Architectural Dissertation 20-21 - Visitor's Management in Public Buildings

DISSERTATION Year: 2020-21 Batch No. 18

VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Undertaken by: Priyal Sharma Enrollment No.: 16E1AAARF40P088 V Year B.Arch (B)

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

GUIDE

COORDINATOR

Aayojan School of Architecture ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022 i

APPROVAL The study titled “Visitor’s management in public buildings” is hereby approved as an original work of Priyal sharma, enrolment no. 16E1AAARF40P088 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted.

December 2020 Jaipur

Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI EXTERNAL EXAMINER 1

PRINCIPAL

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH EXTERNAL EXAMINER 2

COORDINATOR

ii

DECLARATION I, Priyal Sharma , here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled ‘Visitor’s management in public buildings.’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.

This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school. Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will be jointly authored with my guide.

Priyal Sharma V Year B.Arch (B) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research titled, Visitor’s management in public buildings is a bonafide work by Priyal Sharma of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has been completed under my guidance and supervision in a satisfactory manner. This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

This research work fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard laid down by the Rajasthan Technical University.

Prof. Archana Singh Rathore Guide Aayojan School of Architecture,Jaipur

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This dissertation would not have been possible if it wasn’t for the help of a few people whom I would like to thank Personally for their help, guidance, and support throughout the writing of this dissertation. port Size Photograph

I am grateful to my college, Aayojan school of architecture, for enabling me to take up this dissertation.

I am thankful to Prof. K.S. Mahajani, (Principal and director , Aayojan school of architecture) for providing a healthy environment even during the tiring times like COVID- 19 pandemic.

I thank, Prof N.S. Rathore (Dean of academics, Aayojan School of architecture, Jaipur) for his valuable time and able advice.

I am extremely thankful to my guide, Prof. Archana singh rathore for helping me to pursue this topic. It is due to your valuable inputs and guidance that I have been able to complete my dissertation. Thank you for the guidance, encouragement and support throughout this project.

I would also use this opportunity to express my thanks to all the faculty members, external jurors for their valuable inputs towards this dissertation.

I would like to thank my parents, my twin pillars, without whom I could not stand, who are my ultimate inspiration for everything. I am extremely grateful to my grandfathers, late Ravindra Dev Sharma, and late Deep Chand Sharma, always in my memory, who helped me become the person I am today. I would like to thank my sister and brother for their support.

I would like to thank my best friend Nidhi Patidar for always being there, my batch, mates, seniors and my friends for their constant support.

Priyal Sharma V Year B.Arch. (B) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

iv

ABSTRACT “Cultures and climates differ all over the world, but people are the same. They’ll gather in public if you give them a good place to do it.”

-Jan gehl, life between buildings Throughout the entire history of human inhabitation, public spaces have formed focal points and gathering spaces. These were the places where the urban life took place. A common place where people used to meet, talk, socialize, and be a part of something big. These public spaces used to be the focal points of the cities and were considered as the major area of public interaction. However, due to functionalism, public buildings faced a lot of drastic changes. Earlier public spaces include streets and square but now separate buildings are constructed as public spaces. These buildings are however facing a lot of problems. Confusion, Stampede, Long paths, visually inaccessible spaces, Accessibility of amenities, dead zones, etc. are the problem addressed in this dissertation. These problems lead to poor visitor’s management hence need to be dealt at the planning stage only. The main purpose of this dissertation is to study the public buildings right from zoning to designing and to prove that visitor’s management in public buildings can be efficiently done through site planning, landscaping and designing of public buildings.

The building design could influence a lot of activities, a lot of possibilities and a lot of patterns. Every space bifurcates from the circulation to the respective functions.

Therefore each one of them is approached different according to its purpose and there are so many buildings that functions better than the other buildings. The study therefore tried to study these differences in functions of different buildings to find out the methods for efficient visitor’s management in public buildings. The study focussed around visitor infrastructure, site planning, landscaping and designing of public buildings. Through different case studies, primary and secondary data was collected to support the hypothesis statement. Through primary studies parameters were studies carefully, interviews, conversations with workers and visitor’s were recorded to conduct the research. After studying the cases carefully, comparative analysis was done on the basis of parameters: Site planning, landscaping and designing of public buildings to find out the strategies and techniques for a better management of visitor’s in public buildings.

The study finally concluded providing tools and techniques of public management.

After studying the comparative analysis, conclusions and recommendations are drawn. Different methods of site planning can be adopted according to the function. The management can be efficiently done through site planning and landscaping of public buildings. If proper thought is given to the planning of these buildings, then a lot of these problems can be eliminated for a better visitor’s management.

v

CONTENTS

Page No.

Approval

i

Declaration

ii

Certificate

ii

Acknowledgement

iii

Abstract

iv

Contents

v-vi

List of illustrations

vii

List of tables

viii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1

Background of the study

1.2

Criteria of selection

1.3

Research questions

1.4

Hypothesis

1.5

Aim

1.6

Objectives

1.7

Scope and limitations

1.8

Methodology

1-5

CHAPTER 2: PUBLIC BUILDINGS

6 - 22

2.1 Public buildings 2.1.1 Significance of public buildings 2.2.2 History and evolution of public buildings 2.1.3 Visitor’s types in public buildings 2.1.4 Visitors activities in public buildings 2.1.5 Problems associated with public buildings 2.2 Visitor management 2.2.1 Visitor management in architecture 2.2.2 Visitor carrying capacity 2.2.3 Visitor Infrastructure 2.2.4 Components of visitor infrastructure 2.3 Case studies-

vi

2.3.1 Jawahar kala Kendra, Jaipur 2.3.2 Jantar mantar, Jaipur

CHAPTER 3: PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

23-53

3.1 Site planning and landscaping 3.1.1 Activity mapping 3.1.2 Zoning 3.1.3 Visitor’s and vehicular circulation 3.1.4 Landscape elements: 3.1.4.1 Urban squares 3.1.4.2 Streetscapes 3.1.4.3 Signage system 3.2 Designing of public buildings 3.2.1 Spatial organisation 3.2.2 Spatial Relationship 3.3 Case studies 3.3.1 Framework for case studies 3.3.1 Jawahar kala Kendra, Jaipur 3.3.2 Jantar mantar, Jaipur 3.3.3

Firodiya centre for inspiration, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS

54-62

4.1 Framework for analysis

36

4.2 S.W.O.T. Analysis 4.3 Comparative study

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendations GLOSSARY OF TERMS BIBLIOGRAPHY

vii

63 – 69

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS: FIGURE:

ILLUSTRATION TITLE:

PAGE NO.:

SOURCE:

02

Author

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2

Why public buildings fail Futuristic vision of cities

03

https://issuu.com/nikitaverma27/docs/undergraduate_thesis_2014Adapted

CHAPTER 2: PUBLIC BUILDINGS 2.1

Meeting places

08

Author

2.2

Greeting old friends

08

Author

2.3

Visitor’s types in public buildings

11

Author

2.4

Access to ticket area & waiting area.

12

Author

2.5

Access to facilities

12

Author

2.6

Access to recreational area

12

Author

2.7

Visually inaccessible spaces

13

Author

2.8

Long paths

13

Author

2.9

Confusion and stampede

13

Author

2.10

Dead zones

14

Author

2.11

Dysfunctional features

14

Author

2.12

Problems in circulation & orientation

14

Author

2.13

Security checks

17

Author

2.14

Ticket counter

17

Author

2.15

Waiting area

17

Author

2.16

Souvenir shop

18

Author

2.17

Cafeteria

18

Author

2.18

Facilities

18

Author

2.19

Infrastructure- Jantar mantar

19

2.20

Ticket counter- Jantar Mantar

20

Author

2.21

Tourist Assistant- Jantar Mantar

20

Author

2.22

Security Check- Jantar Mantar

20

Author

2.23

Facilities- Jantar Mantar

20

Author

2.24

Cafeteria- Jantar Mantar

20

Author

2.25

Souvenir Shop- Jantar Mantar

20

Author

2.26

Infrastructure- Jawahar kala kendra

21

22

Author

22

Author

22

Author

22

Author

2.31

Facilities- Jawahar kala kendra Reception- Jawahar kala kendra Waiting area- Jawahar kala kendra Entrance- Jawahar kala kendra Cafeteria- Jawahar kala kendra

22

Author

2.32

Shop- Jawahar kala kendra

22

Author

2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30

https://architexturez.net/ doc/az-cf-123817-17Adapted

http://hiddenarchitecture .net/jawahar-kala-kendra/- Adapted

CHAPTER 3: PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS 3.1 3.2

Site planning Zoning diagram

23 24

Author https://www.pinterest.ca/ pin/509540145346516957/ -Adapted

3.3

Visitor’s and vehicular circulation

24

https://www.pinterest.ca/ pin/575897871106941123/ -Adapted

3.4

Public square

25

Author

3.5

Types of signages

26

Author

3.6

Spatial organisation

27

3.7

Spatial relationship

27

3.8

Activity Mappingjawahar kala kendra

29

Author

3.9

Zoning- jawahar kala kendra

30

Author

3.10

Form developmentjawahar kala kendra

30

Author

3.11

Circulation- jawahar kala kendra

31

3.12

Landscape planjawahar kala kendra

32

3.13

Open built ratiojawahar kala kendra

33

Author

3.14

Landscape part planjawahar kala kendra

33

Author

3.15

Landscape viewjawahar kala kendra

33

Author

3.16

Landscape viewjawahar kala kendra

33

Author

3.17

Landscape part planjawahar kala kendra

34

http://hiddenarchitecture .net/jawahar-kala-kendra/- Adapted

3.18

Landscape part planjawahar kala kendra

34

http://hiddenarchitecture .net/jawahar-kala-kendra/- Adapted

3.19

Landscape viewjawahar kala kendra

34

Author

3.20

Landscape viewjawahar kala kendra

34

Author

https://blarrow.tech/spatial-organization-in-architecture/- Adapted https://www.slideshare. net/janellaajoyce/spatial-relationships-Adapted

http://hiddenarchitecture .net/jawahar-kala-kendra/- Adapted http://hiddenarchitecture .net/jawahar-kala-kendra/- Adapted

3.21

Maps- jawahar kala kendra

35

Author

3.22

Directional signsjawahar kala kendra

35

Author

3.23

Signages- jawahar kala kendra

35

Author

3.24

Ramps- jawahar kala kendra

35

3.25

Concept- jawahar kala kendra

3.26

Spatial organisation- jawahar kala kendra

36

3.27

Spatial relationship- jawahar kala kendra

37

Author

3.28

Activity mapping- jantar mantar

38

Author

3.29

Zoning- jantar mantar

39

Author

3.30

Circulation- jantar mantar

40

3.31

Landscape plan- jantar mantar

41

3.32

Landscape view- jantar mantar

3.33

Landscape part planjantar mantar

42

3.34

Landscape view- jantar mantar

42

Author

3.35

Landscaped lawns- jantar mantar

43

Author

3.36

Landscape part planjantar mantar

43

3.37

Landscaped lawns- jantar mantar

36

42

43

Author http://hiddenarchitecture.net/jawahar-kala-kendra/ -Adapted Author

https://architexturez.net/ doc/az-cf-123817-17Adapted https://architexturez.net/ doc/az-cf-123817-17Adapted Author https://architexturez.net/ doc/az-cf-123817-17Adapted

https://architexturez.net/ doc/az-cf-123817-17Adapted Author

3.38

Landscaped lawns- jantar mantar

43

Author

3.39

Signage system- jantar mantar

44

Author

3.40

Ramps- jantar mantar

44

Author

3.41

Spatial organisation- jantar mantar

45

Author

3.42

Activity mapping- Firodiya centre for inspiration

46

3.43

Zoning- Firodiya centre for inspiration

47

3.44

Movement pattern- Firodiya centre for inspiration

https://studioadvaita. in/project/firodiya-center-of-inspiration-ahmadnagar/-Adapted Author

48

https://studioadvaita. in/project/firodiya-center-of-inspiration-ahmadnagar/-Adapted https://studioadvaita. in/project/firodiya-center-of-inspiration-ahmadnagar/-Adapted

3.45

Landscape plan- Firodiya centre for inspiration

49

3.46

Open built ratio - Firodiya centre for inspiration

49

Author

3.47

Open galeries - Firodiya centre for inspiration

50

Author

3.48

Central court - Firodiya centre for inspiration

50

Author

3.49

Signages - Firodiya centre for inspiration

51

Author

3.50

Ramps - Firodiya centre for inspiration

51

3.51

Radial organisation - Firodiya centre for inspiration

52

Author

3.52

Adjacent spaces - Firodiya centre for inspiration

53

Author

Author

LIST OF TABLES: TABLE NO:

TABLE TITLE:

PAGE NO.:

SOURCE:

CHAPTER-4 ANALYSIS 4.1

Comparative analysis

56

Author

4.2

Comparative analysis

57

Author

4.3

Comparative analysis

58

Author

4.4

Comparative analysis

59

Author

4.5

Comparative analysis

60

Author

4.6

Comparative analysis

61

Author

4.7

Comparative analysis

62

Author

CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1

Visual accessibilty

64

Author

5.2

Sequence of amenities

64

Author

5.3

Sequrity checks

64

Author

5.4

Ramps

65

Author

5.5

Signages

65

Author

5.6

Separate movement

66

Author

5.7

Plazas

66

Author

5.8

Setbacks

66

Author

5.9

Zoning

67

Author

5.10

Movement pattern

67

Author

5.11

Direct and indirect pathways

68

Author

5.12

Green areas

68

Author

5.13

Circulation area

68

Author

5.14

Courtyard as interceptors

69

Author

5.15

Threshold spaces

69

Author

5.16

Adjacent spaces

69

Author

Visitor’s management in public buildings

“Public spaces are the primary site of public culture; they are a window into a city’s soul.”

