M4 Reflection
HOI MAN KWOK (PRISCILLA) 752464 Michelle James - Seminar 1
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Content Ideation 1.1 Object 1.2 Rhino model 1.3 System Analysis 1.4 Reconfigured volume 1.5 Sketch design proposal 1.6 Evaluation
Reflection 4.1 Modification 4.2 Critical reflection
Appendix
5.1 Credit 5.2 Bibliography
Design 2.1 Design development introduction 2.2 Design proposal V.1 2.3 Design Proposal V.2 2.4 Precedent research 2.5 Design development V.1 2.6 Design proposal V.2 2.7 Prototype 2.8 Testing effect 2.9 Evaluation
Fabrication 3.1 Fabrication introduction 3.2 Design evolvement 3.3 Design development + fabrication of prototype V.2 3.3 Design development + fabrication of prototype V.3 3.4 Digital fabrication 3.5 Prototype development - effects 3.6 Prototype development - fabrication 3.7 Prototype development - material usage 3.8 Final digital model 3.9 Fabrication sequence 3.10 Assembly drawing 3.11 Sleeping pod on body/details 3.12 Evaluation
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IDEATION 4
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Object
Rhino model
The expandable folder is carefully observed to obtain the accurate measured drawings. Instead of taking a photograph of the object and tracing it, measuring tapes and rulers are used to directly measure the folder to avoid possible inaccuracy of dimensions. A photograph is taken to show how the folder appears when it is opened at an normal angle. The perspective view of the object can then be drawn by measuring
The folder is modelled in rhino by first drawing a rectangle with length and width
the approximate angle of the folder when it’s opened.
according to the real object. Multiple rectangles are then drawn in the same way to create the sections of the model. Having marked the outer layer of the folder, the pockets and details can be then modelled with accurate proportion
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System Analysis
Reconfigured volume
The foldable side of the folder consists of 14 identical rectangles with dimension of 125mm x 15mm, which are connected to one another at the long
Inspired by the jagged cross section of the side of folder, I have two strips of
edge.
paper overlapped with one another folded. They are connected on both long and short edges to enable twisting and distortion.
When the folder is closed but not squeezed, each rectangle is closely aligned, almost overlapped with one another (fig.1). When take apart and have the folder fully expanded, the side appears to be a single flat rect-
Its shape and length can be varied freely to perform differently. Volumes are
angle with a width of 210mm and the height reminds unchanged (fig.3).
created within each intervals of overlapping rectangles, which can be enlarged or shrinked. This reconfigured object effectively shows how series of panels joined
This series of rectangles attached allows for the variation of volume en-
together can result in volume that features expendability and flexibility.
closed; it can be seen as a movement joint that minimizes the restriction and discomfort brought to users, or a collapsible system that provide different forms when in used or being stored.
fig.1
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fig.2
fig.3
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Sketch design proposal
Sketch design proposal
Shell/ Expandable/ interaction
Floating/ penetration/ movement This structure consists of multiple rectangular straps which are joined on top and bottom. The metal ring in the middle gives the diamond shape to the structure but more importantly, enables users to adjust the position of each strap and therefore the amount of light in and where it shines on.
The jagged sections are in small scale at where the users put their heads, which make it more adjustable and flexible, hence increases the support for the neck and head and therefore provides comfort.
When the structure is fully closed, it appears to be a shell that separate the user within it and the outside disturbance. Its curved profile implies the sense of protection as well as effectively avoid interruption.
The amount of personal space a person needs various depending on different
Since the major function of the structure is a sleeping pod, emphasis is put on
individuals. This design focuses on allowing users to determine their personal
blocking sunlight which would affect sleeping quality rather than blocking the
space - the amount needed, the way presented and what to avoid. Since the
sides so that the user will not feel trapped.
straps are movable, the structure can be fully closed or opened, users are therefore allowed to entirely control their privacy.
