Negotiations in Live-Work typology of Housing

Negot i a t i onsi nL i v eWor kt y pol ogyofHous i ng Ca s eofAhmeda ba d

Hi s t or yofHous i ngDes i gni nI ndi a DRP( Di r ec tRes ea r c hPr oj ec t )

Negot i a t i onsi nL i v eWor kt y pol ogyofHous i ng Ca s eofAhmeda ba d

Gui de: Pr of es s orVi s hwa na t hKa s hi k a r Pr i y aBha dj a ( ua 0413)

2

Acknowledgment I am greatly thankful to my guide Prof. Vishwanath Kashikar for guiding me throughout the study.

I am thankful to my parents, chickoo and all my family members for their patience, encouragement and constant moral support.

I would like to thank Mrs. Rajeshree Modi for all the help received in the compilation of this work.

I wish to thank all my friends for their great support - a special mention to Tulsi Vadalia, Jinal Goswami, Dhwani Modi and Aayushi Gandhi for helping me with the editing and proof reading for the thesis.

Also I would like to thank Vihar Sangani, Milap Salot, Jay Parmar, Swati Ganvit, and Sarthak Patel for their support and discussions during the work. I would like to thank my batch ‘13 for all good and bad times.

And great thanks to my school - The School of Architecture, CEPT University, for providing a great learning environment over these years.

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4

Acknowledgment Index Preface Research proposal

1. U nd e rst anding live/wor k

.......................................................

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1.1 History - Global phenomenon - Worldwide history - Indian history 1.2 Occupation and gender 1.3 Definition 1.4 Importance of live-work 1.5 Mass produced housing through the lense of live work 1.6 Analysis framework

2. Cas e St udies

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.1 Srinagar apartments 2.2 Amee apartments 2.3 Chitrakut apartments 2.4 Parasnagar

3. C o n c l u s i o n

....................................................... 117

Bibliography

........................................................ 126

Illustration Credits

....................................................... 127

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P R E FA C E Traditionally people used to work from home where they designed their houses on their own that responded to their usage, lifestyle, and occupation.

There are various factors that affect the house form such as climate, context, technology, cast, and occupation. Among various such factors, occupation is a significant contributor to house form. Different house forms having the same typology and different occupation affects the activity pattern and the way people use their house.

In the twenty-first century, live work has become an appropriate choice for those who need to balance their life at home and work. An important aspect of home-based work is its inherent social, economic and environmental sustainability. Communities today are once again embracing many features of traditional town planning, including allowing a mix of land uses both within a district and within a building.

Earlier people used to design house according to their occupation, whereas in twenty-first-century, people still work from home but now they live and work in houses that have not been designed for that working practice.

In this era where housing is mass produced, it cannot respond to all the requirements of a different occupation. These houses are occupied by people with different backgrounds, lifestyles, and occupation.

But it is interesting to see that how people still adapt to it and modify it as per their needs.

Since people with different occupation have different requirements there is a need for customization in the architecture of dwellings. Despite being of a massproduced nature. Especially, when being done for people in the Lower Income Group who engage majorly in home-based work.

6

When the topic of work from home is debated, people consider the upper middle class and middle class’s modern way of working with modern techniques such as computer or mobile-laptop work, whereas people don’t consider the lower middle class’s way of working such as small shop or a small scale business based in their house premises. Such small scale business contributes a lot in the Indian economy and supports the economy as back bone.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL Aim This study aims to analyse negotiations made by

LIG

(Lower

Income

Group)

people

to

accommodate work environment in their houses.

To derive parameters which can be considered while designing mass-produced housing.

Objectives •

To describe the conventional house form that emerges from the occupation

•

To define live work typology for contemporary mass-produce houses

•

To analyze different cases of contemporary massproduced houses based on following objectives : 1. To outline physical changes made in a house to support the work.

2. To map the activity patterns throughout the day.

3. To find the family structure to understand the family background.(number of people, age, gender..etc and how it affects the work/ living space.)

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4. To identify the determinants of built form like, Functions, Light condition, Spatial relation, and degree of privacy

Research Method This thesis uses both primary and secondary research methods.

Primary data collection method for the case study which is done to understand how people adapt to the mass housing unit in order to work in the same space as the living space.

Secondary data collection method for describing the conventional house form that emerges from the occupation.

This study is done through following methods : •

Activity mapping - to understand the space required for the work and how they are used.

•

Plan measure draw - to understand the modifications made to accommodate work in living spaces.

•

To capture spatial adaptation - This would be possible through personally talking/ questioning, observation made on site made at different times of the day and representing it in terms of drawings and text.

•

Informal interviews - to support the above studies.

Information acquired through activity mapping, measure draw and informal interviews is used in to analyse the series of cases.

8

Frame work of analysis The framework in the book “Beyond Live/ Work: The Architecture Of Home-Based Work” by Frances Holliss is borrowed for the thesis to analyze the livework typology of housing, which has nine factors that affect the live-work typology directly or indirectly.

Here, to understand the situation created due to livework typology, this thesis modifies the framework of analysis for the study and consider the factors which are directly connected to the spaces and its arrangement. So, Following are the six aspects factors have been used for the study.

•

Flexibility

•

Spatial relation between live-work spaces

•

Hierarchy of spaces ( public to private)

•

Dominant function

•

Light condition

Chapterization The research is divided into three basic parts : Understanding live-work, Case study and Analysis, Conclusion.

In the first part, it shows the basic information about the history of live-work practice in India and also in the other context. It gives a glimpse of what is the relation between Occupation and gender. After that, it defines live-work and also includes the advantages and disadvantages of live-work. It includes how the research focuses on Mass produced housing through the lens of live work and it also includes the framework of analysis in detail.

In the second part, it includes case studies of massproduced housing where people accommodate work in the houses. There are four different societies, which were chosen and thirteen houses were documented for the research. Also, it shows the analysis part of the 9

thesis using the five factors which are mentioned in the framework of analysis.

In the third part, it shows the parameters which are derived from the analysis.

Scopes and limitations The study being based in the new city of Ahmedabad, there is no dearth of literature on housing but there is a lack of literature on mixed use or home based work in housing.

This study will include a variety of work-based families at individual houses but it’s effects on neighbourhood level are not included in the study.

Another limitation was the lack of cooperation from the owners of the houses in terms of allowing photographs, possibly due to reasons of safety.

The result of analysis are based on the responses of the residents. These responses were then interpreted and reflected upon in order to understand the adjustment that are done by users.

The guidelines given at the end of the thesis are generic but are bound to be subjective to a certain extent.

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CHAPTER 1

UNDERSTANDING LIVE/WORK 1.1 History - Worldwide history - Indian history - evolution of live-work 1.2 Occupation and gender 1.3 Definition 1.4 Benefits of live-work 1.5 Mass produced housing through the lense of live-work 1.6 Analysis framework

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1. 1 HIS TO RY Evo l u t i o n o f l i ve - wor k t ypology Earliest humans did not settle anywhere as they wandered around in search of food. Occasionally they took shelter on the top for protection and began to live in caves by the rivers. Later they learned cultivation and began to settle down near the fields.

Gradually they learned to build huts and mud houses.

This is how they started to live and work in the same place. Then settlements started to develop and as food was available in abundant others began to practice different occupations like cattle and poultry breeders, fishermen, shepherds, craftsmen, and weavers etc. Initially, these were practiced from home until markets were developed which led to a rise of trade and commerce. The occupations that needed a separate space were developed in a market and some of the small-scale occupations still continued to work with home. (Roderick J. Lawrence) Home-based work was almost universal before the industrial revolution. Up until 17th century, functions such as processing food, making clothes, education children took place inside the house. With the series of new inventions, during the end of 18th century, the industrial revolution began. People started migrating to cities for work which gave rise to Urbanization.

They started working in factories operating machines that made clothes, pottery, paper, glass etc. Later on new professions such as lawyer, doctors, teachers, tradesman came into existence. With the increase in population, standardization came and mass housing developed. All this lead to a separation of living and working space. This gave rise to zoning of cities that kept dwelling apart from workplace. (A brief history of the workhome)

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Even in the 21st century, the live-work type is still found in low-income neighbourhoods which is converted from a general residential zone, while the wealthy people prefer to live in pure residential zones. The shops or workplaces in low-income neighbourhoods provide

people

with

their

livelihoods.

type

exists,

even

if

live/work

So

endangered.

Shopkeepers and small-scale business owners choose a residential area for their business because of the following reasons: 1. A planned commercial zone has high rates of shops.

2 Financial benefit.

3. Market potential of a particular area.

4. Proximity to the residential area.

5. Physical set-up of the residential colony 6. Hierarchy of road.

In this Era of digitalization, technology is allowing live/work type users with new possibilities. People are now again starting to work from home from their computers/mobile-laptops. Professionals such as artists, photographers, writers, architects require a different kind of space and environment, depending upon the nature of the work which can be done in solitude, supported by computers and internet connection.

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G l o b a l phenome non Before the Industrial Revolution, the word ‘house’ was always used with a subset of activities eg. bakehouse, ale-house etc. But after that, it gradually came to mean to be a place where we sleep, cook, eat and relax. So the building which combined living and workplace became nameless.

In the 1960s there was a boom of artists. In search of workspaces that was most economic and provided enough space to conduct their work, they found railroad cars and old shipping containers that were abandoned after World War II. It was the ideal space for working and sleeping. Also, the weapon and aircraft storage warehouses provided large spaces for multiple artists to work and live together. Both the working spaces and sleeping quarters were wrapped together. Soon the realisation that these spaces were much more practical and affordable to these people, led to the formation of Live - Work districts. (Frances Holliss) Since

no

other

terms

came

up, ‘live-work’

gradually began to be used for the buildings that accommodated both dwelling and workplace.