-Zukin 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: The moment one steps out of his or her private space such as home, work space, etc., they are automatically in the public realm. Everyone in the world irrespective of age, background or status invariable use public spaces.Public buildings have the power to connect people and spaces. As important as public buildings are, it is also surprising that for many years these spaces have been taken for granted and very little attention has been directed towards their quality. With the advent of functionalism, telecommunication made it possible for the people to communicate without having an actual physical place to meet and interact with each other.

Public spaces are spaces which allow culture to thrive.It gives an opportunity for people of varied cultures, backgrounds and races to come together and showcase their culture and at the same time experience new cultures unfamiliar to them. It is a place where cultural and social development is possible. People coming from different cultures have different ways of dressing, different languages, customs, beliefs, ideologies and behaviour.

Public spaces provide a platform or space in which people can come in contact with the social world outside and experience the opportunity of being with, seeing and hearing others which instills stimulation. It is a space that gives people a chance to see something new, to feel differently, to learn and to be inspired. The public realm can be perceived as not only a place but also an experience. Public spaces play a vital role in the social development of people on various levels, from small neighborhood parks to large city centre squares. They are places of great value where people of different backgrounds come together and pick up new ideas by merely being spectators. Public buildings nowadays are facing a lot of problems which include confusion, stampede, accessibllity of parking ramps etc, stampede, long paths, visual inaccessibility, etc which results in the failure of such buildings. However in the recent years, the attitude towards public space has gradually changed rediscovering their importance as an integral part of urban identity of cities. This unprecedented increase in the interest towards public spaces is a stepping stone towards improving the quality of the public life of people. The increasing need is the use of public buildings suggests the increasing need for architects, planners, policy makers and governments to take a greater interest in designing and maintaining public spaces.

Although some conscious effort had been made towards creating public spaces like gardens and squares in some cities the general attitude towards the importance of Public space had been neglected by many and almost considered merely as ‘gaps between buildings. This unprecedented increase in the interest towards public spaces is a stepping stone towards improving the quality of the public life of people.

The increasing need is the use of public buildings suggests the increasing need for architects, planners, policy makers and governments to take a greater interest in designing and maintaining public spaces. If proper site planning and landscaping of public building is done then a proper visitor’s management can be done and the quality of these public building can be improved and may lead to increase in the use of public buildings.

Introduction |Page no.1

Visitor’s management in public buildings

1.2 CRITERIA OF SELECTION: Designing a public building is highly challenging. They are also faced with innumerable constraints. A major challenge of the public realm is the management of visitor’s in such spaces. The study is therefore selected to examine the activity pattern, circulation, and landscaping of public building and to study the management of public through site planning, landscaping and designing of public buildings.

A proper visitor management is very important because if the visitor’s are not happy with the infrastructure of a building, it will lead to the failure of such building. Public buildings are very important for the growth of the visitor’s. It helps in developing personal ideals and values of a particular individual and realizing one’s own character and beliefs. Participation of an individual in the larger urban culture creates an opportunity for one’s own personal reflection and reassures the uniqueness of one’s personality in society. Cultural value is also the key driver of the economic value of cities.

Good public spaces are extremely essential in the economic development of cities.

It is important for both the people who use these spaces on a daily basis and also the tourists and commuters that float by. These spaces are the prime locations where tourists can experience the real feel and culture of the new city. In order to provide a directional thought to create a more meaningful public space, it is important to study and analyze the planning of public spaces. Although some conscious effort had been made towards creating public spaces like gardens and squares in some cities the general attitude towards the importance of Public space had been neglected by many and almost considered merely as ‘gaps between buildings. Hence the study caters to the problems associated with public buildings such as, confusion, stampede, long paths, visual inaccessibility etc. and provide guidelines for a better visitor’s management.

Visual Inaccessibility

Long paths

Problems in circulation

Dysfunctional features

Confusion and stampede

Dead zones

Fig 1.1 Why public buildings fail

Introduction |Page no. 2

Visitor’s management in public buildings

Fig 1.2 Futuristic vision of cities

“Management is, above all, a practice where art, science, and craft meet to produce positive results.” ~Henry Mintzburg

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS: (1) What is the significance of site planning while designing public buildings?

(2) Can visitor’s movement be managed through site planning and landscaping?

(3) How does one public building functions better than the other?

1.4 HYPOTHESIS: “Management of visitor’s activities and circulation can be efficiently done through appropriate site planning, landscaping and designing of public buildings.”

1.5 AIM: The main aim of this study is to study the site planning and landscaping of public buildings and to provide solutions which will lead to better management of visitor’s.

1.6 OBJECTIVES: (1) To study public buildings and problems associated with public buildings.

(2) To analyze activity patterns and circulation through comparative studies (3) To conclude and suggest guidelines for better management of visitor’s in public buildings.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: The scope of this study is limited to cultural centres, art galleries, museums and auditoriums only. The study majorly talks about the management of visitor’s through site planning and landscaping of public buildings. The study will be based primary studies and available literature such as books, literature review, online websites, surveys and interviews with the users.

Introduction |Page no. 3

Visitor’s management in public buildings

1.8 METHODOLOGY:

Introduction |Page no.4

Visitor’s management in public buildings

“Architecture is about public space held by buildings” -Richard Rogers

Introduction |Page no.5

CHAPTER-2 CHAPTER-2 PUBLIC BUILDINGS PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Visitor’s management in public buildings

2.1 PUBLIC BUILDINGS “First life, then spaces, then buildings. The other way around never works.”

-Jan gehl, Life between buildings Throughout the entire history of human inhabitation, streets and squares had formed focal points and gatherung spaces. These were the places where the urban life took place. A common place where people used to meet, talk, socialise, and be a part of something big. These streets and squares used to be the focal points of the cities and were considered as the mojor area of public interaction. But with the concept of functionalism, these streets and squares were no longer wanted. Instead of these steets and squares, roads, paths, buildings, green lawns, etc. were given more preferrance.

However with the advent of functionalism, major changes happened in architecture. Instead of the steerts and squares, a lot of public buildings were constructed and were then considered the important places of public interactions. Over the years, as changes happened and as the architecture industry evolved, a lot of public buildings were constructed with different styles and different concepts. These styles and concepts are relevant to visitor’s management inside these buildings.

In simplified form, the aesthetics formulated in the Renaissance and further developed in the following centuries, and the functionalist teachings regarding the physiological aspects of planning are the ideologies on which cities and housing have been built in the years from 1930 and right up to the last decades of the twentiethcentury. These concepts have been thoroughly examined in past years and made specific in regulations and building codes. And it is these concepts around which an important part of the work of architects and planners has been centered during these most important decades when the majority of all construction in the industrial countries has taken place.

It is hardly a coincidence that criticism of functionalism, of the new urban areas, and of the sprawling suburbs primarily has been directed specifically toward the neglected, the destroyed, and the missing public spaces. The telephone, television, video, home computers, and so forth have introduced new ways of interacting. Direct meetings in public spaces can now be replaced by indirect electronic communication. Active presence, participation, and experience can now be substituted with passive picture watching, seeing what others have experienced elsewhere. The automobile has made it possible to replace active participation in spontaneous local social activities with a drive to see selected friends and attractions. In these areas the mass media and shopping centers have become virtually the only contact points with the outside world Abundant possibilities do exist for compensating for what has been lost. Although some conscious effort had been made towards creating public spaces like gardens and squares in some cities the general attitude towards the importance of Public space had been neglected by many and almost considered merely as ‘gaps between buildings. Precisely for this reason, the fact that there is still widespread critisism of the neglected public spaces is indeed thought provoking. Public buildings are important places of any city and they facilitates the public interaction, however the recent neglect in their use is very concerning.It is really important that architects, planners, and designers should take measures and provide new solutions for maintaining public realm and it’s use.

Public buildings |Page no. 6

Visitor’s management in public buildings

2.1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS “Being among others, seeing and hearing others, receiving impulses from others, imply positive experiences, alternatives to being alone. One is not necessarily with a specific person, but one is, nevertheless, with others.”

-Jan Gehl, Life between buildings.

Open doors for gatherings and every day exercises in people in general spaces of a city or neighborhood empower one to be among, to see, what’s more, to hear others, to encounter others working in different circumstances. These humble “see and hear contacts” must be considered in connection to different types of contact and as a component of the entire reach of social exercises, from exceptionally straightforward and hesitant contacts to complex and genuinely elaborate associations.

Notwithstanding giving data about the social world outside, the occasion to see and hear others can likewise give thoughts and motivation to activity. We are propelled by observing others in real life. Youngsters, for model, see other kids at play and get the inclination to participate, or they get thoughts for new games by viewing other kids or grown-ups.

Whenever given a decision between strolling on an abandoned or an energetic road, the vast majority much of the time will pick the energetic road. On the off chance that the decision is between sitting in a private terrace or in a semiprivate front yard with a perspective in the city, individuals will regularly pick the front of the house where there is a whole other world to.In Scandinavia an old axiom discloses to everything’ “individuals come where individuals are.”

Three major types of activitirs that happen indise a public buildings include: (1) Neccessary activities, (2) Optional activities, (3) Socail activities.

The public buildings maintains all the three activities going inside because a public building just cannot be about social activities, or recreational activities. A lot of necessary activities also takes place inside a buildings. It was obvious that human activities, being able to see other people in action, constituted the area’s main attraction. The road painters gathered a huge group as long as their work was in progress, yet when they left the territory, people on foot strolled over the artworks decisively.

Similar was valid of music. Music blasting out in the city from amplifiers in front of record shops inspired no response, yet the second live performers started to play or sing, there was a quick show of enthusiastic interest. Least stops were noted before banks, workplaces, showrooms, furthermore, dull displays of, for instance, sales registers, office furniture, porcelain, or hair stylers. Alternately, an extraordinary number of stops were noted before shops and shows that had a direct relationship to others and to the encompassing social climate, for example, paper booths, photography shows,film stills outside cinemas, apparel stores, and toy stores. Significantly more noteworthy interest was appeared in the different human exercises that went on in the road space itself. All types of human movement seemed, by all accounts, to be of significant interest in this association.

Public buildings |Page no. 7

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(1) Public spaces give a stage or space where individuals can interact with the social world outside and experience the chance of being with, seeing and hearing others which imparts incitement. It is a space that allows individuals to see something new, to feel in an unexpected way, to learn and to be enlivened. The public domain can be seen as a spot as well as an encounter. Public spaces assume an essential part in the social improvement of individuals on different levels, from little area parks to enormous downtown area squares. They are spots of incredible worth where individuals of various foundations meet up and get groundbreaking thoughts by only being onlookers.