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Sketch design proposal
Evaluation
Rigidity/ foldable/ connection From simple observation to detail sketches, the expandable folder is critically analyzed to present the system behind it. All these started from mere observation of the object, followed by precise and careful measurements in order to produce a digital model which helps in analysing its system. Taking Specifying the length of different parts of the structure, it can be folded and stacked properly, which allows easier storage and access.
into account that personal space 'varies with the relationships between the individuals' (Sommer, 1969), 3 ideas were come up; each of them addresses various degrees of defending personal space, with incorporation of the principles presented in the system analysis - panel and fold. Object cannot be sketched by just observation, most of the time an accurate sketch and analysis have to be produced with the aid of photography or even more advanced, laser scanning. However, there are times when there are parts that cannot be measured even with these techniques. Thickness is one of the examples that 'varies from one part to the other' (Heath, Heath & Jensen, 2002). More steps and patience are therefore required in getting the measurement. Similar situation was encountered when the air gap between the bottom of the inner pockets and the cover was measured. The height of
The design puts emphasis on rigidity and movable joints. Unlike the
the inner pockets is measured and subtracted from the overall height of the
previous design, it is portable and easy to store since the it is to be
cover in order to obtain the result and produce an accurate sketch with detail
used in the university. It encourages users to take a short break at
measurements.
where they are, either inside room or outdoor, with no interruption.
The movable joints which connect the wooden strips allow it to be folded and stored easily.
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DESIGN
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Hoi Man (Priscilla) Kwok 15 & Michael Berrill
Design proposal V.1
2.0 DESIGN Plan
From the Module 1 designs, we decided to take idea of the foldable shell and turn it into the shape of egg so the user can be fully covered instead of just the top. Minimising the bones of the shell also contribute to making the structure more user-friendly and easy to adjust. We also pull apart the geometric shapes of the spiral and re-arrange them to form the base of the proposed design in order to enhance performance in terms of flexibility and ergonomics.
Isometric View
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Elevation 17
Design proposal V.1
Design proposal V.2
Characteristics of the expandable folder is taken as an inspiration which drove the idea of having a foldable cover that enables flexibility. The folding section is simplified and the hemispheres are used as the main structure to support the shell. They are joined at two end points of the diameter which allow movement as well as fixing them to position. A piece of cloth is sewed onto the structures as cover of the proposed design which allows user to sleep without the disturbance of outside factors.
Plan
Inspired by the outer shell of Ammi Park in Melbourne, we intend to construct the curved surface of proposed design with series of triangles in exact same shapes and sizes, which are interlocked with one another to provide strength as well as allowing little movement in between each element to enable the finished structure to be flexible and practical as a sleeping pod.
Isometric View
Ammi Park n.d.
Elevation 18
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Design proposal V.2
Precedent research Organic/ interlock/ rigidity/ assemblage/ panels
Huyghe + Le Corbusier Puppet Theatre by MOS
Neck rings n.d.
Michael Vehrenwald n.d.
By observing the pose of people when they sleep, we decided to design a structure that can replace one’s arm to support the head when one sleeps. Unlike the first proposed design, the second design is in a rather small scale with is portable and wearable. It does not restrict movement of users and will allow them to use is whenever in anywhere. The image of neck rings show how a wearable ornament can also serve the purpose of providing support for the head.
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Polycarbonate panels are cut in triangular shapes and bolted together, some inverted and in various scales, to create structural stability. Foam inserts are placed in the panels to stiffen the plastic shell. The panels together create an interior of reflective and glossy plastic wall. They come to a flexible opening that focuses on the tree which creates the sense of organic rather than a contemporary structure.
Inspired by the precedent, I see how simply a single element can be repeated multiple times and joined together to form a complex structure that serves the purpose of practicality as well as aesthetics. I therefore take join two triangles together as the base element, repeat and connect them to form curves that allow human to rest on, and lines as support.
