Mount Abu, Rajasthan_Regional study_2013-15 by Priyanka Kanhare Patel

MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE CEPT UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD CERTIFICATE THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE REPORT TITLED REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY: MOUNT ABU, RAJASTHAN HAS BEEN SUBMITTED BY STUDENTS OF DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE (BATCH 2013-2015), CEPT UNIVERSITY FOR THE SUBJECT OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND MASTERS IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN.

Prof. Prabhakhar Bhagwat

Prof. Dr. Deepa Maheshwari

Professor and Program Coordinator

Prof. Sandip Patil Assistant Professor

Acknowledgement We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who has supported us throughout the course of Regional Landscape study. We would like to thank Mr. Chandresh and the Judicial from Nagar Palika, Mount Abu, for providing us with valuable data about the town of Mount Abu. Mr. Rajendra Bhatt of the Forest Department, Mount Abu, for sharing with us the information on the flora and fauna of Mount Abu. Mr. Jayesh (Bittu), PWD contractor, for sharing the proposed sewage network information with us. Tourist Reception Centre, Rajasthan Tourism, Mount Abu, for their support and help for understanding the Tourism of Mount Abu. A special thanks to Dr. Vimla Thadani, General Physician, Youth Hostel, for providing accommodation and the wonderful breakfast. We are thankful to Professor Prabhakar B. Bhagwat, Professor Deepa Maheshwari, Professor Sandip Patil and Tapan Modi for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the preparation work. We are sincerely grateful to them for sharing their deep knowledge and understanding on a number of issues related to the study. We would also like to thank all the other persons who have directly or indirectly contributed in the completion of the report.

Contents

Introduction Aim, Objective, Methodology List of Figures List of Maps List of Tables List of Plates Chapter 1 : The Region 1.1 Context and Regional setting 1.1.1 Location 1.1.2 Connectivity 1.2 Historical background 1.2.1 Historical timeline 1.2.2 Evolution of the region 1.3 Delineating the study region 1.4 Natural Resources of the study region 1.4.1 Climate 1.4.2 Topography 1.4.3 Slope 1.4.4 Geology and Geomorphology 1.4.5 Soils 1.4.6 Hydrology 1.4.7 Flora and Fauna 1.5 Land use 1.5.1 Land use and Demography 1.6 Study of Natural Resources 1.6.1 Vegetation suitability 1.6.2 Soil Erosion susceptibility 1.6.3 Water Recharge Potential 1.6.4 Habitat Suitability 1.6.5 Study of Critical Zones 1.7 Proposals and Guidelines 1.7.1 Land Suitability Chapter 2 : The Subregion 2.1 Delineating the subregion 2.2 Natural Resources 2.2.1 Topography 2.2.3 Slope 2.2.6 Hydrology 2.2.7 Vegetation type, density and character 2.3 Land use 2.3.1 Land use and Demography

2.4 Analysis of Natural Resources 2.4.1 Soil Erosion Susceptibility 2.4.2 Water Recharge Potential 2.4.3 Habitat Suitability 2.4.4 Critical Zone Analysis 2.5 Proposals and Guidelines 2.5.1 Land Suitability 2.5.2 Proposal Model 2.6 Tourism 2.6.1 Tourism Data 2.6.2 Toursit Attractions 2.6.3 View Shed Analysis 2.6.4 Tourism Potentials 2.6.5 Toursim Proposal Chapter 3 : Town of Mount Abu 3.1 Historical Background 3.1.1 History and Evolution of Town 3.2 Land use, Infrastructure and Services 3.2.1 Land use 3.2.2 Hierarchy of Roads 3.2.3 Existing and Proposed Sewage Network 3.3 Landscape Character of Town and Proposals Chapter 4 : Annexure 4.1 Run-off Calculations 4.2 Capacity and Over-flow of Dams 4.3 Reference data for evaluation of demonstration area 4.4 Vegetation Data 4.4.1 List of Flora 4.4.2 Types of plant material grown in the study region 4.4.3 Forest Blocks 4.5 Fauna Data 4.5.1 Fauna Census 4.5.2 Faunal Habitat 4.6 Case Studies Bibliography

List of Figures: Fig No. 1 Fig No. 2 Fig No. 3 Fig No. 4 Fig No. 5 Fig N0. 6 Fig No. 7 Fig No. 8 Fig No. 9 Fig No. 10 Fig No. 11 Fig No. 12 Fig No. 13 Fig No. 14 Fig No. 15 Fig No. 16 Fig No. 17 Fig No. 18 Fig No. 19 Fig No. 20 Fig No. 21 Fig No. 22 Fig No. 23 Fig No. 24 Fig No. 25 Fig No. 26 Fig No. 27 Fig No. 28 Fig No. 29 Fig No. 30 Fig No. 31 Fig No. 32 Fig No. 33 Fig No. 34 Fig No. 35 Fig No. 36 Fig No. 37 Fig No. 38 Fig No. 40 Fig No. 41 Fig No. 42 Fig No. 43 Fig No. 44 Fig No. 45 Fig No. 46 Fig No. 47 Fig No. 48 Fig No. 49 Fig No. 50 Fig No. 51 Fig No. 52 Fig No. 53 Fig No. 54 Fig No. 55 Fig No. 56 Fig No. 57 Fig No. 58 Fig No. 59 Fig No. 60 Fig No. 61 Fig No. 62 Fig No. 63 Fig No. 64 Fig No. 65 Fig No. 66 Fig No. 67 Fig No. 68

Jain temples at Nagda near Udaipur Illustration of temples of Vimal Sahu, by Thomas Colman Present day Dilwara temple Illustration of Chandrawati (as illustrated by James Fergusson) Temple at Chandrawati, by James Fergusson Jallore fort, Mt. Abu Polo ground, Mt. Abu Nakki Lake, Mt, Abu Toad rock near Nakki lake, Mt. Abu Average rainfall Average windspeed Mean daily pan evaporation for each month Mt. Abu and nearby towns Psychomatric chart for Mt. Abu Monthly wind direction analysis Section AA on wind pattern map Section BB on wind pattern map Wind movement influenced by topography Aravali hill region Plan of the region Sections showing the topography of the study region Percentage of slope categories Lithology A characterization of typical granitic intrusion Bowl formations on rocky plateau giving rise to many lakes Highly jointed granite formatios Chemical weathering of felspar resulting in weakening of crystalline structure Results of erosinon Soil depth Soil type Locations from where soil samples were taken Soil samples Percentage of runoff in each watershed Capacity of each reserviour Vegetation type Reserved area Boundaries of Eco-senstive zone Vegetation Density Vegetation cover Green munia Sloth bear Leopard Hyena Area percentage of landuse in region Urban and rural population in the study rregion Population percentage of villages in the study region Vegeatation suitability Soil erosion susceptibility Water recharge potential Habitat suitability Critical zones Vicious circle Percentage of slope categories Vegetation Degradation Landuse Evolution of landuse over last 30 years Gyan sarovar residential Doordarshan colony Commercial area - Nakki lake Tibetan market - Sunset Adarsh Vidhya mandir Gyan sarovar Population data Population density Population growth rate Tourist inflow in lakhs from year 2000 to 2013 Permanent v/s tourist population

List of Figures: Fig No. 69 Percentage of households Fig No. 70 Occupation status Fig No. 71 Bathroom facilities (Mount Abu Sub region) Fig No. 72 Bathroom drainage details Fig No. 73 Latrines (Mount Abu Sub region) Fig No. 74 Latrine Drainage details Fig No. 75 Livestock and domestic animals Fig No. 76 Fuel used in Mount Abu town Fig No. 77 Soil Erosion Susceptibility Fig No. 78 Water Recharge Potential Fig No. 79 Habitat suitability Fig No. 80 Critical zones Fig No. 81 Buffer plantation and Bamboo plantation along Fig No. 82 Section along the stream Fig No. 83 Horticulture near village edge: A view if varying heights of plantation Fig No. 84 Strip Cropping Fig No. 85 Orchard Plantation with row of grass in between Fig No. 86 Agroforestry Fig No. 87 Village edge with buffer plantation near water body Fig No. 88 Village edge with horticulture plantation Fig No. 89 Stone bunding Fig No. 90 Purpose of visit Fig No. 91 Tourist origin Fig No. 92 The domestic overnight tourist inflow for the year 2005-2006 Fig No. 93 Tourist inflow in lakhs from the year 2000 to 2013 Fig No. 94 The foreigner tourist inflow for the year 2005 to 2006 Fig No. 95 Graph showing the month wise disintegration of the number of tourists for the years 2001 to 2002, 2005 to 2006 and 2008 to 2009 Fig No. 96 Graph showing accommodation statistics and amount of water required for total estimated water consumption by tourists Fig No. 97 50 tourists – Family, Couples, Students, Members of various clubs Fig No. 98 50 local people – Shopkeepers, tea stall vendors and photography guides, villagers, travel guides, restaurant Fig No. 99 Parameters for analysis of a site Fig No. 100 Section 1-1 through Trail D Fig No. 101 Section 2-2 through Trail D Fig No. 102 Section 3-3 through Trail B Fig No. 103 Section 4-4 through Trail B Fig No. 104 Section 4-4 through Trail C Fig No. 105 Trekking trail to Trevor’s Tank Fig No. 106 Trail near Honeymoon point across a small stream Fig No. 107 Observation points Fig No. 108 Boardwalks proposed near the Oriya Jeel Fig No. 109 Section showing the proposed ropeway Fig No. 110 Segregation of paper and plastic waste at Mela ground Fig No. 111 VIP housing main road Fig No. 112 VIP housing Fig No. 113 Landscape character of Residential Fig No. 114 Tibetian market Fig No. 115 Nakki lake market Fig No. 116 Scattered plantation observed near commercial areas Fig No. 117 Plant composition along roads Fig No. 118 Roads – Foothill Mt. Abu Fig No. 119 Roads – Mt. Abu town Fig No. 120 Roads – Base of Gurushikhar –Outskirts of town Fig No. 121 Roads – Climb of Gurushikhar Fig No. 122 Roads – Midway to Gurushikhar Fig No. 123 Roads - At the peak of Gurushikhar Fig No. 124 Roads – Uphill Gurushikhar Fig No. 125 Existing view of Nakki lake Fig No. 126 Existing section from Nakki lake showing the character of development Fig No. 127 Existing Section AA’ Fig No. 128 Proposed Section AA’ Fig No. 129 Existing Section BB’ Fig No. 130 Proposed Section BB’ Fig No. 131 Proposed Part plan for Nakki lake Fig No. 132 Proposed edge condition for Nakki lake

List of Figures: Fig No. 133 Fig No. 134 Fig No. 135 Fig No. 136 Fig No. 137 Fig No. 138 Fig No. 139 Fig No. 140 Fig No. 141 Fig No. 142 Fig No. 143 Fig No. 144 Fig No. 145 Fig No. 146 Fig No. 147 Fig No. 148 Fig No. 149 Fig No. 150 Fig No. 151 Fig No. 152

Proposed Entrance Plaza to Nakki lake Proposed Aerators for the lake Existing Section CC’ Proposed Section CC’ Existing Section DD’ Proposed Section DD’ Dr. Ambedkar square Existing Section AA’ Dr. Ambedkar square Proposed Section AA’ Proposed Plaza area for the Hawker market Sher – e – Punjab Chowk Existing Section AA’ Sher – e – Punjab Chowk Proposed Section AA’ Sher – e – Punjab Chowk Existing Section BB’ Sher – e – Punjab Chowk Proposed Section BB’ Proposed food court at Sher – e – Punjab Dilwara Existing Section AA’ Dilwara Proposed Section AA’ Phase – I- construction of temple in a natural setting Phase – II – Natural settings acting as backdrop Phase – III – Built form overpowering the present character of backdrop Phase – IV – Character of proposed backdrop to hide the builtforms

List of Maps Map No 1 Map No 2 Map No 3 Map No 4 Map No 5 Map No 6 Map No 7 Map No 8 Map No 9 Map No 10 Map No 11 Map No 11a Map No 12 Map No 13 Map No 14 Map No 15 Map No 16 Map No 17 Map No 18 Map No 19 Map No 20 Map No 21 Map No 22 Map No 23 Map No 24 Map No 25 Map No 26 Map No 27 Map No 28 Map No 29 Map No 30 Map No 31 Map No 31a Map No 32 Map No 33 Map No 34 Map No 35 Map No 36 Map No 37 Map No 38 Map No 39 Map No 40 Map No 41 Map No 42 Map No 43 Map No 44 Map No 45 Map No 45a Map No 46 Map No 47 Map No 48 Map No 49 Map No 50 Map No 51 Map No 52 Map No 53 Map No 54 Map No 55 Map No 56 Map No 57 Map No 58 Map No 59 Map No 60 Map No 61

Location of Mt.Abu Hill stations in India Major connecting destinations Location of Mt.Abu in Aravali range Late 10th to 12th century 14th - 16th century 19th to late 19th century 20th century Study region map Wind pattern map Topography map Undulating plateau Slope map Geology map Soil map Hydrology map Map showing ground water levels Vegetation typology map Vegetation density map Habitat map for Green munia Habitat map for Sloth bear Habitat map for Leopard Habitat map for striped hyena Landuse and population map Vegetation suitability map Soil erosion susceptibity map water recharge potential map Habitat suitability map Critical zone map Proposal map at regional level Delineation of subregion map Elevation map Undulating plateau Slope map Hydrology map Vegetation density map Landuse and demography map Soil erosion susceptibity map water recharge potential map Habitat suitability map Critical zone analysis map Land suitability map Proposal module View shed analysis map Tourist circuit map Vehicle circuit map Tourism proposal map Proposed ropeway in plan Late 10th to 12th century 14th - 16th century 19th to late 19th century 20th century Landuse map Road hierarchy map Existing and proposed sewage network Catchment area of Nakki lake Existing plan of Nakki lake Proposed plan of Nakki lake Existing plan of Dr. Ambedkar chowk Proposed plan of Dr. Ambedkar chowk Existing plan of Sher-a-Punjab chowk Proposed plan of Sher-a-Punjab chowk Existing plan of Dilwara temples Proposed plan of Dilwara temples

List of Tables Table No 1 Table No 2 Table No 3 Table No 4 Table No 5 Table No 6 Table No 7 Table No 8 Table No 9 Table No 10 Table No 11 Table No 12 Table No 13 Table No 14 Table No 15 Table No 16 Table No 17 Table No 18 Table No 19 Table No 20 Table No 21 Table No 22 Table No 23 Table No 24 Table No 25 Table No 26 Table No 27 Table No 28 Table No 29 Table No 30 Table No 31 Table No 32 Table No 33

Climate data for Mt.abu and nearby towns Climate comparison of Mt.Abu and Saputara as nearby important hill stations Slope Volume of Runoff in watersheds of Mount Abu region Capacity and overflow from reservoirs Vegetation type with corresponding elevation, rainfall range and length of dry season Major species in each vegetation typology Canopy cover percentage Areas of vegetation type Degradation stages Degradation stages Impact of anthropogenic activities or ecosystem parameters Parameters for deciding vegetation suitability Co-relation of slopes and influence areas of streams according to stream orders in m Factors affecting erosion susceptibility Parameters for deciding water recharge potential Factors affecting eco zones Intent v/s proposal method guidelines Water requirement of region Area of water bodies in sub region Monthly consumption Population and household of the villages Occupation status Proposal intent Method to achieve proposal intent Observations table Carry capacity of exisiting tourists spots Carry capacity of proposed tourists spots Potential table Landscape character of recreational spaces Character of roads Details of Nakki lake supplying water to Mt.Abu Total water available in watershed bounding the Nakki lake

Introduction Landscape design in its broadest sense is the art of survival. It demarcates and signifies an event of engagement between cultural and natural landscapes of man. This engagement spans the entire spectrum of human activities; from profound to profane, from spiritual to mundane: both essential for survival, former nurturing the spirit, latter the physical well being; former satisfying the aesthetic experience, latter the material requirements. In complete reper toire of human relationship with the natural landscape; that which is perceived as metaphysical and sacred on one end of the spectrum also becomes as banal to be called resource in a materialistic sense on the other. This represents a kind of see-saw balance. Inclination towards one affects the other. Whenever humans intervene into landscape with materialistic intentions what follows is exploitation and degradation of landscape values on the other end of the spectrum. Single minded quest for enhancing the material life results ultimately in degradation of ecology and natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resource potential on which human survival depends. Landscape design aims at reconciling and bringing balance between these opposite ends of landscape values. With this understanding in mind, Mount Abu was selected as the study region that is fast developing as a tourist destination. Significance of Mount Abu as tourist destination can be attributed to following: 1. It is important religious centre for jains. 2. Landscape value as the only hill station in Rajasthan and bordering Gujarat state. 3. Comfortable climatic conditions. 4. Ecological value as protected forest with diverse floral and faunal habitat. The objective of study is hence to understand and evaluate natural resources of Mt. Abu, assess their criticality in terms of conservation and in this light propose landscape interventions, conservation methods and development guidelines for sustainable development in the study region.

Aim, Objective and Methodology

Aim The aim of the study is to evaluate natural resources of the region and their inter relationship and on this basis propose suitable measures for sustainable development. Objective 1. To study natural resource of the region. 2. Evaluate dependency on natural resources and their impacts. 3. Assess criticality of these resources. 4. Propose conservation measures and methods in critical areas. 5. Suggest guidelines for sustainable development of the study region. Methodology

REGIONAL STUDY FOR MT. ABU 1A. Study of the Mt.Abu w.r.t following : History Climate Topography Slope Geology and Geomorphology Soils Hydrology Vegetation Fauna Anthropogenic activities Land use and population 2A. Analysis Analysis of all studies and working out inferences of these studies by overlaying of various layers and hence identifying eco-zones. 3A. Providing Guidelines Proposing suitable and un-suitable zones for development and their inter relationship based on above studies.

1B. Study of the Sub Region w.r.t following : Topography Slope Soils Hydrology Vegetation Land use and demography Tourism potential

1C. Study of the Town w.r.t following : History Land use, infrastructure and services Existing landscape character of town

2B. Analysis Analysis and drawing inferences by overlay of various layers to identify land suitabitly for various activities. View shed analysis for tourism proposal and identifying potential tourist circuits.

2C. Analysis Analysis of existing roads, edges of water bodies, chowks and religious precints present in the ecologically sensitive areas.

3B. Proposals and guidelines Proposing suitable zones for marketing centres, cottage based industries and productive landscape management practices. Proposing various trails and camping sites for tourism.

3C. Proposals and guidelines Proposals for ehancing the quality and experience for the study areas.

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

1.1 Context and Regional Setting Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

1.1.1 Location The study region is located in the Aravalli Range in Sirohi district of Rajasthan state, which extends until western India near the border with Gujarat. The mountain, a part of the Aravali Range, forms a distinct rocky plateau 22 km long by 9 km wide. The highest peak on the mountain is Guru Shikhar at 1,722 m (5,650 ft) above sea level. 1.1.2 Connectivity Mt. Abu is the only hill station in Rajasthan, which lies on Rajasthan - Gujarat border. Most of the tourists come to this region from Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This area is well connected with major cities by road. Nearest Railway, station is Abu Road Railway station, which is 27 km away.

Map no.1 Location of Mt. Abu

Mount Abu the only hill station in Rajasthan is more than just a summer retreat. It comprises the oldest mountain ranges The Aravali. Attitudinally it varies from 300m at the foothills to 1722m at Gurashikhar, the highest peak of the Aravali Ranges. The rocks are igneous and due the weathering effect of wind and water, large cavities are common the rocks. This feature is typical of Aravali and particularly of Mt. Abu. This area has significant ecological importance comprising of dry deciduous forests at lower altitude and evergreen forests at higher altitude and the flora and fauna of the region comprise of several endemic and rare species. Besides Mount Abu has natural heritage such as Nakki Lake and man-made heritage like Dilwara temples and other heritage buildings and structures. Map no.2 Hill Stations in India

Map no.3 Major connecting destinations

Introduction to Study Area Area of the region: 400 sq.km Town Area (Municipal boundary): Subregion Area: 41.5 sq.km No. of Villages in Study Area

Location of Mt. Abu in Aravali range

Sirohi District No. of house hold in Mt. Abu River bain Banas river basin Sukli river basin Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Map no.4 Location of Mt. Abu in Aravali range Source : Copyright@Prokerala.com Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

1.2 Historical Background Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

1.2.1 Historical timeline

Fig No.1 Jain Temples at Nagda, near Udaipur Source : www.wikipedia.org

Fig No.2 Illustration of Temple of Vimal Sahu IIII; by Thomas Colman

Source:“Plate 9”, ‘Ancient Architecture in Hindoostan’; James fergusson 1850

Fig No.3 Present day Dilwara temple

Fig No.4 Illustration of Chandravati” (as illustrated by james fergusson in 1850)

Source:“Plate 9”, ‘Ancient Architecture in Hindoostan’; James fergusson 1850

Fig No.5 Temple at Chandravati,” by James Fergusson, 1850

Fig No.6 Jallore fort, Mount abu

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

Fig No.7 Polo ground

Source : www.wikipedia.org

Fig No.8 Nakki lake

Source : www.wikipedia.org

Fig No.9 Toad rock near nakki lake Source : www.wikipedia.org

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

1.2.2 Evolution of Region

Map No.5 Late 10th - 12th century Legend Polo ground

Dense forest

Metalled road

Semi dense forest

Non metalled road

Sparse plantation Farmlands

Settlements River Lake

5 0

10km

Temples/Shrines

A group of Jain temples emerged at Nagda, near Udaipur. Late 10th century onwards: influence of Solanki architecture styles of Gujarat. Jain temples built at Delwada and Barmer, Mt. Abu during this time. Traces of early settlements at Delwada and along border of Sirohi during this time. Approximately 100 images carved on the stone slab of one part of the temple complex. Transport Route: Elephants were used to carry stone slabs from the foothills upto Delwada. This route was also the route used by the Jain monks to reach Delwada from Chandravati. This was an unmetalled road, through the dense forest. Availability of Water: During this time, most settlements were formed along the rivulets. Natural lake available at Delwada temple. The river Banas also served the demand for water requirement. Vegetation Type: Dense forest Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