“Cultures and climates differ all over the place, but people are the same. They will gather in public if you give them a good place to do it.”

-Jan gehl, Life between buildings.

(2) Public spaces will be spaces which permit culture to flourish. It tends to be taken a gander at as an entryway to social improvement in a general public. It gives an open door for individuals of differed societies, foundations and competitions to meet up and exhibit their way of life and simultaneously experience new societies new to them. It is where social and social improvement is conceivable. Individuals coming from various societies have various methods of dressing, various dialects, customs, convictions, belief systems and conduct. These social practices can be shared and experienced by individuals just in the public domain. It offers ascend to an open door where advancement of another point of view is conceivable and extends the skyline of social and social prospects like in the Art, music and culinary universes.

(3) Public spaces not just assume an indispensable function in social turn of events but on the other hand is significant in the self-awareness of a person. It helps in creating individual standards and estimations of a specific individual and understanding one’s own character and convictions. Investment of a person in the bigger metropolitan culture makes an open door for one’s very own appearance and consoles the uniqueness of one’s character in the public arena. Social worth is additionally the critical driver of the monetary estimation of urban areas. It is significant for both the individuals who utilize these spaces consistently and furthermore the vacationers and workers that drift by. These spaces are the ideal places where sightseers can encounter the genuine feel and culture of the new city.

Fig.2.1 Meeting places

Fig.2.2 Greeting old friends, Bilbao Public buildings |Page no. 8

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2.1.2 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS: Indus valley civilisation is the very first Indian civilisation. The main public buildings of Indus valley civilisation include the citadel, granary, and the great bath.The main building material include baked and mud bricks, mud bricks, wood, rammed earth. The main feature of indus valley civilisation is the grid iron pattern. Town were geometrically designed. Included several residential quarters. Assembly halls Public bath & manufacturing unit Layout Grid iron pattern of streets Narrow streets of about 2.7m wide in north south & east wes directions Streets divided the city into 12 blocks. Each measuring 365m long 244m wide approximately.Residential unit had no entrance opening directly into the m streets. No windows towards the subsidiary walkways.

POST MAHAJANAPADA 2 PERIOD: (600BC-200AD)

The Middle Ages architecture speaks of sculptured temples both South India temples and North India temples. The South India templeshad a square chambered sanctuary topped by a three spire with an attached pillared mandapa as in Brihadeswara Temple, while the North India temples had elaborated spires, beautiful sculptures, delicate carvings, gopurams and courtyards as in Kailasa Temple, Khajuraho Temple, Konark Temple. Most surviving examples of Indian architecture before about the ad 1200s are religious structures.

They consist mainly of Buddhist shrines, or stupas, and of Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain temples. The residences of monks give some idea of how nonreligious architecture must have appeared.

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION: (3000-1700 BC)

This period architecture ranges from Buddhist stupa, Viharas, temples (brick and wood), rock cut architecture, Ajanta and Ellora, step wells, etc The ‘Great Stupa’ at Sanchi is the oldest stone structure in India and was originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. Public buildings include: STAMBHAS OR LATS:These pillars are common to all the styles of Indian architecture. With the Buddhist they were employed to bear inscriptions on their shafts, with emblems or animals on their capital.

HAITYA HALLS: A chaitya is a Buddhist shrine including a stupa. In modern texts on Indian architecture, the term chaitya-griha is often used to denote an assembly or prayer hall that houses a stupa. Chaityas were probably constructed to hold large numbers of devotees and to provide shelter for them. PAGODA: A pagoda is a tiered tower built in the traditions originating in historic East Asia or with respect to those traditions, with multiple eaves nam,burma and other parts of Asia.

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MIDDLE AGES: (200 -1500 AD)

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MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE (1500- 1615 AD)

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Indo-Sarcenic architecture characterizes all institutional buildings built in this period.Domes, overhanging eaves, pointed or cusped arches, vaulted roofs, domed chattris with finials, towers or minarets, harem windows, open arcading, etc.

Sir Edwin Lutyens, British architect designed The Parliament, Secretariat, and the whole capital of New Delhi. These buildings draw elements from native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture and combined it with the Gothic revival and Neo-classical styles favoured in Victorian Britain.Lavish colonnades, rectangular windows, pediments for windows, classical portico, rustification on the plaster, were some characters.

Prominent public buildings include :Courts and other Civic Buildings Clock Towers Government Colleges and High School Buildings Railway Stations Art Galleries Palaces of the Indian Maharajas Leading Architects Robert Fellowes Chisholm Charles Mant Henry Irwin William Emerson George Wittet Frederick W. Stevens

POST INDEPENDENCE ARCHITECTURE

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The Mughal architecture highlights the Mughal tombs of sandstone and marble which reciprocate the Persian influence. The tomb of the emperor Humayun at Delhi inaugurated the new style, though it shows strong Persian influences. The first great period of building activity occurred under the emperor Akbar at Agra and at the new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri, which was founded in 1569. The latter city’s Great Mosque (1571; Jami Masjid), with its monumental Victory Gate (Buland Darzawa), is one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period. The great fort at Agra and the tomb of Akbar at Sikandra, near Agra, are other notable structures dating from his reign.

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COLONIALISM – INDOSARCENIC ARCHITECTURE (1615- 1947) AD

Indian architects before Independence were working under the British architects. After the British left India in 1947,Indian architecture was in chaos.Perhaps, there was an identity crisis, a dilemma whether to adhere to historical precedentsor move forward with times using new ideas, images and techniques. While in other fields like art, music and culture, the distinct Indian imprint was more enhanced in the post-Independence period; no such thing was discernible in the case of architecture. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime minister of India had a far vision for the betterment and development of art and architecture in India. He invited Le Corbusier to design the capital of the state Punjab, Chandigarh. Le Corbusier designed the Legislative Assembly, Secretariat and High Court.

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2.1.3 VISIOR’S TYPES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS:

VISITOR’S TYPES

Fig. 2.3 Visitor’s types in public buildings.

Public buildings are used by all kinds of people irrespective of their age, gender, culture,etc. Some visitors are regulars, while others visit just once and are never seen again in the facility. The three main type of audience seen inside a public building include: The passersby, The occasionals who who come to you around once a month, The Regulars: Visitors who visit a facility a lot of time,i.e., several times a month.

These visitor’s visit the building according to their season preferrance, their free time, to attend a function, etc. but during any event a mix of all types of visitor’s is seen inside a facility hence the building is designed keeping in mind all types of visitor’s.

The main types of visitor’s types include: (1) Family (2) Children (3) Infants (4) Couples (5) Senior citizens (6) Handicapped people (7) Foreigners (8) Students Public buildings |Page no.11

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2.1.4 VISIOR’S ACTIVITIES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS: Visitors indulge in alot of activities while exploring a public building. They use the facilities, use the gathering areas, access the waiting area, access the cafeteria,etc. These activities are planned within the reach of visitor’s inside the building.

The three main visitor’s avtivities in public building are: (1) Access the ticket counter and waiting area.

(2) Access to recreational spaces, gift shops, cafeteris.

(3) Access to facilities- Toilet, water facilities, etc.

(1) ACCESS THE TICKET COUNTER AND WAITING AREA: Access to ticket counter and waiting area is the first and the most important activity of a visitor. Ticket counters are planned with waiting areas and through the tickets only visitor’s are permitted inside the building. Ticket counters and waiting areas are usually planned near the entrance of any public buildings for their easy accessiblilty and use.

Fig. 2.4 Access to ticket area & waiting area.

(1) ACCESS TO FACILITIES- TOILET, WATER FACILITIES, ETC.: Access to facilities inside the builiding is aanother important visitor’s activity. Visitor’s usually stay inside a public building for long hours and therefore use the facilities indise the building at some point.

The location of these buildings is really important for the proper and smooth functioning of these buildings. These facilities should be planned so that they are easily accessed by the general public.

Fig. 2.5 Access to facilities

(1) ACCESS TO RECREATIONAL SPACES, CAFETERIA, GIFT SHOPS, ETC. Access to the gifts shops, cafeteria, etc, is another visitor’s activity inside the building. During their stay inside the building or while exploring the building, the visitor’s want to engage in the recreational activities going on inside the building. This includes cafeteria, shops, etc. These buildings are planned according the function and spaces planned inside the building.

Fig.2.6 Access to recreational area.

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2.1.5 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PUBLIC BUILDINGS: (1) POOR ENTRANCES AND VISUALLY INACCESSIBLE SPACES:

Fig.2.7 Visually inaccessible spaces.

If a space is to be used, people need to see it and they need to be able to get to it. A dark or narrow entrance keeps people out instead of inviting them in.

Sometimes due to improper planning of a building, some important structures inside a buildings gets hidden due to big building planned in front of them. This lead to visual inaccessibilty of certain buildings which can lead to confusion while acessing them. less storey buildings should be planned in front to avoid such problems.

(2) PATHS THAT DON’T DO WHERE PEOPLE WANT TO GO/LONG PATHS:

Fig.2.8 Long paths.

Paths that lead to nowhere are useless.

The paths should be planned in such a way, especially in public buildings, that pulls people along it, or allows them to stop and relax. A major problem in public building includes long paths which may lead frustuation and confusion inside a building. Paths should be planned in such a way that it allows multiple options to travle and can bring you to your destination without walking a lot. In case of long paths pause points should be planned.

(3) CONFUSION AND STAMPEDE: A lot of pathways and poor management of visitors in public buildings often lead to confusion and stampede. Improper planning always lead to confusion inside a building which eventually lead to stampede. Public buildings has a lot of crowd hence a lot of confusion lead to panic and obstacle inside the building which can cause a lot of damage to the visitor’s.

Hence all the circulation elements, stairs, ramps, lifts, etc., amenities, pathways, signages should be carefully planned for the smooth functioning of the building.

Fig. 2.9 Confusion and stampede Public buildings |Page no. 13

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(4) DEAD ZONES: If the site planning and designing of the building is not done properly then it can lead to blank walls and dead zones inside a facility. A dead zone contributes nothing to the activities going around on the site and is just a waste of space.

Dead zones usually gets filled by garbage and creates unhygenic conditions inside the building. Dead zones are a result of improper planning of the spaces inside the building thus leading to a lot of blank spaces.

Fig.2.10 Dead zones

(5) DYSFUNCTIONAL FEATURES:

Oftentimes features are designed simply to punctuate the space, serving a use more visual than functional, instead of encouraging activity to occur around them. These faetures include blank walls, lot of seating spaces, black areas/dead zones,etc. These features most of the time only cater to the aesthetics and thus should be highly discouraged. Such features create confusion inside the facility and should be avoided during the planning stage of any building.

Fig.2.11 Dysfunctional features

(6) PROBLEMS IN CIRCULATION AND ORIENTATION:

Fig. 2.12 Problems in circulation & orientation

Visitor’s face a lot of problem in circulation and finding amenities inside a facility. Problems in orientation and circulation inside a facility leads to a lot of chaos thus resulting in the ill functioning of the building. These problems are responsible for failing of the building as the visitor’s are not able to find the basic amenities and circulation elements like lifts, staircase, etc.

1) Arrival at the facility 2) Finding support facilities (restrooms, food,) 3) Orientation and circulation during exhibit.

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2.2 VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT 2.2.1 VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT IN ARCHITECTURE: Visitor’s mangagement in architecture is the management of visitor’s that is done through architecture . The main components of such management are site planning and landscaping. This method is involved during design and planning stage, i.e., through circulation, zoning, signages, streetscapes, open plazas, etc. Various elements of site planning and landscaping are considered while designing athe buildings. This type of management helps in connecting different spaces through open spaces, open plazas, through effective planning planning of pathways of the buildings. Signage system is also incorporated inside the building which guides people to access different spaces without confusion. Main focus is on landscaping because landscaping elements provide a lot of options to connect these the spaces as well as create a lot of elements that capture attention for the public. these landscaping elements provide a lot of scope beacuse it also improves the visual appearance of the building. Problems in public buildings such as arrival at the facility 2) Finding support facilities (restrooms, food, gift shop, etc.), Orientation and circulation during exhibit viewing, Exiting or leaving the facility can we effectively solved through visitor management in architecture. Orientation, surface characteristics, and spatial organisation are also consided while designing the public buildings and they directly helps in the mangement through architecture.

VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT IN ARCHITECTURE IS DONE THROUGH: SITE PLANNING:

Site planning refers to the planning of different spaces on the site. It takes up all the challenges and constraints of the site and then careful planning of the spaces is done. Site planning has a mix of activities aside showing the boundary. These activities range from pedestrian sidewalks, play areas, sit out, car parks, and a wide range of others. These activities are very important and are in different categories; namely, necessity, optional and social activities, and each places very different demand on the physical environment.

LANDSCAPING:

Just like the architectural elements that make up built space - floor, walls and ceilings natural elements are also capable of creating spaces in large-, medium- and small-scale areas, in places like public and residential gardens. A specific use of vegetation or rocks and stones in landscaping will create different delimitations of the spaces in horizontal planes (such as the floor and ceiling) as well as in a vertical plan (walls, fencing or pillars).

This includes: streetscapes, urban squares, and signage system inside a building.

VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE:

Visitor infrastructure refers to the placement of basic amenities like the food stalls, cafeteria, toilet and water facilities, souvenir shops. Visitor infrastructure consists of all these components and then they are planned according to the user’s needs. It is an important factor for visitor’s management as it consists of these basic facilities and should be easily accessible to all the people.

Visitor infrastructure and it’s components are discussed further in the next pages.

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2.2.2 VISITOR CARRYING CAPACITY: Visitor carrying capacity is the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, sociocultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors’ satisfaction. Visitor carrying capacity is an imortant component of visitor management through architecture because it basically tells the number of people and that is important because all the services in a public buildings are accordingly planned.

Apply Boullon’s (1985) formula: Carrying capacity =

Area used by tourists Average individual standard

The total number of allowed daily visits is then obtained: Total daily visits = Carrying capacity x Rotation coefficient The rotation coefficient is thus determined: Rotation coefficient =

No. of daily hours area is open for visitor’s Average time of visit

2.2.3 VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE: Visitor’s infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. toilets, cafe, shops, waiting areas) needed for the operation any public building. The components of visitor’s infrastructure are very important for the smooth running of any buildings and is an important part visitor’s managements.

The main componts of visitor infrastructe incluse security checks at the entrance of building to reduce the risk of frauds, ticket counts at the entrance through which people are allowed inside the building, cafeterias for people to stop and relax and hangout for a while, souvenir shops to buy gifts for the peole relating to the typology of the building, waiting areas near the rection area of the building which even acts as a pause point, toilet and water facilities for people, etc.

These components play a major role in the smooth functioning of any public building. These are the main component that are firstly planned while designing a building.These components therefore are very carefully planned because these are the basic facilities which people use and hence are planned carefully so that peoplecan easily access them.

The 6 main components of visitor infrastructure include: (1) Security checks (2) Ticket counters (3) Waiting areas (4) Souvenir shops (6) Cafeteria (6) Toilet and water facilities These components are further explained in the next pages.

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2.2.4 COMPONENTS OF VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE: 1) SECURITY CHECKS Security checks are manual or technical check to detect weapons, objects or substances which must it be assumed can be used in an illegal act against civil aviation.

Security checks are specifically designed with multiple layers of defense to protect against fraud, It is the process of checking that a person is not armed, or carrying something dangerous, an investigation for the purpose of seeing if someone can be trusted.

Security checks are important for the safe functioning of the public buildings.

Fig. 2.13 Security checks

2) TICKET COUNTER Ticket counter in the dictionary is the place where you buy a ticket for entering the public building. Ticket counters are the important component of visitor infrastructure because a visitor access the building first after parking his/her vehicle. The location of the ticket counter is more important because it should be easily accessible to reduce confusion and chaos. Ticket counters are mostly planned at the entrance of the building for easy accessibility so that person can buy the ticket and enter at the building.

Fig. 2.14 Ticket counter

3) WAITING AREA

Fig. 2.15 Waiting area

A waiting room or waiting hall is a building, or more commonly a part of a building or a room, where people sit or stand until the event or appointment for which they are waiting begins.

Waiting area are planned near the reception and ticket counter of the public buildings.

It is also an important component of public building as people usually wait on these places and use these places as rest points.

Waiting areas accoring to the visitor carrying capacity of a building should be planned for less confusion inside the facility.

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4) SOUVENIR SHOPS A gift shop or souvenir shop is a store primarily selling souvenirs, memorabilia, and other items relating to a particular topic or theme. The items sold often include coffee mugs, stuffed animals, toys, t-shirts, postcards, handmade collections and other souvenirs, intended to be kept by the buyer as a memento of their visit, or given to another as a gift.

Souvenir shops are places where people buy girts and small presents for other people. Souvenir shops are important because the articles sold relate to the typology of the building.

Fig. 2.16 Souvenir shop

5) CAFETERIA

A restaurant in which patrons wait on themselves, carrying their food to tables from counters where it is displayed and served, where you choose your food from a counter and take it to your table after paying for it. Cafeterias are usually found in public buildings since such places do not require a large amount of staff.

Cafetria is also considered a component of visitor infrastructure to provide a place for visitors to sit and relax while eating in public building.

Fig. 2.17 Cafeteria

6) WATER AND TOILET FACILITIES

Fig. 2.18 Facilities

Washrooms and water facilities are used by the visitor’s while exploring the public place. These facilities incluse washrooms, water coolers, hand wash facilities, etc.These facilities form a major part of visitor infrastructure.

The accessibility of these facilities is the most important part because people face a lot of problems lacating these facilities inside a building so focus is done on properly planning of these facilities inside a public building.

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2.3 CASE STUDIES 2.3.1 VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE- JANTAR MANTAR, JAIPUR Jantar Mantar is a stone sundial that consists of 20 astronomical insatruments that use the sun’s position and direction of the shadows casted by the sun and the data was used to tell time in ancient days. It was also used to tell the position and movement of different celestrial bodies in space.

Built by: Jai Singh II Purpose: Collect astronomical data Built in: 18th Century LEGEND: Ticket Counter Tourist Assistant Waiting Area Security Checks Water Facilities Office Toilet Facilities Interpretation Centre Souvenir Shop Cafeteria

Fig. 2.19 Infrastructure- jantar mantar Public buildings |Page no.19

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COMPONENTS OF VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE- JANTAR MANTAR

Fig. 2.20 Ticket counter- Jantar Mantar

Fig. 2.21 Tourist Assistant- Jantar Mantar

Fig. 2.22 Security Check- Jantar Mantar

Fig. 2.23 Facilities- Jantar Mantar

Fig. 2.24 Cafeteria- Jantar Mantar

Fig. 2.25 Souvenir Shop- Jantar Mantar

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2.3.2 VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE- JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA, JAIPUR Jawahar Kala Kendra (JKK) is a multi arts centre located in Jaipur in India. The centre has been made in eight blocks housing museums, one amphi theatre and the other closed auditorium, library, arts display rooms, cafeteria, etc.

Built by: Charles corres Purpose: Preserving Arts and Crafts of Rajasthan Built in: 18th Century

LEGEND:

Fig. 2.26 Infrastructure- Jawahar kala kendra

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COMPONENTS OF VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE- JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA

Fig. 2.27 Facilities- Jawahar kala kendra

Fig. 2.29 Waiting area- Jawahar kala kendra

Fig. 2.31 Cafeteria- Jawahar kala kendra

Fig. 2.28 Reception- Jawahar kala kendra

Fig. 2.30 Entrance- Jawahar kala kendra

Fig. 2.32 Shop- Jawahar kala kendra

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3.1 SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPING: A site plan is an architectural plan, landscape architecture document, and a detailed engineering drawing of proposed improvements to a given lot. A site plan usually shows a building footprint, travelways, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water lines, trails, lighting, and landscaping and garden elements.

Such a plan of a site is a “graphic representation of the arrangement of buildings, parking, drives, landscaping and any other structure that is part of a development project”. A site plan is a large scale drawing that shows the full extent of the site for an existing or proposed development. Site planning generally begins by assessing a potential site for development through site analysis. Information about slope, soils, hydrology, vegetation, parcel ownership, orientation, etc. are assessed and mapped.

Fig 3.1 Site planning

3.1.1 ACTIVITY MAPPING: Activity mapping in site planning is done to provide descriptions of how the activities of people are allocated within a space. i.e., they demonstrate what types of activities are taking place. Activity mapping is about observing people’s activities and movements related to physical activities of built environment components and attributes.

Activity mapping helps in: 1) To know about the place identity 2) To know about types of activities happening in the place.

3) Types of users in the place.

4) Know about the number of visitor’s visiting the place.

5) To know about the physical setting of the place.

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3.1.2 ZONING:

The primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible. Zoning refers to the thoughtful process of placement of different spaces and blocks on site while taking consideration of the site factors like the entry and exit points, site drainage, site levels, electric supply, water lines, setbacks, parking and all other site features.

All the factors are taken into considerations and then and only then the placement of blocks on the site is done. This whole process of placement is known as zoning.

Types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious surface, traffic lanes, etc. are all taken into considerations.

Fig 3.2 Zoning diagram

Zoning is the most important step to any design process as it forms the basis of the further design considerations. A design process starts with zoning. All the other detailing points come after a final zoning is done and then the project is taken further.

3.1.3: VISITOR’S AND VEHICULAR CIRCULATION:

Fig 3.3 Visitor’s and vehicular circulation

Circulation describes how visitors make their way through the facility. What pathways do they take?

Do visitors circulate the way the designers intended? Do visitors miss key exhibits because of the architectural design of the facility? Which direction do visitors turn when they reach choice points?

Do visitors have a circulation strategy (e.g., “Turn right and follow the perimeter”) or do they simply wander more or less aimlessly?

Problems of orientation and circulation will be divided into seven problem areas.

Each will be discussed individually. These problem areas are: 1) Arrival at the facility 2) Finding support facilities (restrooms, food, gift shop, etc.)

3) Orientation and circulation during exhibit viewing 4) Exiting or leaving the facility Planning and designing of public buildings |Page no. 24

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3.1.4 LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS: 3.1.4.1 PUBLIC SQUARES: Public squares are one of the significant public spaces in an urban environment.

Urban squares are open public spaces which reflect the cities’ identity and the communities’ cultural background. They are where people of the community gather and “urban life” takes place since the ancient times. As the fundamental component of the city structure, urban squares contribute to the image and prestige of the city.

IMPORTANCE OF URBAN SQUARES: Being a part of transport system: Public squares are the intersection, gathering and waiting points for both the pedestrian and vehicle traffic.

Commercial activities: Public squares are civic centers where citizens engage in commercial activities. Markets have been one of the essential elements of the public squares throughout the history.

Open built composition: Urban public squares are open spaces surrounded by buildings and other structures within a space. Therefore they play an important role in the context of mass and void composition of a space.

Fig 3.4 Public square

3.1.4.2 STREETSCAPES: While pathways usually also have a set beginning and end-point, the line of travel is an option for design. It could be direct, taking you quickly to the destination, or it could take you on a short detour, on a contemplative stroll past a focal point or beautiful view, before taking you to your final point.

IMPORTANCE OF PATHWAYS: ACCESSIBLITY AND FLOW: Walkways can be used to tie areas of a landscape together and provide fluid accessibility. When ignored, a landscape can seem disconnected and disjointed. In the case of connecting functional areas, the accessibility created by walkways is crucial to the efficient use of these spaces.

THE PATHWAYS CREATE A MOOD: Walkways also set the mood for your outdoor area in a number of ways. This is done through design, style, color and texture, as in other architectural landscape elements. These elements offer tranquility, functionality, openness and a sense of mystery.

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3.1.4.3 SIGNAGE SYSTEM: A good signage system can perform multiple functions. On the most basic level, it provides effective information and direction for people to find their way around a downtown, a building complex, park, or other public space. It can also encourage learning experiences; create and maintain an image for a place; communicate rules.