Work homes can be found throughout the history of architecture. this was not just a Vernacular phenomenon.

Some examples of such buildings which came up in twentieth century are: •

Ozenfant’s Atelier by Le Corbusier,

•

the Maison de Verre by Bernard Bivjoet and

•

Pierre Chareau and the Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames.

They loosely correlate with the work home ‘Spatial Design Strategy’ typology. (Frances Holliss)

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I n di an h i s tor y “ The house is an institution, not just a structure, created for a complex set of purposes. Because building a house is a cultural phenomenon, its form and organization are greatly influenced by the cultural milieu to which it belongs. Very early recorded time the house became more than shelter for primitive man, and almost from the beginning “ function “ was much more than a physical or utilitarian concept “ (Amos Rapoport) Previous chapter have shown that the built form environment of a house is dependent on three major factors : Physical factors : Geography, landscape, climate and

technology

directly affects the nature of the built.

Socio-cultural factors : A living being has a vast domain of socio-cultural environment which consists of their personal beliefs, behaviour ,and customs that they choose to follow.

The cultural environment differs from region to region and that too has an impact on the built environment.

Occupation of the people : The economic activity on which people are dependent on closely relates to the nature and spatial organization of the dwelling. This becomes a major guiding factor in the cases of live work housing typology.

Since many occupations required proximity to the living spaces and an indoor covered space, they eventually become a part of the house, and over time, the living and working spaces started overlapping, with minimum boundary left in their functioning.

This has been beneficial since many people working at home can look after their children or elders.

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Some examples in which the occupation dictates the living and built environment of a dwelling are : 1) Potters of Kutchh - In this community, men do all the throwing work and women handle all the decoration. This has led the house to have two main spaces, one for all the wet work and the other space for drying. So the open spaces in the house are left for work and the semiopen and closed spaces are used for domestic activities. They need a very sorted workspace and the house is constructed keeping in mind their work needs.

fig.1.1.1. Potter’s house

2) The Hanji fishermen community of Kashmir - This community owns houseboats and live and work in the boats itself. Living in boats is a very old tradition in Kashmir. It was started

by Britishers who built their houses on water since they were not allowed by the Maharajas to own land.

fig.1.1.2. Houseboats of Kashmir

3)

The Patola making Salvi community of

Patan - The spatial organization of the house forms of this community fulfills the needs of occupation and privacy. A clear hierarchy is observed in terms of organization in the basic layout of the house. The front and the back part accommodates work and living is in the middle part of the house. They maintain this basic layout of the house forms even in their economic differences. fig.1.1.3. Patola making in the house

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4)

Shophouse owners in Ahmedabad pol

houses - There are two types of houses in this typology : narrow bay and broad bay houses.

In both types, there are shops on the ground floor and the upper floors are used for living.

In most of the narrow bay houses, the staircase going to the living spaces, is at the back. And in most of the broad bay houses, this staircase is right in the front opening. In both these cases, the placement of the staircase is very important because it decides how the livework activity happens in the house. In the case of the outer staircase, the shop owner can be different because it allows privacy to both levels. In case of the inner staircase, the owner of the house and the shop is the same person fig.1.1.4. narrow bay house plan

fig.1.1.5.broad bay house plan

or of the same family.

It has been observed that buildings that have accommodated live and work up till now had two contrasting configurations : 1) Spaces that were carefully designed around the building’s dual function of live and work.

2) Or flexible spaces that have the possibility to accommodate any function.

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1. 2 O CC U PAT IO N AN D G EN DER The home is the very place where the intricate relations

between

architecture,

gender

and

domesticity become visible.

Residents, who are involved in self-run commercial establishment especially offices, find this mixed-use as a scope due to the low operating cost associated with it. It also helps as an additional source of income to the family when females and senior citizens establish their own commercial outlet in their residence. This business can be the main income source for a person or family or maybe a part-time form of earning extra income, perhaps which could have been once started as a hobby. Whereas, in the case of residential premises, the commercial activity by shopkeepers is mainly because of the economic benefits associated with it, simultaneously other factors such as proximity to the residence and also due to the economic compulsion of the high cost of spaces in planned commercial centres etc.

Working activities have always been differentiated between man and woman. Man usually goes out to work for earning, while women stay at home doing the household chores and looking after her family.

Many times there are five to six family members in the house and it is not possible to feed them all by only one working man. So, in these cases, women also do work from home as society does not allow the woman to work somewhere out. Traditionally, female home workers tend to define themselves as homemakers, therefore they are found prioritizing their roles as mothers, and the role as a workers is considered secondary. While professional mothers suffer a conflict between their roles as homemakers and workers. (Crosbie, T.)

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1.3 DEFINITIONS Broadly we can categorize the buildings that perform single functions into two: Buildings for living (Residential) and Buildings for working (schools, offices, hospitals etc.)

However, there is another type combines both living and working. The concept of sharing is the main point of the Live-work. Live-work typology includes homebased occupation, which incorporates the right to pursue small-scale work activities at home. This type is generally used by people who cannot afford or manage to keep a separate space for working. This concept combines home and works for making them together.

“Live-work units are a type of mixed-use development, combining commercial or manufacturing space within the same structure as a residential living space for the business owner. They have similar benefits to mixed-use development and eliminate altogether the need to commute to work. In addition, they can provide affordable work and housing space, meet the needs of special groups such as artists, and serve to incubate new businesses.” (Municipal Research and Services Centre of Washington)

“Live/work unit” or “live/work space” means a building or spaces within a building used jointly for commercial and residential purposes where the residential use of the space is secondary or accessory to the primary use as a place of work.”(American Planning Association)

“Live/work is a strange animal which combines residential and commercial use and is at once neither and both. It is intrinsically mixed-use, in ways that fly in the face of planning regulations and building codes.

Definitions of live work use are far from standardized; for this and other reasons, most jurisdictions have elected to reinvent the wheel when it comes to regulating live/work.”(Thomas Dolan, Live/Work Institute)

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“Live/work is not a single building or unit type.

Instead, it is a loosely connected series of strategies combining live and work needs.”(Thomas Dolan, Live/Work Institute)

1. 4 I M P O R TA N C E O F L I V E - W O R K “ It should go without saying that streets or districts which do have good primary mixed are successful in generating diversity. ” (Jane Jacobs) As a land-use and building typology, live/work can support urban neighborhoods through providing a diversity of uses, which can be flexible over time.

It intersects with housing, job, transportation, and infrastructure planning to support an integrated approach to urban planning. It provides flexibility of space and time. The functions carried out during the day in a particular space are replaced with other functions at night which provides efficient use of space.

The

live/work

stores,

ethic

advocates

for

mixing

offices, and housing. This can help make

neighborhoods busier and more productive, meaning they may be livelier and safer. Live-work typology is safer than the zoning system as workhomes tend to be occupied round the clock. While in the zoning system commercial area are vacant at night.

“Live/Work’ is a traditional form of mixed-use development which has become a recent trend in the revitalization.“ (Kelliher, Daniel James, Live/Work as an Urban Design Strategy)

Live-work becoming popular is that this type of housing could bring benefit to both clients and small business holder.

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One of the defining characteristics of home-based work is that it reduces how often and how far people travel for work. “The live-work typology provides one possible solution to the issues of urban sprawl and is becoming an increasingly appropriate and viable way of living.�

(Donaldson , Megan)

1.5 M A S S P R O D U C E D H O U S I N G THROUGH THE LENS OF LIVE - WORK : In mass housing, factors like feasibility and economy results in standardized designs. Gradual transformations are brought by the community with time with changing demands.

Mass housing takes into consideration just the economic groups and not the variation in the lifestyle of individuals. For eg., LIC requires provision for activity spaces that can help in generating income and also would require proximity to the consumer strata.

There is a much stronger need to alter the surroundings in mass housing projects, compared to individual houses exclusively designed for a family.

When designing living spaces for a mass of people, there is a tendency of

the elements becoming

standardized, because of its economic feasibility. All the units are same but the inhabitants are not and neither is their lifestyle. Because of this same reason, residents tend to do physical transformations and alterations in the existing units to fulfill their own requirements.

In mass housing, for the lower income group units, the inhabitants cannot afford specific spaces for all the activities. So they combine, share and use the space that they have.

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Many of them have occupations where the work is a part of living and it happens in that same small space.

So these are the home-based vocations where they live and work combined with a very thin boundary.

1. 6 A N A LYS I S FR AME WORK The framework in the book “Beyond Live/ Work: The Architecture Of Home-Based Work� by Frances Holliss is borrowed for the thesis to analyze the livework typology of housing, which has nine factors that affect the live-work typology directly or indirectly.

1. Flexibility 2. Dominant function 3. Public / private 4. Visibility / Invisibility 5. Noisy / quite 6. Clear / dirty 7. Hot / Cold 8. Inside / outside 9. Light / dark In all these nine criterion it presents, spatiality, environmentally and even socially, But there are few factors which do not represent spatiality of a space, where few factors talking about the social and environment related issues, which is not the scope of this thesis. So here author has modified the framework and shortlisted five relevant factors, which are relevant to the Indian context and also to the spaces and its arrangement. Following are the five factors have been used for the study.

1. Flexibility 2. Spatial relation between live-work spaces 3. Hierarchy of spaces ( public to private) 4. Dominant function 5. Light condition Flexibility is always relevant at all types of housing.

It is more relevant in India, as they already have less 22

space to live, where they also try to accommodate their workspace too. When there is work space required in a space which is not meant for it, Flexibility plays a crucial factor.

When there is work environment in a house, it is very important to understand the relationship between the workspace and living space division, in terms of a hierarchy of space, because Hierarchy of spaces ( public to private) : The Hierarchy of space is very important, in terms of where to accommodate the work set-up.