Map No.6 14th- 16th century

5 0

Metalled road

Lake

Semi dense forest

Non metalled road

Temples/Shrines

Sparse plantation

Settlements River

Dense forest

Farmlands

10km

1301 AD: Parmar establish their capital at Chandravati (now in ruins near Abu road). Palace (Jalore) built on hill, flat ground used for agriculture. The king owned all land. 100 years after which, Rao Sabhaji the then king, built the town of Sirohi which was then shifted to the slopes of the hills (present day Capital). Transport Route: Two routes were developed to reach Delwada temple: one from Chandravati to Delwada which was along the Arana village, were there was a Jain Dharamshala. The Jains on their way to Delwada would hault here and enjoy the natural forest and mountain. The second route was from Anadara, a small village on the western side of the river, which had a steep slope, which was a pedestrian route. Later during 16th century, the road from Chandravati til Arana Taleti was made into a tar road. The Chiefs of Rajputana, would park their carts and carriages at Taleti and then walk all the way upto Delwada via Arana village, enjoying the scenic beauty. This route further extended upto Gurushikhar, the highest point, via Achalgadh and Oriya. The route form Anadara, which was along the main road to Agra from Ahmedabad, was made into a tar road until halfway, after which it was an unmetalled pedestrian pathway. Villagers from this village came to Abu to sell milk, vegetables, etc. Availability of Water: There were small shallow lakes and water table was just a few centimeters below the ground level. Hence, people would draw water easily by digging. Water was available from parts of these lakes. Vegetation type: Over a period of time, people started agricultural practices. Some part of forest was cleared. Agricultural practices increased. A lot of wasteland was converted to agriculture. A lot of forest degraded in order to construct tar roads. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

Map No.7 19th- Late 19th century

5 0

Polo ground Metalled road

River Lake

Dense forest Semi dense forest

Non metalled road

Temples/Shrines

Sparse plantation

Settlements

10km

Farmlands

By this time, Britishers influence was seen on the development happening at Abu. Nakki Lake, Polo ground and main bazaar near the lake was being set up. Many kings from the nearby regions who paid taxes to the King of Abu setup their houses in the surrounding regions, so that they could be seen and become part of the functions of British officers. Hence, alternate routes were developed to move from Abu road camp to Polo ground. State conditioned developed and became good. All tribes settled down. Boundaries were demarcated. It was during this time that Rajputana Malwar Railways were setup. Railway colony came up near Abu road camp. The Bhills and Minas, tribes in this region settled down and no more conflicts happened. Transport Route: Due to the construction of railways, there was a very rapid urbanization, which took place. By this time, alternate route also developed. Road uptill the town made into tar road. Main bazaar was set up in the town. Until this time, only a few cars allowed until Taleti. Rest had to come by carts. Entry was restricted. Availability of Water: There were small shallow lakes. Water was available from these lakes. Vegetation type: Major degradation of forest started happening during this time. Forest along the roads was removed. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

Map No.8 20th century

5 0

Polo ground Metalled road

River Lake

Dense forest Semi dense forest

Non metalled road

Temples/Shrines

Sparse plantation

Settlements

Railway track

Farmlands Town area

10km

More devotees and tourists started visiting Mt. Abu, as it was the only hill station of Rajasthan, then. The settlement pattern was very different in the Mt. Abu town (along the spine) while that of Abu road (grid pattern). The king started selling patches of land for hoteliers to built hotels. Most of land under cultivation was also sold fo for constructing farmhouses and hotels. Polo ground, taken up by Nagarpalika has been declared as a public open space now. Later to all this, the region was declared as an eco sensitive zone, and no changes in the town are allowed. Almost all houses (during peak season) serve as motels and guesthouses. appened. Transport Route: All roads are now made into tar roads, up until Gurushikhar. The steep slope route from Mt. Abu to Anadara remains as a pedestrian unmetalled pathway. By this time major man made modifications had taken over the natural setting with respect to roads, vegetation, and land. Avalability of Water: Many dams were constructed during this period. Water table even today is a high, but during summers, it gets very low (almost 27.5m from ground level). Many overhead tanks were built during this time as a major source of water for domestic means. Vegetation Type: Most areas converted in settlement, hence lot of forest cover removed. Farmlands converted to hotels and Guesthouses. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

1.3 Delineating the Study Region Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

1.3.1 Delineating the Region Boundary

Map No.9 Study Region Map

Source : Google earth,Mount abu sanctuary Management Plan 2020

Legend

Region boundary

Rivers

Forest boundary

Roads

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Army boundary

Settlements

0.5 0

3 km

Extents of natural resources and impacts of the human imprint often go beyond political or administrative boundaries. Hence, physiographic factors may become the premise governing extents for landscape regional planning. Study region is the origin of tributaries, which drains into the river basin of Banas and Sulki. The entire region is a granitic intrusion with highest peak at 1600 m. This influences climate and rainfall of this region. The average rainfall that Mt. Abu region receives is 1600mm, while that of surrounding region is only 650 mm. Dams in the foothills of Mt. Abu becomes important natural resources, which further affects the settlements pattern, which has come up in the foothills. Hence influence of these natural resources, were taken into consideration while defining the regional boundary.

1.4 Natural Resources Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

1.4.1 Climate Mount Abu has a humid subtropical climate classified under Köppen-Geiger climate classification as Cfa also known as Cwa. A zone of subtropical climate is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild winters. Under the Köppen climate definition, this category of climate type covers a broad range of attributes, especially in terms of winter temperatures. The towns in the vicinity downhill: Aburoad, Palanpur, Fig No.10 Average Rainfall Khedbrahma, Idar are classified as ‘As-Dry Savanna’ and towns Sirohi and Swaroopganj are classified as ‘Bsh- Semi Arid’ indicates that the temperature-moisture-vegetation regime of the study region is influenced by the Altitude. The average annual temperature at Mount Abu is 20.08 °C. About 1554.2 mm of precipitation is received annually. The driest months are April and December with 2.6mm and 2.4mm Fig No.11 Average Windspeed average rainfall. Most precipitation falls in August, with an average of 600.3 mm. The warmest month of the year is May with an average temperature of 26.3 °C. In January, the average temperature is 13.7 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. Sometimes in January, when the temperature dips to freezing point, water in Nakki lake freezes. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 597.9 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 12.8 °C. Sources–1. http://en.climate-data.org/location/24572/, 2. http://en.wikipedia.org, 3.

Fig No.12 Mean daily Pan evaporation for each month

S.N Mt. Abu and nearby towns.

Total Altitude Annual AMSL Rainfall (m)** (mm)*

1554.2

1220

672

263

613

321

708

425***

670

226

843

202

3 4 5

Climate Type. Mean monthly temperature of warmest and coldest (As per months. KoppenGeiger Mean Coldest Mean Temp(⁰C)* classification)* Temp(⁰C)* Month Mount Abu Humid May 27.1 Jan. 12.8 Sub-tropical (Cfa). Abu Road Tropical May 33.2 Jan. 18.3 wet and dry savanna climate (As). Sirohi Semi arid May 33.2 Jan. 17.8 climate (Bsh). Swaroopganj Semi arid May 32.9 Jan. climate (Bsh). Palanpur Tropical May 33.1 Jan. 17.8 wet and dry savanna climate (As). Khedbrahma Tropical May 33.4 Jan. 18.8 wet and dry savanna climate (As).

Table No. 1 Climate data for Mt.Abu and nearby towns

Sources:* en.climate-data.org (13-10-2014), ** en.wikipedia.org, *** www.onefivenine.com

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Region

Area

Climate type

Altitude (m)

Annual rainfall (mm)

Mt. Abu

Humid subtropical Tropical

1220

1554.2

Maximum and minimum Relative Humidity mean temperature warmest coldest month Max. (%) Min. (%) month (⁰C) (⁰C) 27.1 12.8 89 21

882

1273

Saputara

Table No.2 Climate comparison of Mount Abu and Saputara as nearby important hill stations

• Max. Temperature of 31.5⁰C is experienced in the month of May. (Source : www.imd.gov.in)

• Min. Temperature of 8.0⁰C is experienced in the month of January. (Source : www.imd.gov.in)

• Mean annual rainfall of Mt. Abu – 1691.5mm. (Source : Town Municipality rainfall records)

• Annual rainy days – 48.

(Source : www.waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in)

• Max. Relative humidity of 79% is experienced in the month of July. (Source: www.zoover.co.uk)

• Min. Relative humidity of 33% is experienced in the month of April. (Source: www.zoover.co.uk)

• Annual average wind velocity: 5.17 m/s. (Source: www.synergyenviron.com)

• Max. Mean monthly pan evaporation of 15mm recorded in May. (Source: www.imdagrimet.gov.in)

January

September

February

October

March

November

April

December

Fig No.13 Mount Abu and nearby towns

May June July August

Fig No.14 Psychrometric chart for Mount Abu

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Wind Direction • Monsoon (June-September) – predominantly West/West-Southwest and occasionally West-Northwest • Winter (October-January) - predominantly West/West-Southwest/South southwest and occasionally EastNortheast. • Summer (February-May) – The wind directions become erratic with February directions ranging from Southeast and East-southeast directions, March directions ranging from Northeast and North-northeast, April directions ranging from West-southwest and South-southwest and May directions range from Northwest and North-Northwest. (Source: www.weatheronline.com) Note: the general wind direction can be considered as southwest.

Fig No.15 Monthly wind direction analysis

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Study of Wind Pattern

Map No.10 Wind Pattern Map Legend Wind Movement

0.5 0

3 km

Peaks Study Region Settlements Prevailing wind direction (SW-NE)

Fig No.16 Section AA on wind pattern map

Fig No.17 Section BB on wind pattern map Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Inference from Wind Pattern • The longer axis of Mt.Abu is parallel to prevailing SW-NE wind direction as a result it does not form significant barrier to the wind. • The topography of Mt.abu is chracterised by series of undulating plateaus with elevation range of 1200m-1500m. The plateaus are interspersed with peaks ranging from 300m-500m from base of the plateaus. The wind easily passes through the valley gaps formed between peaks thus no distinct rain shadow or leeward regions are formed. • Only Gurushikhar peak, the highest on the mount offer any significant barrier thereby receiving a slightly more rainfall than other areas. • Most of the plateau areas are thus in under the influence of prevailing winds for major part of the year.

Fig No.18 Wind movement influnced by topography

Source: LA Thesis - Sand spill through Aravalli wind gaps and possibilities to control the same. Author : Himanshu Taneja Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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1.4.2 Topography

Map No.11 Topography map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

167m

401-500m

801-900m

1201-1300m

Forest boundary

Roads

168-200m

501-600m

901-1000m

1301-1400m

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

201-300m

601-700m

1001-1100m

1401-1500m

Army boundary

Settlements

301-400m

701-800m

1101-1200m

1501-1600m

3 km

1601-1700m

Map No.11a Undulating plateaus

The Aravalli- one of the oldest mountain ranges of India- of which the study region is a part, along its longitudinal axis in NNE-SSW direction extends for about 695km from south of Delhi in the North to the plains of north Gujarat in its southern extremity dividing the state of Rajasthan into arid region of the west encompassing the Thar desert and fertile land with a network of rivers and seasonal streams to the east. The Vedic River Saraswati (now extinct) during the initial stage of its migratory evolution flowed close to the foothills of the Aravalli Mountain Range. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The entire mountain range can broadly be divided into: The northeastern hill range to the northwest of Jaipur district with an average height of 550-650 m (Alwar hills) and intermittent wide valleys The central Aravalli hill range comprising hills of Shekhawati and Marwar region with an average height of 400 m (Shekhawati hills) The Mewar hills covering the area of Udaipur, Dungarpur and Sirohi districts with the relief varying from a plateau between Kumbhalgarh and Gogunda to uniformly rolling country on the south-central part. The Mt. Abu hill range, with an average 1,200 m height, constituted by the Abu batholith of the Erinpura Granite. The highest peak called Guru Shikhar is 1,722 m above MSL and is situated on Mount Abu. The Aravalli range partly forms one of the main watersheds of India, which divides drainage to the Bay of Bengal from Fig No.19 Aravalli hill region the Arabian Sea. The geographical significance of the Aravalli range is that it has prevented the spread of Thar Desert; especially in the south east direction by the basins of Sukli (of which Sipu river is part), Luni, Sabarmati and most importantly the Banas river all of which have origins in these hills. The study region forms the southern part of the Aravalli range. It occurs as a slightly isolated hill separated by a long narrow valley. The longer axis of the hill aligns with the axis of the Aravallis. The overall topography of the study region is undulating, highly rugged and dissected terrain with high rising hills and deep valleys. The tract is much intersected and broken up by rocky hilltops interspersed with a network of streams and nallahs, the slope is medium and at places very steep. The configuration of the land is hilly and rugged with high altitudinal variation ranging from 300m to above 1700m at Guru Shikhar. The top of the hill is characterized by a continuous series of undulating plateaus but comparatively gentler slopes which forms part of various tourist destinations. The plateau is marked by a number of artificial lakes of which Nakki Lake is the most prominent. The topography presents a picture of tangled wilderness of valleys, ridges, plateaus, with a network of streams and nallahs. The foothills of the range on either side are intersected by numerous water courses, which become torrents of greater or less volume in the rainy season, but are dry during the remainder of the year. The study region drains into Sukli river basin (of which Sipu river is a part) on the Northwest and into Banas river basin in the southeast. (Source: 1.Geology and mineral Resources of Rajasthan, Geological survey of india, 2011, 2. Sirohi District gazetteer)

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Fig No.20 Plan of the Region

Fig No.21 Sections showing the topography of the region Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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1.4.3 Slope

Map No.12 Slope map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

0% - 2%

15% - 25%

Forest boundary

Roads

2% - 5%

25% - 33%

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

5% - 10%

33% - 100%

Army boundary

Settlements

10% - 15%

> 100%

3 km

Fig No.22 Percentage of slope categories

Slope is an important determinant as it influences the hydrology of the terrain, soil depth and erosion susceptibility, recharge potential and surface storage, and vegetation. Slope also determines the suitability for various land uses as well as conservation measures. Since the topography of the study region is highly undulating with hills, deep valleys and plateaus it has a wide slope range. Slope categories for the purpose of analysis are as follows: 1. Extremely steep (100% &above), 2. Very steep (33-100%), 3. Steep (25-33%), 4. Moderate (15-25% & 10-15%), 4. Gentle slope (5-10% & 2-5%), 5. Flat-gentle (0-2%). Northwestern edge of the mountain is characterized by very steep slopes ranging from 33-100% and greater than 100% slopes. The edge falls sharply to the foothills and is in the most parts highly inaccessible. These slopes are very densely vegetated. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The series of plateaus extending from Mt.Abu through Achalgarh, Oriya and Jawai villages have gentle to moderate slopes and show suitability for agriculture and settlements. Beyond Jawai in the north-east direction steep rise begins interjecting the series of plateau and terminating in to Gurushikhar at 1722m; the highest peak of Aravalli region. Though the angle of repose of the gravelly soil, the type found in the study region, ranges from 30-35 degrees, however the soil depth and type makes erosion a serious problem even at slightly gentler slopes with rocky barren surfaces and high rainfall. Soil erosion adversely affects the vegetation cover and therefore the forest resources and agriculture on which local community is dependent. Thus it may be inferred that soil erosion directly and indirectly affects the livelihood of people.

Table No.3 Slope category and inferences

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1.4.4 Geology and Geomorphology

Map No.13 Geology map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Granite porphyry

Granite, granite gneiss

Forest boundary

Roads

Rhyolite porphyry

Basic metavolcanic

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Dolerite, Basalt

Granite, granite gneiss

Army boundary

Settlements

Jalor granite

Calc-gnesis, calc schist

Rhyolite with ash bed, tuff, brecia and purocclastic agglomerate

Lineaments Joints/Fracture Lineaments Shear zone

3 km

Fig No.23 Lithology

Mineral resources of Rajasthan Rajasthan, endowed with a rich mineral wealth, occupies a significant position on the mineral map of the country. In the area of metallic and non-metallic minerals, Rajasthan, leads the country by possessing 19% of working mines. It possesses a wide range of mineral resources and offers considerable potential for the future. The important metallic minerals with which the name of the State is intimately associated are: lead, zinc, copper and tungsten. It is also richly endowed with a variety of non-metallic minerals. Rajasthan has also enormous deposits of building stones like marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, slate etc. It is a leading producer of asbestos, soapstone/steatite, gypsum, rock phosphate, calcite, feldspar, clay etc. Presently, the State enjoys a monopoly in the production of wollastonite, emerald, jasper and semi-precious garnet. In addition, the State has good deposits of lignite in Bikaner, Nagaur and Barmer districts. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Mount Abu is a granitic intrusion into older Delhi super group (DSG) formed during the lower to middle Proterozoic period (2500-1000 Million years ago). It is overlaid on the much older Aravalli super group (ASG) which is over 3500-2600 million years old and from which the Mountain range gets its name. Mount Abu is entirely formed of Erinpura granite (735 million years ago) and Jhalor granites (740-430 million years ago) of the Malani igneous suite formed during the upper Proterozoic period. Aravallis were formed as result of faulting and hence of structural origin. The evolutionary history suggests at least two Orogenic movements, an Aravalli orogeny in early Proterozoic age and Fig No.24 A characterization of typical granite intrusion second orogeny in middle Proterozoic age which affected the ASG as well as younger DSG. The evolution of Aravallis in terms of plate tectonic model has been discussed by Sinha Roy (1988); Sugden et al. (1990); Banerjee and Bhattacharya, (1994) and Sharma, (1995). All the models suggest that the Aravalli craton was consolidated during the period 3500-2600Ma. Rifting of the crust started around 2000 Ma, as suggested by development of ASG and DSG of rocks in terms of plate tectonics model (Sinha Roy, 1988). Results of deep crustal reflection studies (Tewari et al., 1995; Reddy et al., 1995, a, b) along Nagaur (27.2° N, 73.7°E) to Jhalawar (24.6°N, 76.2°E) support the model of evolution of Delhi-Aravalli Fig No.25 Bowl formations on rocky plateau giving rise folded belts in terms of plate tectonics. The Precambrian crust, to many lakes composed mostly of BGC (Banded Gneissic Complex) (including Berach Granite) underwent rifting processes as early as 2500 Ma, resulting in the formation of two continental blocks –eastern and western. As a result of this rifting, the ASG of rocks were deposited in the rifted basin. Coming together of the continental blocks resulted in the formation of major thrusts, which led to the uplift of sediments and formation of the Aravalli Mountain Range. Dykes of younger origin (upper proterozoic) consisting chiefly of granite porphyry, Rhyolite porphyry and Dolerite are occasionally Fig No.26 Highly jointed granite formations become observed indicative of the regions volcanic past. Younger granite cools slowly under high pressure forming a susceptible to fluvial erosion and chemical weathering uniformly arranged crystalline structure consisting of black and white minerals. Also during intrusion under high pressure and temperature, the older granite metamorphoses into Gneiss. Gneiss displays distinct foliation consisting of alternating layers of different minerals. Granites exhibit jointing in all three directions and therefore mount Abu hills are heavily dissected. Due to jointing granitic rocks get dislodged and also become prone to erosion. As a result the landform of the study region is marked by massive rocks eroded due to chemical weathering and presence of high moisture in the densely vegetated parts of the hill. Potash feldspar gets dissolved into water weakening the crystalline structure of the rock which then displays a characteristic sinuous Fig No.27 Chemical weathering of felspar result in weakening of crystalline structure resulting in dugouts dugout rocks in the entire landscape. Highly jointed and fissured granitic base severely undermines the surface water holding capacity of the lakes found on the plateau. The ground water level drops are very high due to this reason. Open wells and tubewells observed in Oriya and Jawai villages report a drop in level to 15-21 metres during the summer. This also implies that water holding capacity of Nakki lake may be threatened if the lake bed is disturbed.

Fig No.28 The erosion results in formation and accumulation of soils which then form the basis of agiculture and cattle rearing in the region Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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1.4.5 Soils

Map No.14 Soil map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Rocky outcrop

Soil type 1

Forest boundary

Roads

Shallow soil

Soil type 2

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Moderate soil

Soil type 3

Army boundary

Settlements

Deep soil

Fig No.29 Soil depth

3 km

Fig No.30 Soil type

The soil types found in the region comprise of: • Sandy Red Soil- these soils have formed by the disintegration of granite, grani gneiss, quartzite and sandstone • Gravelly Red Soil – they are well drained similar to sandy red soils but with larger particle size. • Red and yellow soils - The reddish – yellow colour is due to the presence of iron oxide. These soils are formed where the rainfall is low and there is a little leaching lesser than that in the laterite soils. Red soils are as such usually developed on old crystalline and metamorphic rocks. These contain more sand and comparatively less clay and are porous. These soils cannot retain moisture for a longtime. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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In general these soils are deficient in lime, magnesia, phosphates, nitrogen, humus and potash. Intense leaching is a menace to these soils. In the undulating plateau areas, they are thin, poor and gravelly, sandy, or stony and porous, light-coloured soils on which food crops like bajra or maize can be grown. But on the lower plains and valleys they are rich, deep, dark coloured fertile loam on which, under irrigation, can produce excellent crops like cotton, wheat, pulses, tobacco, jowar, linseed, millets, potatoes and fruits. These are also characterised by stunted forest growth and are suited to dry farming. Oxidation of ferromagnesium forms iron oxide which imparts characteristic red color to the soil in the region. Water enters into the joints in rocks and faults widening them by erosion. Soil lodges into these widened joints where vegetation takes hold causing further erosion of rocks. Dense vegetation growing in such crevices is a characteristic of landscape of granitic origin. On upper slopes, the soils are reddish brown to grayish brown in colour, light textured fairly drained devoid of humus and strongly liable to water erosion. In the lower region, the soil eroded from Fig No.31 Locations from which soil samples are taken hills is reddish to yellowish red in color and vary from light to rich alluvium of varying depth. In terms of soil depth the region is marked by rocky outcrops which are highly prone to erosion and show barren rock faces to soil depth less than 10cm irrespective of the slope. The major portion of the study region is covered by shallow to moderately shallow soils ranging from 10-40 cm deep with irrigated lands 1.Jawai Lake Point showing depth up to 60cm on the plateau. Deep soils in excess of 60cm are found at very few places. Despite the vegetation suitability on gentler slopes and deeper soils they have been preserved well on steeper slopes and shallower soils. This indicates degradation of anthropogenic origin. The susceptibility to soil erosion of these clay deficient 3.Farm at Oriya Village well drained soils is very high, especially on steeper slopes and hence need to be conserved.