SIGNAGE TYPES: 1) Maps at entry points, within the boundaries of a place, and along set distances of pathways can help to increase and enhance users’ knowledge, curiosity and interest about a place. Maps not only can help visitors guide and direct themselves, but highlight points of interest as well.

2) Information Kiosks/Bulletin Boards can help users who are only familiar with part of a place that they frequent, and unaware of its entire range of features or facilities. Often users are also uninformed about events and activities, as well as renovation or management plans. Information/ bulletin boards can serve as an outreach tool to better inform them about what’s going on.

3) Educational Signs can be conceived as a fun way to engage people in the interesting or unique aspects about a place. Consider the various audiences and their interests, as well as their reasons for being in a place that would complement the type of educational signage to be developed.

4) Directional Signs posted intermittently serve to help people keep their bearing, and also feel located and secure. This type of signage can make use of landmarks or other points of interest in performing its function.

Fig 3.5 Types of signages

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3.2 DESIGNING:

CENTRALISED ORGANISATION: A centralized organization consists of a number of secondary spaces grouped around a dominant, central space.

3.2.1 SPATIAL ORGANISATIONS:

LINEAR ORGANISATION: A linear organization consists essentially of a series of spaces. These spaces can either be directly related to one another or be linked through a separate and distinct linear space.

RADIAL ORGANISATION: A radial organization consists of a central space from which a number of linear organizations extend in a radial manner.

CLUSTERED ORGANISATION: A clustered organization relies on physical proximity to relate its spaces one another.

Fig 3.6 Spatial organisation

GRID ORGANISATION: A grid organization consists of forms and spaces whose positions in space and relationship with one another are regulated by a three-dimensional grid pattern or field.

3.2.1 SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS: (1) SPACE WITHIN A SPACE: The space may be contained within the volume of a larger space. Small spaces are often planned inside a large space in this type of organisation.

Fig 3.7 Spatial relationship

(2) SPACE LINKED BY A COMMON SPACE: Two spaces may rely on an intermediary space for their relationship. Courtyards, open plaza, etc. can be planned to connect different spaces.

(3) INTERLOCKING SPACES: The field of a space may overlap the volume of another space. Two spaces intersect and form a common space.

(4) ADJACENT SPACES: Two spaces may abut each other or shape a common border. Spaces close to each other but not toching comes under this category.

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3.3 CASE STUDIES: 3.3.1 FRAMEWORK FOR CASE STUDIES: 3.1.1 PARAMETERS: (1) Visitor infrastructure: Visitor’s infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. toilets, cafe, shops, waiting areas) needed for the operation any public building. The components of visitor’s infrastructure are very important for the smooth running of any buildings and is an important part visitor’s managements.

The sub parameters of visitor infrastructure include: (1) Sequence of amenities. (ticket counter, water facility, cafeteria, washrooms, etc) (2) Accessibility of amenities.

(1) Site planning and landscaping: Site planning and landscaping refers to the entire process of planning the spaces, open spoces, pathways, signages, ramps etc. A site plan usually shows a building footprint, travel ways, parking, lighting, and landscaping and garden elements. Such a plan of a site is a graphic representation of the arrangement of buildings, parking, drives, landscaping and any other structure that is part of a development project.

Site planning and landscaping is the major factor for visitor’s management as it gives a lot of flexibility in directing the people in a lot of ways: The sub parameters of visitor infrastructure include: (1) Zoning (2) Movement patterns (3) Open, built, and circulation ratio (4) Open spaces (5) Universal design (1) Designing: Designing of public buildings refers to the innovation and basic concepts applied in the buildings like the in form, function, etc. It involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems. Design has come to mean more than shaping and aesthetics; it has to consider all other elements like, architectural influences, surface characteristics and how they are contributing to a good and functional buildings.

The sub parameters of visitor infrastructure include: (1) Spatial organisation.

(2) Spatial relationship.

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3.3.2 JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA, JAIPUR: It was launched by the Rajasthan government to showcase the rich artistic heritage and provide impetus to cultural and spiritual values. It is dedicated to India’s first prime minister Jawahar Lal Nehru and therefore named so. The construction started in 1986 and completed by the end of 1991.

A variety of workshops related to theatre, painting, sculpture making, etc. takes place on a regular basis. And for this reason, it is buzzing with the artists, photographers, event organizers, and journalists. A hub of arts and artistic activities and the place where classical arts and folk arts come together, It truly showcases the rich heritage and tradition of Jaipur in its true essence.

Built by: Charles corres Purpose: Preserving Arts and Crafts of Rajasthan Built in: 19th Century Location : Jawaharlal Marg, Jaipur Plot area : 9.5 Acres Built up area: 8100 sq.m

(1) SITE PLANNING: ACTIVITY MAPPING: Jawahar Kala Kendra is a hub of artists, creative minds, and art-loving people. Exhibitions and performances by the artists are showcased in JKK on a regular basis. The buildings in JKK consists of an auditorium, exhibition halls, cafeteria, library, and an amphitheater. It houses a museum, a library, a cafeteria, an art-studio, a small hostel, art display rooms, art-studios, one amphi theatre as well as a closed auditorium.

ART GALLERIES STUDIOS MANUSCRIPS MUSEUM

LIBRARY AMPHITHEATRE CAFETERIA ADMIN BLOCK AUDITORIUM

Fig 3.8 Activity mapping- Jawahar Kala Kendra

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ZONING: Zoning is done in way that all blocks are connected together.

Setbacks as green buffer zones facilitating service and emergencyt access

Separate vehicular and pedestrian entry

Large entrance plaza facilitating visitor’s movement.

Auditorium block accessible from all the entries and allows people to acess the auditorium directly without entrying the building.

Fig 3.9 Zoning- Jawahar Kala Kendra

FORM DEVELOPMENT:

Identification of axis: The main axis are identified for determining movement patterns.

Creation of nodes: Central node determined at the intersection of the axis

Form around the nodes: Blocks planned along the cental node.

Breaking mass to create porosity: Breaks in the masses allow movement between spaces

Bridging masses: Giving height to the building and functions to diiferent spaces.

Green spaces around the blocks: Landscaping is done around the building connecting it to nature

Fig 3.10 Form development- Jawahar Kala Kendra

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CIRCULATION:

LEGEND: Internal Circulation

External Circulation

Main Axis

Parking

Fig 3.11 Circulation- Jawahar Kala Kendra

CIRCULATION CALCULATIONS: Net area ( Net square meter) = 550 sq.m Circulation area (Primary and secondary)= 350 sq.m Total usable area= Net area+ Circulation area= 900 sq.m Now, Circulation multiplier=

Net square meter Circulation area

Now, Circulation factor =

OPEN: 20%

Circulation area Total usable area ENCLOSED: 80%

=

=

550 sq. m 350 sq. m 350 sq. m 900 sq. m

=

1.6

=

38%

CIRCULATION: 38%

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(2) LANDSCAPING: Landscaping plays a major role in connecting diffrent spaces together and helps in managing the public inside the building. It helps in creating gatering, waiting and intersection points which helps in visitor’s management. The three main landcsaping elements that helps in visitor’s management include pathways, which connect different spaces together, Open squres, or urban plazas, which acts as a central point and facilitates gatering and interaction and the Signage system of a building, which guides people around the building.

These three elements are studied in the building to understand the connectivity and how they helps in public management.

Fig.3.12 Landscape plan- Jawahar Kala Kendra

LEGEND:

Ramps

Location of Signages

Pathways

Open/Green spaces

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OPEN BUILT COMPOSITION: Urban public squares are open spaces surrounded by buildings and other structures within a space. Therefore they play an important role in the context of mass and void composition of a space.

In Jawahar kala kendra, every block has an open space thus contributing to the open buit composition of the building.

Fig.3.13 Open built ratio- Jawahar Kala Kendra

GREEN AREAS: Spaces designed with some greenand open spaces with some landscaping can make spaces more inviting and open and can make the building more functionally as well as visually effective.

Fig.3.14 Landscape part plan

In Jawahar Kala kendra, landscaping is a major part of every block. Landscaping in jawahar kala kendra provide asthetic views to the visitors as well as helps in connecting spaces. Fig shows the view of the small pond with landscaping which provides views as well as connecting the blocks. Fig shows the pathway which connects two blocks.

Fig.3.15 Landscape view

Fig.3.16 Landscape view

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OPEN SQUARES: Madyavarti, i.e., the central open plaza is designed as an open air theatre, which is placed well in layout and planned in such a way that the rest of 8 squares are well connected to this central plaza. The plaza acts as the point of intersection, gatering and waiting point for the visitor’s. This plaza is acts an the most important place for visitor’s mamagement as it facilitates movement in different directions as well as provides a place to sit and relax, hence reducing a lot of chaos.Some consider it as void. In a way, it represents the courtyard of the local house –Havelis.

Fig. 3.17 Landscape plan

ACCESSIBILITY AND FLOW: Sir Charles Correa had played with pathways in the building in such a way that it helps in visitor’s management as well as creates a good mood of the visitor by enhancing the pathways with plants, shrubs, etc. He has played with direct and indirect pathways for the visitor’s movement.

While pathway’s usually has a set beginning and ending, the line of travel is an option to design, in fig. A represents the direct pathways whereas B represents indirect pathways that allows visitor’s to take a little detour, on a contemplative stroll past a focal point or beautiful view, before taking you to your focal point.

Fig.3.18 Landscape plan

Fig.3.19 Landscape view- Jawahar Kala Kendra

Fig.3.20 Landscape view-Jawahar Kala Kendra

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TYPES OF SIGNAGE- JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA: MAPS AND BULLETIN BOARDS:

Fig. 3.21 Maps -Jawahar Kala Kendra

Maps and bulletin boards are present at the entrance of the building. The floor plan with legend can be seen on the wall near the reception, along with the bulletin board where pamplets from various events can be seen to let people know what is coming next.

Maps and bulletin boards helps in keeping people informed about the happening in the building.

DIRECTIONAL SIGNS:

Fig.3.22 Directional signs-Jawahar Kala Kendra

Directional Signs on the walls of jawahar kala kendra are presnt thar helps people navigate around the buildings.

Arrows, different symbols are used to take guidepeople to different spaces.

Standing signages and spaces name’s on the walls are painted on the top of doors can be seen for clarity in accessing the different art galleries and studios. Text in hindi as well as english can be seen.

Fig. 3.23 Signages -Jawahar Kala Kendra

UNIVERSAL DESIGN- JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA:

Fig. 3.24 Ramps -Jawahar Kala Kendra

Ramps, along with steps are provided in the building, to resond to universal design. Two entrances are accessible from the road, one has steps while other has a ramp for people with disability to access the building.

The main blocks are also connected with ramps whereas some art galleries and studios are only accessible through steps which may not allow people with any disability to access the building. Hence some spaces are not accessible to all people.

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(3) DESIGNING: SPATIAL ORGANISATION: GENESIS OF JAIPUR:

Navgraha Mandala

Corner square moved due to hill

Modified for palace

The whole centre is inspired by the original grid planning of jaipur, consisting of nine squares with the central square left open.The centre is a unique concept of nine squares as “Navgrah”. Each square of the complex is linked to a planet as per the characteristics of that particular planet and its astrological values.

The brief prepared by the state gov. Listed the no. Of items like art galleries, exhibition halls, craft workshops, Theatres, and so forth. Correa took this requirement and ingeniously assigned each one of the space to an appropriate planet.

Jaipur city plan Fig. 3.25 concept- jkk

Since the centre is inspired from the planning of jaipur city, hence the spatial organisation of the centre is “Grid Organisation”.

Advantages of grid organisation in the complex: (1)Clarity and Order: (2) Main navigational links are grouped together (3) Consistency, Proportion, and Harmony (4) Offers self-service

Fig. 3.26 Spatial organisation of jawahar kala kendra

Disadvantages of grid organisation in the complex: (1)Can be confusing and frustrating.