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Design development V.1
Design development V.1
Plan
From the precedent image, we see the interior of the theatre consisting of long triangles which gradually increase/ decrease in scale in order to form a curved surface or edge. We replaced the original idea of using equal triangles to constructing the base of a sleeping pod with long and thin triangles for better flexibility and dynamic.
Isometric View
We also incorporate the geometric element onto the roof structure for consistency as well as being more dynamic.
Elevation 22
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Design development V.2
Design development V.2
Plan
We incorporated the idea of neck ring, which gives support to human head when sleeping, and triangles together to form a structure that is more aesthetically appealing as well as allowing users to place their arms inside the sleeping pod which provides better comfort and private space.
Isometric View
Elevation 24
A sketch model is constructed in order to experiment with the materials and the overall composition. Balsa sticks are joined together to form a single triangle, which is then repeated and put together with tissue paper representing felt that enhances comfort as well as covering the arms.
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Prototype
We started off with resting two arms comfortably on the base so we can work out the foundation of the structure. Sticks are then inserted at an angle surrounding the arms, leaving appropriate amount of room for little movement in order to create a base structure that is realistic for users to rest their arms in. Having marked the location of the first layer of sticks, four sticks are selected and extended as the main support of the structure. Two are joined together on each side to provide structural stability. The rest of the sticks are joined to create geometric shapes and triangles, as welling as forming two openings for inserting arms.
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Testing effect
We experimented with putting arms inside the structure. It has been tested by different people with various sizes of arms and they are all satisfied with the space created and find it in proper size to allow some movement. Discomfort is caused since the sticks used here are rigid and the joints are rather sharp. However, this issue can be solved with replacing the sticks entirely with felt which give soft texture comfort.
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Evaluation
Abstraction and reduction are two key concepts used in transferring the physical object and the system behind it into digital sketch and reconfigured object. Modelling the object in rhino is an optimal way of 'rewriting the description without altering the content' (Scheurer & Stehling, 2011); the detail dimensions of the folder are transferred onto the digital program where a model is produced to represent the physical object. Unlike reduction, abstraction is taken into account when the system of the object analysed to work out a rule, a 'general solution suiting all individual components' (Scheurer & Stehling, 2011). This is applied in producing three sketch ideas that respond to identifying and defending personal space.
Extending on the proposed designs, triangulation is used in constructing undevelopable surface - surface that cannot be unrolled into flat surface (Asperal et al, 2007). This allows more joints and hence movement for better foldability and portability of the design. Segments of triangles are intended to use in constructing a neck ring that gives support to users' heads as well as providing privacy with insertion of arms, which are covered with felt for comfort.
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FABRICATION
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Design evolvement
In response to the feedback, the initial purpose and idea of the neck ring is revisited and redeveloped. Inspired by the sketch model did in Module 1, the basic shape of a clown ruffle is used and reshaped for both aesthetic and ergonomic. The new design gives two main improvements, portability and flexibility. The overall shape of the structure is shaped to fit human shoulders and be wearable. It allows users to wear it back to front since it is designed to suit for various sleeping poses.
3.0 FABRICATION
Hybrid fashion n.d.
Throughout the entire module 2, focus was put on creating a structure that gives support to users’ neck/ head while they sleep. Skewer sticks are used as the structural material with felt as the outer panels that provide comfort and coverage. The crossing sticks create a room for user’s arms to go into, giving privacy and the sense of protection security. Yet, the room created for insertion of arms are believed to have created restriction to movement of arms; the fact that the proposed structure has to be laid flat on a level surface when being used also limited the sleeping pose of individuals, which would bring discomfort to certain end-users.
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Since the proposed design is a non-developable surface, it is almost impossible to construct a completely smooth curved shape with panels and tessellation. In order to get the perfect curve and overall flowing profile of the design, I plan to use the method of profile and section so that it can be achieved by aligning the edges of each section to get the desired profile.