It is very difficult for the inhabitants to chose which is more important in terms of space for work and live, if the work consumes major part of daily work cycle.

In the case of lower income group, where the inhabitants used every resources judiciously.

In cases where the work set-up requires more privacy, where the private spaces are in the back of the house, which seems to be darker compared to the front area. They have to compromise and work in a dark space or low lighted spaces , where they have to keep electrical light on for the whole, which they can’t afford. Such light conditions are not considered while designing mass housing.

1. Flexib ilit y Dictionary meaning of flexible is characterized by a ready capability to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements.

Analyzing flexibility becomes necessary when the space available is less and the activities are more and of varying nature and characteristics. So that one or limited space needs to accommodate this varying activities that need to happen there.

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One space can be used for different activities like in the living room, the family can gather and sit on the floor for lunch, can accommodate guests and others in the day and they can spread out mattresses and sleep there at night.

Flexibility is the core idea of live work typology, in terms of space. For this housing typology , a design which can adapt the changes according to the needs of the user is preferable.

Lower income group cannot afford specific spaces for different activities. So if the spaces are flexible, all the activities can be accommodated in the same space during different timings.

The rate of change or modifications decides the degree of flexibility in the unit. Flexibility is different for different groups of people. What is flexible for one home and their inhabitants doing a particular kind of work, might be inflexible for another family doing a different kind of work. The layout is flexible enough to facilitate the alterations and additions made by the users in accordance with their specific needs.

2. Spatial relation between live-work spaces When live and work happens simultaneously, both of these activities have an effect on the functioning of each other. So it is important to know the degree of separation required. Live and work can either happen on different floors or on the same level but side by side, but in the space where they overlap, they have a huge impact on the working of each other.

There are three types of relations formed between live-work spaces : •

No spatial separation (Live with)

In this typology, live and work literally happens in the same place. Here the workplace and dwelling are either an entire building or a part of it, on the same floor with a single front door. This is the preferable arrangement.

24

•

Some spatial separation (Live-adjacent)

This typology has a large degree of spatial separation between work and home. They are separate spaces with doors next to each other opening up on the street. Here the spaces are combined either next door or above and below each other. •

Total spatial separation (Live-nearby)

This typology creates a separate domain for live work. Here the dwellings and workplace elements are detached and at a distance from each other.

3. Pu blic / Private S ep aratio n When one is working at home, there is a constant rush of customers in the house. It is totally different compared to normal single function building (homeliving activity) only.

So this is the factor where one can understand, what is the hierarchy of the spaces (public to private), which one (space) is open for all, which one is open for guests, which one is open for only family members. and how are these two separated from each other.

4. Do min ant f u n c tio n When there is more demand and less supply, one aspect naturally becomes more dominant and hence conflict tend to happen. Due to that, some negotiation needs to be worked out.

5. Lig ht Co n d itio n Mass produced housing just fulfills the basic requirements of people and since this group is large, the units are mostly standardized. The basic layout and arrangement are strictly dictated by planning rules and regulations, not by user requirements and their activity patterns. Because of this, some factors like light condition required for working is not taken care of.

25

So when a workspace is supposed to be set up in their house, the light condition is the major factor in deciding the arrangement of the workspace and hence also affects the placement of other activities.

26

CHAPTER 2

CASE STUDIES 2.1 Srinagar apartments 2.2 Amee apartments 2.3 Chitrakut apartments 2.4 Parasnagar 27

Ahmedabad, Gujarat Primarily a trade city, Ahmedabad has always been one of the most important cities of Gujarat. It has the origin as mercantile traditions that have become characteristic of the region.

fig.2.1

fig.2.2

In the old city of Ahmedabad, population was distributed according to their caste and occupation. Rich merchants and jewelers occupied the central part of the city while the working class was situated around the sub-centers according to their occupation. The lower class settled in the north while the upper class was allotted the south of Ahmedabad. In the neighborhood of upper class, it was developed as mostly residential zones whereas in the neighbourhood of the lower class it was developed as mixed use.

28

fig.2.3

Gujarat

housing board

Gujarat Housing Board was established after the formation of separate states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1961. of improving living standard for a common man at an affordable price G u j aItrwas a t developed h o u s i nfor g the b o purpose ard which will help in their economic condition and was established throughout the urban areas and towns in Gujarat Housing Board was established after the formation of separate states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1961.

Gujarat. It constructs houses for people of various income categories as per norms set by the State Government.

Gujarat Housing Board was developed for the purpose of improving living standard for a common man at an aordable price which will help in their economic condition.

As these mass standard housing plans are based on the decisions made by one group, they are unrelated to maximum number of the users and they tendthe tourban impose a particular life on the users, which the Gujarat Housing Board was established throughout areas and townsway in theofGujarat. user may not accept as his idea of house may differ from what is provided in mass scale housing. And hence Guja Housing Board constructs houses for people of various income categories as per norms set by the State Gujarat

in present day situation, the house has occupied the status of a consumer product which the user buys Government. and with his available resources and economic limits tries to change it according to his social, physical or cultural needs.

29

I N T R O D U C T IO N OF TH E SCH EME Major of the Gujarati believe in investing in business, rather than working or providing service in any service sector.

This business ideology is also seen in lower

UP UP

income group. They would prefer to have their own small business rather than to do a job in some company.

UP

In Gujarat, while designing the mass housing,

0

the designer use the standard dimension for

5 fig.2.4

space without considering the business nature of Gujaratis. As a result, inhabitants have to compromise on space for their workspace.

This scheme was promoted by Gujarat Housing

Board, a government of Gujarat

undertaking. The scheme located in western Ahmedabad. It has units for middle income group as well as for lower income group.

UP

UP

There are two types of units designed by Gujarat Housing Board which are taken for the case study in the thesis.

In the first cluster [fig.2.4], there are four

0

houses with a shared staircase. Each house has

fig.2.5

one room and a kitchen. Two houses shared a service wall. This unit is specifically designed for the nuclear family.

UP

In the second cluster [fig.2.5], also there are four houses with a shared staircase. Each house has two room and a kitchen. Two houses shared a service wall. There is a separate living room in this scheme. This unit is specifically designed for the joint family.

30

5

2.3 Chitrkut apartment

2.4 Parasnagar

2.1 Srinagar apartment

2.2 Amee apartment

0

200m

fig.2.6

This is the whole chunk in the western Ahmedabad which is the mass-produced housing for lower income group and middle-income group.

31

2.1 Sr in a ga r a p a r t m e nt s case 3

case 1

case 2

case 4

0

90m

fig.2.1a

32

C A S E

1 33

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

Nuclear family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Shrinagar appa., Chitrakut soc, Bhuyangdev, Ahmedabad. : Dilipbhai Darji : : : : : :

The male member is the sole breadwinner in the house.

4 Tailor 4:00 pm to 8:00 pm Second floor Residence + workplace 25 sqm

ORIGINAL PLAN

dwg.2.1.1.1

34

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The balcony has been covered with a wall and transformed into a kitchen.

Reasons for making change The house contains a room and a kitchen which is inadequate to accommodate four people. They also have to provide a space for a sewing machine. Hence, they have converted the balcony into the kitchen. dwg.2.1.1.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER

dwg.2.1.1.3

35

Flexibility The spaces are not specific to any particular activity.

The front room is used for work and lounge during the day.

Dining space in front of a TV. Sleeping space during the night.

The inside room is being used as storage during the day and couple’s sleeping space at night.

Owner’s view : Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.1.1.4

“The front room is very small for all four of us to do most of the daily activities.

But in a way it is very flexible, for example, the bed in the front room it is used for seating when guests come. My son is always eating on that bed and he sleeps there at night.

Sometimes because of the organization, the functions overlap in a not so comfortable way. There were times where the customers would have to wait while we were having lunch in the living room. But in a way, the arrangement is good as it allows easy switching between living and tailoring work.”

Eating

dwg.2.1.1.5

Inference : The front room of the house is very flexible as its accommodate most of the daily activities of the family.

In a way, built form is also flexible which allows adding on of spaces like a conversion of the balcony into the kitchen, hence clearing up space in front for tailoring.

Sleeping

36

dwg.2.1.1.6

Spatial relation between live-work spaces There is no spatial separation between living and working. Because there is a single front entry for both.

Functions constantly overlap throughout the day.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.1.1.7

“I am always working in the front room. My son watches TV every day after his school over and my wife does household activities.

All the activities are held in the front room only.”

Inference : The sewing machine is the main furniture for working and TV is the main furniture for living activity and their everyday life revolves around them. Both of these furniture are kept in the same space. That’s why there is no boundary between living and working.

This is a condition of live-with.

Public / Private The owner works on the sewing machine in the front room. hence, it is more busier and public due to a frequent visit of customers.

Comparatively, the inside room is more private in nature.

Owner’s view : “We hang a Parda in the entrance of the inside room. No one is allowed there except family members. We also use this room to keep our valuables.” dwg.2.1.1.8

Inference : The highlighted element is a separator between public and private spaces. This is a stark boundary.

Though there is an overlap of work and live, there is a stark boundary between public and private spaces.

37

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they are using their front room as living room and sleeping space during the day.

They have to negotiate with work when guests come at home.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.1.1.9

“I am always working in the front room so when guests arrive, I have to discontinue my work and compulsorily engage with them.”

Inference : According to activity work dominates the house and according to furniture layout house dominates work.

dwg.2.1.1.10

Light Condition Sewing machine is kept in the front room, but the light condition in that room is very poor for working.

Only the kitchen is well lit in the entire house, but it is not the place where sewing work can happen simultaneously.

The other room has very low window. So it dosen’t get sufficient light at the right level.

