkativeness, increased heart rate and blood pressure - are caused by a class of neurotransmitters known as monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine. In the normal neural communication sequence, dopamine is released into the synaptic cleft where it binds to dopamine receptors on neighboring neurons and send a signal to that neuron. Then, the dopamine is recycled back into the transmitting neuron by way of another specialized protein called the dopamine transporter. However, when an individual intakes cocaine, the cocaine molecules attach to the dopamine transporter, hindering the uptake process by the transmitting neuron, and leading to a build-up of the neurotransmitter in the synapse. Cocaine users experience euphoria as a result of this interference in normal neural communication.

cannabinoids were identified in 2012 compared to just 2 in 2009, and combined there were a total of 158 new synthetic substances identified in 2012.

Another unique characteristic of the synthetic drug market is the ability of the drug manufacturers’ to slightly shift the formula of the synthetic or the compounds comprising the synthetic to create new and novel compounds that are no longer in the purview of any existing law or regulation pertaining to synthetic drugs because they are now a new synthetic substance. In fact, investigations have shown that even identically branded packages of the same type of synthetic drug contain vastly different ingredients, and the level of variability is so high in the chemical profiles of synthetic drugs, that users themselves have no clear idea of the composition of the drug they are consuming. The dangers of these ambiguously-made synthetics on human health can be highlighted in cities like New York City, where it was reported that the city’s EMS Department transported 439 people suffering from suspected synthetic marijuana overdoses in the month of June alone.

According to a survey of youth drug-use trends So What Are Synthetics And Why Do They conducted by the University of Michigan, synthetic Matter? marijuana is the second most frequently used illegal drug It is the attainment of a euphoric high and the profitable business behind marijuana, cocaine and other recreational drugs that most likely prompted the emergence and subsequent popularity of synthetic drugs.

Synthetic drugs are defined as those man-made chemical compounds that mimic the effects of illicit drugs. One of the most popular synthetic drug categories is synthetic marijuana, known as Spice or K2. Spice initially entered the US market in 2008, and since then, the numbers and types of synthetic marijuana have increased exponentially.

Effects are steadily becoming more detrimental and severe.

Spice, and other types of synthetic marijuana, is made from plant material that is laced with synthetic cannabinoids, compounds similar to the naturally-occurring THC in marijuana. However, while these compounds are similar to THC in chemical composition, the similarities end there the addictive qualities and negative side-effects attributed to these synthetic compounds appear to be much more severe than their naturally occurring counterparts.

The use of synthetic drugs is attributed with side-effects such as agitation, hallucinations, aggression, suicidal tendencies and attempts, homicidal tendencies, heart attacks, and seizures, among other deadly health risks and self-destructive behavior. What makes synthetic drugs exponentially more dangerous than recreational drugs is the speed with which manufacturers are formulating new synthetics. For example, according to the Office of National Drug Control Policy, 51 new synthetic

among high school seniors. The rise in popularity that is observed for synthetic marijuana, and synthetic drugs as a whole, can be attributed in part to the ease of attainment.

They are sold at common and easy to access locations such as convenience stores, gas stations, party venues, and there are even reports that they are sold from ice cream trucks.

Especially for the young people, the marketing ploys of the synthetic drug industry can also be found to blame for the rise in popularity of synthetic drugs. Synthetic drugs, such as Spice and K2, are sold in attractive, colorful foil packages that are deceptively labeled with statements such as, “Not for Human Consumption” and marketed as a herbal smoking tobacco substitute. These factors combined give the product an overall aura of harmlessness.

These false marketing ploys, meant to evade detection by the law as well as to attract more customers, combined with the persistence, despite evidence to the contrary, of the initial belief that, “synthetic marijuana was a mixture of harmless herbs that had a similar effect to marijuana,” all combine to create an environment of deceit, false facts, and the use of mysterious euphoric drugs whose potential side effect could be death, not only of the user, but also of others around the individual.