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Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.2
Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.2
However, since panel and fold are assigned and have to be considered in the design, I take into account both comfort and panels to design for pyramids spikes which are attached to the sleeping pod. Each spike was form by folding a flat piece into a 3-dimensional solid with identical panels.
Multiple pyramids are created to keep the idea of allowing users' arms to be covered yet avoiding too much restriction on the movement of arms. They are constructed with triangles of felt with stuffing which act as little cushions that provide comfort as well as creating gaps for the arms to place.
Plan
This prototype shows one section of the overall sleeping pod. Not only does it present the concept physically but also how the three components, the pyramid spike, the grid, and the inner felt cover, can layer and assemble together to work as a sleeping pod.
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With sufficient stuffing, the inner felt cover (facing up in the photo) will appear to pop out of the grid which creates a tiny square cushion. Having multiple of them laid on the grid can efficiently avoid direct contact between user's face and the grid.
Isometric view
Elevation 35
Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.3
Digital Fabrication 2-D fabrication - waffle pod (fig.1) Experiments are also taken on joining cardboard and felt together. Sewing the felt onto the cardboard by laying both of them flat will only join the two by the edge and therefore gives movement to the joint. It provides better flexibility than overlapping the two material and attaching them tightly. (fig.2) Yet, due to the softness of felt, felt pieces cannot be joined in the same way. Instead, thread is sewed through the edge of a piece of felt, with another piece attaching by sewing through the thread of the edge instead of the felt itself. This avoid the two pieces overlapping and will also allow for movement. (fig.3) Instead of trying to fill the whole volume at once which would stop the stuffing from reaching the tip, fill the pyramid by first inserting a small amount of stuffing into the tip and gradually add more to fill the whole space.
CNC cutting is a common 2-dimensional fabrication techniques with various cutting technologies such as plasma-arc, laser-beam and water-jet, which involve twoaxis motion of the sheet material relative to the cutting head. The reason I prefer 2D fabrication is that it allows the structure to be assembled and dissembled freely. The variation of outcomes and effects that are given by different ways of assemblage and composition also create possibilities for new ideas. Unlike 3D fabrication which either subtract or add onto the existing material to create a solid form, the result of 2D fabrication is always relatively light and allows high level of complexity. Taking into account the portability of a sleeping pod and the comfort it has to provide to users, I chose not to use 3D fabrication in the production.
Sectioning is used to take numerous cross sections through a 3-dimentional form. It can turn complex geometries into series of profiles, with the edges of which follow lines of the surface geometry. My proposed design is first produced digitally using Rhino CAD modelling software. To have it fabricated into a 3D model in 1 to 1 scale, the digital model has to be unrolled into a number of flat segments so that each piece can be 2-dimensionally cut and assembled together. The entire digital fabrication process turn 3D model into 2D, then assembling them to construct a physical 3D model.
fig.1
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fig.2
fig.3
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Prototype development
Prototype development
Effects
Fabrication
Before - contours in both x and y directions have interval of 50mm
The initial rhino model was sectioned in both x and y directions to get the contour panels. They have the same interval of 40cm. However, since the front curve has a steeper surface while the rest of the structure is relatively flat, the contour panels appear to have much larger intervals in the front compare to the rest of the area which leads to two major problems during the fabrication process.
Since the original rhino model was sketched freely without precise measurement, lines are drawn with approximate profile and the overall composition has no balance, the result appears to be of weird composition and profile. Although this irregularity can be used to help emphasis the free flowing shape of the structure and its fluidity, it is not aesthetically appealing and will be harder to fabricate.
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For better practicality and comfort, human shoulders are carefully measured for precise dimensions of the proposed structure. 20-40 extra millimeters are added on each sides to make the end product suitable for wider range of people, as well as allowing errors in measurements.
In order to model it on rhino with accurate measurements, a box was drawn with dimension of 40cm x 30cm x 35cm as guidelines. Sub-guidelines are drawn to identify the peak of curves as well as the middle point to ensure that the result is in right proportion and balance.