2.Farm at Jawai Village

4.Farm at Oriya valley

The spread of agriculture, despite low productivity soils, in the higher altitude villages of Oriya, Jawai and Achalgarh may be a source of concern from soil erosion point of view. 5.Farm at Achalgardh

6.Farm at Achalgardh

7.Near Jain Temple

8.Abu Town

9.Farm outside toll booth, Abu Town

10.Banas riverbed at Aburoad

Fig No.32 Soil samples Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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1.4.6 Hydrology

Map No.15 Hydrology map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Major Watershed

1st order stream

Forest boundary

Roads

Minor Watershed

2nd order stream

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Army boundary

Settlements

3 km

3rd order stream

• The region falls under two river basins namely River Sukli and River Banas. • Sukli is a tributary of River Banas, which later joins River Banas downstream of the region. • Mount Abu region gets an average annual rainfall of 1600mm, while the surrounding regions get an average annual rainfall of 650mm. • The average ground water level of the region ranges between 280m – 320m. • The region has an average run-off of about 88% due to the steep slopes, rocky outcrops and shallow soil depths. So the maximum rain water results in run off. • The possibility of percolation of water is very less. Check dams have been built on the streams to capture and store water at the foot hills. These dams cater to the water needs of the settlements downstream of Mt Abu. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Curve number CN curve method has been adopted to calculate the runoff from the watersheds of the region. This method is based on the Manual on artificial recharge of ground water by the Central Groundwater board. To arrive at the curve numbers, slope, vegetation, soil type and land use has been considered and the list is as follows:

Land use / cover Built form Dense forest cover Medium forest cover Sparse forest cover Agriculture Rocky outcrops

Slope type Steep Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Flat -

Curve no.(CN) 84 84 84 60 55 50 63 58 53 68 63 58 65 60 55 82

Table No 1.4.6.1 CN values for different landuses and slopes

Total Water Available in Watershed (Supply) To calculate the amount of water collected in a given watershed, the equation is as follows: VOLUME OF WATER RECEIVED IN WATERSHED (m³) = AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL (m) x AREA (m²) Runoff Calculation: According to SCS - CN Method (Soil Conservation services (SCS) of US) for Runoff Calculation, S = (25400/CN)-254 where, S = Retention (mm), CN = it ranges from 0 to 100, CN = 0, means Complete Retention CN = 100, means Zero Retention. Now, Q = [ P - 0 . 2 ( S ) ]² / [ P + 0 . 8 ( S ) ] where, Q = River Flow (mm), P = Precipitation / Rainfall (mm), Thus, to calculate total runoff volume, Runoff Volume (m³) = Q ( m ) x Area (m²)

Table No.4 Volume of Runoff in Watersheds of Mount Abu Region Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Fig No.33 % of runoff in each watershed

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Table No. 5 Capacity and overflow from the reservoirs

Fig No.34 Capacity of each reservoir

Ground Water

Hydro-geological Condition Groundwater occurs under water table condition both in unconsolidated and consolidated saturated zone of formation. Its occurrence is controlled by topography, physiography and structural features of the geological formations. The movement of the groundwater in hard rock areas is governed by size, openness, interconnection and continuity of structural weak planes while in unconsolidated rocks, ground water movement takes place through pore space between grains. Heavily jointed granitic formations and dissected topography also influence groundwater percolation to perched aquifers. Water level between 10m to 30m below ground level is observed in Mount Abu region during pre monsoon, whereas during post monsoon water level is as high as 1m to 2m below ground level.

300

02 280

300

400

320

Region boun

Forest bound

Municipal bo

320

Army Bound Rivers Roads

Reservoirs/L

Settlements

DESCRIPTION

Sukli Selwara Dam 300

300

Jawai lake

Mini Nakki lake

Delwara pond

300

800 m

300

300 m

400

Girvar Dam

500

600

500

NOTE:-

600

300

Major contour interval: 100m Minor contour interval: 20m Grid spacing: 5km

500

Moongtahala Dam

300

400

24Â°29'60.00"N, 72Â°45'0.00"E

A 240

240

Map No.16 Map showing ground water levels REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - MOUNT ABU, 300

300

400

500

400

300

RAJASTHAN

300

280 06

400 500 600

600

500

400

HYDROLOGY

Quality of ground water Shallow groundwater of dug well zone is alkaline in nature with pH ranging from 7.5 to 7.98. The Electrical Conductance is between 1500-2000 mmhos/cm at 25oC. The fluoride content is generally within 1.5 mg/lit. (source: central ground water board, November 2008). Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

LEGEND

300 300

300

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The Region

1.4.7A Vegetation Typology

Map No.17 Vegetation typology map

0.5

Source : www.eusoils.com, www.bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in, Mount abu sanctuary Management Plan 2020

Legend

Region boundary

Rivers

Dense Vegetation

Forest boundary

Roads

Semi dense vegetation

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Sparse vegetation

Army boundary

Settlements

Agriculture

Forest Sub boundaries

Wasteland

1500 m and above 1000 m to 1500 m 400 m to 1000 m

Source : www.eusoils.com

Ref. Annexre Table no. 4.5.3 for Forest Block Details

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Abu Forest block no.3

Abu Forest block no.1

The following boundries are said to be eco-sensitive zones North-Southern boundry of Abu Forest Block No.3 South-Northern Boundary of Abu Forest Block No. 1. East-Western and Southern Boundary of Abu Forest Block No. 2. West-Eastern Boundary of Abu Forest Block No. 3.

3 km

Fig No. 35 Vegetation type Fig No.36 Reserved area

Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) was declared in 1960 and spread over 328 sq. km. The vegetation in this sanctuary is majorly classified in three categories: 1. Semi deciduous forest 2. Dry deciduous forest 3. Dry deciduous low forest

Abu Forest block no.2

Abu Forest block no.1

Fig No.37 Boundries of Eco-sensitive zones

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Vegetation typology 01-Semi deciduous forest (Mangifera – Syzygium – Ficus Series) • • • • • • •

This is a mixed population of deciduous species. Top canopy has a maximum height of 13-16m with a density of 0.3-0.4. Second storey consists of small trees, 6 m high. Undergrowth is formed of shrubs and is generally devoid of grasses in the best closed stands Annual rainfall ranges from 900-1500 mm. Dry season lasts for 6-8months. Mean temperature of coldest month ranges from 10˚C - 15 ˚C.

02-Dry deciduous forest (Anogeissus latifolia – Terminalia series) • • • • • • •

This is a mixed population of deciduous species. Top canopy has a maximum height of 6m m with a density of 0.3-0.4. Second storey consists of small trees, 4 m high. Undergrowth is formed of shrubs and is generally devoid of grasses in the best closed stands Annual rainfall ranges from 700 to 900 mm. Dry season lasts for 8-8.5 months. Mean temperature of coldest month ranges from 15˚C - 20 ˚C.

03-Dry deciduous low forest (Acacia Senegal – Anogeissus pendula Series) • • • • • • •

This is a population of deciduous species. Top canopy has a maximum height of 10m m with a density of 0.6-0.8. Second storey consists of small trees, 6m high. Undergrowth is formed of small trees and shrubs and is generally devoid of grasses. Annual rainfall ranges from 550 to 900 mm. Dry season lasts for 8-9 months. Mean temperature of coldest month ranges from 15˚C - 20 ˚C.

Vegetation type

Semi deciduous forest

Dry deciduous forest

Dry deciduous low forest

Series Elevation

Mangifera – Syzygium – ficus 1500 and above

Anogeissus latifolia – Terminalia 1000-1500

Acacia Senegal – Anogeissus pendula 400-1000

Range of rainfall (mm)

900-1500

700-900

550-900

Length of dry season (in months)

6-8

8-8.5

8-9

Table No. 6 Vegetation type with corresponding Elevation,Rainfall range and length of dry season Source : Forest Ecology (volume I) – Puri G.S

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Major Species Forest type

Semi deciduous forest

Dry deciduous forest

Dry deciduous low forest

Top story Aurocaria, Bauhinia purpurea, Erythrina indica, Eucalyptus camaldulencis, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus recemosa, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Mangifera indica, Sterculia foetida, Syzigium cumini Acacia nilotica, Annogeissus pendula, Anogeissus serieca, Azadirachta indica, Bombax ceiba , Boswelia serrata, Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula, Emblica officianale, Erytrhrina indica, Ficus racemosa, Grewia orbiculata, Helecteres isora, Holarrhena pubescens, Holoptelea integrifolia, Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia, Mangifera indica, Terminalia bellerica, Wrightia tinctoria, Ziziphus mauritiana Albizia odoratissima, Butea monosperma, Diospyros melanoxylon, Mitragyna parvifolia, Moringa concanensis, Sterculia urens, Aegle marmelos, Anogeissus latifolia, Bombax ceiba, Crataeva religiosa, Dalbergia paniculata, Mallotus philippensis, Soymida febrifuga, Syzygiuni cumini

Under story Butea monosperma, Helicteres isora

Under growth Euphorbia nerifloia,Adhatoda vasica

Butea monosperma, Dendrocalamus strictus, Ziziphus glaberrima, Ziziphus mauritiana,

Acacia leucophloea, Grewia spinarum, Maytenus emarginata, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Dichrostachys cinerea, Capparis spinosa, Helicteres isora, Ziziphus Dyerophytum indicum, mauritiana Euphorbia nerifloia, Mimosa rubicaulis

Table No.7 Major species in each vegetation typology Source : Forest Ecology (volume I) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Puri G.S Ref. Annexure Table no. 4.5.1 For Complete plant list.

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1.4.7B Vegetation Density

Map No.18 Vegetation density map

Source : Google earth,Forest Ecology (volume I) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; G.S Puri

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Dense Vegetation

Forest boundary

Roads

Semi dense vegetation

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Sparse vegetation

Army boundary

Settlements

Agriculture

Forest Sub boundaries

Wasteland

3 km

Fig No.38 Vegetation density

Dense

Wasteland

Semi Dense

Agricultural land

Fig No.40 Vegetation cover

Source : Forest Ecology (volume I) G.S Puri Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Sparse

Vegetation Canopy type cover %

TOTAL

Area Sqm.

Dense SemiDense Sparse Wasteland

Wasteland Agricultural land Dense vegetation Sparse vegetation

30372498

Area (Ha) 3037

47356353

4735

117964075

11796

47864495

4786

<40 25-40 10-25 >5

Agriculture >10

Table No.8 Canopy cover % Table No.9 Areas of vegetation type Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

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Methodology The degradation stages have been derived by considering following layers: • Vegetation density • Slope / topography The factors responsible for degradation are: • Biotic factors like grazing, timber extraction, fuel collection, forest fires etc. • Anthropogenic activities like timber extraction, grazing has caused wastelands to develop within the sanctuary boundary. Forest Characteristics • Mt. Abu area is considered to be the richest spot of floral diversity in whole of Rajasthan. • Mount Abu area has significant ecological importance comprising of dry deciduous forests at lower altitude and evergreen forests at higher altitude and the flora and fauna of the region comprise of several endemic and rare species. • These forests consist of 112 plant families with 449 genera and 820 species. Of these, 663 species are dicots while 157 species are monocots. • Variety of flora & fauna for ex. leopard, sloth bear, wild boar, Sambhar, langur can be seen in the sanctuary area. More than 246 species of exotic birds, including the rare grey jungle fowl, green munia nestle the sanctuary, making it a bird watchers paradise. • Some endemic, rare and threatened plants viz. Diclipteraabuensis, Strobillanthescallosus, Ischaemumkingii, Convolvulus blatteri, Ceropegiaodorata, and Hydrillapolysperma are found here. • On comparing the vegetation of Mt. Abu with that of western Himalayas in the north and Ghats in the south, Gupta & Saxena (1968) concluded that about 40% of the species are common and are mostly represented in the sub-tropical regions (ranging from plains to 1,500 m) of the Himalayas while more than 30% of the species are present in the Ghat forest of Mahabaleshwar and Matheran. Similarly comparison with the flora of Panchmari, in central India showed 29% of the species common to both. • Ground Fire is mostly the type of forest fire, Canopy Fire is rare & reason of almost all the forest fires is the anthropogenic activities. • Pine, Oak, Eucalyptus and even Mango are all the exotic species which are well adapted in the ecosystem of Abu. • Similarly, invasive species Lantana camera, Prosopis juliflora, Argemone mexicana etc. are largely spreading and competes for nutrition, space and sun with the native forest species. • There local communities within the region namely Bhil and Garasiyas, which depend majorly on forest for its livelihood. • The nearby villages depend on forest for timber, fuelwood, cattle grazing and other forest produce. • However lack of environmental awareness among the locals is also posing threat to the ecosystem of the Reasons behind Forest Degradation Anthropogenic activities: • Local communities : • Fuel wood and timber extraction • Killing of animals like goats, junglefowl, partridges, quails, boars, hares, sambhars, buffalo and peacocks etc. for food • Burning of forest for cultural reasons • Tree felling: Illicit cutting of wood for use in the boilers at hotels and resorts, making furniture, roof construction etc. • Fire: Crown fires are rare, but ground fires are very frequent caused due to human carelessness. The risk and damage is more in summers since undergrowth is dry along with dry leaf litter and dry wood making a forest highly inflammable. Fire leads to : • • • •

Loss of organisms under the soil Top soil prone to erosion Loss of animal habitat Harm to existing trees

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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• Over grazing: Livestock has caused huge grazing pressures and led to wasteland formation which further leads to other problems like • Soil erosion • Shallow top soil • Less ground water recharge • Drought in dry summers • Lack of drinking water for animal • Invasive species have caused havoc in the forest not only for carnivorous but also for the herbivores. Various species are : • Lantana camera • Prosopis juliflora • Parthenium hysterophorus • Argemone maxicana • Very large areas are infested by these species which are not utilized by the herbivores and they reduce grass cover on the ground, adversely affecting the herbivore population. These low populations of herbivores cause low availability of prey to the carnivores. Observations • Heavy dense forest is found in the western part (Abu forest Block No.1) of the region as due to inaccessibility via connecting routes it remains undisturbed, hence forms a very good habitat for sloth bear, panther and other species • Northern (Abu forest Block No.3) and eastern part (Abu forest Block No.2) of the region is most affected due to anthropogenic activities like agriculture, grazing etc. which needs to be taken care to prevent habitat fragmentation • The southern part (Abu forest Block No.1) has fairly dense vegetation and needs to be conserved with appropriate up gradation as required. Degradation stages of Dry Deciduous forests Dry Deciduous Forest

Savanna Woodland

Shrub Savanna Degradation stages Thorny Thicket

Discontinuous Thicket and scattered shrubs Tree Savanna

Table No.10 Degradation stages Source : Forest Ecology (volume I) – G.S Puri

Vegetation Types 01-Savanna Woodland The areas with the northern aspect are more densely wooded than those with southern aspect which are also exposed to the direct action of the southwest salty winds. In the latter case the thorny species predominate. On the northern slopes, the density of the crop is about 0.4 and height growth varies between 7 and 8 m. Dry Deciduous Low Forest

02-Shrub Savanna Acacia leucopholea and Butea monosperma are reduced to a shrubby size. Among the low shrubs are Ziziphus nummularia, Mimosa rubicaulis and Securinega virosa.there is a good growth of grasses about 100 cm high Scrub woodland during the rains. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Thorny Thicket

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Degradation stages Thorny Thicket

The Region

03-Thorny Thicket Discontinuous Thicket and In the thickets due to the dearth of inflammable material the risk of fire is minimised and spiny/thorny shrubs scattered shrubs are the prevailing elements. Dichrestachys cinerea, Ziziphus nummularia, Flacourtia indica, Commiphora mukul, Acacia leucophloea, Acacia senegal. Tree Savanna

04-Discontinuous Thicket and Scattered Shrubs The density of the shrubs becomes gradually less and less. Shrubs present an average height of 2m. The essential constituents are Euphorbia caducifolia, Grewia tenax, Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia senegal, Acacia leucophloea, Maytenus emarginata, Balanites aegyptiaca,Securinega virosa, Ziziphus nummularia, Commiphora mukul, Ehretia laevis. 05-Tree Savanna These areas are grass reserves. Grazing is generally not permitted but grasses are allowed to be cut. Lopping and hacking are common. Due to persistent maltreatment, only few malformed trees are left amidst the grass cover. Degradation stages of Dry Deciduous Low forest Dry Deciduous Low Forest

Scrub woodland

Thorny Thicket

Discontinuous Thicket

Degradation stages

Tree Savanna

Scrub Savanna

Scattered Scrub

Table No.11 Degradation stages

Source : Forest Ecology (volume I) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; G.S Puri

01-Scrub Woodland Due to continuous indiscriminate cutting, rampant grazing, browsing and periodical fires most of the tree species have been reduced to a shrubby stage. The shrub layer becomes comparatively denser forming a thicket about 1 Â˝ m high from which some isolated trees- 3 m to 4 m high- emerge here and there. The tree species are: Anogeissus pendula, Acacia Senegal or Acacia catechu, Acacia leucophloea, Bauhinia racemosa and Holoptelea integrifolia. 02-Thorny Thicket When the trees of the scrub-woodland formation have disappeared, the resulting physiognomy is a thornythicket. The general height of the crop is 3 m to 4 m. Species typical of this series are: Aerva persica, Prosopis cineraria, Capparis decidua, Sericostoma pauciflorum. 03-Discontinuous Thicket This is the next stage of degradation where the regeneration, both coppice and seed, is not allowed to come up because of continuous browsing and grazing. The spread of such bushes is almost 2 m in diameter. Euphorbia caducifolia and Rhus mysorensis are two common shrubs. Ground flora is sparse. 04-Tree Savanna Grasslands containing rather tall grasses, about 1 m high, like Dichanthium annulatum, Apluda mutica, Themeda quadrivalvis, Eremopogon foveolatus with scattered trees. 05-Shrub Savanna Certain areas known locally as jors or birs( grass reserves) are earmarked for the production of grass and grazing. They are interspersed with cultivation. Shrubs about 3-4m in height, are scattered amidst grass cover attaining a height of 1 m and even more during the rains. 06-Scattered Shrubs This type represents the most devastated stage of degradation. Due to the exposure of the soil to the fury of the monsoon rains and high velocity of winds, the soil has been most completely eroded.the general height of the shrubs is about 2m. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Habitat for Green Munia

Map No.19 Habitat map for Green munia Source : Google earth,Forest Ecology (volume I) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; G.S Puri

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

More suitable

Animal:

Forest boundary

Roads

Least suitable

Common name: Green munia

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Army boundary

Settlements

3 km

Amandava formosa

Status:

Endangered fauna

Longevity:

35 yrs

Fig No.41 Green munia

Features These small birds, are brightly coloured and have melodious calls, making them highly sought after as cage birds, and victims of the pet trade in India. Nocturnal Not nocturnal. Habitat Dry, boulder-strewn shrub jungles, small patches of grasslands with low bushes, sugarcane fields, and open shrubby forest, generally in lowlands and foothills.Found at an altitudinal range from 900-1500m. Feeding habit Feeds mostly on seeds and insects. Breeding habits They are known to breed between May and January, building globular nests in low thorny bushes or attached to sugarcane leaves. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

Habitat for Sloth Bear

Map No.20 Habitat map for Sloth bear Source : Google earth,Mount abu sanctuary Management Plan 2020

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

More suitable Animal:

Melursus Ursinus

Forest boundary

Roads

Less suitable Common name:

Rinchchh, Bhaloo

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Least suitable

Army boundary

Settlements

Status:

Endangered fauna

Longevity:

35 yrs

3 km

Fig No.42 Sloth Bear

Features The sloth bear is large and muscular and has great power and vitality packed into its huge body. It is very intelligent and remembers the seasons and places where its favourite food is found. Nocturnal Yes, returns to their resting place in the morning, Grunts differently when angry squeals loudly. Habitat Dense forest, caves and rocky areas in forest; during the non-fruit season of these trees; sloth bears can travel a long distance even outside the forest area. Feeding habit Ber (Zizyphus sp. Zizyphus mauritiana), mahuwa (Madhuca indica), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), jambu (Syzygiun cumini), vad(Ficus benghalensis ), Pipal(Ficus religiosa). Termite, insects, honey. Summer In summer season water required by bear is more. Sloth bear comes out from the caves before sunset. They spend more time near water holes(if present near vicinity) in summer season vad(Ficus benghalensis), Pipal(Ficus religiosa ). Breeding habits: It mates in hot weather, normally two cubs are born. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

Habitat for Leopard

Map No.21 Habitat map for Leopard

Source : Google earth,Mount abu sanctuary Management Plan 2020

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

More suitable Animal:

Forest boundary

Roads

Less suitable

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Least suitable

Army boundary

Settlements

3 km

Panthera pardus

Common name: Dipado, Dipada, Chita Status:

Endangered fauna

Longevity:

12-20 yrs

Fig No.43 Leopard

Features The most successful model of the predator. They are able to live and thrive in almost in any kind of habitats. Nocturnal Not nocturnal. Habitat Open forest hilly and undulating terrain, mountains, rocky areas, ravines. Feeding habit Chital, Monkey, Goat, ship, hare, birds small mammals; reptiles are many prey. Population of herbivorous is very low so the animal frequently visits neighboring villages resulting into man-animal conflict. The feeding habit does not change throughout the year. Breeding habits They breed all around the year, occasionally 3-4 cubs per litter. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

Habitat for Striped Hyena

Map No.22 Habitat map for Striped Hyena Source : Google earth,Mount abu sanctuary Management Plan 2020

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

More suitable Animal:

Hyaena hyaena

Forest boundary

Roads

Less suitable Common name:

Jarak, Jhirak, Lakarbhaga

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Least suitable

Army boundary

Settlements

Status:

Endangered fauna

Longevity:

20 yrs

3 km

Fig No.44 Hyena

Features Mainly scavenger by habit but occasionally attacks other animals if it can over easily. It is generally called as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sweeper of forestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Nocturnal Yes, return by day to their resting area. Habitat Open forest, Dry Deciduous scrub forest, agricultural fields (sugarcane fileds)to dense forest areas, rivers, ravines. Feeding habit Variety of food roots, tubers, insects, mollusks, affal, small mammals, remains of dead animal. Summer -Sheep, goats, calves and dogs become their victims, when they develop a cattle killing habit, they are perfect pest on livestock. Winter -In case that the food is not available, it will browse through the dumping grounds and the garbage for some dead creature. Breeding habits Mating time is said to be in cold weather. The young ones are born in hot season. Ref. Annexure Table no. 4.6.1 for Fauna census; Table no. 4.6.2 for Faunal Habiata Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

Impact of anthropogenic activities

Table No.12 Impact of anthropogenic activities on ecosystem parameters

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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1.5 Land use and Population Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

1.5.1 Landuse and Population

Map No.23 Landuse and Population Map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Forest

Forest boundary

Roads

Agriculture

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Waste land

Army boundary

Settlements

Bhuvan has been used as source for the base map and given information is on its basis: Prevalent Conditions along: •The national highway that connects Ahmedabad to Palanpur NH-8, Palanpur to Mount Abu NH-14. National highway running across the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan show variation in Landuse due to change in culture and topography. It is well connected by rail routes to New Delhi, Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Mumbai. The 24 km road (primary/ main) connects to Mount Abu from the southeast side. •73% of total area is forest area and its one of the major area in the Region. •14% area is agriculture land second large area •2% Urban and Built Area •7% Scrub land •1% Fallow land, Cultivated land, Uncultivated land and Water bodies and lakes. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

3 km

Fig No. 45 Area percentage of landuse in region

Villages Mount abu

Fig No.46 Urban and Rural Population percentage of the study region

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•At regional level Water bodies comprises of dams, lakes and pond. •The foothills have sites which are dependent on the catchment areas of uphill for water to serve the Population (Villages around Mount abu) population at foothills. •Upper Kodra and lower Kodra dams collects water to serve to the population of the town. Nakki Lake provides recreational purpose; and adds to tourism attraction. It takes care of tourist’s water requirements. It serves to supply water during scarcity. •Settlements developed around the availability of natural resources and at even till date, the development continues to develop in the same manner i.e. organic growth pattern. •At regional level, deciduous forest dominates the Fig No.47 Population percentage of Villages in the Region entire area. Few, smaller areas of scrubland are observed around the flatter land and village settlements. Total Population of the Village

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

population 2011

500 0

taleti

umarni

isra

burari khera

tokra

jawai

oriya

utraj

achalgarh sheragaon

Name of the Village

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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1.6 Analysis of Natural Resources Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

1.6.1 Vegetation Suitablity

Map No.24 Vegetation Suitability Map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

High

Forest boundary

Roads

Fair

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Moderate

Army boundary

Settlements

Less

3 km

Least

Fig No.48 Vegetation Suitability

Vegetation suitability map shows areas well suited for vegetation in the study region. It does not take into consideration the existing vegetation density or degradation. Parameters considered for vegetation suitability are 1. Slope, 2. Hydrology, 3. Geology and, 4. Soil depth. Steep slopes greater than 25% have been considered as difficult to establish vegetation. Streams and their influence areas, based on gradient and stream order, have been considered good for vegetation suitability. Geological features like lineaments which are associated with locations offering good recharge potential and high moisture content have been considered as highly suitable. Rocky outcrops have been considered as not suitable. Shallow soils have been considered as less suitable. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

Methodology For analysis map overlay was used; 1. Slope map, 2. Hydrology map, 3. Geology map and, 4. Soil map

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Suitability High Fair Moderate Less Least

Slope 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-10% 10-15%, 15-25% >25%

Hydrology Influence areas of streams were considered good for vegetation. Influence areas are correlatedwith slopes as per table below.