Owner’s view : dwg.2.1.1.11

“We have enough light in the front room.

Inside room is very dark and kitchen is well lit. So, we choose to put the sewing machine in front room.”

Inference : In this case, light plays an important role in the functioning of the house.

38

C A S E

2 39

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

Nuclear Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Shrinagar appa., Chitrakut soc, Bhuyangdev, Ahmedabad. : Harishbhai Dodiya : : : : : :

The Lady works at home and is involved in embroidery work in spare time.

3 Embroidery work 12 : 00pm to 5 :00pm Ground floor Residence + Workplace 35 sqm

UP

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.1.2.1

40

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) They shifted all the functions in the east half of the house leaving the existing living room empty to be used as a shop. To compensate for the extra space, they extend the house on the road. This new space will be used as living room.

Some other changes are also required to support this arrangement. The bathroom wall needs to be shifted and the orientation of the kitchen platform also needs to be changed. dwg.2.1.2.2

Reasons for making change Require a shop in the half of the house.

So logically they converted the existing living room to a shop and extended the built area over the margin to make a living room.

Shop

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.1.2.3

41

Flexibility UP

Shop

The front room is used for all activities except cooking.

Cooking happens in the space followed by front room.

Owner’s view : “It is easy for the three of us to manage living in this given space. But it becomes difficult to adjust when we have more number of guests. My wife does embroidery at home in her free time and we spend all of our time in the living room.”

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.1.2.4

Inference :

UP

The kitchen is less flexible compared to the front room.

Shop

eating

Eating

dwg.2.1.2.5

UP

Shop

sleeping

Sleeping

42

In this case, the front room is flexible, in terms of it accommodates most of the daily activities and activities related to work.

dwg.2.1.2.6

Spatial relation live-work spaces

Shop

between

There is no spatial separation between living and working. Because there is a single front entry for both.

Functions constantly overlap throughout the day.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.1.2.7

“My wife always works in the front room. while my son does his homework and also watches tv there.”

Inference : This is a condition of live-with.

Because live and work constantly overlap throughout the day and there is a single front entry for both.

Public / Private There are no stark boundaries spaces.

They are all visually connected.

between

Shop

Owner’s view : “Our all the work happens in the front room only. Sometimes neighbour comes in for a short chat, but we won’t allow them to comes in the kitchen.”

Inference : dwg.2.1.2.8

There are some invisible boundaries between public and private spaces. The front room is more public as they allow people to come and after that, the spaces are more private.

43

Dominant

function

They don’have a dedicated working space, so they use the front room as living room which they can use for afternoon naps.

They have to negotiate with work when guests come over to stay.

Shop

Owner’s view : “My wife works in the front room and guests are also entertained in that room only. So, I have to stop my work and engage with the guests.” dwg.2.1.2.9

Inference : According to activity work dominates the house and according to furniture layout house dominates work.

Shop

dwg.2.1.2.10

Light Condition Work happens in the front room because it’s the most litted space in the house.

Shop

Owner’s view : “We have enough light in the front room while inside space is very dark and it is similar to the kitchen store room.”

Inference :

dwg.2.1.2.11

44

In this case, the light condition is the most important aspect, as it needs very “barik kaam“. For the work that they are doing it is one of the factors to arrange the activities in the house.

C A S E

3 45

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

Nuclear Family

: Shrinagar appa., Chitrakut soc, Bhuyangdev, Ahmedabad. : Dilipbhai Draji

Men works persistently throughout the day and lady works whenever she gets free from the household work.

They have one employee.

Owner No. of family Members : 3 Occupation : Tailor Working hours : 10 : 00am to 1 : 00pm 3 : 00pm to 11 : 00pm Floor : Ground floor Present use : Residence + Workplace Area : 33 sqm

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.1.3.1

0 46

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The tenants have extended the front part of the house which is converted it into two rooms and they have also extended the kitchen to make it more functional. They have also done an extension on the right side of the house and are planning to use it as a shop.

Reason for making the changes : The tenants needed more space for living to compensate for the space being used by the owner as store.

The owner of the house wants to rent out the entire house except the front room which he wants to use as storage for his stuff.

Since this space is not availabe to the tenants, they took permission from the owner to extend the house on the front side.

dwg.2.1.3.2

Not Accessible

Shop

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.1.3.3

0

3 47

Flexibility In the house there are some specific spaces.

Not Accessible

Shop

The room at the south corner is used for work and as lounge space during the day.[dwg.]

They eat in the kitchen.[dwg.]

Two front rooms are used as sleeping space as well.

Most of the activities overlap at the front of the house.

Owner’s view :

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.1.3.4

“The south corner room is very small for us for our daily activities. It is always in a mess with so many clothes.

Front room with grill is not usable in a day time because it is too public in nature.

During the day time,due to the presence of the employee the space feels more congested.”

Not Accessible

Inference :

Shop

Eating

dwg.2.1.3.5

eating Not

Accessible

Shop

Sleeping

0 48

dwg.2.1.3.6

3

Looking at the activities, kitchen and the space in front of it are equally flexible because it accommodates the same number of activities throughout the day. The room at the left corner is fully loaded with the activities throughout the day and it is also used as sleeping space at night. Hence, it is the most flexible space in the house.

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

There is no spatial separation between living and working. Because there is a single front entry for both.

Not Accessible

Functions constantly overlap throughout the day in the front part of the house.

Shop

dwg.2.1.3.7

Owner’s view : “I always work in the south room. My son plays outside or in the front right room.

My wife does house hold activities and whenever she is free she also works on the sewing machine in the front right room.”

Inference : There is no boundary between living and working. It totally overlaps with the functions. Also, it has the single front entry for both home and work that’s why it is a condition of live-with.

Public / Private There is a level difference between spaces.

Kitchen is one step up from the ground level.

So that plinth works as a separator. The front room is more busy and public due to frequent visit of customers.

Comparatively, the kitchen is more private in nature.

Not Accessible

Owner’s view :

Shop

“Customers are only allowed to the front spaces. No allowance to anyone ahead of kitchen space.”

Inference :

dwg.2.1.3.8

0

3

The plinth acts as an invisible boundary to separate public and private spaces in the house. Therefore people don’t tend to cross that boundary, this makes the front part of the house more public compared to inside spaces.

49

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they are using their front two rooms as working space and living space during the day time and sleeping space during the night.

Not Accessible

They have to negotiate with work when guests come at home.

Shop

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.1.3.9

“I work in the front room and guests are also entertained in that room only.

So, I have to pause my work and engage with the guests.”

Inference : In terms of activities, living activities dominate over working activities. But the room at the south corner has more of a workfriendly arrangement compared to the rest of the house.

Not Accessible

Shop

Light Condition dwg.2.1.3.10

Sewing machine is kept in the front left room, the light condition in that room is apparently addequate for working..

The kitchen space is very dark. Front two rooms are well lit but right front room has the grill so it is very public in nature.

That’s why the working place is arranged at left front room.

Not Accessible

Owner’s view :

Shop

dwg.2.1.3.11

0 50

3

“We have enough light in the front two rooms. In the right front room there is too much light and it feels very public. all the people passing from the road peeps inside.”

Inference : In this case, the light condition is not the leading factor to the arrangement.

C A S E

4 51

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

Nuclear Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Shrinagar appa., Chitrakut soc, Bhuyangdev, Ahmedabad. : Devikaben Draji : : : : : :

Man and lady both works throught the day at home.

4 Tailor 12 : 00pm to 5 : 00pm First floor Residence + Workplace 45 sqm

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.1.4.1

0 52

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The main door is shut which was proposed in the original design.

House is on the first floor, so they have built a personal staircase for their personal entry. They have extended a balcony space in front of the house. It works as a terrace.

Reasons for making change The neighbours are most affected by their occupation and they cannot afford separate space for working.

dwg.2.1.4.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.1.4.3

0

3 53

Flexibility The activities are not specific to any of the spaces.

Each space serves as multiple activity space throughout the day.

They have terrace and semi open space, so the many activity is distributed outside also.

Working space, dining space and sleeping space are combined in one space Owner’s view :

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.1.4.4

“Front room is sufficient for three of us to perform daily activity and the added extension provides more flexibile nature for the activities to occur.

Open , semiopen and closed spaces serves good trasitioning. We choose to work inside the house rather than the semiopen space as storage of clothes becomes easier.”

Inference : The front room and semi-open space are comparitively more flexible spaces because they accomodate more number of activities throughout the day.

DN

Eating

dwg.2.1.4.5

eating DN

Sleeping

0

dwg.2.1.4.6

3

sleeping

54

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

There is no spatial separation between living and working. Because there is a single front entry for both.

Functions constantly overlap throughout the day in the main room.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.1.4.7

“Me and my husband always work in the front room. My son does homework in the terrace or sometimes in the front room. All the activities are held in the front room only.”

Inference : The sewing machine is an important furniture for working and the single bed is an imporatant furniture for living activity. Both of them are kept in the same space. That’s why both activites are held in the same place. Hence there is no boundary between living and working.

Home and working space both have a common entry. So, this is a condition of livewith.

Public / Private There is no stark boundary between public and private spaces. The front spaces are more busy and public due to frequent visits of customers. Comparatively, kitchen is more private in nature.

Owner’s view : “we don’t allow anyone in the kitchen. otherwise all other spaces allowed for guests and customers.” dwg.2.1.4.8

Inference : On the bases of accessibility of space to the people, the whole house becomes very public except the kitchen.

0

3 55

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they are using their front room as living room and as a sleeping space during the day and night.

They have to negotiate with work when guests come at home.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.1.4.9

“I work in the front room and guests are also entertained in that room only.

So, I have to pause my work and get engaged with the guests.”