Firstly, the overall structure will be relatively fragile since there's not enough ribs to hold it in shape and therefore less joints to make it stable. This is a structural issue that has to be solved or else it would just collapse. Secondly, not only does the huge difference in size between each spike affect the appearance of the overall structure but more importantly, the entire fabrication process becomes harder as every single grid has different dimensions which require precise measurements and cutting of felt in order to have the spike attached. The interval between each contour planes in x direction is therefore adjusted from 50mm to 20mm so that every grid are similar in size and shape.
After - the intervals between contours in x direction are smaller than that of in y direction
Curved lines are drawn with control point curve to construct a smooth flowing line. Control points are then turned on to adjust the shape to ensure that the result sketch is in the right dimensions. Adding/ deleting control points are also helpful in creating curves with higher/ lower complexity.
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Prototype development
Prototype development
Fabrication
Material usage Cardboard - 3mm
Cardboard - 1.8mm
Balsa wood - 3mm
Balsa wood - 1.8mm
Polypropylene - 0.8mm
Cons: it takes more time to cut through due to its thickness, the edge may become loose as the layers of cardboards will separate over time. Pros: has greater stiffness, the outcome is more stable and does not bend easily.
Cons: can be bent and may not be able to maintain the desired shape of the grid. Pros: has enough stiffness to support the structure; rather light weight to be worn
Cons: Since it cannot be bent, the structure will break completely when force is applied onto it. Pros: does not break as easy as would the 1.8mm balsa wood, it is light in weight and has greater stability due to its thickness
Cons: the material is very brittle and may spilt along the grain. The structure is unstable as the two pieces do not join tightly. Pros: has the lightest weight among all and therefore can be worn and carried easily.
Cons: the edge is rather sharp which may bring discomfort to user; the overall structure has very little rigidity due to the bendability of the material. Pros: transparent in colour for better aesthetic, light weight and can be cut simply by scissors.
To design for fabrication, the structure was divided in a number of planes by applying contours line in both x and y directions (fig.1). The contours have an interval of 20mm and 50mm in x and y direction respectively. These contour are then turned into planar surfaces; the intersections of two planes are marked to indicate the positions of cuts (fig.2). These planar surfaces are then unrolled and expanded. Cut marks are created by first drawing up a rectangle with the width being the thickness of the intended material to ensure the two planes can intersect perfectly, followed by trimming the area within the rectangle to create the cut marks (fig.3). This step is repeated until cut marks are created for all the intersections. Since felt spikes are to be attached to the grid, holes with a diameter of 0.6mm are created along the edge by first offsetting the shape of individual planes and arraying the circle along the curve (f). The circles are closely aligned; they are 3mm apart to allow felt to be attached to the grid tighter and neater. As a final step, each planes are etched with a number according to their positions to enable easier assemblage once they are cut (fig.5).
fig.1
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fig.2
fig.3
fig.4
fig.5
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Prototype development
Final digital model
Material usage Realizing that the choice of materials are limited due to the limited types of materials supplied in the fab-lab, I decided to focus on the properties of the material and how well it can perform rather than be restricted by its supplement. I decided to use screen board with a thickness of 2mm to construct the structural grid due to its greater stiffness and relatively light weight. Screen board consists of layers of overlapping sheets with semi-gloss finish on both sides. The semi-gloss finish helps in keeping the layers together and reducing the chance of it breaking apart. It allows sharp edges and lines to be laser cut cleanly.
The waffle grid design is fabricated with 2D laser cutting at a scale of 1:2 to test out on the material and junctions. Cardboard with a thickness of 1mm is used in producing the prototype. It is obvious that the material is too thin that it does not support the composition of the structure which becomes unstable and fragile. Some cuts are too close to the edge, making the planes to break easily. Through assembling parts of the prototype, it shows that cardboard is not an ideal material in fabricating the proposed design. Increasing the thickness of the material can potentially enhance the stiffness and therefore the over stability of the composition, it will however, markedly increase the weight of the structure and making it too heavy to wear.