(2) Offers limited browsing

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SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP: Central block connecting all the blocks

Fig. 3.27 Spatial relationship- Jawahar kala kendra

The spatial relationship of the complex is “Spaces linked by a common space”. All the main spaces or blocks are relying on this central space for theie relationship or connectivity with each other. All the blocks are of same configurations, i.e., 30mx30mx8m. In the complex the open air theatre is acting as the main cental space and the rest of the spaces are revolving around the open air theatre.

INFERENCES: (1) The spaces flow as a narrative and changes the moods of the user, but the overall circulation lacks of continued covered pathways, which makes the place unusable during summers and rain.

(2) The open air theatre is only good to look at, it is enclosed by the high walls which creates acoustic and ventilation problems at the time of crowd.

(3) The building is not disabled friendly. Lack of proper ramps, especially in art galleries makes the place not useful for the disabled.

(4) Lack of signages on some places.

(5) The site planning results in effectively management of visitor’s. Segregation of spaces in different blocks results in efficient management of crowd and makes the building more accessible (6) The pathways and open spaces provide a lot of pause points and seatings. The direct pathways and indirect pathways helps in directing the crowd into different spaces.

(7) The place has an amazing interplay of light, shadows and colours, evoking emotions in the user and invite him to move further.

(8) The central plaza acts as a major factor for visitor’s movement. It allows people to diverge into different spaces and acts as a major gathering point.

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3.2.2 JANTAR MANTAR, JAIPUR Jantar Mantar is a stone sundial that consists of 20 astronomical instruments’ that use the sun’s position and direction of the shadows casted by the sun and the data was used to tell time in ancient days. It was also used to tell the position and movement of different celestial bodies in space.

Besides being a monumental sculptural expression, the architecture of the observatory ideationally linked to the city planning of historic Jaipur. The scale and proportions of this architectural masterpiece in stone introduced geometrical systems that further got translated into planning principles in the making of the renowned 18th century city of Jaipur.

Built by: Jai Singh II Purpose: Collect astronomical data Built in: 18th Century

(1) SITE PLANNING: ACTIVITY MAPPING: There are total 19 instruments in Jantar Mantar Jaipur. These instruments form the main activities of the building. Some of the major instruments of JantarMantar are Samrat Yantra, Disha Yantra, Chakra Yantra, Jai Prakash Yantra, Rama Yantra, Rashiwalay Yantra, Utaansh Yantra, and Dingash Yantra.

JAI PRAKASH YATNA

RAM YATNA

LAGHU SAMRAT YATNA

RASHIVALAYA YATNA

NARIVALAYA YATNA

SAMRAT YATNA

UNNATANSHA YATNA

Fig.3.28 Activity mapping- Jantar mantar

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SITE ZONING:

Dispersion of visitor’s on the site du to scattered planning.

Scattered planning is leaning to scattered pathways.

Planning is done in a way that at the entrance the site is divided into two parts and continous movement is planned.

Movement around the whole site and instruments for smooth visitor’s movement.

Green areas are used to connect the built blocks and the pathways.

PATHWAYS GREEN AREAS Fig.3.29 Site zoning- Jantar mantar

There are total 19 instruments in Jantar Mantar Jaipur. Some of the major instruments of Jantar Mantar are Samrat Yantra, Disha Yantra, Chakra Yantra, Jai Prakash Yantra, Rama Yantra, Rashiwalay Yantra, Utaansh Yantra, and Dingash Yantra.

The site planning of jantar mantar is scattered around the site. All the built forms area scattered on the site in such a way that it leads to an efficient visitor’s management.

Landscape acts as an interim feature and connects the built forms and the pathways.

Scattered planning leads to a scattered internal circulation on the site.

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CIRCULATION:

INTERNAL CIRCULATION EXTERNAL CIRCULATION PARKING

Fig.3.30 Circulation- Jantar mantar

CIRCULATION CALCULATIONS: Net area ( Net square meter) = 5,790sq.m Circulation area (Primary and secondary)= 4,594 sq.m Total usable area= Net area+ Circulation area= 18,384 sq.m Now, Circulation multiplier=

Net square meter Circulation area

Now, Circulation factor = OPEN: 40%

Circulation area Total usable area

ENCLOSED: 60%

=

=

5790 sq. m 4594 sq.

4594 sq. m 18384 sq.

=

1.2

=

25%

CIRCULATION: 25%

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(2) LANDSCAPING: LEGEND: Ramps Open/Green spaces Pathways Location of Signages: Entry signages Entry signages Information signages No entry signages Exit signages

Fig.3.31 Landscape plan- Jantar mantar

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Fig.3.32 Landscape view- Jantar mantar

Fig.3.33 Landscaping- Jantar mantar

The pathways create a framework for movement throughout the building as it provide a transition from one space to another, define boundaries, and bring order and balace.

The scattered planning of the building lead to scattered pathways which spreads the visitor’s into the whole site, providing a lot of options to navigate.

The pathways are planned in such a way that it creates a lot of nodes and options to explore the building. At the entrance, the site is divided into two parts but the pathways are planned in such a way that no matter which side the visitor starts navigating, he’ll end up exploring the whole place, which helps a lot in visito’s management as large lenghts of pathways helps in spreading the visitors, avoiding chaos.

In the art of pathway design, the added purpose is to enhance the pleasure of the journey. In jantar mantar, green lawns with big trees are planned along the sides of pathways which creates a good mood and invites visitor’s further inside the building. Benches are places at different intervals where visitor’s can pause a little to appreciate the buildings and explore it in more details.

Fig.3.34 Landscape view- Jantar mantar

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Fig.3.35 Landscaped lawns - Jantar mantar

Fig.3.36 Landscaping- Jantar mantar

The main dominant element of landscaping in janatar mantar are the large lawns planned on the entire site. The large lawns improves the quality of the building as it adds to visual appeal, reduces noise, create a cooling effect during warm weather and enhances the mood of the visitor while exploring different spaces of the building.

The landscaped lawns are acting as an interim between the structures and the patways. Such a combination lead to a smooth movement of public while providing a lot of pause points to the visitor’s. This combination in Jantar mantar lead to an efficient visitor’s management. The landscaped lawns are binding all the structures together. Without the lawns, the entire building will lose it’s charm and lead to a lot of chaos. The lawns are lined with shrubs on all the edges which provides a clear visible separation between the lawns and pathways, which helps in clarity and helps people to navigate the building on their own.

Fig.3.37 Landscape lawns -Jantar mantar

Fig.3.38 Landscape lawns -Jantar mantar

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SIGNAGE SYSTEM- JANTAR MANTAR:

Fig.3.39 Signage system-Jantar mantar

The signage system of jantar mantar is very strong. A series of signages can be seen which helps heople to navigate the building. The building consists of information signages, no entry signages, entry and exit signages, etc.

The signages are planned such that a person can navigate the building on its own.

Due to the scattered planning, the series of exit signages are planned on the pathways to guide the people to the exit. Information signages are planned on the front of the instruments so that people can read about the instruments.

UNIVERSAL DESIGN- JANTAR MANTAR:

Fig.3.40 Ramps-Jantar mantar

The building has a very strong universal design. The building consists o ramps and steps inside and outside the building. The building is completely disabled friendly. All the built forms can be accessed through both steps and ramps.

One side of a block consists of ramps while the other side consists of steps. The landscaped lawns planned in the building are also accessed though small ramps, thus making the building completelt disabled friendy. Proper signages and ramps contribute to an efficient visitor’s management in the building.

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(3) DESIGNING: SPATIAL ORGANISATION AND RELATIONSHIP: The spatial organisation followed in Jantar Mantar is a clustered planning . These clusters are scattered all around the site. The clustered are planned all around the site to provide different options to navigate and explore the building. The scattered planning is leading to a network of pathways.

This type of spatial organisation leads to long paths resulting in a lot of nodal points and pause points while navigating. These pathways are connected through green lawns. These green lawns are planned along the way to connect the built spaces and the pathways.

The network of pathways are connected together and movement is facilitated through these connected pathways.

This scatteres the visitor’s all around the site leading to an efficient visitor’s management inside the building.

Fig.3.41 Spatial organisation-Jantar mantar

INFERENCES: (1) Zoning is done in such a way that at the entrance movement is facilitated from both sides and the pathways are all connected together. This help in dispersing people into different spaces.

(2) The universal design of the building is very strong. All the signages efficiently helps visitor’s to navigate the building. Proper ramps along with steps are present inside the building.

(3) Scattered planning- The building has scattered or clustered planning and it is very well responding to the nature of the building. It allows people to move all around the site and explore the building properly.

(4) Green areas: The built and the pathways are connected through large green lawns. These lawns are acting as interim between the two.

(5) There is no designated space for parking.

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3.3.4 FIRODIYA CENTRE FOR INSPIRATION, AHMEDNAGAR, MAHARASHTRA Firodiya centre for inspiration is a cultural centre in ahmednagar, maharashtra. The building is evolved around some existing structures on site. The main purpose was to connect the visitor’s with the local culture. The challenge was to create an administrative office space & informative gallery for visitors, shielded visually and acoustically from industrial environment. A powerful architecture, playing with the contrast between inside and outside, achieves the dignity essential to visitor center. Thermal considerations informed the design, including the orientation, window shading and natural ventilation.

Location: Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India Architects: Prasad badave & rasika badave (for studio advaita) Area: 3500.0 ft2 Project Year: 2015

(1) SITE PLANNING: ACTIVITY MAPPING: The building consists of administrative office space, informative galleries, for visitor’s.

The form is evolved with existing kitchenette, geodesic dome, built 15 years before. It consists of open court, discussion space, offices, indoor and outdoor galleries, toilets, and a conference area.

CONFERENCE

OUTDOOR GALLERIES

DISCUSSION SPACE/ AUDIO VISUAL DISPLAY

INDOOR GALLERIES ADMINISTRATION

Fig. 3.42 Activity mapping- firodiya centre for inspiration Planning and designing of public buildings |Page no. 46

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ZONING:

Main admin block and indoor galleries are planned near the existing toilets on site.

Circulation facilitated around the central discussion space

Green areas to connect different spaces.

Outdoor galleries accessible from both sides Fig. 3.43 Zoning - Firodiya centre for inspiration

Parking areas are planned so as to make it accessible to the three entries.

LEGEND: Entry and exit points Pathways Green areas Foyer and office

Toilet

Indoor gallery

Discussion space

Conference

Account and admin block

Parking

The building blocks are connected by 4 entrances, two of which leads to the outdoor gallery inside. Parking is provided near three building entrances. The informal enclosure around the geodesic dome is created by placing criss cross walls to create outdoor exhibition space. These walls are placed in such a way that throughout the day outdoor gallery can be used. The main considerations for planning of spaces include the central existing dome and toilets on the site.

The connectivity is done in such a way that: - The external circulation leads to the court and open galleries from all the four building entries.

- Outdoor galleries are planned along the dome in a cris-cross pattern for visitor’s movement.

- The indoor gallery block is placed tilted to existing block to create small court which facilitates visitor’s movement.

- Courts and green areas to connect different spaces and encourage a smooth circulation Planning and designing of public buildings |Page no. 47

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CIRCULATION:

Fig.3.44 Movement pattern - Firodiya centre for inspiration

LEGEND: INTERNAL CIRCULATION

PARKING

EXTERNAL CIRCULATION

CIRCULATION CALCULATIONS: Net area ( Net square meter) = 310 sq.m Circulation area (Primary and secondary)= 140 sq.m Total usable area= Net area+ Circulation area= 450 sq.m Now, Circulation multiplier=

Net square meter Circulation area

Now, Circulation factor =

OPEN: 15%

Circulation area Total usable area

ENCLOSED: 85%

=

=

310 sq. m 140 sq. m 140 sq. m 450 sq. m

=

2.2

=

32%

CIRCULATION: 32%

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(2) LANDSCAPING: The landscape areas inside the building include courts, open green lawns, signages and ramp for smooth circulation and wide pathways for circulation of the outdoor galleries. These elements play a major role in visitor’s management inside the building.

Fig.3.45 Landscape plan - firodiya centre for inspiration

LEGEND:

Green areas

Pathways and courts

Location of signages

Ramps

OPEN BUILT COMPOSITION: Open areas inside the building are almost equal to the built areas.