Inference : Looking at the activities and furniture layout, both are supporting more of a living environment. So, the dwelling function dominates over work.

dwg.2.1.4.10

Light Condition Sewing machine is placed in the front room. and there is also sufficient light there so it also serves as living activity.

Owner’s view : “The light condition is good on the terrace, in the semi open space and also in the front room. But since we are working with clothes, we would rather choose a closed space to work.”

Inference :

dwg.2.1.4.11

0 56

3

Considering the weather condition becomes a priority over the light quality. Even the public-private relation factor, is considered afterwards.

57

2.2 Am ee a p a r t m e nt s case 2

case 1

case 4 case 3

0

90m fig.2.2a

58

C A S E

1 59

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

Joint Family

: Amee appa., Karmchari nagar, Memnagar, Ahmedabad. : Rajubhai Vasita

Owner No. of family Members : 6 Occupation : Ironing cloths Working hours : 9 : 00am to 12 : 00pm 6 : 00pm to 9 : 00pm Floor : Ground floor Present use : Residence + Workplace Area : 91 sqm

Two daughters and father works from home.

Son works somewhere in Ahmedabad and his wife is a housewife.

UP

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.2.1.1

0 60

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The house is extended in the north east and north west direction.

Things got extended like the bedrom, the kitchen, and also added a toilet.

Reasons for making change The proposed house was insufficient to work and stay for six people, but the extension provided sufficient space for them to work and stay.Simultaneously their economical condition also got improvised. dwg.2.2.1.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.2.1.3

0

3 61

Flexibility Some spaces are specific in the house. Living activity and work activity are allocated differently.

All the working activity happens in the front semi open space and living activity in the rest of the house.

The living room has the overlap of activities.

Owner’s view :

daughters wife

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

“During the day it is very comfortable in the house to perform all the activities. dwg.2.2.1.4

There are two entries for the house. The north east entry opens up into a semi open space for customers and the south entry is specified for the family members and guests.

Our living room is the most active space.

Activities are always carried out throughout the day.

Storage space for the clothes are easily accessible from outside.”

Inference : In this case, only the front room is flexible compared to other spaces of the house. All the other spaces serve only one function.

Eating

dwg.2.2.1.5

Sleeping

dwg.2.2.1.6

0 62

sleeping 3

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

There is a clear spatial separation between living and working. Because there are two different entries for both. Both activities never overlap.

Owner’s view : “Me and my two daughters work in the front semi open space and the living activities happens inside the house / in the closed part.” dwg.2.2.1.7

Inference : The door defines a clear boundary between home and work. The entries for living and working spaces are different. Both are on the same floor, on the same flat, but separated in terms of accessibility.

This is a condition of live-adjacent.

Public / Private The highlighted door is a separator between public and private spaces. This is a stark boundary. The living room and front semi open space is more public due to frequent visits of customers and guests.

Comparatively, inside spaces are more private.

Owner’s view : “The store room of clothes is a private space because its connected to the inside spaces of the house and customers are not allowed to look into that space.”

dwg.2.2.1.8

0

3

Inference : There is no overlap of live and work space that’s why it is a clear division of public and private spaces.

63

Dominant

function

They have dedicated work space. that is the front semi open space.

They have to partially negotiate with work when guests come at home.

Owner’s view : “Me and my two daughters are work in the semi open space, when guests come I have to go inside and engage with them, while my daughters are involved in work.” dwg.2.2.1.9

Inference : According to the arrangement of the house, there is no conflict between both spaces. So, nothing dominates.

dwg.2.2.1.10

Light Condition They have well lit and well ventilated semi open working space for the occupation and sufficient light in the living space while other spaces are dark.

Owner’s view : “We have enough light to work in the semi open space. The occupation also needs a well ventilated space. So, the present condition fulfill these requirements.”

Inference : dwg.2.2.1.11

0 64

3

The light condition has not been compromised. The work space has been set up considering the light condition.

C A S E

2 65

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

Joint Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Amee appa., Karmchari nagar, Memnagar, Ahmedabad. : Bharatbhai Bokolia : : : : : :

Ladies work from home, they are involved in making sole of the shoes.

6 Mochi 12 : 00pm to 6 : 00pm Ground floor Residence + Workplace 51 sqm

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.2.2.1

0 66

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) They have extended almost many things such as living room, kitchen and the other room

Reasons for making change There are six people in the house and also engaged in working from home.The occupation requires more space to work and to store things. dwg.2.2.2.4

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.2.2.3

0

3 67

Flexibility The spaces are not specific to any particular activity.

Eg., The front room is used for work and lounge during the day. Dining space in two times of the day and sleeping space during night.

nts,

nd daughter Working, Cooking, Entertaining

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.2.2.4

“The front room is very small for six of us to do most of the activity.

The inside room has two single beds. So, living activities can be accommodate.

Right side inside room is mainly for men and left side inside room is mainly for women.

Sometimes house become so mess, and this lether is stink for some time so it is very hard to get things up.�

Inference : The room at the south corner accomodates almost all of the basic living and working activities. So, this space is more flexible than other spaces in the house.

Eating

dwg.2.2.2.5

eating

Sleeping

0

dwg.2.2.2.6

3

sleeping

68

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

There is no spatial separation between living and working because there is a single front entry for both. Though there are two separate entries for males and females of the house.

Functions constantly overlap throughout the day mostly in the south corner room.

Owner’s view : dwg.2.2.2.7

“I always work in the front room. whoever is free in the house they join me for the work according to their convenience. We have hanged strings in the front room. So, that we can hang the leather sheets.”

Inference : Beacause of the working set up in the front room there is no boundary between living and working. Living and working is merged toagther. So, this is a condition of live-with.

Public / Private The highlighted doors are the separator between public and private spaces.

There are two front entries to the house.

The south west kitchen entry is for female members and the other is for male members, neighbours and others. The inside room is completely private.

Owner’s view : “Everyone can come in the front room with the separate entry. But kitchen’s entry is only for the ladies of our house.”

Inference :

dwg.2.2.2.8

0

3

Though there is a overlap of live and work but there is stark boundary between public and private spaces defined by doors. So, not everyone can come in the house through the kitchen entry. So, only one space of the house is public where everyone is allowed to come in. The rest of the house is private.

69

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they use front room as living room and as a sleeping space during the day.

They have to negotiate with work when guests come at home. owner’s view : “I am working in the front room and guests also will be entertained in that room only.

So, I have to stop my work and engaged with the guests.” dwg.2.2.2.9

Inference : When there is a conflict, then according to the activity home dominates work. But the arrangement of the front room is such that it seems like work is more important than living activities.

dwg.2.2.2.10

Light Condition In the front there are two spaces, both are well lit. One of them is kitchen so they have to set up work in the front room only, to get sufficient light.

Owner’s view : “We have enough light in the front room.

Inside room is very dark and kitchen is well lit. So, we chose to work in the front room.”

Inference : dwg.2.2.2.11

0 70

3

They have to work the whole day and it is not viable to keep the lights on throughout the day. So, they chose to set up work in the front room, which has sufficient light throughout the day.

C A S E

3 71

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

Nuclear Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Mangalmurti appa., Telephone exchange road, Naranpura, Ahmedabad. : Meenaben Shah : : : : : :

Man of the family runs a shop in the house and the lady makes papad at home sometimes neighbour serves as a helping hand to her.

4 Papad making 10 : 00am to 6 : 00pm Ground floor Residence + Workplace 55 sqm

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.2.3.1

0 72

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The house is extended towards south east side and south west side, the extended part includes living room, kitchen, wash area,bathroom and the shop.

Reasons for making change The papad making bussiness needs more space in the kitchen and a larger wash area.They also need closed space other than living room.

dwg.2.2.3.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.2.3.3

0

3 73

Flexibility The spaces are not specific to any particular activity.The room at the right side serves as a shop area. The front room beside it serves as a workspace for making papad, dining space and as a sleeping space. The room followed by front room serves as a living room for the house.

my papa on

Owner’s view :

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.2.3.4

“The front room is mostly used for papad making. We mostly use this space to dry the papads, and making of papad. The shop is also connected to that front room. So, my husband act as a helping hand many times.”

Inference : The front room accommodates all the daily activity and work activity of the house. So, it is very flexible compared to other spaces in the house. Kitchen and the other room are less flexible because they accommodate two activities throughout the day.

Eating

dwg.2.2.3.5

eating Sleeping

0 74

dwg.2.2.3.6

3

sleeping

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

There is no spatial separation between living and working. Because there is a single front entry for both.

Functions constantly overlap throughout the day.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.2.3.7

“I always work in the front room and in the kitchen and simultaniously shop is run by my husband.”

Inference : The family runs a shop as well as the female of the house also runs a home-based occupation. Right front space is a shop and left front room has a constant overlap of live and work throughout the day. And also it has a single front entry for both. So, this is a condition of live-with as well as live-adjacent.

Public / Private They don’t allow people to come to the innermost rooms of the house. The front room is busy with the rush of customers and sometimes guests.

Owner’s view : “We do not allow customers to come in the spaces at the back of the house. only guests and family members are allowed.” dwg.2.2.3.8

0

3

Inference : In this case, the only public space in the house is a front room, while all the other spaces are private. The shop is visually connected to the street but they don’t allow people inside the shop.

75

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they utilise their front room as working space.

They have to negotiate with work when guests come at home.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.2.3.9

“I work in the front room and guests are entertained in the inside room . So it is very inconvenient for the guests to pass from the papad room also I have to stop my work and engage with the guests.”

Inference : According to activity home dominates work and also the arrangement of the house is such that home dominates over the work.

The space allocated for the shop is purely for work. So, there is no conflict.

dwg.2.2.3.10

Light Condition In this case light and ventilation both are important for the work. Front room has good ventilation.