Geology

Soil depth >90cm.

Lineaments were considered as suitable for vegetation.

50-90cm. 10-50cm. <10cm.

Table No.13 Parameters for deciding vegetation suitability.

Stream order-slope

Steep slope (>25%)

Moderate (10%-25%)

Gentle (0-10% and below)

First order Second order Third order

5 10 20

10 20 40

16 30 60

Table No.14 Correlation of slopes and influence areas of streams according to stream orders in meters (m).

Inference On comparison of vegetation suitability with vegetation degradation map it can be inferred that areas suitable for vegetation have undergone degradation and fragmentation whereas areas least suitable for vegetation, like steep slopes, have dense vegetation. This indicates degradation due to anthropogenic activities and development pressures. Inaccessibility of areas with very steep slopes has resulted in preservation of vegetation and forest cover in the study region.

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

1.6.2 Soil Erosion Susceptibility

Map No.25 Soil Erosion Susceptibility Map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

High

Forest boundary

Roads

Far

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Moderate

Army boundary

Settlements

Less

3 km

Least

Fig No.49 Soil Erosion Susceptibility

Less cohesive soil type of granitic origin, highly undulating topography with very steep slopes coupled with high rainfall concentrated during monsoon makes greater part of study region highly susceptible to erosion. Study of erosion susceptibility is important because it directly affects the quality of vegetation in the forest as well as agriculture yield in the study region. Poor agriculture yield increases direct and indirect dependency on forest leading to further degradation of the forest endangering in the process floral and faunal diversity of the region. Parameters that directly affect the erosion potential are: 1. Slope, 2. Soil texture, 3. Hydrology, 4. Vegetation suitability 1. Slope: Slope is the single most important factor affecting soil erosion. Steep slopes on rocky surfaces increase surface run off and long continuous slope lengths further increases the erodability of storm water. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

2. Soil texture: Coarse textured and cohension less soil found in the study region is highly susceptible to erosion. Rocky outcrops with less than 10 cm soil depth with little or no vegtative cover have also been considered highly susceptible. 3. Hydrology: Rainfall on steep slopes and rocky terrain result in sudden swelling of streams carrying water at great velocities. The influence areas of these streams have been considered as areas of high erosion susceptibility. 4. Vegetation suitability: despite densely vegetated, very steep slopes have been considered as susceptible to Methodology: For analysis, map overlay was used. 1. The first step involves marking criticality of various slope ranges with respect to erosion susceptibility. Slope Ranges 1. >25%

Erosion susceptibility High

2. 10%-25% 3. 0 -10%

Moderate Low

2. Marking influence areas of streams based on stream orders in meters. Stream order-slope First order Second order Third order

Steep slope (>25%) 5 10 20

Moderate (10%-25%) 10 20 40

Gentle (0-25%) 16 30 60

3. Erosion susceptibility with respect to soil texture. Soil type 1. Sandy red soil 2. Gravelly red soil

Texture Erosion susceptibility Coarse High Coarse High

On the basis of above mentioned overlay of maps final erosion susceptibility can be classified into following zones in the erosion susceptibility map. Zone 1 2 3 4 5

Erosion susceptibility High Fair Moderate Less Least

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Table No.15 Factors affecting Erosion Susceptibility

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1.6.3 Water Recharge Potential

Map No.26 Water Recharge Potential Map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Good

Forest boundary

Roads

Fair

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Moderate

Army boundary

Settlements

Poor

3 km

Very poor

Fig No. 50 Water Recharge Potential

Dykes and lineaments have been considered as areas which are most suitable for recharge because fractured strata of dykes and weaker zones of rock basement around the lineaments have very high potential for ground water recharge. Stream edges including their spill areas during high rainfall, i.e. their influence areas have been considered very suitable in terms of recharge potential. Coarse grained texture with less clay content of soil found in the study region have high percolation rates, therefore areas with deeper soils have been considered as suitable for recharge potential. However, areas with deeper soils at foothills where chemical fertilizer and pesticide based agriculture is practiced have been downgraded for recharge potential. Similarly wastelands found at the foothills of the study region have been upgraded for the recharge potential. Rocky outcrops with shallow soil cover have been considered poor for ground water recharge. At the foothills, the zone formed at the convergence of steeper granitic hill with flatter terrain has been considered suitable for recharge because storm runoff from the hill slows down due to change in gradient and deeper soils in these zones. Very steep slopes, despite vegetation cover have been considered poor for recharge. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

Recharge potential map have been derived by overlay of slope map, geology map, hydrology map, and soil map.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Recharge potential Good Fair Moderate Poor Very poor

Slope Geology Hydrology 0-2%, 2-5% & Dykes, Streams 5-10% Lineament and their influence areas 10-25% have been >25% Rocky considered outcrop good for recharge.

Soil depth Deep soils >90cm Moderately deep (50-90 cm) Shallow (10-50 cm) Rocky outcrop (<10 cm)

Table No.16 Parameters for deciding water recharge potential

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The Region

1.6.4 Habitat Suitability

Map No.27 Habitat Suitability Map

0.5

Source : Google earth,Mount abu sanctuary Management Plan 2020

Legend

Region boundary

Rivers

Most suitable

Forest boundary

Roads

Moderately suitable

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Least suitable

Army boundary

Settlements

3 km

Fig No. 51 Habitat Suitability

Methodology Methodology followed to map Habitat suitability within the region has been based on the following overlays: 1. Vegetation density 2. Slope/topography 3. Habitat of sloth bear, leopard, Striyped hyena, Green munia On-site observations, interviews with the local people and Forest department personnel and relevant data acquired from the Forest department. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

b.Categories of habitat suitability comprises of the following: For preparing the habitat suitability map, slope and habitat of individual animals were overlaid.

Most suitable • Most suitable areas are those which provide ample opportunities for the animal species in terms of food, shelter and survival. • Addition of core habitat areas along with moderate habitat areas overlaid with suitable slope results in the most suitable region.

Green munia habitat

Sloth bear habitat

Slope map

Most habitat region

Leopard habitat

Striped hyena habitat

Moderate suitable: • Moderately suitable areas are those which are suitable for the given animals namely sloth bear, Leopard, Striped hyena, Green munia but may not provide all the opportunities in terms of food, shelter and survival simultaneously. • Addition of lower habitat areas overlapped with preferable slope results in the moderately suitable region.

300

400

LEGEND

300 300

LEGEND Region boundary

Most suitable

300

Forest boundary

Less suitable

Municipal boundary

Least suitable

Army Boundary Rivers Roads Reservoirs/Lake

E U

Settlements

DESCRIPTION

SIP

Sukli Selwara Dam 300

300

Jawai lake

RIV

Sloth bear habitat

Green munia habitat

D Mini Nakki lake

BAN

Delwara pond

300

400

Girvar Dam

500

600

500

300

400

Regions of poor habitat character 300

Leopard habitat

300

400

500

400

300

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - MOUNT ABU, RAJASTHAN

300

A 400 500 600

600

500

400

HABITAT SUITABILITY MAP

Striped hyena habitat

Least suitable: • Least suitable are the areas which do not fall into the habitat zone of given animals and hence are least preferred environment for them. • Addition of areas that do not fall in the range of given animal habitat results into the least suitable region. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Major contour interval: 100m Minor contour interval: 20m Grid spacing: 5km

500

300

Slope map

NOTE:-

600

Moongtahala Dam

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PLATE NO.

SCALE

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The Region

Observations • Most suitable habitat is seen on the western side (Abu Forest Block No.1) of the region, the reason being less human intervention due to steep slopes. • Green Munia is commonly sighted within the agricultural fields with the altitudinal range of 900m and above. • Fewer habitats of these animals are observed close to town and along the roads where human accessibility is high. • Moderate habitat of these animals are scattered as we moved towards the lower altitude i.e. plains, where signs of exploitation due to human habitation occurs. • Moreover the region suffers from habitat fragmentation which is majorly observed in Abu Forest Block No. 3 due to anthropogenic activities.

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The Region

1.6.5 Critical Zone Analysis

Map No.28 Critical Zone Map

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Zone - 1a

Zone - 3

Forest boundary

Roads

Zone - 1b

Zone - 4

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Zone - 1c

Army boundary

Settlements

Zone - 2

3 km

Fig No. 52 Critical zones

Critical assessment of the study region helps in understanding the inter-relationship between natural resources, dependency on them, their availability and ultimately pressure created on them for their various use values. It tries to correlate these dependencies vis-Ă -vis intrinsic value of these resources which in turn determines the suitability of region for various land uses. Suitability inferred from critical assessment of the region, both as opportunities and limitations have been considered as determining as well as limiting factors. Critical assessment of the study region in terms of its natural resources involve their evaluation in current state; identify potential threats that can cause degradation and landscape values to be conserved, and finding appropriate solutions for their up gradation and enhancement. For this purpose a Conservation criticality zone map was made. The parameters considered were, 1.Erosion susceptibility, 2.Recharge potential and, 3.Habitat suitability. Methodology involved overlay of erosion susceptibility map, recharge potential map and habitat suitability map. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

Erosion susceptibility Soil erosion directly affects not only the existing vegetation cover but also its regeneration possibilities. It also impacts the agriculture of a region and therefore affects livelihood and income sources. Meager agriculture and horticulture produce in the study region barely supports local consumption. Poor agriculture produce has increased dependency on dairy products for dietary requirements. Cattle keeping therefore have become important to their livelihoods. However, this increases dependency on forest in terms of fodder requirements. Cattle grazing deplete fodder in the forest on which wildlife is also dependent. Furthermore grazing on slopes with less soil depth aggravates the problem of soil erosion. To augment income, pressure increases on forest produce. Firewood is obtained by lopping trees. Besides domestic use it is also sold in town. This results in further degradation of forest vegetation cover and ecology of the study region.

In this way it forms a vicious circle triggered by high susceptibility to erosion which in turn affects the livelihoods, this results in increased dependency on forest causing degradation which further, in a sort of feedback mechanism, increases susceptibility to erosion. In this sense erosion susceptibility has been considered as the most important and weighted parameter in assessing conservation criticality.

Fig No.53 Vicious Circle

Ground water recharge potential Despite good annual rainfall, owing to geology and topography and Mt. Abu faces shortage of water. Lakes run dry due to high percolation rates and surface evaporation. Undulating terrain with very steep slopes results in high surface runoff. Deep subsidence of ground water in open and tube wells, depletion of water in lakes and lack of irrigation facilities affect the agriculture and fodder availability. Hence conserving water resources, improving rainwater harvesting possibilities and augmenting recharge potential is very important for improving vegetation cover, up gradation of degraded forest, and resilience to erosion and livelihood possibilities. Habitat suitability A healthy ecosystem is dependent on a good balance between floral and faunal component. This is more so important in the context of study region because a larger part of it is also a habitat to wildlife with rich floral and faunal diversity and species richness. However, pressure from human dependency may threaten habitat suitability due to forest degradation and ultimately the ecosystem of the study region. This may further increase the chances of man animal conflict due to habitat loss. Thus conservation of existing habitats and up gradation of degraded habitats sustainably is an important aspect of critical assessment of study region. Though tourism is important to local economy and employment generation, however, unsustainable development of tourism may threaten regions ecosystem.

The overlay of these maps help in identifying zones with similar criticality and therefore possible solutions for conservation. The aim is to conserve highly critical zones, upgrade the degraded areas according to their criticality and propose sustainable development measures in less critical zones. Study region has been divided into four critical zones in descending order of conservation criticality from Zone 1 to Zone 4. Conservation criticality zone map then forms the basis for development proposal guidelines with emphasis on conservation and sustainability. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Table No.17 Factors affecting Eco-

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1.7 Proposals and Guidelines Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

1.7.1 Land Suitability

Map No.29 Proposal Map at

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Zone - 1a

Zone - 3

Forest boundary

Roads

Zone - 1b

Zone - 4

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Zone - 1c

Army boundary

Settlements

Zone - 2

3 km

Important inferences that can be derived from analysis of natural resources, overlay maps and critical zone map are: 1. Susceptibility to erosion is one of the core threats in the study region from landscape conservation perspective and therefore needs to be addressed both in terms of conservation of these areas and improving resilience against erosion through appropriate measures. 2. Degrading ecosystem of the region can be directly attributed to anthropogenic activities related to augmentation of income and livelihood through increased dependency on forest produce and through tourism. Other biotic pressure related to animal husbandry, cattle rearing and rabbit farming are also directly affecting the ecosystem of the study region. Thus livelihood upgradation through sustainable development, efficient forest resource management through community participation, and creative ways to enhance income and employment through dissemination of information on alternative sustainable practices. 3. Water scarcity is an important concern and measures to improve water balance of the region should be one of the primary objectives. 4. Vegetation degradation and habitat fragmentation is one of the grave threats to the regions ecosystem. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Region

Proposals and Guidelines: Based on the inferences, development proposal and guidelines seek to achieve following objectives: 1. Conservation of existing vegetation. 2. Augmenting income through sustainable forest management practices. 3. Afforestation of degraded forests with following aims: • Introduction of native floral species. • Emphasis on minor forest produce. • Introduction of bamboo as fast regenerating natural resource. • Introduction of agroforestry practices. • Soil erosion control and resilience. • Improve moisture retention and recharge potential. • Improve habitat suitability for wildlife. • Protection buffer around critical zones, water bodies and road edges. 4. Improve water balance of the study region. 5. Ensure sustainable development of Mount Abu hill station.

Table No.18 Intent v/s. Proposal method guidelines

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.1 Delineating the Sub Region Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

Delineating the Sub Region

Map No.30 Delineation of the Sub region

0.5 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Forest boundary

Roads

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Army boundary

Settlements

Tourist places and settlements

Contours

3 km

Watershed

Subregion

Delineation Process Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

Topographically Mt. Abu can be considered as an agglomeration of series of undulating plateaus. Comfortable climate, gentler slopes and availability of water from lakes makes this plateau suitable for human settlement and development. This is the reason why Mt.abu is characterized by; 1. Long history of human settlement. 2. Religious pilgrimage and heritage. 3. Tourism and related activities. This, however also means that the plateau areas have come under maximum influence of anthropogenic activities and development. Vegetation degradation map and vegetation suitability map also corroborate such an inference. All anthropogenic activities are in turn, direct or indirect, functions of natural resources available; water being the most important. At the same time anthropogenic activities are delimited by physical aspect like topography, for example, excessive slopes and inaccessibility makes development very difficult; or at times by strong landscape values and aesthetic experiences of forest, rivers, mountains open vistas etc. With this understanding sub region has been defined as an extent delimited by the abovementioned factors. For the purpose of this study sub region has been delineated by following determining factors: • Watersheds and catchments which govern the surface hydrology and help determining flow directions. Watershed analysis helps understanding water availability to lakes and reservoirs in the sub region. • Inclusion of all popular tourist spots. • Inclusion of all important religious places. • Villages and settlements directly under influence of tourism activities. • Mt. Abu town as the heritage, cultural and historic hub that controls tourist activities and also the microeconomics of the region.

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.2 Natural Resources Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.2.1 Topography

Map No.31 Elevation Map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

167m

401-500m

801-900m

1201-1300m

Forest boundary

Roads

168-200m

501-600m

901-1000m

1301-1400m

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

201-300m

601-700m

1001-1100m

1401-1500m

Army boundary

Settlements

301-400m

701-800m

1101-1200m

1501-1600m

0.5

1 Km

1601-1700m

Map No.11a Undulating plateaus

• The altitudinal range of sub region is 1220 – 1722 meters. Altitude greatly influences climate, rainfall and vegetation type. • Mt. Abu town area and Plateau areas of Delwara, Achalgarh, Oriya and Jawai characterize bowl formation surrounded by elevated hills on all sides. • The elevation difference between sub region and foothills is very stark and sudden. Very steep slopes at the edge of sub region create a distinct separation from a relatively flat foothill. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.2.2 Slope

Map No.32 Slope Map

0.25

Legend

Slope percentages

Region boundary

Rivers

0% - 2%

15% - 25%

Forest boundary

Roads

2% - 5%

25% - 33%

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

5% - 10%

33% - 100%

Army boundary

Settlements

10% - 15%

> 100%

0.5

1 Km

Fig No.54 Percentage of slope categories

• Though sub region covers all the slope ranges those varying from 5-15% slopes are greater in comparison. Settlements are mostly found in this range. • Areas with gentle slopes have deeper soils (50 -90 cm and above); as such they are favorable for agriculture. It is actively practiced in flatter areas of Oriya, Achalgarh and Jawai villages. However, due to coarse textured gravelly and non cohesive soils these areas are susceptible to erosion. • Bowl like formations terminating into steeper slopes of the hills generate a sense of enclosure, for example, Abu town area; especially around Nakki lake, Delwada area and Oriya. Whereas plateau terminating in steeper slopes of valleys open up vistas towards distant ranges and geographical features like lakes, rivers on the foothills, for example, Sunset point, Trevor tank and Jawai lake area. This produces an experience of interspersed open and close spaces in sub region. These places can be developed as potential tourist spots. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.2.3 Hydrology

Map No.33 Hydrology Map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Major Watershed

1st order stream

Forest boundary

Roads

Minor Watershed

2nd order stream

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Minor Streams

3rd order stream

Army boundary

Settlements

0.5

1 Km

The presence of the natural resource â&#x20AC;&#x201C; water is a major factor influencing development in the region. Hence the study of Hydrology becomes most essential for the region. In the sub region area, the streams and their influence areas become potential spots for ground water recharge and also help contribute to the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water demand. The water requirement of the region based on: Name Population Water required per capita Total requirement of (lpcd) water per day (lpcd) Mount Abu (T) 22943 135 3097305 Achalgarh (V) 343 90 30870 Oriya (V) 1159 90 104310 Jawai (V) 184 90 16560 Total 3249045 NOTE: T= Town, V = Village The water requirements for the village area include 40 Lpcd for the anthropogenic factors and 30 Lpcd for the livestock (cattle). Table No.19 Water requirement of the region Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

The area of the water bodies in the Sub region Name of water bodies

Area of water body (sqaure meters)

Nakki lake 175408.03Â Upper Kodra 89191.06 Lower Kodra 159990.10 Delwara pond 45772.49 Salgaon lake 7614.94 Lake 1 3067.91 Lake 2 6828.10 Lake 3 3741.30 Trevors tank 9757.43 Mini Nakki lake 35609.30 Kapur talao 1 7171.35 Kapur talao 2 5282.3043 Lake 4 22709.06 Lake 5 3776.83 Lake 6 5715.63 Jawai lake 15950.71 Cumulative capacity of the water bodies is 2.24 Mcum.

Volume million (cubic meters) 0.67 0.35 0.91 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02

Status of water according to observation on site Perennial Perennial Perennial Seasonal Perennial Seasonal Seasonal Seasonal Perennial Seasonal Perennial Perennial Seasonal Seasonal Perennial Seasonal

Table No.20 Vloume of water bodies in the subregion

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The Sub Region

2.2.4 Vegetation Degradation

Map No.34 Vegetation Degradation Map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Dense Vegetation

Forest boundary

Roads

Semi dense vegetation

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Sparse vegetation

Army boundary

Settlements

Agriculture

Forest Sub boundaries

Wasteland

0.5

1 Km

Fig No. 55 Vegetation degradation

The vegetation density map has been considered as one of the key factors affecting the soil erosion susceptibility, recharge potential and habitat suitability of the region, these along with topography and hydrology form the basis for proposal in the Land Suitability Map. Census 2011 clearly states that 20% of the Mount Abu town is dependent upon firewood as a source of fuel. Also of the total population of the villages around, it can be assumed that almost 80% of the households in the villages are dependent on firewood as the basic source of fuel. Considering each of them as gives us the total amount of firewood required and hence the depletion of the forest cover through cutting of the trees. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

Name

No. of Households Monthly Consumption of Total Monthly requirement of each Household (kg/hh) firewood (kg)

Mount Abu Town Achalgarh Oriya Jawai

776 56 206 35

116.9 175.8 175.8 175.8

90714 9844 36285 6188

Table No.21 Monthly consumption

Source: Paper – Atlas of Household industry Consumption and Expenditure in India pg.124

1,43,032 kg of firewood is required to cater to the Households every month. 17,16,390 kg required every year. This directly causes vegetation degradation leading to soil erosion. The aspects considered to achieve a greater standard of experiential quality in the sub region are: • To conserve and protect the existing forest by improving the avian and faunal habitat in the sanctuary and controlling proliferation of the invasive species • To improve erosion resilience by appropriate afforestation, especially on steep slopes. • By upgrading degraded forest through introduction of native species. • By upgrading local livelihoods through minor forest produce practices and community forest management practices. • By controlling access to critical areas. • To propose tourism related activities. • To propose sustainable development.