"Effects are steadily becoming more detrimental and severe."

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UGA s PRE e v i t c a er t inmed mag the following pages are interactive spreads

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Introduction to

DRINK GASTRONOMY Who says that science nerds can’t get dates? You’re a master of chemistry and know exactly how to make people swoon with your vast knowledge of chemical interactions. You won’t need beakers or pipettes to make these fun mixtures. Seal the deal with your date using these easy at-home recipes for unique cocktails.

THE GROWN UP JELL-O SHOT I suppose “Jell-O Shot” doesn’t scream “classy,” or even “romantic,” since it’s normally associated with house parties, so try this fancy white-sangria suspension recipe instead. This drink uses xanthan gum to create a viscous state.

It sounds wrong, but the suspended pieces of fruit . Here’s how to make your new favorite first-date drink: 1. Cut your choice of fruit into small cubes (For example, green apple, strawberries, pineapples, and grapes) 2. Mix 1 bottle dry white wine with 3 shots of pear or apple liquor 3. Mix liquids with fruit and 3 tbsp sugar 4. Infuse mixture overnight 5. Pour the mixture through a sieve covered with a cheese cloth to remove fruit 6. Mix 600g sangria with 1.7g Xanthan gum – use a hand-held blender and refrigerate to remove air bubbles (or use a magnetic stirrer if you have the tools).

For the beautiful presentation: 1. Fill your glass with sangria 2. Arrange cut-up fruit pieces at different levels of the drink by pushing them down with a spoon or toothpick.

3. Garnish and enjoy

http://www.molecularrecipes.com/molecular-mixology/white-sangria-suspension/

I LEARNED THIS IN ART CLASS You will need to buy a secret ingredient for this colorchanging cocktail. Butterfly pea flower extract is a bright food coloring that changes from blue to purple to pink when it’s combined with citrus juice. Just squeeze a few drops of the extract after you’ve poured your drink, and add the citrus. The acidity from a lemon wedge lowers the pH of the drink, increasing its pink hue.

You can buy b’Lure Flower Extract online (http://store.molecularrecipes.com/gourmet/).

Don’t worry – it’s GMO-free, chemical-free and gluten-free. http://www.molecularrecipes.com/molecular-mixology/color-changing-gintonic-blue-ice/

A DILUTED SOLUTION ISN’T NEARLY AS STRONG It’s such a shame to make a great cocktail with fresh flavors only to have them diluted with ice. Enjoying your drink means sipping it slowly. To get the most flavor, fill your ice cubes with one of the components of the drink. Crush up mint leaves, squeeze some lemon juice into the ice tray or freeze strawberries to add to your glass.

BY: SELIN ODMAN

25 Interactive | love and other drugs

USE THAT DEGREE Remember when you sat in Freshman Chemistry, trying to remember the density for different solutions and thinking to yourself “this is useless?” Wrong. If you somehow avoided using this basic concept again until now, here’s your chance to shine. Unless you found your date in chem lab, they probably won’t realize that different alcohols have varying densities.

These drinks look delicately stacked, The key is to use liquors, mixers and juices with different densities. Pour each layer slowly, using the back of a spoon to make sure everything looks even.

Here’s an example of a drink that could take the place of your Frappucino.

Bottom layer: 1 part Kahlua Middle layer: 1 part Bailey’s Irish Cream Top layer: 1 part Grand Marnier If you really want to make your partner hot, you can also light the top of the drink on fire for a visual effect! However, be sure to blow out the flame before you drink. http://theframedtable.com/2013/11/12/b-52-cocktail

THE VANISHING ACT The only ingredients in your favorite carnival treat are sucrose, coloring, flavor and probably more sucrose. Making cotton candy itself involves more chemistry than you’d think; the heat from the cotton candy machine causes bonds in the sugar to break, leading to oxygen and hydrogen rearranging to form water which evaporates. The carbon left behind burns which leads to caramelized sugar.