Owner’s view : “We have enough light in the front room.

Inside room is relatively dark while kitchen is well lit. This occupation requires a large well lit and ventilated space. Hence we decided to take over the front room for work.” dwg.2.2.3.11

Inference : In this case, occupation demands both light and ventilation. Their first priority is publicprivate separation and the second is the light condition.

0 76

3

C A S E

4 77

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

N u c l e a r Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Amee appa., Karmchari nagar, Memnagar, Ahmedabad. : Shefaliben Harpanchal : : : : : :

Lady runs a beauty parlour in the house.

3 Beauty parlour 11 : 00am to 7 : 00pm Second floor Residence + Workplace 57 sqm

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.2.4.1

0 78

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The kitchen is extended and toilet has been shifted at the back side of the bathroom. Terrace is got extended.

Reasons for making change the neighbours below two floors have extended their houses on the south side so they got the advantage of the below floor neighbour’s roof slab.

dwg.2.2.4.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.2.4.3

0

3 79

Flexibility The front room particularly is not specific to any particular activity.

Eg. The front room is used for work and lounge during the day.

Dining space and sleeping space during the night.

Owner’s view :

m

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.2.4.4

“The front room is enough for us to do daily activity. This work creates maximum dirt as well as a lot of mess in the house.

During Lunch time when any customer comes I have to refuse them.”

Inference : In this case, the front room accommodates most of the activities of daily life as well as the work activities. So, the front room is the most flexible space in the house while other spaces are specific to their function.

Eating

dwg.2.2.4.5

Sleeping

dwg.2.2.4.6

0 80

3

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

There is no spatial separation between living and working. Because there is a single front entry for both.

The whole set up for the parlour is set in the front room only. Functions constantly overlap throughout the day in the front room.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.2.4.7

“I always work in the front room. My husband does work out side. So, he does not stay at home for the whole day and this is the occupation that deals with ladies customers.

So, it is good to not have male in the house.”

Inference : Because the work is set up in the front room, there is no clear boundary between live and work in that room. There is a constant overlap between living and working activities in the same space. So, it is a condition of live-with.

Public / Private There is no stark boundary between public and private spaces. After a front room there is a long pasaage in the house, it works as a public- private separator.

Owner’s view : “When there are more number of customers then our beds in the front room are used for waiting. Customers are not allowed to enter ahead of first room.”

Inference : dwg.2.2.4.8

0

3

Though there is an overlap between home and work, there is a strong division of public and private spaces because the owner doesn’t allow customers beyond the front room.

81

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they are using their front room as living room and as a sleeping space during the day.

They have to negotiate with work when guests are invited.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.2.4.9

“I work in the front room and guests are also entertained in that room only.

So, I have to pause my work and engage with the guests. And when customers come at lunchtime or so then I have to refuse them.”

Inference : According to the activity live and work has equal importance. While looking at the arrangement of the house it seems like work is given more importance. So, work dominates over home.

dwg.2.2.4.10

Light Condition The occupation doesn’t dependent too much on the natural light. But the any other spaces in the house are not so well lit compare to the front room.

Owner’s view : “We have enough light in the front room.

Inside room is dark compared to front room.

So, we chose to set up the occupation in the front room and no privacy remains if its set up in the inside room.” dwg.2.2.4.11

0 82

3

Inference : In this case light condition negotiate with public-private spaces.

83

2.3 Ch it ra ku t a p a r t m e nt s case 1

case 2

0

90m

fig.2.3a

84

C A S E

1 85

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

N u c l e a r Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Chitrakut Society, Bhuyangdev Society, Memnagar, Ahmedabad. : Kanubhai Patel : : : : : :

Lady makes sweet at home and at times her husband also helps her.

4 Sweet making (Penda) 4 : 00pm to 7 : 00pm Ground flooor Residence + Workplace 63 sqm

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.3.1.1

0 86

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The house has been extended about half in the south side. The bedroom has also been extended while kitchen and living room has been modified.

Reasons for making change The house has been extended as there is a road towards the north-west side so that their occupation get exposure. Because of that, mostly all functions have been changed.

dwg.2.3.1.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.3.1.3

0

3 87

Flexibility Some spaces are specific to the activity performed .In this case only living room and work activities overlap, rest of the spaces have very specific functions.

vening

Owner’s view : “All the spaces has well defined and clear functions. Work activity is takes place in the living room and it needs the kitchen as well.”

Inference :

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.3.1.4

Eating

dwg.2.3.1.5

Sleeping

dwg.2.3.1.6

0 88

3

The occupation requires the kitchen. So, the front room which is connected to the kitchen has to accommodate all the big and small activities of live and work. So, it is more flexible than all the other spaces.

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

There is spatial separation between living and working while living room acts as a space for multiple activities. Live and work both has single entry.

Functions overlap in the living room only.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.3.1.7

“My wife is works in the living room only and guests are also entertained in the living room. All the other spaces have their independent functions and do not overlap.”

Inference : The occupation needs a very small space and it can be manageable anywhere near to the kitchen of the house so the work activities merge with the living activities in the front part of the house.

Public / Private Only a part of the house is public,only living room is public while rest of the spaces in the house are private.

Owner’s view : “Guests and customers are allowed only in the front room. One can see in the kitchen but not beyond the kitchen.”

Inference :

dwg.2.3.1.8

0

3

Outsiders are allowed only in the front room.

One can see in the kitchen from the front room. So, in a way kitchen acts as buffer space between public and private.

89

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, also work doesn’t require much space.

They have to negotiate with work when guests come at home, but arrangement of space is more suitable to living activity.

Owner’s view : “Me and my husband work in the front room, guests are also entertained in that room itself. But on daily basis work doesn’t affect to larger extent.”

dwg.2.3.1.9

Inference : According to the activity, work dominates while looking at the arrangement of the house it seems like living is given more importance. So, home dominates over work.

dwg.2.3.1.10

Light Condition Light condition is not an essential criterion for the lady making sweets at home. She prefers to work near the kitchen.

Owner’s view : “The front room and the back room both are equally well lit. Also for the publicity they had set up the work in the front room.”

Inference :

dwg.2.3.1.11

0 90

3

In this case, the light condition is given priority over the proximity of the kitchen.

C A S E

2 91

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

It is a gruh Udhyog. where 8 to 10 lady employee cooks. and 2 male members work. The male members manage other things [ supply of raw materials, financial accounting, etc...]

Owner No. of Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Chitrakut Society, Bhuyangdev Society, Memnagar, Ahmedabad. : Man gruh udyog : : : : : :

8 to 10 employers Food making 10 : 30am to 5 : 00pm Ground flooor Workplace 66 sqm

UP

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.3.2.1

0 92

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The house has been extended along the west and slightly along the enterance located in the east.

Reasons for making change The extension at the west side was initially done to be used as a shop. Now it is being used as a storage space by this gruh udhyog.

dwg.2.3.2.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER

0

3 93

Flexibility Gruh Udhyog means working from the house so the spaces are occupied for work so living does not exist in this case.

The front room is utilized for dealing withthe orders, the room behind is used for storage of food products and kitchen is used by women to work.

Owner’s view :

Working, Cooking

dwg.2.3.2.4

“We come here every morning and cook all the food so there is no intermix of spaces with activity.”

Inference : Spaces are specific to the activities performed.

Activity wise there is no flexibility.

not accessible

At

0 94

night

dwg.2.3.2.5

3

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

This a condition of purely work based in the house.

Inference : There is only work. So, this does not fall into any category of three.

dwg.2.3.2.6

Public / Private Only the front room is kept as an entry space for the customers while the other spaces are occupied for the women to work.

Owner’s view : “All ladies work inside. In the front room only one or two gentleman deals with the food orders.”

Inference : dwg.2.3.2.7

Privacy is the most crucial aspect in this case. as they run this business illegaly in the house building.

All the spaces are private except the front space. Because they allow people in the front room to take the orders.

0

3 95

Dominant

function

Only work activity happens so no activity coincides with the other at a given time,hence no negotiation is required so, there is no dominance of the function.

dwg.2.3.2.8

Light Condition There is sufficient amount of light in the kitchen and in the front room while all the other storage spaces are darker.

Owner’s view : “For the cooking activity we need light but ventilation is more important than light.�

Inference :

dwg.2.3.2.9

0 96

3

The arrangement is done considering the light conditions. So, workspaces have enough light while the rest of the dark spaces are used as storage.

97

2 .4 Pa ra s n a g a r case 1

case 3

case 2

0

90m

fig.2.4a

98

C A S E

1 99

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

J o i n t Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Naranpura, Telephone exchange road, Parasnagar, Memnagar, Ahmedabad. : Maheshbhai Sathiya : : : : : :

Grandma and main male member makes flower garland at home and they own a small shop on the road near to the house.

6 Flower garland making (Fulhaar) 7 : 00am to 12 : 00am Ground flooor Residence + Workplace 69 sqm

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.4.1.1

0 100

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) House is extended towards the north west side and some service modifictaions are done.

Reasons for making change They are six members in the house and some of the family members work from home, so they extended their house beacuse of lack of sufficient space.

dwg.2.4.1.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.4.1.3

0

3 101

Flexibility Some spaces has specific alloted activities like bedroom and kitchen has no other activity other than sleeping and cooking.

Other spaces have activities throughout the day.

Owner’s view : “Me and my mother, work in the foyer. The following space is a formal living room where guests and customers are entertained.

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.4.1.4

There is a also a swing (jula) in that space.

So, my children does their home-work there.

Inside living room is for multiple activities.

All the family members of the house eat and sleep in the living room. There is a TV, so it is the most used space throughout the day in the house.”

Inference : The occupation runs smoothly in the house.