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.3 Land use Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.3.1 Landuse and Demography

Map No.35 Land use and Demography Map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Residential

Parks

Forest boundary

Roads

Commercial

Government

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Mixed use

Forest

Army boundary

Settlements

Public amenities

Agriculture

Religious

Waste land

0.5

1 Km

Fig No. 56 Landuse

Residential areas The total residential area is 2556975 Sq.m. Density of population is 1072 per Sq.km from census 2011. Total population of the city is 22946 people as per 2011 census. Mount Abu was declared a no construction zone by the Supreme Court in 2002 but illegal constructions continued and in June 2009 it was declared as the eco-sensitive zone. Commercial Areas The total commercial area is 776780 Sq.m. The commercial activities are mainly concentrated around the lake which is also major recreational space. There some temporary shops of jewellery, bags and other daily supplies shops near the lake which set up in the evenings around the lake. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

Institutional and Public buildings • As per 2011 census, number of literate persons is 9956 males and 6365 females which accounts for the 70% of the total population of the town. • Education facilities are available upto secondary education. • Out of the total number of schools (including primary and secondary), few are private and rest government. Recreational spaces • Recreational spaces in the town are the lake its surroundings open spaces, ground and gardens. • Sightseeing, religious spaces and adventure spaces all contribute to recreational spaces. • The Nakki Lake acts as the main tourist attraction of the city with many recreational and commercial facilities provided around the lake. • The lake caters to boating activity, altogether 50-60 boats. • Some other activities like zoning also attract tourists apart from market around the lake and viewpoints. • Town also has government museum, which is not at all maintained. • Religious spaces contribute to 324881.8654 Sq.m. of area. Evolution of Landuse over last 30 Years Public areas have increased over last three decades as new open areas like parking areas , grounds, parks, commercial squares have come up. Residential areas have increased 3000000 gradually with time. 3000000 3000000 2500000

2500000

Recreational areas have increased as 2500000 new activities are also introduced like 2000000 baileys walk etc.

3000000 2500000 2000000

1500000 1000000

1500000 Government reserved area has not 1500000 shown much change over last decades. 1000000 Commercial area have shown change 1000000 significant increase. 500000

2002 2014

1000000 500000

2000000 2000000

1992

1500000

1992

1992 Public Space 2002

1992

2002

2014

2002

2014

Residential

Recreational

Government Reserved

Commercial Space

Fig No.57 Evolution of Landuse over the last 30 years 2014

500000 0

500000 0 0

Residential

Public Space

Recreational

Government Commercial Space Reserved Government Commercial Space Reserved Government Commercial Space Reserved

Recreational

1991 Evolution of Mount Abu region

Fig No.58 Gyan sarovar- Residential

2001

Fig No.59 Doordarshar colony

Fig No.62 Adarsh Vidhya Madir Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

2011

Fig No.60 Commercial area- Naki Lake Fig No.61 Tibetian Market- Sunset

Fig No.63 Gyan sarovar Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

The Sub Region

Population Population

Growth Rate

25000 25000

Population growth rate of Mount Abu Town has deteriorated from 4.21%(1991-2001) to 0.36%(20012011). The reason could be the reduction in agricultural practices as an occupation lack of Institutions in the town, that is driving people to move out. Also the occupation is shifting to tertiary sector, as there is less oppourtunity of agriculture.

20000 20000

22152 22152

15000 15000 10000 10000

15593 15593

12713 12713

9840 9840

22943 22943

5000 5000

2011 2011

2001 2001

1991 1991

Tourist Inflow

1981 1981

1971 1971

Population Population

Population Fig No.64 Populationdensity (per sq.km.)

Population density (per sq.km.)

• Water

2001 2001 2001

1971 1971 1971

• Food

1035 1035 1035

1991 1991 1991

• Accomodation

1981 1981 1981

1200 Population density (per sq.km.) 1200 1200 1000 1000 1000 800 728 800 800 600 728 728 594 600 600 400 594 460 594 400 400 460 460 200 200 200 0 00

1072 1072 1072

2011 2011 2011

Tourist inflow is increasing every year, though the population has become constant. Hence the resource demand for the tourist population must be planned beforehand, taking into consideration the maximum inflow possible in terms of:

Population density (per sq.km.) Population density (per sq.km.)

• Transport

Populationdensity density (per sq.km.) FIg No.65 Population Growth Growth Rate Rate

5.00 5.00 4.21 4.21

4.00 4.00 2.92 2.92

3.00 3.00

2.27 2.27

2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00

0.36 0.36 2011

2001

1991

1981

0.00 0.00

Growth Growth Rate Rate

Fig No.66 Population growth rate

Tourist Inflow in in Lacs Tourist Inflow Lacs

25 25 20 20 15 15

Tourist Inflow in Lacs Tourist Inflow in Lacs

10 10

2012 2013 2013

2010 2011 2011 2012

2008 2009 2009 2010

0 0

2006 2007 2007 2008

2004 2005 2005 2006

5 5

2000 2000 2001 2001 2002

2002 2003 2003 2004

Tourist Inflow in Lacs

Fig No.67 Tourist inflow in lakhs from the year 2000 to 2013

2500000 2500000 2500000 2013

2000000 2000000 2000000

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1500000 1500000 1500000 1000000 1000000 1000000 500000 500000 500000 00 0 2001 2001 2001 permanent permanent permanent

2011 2011 2011 tourist tourist tourist

Fig No.68 Permanent v/s tourist population Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

Population

S.No Villages

Household

Percentage

2001

2011

2001

2011

Taleti

1717

2032

251

357

18.34

Umarni

870

1078

146

206

23.90

Isra

2115

2777

417

559

31.30

Burari Khera

453

638

123

40.83

Tokra

1388

1747

251

305

25.86

Jawai

147

184

25.17

Oriya

891

1159

186

258

30.08

Utraj

291

290

-0.34

Achalgarh

324

343

5.86

Sheragaon

143

126

-11.89

Table No.22 Population and Household of the villages Source : 2001 Census

Total

Male

Female

No. of House holds

4568

Total Population

22943

12557

10386

Literates Population

16321

9956

6365

Illiterate Persons

6622

2601

4021

Total Worker

8798

7193

1605

Main Worker

7632

6441

1191

Marginal Worker

1166

752

414

Non Worker

14145

5364

8781

Cultivator

Agricultural Labourers

Household Industries Worker

396

309

Other Workers

8241

6773

1468

Table No.23 Occupation Status Source : 2001 Census

Chart Title 1

4 3%

Occupation Status 8

Occupation Status

-7% 9%

Chart Title Chart Title Chart Title 1 2 3 4 1.25% 5 6 7 Chart 1 Title 2 3 4 5 60.27% 7 8 9 Chart 1 Title 2 3 4 5 6 7 80.24% -7%9 10 3% 15%

12% 12%

19% 1 2 3 4

25.96%

Main Worker 24.04%

Main Worker

Marginal Worker Marginal Worker Worker NonNon Worker

4 5 6 7 80% 9 10 -7% 3% 9% -7%9 10 6 7 3%80% 0% 9% -7% 11% 3% 14% 9% 0% -7% of households Fig No.69 Percentage 11% 9% 14% 0% 3% 11% 9% 14% 15% 11% 12% Regional Study - Mount14% Abu, Rajasthan 11% 15% 12% 14% 15% 12% 12% 15% 19% 12% 1

24.04%

25.96%

11%

14%

1.25%

0.27% 10

3.67%

Cultivator

Agricultural Labourers

Agricultural Labourers Household Industries Worker

0.24%

Other Workers

Household Industries Worker

3 5

44.56%

44.56% Fig

Other Workers

No.70 Occupation status

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The Sub Region

77 Bathrooms facility (Mount Abu region)

Sanitation

Bathrooms facility (Mount Abu region)

• 19 % have no bathroom facility which is very unhygienic if the disposal is exposed. It can lead to harmful diseases.

19%

Bathroom

•25 % of the area in Mount Abu does not have drainage for the disposal of bathroom waste water. •About 80% of the population has septic tanks and only 20% has piped sewer system. In case, if the waste water is improperly treated in the septic tank, diseases can propagate among the population of the town. This can be done by the following methods: •Proposing piped sewerage system for the town, can reduce the possibility of soil and ground water contamination

Bathroom without roof

19%

13%

No bathroom Bathroom

68%

Bathroom without roof

13%

No bathroom

Fig No.71 Bathroom68% facilities (Mount Abu Sub region) Bathroom Drainage Details (Mount Abu region)

Bathroom Drainage Details (Mount Abu region) 25% Closed drainage

•About 80% of the population has septic tanks and only 20% has piped sewer system. In case, if the waste water is improperly treated in the septic tank, diseases can propagate. This can be done by:

25%

Open Drainage

50%

No drainage

Closed drainage

25%

Open Drainage

50%

No drainage

FIg25% No.72 Bathroom drainage details

•Proposing piped sewerage system for the town, can reduce the possibility of soil and ground water contamination

Latrines (Mount Abu region) Latrines (Mount Abu region)

Livestock Population

Households with Latrines

23%

Rabbits (560 in number) are found in a rabbit farm in Delwara that produces fur, and it is sent to Delhi and Kullu. Fuel for cooking

Households Households withoutwith Latrines Latrines

23%

Households without Public Latrines Latrines

52% 1% 24%

52%

Public Latrines Open Latrines

24%

Open Latrines

Fig No.73 Laterines (Mount Abu Sub region)

About 20% households are dependent on firewood as a fuel. This could harm the environment by the smoke it produces, also it would result into deforestation.

0.26%0.26% Latrine Drainage DetailsDetails Latrine Drainage 0.04%0.04% 0.22%0.22%

Piped sewer system

19.52%

Septic Tank

19.52%

Septic Tank

Night soil disposed into Night soil disposed into open drain

open drain

Service Latrine serviced by animalService Latrine serviced

79.97%

by animal

79.97%

other system

Fig No.74 Laterine Drainage details

Livestock andand Domestic Animals Livestock Domestic Animals Cattle Cattle 14.76% 14.76%

22.34% 22.34%

Buffalo Buffalo Goat Goat Horse Horse

14.12% 14.12%

Dog Dog

13.12% 13.12%

PigPig Poultry Poultry

17.75% 17.75% 16.75% 0.52%0.52% 16.75%

Rabbit Rabbit

0.64% 0.64%

Fig No.75 Livestock and domestic animals

0.97% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.05%

Fuel used in Mount Abu Town 0.97%

19.38% 19.38%

0.50%

Firewood

Firewood Crop residue

0.07% 0.07% Crop residue

Cow dung cake

Cow dung cake 0.05% 0.05%

Lignite, Charcoal Coal, Lignite,Coal, Charcoal 3.80% 3.80% Kerosene

Kerosene

LPG/PNG

Biogas

75.15% 75.15%

Others No cooking

Biogas Others No cooking

Fig No.76 Fuel used in Mount Abu town Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.4 Analysis of Natural Resources Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.4.1 Soil Erosion Susceptibility

Map No.36 Soil Erosion Suseptibility Map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

High

Forest boundary

Roads

Fair

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Moderate

Army boundary

Settlements

Less

0.5

1 Km

Least

Fig No.77 Soil Erosion Susceptibility

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.4.2 Water Recharge Potential

Map No.37 Water Recharge

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Good

Forest boundary

Roads

Fair

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Moderate

Army boundary

Settlements

Poor

0.5

1 Km

Very poor

Fig No.78 Water Recharge Potential

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.4.3 Habitat Suitability

Map No.38 Habitat Suitability Map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Most suitable

Forest boundary

Roads

Moderately suitable

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Least suitable

Army boundary

Settlements

0.5

1 Km

Fig No.79 Habitat Suitability

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.4.4 Critical Zone Analysis

Map No.39 Critical Zone Analysis Map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Zone - 1a

Zone - 3

Forest boundary

Roads

Zone - 1b

Zone - 4

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Zone - 1c

Army boundary

Settlements

Zone - 2

0.5

1 Km

Fig No.80 Critical zones

As discussed earlier, sub region comes under direct influence of anthropogenic activities and demands in terms of land productivity (agriculture and other biotic pressures), tourism and development based land uses. To propose appropriate land uses it is important to identify critical areas for conservation. Methodology used for analysis was overlay of: 1. Soil erosion susceptibility map created on the basis of slope, hydrology, soil texture and vegetation as important parameters. 2. Ground water recharge potential map where slope, geology, hydrology and soil are governing parameters. 3. Habitat suitability based on considerations of slope, elevation and vegetation density as guiding factors. The Critical zone map, thus created, helps identifying criticality of zones in terms of conservation. Land suitability map was created to identify appropriate land uses in the sub region. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.5 Proposals and Guidelines Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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The Sub Region

2.5.1 Land Suitability

Map No. 40 Land Suitability

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Zone - 1a

Zone - 3

Forest boundary

Roads

Zone - 1b

Zone - 4

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Zone - 1c

Agricultural land

Army boundary

Settlements

Zone - 2

0.5

1 Km

(According to Kaiser et al 1995), “Land suitability analysis is a systematic procedure for examining combined effects of a related set of factors…assumed to be important determinants of locational suitability”. Based on this understanding, for the purpose of this study, ‘land suitability, may be defined as appropriateness of an area for a certain land use where not only it has least negative impacts on natural layers but also where opportunities to improve landscape values are considered important when weighed against competing development driven land uses. Land suitability for various land uses can be broadly classified as under: 1. For conservation. 2. For up gradation of degraded areas. 3. For land uses relating to augmenting livelihoods through sustainable means. 4. For tourism and infrastructure development. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Locational suitability Zone 1 (A,B,C) – Areas with steep slopes with dense vegetation, areas favourable for wildlife habitats, areas around lineaments, those having ground water recharge potential and lakes & streams have been considered for conservation. Zone 2 – Degraded vegetation outside 2 km range from the settlements have been considered suitable for afforestation to improve: • Habitat suitability • Erosion resilience • Availability of minor forest produces. • Accessibility through non vehicular trails and tracks to experience landscape values of forest ecology. Zone 3 – Degraded forest within 2 km range of settlements have been considered suitable for: • Agroforestry, plantations, community participatory forest management and livelihood up gradation. • Camping sites. • Small scale cottage industry, handicrafts, selling minor forest and agriculture produce. Zone 4 – Highly degraded areas within settlements with considerations of slopes, quality of vegetation, size of open spaces have been considered in proposing appropriate land use for development of hotels, commercial and residential buildings, small scale cottage industries and markets for selling handicrafts, agroforestry, agriculture and horticulture produce.

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Proposal Intent Zone 1. (1A, 1B & 1C)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Zone 2.

Zone 3.

Zone 4.

Table No. 24 Proposal Intent

Conserving existing forest. Vegetative and physical measures to improving erosion resilience. Improving recharge potential. Improve avian and faunal habitats. Controlling proliferation of invasive species. Controlled access through experiential corridors. Upgradation of degraded forest through afforestation. Upgrading local livelihoods through minor forest produce (MFP). Access through experiential corridors. Reducing tourism pressures on the Abu town (temporary camping grounds). Pasture development in degraded and fallow lands. Rainwater harvesting. Alternative livelihood enhancement practices. Introduction of agroforestry. Rainwater harvesting. Waste management practices (composting/vermicompost etc). Lake edge conservation. Development with sustainable approaches. Rainwater harvesting. Waste management practices. Lake edge revitalization. Handicraft & Agro based cottage enterprises.

Methods to Achieve Intent Zone 1 (1A, 1B & 1C)

Zone 2.

Zone 3.

Zone 4.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Upgrading fragmented habitats to form core areas for avian and faunal habitat. Introduction of native floral species. Establishment of ground cover on rocky outcrops and shallow soils to improve succession and soil moisture content. Contour bunding and check dams to check runoff and increase recharge potential. Prevention of tree felling and human induced forest degradation. Introduction of fire lines. Only pedestrian trails and tracks. Introduction of Bamboo, Pasture development and other edible groundcovers for wildlife. Afforestation through native species. Rainwater harvesting through surface structures. Providing vegetative buffers from critical Zone 1. Designated camping sites to reduce pressure on Abu town and reduction in demand for permanent structures. Contour bunding to slow down surface runoff. Trails and tracks (bicycles or use of animals for transport). Horticulture, Plantations and Orchards as alternative agriculture practices. Buffer Plantation on lake edges. Strip cropping to prevent soil erosion. Poultry and Rabbit farms. Apiary development. Cottage enterprises. Recycling organic waste. Low rise development. Improve vegetation cover. Solid waste management strategies. Improving recharge potential on hard paved surfaces. Improving Street sections in terms of pedestrian comfort. Improving lake edge sections for prevention of silting and pollution. i.e. pretreatment of storm water before release into lake.

Table No. 25 Method to achieve proposal intent

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2.5.2 Demonstration Area

Map No. 41 Proposal Module Legend Rivers

Roads

Reserviours and lakes

Existing dense plantation Contour bunding

Settlements

Pasture development Strip cropping

Horticulture

Orchard

Buffer plantation

Agroforestry

Existing semidense plantation Bamboo plantation Native species

Bee keeping Poultry farming Recycling organice wastes

Cottage industries

Demonstration area was chosen to understand application of productive landscape management practices and check the outcomes. It seeks to understand by example how community integrative landscape management can augment local economics sustainably. It is believed that such measures can effectively ameliorate and restore degraded ecosystems and prevent destruction of natural resources and forests driven single handedly due to poverty and dependency on the forests: while tourism brings valuable income to the local economy and generates employment; it adds to the already burdened natural resources. For this purpose, an area of 198 hectares comprising Oriya and Jawai villages was chosen as demonstration area. The area was chosen because these villages not only come under the influence of tourism but are also located within the forest area, thereby establishing potential dependency and impacts on the forests. Locational aspect of these villages makes them suitable for study on effective landscape management practices and helps to understand how these practices can improve livelihoods, incomes and generate long term employment to alleviate poverty and forced migration. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Proposal sketches

Fig No.81 Buffer plantation and Bamboo plantation along water trench

Fig No.82 Section along the stream

Fig No.83 Horticulture near village edge: A view of varying heights of plantation

Fig No.84 Strip Cropping

Fig No.85 Orchad Plantation with rows of grass inbetween Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Proposal sketches

Fig No.86 Agroforestry

Fig No.87 Village edge with buffer plantation near water body

Fig No.88 Village edge with horticulture plantation

Fig No.89 Stone bunding Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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90 Productive Landscape Management Practices

Controlling erosion

Contour bunding, Farm bunding, trenches

Improved soil depth, soil moisture, soil productivity

Upgrading degraded forest

Water harvesting

Pasture developemnt, Introduction of native species, bamboo plantation, control spread of invasive species, MFP

Improved livestock, dairy productivity, rabbit farming

Alternative livelihood upgradation

Habitat restoration

Agroforestry/ Alternative agriculture practices

constrcution of surface storage structures like, check dams, farm ponds and raiwater harvesting from roof tops

Upgrade fragmented forests to achieve continuous corridors and habitats

Strip cropping, orchards, plantation

Agro/cottage based industries, Bee keeping, handicrafts

Improved ground water recharge, surface water availability

Improved wild life population, sustainable tourism

Improved agriculture productivity

Increase in employment rates

Improved health and nourishment values

Improved economic status

Reduced dependency on forests

Healthy ecosystem / Sustainable development

Productive landscape management practices

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.6 Tourism Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Tourism in Mt. Abu Mount Abu, ‘The paradise of Rajasthan’ is the only hill station in Rajasthan. It offers one the best of all possible worlds, with more scenic beauty, more architecture and archaeology in the form of many natural panoramic landscape vistas, settlements tucked away in undulating mountains, lakes, the famous Dilwara temples, and a generous peppering of shrines which shows that the place is exceptionally favored by the gods. Abu has been an important place of penance for the sages. For people who prefer a little adventure and eco tourism, the winding trails and sinuous landscape offer a variety of options. A visit to the heart of Abu town brings you to a major attraction, Nakki Lake where boating facilities are available. The local markets in Abu are a great attraction for shoppers till late in the night. Like all other hill stations, Abu too, has its horse rides, honeymoon and sunset points, which are definitely worth a visit. Entire hills have been carved into layers to accommodate different vistas. All in all, Mount Abu serves as a great tourist destination with its climate and lush green environment.

2.6.1 Tourism Data Mount Abu gets tourists all around the year, the peak inflow seasons being during Diwali, i.e. The month of November and summer holidays, i.e. the months of April and May. It also caters to a certain amount of foreign tourists all around the year. They often come as a part of the Udaipur – Mount Abu – Kumbhalgarh tourist circuit. Mount Abu is also an important place for religious tourism owing to the large number of Jain temples situated there, e.g. the Dilwara temples. It has the World Spiritual University and head quarters of the Bhrama Kumaris, a well known sect. There are lectures and spiritual courses for devotees. Around 65 percent of the tourists coming to Mount Abu, come to enjoy the weather. Gujarat state contributes to 50% of the tourist inflow and foreign tourists form 10% of the total inflow. Domestic Overnight Visitors 2005 -2006 300000 Domestic Overnight Visitors 2005 -2006

Weather/ Sightseeing Religious Adventure Others

Fig No.90 Purpose of visit. Ahmedabad/Guja Ahmedabad/Guja rat rat Rajasthan Rajasthan Other Otherstates states Foreign Foreign

Fig No.91 Tourist origin. Tourist Inflow in Lacs Tourist Inflow in Lacs 25 25

250000 300000 200000 250000

20 20

March March

Mount MountAbu AbuTown Town

Fig No.94 The foreign tourist inflow for the year 2005 to 2006.

300000 300000 300000 250000 250000 250000 200000 200000 200000 150000 150000 150000 100000 100000 100000 50000 50000 50000 00 0

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Fig No.93 Tourist inflow in lakhs from the year 2000 to 2013

Foreign 2005 ForeignOvernight OvernightVisitors Visitors 2005--2006 2006 0

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Tourist Inflow in Lacs

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

2001 2002

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0 0

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Abuovernight Town Fig No.92 The Mount domestic tourist inflow for the year 2005 to 2006. 5

14000 14000 12000 12000 10000 10000 8000 8000 6000 6000 4000 4000 2000 2000 00

Tourist Inflow in Lacs Tourist Inflow in Lacs

2013

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Mount Abu Town

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Tourist Inflow in Lacs 10 10 JuneJune

50000 100000 0 50000 MayMay

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150000 200000 100000 150000

2008-2009 2008-2009 2008-2009

Fig No.95 Graph showing the month wise disintegration of the number of tourists for the years 2001 to 2002, 2005 to 2006, 2008 to 2009. Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

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Hotels and Accomodation There are lodges, home stays, budget hotels, heritage hotels, luxury hotels and dharamsalas which cater to the large tourist population of Mt. Abu. The following are the figures showing the number of beds available in the hotels in Abu.

Fig No.96 Graph showing accomodation statistics and amount of water required for total estimated water consumption by tourist.

Popular tourist spots The following figures show the statistics of survey conducted among the tourists and resident population involved in tourism as an occupation, about the different places of tourist interest. A major percentage of the tourists preferred to visit Guru Shikhar in Mount Abu. Nakki Lake is the next preferred tourist destination because of the boating facilities it offers.

Gurushikar

Achalgarh Fort

Toad Rock

Nakki Lake

Dilwara Temples

Trevor's Tank/Wildlife Sanctuary

Fig No.97 50 tourists - Family, Couples, Students, Members of various clubs.