As the molten sugar spins at almost 60 revolutions per second, small strands of the liquid escape from holes in the center of the machine. This sugar turns solid as soon as it hits air, and those filaments piling up is what we call cotton candy.

Of course, little kids don’t care about the process behind making this dessert, and to be honest - your date probably won’t either.

To captivate your audience, put a fluffy piece of cotton candy into a cocktail glass. If you’re artistic, you can also try to shape it into something more appealing than a non-specific cloud.

Prepare a cocktail with less sugar than the recipe calls for, and then slowly pour the drink over the cotton candy. The candy will disappear into the drink, flavoring it at the same time.

YOUR NEXT STEP TO A CAREER THAT MATTERS. Physical Therapy Physician Assistant Occupational Therapy Public Health Clinical Laboratory Science Medical Illustration Augusta Area Dietetic Internship Learn more about our undergraduate programs at the College of Allied Health Sciences augusta.edu/alliedhealth or cahs@augusta.edu

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"A scientifically accurate love letter” BY: JENNY ALPAUGH EDITED BY: LISA DINH

Dear ______________ (NAME OF LOVER),

Here is the story of when we met. From the very first moment I saw you my dopamine pathway was triggered.

I was standing with my ________ (noun), and he forced me to walk over to you. But your glorious way of ________(infinitive verb) caused my adrenal gland to release adrenaline and epinephrine into my system, so I was trembling and my palms were sweaty. When I finally worked up the courage, I ________ (adverb) walked over to you. You were stunningly wearing a ________ (adjective) shirt and a ________ (adjective) hat. I tried to say hello but flustered, all that came out of my mouth was ________ (nonsense word). Smitten, you asked me to hold your ________ (noun) and my abashed vocal chords meekly squeaked out the word "yes." At last! Score! ________ ! (interjection) You spoke to me and my brain deactivated my amygdala, my fear was gone and my sense of judgment flew out the window when my frontal lobe was deactivated. I immediately looked you directly in the eyes and said “I want to take you to ________ (name of place).” Little did I know, that moment would be the start of our ever-blooming ________ (noun)! My ________ (name of body part) flutters with excitement every time I gaze into your ________ (name of body part)! My love for you is like ________ (name of drug)! My reward center floods with dopamine every time I think about you as if I was ________ (adjective) on many, many a nefarious drug! I want to spend the rest of my life with you in the city of ________ (noun)! I promise I will keep our love alive by continually hugging and ________(verb) you so our brains will mutually release oxytocin! I must say, every time you ________ (verb) I am filled with joy! I promise I will ________(verb) you with exorbitantly lavish gifts of golden ________ (plural noun) and silken ________ (plural noun)! I hope you know that my love for you is strong as a ________(noun)! You must know how every time I think of you, I think about how ________(embarassingly positive adjective) I am to be dating you! Never let me go.

With oceans and ________ (plural noun) of love, ________ (your name)

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Training healers.

Coaching leaders.

Transforming healthcare.

The residents, faculty and staff of the Athens Regional Medical Center Internal Medicine Program, believe that the very best healthcare is evidenced-based and patient-centered: grounded in science, respectful of the needs and values of each individual, and responsive to the needs of the community.

To find out if Athens Regional is right for you, please visit http://gme.athenshealth.org to learn more or call us at 706.475.7869.

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SAVING LIVES WITH RED CROSS BY: KATERINA SAKAR http://www.facebook.com/ugaredcross

8 facts about donating blood

Every two seconds someone in the U.S. needs blood.

Approximately 41,000 blood donations are needed every day.

The average red blood cell transfusion is approximately 3 pints.

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Plasma and cryoprecipitate are stored in frozen state and can be used for up to one year after collection

A healthy donor may donate red blood cells every 56 days, or double red cells every 112 days.

The United States is currently in a state of URGENT need for blood supplies.

Most donated red blood cells must be used within 42 days of collection.

Although an estimated 38 percent of the U.S. population is eligible to donate, less than 10% actually do each year.

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