Lack of more open areas make the planning compact and more open areas should have been incorporated for a better visitor’s management.

Fig.3.46 Open built composition - firodiya centre for inspiration BUILT

OPEN

OPEN

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OPEN GALLERIES:

Fig.3.47 Open galleries - firodiya centre for inspira-

The buildings consists of open as well as indoor art galleries for the visitors. The outdoor galleries are placed in the south direction so that visitor’s do not feel a lot of heat while exploring the gallery.

The pathways designed for outdoor galleries are wider, i.e., 5 meter, than the other pathways so as to avoid overcowding and stampede and to ensure a smooth movement.

The walls for the outdoor galleries are designed in a cris cross pattern and the art peices are displayed on the walls at an eye level of the visitor’s and are covered with transparent sheets. Seatings are also planned along the edges of the cris cross walls that acts as pause points for the outdoor gallery. The other side has the domical structure of the discussion space so that there is no disturbance to the visitor’s while exploring the artworks.

The walls for the open galleries are not so high with small punctures so as to connect the visitor’s with the outdoor environment.

MOVEMENT PATTERN: The movement pattern is defined along the existing domical structure on the site.

The movement patern is very smooth and is very continous.

There are no mutiple options to travel and the movement allows the visitor to navigate the building in a single direction.

This avoid confusion and reduces the chance of getting lost.

The building is self navigavable by the visitor’s.

There are no proper pathways and the movement is facilitated by the open gallery and a court on the site. Green areas are also planned to connect and the blocks.

Fig.3.48 Central court - firodiya centre for inspiraPlanning and designing of public buildings |Page no. 50

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UNIVERSAL DESIGN: SIGNAGE SYSTEM: The building does not have a lot of signages as the movement pattern of the building is very simple and easily navigable but the building still does not have enough signages. Visitors may have to ask for direction to go into spaces.

The building have some imformation signages on the walls covered with transparent sheets. Spme signages are present on the walls of the buildings to guide the people into some spaces.

Signages about events and exhibition are on the exterior wall which keeps the local people informed anout the upcoming events and exhibitions and all the happeneings inside the building.

Fig.3.49 Signages - firodiya centre for inspiration

RAMPS: The building is completely designed accoring to the principles of universal design. The building has proper ramps and steps which makes the building completely disabled friendly.

The building has four entrances and all four entrances are accessible through ramps and steps both.

Since the building is just a ground floor structure no staircases and lifts are provided in the building and the grond is completely accessible to all the people.

The building does not have a lot of levels . There is only a level difference at the entrance and the same level is continued inside the building. No levels in internal spaces are planned hence the ramps are planned at the entrance level and the rest of the building is on the same level. This leads to a smooth and efficient circulation.

Fig.3.50 Ramps - firodiya centre for inspiration Planning and designing of public buildings |Page no. 51

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(3) DESIGNING SPATIAL ORGANISATION:

Fig. 3.51 Radial organisation - firodiya centre for inspiration

RADIAL ORGANISATION: A radial organization of space combines elements of both centralized and linear organizations. It consists of a dominant central space from which a number of linear organizations extend in a radial manner. Spaces arranged like radii or rays from a central space or core. The building has Asymmetrical Radial Design, i.e., the movement from the circle is not symmetrical and the movement is happening in asymmetric direction.

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP: -ADJACENT SPACES: In the buildings the building blocks are places next or close to each other but are not touching. Hence, the spatial relationship in the building may qualify to adjacent spaces. These spaces share the common courts and pathways for circulation.

The movement pattern is facilitated by the outdoor galleries and the courts and green areas, in a radial pattern, hence the building blocks are placed adjacent to each other. The indoor gallery block is tilted in order to make the area for the court and hence the admin and the indoor gallery block share the same court for visitor’s management. Conference area iis adjacent to discussion space and the admin block and outdoor galleries are adjacent to the discussion space. Hence all the blocks are adjacent to one another.

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Adjacent spaces

Fig.3.52 Adjacent spaces - firodiya centre for inspiration

INFERENCES: (1) Zoning is done according to the function. All four entrances to the building caters to different spaces making it easier for people to access different spaces . This helps in dispersion of the visitor’s, which in turn result in an efficient visitor’s management.

(2) Radial movement pattern: The movement pattern inside the building is radial in nature. The movement is facilitated along the domical structure in the centre. This type of movement does not provide a lot of options to navigate the building. This type of movement pattern does not have a lot of pause points and connectivity to different spaces is also not efficient.

(3) Signage system of the building is quite weak. Lack of signages at certain places may lead to confusion while accessing different spaces.

(4) The circulation factor is less than 40%, may lead to stampede and confusion.

(5) Presence of both ramps and steps makes the building completely disabled friendly.

(6) Green areas are used to connect spaces and pathways. There are no proper pathways and movement is only facilitated through court and outdoor galleries. This provides a good circulation space to the visitor’s.

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CHAPTER- 4

ANALYSIS

Visitor’s management in public buildings

4.1 FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS (1) PARAMETERS: (a) Visitor infrastructure Sequence of amenities (Ticket counter, water facility, cafeteria, washrooms,etc.)

Accessibility of amenities

(b) Site planning and landscaping Zoning Movement Patterns Open, Built, Circulation ratio Open spaces Universal design

(c) Designing Spatial organisations and relationships

(2) S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS (Visitor infrastructure): The S.W.O.T. analysis will include the strenghts, weakness, opportunities and threats, of the buildings. The S.W.O.T. analysis is done by interactions on the site, with workers, people visiting the buildings, and self observation. The objective of doing S.W.O.T. analysis is to find out the positive and negative points will will later help in the formation of tools and techniques for visitor’s management in public buildings.

(3) COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CASES (Site planning and landscaping): After the S.W.O.T. analysis the cases will be compared on the basis of the parameters mentioned above to find out the existing tools and techniques of management in the buildings and then the drawbacks of the buildings and then the combined data of swot analysis and comparative studies will be used to conclude and provide tools and techniques of management.

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF VISITOR’S MANAGEMENT Analysis |Page no. 54

Visitor’s management in public buildings

4.2 S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS: JANTAR MANTAR: STRENGTHS: -Provision of all the basic amenities inside the building.

-Easy accessibility of amenities.

-Proper signages leading the visitor’s to the amenities.

-Cafeteria planned at the exit as food items are not allowed inside the building.

-Small plaza for cafeteria and souvenir shop with seatings for the visitors’s -Proper security checks at the entrance for security provisions.

-Easy accessibility of amenities through ramps and steps.

WEAKNESS: -Placement of ticket counter is confusing as the entrance comes first from one side of the road.

-Scattered parking- No designated place for parking makes it difficult for visitor’s to access the building.

-Water facilities are not easily accessible.

OPPORTUNITIES: -Changing the location of ticket counter and planning parking space there can be done.

JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA: STRENGTHS: -Provision of all the basic amenities inside the building.

-Easy accessibility of amenities.

-Provision of amenities, toilet and water facilities on every block.

-Cafeteria with plaza and seatings is a strong point.

-Small plaza for cafeteria and souvenir shop with seatings for the visitors’s.

-Parking plaza for designated parking space for visitor’s.

WEAKNESS: -Lack of proper signages to access the facilities.

-Lack of ramps and steps to access the facilities.

-Lack of waiting area and space for the visitor’s.

-No security checks may lead to security threats.

-Exposure to heat due to lack of covered pathways.

THREATS: -Security threats due to lack of security threats.

OPPORTUNITIES: -Proper ramps and signages for easy accessibiliy.

-Waiting areas for visitor’s and informal seatings can be given more importance.

Analysis |Page no. 55

Visitor’s management in public buildings

4.3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: (1) ZONING:

Case:

Site zoning:

Elaboration:

(1) Jawahar kala kendra, Jaipur

Decoded pattern:

The connectivity of spaces in jkk is very good as all the blocks are connected to each other. The entry and exit points and parking are very well planned which leads to an efficient vehicular and pedestrian movement inside and outside the site.

(2) Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

Decoded pattern:

The connectivity os spaces through lawns and pathways is very well planned in jantar mantar. The connected pathways leads to an efficient visitor’s movement as due to the scattered planning visitor’s are scattered all around the site resulting in less overcrowing and self service in movement.

(3) Firodiya centre for inspiration, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

Decoded pattern:

The planning of outdoor galleries and court instead of pathways for visitor’s movement is leading to efficient management of visitor’s inside the building. All four entries to the site is leading the visitor’s into open areas and galleries and then different spaces are accessible.

Table 4.1- Comparative study

Analysis |Page no. 56

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(2) MOVEMENT PATTERNS:

Case: (1) Jawahar kala kendra, Jaipur

Movement patterns: Decoded pattern:

Centralised linear movement

(2) Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

Decoded pattern:

Network of pathways

(3) Firodiya centre for inspiration, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

Decoded pattern:

Radial movement

Elaboration: The centralised linear movement leads to a very smooth visitor’s movement providing a lot of options to navigate with pause points along the way of travel. This type of movement is best for visitor’s management allowing people to navigate the building without much confusion.

Movement pattern in jantar mantar is a network of pathways connected together, dispersing the visitor’s on the whole site. It provides a lot of options to navigate but may also lead to confusion if proper signages are not present and may also result in long routes.

Although this type of pathways reduces the risk of stampede.

Radial movement is not an efficient movement pattern as it does not connect most of the spaces and disperse people in different directions with no connection and does not provide pause points and nodes while navigating a buildings. Such type of movement pattern should be avoided in public buildings.

Table 4.2- Comparative study

Analysis |Page no. 57

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(3) OPEN BUILT RATIO

Case:

Open built ratio: 12% Open

(1) Jawahar kala kendra, Jaipur

48% Built (2) Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

Elaboration:

The ratio of open built and circulation is 125, 48%, and 40% respectively. The open spaces are serving the purpose of circulation thus the circulation area is sufficient in jkk. The open built ratio is almost equal in jkk leading to 40% an efficient and smooth Open movement of visitor’s.

25% Circulation

30% Open

45% Built

(3) Firodiya centre for inspiration, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

10% Built

32% Circulation

58% Built

The circulation area in jantar mantar is 25% of the whole site but since the whole building has an open planning a lot of open spaces, the circulation area is enough for the visitor’s. The width of the pathways in not very much but lengthwise the pathways are scattered around the site to disperse the visitor’s around the instruments.

The circulation area is 32% on the whole site.

This circulation area basically comprises of internal pathways, open courts, and green areas. The circulation space is less than 40% so it may lead to a mismanaged visitor’s movement the circulation space may not be sufficient during events.

Table 4.3- Comparative study

Analysis |Page no.58

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(4) POROSITY IN MOVEMENT:

Case: (1) Jawahar kala kendra, Jaipur

Porosity in movement: Decoded pattern: Pathways Green areas

(2) Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

Decoded pattern:

In jantar mantar porosity is done by breaking the built mass to form pathways. Porosity is done in such a way that porosity is continued in all the blocks hence connecting all the blocks together.

Through porosity a continued movement is maintained all over the site.

Since lawns are planned along the pathways, all the pathways are open, thus connecting all the pathways and open spaces together helping in visitor’s management. The whole building is kind of open and built mass is planned along the pathways and the instruments.

Pathways Green areas

(3) Firodiya centre for inspiration, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

Elaboration:

Decoded pattern:

Pathways

Green areas

Porosity in the building is maintained by open courts and green spaces. Blocks are tilted to make a court in between facilitating movement over the site. Movement is planned along the central spaces and pathways are diversing into different directions.

Table 4.4- Comparative study

Analysis |Page no. 59

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(5) OPEN SPACES:

Case: (1) Jawahar kala kendra, Jaipur

Open spaces: Decoded pattern:

Elaboration: Verdant green, trees and shrubs with seating spaces which acts as point spaces, thus helping in visitor’s management. The open spaces provides a lot of pause points, smooth navigation and eye capturing landscape. The main central O.A.T. acts as the main nodal point, helping in management

(2) Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

Decoded pattern:

Jantar mantar has the same kind of open spaces all over the site which allows visitors to disperse into different green spaces and not creating chaos into a single space.