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Fig No.98 50 local people â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Shopkeepers,tea stall vendors, and photography guides, villagers, travel guides, restaurant owners.

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2.6.2 Tourist Attractions Evaluation method: •The tourist attractions were ranked on the basis of landscape values, amenities and potential development. •Usability of potential sites was also studied. •Tourist spots were categorised on the basis of religious, adventure and sight seeing. •Comparative analysis of the plaes of tourist interest on the basis of common parameters such as distance, amenities and landscape values. Each site has been evaluated on the basis of availability of basic facilities like lodging, food, commercial activity etc. This helped in understanding whether the location was underused or overused. This will also help to recognize the tourist paths based onthe usability of these points of interest, thus seeing the scope for future development. Distance was measured keeping Nakki lake as the point of origin, as it is the hub of major commercial activity in Mount Abu. This helped in understanding the pedestrian potential of Mount Abu. This also helped recognize popular trekking trails. Amenities were rated on the basis of their quantity, visibility and availability. Larger sites like Guru Shikhar where there is a heavy foot fall were found incapable of handling the current volumes of tourist/ visitors in terms of basic amenities while privately owned places like Peace park had all facilities inspite of a low foot fall. All these criteria were helpful in evaluating the development of the tourist places.

Key plan at the regional level

Fig No.99 Parameters for analysis of a site Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.6.2 Tourist Attractions Nakki Lake: It is a very ancient sacred Lake, according to the Hindu legend. It is called by this name because it was dug out with nails (Nakh). One story is of it being dug by Gods to live in, for protection against the Bashkali rakshash (a wicked demon). While other is of Rasiya Balam (a sculpture of Dilwara Jain temple), who dug the lake, as the king told that whoever will dug the lake within one night I will marry my daughter to him. Temple of Rasiya Balam and Kunwari Kanya (king’s daughter)’s is located behind the Dilwara Jain temple. The lake is in length of about 800m and in width about 400m and 20 to 30 ft. deep towards the dam on the west. It is an important tourist attraction of Mount Abu. Toad Rock is located on a hill near the lake. By the side of the lake there is a path leading to Sunset Point. Raghunath Temple and Maharaja Jaipur Palace are also on hills near the Lake. Boating in the lake and horse rides are available around the lake. Mahatma Gandhi’s ashes were immersed in this Holy Lake on 12 February 1948 and the Gandhi Ghat was constructed.

Peace Park: The Peace park is nestled between two famous peaks of the Aravali hills – the well known spiritual pilgrimage destinations of Gurusikhar and Achalgarh. The park is 8kms from the Brahma Kumaris headquarters in Mount Abu. The park offers a perfect recreation retreat, with playing fields, picnic areas, swings, and nature walks. Unique rock gardens play host to a wide variety of Succulents. The park is landscaped to house an orchard and citrus corner as well as floral displays which include ornamental shrubs, climbers and creepers. The garden shows a short video presentation highlighting the concepts and techniques of Rajyoga. One can also go for meditation, in the place of your choice- open – air grass hut, the stone cave, the bamboo meditation hut or simply a quiet corner in the serene ambiance.

Source : http://www.holidayiq.com Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.6.2 Tourist Attractions Gaumukh: A natural spring flowing through a sculpted cows head, gives the shrine its name. The famous yagna of Sage Vashistha was performed here. A beautiful sculplted hill temple of Arbuda-the mighty serpent, stands against the beautiful backdrop. Located amidst spectacular surrounding it is an important pilgrimage and meditation centre.

Source : http://www.40kmph.com

Source : http://article.wn.com

Toad Rock: Toad Rock is situated to the south of Nakki Lake in Mount Abu and comprises of a huge rock that looks like a toad about to jump into the water. Toad Rock is located nearby Nakki Lake to the south, on the main trekking trail from Mount Abu. This rock structure is located in Aravalli mountain range and is known for its pleasant atmosphere. This Toad Rock is an unusual rock formation, which is located near Nandi Rock, Camel Rock and Nun Rock. These rock formations are suitable for trekking and rock climbing, and provide a beautiful view of the lake and hills.

Source : http://www.travelsrajasthancom Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.6.2 Tourist Attractions Honeymoon Point: On the north-west of the Nakki Lake, near by the old gateway to Abu is Anadara point named after the village Anadara. This place is at the height of 4,000 feet. Here from also the magnificent grandeur of the setting the sun can be witnessed. Near it, is a Lovers - Rock also popularly known as Honey Moon Point, is an attractive point for the visitors for it being in the natural creation in the shape of a man and a women. For the newly - married couples, this is really a place full of very much charm. It provides a serene aura with a pleasant view of the verdant valley and plains. It especially looks beautiful during the sun set hour. The area gets its name from the scores of honeymoon couples that frequent it. Also known as the Andra Point, it offers a breathtaking view of the surrounding landscape.

Sunset Point: Sunset Point located in South West of Nakki Lake provides you a scenic view of the setting sun. Hundreds of people swarm this area in the evening amidst a carnival atmosphere. Food stalls, souvenir shops abounds the area. The scenic hills, tranquil surrounding, and the pleasant climate makes it a favorite spot of the tourists. Pony rides are a favorite with toddlers. Baylayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Walk, another Viewerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spot lies just 5 kilometers from Sunset Point. Carved marble statues, sandalwood idols, wooden toys and the likes can be seen all over the spot. Food stalls are a regular here.

Source : http://www.triniview.com Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.6.2 Tourist Attractions Bailey’s Walk: It is a meandering trail that starts from Sun Set road and reaches down to the banks of the Nakki Lake at nearly its South West point. This trek starts from Nakki Lake on the left there is one sign board when we enter it first we have to climb some mountains and then we have to climb 54 steps after that we reach the Goddess (Aghai) temple then our trek goes to Kanerkund there are many beautiful mountains and you can see the moon as well as the sun. Here water stays clean for 1 year from far away people comes to drink and take it to their houses and to make food and then afterwards we reach sunset there we can see many rocks of whihc one is the Toad rock.

Trevor’s Tank: Trevor’s tank or Trevor’s crocodile park is a man made crocodile breeding spot located 5 kilometers away from mount Abu and one of the Mount Abu region’s most popular tourist destinations. It is a nature lover’s paradise that is named after the British engineer who built it. Trevor, the British engineer who built it, was dedicated to building a beautiful place for people to enjoy and watch nature. The man made tank is used to breed crocodiles A visit to Trevor’s Tank offers picturesque scenery and a multitude of views. It is a popular picnic destination for tourists and locals alike. Trevor’s Tank contains much purpose built viewing stations that offer you the unique opportunity to watch the plentiful wildlife in their natural habitat. This is a very popular night time activity. It is a dream location for birdwatchers and there are a lot of bird species. If you spend long enough there you could spot pigeons, peacocks and partridges, amongst the rich hills and thick forest. It also a home to wild black bears that inhabit the region.

8. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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2.6.2 Tourist Attractions Gurushikhar: Guru Shikar is the highest point in mount Abu and forms the highest point in the Aravalli mountain range.It rises to an altitude of 5,676 feet (1722 meters). It is 15 km from Mount Abu and a road from there leads almost to the top of the mountain. The place is perfect to get a panoramic view of the whole region and is famous for its temple of Guru Dattatreya an incarnation of the Hindu Deities â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Brahma, Vishnu and Shivaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in one. It is also home to many beautiful and historic temples.

Delwada temples: The Jain Delwara temples are located about 2Â˝ kilometres from Mount Abu. These temples built by Vastupal Tejpal between the 11th and 13th centuries AD are world famous for their stunning use of marble. The five legendary marble temples of Dilwara are a sacred pilgrimage place of the Jains. Some consider them to be one of the most beautiful Jain pilgrimage sites in the world. The marble temples have an opulent entranceway, the simplicity in architecture reflecting Jain values like honesty and frugality. The temples are in the midst of a range of forested hills. A high wall shrouds the temple complex. For the people who come to perform puja here, there are facilities to bathe and get ready, which is is mandatory to perform puja to the idol. The facilities use passive solar power to heat up the water for bathing and other things. Guided tour hours for tourists are posted outside the temple.

Source : http://www.indialine.com Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Source : www.rajasthantour4u.com

10.

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2.6.2 Tourist Attractions Achalgarh fort: The name refers to a fort and an ancient kingdom, which was originally built by the Paramara Dynasty rulers. The fort was reconstructed in 1452 by Maharana Kumbha the ruler of the Mewar kingdom and was renamed as “Achalgarh’ or the immovable. The fort however stands in ruins to this day, leaving behind many remnants which make this place a tourist attraction. It is 8 Kilometers from the main Mount Abu town and is well connected by road. The main entrances are characterized by two towers carved out of grey granite, which still stand as a memorial of this once pompous and majestic fort. The place is located at an amazing location and is famous for its ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva known as the Achaleshwar Mahadeva Temple. The temple is said to have a foot impression of Lord Shiva himself and also has a brass Nandi and 3 sculptures of buffalos near the pond. The fort walls and the amazing location give an amazing panoramic view of the surroundings.

Source : http://easytouristguide.com/

Source : http://www.rajasthan-trip.net

11.

Adhar devi temlple: Situated in a cave, The Adhar Devi Temple is one of the popular religious themed tourist destinations in the Mount Abu region. It is situated 3 kilometers north of the main town of Mount Abu. The Adhar Devi Temple can be reached by climbing up 365 stairs carved into the mountain. The temple itself is located inside a rocky cleave and is reached by crawling through a small opening into the cave. The Adhar Devi Temple is dedicated to the Goddess Durga. It got its name because the legend has it that “Adhar” of the Mataji (Goddess deity) fell here, also it was believed that the image of the goddess could be found there hanging in mid air. As well as being a popular tourist destination, the Adhar Devi Temple is also a common destination for many religion pilgrimages. The Adhar Devi temple receives most pilgrims during the 9 days of the holy Navratri season.

12. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Table No.26 Observations table

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2.6.3 View shed analysis

Map No.42 View shed analysis map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Forest boundary

Roads

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Army boundary

Settlements

0.5

1 Km

View shed - Angle of view, Range of view

Analysis based on the following criteria: LANDFORM

Ridges, slopes, topography forming background and foreground.

WATER

Depth of the water body, stagnant and flowing water.

VEGETATION

Dense, medium and sparse vegetation. Dense: Trees, shrubs, groundcover. Medium: Shrubs, groundcover. Sparse: Groundcover.

VIEW

Visual continuity and visibilty range: Short range and Long range view.

ACCESSIBILITY Pedestrian and vehicular accessibility. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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View Points Landforms They create potentials for different activities. For eg: View points situated on ridges provide panoramic views of the surroundings. Water Presence of water bodies can be influential in shaping the landscape. Vegetation Presence of dense vegetation within the cone of vision gives that particular vista more value. View Visual continuity enables a person to understand the sense of enclosure of a certain vista. Accessibility For eco sensitive areas, only pedestrian accessibility is favourable.

View point 1 - Gurushikar

View point 2

View point 3 - Jawai Lake

View point 5 - Trevorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tank

View point 7 - Honeymoon point

View point 8 - Nakki Lake

View point 10 - Jaipur palace

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View points

View point 4

View point 6

View point 9

View point 11

View point 12

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2.6.4 Tourism Potentials Carrying Capacity For a given region, carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a given species that an areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resources can sustain indefinitely without significantly depleting or degrading those resources. For humans, the definition is expanded to include not degrading our cultural and social environments and not harming the physical environment in ways that would adversely affect future generations. Source: www.wikipedia.org

Table No.27 Carrying capacity of existing tourist spots: It can be derived that Sunset point holds the maximum existing load during peak hours.

Calculation of carrying capacity

Table No.28 Carrying capacity of proposed tourist spots: Potential tourist spots are to be used as buffers to divert people from the maximum crowded areas.

Ideal carrying capacity = (Area of spot/ Area required per person) / (Time required per area/ Working hours) Existing load = Estimated number of people/ Working hours Potentials According to the identified tourist attractions there are idicators with subcatagories which are classified in accordance to the tourist place. There is an representation of presence or absence of the indicators in the current scenario. The potentials which are shown is rated, to be increased or decreased, shown using arrows to depict the potential of the site to its benefit. There are some scenarios where the catogories do not apply, or the situation is ideal at present.

Table No.29 Potential table Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Potential Tourist circuits

Map No.43 Tourist circuit map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Scenic

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Roads

Religious

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Reserviours and lakes

Adventure

Army boundary

Settlements

Potential Tourist spots

iii

0.5

1 Km

One day visit i- Guru Shikar, Dilwara temple, Nakki lake, Toad rock, Sunset Point Potential points- A, B, C, D, E, F, G. ii- Gaumukh, Honeymoon point, Sunset point, Nakki lake, Toad rock, DIlwara temple. Potential points- E, F, G iii- Toad rock, Nakki lake, Baileys walk, Honeymoon point, Sunset point, trevors Tank. Potential points- E, F, G Two day visit iv- Nakki lake, Toad rock, Baileys walk, Sunset point, Honeymoon point, Gaumukh. Potential points- E, F, G v- Peace park, Achalgarh, Adhardevi temple, Trevors tank, Dilwara temple, Guru shikar. Potential points- A, B, C, D, E vi- Om shanti bhavan, Gyan sarovar, Peace park. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Potential Vehicular circuits

Map No.44 Vehicle circuit map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Scenic

2 wheeler

Forest boundary

Roads

Religious

4 wheeler

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Adventure

Jeep

Army boundary

Settlements

Potential tourist spots

Bus

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1 Km

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2.6.5 Tourism Proposal

Map No.45 Tourism proposal map

0.25 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Scenic

Trekking trail

Camping sites

Forest boundary

Roads

Religious

Observation point

Night safari trail

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Adventure

Photo point

Trekking trail

Army boundary

Settlements

Potential

Night safari

Ropeway

0.5

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The proposed trails are marked on the basis of some highlighting points such as good view points, nature trekking trails, night safari trails, etc. These trails are proposed through existing and potential tourist places taking into account the surroundings, slope sections, accessibility, etc. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Proposed Trails Trail A The trail is designed to be a Night safari trail with the intent of letting the tourist have a clear glimpse of the wildlife therein within their natural habitats. Especially the area chosen for the trail has a populace of leopards and sloth bears apart from the other commonly found fauna. The animals here are commonly known to come out during the night and also during the day for various activities such as drinking from the near by watering hole and also hunting amongst their other activities. The path of the safari would be pre-allocated and mapped out for a safe distance viewing. The windows and the doors would be safely locked and sealed for the viewer’s safety. There would be decided times for the trips as well as the hours in which there would be allowance of the vehicles in-between intervals so as to protect the natural habitat of the fauna. Trail B This trail starts from a designated camping site which has a huge potential for tourists for visiting as well as camping out. Achalgarh is a well know tourist destination for religious reasons but this trail has been allocated to display the many vistas and views along the way for the tourists to break and take in through the journey. Inculcating and associating adventure to the now religious tourist destination is the main intent of this trail as well as encouraging a varied tourist experience catering to all the different preferences. Trail C The already existing Trevor’s tank road has not been widely used by the tourist populace as of now. This trail has been allocated to provide a linkage between the existing path till Trevor’s and beyond till the mini nakki lake. This trail connecting the two water bodies also runs though a wild life sanctuary. The wild life sanctuary is a main attraction for tourist due the crocodiles inhabiting the Trevor’s tank. As one proceeds along this trail, they get a view of the whole picturesque valley below. This area is known to have a population of leopard and sloth bear which can be seen from a safe distance while over looking the lower region from the elevated ridge. Trail D This trail consists of various pause points along the way that have great vistas. Along with that the trail also has sub trails that diverge onto more experiential paths. There are high chances of spotting the indigenous Green munia along with the great views, this trails connects Shanti Shikar to the Adhar Devi temple.

Fig No.100 Section 1 - 1 through Trail D

Fig No.101 Section 2 - 2 through Trail D

Fig No.102 Section 3 - 3 through Trail B

Fig No.103 Section 4 - 4 through Trail B

Fig No.104 Section 5 - 5 through Trail C Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Fig No.105 Trekking trail to Trevorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tank

Fig No.106 Trail near Honeymoon point across a small stream

Fig No.107 Observation points

FIg No.108 Broadwalks proposed near the Oriya Jeel Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Proposed Ropeway System Monocable Jig Back Ropeway System A monocable ropeway system has been proposed from Jawai Lake to the highest point in Mount Abu - Gurushikar. It provides an unhindered aerial view window of the entire bio diverse region of the area leaving one awestruck. Length of ropeway proposed – 2.9 Kms Cabin capacity - 6 - 10 persons About the system Simple operation, less expensive, Passenger Ropeway Systems, Ideally suitable for hilly, undulating terrain, limited carrying capacity.

Map No. 45a Proposed ropeway in plan Proposed stations

Fig No.109 Section showing the proposed ropeway

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

System description Two cabins firmly attached to the rope, one at each terminal station but on the opposite sides. Once driven, they start moving in opposite direction. Once the cabins reach the respective terminal, the system stops automatically. After deboarding of passenger and boarding of fresh ones, the drive is restarted in reverse direction. Jig back movement thus continues. Advantages • Simple System • Low operation and maintenance cost • Comfortable boarding / deboarding and ride • Low investment • Capacity can be easily augmented to the Design limit with the increase in demand.

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3.1 Historical Background Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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3.1.1 History and Evolution of the Town

Map No.46 Late 10th - 12th century 1144 AD - establishment and construction of mail temple at Delwada by Vimala Sahu – a minister of Solanki court. It almost took 100 years to carve out sculptures.

Map No.47 14th - 16th century -Settlement moved from forest to slopes (introvert settlement). Agriculture started on surrounding land: due to security, water availability, good drainage and farms. -Palace(Jalore) built on a hill, flat land used for agriculture

Map No.48 19th century - late 19th century

Map No.49 20th century Determinants of growth were: - Hotels - Hostels - Public institutions 1949 AD January – Government of India declared Sirohi a centrally administered state and handed it to government of Bombay to administer on their behalf. Sirohi , district – was sub-divided into two parts by Government of India and Abu road tehsil 1951 – Abu road taluka of Banaskantha district, Gujarat by inter state transferred to the district of Rajasthan state. 1956 November – reorganization of states, Abu road tehsil including Mount Abu again became part of Rajasthan 1961 – Mount Abu and Abu road added to the list of the towns in the district during 1961 census. Officially no changes in the town allowed.

Determinants which lead to the growth of the town were: - Nakki lake - Polo ground - Main bazar near the lake 1843 – Rao Sheo Singh of Sirohi assigned several pieces of land on the hill to British government for the establishment of sanatorium - Tourism incresed extensively - More immigrants started coming and settling down - Pologround developed for polo matches to be held - Conference hall built near pologround 1874-1881 AD - Rajputana Malwar Railways set up Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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3.2 Land use, Infrastructure and Services Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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3.2.1 Land use

Map No.50 Land use Map

0.1 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Residential

Parks

Forest boundary

Roads

Commercial

Government

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Mixed use

Forest

Army boundary

Settlements

Public amenities

Agriculture

Religious

Waste land

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

0.5 Km 0.3

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3.2.2 Hierarchy of Roads

Map No.51 Road Hierarchy Map

0.1 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Primary roads

Forest boundary

Roads

Secondary roads

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Tertiary roads

Army boundary

Settlements

0.5 Km 0.3

The hierarchy of roads means categorizing the roads according to their functions and capacities. They can be categorized as Highways, Primary, Secondary and tertiary roads. In case of Mount Abu town the hierarchy of the roads happens as: 1.Primary Roads 2. Secondary Roads 3.Tertiary Roadsv The primary road network is fully connected, meaning you can reach any part from any other without leaving the network. Hence for Mount Abu Town, the road which takes one from Abu road to the Mount Abu town and further till Gurushikhar connecting to the Town and villages on its way is the only primary road. This is the only vehicular road from Abu road to Mount Abu town and further connecting Achalgarh, Oriya, Jawai and Gurushikhar. It goes around the Nakki lake and the polo ground considering them as the major tourist attraction spots. The secondary roads are the streets for collecting and distributing the traffic from the primary roads and providing access to the tertiary roads. In case of the Mount Abu Town these are the streets which take one from the main market places into the interiors of the town. The tertiary roads are basically the streets for access to residence, business or other abutting property. In case of Mount Abu Town also these are majorly the roads going to the residences and then the others are the ones Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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3.2.3 Existing and Proposed Sewage Network

Map No.52 Existing and Proposed Sewage Network Map

0.1 0

Legend Region boundary

Rivers

Existing sewage network

Existing solid waste dumping site

Forest boundary

Roads

Proposed sewage network

Proposed inspection chambers

Municipal boundary

Reserviours and lakes

Proposed STP

Army boundary

Settlements

0.5 Km 0.3

Sewage Disposal Currently town lacks a planned sewage disposal and treatment system. Sewage from the city and waste water generated by tourism is directly dumped into the nallahs which find its way into minor and major streams that ultimately joins the Banas river polluting it. Considering 80% of water supplied as waste water generated: Total Household waste water generated= 2477844 Litres/day = 2.48 mld Total Tourist waste water generated = 936000 Litres/day = 0.94 mld Total Waste water generated is 2.48+0.94 = 3.42 mld Also 80% of the households have Septic Tank which constitutes 3217 of the total households; rest of the households have piped sewage network. The presence of septic tanks in huge numbers is one of the reasons for the Ground water pollution. Also a large number of hotels dispose their waste directly into the stream thereby leading to the pollution of these streams. STP of 6mld capacity is under construction with underground sewage pipeline network for Mt.Abu town. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Solid waste Disposal The Waste dumping site is located near Abu road downhill. Temporary dumping site is located within the town area. Waste collection is carried out by the Nagarpalika. Town has a designated area where waste collectors bring and segregate the waste for recycling.

Fig No.110 Segregation of paper and plastic waste at Mela ground Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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3.3 Landscape Character of Town Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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3.3.1 Recreational Areas Recreational spots are located beyond the city limits on to a major extent, but few of the important ones are situated in the city limits. Few of these spots consist of water as the landscape feature apart from the vegetation. Majorly all the recreational spots are connected through pedestrian walkways and consists of dense vegetation. Therefore, there is a slight demarcation in terms of specific landscape variations on being approached to the recreation venue.

A B C D E F

A park in the north of the town, mostly pathways made along the box-section drain. Pathways mostly have hedge planting along them. Tall trees- Palm and others. Centre of the same park has pots kept in circular manner. The lower area of the park where the box section drain ends, this area is inundated, hence mixed plantation lies in this area. Mela ground covered with garbage on one side. Huge area is open, middle part has very less density of trees and the back area has high density of trees. Polo ground which lies in the centre of the city is a grassland with a few trees along its boundary. Nakki lake has medium sized trees and palm trees around it. Large quantity of shrubs are also found on the rocky outcrops around the lake.