The room with T.V. is the most flexible space in the whole house as it is fully loaded with activities throughout the day and night.

Eating

dwg.2.4.1.5

Sleeping

dwg.2.4.1.6

0 102

3

Spatial relation live-work spaces

between

There is some spatial separation between living and working. Functions majorly overlaps.

Owner’s view : “Me and my mother always work in the foyer while the other house hold activities are happens inside the house.”

Inference :

dwg.2.4.1.7

Activities always overlap in the front space.

There is no stark boundary between live and workspaces and both have a common entrance. So, this is a condition of live-with.

Public / Private The foyer and the living room are the most public in nature while other spaces in the house are private in nature.

Owner’s view : “Guests and customers are only welcomed in the entrance foyer and living room while they are restricted to enter beyond that space.”

Inference :

dwg.2.4.1.8

0

3

Though there is an overlap between live and work, privacy is well maintained in the house. Front spaces are public while the rest are private in nature.

103

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they use their front room as work space in the house. They have to negotiate with work when guests come over.

Owner’s view : “I work in the entrance foyer and guests are entertained in the following living space.So, I have to pause my work and engage with the guests.”

Inference : dwg.2.4.1.9

According to the activity work dominates the house and according to space arrangement house dominates work.

dwg.2.4.1.10

Light Condition Only foyer and living spaces are well lit and flower garland making(Fulhaar)requires more light, and can easily cater to customers without disturbing the privacy of the house, hence the work is carried out in the entrance foyer only.

Owner’s view : “Flower garland making (Fulhaar) requires constant indirect day light that does not affect the flowers hence in our house this light only directs in the entrance foyer only.”

Inference : dwg.2.4.1.11

0 104

3

Light condition is very crucial in this case due to which work is set up in the foyer space.

C A S E

2 105

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

N u c l e a r Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Naranpura, Parasnagar society, Sola cross road, Ahmedabad. : Seema k. : : : : : :

Man and lady both work as a teacher and runs teaching classes for the students of 1st grade to 5th grade at home.

2 Teaching 7 : 00am to 12 : 00am First flooor Residence + Workplace 30 sqm

DN

UP

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.4.2.1

0 106

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) Here only balcony is extended.

Reasons for making change Neighbours on the ground floor have extended their house and they get an extended balcony.

dwg.2.4.2.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.4.2.3

0

3 107

Flexibility The house consists two essential spaces: front room and the kitchen. Front room occupies all the living and working activities. while kitchen occupies the function of cooking.

Owner’s view : “The front room means everything to us.

Whole day we run teaching classes and carry other activities like eating and sleeping.”

Inference : Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.4.2.4

Eating

dwg.2.4.2.5

Sleeping

dwg.2.4.2.6

0 108

3

The front room is very flexible as it fully loaded with all the activities. Even After extending the balcony, the same activities are carried out in the front space because the extended balcony is kept semi-open and hence it is used only for storage.

Spatial relation between live-work spaces There is no spatial separation between living and working as there is only single front entry for both.

Functions constantly overlap throughout the day.

Owner’s view : “Me and my wife work in the front room, and it is always occupied by students and we eat during the interval.” dwg.2.4.2.7

Inference : There is no separation between living and working. So, this is a condition of live-with.

Public / Private The highlighted element is a separator between public and private spaces hence there is a stark boundary between these spaces. The front room is more busy and public due to frequent visit of parents.

Comparatively, the inside room is more private in nature.

Owner’s view : “We hang a curtain (Parda) in the entrance of the kitchen So there is no visual connection.”

Inference : dwg.2.4.2.8

0

3

People are allowed in the front room and balcony hence these spaces are more public then inner spaces.

109

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they use their front room as living,eating and sleeping space during different times of the day.

They have to negotiate with work when guests come at home.

Owner’s view :

dwg.2.4.2.9

“We always work in the front room. and guests are entertained in that room only.

So, I have to pause my work and engage with the guests.”

Inference : Work dominates over living activity in both activity-wise as well as the arrangementwise. Even guests are likely to come after the classes, so there is no conflict in this case.

dwg.2.4.2.10

Light Condition The teaching classes are set up in the front room as it is the only room that is well lit.

Owner’s view : “Well lit space is required for teaching and there are only two closed spaces out of that one of it is kitchen.Hence living room is the only possibility to work.”

Inference :

dwg.2.4.2.11

0 110

3

Light and lack of the spaces both are the factors responsible for setting up the work in that particular space.

C A S E

3 111

Family I ntroduc tion

Family struc ture

Location

N u c l e a r Family

Owner No. of family Members Occupation Working hours Floor Present use Area

: Laxmi krupa, Vibhag-1 Sola cross road, Ahmedabad. : Vipulbhai Vadodariya : : : : : :

Lady works and makes chai masala at home and other seasonal masala.

4 Tea(chai) masala + Seasonal masala 2 : 00pm to 6 : 00pm Ground flooor Residence + Workplace 0 sqm

UP

ORIGINAL PLAN dwg.2.4.3.1

0 112

3

Nature of change (Alteration/ Addition) The house is extended towards north east side which includes living room ,modifications in the kitchen and the old kitchen that is currently used as a store room.

Reasons for making change Earlier the house had insufficient space for four people.

They have to suffer due to this lack of working space. dwg.2.4.3.2

MODIFIED HOUSE BY USER dwg.2.4.3.3

0

3 113

Flexibility The front room is not specific to any particular activity.

It is used for working, lounging, eating and sleeping.

Throughout the day activities change in the front room.

Inside room is used as bedroom.

Owner’s view : “The front room is very small for all four of us to do most of the daily activities’’.

Working, Cooking, Entertaining

dwg.2.4.3.4

But to a certain extent it is very flexible, for example, the bed in the front room is used for seating when guests come. My daughters do home work on that bed and my children always sleep there at night.”

Inference : All the activities are performed in the front room throughout the day and night. So, it is a more flexible space in the house. All the other spaces have their own defined function.

Eating

dwg.2.4.3.5

Sleeping

dwg.2.4.3.6

0 114

3

Spatial relation between live-work spaces There is no spatial separation between living and working. Because there is a single front entry for both.

Functions constantly overlap throughout the day.

Owner’s view : “My wife always works in the front room. My daughters watch TV everyday after their school gets over. All the activities are held in the front room only.” dwg.2.4.3.7

Inference : There is no boundary between live and work as there is an overlap of functions. There is a single entrance for live and work, hence this is a condition of live-with.

Public / Private The front room is very public due to frequent visits of guests and customers.

Comparatively, the inside room is more private in nature.

Owner’s view : “Customers and guests are only allowed in the living room except few close guests.”

Inference : dwg.2.4.3.8

0

3

People are allowed in the front room, thus it is more public than any other spaces in the house.

115

Dominant

function

They don’t have a dedicated working space, they use their front room as living room and as a sleeping space during the day.

They have to negotiate with work when guests visits their house but on daily basis it is quite comfortable, they doesn’t have to negotiate with work.

Owner’s view :

dwg. 2.4.3.9

“I work in the front room and guests are also entertained in that room only.

So, I have to stop my work and engage with the guests.”

Inference : According to activity, work dominates the living and according to arrangement, house dominates work.

dwg.2.4.3.10

Light Condition Only the front room is well lit and it has more addequate space to do work. All the other spaces in the house have relatively less light than the front room.

Owner’s view : “We have enough light in the front room while the inside room is very dark. Hence I chose to work in the front room.”

Inference :

dwg.2.4.3.11

0 116

3

Light and privacy both are the factors responsible for setting up the work in that particular space.

CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION 117

The scheme by Gujarat housing board declared in 1980, had built houses only for the residential purpose.

But at present, the lower income families had a small business which runs from their own house have transformed the zoning system into mixed-used by the local living in that area. After this transformation, the Gujarat government have decided to build such a mixed-use residential area, where the lower floors will act as a commercial whereas upper floors will have residence. But this is not the example of a livework environment. In such cases, where one has to pay rent for the shops, which is not necessarily owned by the inhabitants of the upper floor, whereas in the live-work environment, the shop is a part of the house, owned by the inhabitants and ran by the inhabitants. Lower Income Group people will not rent a shop because it is not affordable and secondly the majority of women prefer to work from home, as she will be able to manage her work as well as her family simultaneously. Hence, work from home and mixed-use zone both are not the same to each other.

So, there is some possibility where government proposes housing scheme where individuals have some opportunity to start up a small business (vocation) and for that, based on the analysis, there are some factors that can be considered, which will be affecting the design of the work-homes.

Suggesting that mixed-use is more prominent in LIG residential areas as it allows the residents to start a business with minimum costs and in their own premises.

Considerations Based on the analysis, there are some factors which can be consider which is affecting the design of the built form which accommodate live-work. It can be consider in future when designing mass housing, especially for lower income groups to accommodate work in their houses.

118

These considerations below do not represent design resolutions but serve to indicate the potential scope intrinsic in designing the buildings that combine living and workspaces. The considerations operate at the level of principle rather than prescription.

• Flexibility Deriving from the analysis, Flexibility is one of the most important factor that affects the live-work typology. In the urban Indian context, people prefer to make adjustment to their dwellings rather than to look for a new house. They can accommodate larger family with ease. This adjustment is made due to financial reasons of that group of people.

Flexibility can be interpreted in three different ways : i.e. Flexibility in terms of; 1. Activity 2. Space Arrangement 3. Extension A certain level of flexibility should be incorporated in the house design to make up for the uniqueness of the house. Each family has different demands and range of flexibility. For example, in the case of tailor’s family (case 2.1.1), They only utilize the corner of total available space to put sewing machine, whereas in mochi’s family (case 2.2.2) a whole room is being utilized for making shoes. This is affected by the following three aspects. This aspect makes each family exceptional.