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Plan
Having thicker material and wider cuts increases the chance of the material breaking, as well as making the entire structure border and more solid, which contradicts with the idea of using 2D laser cut instead of 3D fabrication to increase the fluidity and lightness of the pod. Therefore I decided to expose the waffle grid structure where felt spikes are not necessary. Not only does it effectively reduce the overall weight of the design and increase its portability, but more importantly emphasis the free flowing profile of the design by presenting the sections and reducing the solidity of the structure.
Isometric view
Elevation
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Final digital model
Fabrication sequence
The sleeping pod is consisted of three main elements, the waffle grid frame, the felt spike and the cushion back. The waffle grid is the structural element that holds all the components together. Holes are cut in the grid so that the spikes and the cushion back can be directly attached to the structure by needle and thread.
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Fabrication sequence
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Assembly drawing
Felt is cut into triangular segments and sewed to form an individual pyramid spike, which are then joined together to form the cushion front of the sleeping pod
The cushion backs are directly sewed onto the grid structure through the holes that are cut on the surface of each plane.
The cut marks in both contour planes in x and y direction allow them to intersect with each other and form a waffle grid; they interlock with one another to provide stability and rigidity
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Sleeping pod on body
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Sleeping pod in use
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Sleeping pod on body
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Sleeping pod details
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Sleeping pod details
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Evaluation
Throughout module 3, multiple prototypes are constantly made with improvements of the original to test out the effects. It goes from physical prototypes to digital rhino model, finished by physical sleeping pod in 1:1 scale. Tests and changes are made with regards to effects, fabrication and material usage. None of the decision is made without testing and failures. Although panel and folding is allocated as a system to be incorporated in the proposed design, more emphasis is put on sectioning and profile in order to achieve the free-flowing profile as an undevelopable surface of the proposed design. Sectioning has allowed fluid and digitally driven design to be fabricated with series of contour panels aligning with one and other to create a continuous volume (Iwamoto, 2009). In some cases, physical prototypes are produced to get a general idea of the design, which are then scanned to produce 'point cloud', a pattern of points created from the physical model through scanning to generate profile curves and therefore lofted NURBS surfaces (Kolarevic, 2003). This 'reverse engineering' would effectively help in producing a result with better quality and efficiency because firstly, the production process would be more linear, time is saved by making changes digitally instead of multiple testing on physical prototype. Secondly, digital modelling produces result that is more accurate in measurements and details compare to physical models made by hands.
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REFLECTION
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Modification
Critical reflection Modified sharp ends
Original ends
It is suggested in the feedback that the side curves are rather fragile as a structural element that holds the rest together. The pointy ends of the grid are also believed to be too sharp and do not help in supporting user's heads. Moreover, the use of black thread affects the overall appearance and ruins the clean look of the finished structure.
Started with observation of an object, it is transformed into digital model that unfolds the system behind it. The entire production process of the sleeping pod can be identified in 3 stages - replacement of geometry, organizational complexity, and development of digital fabrication.
Removal of excess components Some of the sharp ends grid are removed for better comfort. The ends are then smoothened slightly with sand paper and painted in white to make it less obvious.
Use of clear thread
Replacement of ribs The side ribs are replaced with new pairs of 2mm acrylic that provides better strength and stiffness. The white colour make it consistent with the rest of the grid; there is slight burnt mark that is removed with sand paper. Considering the width of the cut marks on the existing grids, the thickness of the newly cut ribs have to be kept no larger than 2mm in order to fit in.
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In order to attach the replaced ribs onto the existing grid, clear thread with thickness of 0.5mm is used to fit into the 0.6mm wide holes. This makes the joints less visible and at the same time, provides better strength than the normal thread. Black thread that was tied to prevent the ribs from breaking is removed to improve the overall aesthetic.