Such an arrangement is a good example of visitor’s management.

These open spaces are also used to connect the pathways and the built spaces inside the building.

(3) Firodiya centre for inspiration, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

Decoded pattern:

In firodiya centre for inspiration, open spaces incluse courtyards, and gardens. The coutyard acts as pathways between blocks, thus providing abundant space for visitor’s circulation. The courts are then connected to green areas thus acting as a pause point in the way of movement.

Table 4.5- Comparative study

Analysis |Page no. 60

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(6) UNIVERSAL DESIGN:

Case:

Universal design:

Elaboration:

(1) Jawahar kala kendra, Jaipur

The signage system of jkk is not very strong.

There is a lack of signages in many places leading to conusion.

The building is also not disabled friendly. There is a lack of ramps which make it difficult for a person with disability to access the building.

(2) Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

The signage system of janatar mantar is very strong. The building is completely according to the universal design.

There are proper ramps and proper signages present inside the building. This makes the building completely accessible to the people. This type of universal design system should be adopted in the buildings.

(3) Firodiya centre for inspiration, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

The signage system of firodiya center for inspiration is not very strong.

Due to the small scale, the building lacks signages. Some signages can be seen on thev walls. However the building is disabled friendly. Proper ramps are present in the building along with the steps.

Table 4.6- Comparative study

Analysis |Page no. 61

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(7) SPATIAL ORGANISATION AND RELATIONSHIPS:

Case: (1) Jawahar kala kendra, Jaipur

(2) Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

(3) Firodiya centre for inspiration, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

Spatial organisations and relationships:

Elaboration:

Decoded organisation:

The spatial organisation of jkk is grid organisation. This leads to an efficient visitor’s management as it disperse the crowd into different spaces from a central open space, providing a lot of multiple options, pause and gatehering points along the way of travel.

Decoded organisation:

Spatial organisation of jantar mantar is a network of spaces. This type of organisation is good for scattered planning however will not be efficient of a compact program. This type of organisation results in a lot of pause points and may lead to confusion. This type of organisation may also lead to long paths.

Decoded organisation:

Spatial organisation of firodiya centre for inspiration is radial organisation. This is not a good organisation of public buildings as this type of organisation is not open.

It disperse visitor’s into different spaces leading to less communication within the building.

Table 4.7- Comparative study

Analysis |Page no. 62

CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Visitor’s management in public buildings

CONCLUSION: It is a known fact that designing a public building is highly challenging. They are also faced with innumerable constraints. The major challenge of the public realm is the management of public in such spaces. The sucess of any public buildings depends on the efficiency of visitor’s mangement sytem of the buildings. A public building is completely designed according to the general public since the major crowd inside the building will be the visitor’s. Hence a lot of importance is given to maintain the management of visitor’s in such buildings. The major problems that needs to to dealt with respect to public buildings include stampede, confusion, long paths, visually inaccessible spaces, paths that don’t do where people want to go, dead zones, dysfunctions features, etc. The unprecedented increase in the problems relating to public buildings is a stepping stone towards improving the quality of the public life of people. These are the main common problems faced by visitor’s while inside a buildings. These problems in turn result in a very mismatched visitor’s management. There are several risks accossiated with mismatched visitor’s management. So the topic focused on the importance of visitor’s management and that it is time to rethink the whole process and consider the visitor’s management as a priority and lay importance for architects, policy makers and govern-

ments to take a greater interest in designing and maintaining public spaces.

This research concentrated on studying the site planning, landscaping and designing of public buildings. These were the three major parameters around which the design revolved. The sub parameters closely studied in the study include visitor infrastructure, activity mapping, movement patterns, connectivity of spaces, pathways design, open plazas, signages, spatial organisations and relationships etc. to find out the tools and techniques of visitor’s management through architecture. The research revolved around the various objectives identified in the starting of the research to study the public buildings, and to find out the problems associated with public buildings and to analyse the activity patterns, and circulation through comparative studies and in last to suggest the guidelines for better public management in public buildings. The study consists of both primary as well as secondary studies for studing the parameters of the study. Interviews taken on site from the visitor’s were a great help. The study majorly focussed on studying the site planning, landscaping of public building and to find out the most efficient technique of visitor’s management through architecture. The study can be taken forward for future research with different examples of buildings as due to the pandemic the primary studies are selected in this study are from jaipur city only. Different examples can be taken up for further research.

With the study taking examples of different public buildings, studying the components of visitor management through architecture, comparing, evaluating different site planning and landscaping concepts we were able to conclude and prove the hypothesis statement that: “ Management of visitor’s activities and circulation can be efficiently done through appropriate site planning and landscaping of public buildings.”

Conclusions and recommendations |Page no.63

Visitor’s management in public buildings

VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE RECOMMENDATIONS: PARAMETERS- Sequence of amenities, and accessibilty of amenities (1) Visual accessibility: All the blocks of amenities, water cooler, etc. should be planned within the visual reach of the visitor’s. This will help the visitor’s to easily locate the amenities inside the building.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.1 Visual accessibility

(2) Sequence of amenities: Although sequence of amenities depends on the function of different buildings but a common sequence can be maintained for smooth functioning of the building.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.2 Sequence of amenities

(3) Sequrity checks at the entrance: Sequrity checks should be provided at the entance for security purposes.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.3 Sequrity checks

Conclusions and recommendations |Page no. 64

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(4) Accessibility of amenities: Ramps as well as steps should be planned for easy accessiblity of the spaces. These ramps will help the disabled to to access the building. The plinth should not be much and levels inside the building should be discouraged. In case of internal levels proper ramps should be planned to access the building.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.4 Ramps

(5) Signages: To make the building completely according to the principles of universal design, proper signages should be present inside a building. This will help in wayfinding and easy accessibility of different spaces.

The signages should be planned: - Maps and bulletin boards: Maps and bulletin boards should be present to give an idea of the building program.

- Directional signs- Directional signs on the walls should be there, clearlyt visible to guide the people in and around the building.

- Free standing signages for temporary events and exhibitions.

-Information signages should be present to keep visitor’s informed.

-Signages should be easily readable with visible colors.

-Should be in visual reach.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.5 Signages

Conclusions and recommendations |Page no. 65

Visitor’s management in public buildings

SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPING RECOMMENDATIONS: PARAMETERS- Zoning, Movement patterns, Open, built, and circulation ratio, Open spaces,Universal design (1) SEPARATING VISITOR AND VEHICULAR MOVEMENT: Separate entry for vehicle and visitor’s should be planned to avoid confusion and risk of accidents. This segregates the vehicles and visitor’s leadind to smooth movement of visitor’s.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.6 Separate visitor and vehicular movement

(2) CREATING PLAZAS- ENTRY AND PARKING Entry of visitors and vehicular should be in a plaza . Entry and parking plazas should be created for a better visitor management.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.7 Plazas

(3) SETBACKS: The setbacks should be utilised as green buffer zone. Landscaping should be done to connect the setbacks with the buildings. Emergency and service exits should be planned around this green buffer zone.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.8 Setbacks

Conclusions and recommendations |Page no. 66

Visitor’s management in public buildings

(4) ZONING: Zoning should be done in such a way that it allows multiple movement options and pause points to the visitors. Multiple entry points should be planned to disperse visitor’s into the site. Central zoning can be done with a central space connecting different spaces. Service and emergency entry points should be properly planned leading directly to service areas. Plazas in and outside the building should be encouraged.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.9 Zoning

(5) MOVEMENT PATTERNS: Movement pattern should be in such a way that it reduces confusion and keep a connectivity inside the building. Centralised linear movement pattern should be encouraged as it connects the whole building blocks together. Radial movement pattern reduces the connectivity inside a building.

Linear movement invites a person further in and simplifies the movement and helps in way finding prodess while moving.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.10 Movement patterns

Conclusions and recommendations |Page no. 67

Visitor’s management in public buildings

PARAMETERS- SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPING (6) DIRECT AND INDIRECT PATHWAYS Indirect pathways leading to recreational zones can be planned to divert the visitor’s into different zones. It may lead to less crowding on the direct pathways.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.11 Direct and direct pathways

(7) GREEN AREAS TO CONNECT BUILT AND PATHWAYS Green areas are very helpful to connect the built spaces and the pathways. It allows visitors a pause point to relax and it acts as a gathering points.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.12 Green areas

(8) CIRCULATION AREA Minimum circulation area inside a building should be 40%. Area less than 40% will lead to mismanaged visitor’s management and may lead to stampede and confusion.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.13 Circulation area

Conclusions and recommendations |Page no.68

Visitor’s management in public buildings

DESIGNING RECOMMENDATIONS: PARAMETERS- SPATIAL ORGANISATION AND RELATIONSHIPS (1) Courtyards as interceptors Courtyard or a central space can be planned and building blocks can be planned around the courtyard facilitating visitor’s movement into spaces.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.14 Courtyard as interceptors

(2) Threshold spaces dividing the path of movement Threshold spaces can be planned to divide the pathways and disperse the visitor’s into different spaces RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.15 Threshold spaces dividing path of movement

(3) Adjacent spaces Instead of keeping the blocks linear, they can be tilted to create an open space or a courtyard in between, acting as a pause and a gathering points.

RECOMMENDED

NOT RECOMMENDED

Table 5.16 Adjacent spaces

Conclusions and recommendations |Page no.69

GLOSARRY OF TERMS: 1) Site planning: Site planning is the allocation of functions in a piece of land to derive efficient utilization of recourses at disposal.

2) Land use zoning: Land use zoning refers to the segregation of a vast mass of land. It ensures that lands are properly demarcated for specific purpose.

3) Spatial hierarchy: Spatial hierarchy means series of spaces on the site. It is a significant criterion for understanding the interrelation of spaces.

4) Visitor infrastructure: refers to the placement of basic amenities like the food stalls, cafeteria, toilet and water facilities, souvenir shops. Visitor infrastructure consists of all these components and then they are planned according to the user’s needs.

5) Visitor carrying capacity: is the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors’ satisfaction.

6) Net area: The area of each identified program space.

7) Circulation area: Primary circulation is the main circulation route connecting to the building core and common spaces, such as elevators and exit stairs. Secondary circulation includes the aisles between individual spaces.

8) Usable area: Includes Net Area and Circulation Area, but excludes building core and common spaces such as elevators, exit stairs, mechanical rooms, and core toilets. For multi-tenant floors, common building corridors are excluded from Usable Area and instead, are included in the Rental Area.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: BOOKS: (1) Life between buildings -Jan gehl (2) How to study public life -Birgitte Svarre and jan gehl (3) Illustrations of the public buildings of London -John britton (4) Sketch public buildings: How architects conceive public buildings

PUBLISHED ARTICLES AND DISSERTATIONS: (5) Phenomenon of kinesthetic perception in architecture spaces

https://issuu.com/stevencanara/docs/steven_thesis (6) Agra heritage museum thesis report https://issuu.com/vertikakapoor/docs/final_thesis_report (7) National centre for arts, architecture thesis https://issuu.com/vaibhav.me/docs/vaibhav_a2769 (8) Movement in architecture https://issuu.com/advaithmani/docs/thesis_advaith_mani_upload (9) Creating public spaces for all: Learning’s from public spaces in Colombo http://dl.lib.mrt.ac.lk/handle/123/11423

WEB REFERENCES:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication_Importance_of_public_spaces_in_cities http://www.architecture-student.com/tag/factors-to-be-considered-for-siteplanning/ https://www.pps.org/article/failedplacefeat https://www.usbr.gov/recreation/publications/VstrCntr_Pol-DS-Guide_complete_(0907-07).pdf https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/designstandardsdatacollectionguides/designdatacollectionguidespdfsdocs/chapter4/chap4_sec3.pdf Standards for public buildings https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264814112_Designrelated_research_in_landscape_architecture https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317279210_Research_in_Landscape_Arc hitecture_system_innovation_and_design_approach_as_research_challenges_for_th e_future_agenda https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/landscape-and-urban-planning https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Planning https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Landscape_Design_Archite cture_ https://cgdarch.com/wayfinding-in-architecture/ www.dronah.org › jantar-mantar-jaipur

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