• Structure of the family.

• Culture, religion and customs and beliefs that are followed by the family members • The individual’s desire to personalize ones surrounding.

1. Activity “Our beds are empty two-thirds of the time. Our living rooms are empty seven-eighths of the time. Our office buildings are empty one-half of the time. It’s time we gave this some thought.”

- Buckminster Fuller, 1970 119

There should be a provision of space which can be used throughout the day and can accommodate the basic activities required for living and working. This space should cater to different activities as people cannot afford different space for them.

2. Space Arrangement The composition and structure of a family, in terms of the number, age and gender which varies from house to house.

Spaces required such as workspace, living room, type and direction of kitchen and Pooja room, no. of bedrooms, study area etc. can be governed by the number and size of the family members residing in that particular house.

For example, there are six members in mochi’s family (case 2.2.2) and they have four main spaces in the house. In that case, in the front, there is a living room and a kitchen and in the back, there are two bedrooms. Whereas in tutor’s family (case 2.4.2) there are only two members and they have two main spaces in the house. In the front, there is a living room which is followed by a kitchen.

There should be a provision of such a space which does not impose a certain specific function to take place because of its layout, size, shape and relationship to other spaces. Such space should not demand a specific furniture layout or circulation so that it can accommodate several types of events and activity. That’s how it will useful for live-work.

3. Extension of a building: This method would allow them to alter and adjust their house as per their needs. Moreover, it is important for human being to establish a relationship with his environment by allowing him to making changes and alteration, which do not harm the building or the design in any way but yet it should be appropriate for the user.

For example,In the house of tailor (case 2.1.1), they have built a wall on the parapet of the balcony, wherein the case of laundry service provider 120

(case 2.2.1), they have extended a semi-open space along the staircase of the building. They have also extended the bedroom and have added a common toilet near the kitchen.

Here one can to propose the structural system, which is designed in such a way that it allows the interior spaces to be flexible. Each apartment can be altered and changed without disturbing rest of the building.

Where, the service part/grid is kept as it is, and the other spaces can altered. There should be some scope to extend the apartment legally.

The structure should be designed in such a way that gives flexibility in space arrangement as separate entity in each apartment. The inhabitants should be able to make modification within their premises. For such alteration, there are two possibilities : -

In terms of area.

-

In terms of volume.

• Determinacy Generally in mass-produced housing spaces are designed for specific use and function.

They should be designed to accommodate changing patterns of living and working, rather than to distinguish between the two functions in a fixed way.

Stark allocation of the functions are very inappropriate for the live-work practice, Due to lack of space, one has to use one space for multiple functions and use.

One space serves

different function at different time zone of the day. This multi-purpose designed spaces act very important for the inhabitants. Such multi-purpose spaces should be designed in such a way that there is no dedicated space that differentiates work-living environment. •

Hierarchy of spaces ( pubic to private )

Certain areas of the dwelling that are frequently visited by the visitors become spaces, which are treated as a display of their possessions.

For example, In tailor’s house (case 2.1.4), the house is 121

open for the visitors to access any part of the house, whereas, in case of the laundry service provider (case 2.2.1), the visitor is allowed only till the front room and rest of the house is not accessible.

While designing such space, one should consider that there has to be hierarchy. In LIG if hierarchy is not possible is not possible then buffer space can be provided, which serves as in-between space which is neither public nor too private. Where outsiders (customers) are not allowed

but only family

members, guests and friends are allowed. If there is lack of such spaces then some gesture like threshold or level difference or jali/ porous partition between spaces can be provided.

•

Visibility

In the present situation there is no legal zoning for live-work. So, these people who run a shop or work from home is illegal. Hence, they won’t come out in the public and show that “we are working from home” and that acts as big drawback point for their business.

Here, in LIG Housing scheme, there is a good amount of people working from home, hence people don’t mind their neighbours too working from home.

This aspect is very strong because of strict zoning of residential and commercial.

Many home based workers are deliberately ignored.

They convert their home in workspace, usually either because they fear they are or because they have actually broken some regulation or other. However, if there is a legal zone for live-work, then it would be a great way to encourage home-based work. Because it will majorly

act as a backbone of the market

economically in Indian context. It is very helpful for women as in Indian context majority of women are housewives.

•

Inside/ Outside spaces

Outdoor space can give home-based workers a place to interact with like-minded people and grow their 122

business.

Inside and outside space arrangement, majorly depends upon the vocation that they have at home.

If vocation is too private, it needs a closed spaces. For example, the beauty parlours needs a closed space (case 2.2.4), whereas shops and ironing clothes (case 2.2.1)can happen in open or semi-open area.

Privacy of the house depends upon the spaces and arrangement of the live-work activities. Live-work activities are depended upon the spaces (open, semiopen, closed) and privacy of the house is depended upon it. Mostly, the semi-open spaces serve as work spaces here, and they are in front of the house.

Such arrangement of space for work, helps in silent advertisement, and business spreads through word of mouth. It also acts as an interactive space for outsiders.

In Indian context, ground floor has semi-open spaces. This space between inside and outside allows occupants to regulate it’s privacy and flow of people.

In mass produced housing there has to be a provision of semi open spaces on the ground floor and on the upper floors. Front room can act as a space between inside and outside.

•

Light Condition

In the present situation of the mass produced housing there is only one space which is well lit and as a result, people have to set up their work in that space. As a result they have to compromise other aspects, like privacy of the house, as they have no other option.

They can’t afford the electricity for whole day on such dull-lit spaces.

For example, in the case of the sweet maker’s house (case 2.3.1), they have to use kitchen constantly but here the kitchen is the darkest space of the house.

From the planning perspective, If the houses are in a grid and where the ground floor houses get the exposure of the main road, then in the design, there should be a provision of shop. And also the longer side of the house should be parallel to the road, so that the house gets proper light throughout the day.

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Here, people whose living space and workspace are the same, live in such inappropriate buildings which still continues to be in the shadows despite the fact that it is an increasingly growing mainstream practice involving ‘proper work’.

How and where we work impacts on our lives and the economy in a major way. In a century where going out for work has been the prominent working practice, from where home-based work practice has emerged and yet it has been overlooked at every level of a society. But the society tends to have a preconceived notion in mind, where they don’t take such small business seriously or don’t think of it as a priority.

It is observed that the commercial complexes today offer flexibility for individual design of shops or workplaces. However such a common practice is not seen to be extended in the housing where it is needed the most.

Generally, be the design at urban scale or a building scale, we do not prioritize our design for live-work, nor do we organize our society around it.

Home-based work seems to be a popular, familyfriendly, environmentally sustainable practice for the cities. It is good for the economy of a country.

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SE L EC T ED BIB LIOG R APHY Crosbie, Tracey, and Jeanne Moore. Worklife Balance and Working from Home. Social Policy and Society, vol. 3, no. 3, 2004, pp. 223–233., doi:10.1017/s1474746404001733.

Davis, Howard. Living over the store: architecture and local urban life. Routledge, 20 Donaldson, Megan. THE ‘BREAK’ SPACE : Psychological relief in architectural transitional spaces, Unitec Institute of Technology, 2014.

Holliss, Frances. Beyond live/Work: the architecture of home-based work. Routledge, 2015.

Holliss, Frances. Space, Buildings and the Life Worlds of Home-Based Workers: Towards Better Design.

Sociological Research Online, vol. 17, no. 2, 2012.

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Modern Library, 2011.

Kelliher, Daniel James. Live/Work as an Urban Design Strategy, The University of Arizona. 2018.

Lawrence, Roderick John. Housing, Dwellings and Homes: Design Theory, Research and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 1987.

Rapoport, Amos. House form and culture. Prentice-Hall, 1991.

Schneider Tatjana, Jeremy Till. Flexible Housing. Elsevier/Architectural, 2007.

Wong, Yunn Chii, and Johannes Widodo. Shophouse/Townhouse: Asian perspectives(Chapter 1 : The city and the shophouse : Ahmedabad, India by Jigna Desai).Department of Architecture, School of Design & Environment, National University of Singapore, 2016.

Unpublished thesis Monisha Kohali, Human response to the imposed built environment, 1996.

Riyaz Tayyibji, Conceptual and the real : understanding an experience of the city : Ahmedabad,1998.

Shaili Shah, A Study of designed flexibility in mass produced housing, 2004.

Sharad Panchal, Mixed land-use in an urban context : a case of Ahmedabad, 2001.

Tarak Patolia, Physical transformation process with respect to design of a dwelling unit.

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IL LU S T R ATION CREDITS fig. 1.1.1. “Potter’s house”Photograph taken by author. fig. 1.1.2. “Houseboats of Kashmir” http://www.kashmiri-houseboats.tk/2017/07 Accessed 21 June 2018. fig. 1.1.3. “Patola making in the house “ therediscoveryproject, Posted by. “The Patan Patola.” The ReDis covery Project, 19 Apr. 2017, rediscoveryproject.com/2016/03/09/the-patan-of-patola/.

Accessed 23 June 2018. fig. 1.1.4. “narrow bay house plan” Chauhan, Ritika Singh,Pol as mass housing : modern interpretation of Pol,2010 fig. 1.1.5. “broad bay house plan” http://coolshadow.com/research/Pol_House.pdf Accessed 21 June2018. fig. 2.1, fig. 2.2 https://www.mapbox.com fig. 2.3

www.google.co.in/maps/

fig. 2.4, fig. 2.5 drawings are made by the author. fig. 2.6

www.google.co.in/maps/

fig. 2.1a, fig. 2.2a, fig. 2.3a, fig. 2.4a https://www.google.com/intl/en_in/earth/ All the other drawings are made by the author.

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