In module 1. Through observe and measuring the expandable folding and modelling it digitally, its geometry is replaced with a 'formal logic based on mathematics' (Bernstein & Deamer, 2008). The rules and system - panel and folding is carefully analysed in order to produce proposed designs that incorporate the same principles. Proposed ideas are extended to work out the possibilities in Module 2, where 'vast amounts of information ... [is] input, linked, and managed' (Bernstein & Deamer, 2008). The ideas are carefully revisited and developed; with the aid of prototypes, the effect of the proposed design can be tested in order to critically analyse the practically improvements. Module 3 is where the design digitally and physically produced. Though the testing carried out in the previous stage, the proposed design can be modelled digitally. Modelling in CAD programs allows the application of digital fabrication, both 2- and 3-dimensionally to ensure accuracy and quality of the outcome. This has however led to certain degree of 'certainty', with predetermined consistent waffle grid that can be produced repeatedly with the exact dimensions and details. Yet, since the final design cannot be produced wholly with the use of digital fabrication, a degree of design risk is included by through the making of felt spikes and attaching them onto the grid. The end-result incorporated both certainty and risk, which ensures accuracy and quality of certain components yet providing authenticity and individuality of each piece. I first found it challenging to create a sleeping pod, an existing product that seems to have no room for improvement. I was restrict with the traditional idea of a sleeping pod a bed-like structure that could fit in the whole person and therefore took a literal approach and came up with large scale designs. I was frustrated at first knowing how hard it would be to have a large scale sleeping pod fabricated but then became relieved and excited realising how innovative and abstract the design can be. Rhino is a rather intuitive interface to use; the tools and instructions are quite straight forward with the understanding gained from the rhino workshops. Yet, I struggled to sketch complex geometry and curves in creating fancy designs; I therefore focused on the practically of the pod rather than aesthetics, which I eventually succeeded in producing a piece that is both visually appealing and comfortable to wear.
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APPENDIX
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CREDITS
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Student name
Michael Berrill
Student name
Hoi Man Kwok
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Heath, A., Heath, D., & Jensen, A. (2000). 300 years of industrial design : function, form, technique, 1700‐ 2000 / Adrian Heath, Ditte Heath, Aage Lund Jensen. New York : Watson‐Guptill. Sommer, R. 1969. Personal space : the behavioral basis of design / Robert Sommer. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice‐Hall, c1969.A
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Module 2 Ammi Park, n.d. photograph, viewed 30 March 2016, < http://barrieturpinimages.com/landscapes/zdno3y2hjqamv0d6w4tqcym0s9ltlj> Neck rings, n.d. photograph, viewed 2 April 2016, < https://au.pinterest.com/pin/478648266621466347/> Michael Vehrenwald, Interior View, n.d. photograph, viewed 10April 2016, < https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-5113795-dt-content-rid-18743806_2/ courses/ENVS20001_2016_SM1/ENVS20001_2016_SM1_ImportedContent_20160128045120/Puppet%20Theatre_MOS.pdf > Scheurer, F. and Stehling, H. _2011_: Lost in Parameter Space? IAD: Architectural Design, Wiley, 81 _4_, July, pp. 70‐79 Asperl et al, 2007,Surfaces that can be built from paper / In H.Pottmann, A.Asperl,M.Hofer, A.Kilian (eds)
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Module 3 Hybrid fashion, n.d. photograph, viewed 30 April 2016, <https://au.pinterest.com/pin/362962051195220094/> Architectural Geometry, p534‐561, Bentley Institute Press Kolarevic, B 2003, Architecture in the Digital Age ‐ Design and Manufacturing /Branko Kolarevic. Spon Press, London
Module 4 Marble, S, 2008. Building the Future: Recasting Labor in Architecture/ Philip Bernstein, Peggy Deamer. Princeton Architectural Press. pp 38‐42
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