Table No.30 Present character of recreational spaces

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3.3.2 Landscape character of Residential areas V.I.P. Housing lies in the north of Nakki Lake. The houses lie away from the main circulation route, hence overall environment in this area is very peaceful. The houses have no demarcated plot boundaries. The three sides other than the front side of these houses are surrounded with vegetation. Here the rocky outcrops make the vegetation pattern interesting to look at, as these outcrops are at different levels, hence plants growing on them are also at different levels which adds to the aesthetic value.

Fig No.111 VIP housing main road

Fig No.112 VIP housing

Fig No.113 Landscape character of residential areas

3.3.3 Landscape character of Commercial areas Commercial Area mostly lies in the central part of town. There is no specific landscape character of the commercial area. Scattered plantation is observed with little or no plant grouping.

Fig No.114 Tibetan market

Fig No.115 Nakki lake market

Fig No.116 Scattered plantation observed near commercial areas

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3.3.4 Landscape character of Roads All roads are a hard lined asphalt road, which lacks paths for pedestrians, except for the type B. Differentiation of typologies of roads from highways to market streets is very discernable because of the vegetation found on the foothill and the town (top), because of the change in the micro-climate based on the topography. Avenue plantation is found on all types of roads.

A B

C D E F G

Fig No.117 Plant composition along roads

Road in lesser dense area, in the north of the town. Road plantations consist of pine trees, palm trees, small trees and some ground cover. Katcha roads, narrow in width. They are used for commuting mostly livestock. Mostly surrounded by rocky outcrops and vegetation lies in the narrow depressions along the line of meeting of these mounds. Mostly the vegetation consists of ground cover and small shrubs. Roads in lesser dense area again, in the north of the town. Here the vegetation forms a foreground, middle ground and background. Vegetation is a mixture of grasslands, small shrubs and large trees. Roads in the residential areas have ground cover, shrubs and a few trees. Trees are palms and evergreen in nature. Node that leads to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sunset Pointâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; which is a tourist attraction. This one has avenue planting. Large trees with gaps, mostly have ground cover throughout. Commercial area does not have as such a landscape character, few trees survive in between the buildings.

Table No.31 Character of roads

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3.3.4 Landscape character of Roads

Fig No.118 Foothill Mt.Abu

Fig No.119 Mount Abu town

Fig No.120 Base of Gurushikhar-outskirts of town

Fig No.121 Climb of Gurushikar

Fig No.122 Midway to Gurushikhar

Fig No.123 At the peak of Gurushikhar

Skectches show road side landscape character as one travels from foothills to Mt. Abu town till Gurushikhar which is the highest point of Mt. Abu. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Fig No.124 Uphill Gurushikhar Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

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3.3.5 Landscape character of Hotels

Fig No.125 Existing view of Nakki lake

Most of the newly constructed buildings, especially hotels, do not respect the natural terrain of Mount Abu in their design. While most of the old hotels were constructed in the form of terraces and levels, new hotels tend to deform natural slope to form flat base strata. Owing to the natural topography, buildings do not follow a pattern or regular form, instead forming chaotic and haphazard spaces between them.Unlike many other hill stations, most hotels in Mount Abu ignore existing and native vegetation during construction. As they do not provide enough parking as per norms, many guests park their vehicles on the road, causing impaired traffic flow and bottle necking. Whereas previously building heights were restricted to G+1 or 6 m, many new hotels have violated this rule by constructing G+3 or 12m high buildings.

Fig No.126 Existing section showing the character of development near town

• • • •

Supporting development in appropriate hillside locations which respects and protects the natural topography Protecting the natural characteristics of the hillsides Maintaining and enhancing the quality of hillside flora and fauna habitat Encouraging cluster housing options which respond to the natural environment on appropriate sites where grading and site disturbance could be reduced • Encouraging creation of private and public green spaces between development nodes Of key importance to the very character of hillside development is the preservation of undeveloped land which provides natural space, buffering and habitat for native plants and animals. Poorly designed or constructed development will not harmonize with the surroundings to create the necessary components of a complete neighborhood. Development design for hillsides needs to not only protect natural features and provide natural open space; it must also reflect the character and quality of its setting. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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3.3.6 Landscape character of Lake Edge Nakki Lake Water Supply to the town of Mount Abu: Town of Mount Abu lies in a bowl formation. The water supply to Mount Abu is dependent upon two main dams namely Upper Kodara and Lower Kodara dams located at a higher elevation when compared to the town. Nakki Lake located at the periphery of the town, is considered as an emergency source of water, which is utilized in the situation of inadequate water in the dams or when the blending of Upper Kodara and Lower Kodara dams, water is provided to the town with Nakki lake water. It has an in-built Filtration unit and pumping station from where water is supplied when in need. If the water collection exceeds beyond the live capacity limit, it overflows into the Karodi Dhawaj Dam located at the foothill of Mount Abu.

Map No.53 Catchment area of Nakki lake

Water Calculations Details of Nakki Lake supplying water to Mount Abu S.N. Surface Source Capacity in Million Live Capacity (MCum) Gross Dead Million Gallons Million Liters 1 Nakki lake 1.02 0.34 178.00 808.12

MCum 0.80

Table No.32 Details of Nakki Lake supplying water to Mount Abu

Deduction for evaporation, seepage and distribution losses (20%) Net available Deducting 20% for evaporation, seepage and distribution losses, the net available water in Nakki lake is

= 0.16 MCum = 0.64 MCum = 0.64 Mcum

Total Water Available in Watershed bounding the Nakki lake Name

Values of Average area of watershed (sq m)

Sum of potential volume (cubic meter)

Average of % Runoff

Nakki Lake

17,92,050.59

28,67,280.95

88.06

Table No.33 Total Water Available in Watershed bounding the Nakki lake

Thus, the total Water in the Watershed accounts to 2.8Mcum Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Nakki Lake

Map No. 54 Existing Plan of Nakki Lake

1 5

15m

Map No. 55 Proposed Plan for Nakki Lake

1 5

15m

Fig No.127 Existing Section AA’

Fig No.128 Proposed Section AA’

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Fig No.129 Existing Section BBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Fig No.130 Proposed Section BBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Fig No.131 Proposed Part plan for Nakki Lake

Fig No.132 Proposed Edge condition for Nakki Lake

Proposals to upgrade Nakki lake Nakki being a depression receives storm water from the surrounding ridges. Around 5 culverts are present that discharges storm water as well as grey water from some areas into the lake. Along with the water a lot of silt too goes into the lake degrading it. A sewage network along the lake has been proposed with grating on top. Sedimentation tanks at the location of the existing culverts would cater to the silt and allow only water to flow in Nakki. A lot of people throw garbage into the lake, polluting it. Thus a vegetation cover of 2m has been proposed on the lake edge which would prevent the throwing of garbage in the lake as well as prevent people from jumping into it. The vegetation will also improve the aesthetics of the lake. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Fig No.133 Proposed Entrance Plaza to Nakki Lake

Fig No.134 Proposed Aerators for the Lake

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Nakki lake acts as the most favorite tourist destination and has a huge foot fall. During peak hours there is a lot of congestion. In order to decrease the congestion a stretch of the periphery could be made pedestrian. There is an alternate route which will cater to the vehicular traffic for the residences. Making the area strictly pedestrian will in turn make the area easy to use for the disabled. A number of seatings are provided along the Nakki lake edge. In order to enhance those areas, the paving material of that area could be changed which would make people aware of those spaces and increase the interaction. With addition of proper lighting, those areas will act as small squares at regular intervals along the edge of the lake. These seatings also provide a very good view of the lake and the background.

Fig No.135 Existing Section CC’

Fig No.136 Proposed Section CC’

Fig No.137 Existing Section DD’

Fig No.138 Proposed Section DD’ Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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3.3.7 Landscape character of Town Squares Dr. Ambedkar Chowk

Map No. 56 Existing Plan of Dr.Ambedkar chowk 5

Map No. 57 Proposed Plan for Dr.Ambedkar chowk

15m

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar square lies to the south-east of the Nakki lake plaza and thereby serves a gateway to the same. This square is an important shopping destination for the tourists and a source of economy for the locals. Due to the concentration of these commercial activities associated with this square, vehicular and pedestrian movements from all roads leading this square causes congestion. The plot behind Arbuda hotel is presently used as a parking space for cars, two wheelers and buses. The parking is not organised and leads to congestion within the parking lot as well as the Arbuda square. Also, the roadside venders and hawkers contribute to traffic congestion, which need to be relocated.

Fig No. 139 Dr.Ambedkar square Existing Section AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Fig No. 140 Arbuda Proposed Section AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Proposal: The circulation pattern of roads and paths leading the square is redesigned, by converting the central road from Polo ground to Nakki for only pedestrian movement and diverting the vehicular flow from Polo groun via Nagarpalika to Nakki. The parking would be shifted near Sher e Punjab square and near Polo ground. Present Bus parking along with a tourist pickup point is proposed on Polo ground. The Existing Bus parking is converted to Pedestrain zone with a place to accommodate the local hawkers and venders at one place, which will transform the character of the area. This would act as an extension of the Nakki market. Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Fig No. 141 Proposed Plaza area for the Hawker market

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Shere-e-Punjab Chowk

Map No. 58 Existing Plan of Sher-a-Punjab chowk 5

Map No. 59 Proposed Plan for Sher-a-Punjab chowk

15m

Fig No. 142 Existing Section AA’

Fig No. 143 Proposed Section AA’

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Fig No. 144 Existing Section BBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Fig No. 145 Proposed Section BBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

A number of squares are formed within the city but they are not seen or used as public squares due to a number of reasons. The squares form a transition space along with the asphalt road as the material used is the same. All activities that happen along the road happen in these squares too thus not differentiating them. At the end they just act as parking spaces.

Proposal: The squares need to be defined as a pause point in order to change the use of this area. The area presently is just used for parking and circulation. The area has a number of restaurants and food shops around and thus could be transformed into a food court with seatings outside. The central court will have an inviting and comfortable atmosphere with the use of trees and different paving patterns. The vacant government plot next to the square would be upgraded by removal of existing Prosopis juliflora vegetation and merging it with the square. The area of the plot next to the road will be used as a parking lot while the entire area inside will be made pedestrian.

Fig No. 146 Proposed food court at Shere-e-Punjab

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3.3.8 Landscape character of Religious places Dilwara Temple

Map No. 60 Existing Plan of Dilwara Temple

1 5

15m

Map No. 61 Proposed Plan for Dilwara Temple

1 5

15m

The marble temples of Dilwara is a sacred pilgrimage place of the Jains. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful Jain pilgrimage sites in the world. The marble temple has an opulent entranceway, the simplicity in architecture reflecting Jain values like honesty and frugality. Abu town started with the Dilwara temple nestled in the lush green hill. That was the basic character of the town. Over the period the character of the sacred place has been lost due to haphazard settlements around it. The temple which once used to stand out , now is lost in the concrete around it. The road leading to the temple from the main road has been encroached by shops and the same road is presently used to reach the parking lot. This leads to a lot of congestion and further dilutes the entrance to the grand temple. The Dilwara temple forms the most important religious space of the town and requires a grand entrance and an undisturbed foreground and background.

Fig No. 147 Existing Section AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Fig No. 148 Proposed Section AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Proposal The view of the temple is disturbed by the settlements around and thus a number of trees planted around the temple would give back the character of the temple of mountains in the backdrop and lush green around, as well as hide the settlements around. The congestion could be corrected by providing a different way directly leading to the parking space.

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Changing character of Dilwara temple precinct

Fig No. 149 Phase I-construction of temple in a natural setting

Fig No. 150 Phase II-Natural settings acting as backdrop

Fig No. 151 Phase III: Built form overpowering the present character of backdrop

Fig No. 152 Phase IV: Character of proposed backdrop to hide the builtforms Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4. Annexures Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4.1 Run Off calculations Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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SUBREGION A AI AI AI AI AI AI K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A TableANo 24 A A A A A A A A A A A A

Major watershed

Watershed Label

Area (m^2) watershed

a16a 1,264,789.17 I2a 1,792,050.59 a01a 2,768,632.99 I2a 1,792,050.59 a01a 2,768,632.99 A01a I2a 1,792,050.59 a01a 2,768,632.99 I02a I2a 1,792,050.59 a01a 2,768,632.99 I2a 1,792,050.59 a01a 2,768,632.99 I2a 1,792,050.59 a09 3,024,446.52 k7a 189,725.25 a09 3,024,446.52 A09 K07a k7a 189,725.25 a09 3,024,446.52 k7a 189,725.25 a09 3,024,446.52 k8a 432,177.28 a10 3,306,151.92 k8a 432,177.28 a10 3,306,151.92 K08a A10 k8a 432,177.28 a10 3,306,151.92 k8a 432,177.28 a10 3,306,151.92 k9a 54,711.44 a10 3,306,151.92 K09a k9a 54,711.44 a11 7,288,912.30 k9a 54,711.44 a11 7,288,912.30 k12a 1,874,214.11 a11 7,288,912.30 k12a 1,874,214.11 a11 7,288,912.30 K12a A11 k12a 1,874,214.11 a11 7,288,912.30 k12a 1,874,214.11 a11 7,288,912.30 k12a 1,874,214.11 a11 7,288,912.30 P9a 4,344,337.69 a11 7,288,912.30 P9a 4,344,337.69 a11 7,288,912.30 P9a 4,344,337.69 a12 2,595,258.82 A12 P09a P9a 4,344,337.69 a12 2,595,258.82 P9a 4,344,337.69 a13 5,004,499.02 P9a 4,344,337.69 a13 5,004,499.02 P9a 4,344,337.69 a13 5,004,499.02 A13 P10a 1,131,649.25 a13 5,004,499.02 P10a 1,131,649.25 a13 5,004,499.02 P10a P10a 1,131,649.25 a13 5,004,499.02 P10a 1,131,649.25 a14a 4,067,521.71 P10a 1,131,649.25 a14a 4,067,521.71 a14a 4,067,521.71 Run off calculations, Subregion A14a a14a 4,067,521.71 a14a 4,067,521.71 a14a 4,067,521.71 a15 2,285,838.70 a15 2,285,838.70 A15 a15 2,285,838.70 a15 2,285,838.70 a15 2,285,838.70 a16a 1,264,789.17 a16a 1,264,789.17 A16a a16a 1,264,789.17 a16a 1,264,789.17

Minor A16a watershed Medium Dense agri Dense Built Medium Sparse Medium Sparse Dense Sparse Medium Dense Medium Medium Sparse Sparse Dense Dense Built Dense Built Medium Agri Sparse Dense Dense Sparse Medium Built Sparse Built Dense Agri Dense Agri Medium Dense Medium Sparse Medium agri Sparse Dense Sparse Dense Medium Medium Dense Sparse Agri Sparse Dense Sparse Dense Sparse Medium Sparse Medium Medium Sparse Dense Dense Medium Medium Sparse Sparse Dense Dense Medium Medium Sparse Agri Built Dense Medium

landuse 5 20 50 20 5 15 20 15 10 10 15 20 85 40 5 30 7 30 3 40 10 10 15 20 5 30 30 40 40 15 30 15 10 60 10 5 15 15 5 10 5 10 15 15 90 10 20 10 25 5 15 25 30 25 10 10 20 50 20 10 5 5 15 15 20 10 50 10 10 5 10 35 45

Landuse area (%) 63,239.46 358,410.12 1,384,316.49 358,410.12 138,431.65 268,807.59 553,726.60 268,807.59 276,863.30 179,205.06 415,294.95 358,410.12 2,570,779.54 75,890.10 151,222.33 56,917.58 211,711.26 56,917.58 90,733.40 172,870.91 330,615.19 43,217.73 495,922.79 86,435.46 165,307.60 129,653.19 991,845.57 16,413.43 1,322,460.77 21,884.57 1,093,336.84 16,413.43 1,093,336.84 187,421.41 728,891.23 1,124,528.47 728,891.23 93,710.71 1,093,336.84 281,132.12 364,445.61 187,421.41 364,445.61 434,433.77 728,891.23 651,650.65 1,093,336.84 651,650.65 2,335,732.94 434,433.77 259,525.88 868,867.54 500,449.90 1,086,084.42 1,251,124.75 217,216.88 750,674.85 282,912.31 1,501,349.71 282,912.31 500,449.90 113,164.92 500,449.90 226,329.85 2,033,760.85 226,329.85 406,752.17 203,376.09 203,376.09 610,128.26 610,128.26 457,167.74 228,583.87 1,142,919.35 228,583.87 228,583.87 63,239.46 126,478.92 442,676.21 569,155.13

Area (m^2) landuse Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate moderate Flat Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate

Slope type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

Soil type 63 60 55 84 63 58 58 60 63 58 60 63 63 68 55 60 84 55 84 63 60 63 55 60 63 63 84 63 84 60 55 55 60 63 55 58 63 53 55 58 60 63 55 58 58 55 68 60 63 58 58 60 68 58 63 58 63 60 55 63 58 68 63 60 55 58 63 68 60 84 55 58

CN Value 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.05 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.21 0.17 0.05 0.21 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.21 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.17 0.21 0.21 0.17 0.15 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.15 0.18 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.17 0.05 0.21 0.18

Retention (S) m 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.54 1.43 1.40 1.40 1.41 1.43 1.40 1.41 1.43 1.43 1.46 1.38 1.41 1.54 1.38 1.54 1.43 1.41 1.43 1.38 1.41 1.43 1.43 1.54 1.43 1.54 1.41 1.38 1.38 1.41 1.43 1.38 1.40 1.43 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.41 1.43 1.38 1.40 1.40 1.38 1.46 1.41 1.43 1.40 1.40 1.41 1.46 1.40 1.43 1.40 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.43 1.40 1.46 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.40 1.43 1.46 1.41 1.54 1.38 1.40

Flow (Q) m 90,681.16 506,548.99 1,956,485.27 492,839.05 213,651.43 385,452.15 794,006.99 375,966.70 387,233.78 250,644.46 586,945.58 513,936.19 3,595,610.87 107,257.17 216,842.72 81,616.01 303,579.81 83,383.72 124,764.78 244,322.31 510,261.98 59,427.41 765,392.97 123,942.68 233,632.90 185,914.02 1,363,857.24 23,197.47 1,896,320.49 31,381.02 1,687,424.65 23,535.76 1,687,424.65 264,886.85 1,002,276.57 1,546,305.53 1,030,158.18 134,374.90 1,503,414.86 393,204.35 509,730.45 268,749.80 494,992.07 597,376.91 1,019,460.90 920,992.35 1,567,772.08 896,065.36 3,266,863.86 607,619.11 356,866.29 1,272,882.84 707,296.97 1,557,372.59 1,749,880.80 303,809.56 1,060,945.46 414,463.90 2,099,856.97 405,677.38 717,611.77 158,277.69 717,611.77 319,877.01 2,874,359.42 311,219.42 559,312.77 291,627.74 284,451.18 893,832.21 874,883.21 646,125.33 314,318.86 1,598,539.73 327,774.02 334,873.24 89,377.73 195,203.92 608,710.84 796,046.62

Runoff (m^3) 101183.13 573456.19 2214906.39 573456.19 221490.64 430092.14 885962.56 430092.14 442981.28 286728.09 664471.92 573456.19 4113247.27 121424.16 241955.72 91068.12 338738.01 91068.12 145173.43 276593.46 528984.31 69148.37 793476.46 138296.73 264492.15 207445.10 1586952.92 26261.49 2115937.23 35015.32 1749338.95 26261.49 1749338.95 299874.26 1166225.97 1799245.55 1166225.97 149937.13 1749338.95 449811.39 583112.98 299874.26 583112.98 695094.03 1166225.97 1042641.04 1749338.95 1042641.04 3737172.71 695094.03 415241.41 1390188.06 800719.84 1737735.07 2001799.61 347547.01 1201079.76 452659.70 2402159.53 452659.70 800719.84 181063.88 800719.84 362127.76 3254017.36 362127.76 650803.47 325401.74 325401.74 976205.21 976205.21 731468.38 365734.19 1828670.96 365734.19 365734.19 101183.13 202366.27 708281.93 910648.20

potential volume 89.6 88.3 85.9 96.5 89.6 87.4 87.4 88.3 89.6 87.4 88.3 89.6 89.6 91.6 85.9 88.3 96.5 85.9 96.5 89.6 88.3 89.6 85.9 88.3 89.6 89.6 96.5 89.6 96.5 88.3 85.9 85.9 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 84.9 85.9 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 87.4 85.9 91.6 88.3 89.6 87.4 87.4 88.3 91.6 87.4 89.6 87.4 89.6 88.3 85.9 89.6 87.4 91.6 89.6 88.3 85.9 87.4 89.6 91.6 88.3 96.5 85.9 87.4

% Runoff

Annexure

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

136

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Annexure

137

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds Row Labels A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Grand Total

Sum of Area (M^2) Sum of Potential volume (m^3) Sum of Runoff (m^3) %runoff 76145112.81 121832180.49 111385694.30 91.43 29568246.63 47309194.60 42929244.29 90.74 19442973.55 31108757.68 28133569.98 90.44 18550598.35 29680957.37 26986303.60 90.92 15224901.03 24359841.64 22180466.18 91.05 10947624.25 17516198.80 16116451.45 92.01 6666919.86 10667071.78 9859771.24 92.43 13282479.57 21251967.31 19228373.96 90.48 11033940.82 17654305.31 16027780.53 90.79 18597444.98 29755911.96 27000958.85 90.74 40241930.09 64387088.15 58744369.53 91.24 25562042.53 40899268.05 37950557.15 92.79 18099347.80 28958956.49 26718066.45 92.26 15810134.03 25296214.44 23167788.34 91.59 16425493.10 26280788.97 23995071.89 91.30 52640779.84 84225247.74 77213676.19 91.68 388239969.22 621183950.76 567638143.94

Table No.25 Major watershed runoff

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A10

A09

A08

A07

A06

A05

A04

A03

A02

A01

Minor watershed

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

A11

Table No.26 Run off calculations

Major watershed A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 a06 6,971,136.42 Rocky out crops 5 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 a07 1,305,351.46 Rocky out crops 5 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 270,551.12 2,254,592.64 1,803,674.11 1,352,755.58 1,352,755.58 1,533,122.99 1,445,211.47 2,271,046.60 412,917.56 847,314.12 242,089.75 726,269.25 121,044.87 484,179.50 2,230,197.00 262,376.12 131,188.06 1,135,099.37 412,763.41 515,954.26 2,439,897.75 2,439,897.75 697,113.64 1,045,670.46 348,556.82 391,605.44 652,675.73 130,535.15 65,267.57 65,267.57 6,002,783.77 3,751,739.86 3,751,739.86 1,500,695.94 2,570,779.54 151,222.33 211,711.26 90,733.40 330,615.19 495,922.79 165,307.60 991,845.57 1,322,460.77 1,093,336.84 1,093,336.84 Moderate Flat Moderate Steep Steep moderate Steep Flat Flat Steep Flat Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Flat Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate

Slope type

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 60 84 63 68 63 58 60 55 58 68 55 63 58 60 55 55 58 63 55 63 58 60 55 63 58 82 55 60 63 58 82 60 63 58 68 58 63 63 55 84 84 60 55 63 84 84

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.06 1.53 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.06 1.53 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.05 1.54

25683988.01

637,293.18 417,560.82 3,232,935.40 2,642,365.76 1,939,761.24 1,892,026.37 2,166,796.81 1,987,267.15 3,176,390.55 604,920.38 1,165,116.36 347,140.55 1,015,793.68 171,075.41 665,780.77 3,066,677.32 366,971.34 188,114.92 1,560,841.26 591,875.19 721,637.43 3,448,361.72 3,355,030.56 999,614.45 1,462,522.95 535,028.78 538,484.95 922,441.12 187,178.69 91,286.24 100,184.61 8,483,867.75 5,379,744.61 5,247,356.46 2,198,505.57 3,595,610.87 216,842.72 303,579.81 124,764.78 510,261.98 765,392.97 233,632.90 1,363,857.24 1,896,320.49 1,687,424.65 1,687,424.65

Runoff (m^3)

potential volume 721469.64 432881.79 3607348.22 2885878.58 2164408.93 2164408.93 2452996.79 2312338.35 3633674.55 660668.10 1355702.60 387343.60 1162030.80 193671.80 774687.20 3568315.20 419801.79 209900.89 1816159.00 660421.45 825526.82 3903836.40 3903836.40 1115381.83 1673072.74 557690.91 626568.70 1044281.17 208856.23 104428.12 104428.12 9604454.04 6002783.77 6002783.77 2401113.51 4113247.27 241955.72 338738.01 145173.43 528984.31 793476.46 264492.15 1586952.92 2115937.23 1749338.95 1749338.95 88.3 96.5 89.6 91.6 89.6 87.4 88.3 85.9 87.4 91.6 85.9 89.6 87.4 88.3 85.9 85.9 87.4 89.6 85.9 89.6 87.4 88.3 85.9 89.6 87.4 95.9 85.9 88.3 89.6 87.4 95.9 88.3 89.6 87.4 91.6 87.4 89.6 89.6 85.9 96.5 96.5 88.3 85.9 89.6 96.5 96.5

% Runoff

Annexure 138

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11 B03

B02

A10

A09 B01

A08

A07 A16

A06 A15

A05

A14

A04

A13 A03

A12 A02

A11 A01

Minor watershed

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

B04

Table No.26 Run off calculations

B B B B

Major watershed A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 5 a11 7,288,912.30 Agri 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 a11 7,288,912.30 Agri 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 a11 7,288,912.30 Dense 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 a11 7,288,912.30 Medium 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Medium 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Sparse 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 a11 7,288,912.30 Sparse 15 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 a12 2,595,258.82 Medium 90 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 a12 2,595,258.82 Dense 10 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 a13 5,004,499.02 Agri 10 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 a13 5,004,499.02 Dense 25 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 a13 5,004,499.02 Dense 15 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 a13 5,004,499.02 Medium 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 a13 5,004,499.02 Medium 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 a13 5,004,499.02 Sparse 10 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 a14 5,567,045.01 Dense 15 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 a14 5,567,045.01 Dense 15 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 a14 5,567,045.01 Medium 30 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 a14 5,567,045.01 Medium 30 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 a14 5,567,045.01 Sparse 5 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 a14 5,567,045.01 Sparse 5 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 a15 2,285,838.70 Dense 20 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 a15 2,285,838.70 Dense 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 a15 2,285,838.70 Medium 50 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 a15 2,285,838.70 Medium 10 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 a15 2,285,838.70 RockySparse 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 a16 3,533,491.29 Agri 3 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 a16 3,533,491.29 Built 3 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 a16 3,533,491.29 Dense 30 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 a16 3,533,491.29 Medium 30 a07 1,305,351.46 out crops 5 a16 3,533,491.29 Rocky Medium 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 a16 3,533,491.29 Sparse 14 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 B1 4,142,848.02 Sparse 40 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 B1 4,142,848.02 Sparse 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 B1 4,142,848.02 Medium 15 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 B1 4,142,848.02 Medium 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 B1 4,142,848.02 Dense 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 B5 4,142,848.02 Dense 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 B2 2,171,757.50 Sparse 35 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 B2 2,171,757.50 Sparse 5 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 B2 2,171,757.50 Medium 30 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 B2 2,171,757.50 Medium 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 B2 2,171,757.50 Dense 15 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 B2 2,171,757.50 Dense 5 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 B3 1,754,986.26 Sparse 25 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 B3 1,754,986.26 Sparse 5 B3 1,754,986.26 Medium 20 B3 1,754,986.26 Medium 20 B3 1,754,986.26 Dense 30 B4 1,466,168.76 Sparse 5

350,997.25 350,997.25 526,495.88 73,308.44

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 728,891.23 270,551.12 728,891.23 2,254,592.64 1,093,336.84 1,803,674.11 364,445.61 1,352,755.58 364,445.61 1,352,755.58 728,891.23 1,533,122.99 1,093,336.84 1,445,211.47 2,335,732.94 2,271,046.60 259,525.88 412,917.56 500,449.90 847,314.12 1,251,124.75 242,089.75 750,674.85 726,269.25 1,501,349.71 121,044.87 500,449.90 484,179.50 500,449.90 2,230,197.00 835,056.75 262,376.12 835,056.75 131,188.06 1,670,113.50 1,135,099.37 1,670,113.50 412,763.41 278,352.25 515,954.26 278,352.25 2,439,897.75 457,167.74 2,439,897.75 228,583.87 697,113.64 1,142,919.35 1,045,670.46 228,583.87 348,556.82 228,583.87 391,605.44 106,004.74 652,675.73 106,004.74 130,535.15 1,060,047.39 65,267.57 1,060,047.39 65,267.57 706,698.26 6,002,783.77 494,688.78 3,751,739.86 1,657,139.21 3,751,739.86 828,569.60 1,500,695.94 621,427.20 2,570,779.54 207,142.40 151,222.33 414,284.80 211,711.26 414,284.80 90,733.40 760,115.13 330,615.19 108,587.88 495,922.79 651,527.25 165,307.60 217,175.75 991,845.57 325,763.63 1,322,460.77 108,587.88 1,093,336.84 438,746.57 1,093,336.84 87,749.31

Moderate Steep Steep Moderate

Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Flat moderate Flat Steep Moderate Flat Moderate Flat Moderate Steep Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Steep

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

58 63 60 63

60 55 84 60 63 55 68 58 63 53 58 58 60 63 55 58 58 55 68 60 55 58 63 60 58 58 60 63 55 63 55 60 58 55 63 63 55 58 63 68 58 63 60 60 55 55 63 58 58 63 82 68 55 60 60 84 63 55 58 58 82 63 60 68 63 63 58 68 68 63 58 58 63 60 63 55 55 63 84 58 84 58 60 63 55 60 63 58 84 63 84 68

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.23 1.36 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.06 1.53 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.06 1.53 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43

25683988.01

490,920.95 503,306.64 744,108.33 105,119.41

637,293.18 1,002,276.57 417,560.82 1,030,158.18 3,232,935.40 1,503,414.86 2,642,365.76 509,730.45 1,939,761.24 494,992.07 1,892,026.37 1,019,460.90 2,166,796.81 1,567,772.08 1,987,267.15 3,266,863.86 3,176,390.55 356,866.29 604,920.38 707,296.97 1,165,116.36 1,749,880.80 347,140.55 1,060,945.46 1,015,793.68 2,099,856.97 171,075.41 717,611.77 665,780.77 717,611.77 3,066,677.32 1,180,204.27 366,971.34 1,148,261.61 188,114.92 2,394,831.32 1,560,841.26 2,335,897.80 591,875.19 407,783.45 721,637.43 399,138.55 3,448,361.72 646,125.33 3,355,030.56 314,318.86 999,614.45 1,598,539.73 1,462,522.95 327,774.02 535,028.78 334,873.24 538,484.95 149,818.85 922,441.12 163,604.67 187,178.69 1,457,639.52 91,286.24 1,482,631.18 100,184.61 1,013,358.15 8,483,867.75 724,714.45 5,379,744.61 2,376,227.05 5,247,356.46 1,213,846.75 2,198,505.57 891,085.14 3,595,610.87 289,718.92 216,842.72 585,517.92 303,579.81 569,670.66 124,764.78 1,089,954.37 510,261.98 151,876.01 765,392.97 911,256.07 233,632.90 311,415.53 1,363,857.24 460,408.97 1,896,320.49 151,876.01 1,687,424.65 629,133.30 1,687,424.65 128,551.93

Runoff (m^3)

561595.60 561595.60 842393.41 117293.50

potential volume 721469.64 1166225.97 432881.79 1166225.97 3607348.22 1749338.95 2885878.58 583112.98 2164408.93 583112.98 2164408.93 1166225.97 2452996.79 1749338.95 2312338.35 3737172.71 3633674.55 415241.41 660668.10 800719.84 1355702.60 2001799.61 387343.60 1201079.76 1162030.80 2402159.53 193671.80 800719.84 774687.20 800719.84 3568315.20 1336090.80 419801.79 1336090.80 209900.89 2672181.60 1816159.00 2672181.60 660421.45 445363.60 825526.82 445363.60 3903836.40 731468.38 3903836.40 365734.19 1115381.83 1828670.96 1673072.74 365734.19 557690.91 365734.19 626568.70 169607.58 1044281.17 169607.58 208856.23 1696075.82 104428.12 1696075.82 104428.12 1130717.21 9604454.04 791502.05 6002783.77 2651422.73 6002783.77 1325711.37 2401113.51 994283.53 4113247.27 331427.84 241955.72 662855.68 338738.01 662855.68 145173.43 1216184.20 528984.31 173740.60 793476.46 1042443.60 264492.15 347481.20 1586952.92 521221.80 2115937.23 173740.60 1749338.95 701994.50 1749338.95 140398.90

87.4 89.6 88.3 89.6

88.3 85.9 96.5 88.3 89.6 85.9 91.6 87.4 89.6 84.9 87.4 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 87.4 85.9 91.6 88.3 85.9 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 89.6 85.9 88.3 87.4 85.9 89.6 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 91.6 87.4 89.6 88.3 88.3 85.9 85.9 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 95.9 91.6 85.9 88.3 88.3 96.5 89.6 85.9 87.4 87.4 95.9 89.6 88.3 91.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 91.6 91.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 88.3 89.6 85.9 85.9 89.6 96.5 87.4 96.5 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 88.3 89.6 87.4 96.5 89.6 96.5 91.6

% Runoff

Annexure 139

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11

C02

A10

C01

A09

B10 A08

A07 B09

B08 A06

A05

B07

A04

A03 B06

A02 B05

A01 B04

Minor watershed

C03

Table No.26 Run off calculations

C C C C

Major watershed A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 5 B4 1,466,168.76 Sparse 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 B4 1,466,168.76 Medium 65 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 B4 1,466,168.76 Medium 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 B4 1,466,168.76 Dense 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 B5 773,791.84 Sparse 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 B5 773,791.84 Sparse 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 B5 773,791.84 Medium 40 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 B5 773,791.84 Medium 20 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 B5 773,791.84 Dense 20 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 B6 3,355,035.17 Sparse 30 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 B6 3,355,035.17 Sparse 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 B6 3,355,035.17 Medium 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 B6 3,355,035.17 Medium 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 B7 8,683,993.20 Sparse 5 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 B7 8,683,993.20 Dense 35 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 B7 8,683,993.20 Dense 10 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 B7 8,683,993.20 Medium 40 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 B7 8,683,993.20 Medium 10 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 B8 1,675,189.25 Sparse 25 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 B8 1,675,189.25 Medium 30 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 B8 1,675,189.25 Medium 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 B8 1,675,189.25 Dense 20 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 B8 1,675,189.25 Dense 15 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 B9 3,157,328.72 Medium 40 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 B9 3,157,328.72 Medium 20 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 B9 3,157,328.72 Rocky Sparse 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 B9 3,157,328.72 Sparse 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 B9 3,157,328.72 Dense 15 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 B9 3,157,328.72 Dense 5 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 B10 2,387,147.90 Medium 50 a07 1,305,351.46 out crops 5 B10 2,387,147.90 Rocky Medium 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 B10 2,387,147.90 Dense 10 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 B10 2,387,147.90 Dense 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 C1 11,460.81 agri 8 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 C1 11,460.81 Sparse 7 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 C1 11,460.81 Sparse 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 C1 11,460.81 Medium 30 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 C1 11,460.81 Medium 30 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 C1 11,460.81 Dense 15 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 C1 11,460.81 Dense 5 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 C2 13,578,884.38 Medium 30 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 C2 13,578,884.38 Medium 30 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 C2 13,578,884.38 Dense 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 C2 13,578,884.38 Dense 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 C2 13,578,884.38 Sparse 2.5 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 C2 13,578,884.38 Sparse 2.5 C3 5,852,628.36 Medium 40 C3 5,852,628.36 Medium 20 C3 5,852,628.36 Dense 15 C3 5,852,628.36 Dense 15 2,341,051.34 1,170,525.67 877,894.25 877,894.25

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 73,308.44 270,551.12 953,009.70 2,254,592.64 219,925.31 1,803,674.11 146,616.88 1,352,755.58 116,068.78 1,352,755.58 38,689.59 1,533,122.99 309,516.74 1,445,211.47 154,758.37 2,271,046.60 154,758.37 412,917.56 1,006,510.55 847,314.12 1,006,510.55 242,089.75 1,006,510.55 726,269.25 335,503.52 121,044.87 434,199.66 484,179.50 3,039,397.62 2,230,197.00 868,399.32 262,376.12 3,473,597.28 131,188.06 868,399.32 1,135,099.37 418,797.31 412,763.41 502,556.77 515,954.26 167,518.92 2,439,897.75 335,037.85 2,439,897.75 251,278.39 697,113.64 1,262,931.49 1,045,670.46 631,465.74 348,556.82 315,732.87 391,605.44 315,732.87 652,675.73 473,599.31 130,535.15 157,866.44 65,267.57 1,193,573.95 65,267.57 477,429.58 6,002,783.77 238,714.79 3,751,739.86 477,429.58 3,751,739.86 916.86 1,500,695.94 802.26 2,570,779.54 573.04 151,222.33 3,438.24 211,711.26 3,438.24 90,733.40 1,719.12 330,615.19 573.04 495,922.79 4,073,665.31 165,307.60 4,073,665.31 991,845.57 2,715,776.88 1,322,460.77 2,036,832.66 1,093,336.84 339,472.11 1,093,336.84 339,472.11 Moderate Steep Moderate Steep

Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Steep Steep moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Flat Steep Flat Steep Steep Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep steep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Steep Moderate Moderate

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 58 63 58 60

60 68 84 58 63 63 68 60 63 68 58 63 60 58 55 63 58 60 68 68 55 63 63 58 58 63 60 63 55 55 55 60 58 58 63 63 55 63 63 58 58 63 60 60 55 55 63 58 58 63 82 63 55 68 60 60 63 55 58 58 82 63 60 60 63 55 58 55 68 58 58 63 63 58 63 63 55 58 84 50 84 58 60 63 55 55 63 60 84 68 84 63

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.06 1.53 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.06 1.53 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.25 1.33 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.05 1.54 0.12 1.46 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41

25683988.01

3,274,302.42 1,678,455.71 1,227,863.41 1,240,747.46

637,293.18 107,396.18 417,560.82 1,332,923.33 3,232,935.40 315,358.23 2,642,365.76 207,216.89 1,939,761.24 170,039.68 1,892,026.37 55,478.29 2,166,796.81 432,904.39 1,987,267.15 221,913.17 3,176,390.55 218,723.44 604,920.38 1,474,528.58 1,165,116.36 1,443,268.97 347,140.55 1,407,752.09 1,015,793.68 481,089.66 171,075.41 622,613.34 665,780.77 4,179,384.94 3,066,677.32 1,227,328.06 366,971.34 4,858,333.42 188,114.92 1,245,226.68 1,560,841.26 600,527.40 591,875.19 702,899.09 721,637.43 240,210.96 3,448,361.72 473,516.44 3,355,030.56 345,525.41 999,614.45 1,766,394.25 1,462,522.95 905,479.74 535,028.78 452,739.87 538,484.95 462,545.72 922,441.12 669,348.43 187,178.69 217,077.42 91,286.24 1,669,387.59 100,184.61 684,602.16 8,483,867.75 337,380.92 5,379,744.61 656,499.16 5,247,356.46 1,260.75 2,198,505.57 1,122.07 3,595,610.87 821.70 216,842.72 4,808.88 303,579.81 4,930.21 124,764.78 2,404.44 510,261.98 762.70 765,392.97 5,697,616.25 233,632.90 5,841,364.23 1,363,857.24 3,734,383.71 1,896,320.49 2,878,700.87 1,687,424.65 497,323.48 1,687,424.65 486,780.35

Runoff (m^3)

3745682.15 1872841.08 1404630.81 1404630.81

potential volume 721469.64 117293.50 432881.79 1524815.51 3607348.22 351880.50 2885878.58 234587.00 2164408.93 185710.04 2164408.93 61903.35 2452996.79 495226.78 2312338.35 247613.39 3633674.55 247613.39 660668.10 1610416.88 1355702.60 1610416.88 387343.60 1610416.88 1162030.80 536805.63 193671.80 694719.46 774687.20 4863036.19 3568315.20 1389438.91 419801.79 5557755.65 209900.89 1389438.91 1816159.00 670075.70 660421.45 804090.84 825526.82 268030.28 3903836.40 536060.56 3903836.40 402045.42 1115381.83 2020690.38 1673072.74 1010345.19 557690.91 505172.60 626568.70 505172.60 1044281.17 757758.89 208856.23 252586.30 104428.12 1909718.32 104428.12 763887.33 9604454.04 381943.66 6002783.77 763887.33 6002783.77 1466.98 2401113.51 1283.61 4113247.27 916.86 241955.72 5501.19 338738.01 5501.19 145173.43 2750.59 528984.31 916.86 793476.46 6517864.50 264492.15 6517864.50 1586952.92 4345243.00 2115937.23 3258932.25 1749338.95 543155.38 1749338.95 543155.38 87.4 89.6 87.4 88.3

88.3 91.6 96.5 87.4 89.6 89.6 91.6 88.3 89.6 91.6 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 89.6 87.4 88.3 91.6 91.6 85.9 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 88.3 89.6 85.9 85.9 85.9 88.3 87.4 87.4 89.6 89.6 85.9 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 88.3 88.3 85.9 85.9 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 95.9 89.6 85.9 91.6 88.3 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 87.4 95.9 89.6 88.3 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 85.9 91.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 89.6 87.4 89.6 89.6 85.9 87.4 96.5 83.2 96.5 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 85.9 89.6 88.3 96.5 91.6 96.5 89.6

% Runoff

Annexure 140

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

F02

A11

F01

A10

A09 E01

A08

D06

A07

D05

A06

D04

A05

A04 D03

D02 A03

A02

D01

A01

C03

Minor watershed

Table No.26 Run off calculations

F F F F

Major watershed A C A C A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A D A E A E A E A E A E A E A F A F A F A F A F A F A F A F

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 55 C3 5,852,628.36 Sparse a01 9,018,370.56 Built 35 C3 5,852,628.36 Sparse a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 D1 3,007,105.12 Medium 60 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 D1 3,007,105.12 Dense 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 D1 3,007,105.12 Dense 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 D1 3,007,105.12 Sparse 4 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 D1 3,007,105.12 Sparse 6 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 D2 2,387,038.87 Sparse 5 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 D2 2,387,038.87 Sparse 5 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 D2 2,387,038.87 Medium 40 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 D2 2,387,038.87 Dense 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 D2 2,387,038.87 Dense 20 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 D3 4,041,753.88 Medium 40 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 D3 4,041,753.88 Dense 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 D3 4,041,753.88 Dense 10 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 D3 4,041,753.88 Sparse 15 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 D3 4,041,753.88 Sparse 5 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 D4 2,918,463.13 Dense 35 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 D4 2,918,463.13 Dense 35 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 D4 2,918,463.13 Sparse 20 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 D4 2,918,463.13 Medium 5 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 D4 2,918,463.13 Medium 5 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 D5 776,465.70 Dense 40 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 D5 776,465.70 Dense 50 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 D5 776,465.70 Medium 10 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 D6 5,419,771.65 Rocky agri 20 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 D6 5,419,771.65 Medium 20 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 D6 5,419,771.65 Medium 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 D6 5,419,771.65 Medium 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 D6 5,419,771.65 Sparse 10 a07 1,305,351.46 out crops 5 D6 5,419,771.65 RockyDense 15 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 D6 5,419,771.65 Dense 15 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 E1 15,224,901.03 agri 30 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 E1 15,224,901.03 Dense 25 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 E1 15,224,901.03 Dense 15 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 E1 15,224,901.03 Medium 15 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 55 E1 15,224,901.03 Medium a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 E1 15,224,901.03 Sparse 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 F1 2,825,072.89 agri 30 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 F1 2,825,072.89 Medium 27 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 F1 2,825,072.89 Medium 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 F1 2,825,072.89 Medium 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 F1 2,825,072.89 Dense 3 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 F2 2,916,332.97 agri 40 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 F2 2,916,332.97 Medium 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 F2 2,916,332.97 Medium 15 F2 2,916,332.97 Dense 10 F2 2,916,332.97 Dense 10 F2 2,916,332.97 Sparse 5 F2 2,916,332.97 Sparse 5

291,633.30 291,633.30 145,816.65 145,816.65

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 292,631.42 270,551.12 292,631.42 2,254,592.64 1,804,263.07 1,803,674.11 451,065.77 1,352,755.58 451,065.77 1,352,755.58 120,284.20 1,533,122.99 180,426.31 1,445,211.47 119,351.94 2,271,046.60 119,351.94 412,917.56 954,815.55 847,314.12 716,111.66 242,089.75 477,407.77 726,269.25 1,616,701.55 121,044.87 1,212,526.16 484,179.50 404,175.39 2,230,197.00 606,263.08 262,376.12 202,087.69 131,188.06 1,021,462.10 1,135,099.37 1,021,462.10 412,763.41 583,692.63 515,954.26 145,923.16 2,439,897.75 145,923.16 2,439,897.75 310,586.28 697,113.64 388,232.85 1,045,670.46 77,646.57 348,556.82 1,083,954.33 391,605.44 1,083,954.33 652,675.73 541,977.17 130,535.15 541,977.17 65,267.57 541,977.17 65,267.57 812,965.75 6,002,783.77 812,965.75 3,751,739.86 4,567,470.31 3,751,739.86 3,806,225.26 1,500,695.94 2,283,735.15 2,570,779.54 2,283,735.15 151,222.33 761,245.05 211,711.26 1,522,490.10 90,733.40 847,521.87 330,615.19 762,769.68 495,922.79 565,014.58 165,307.60 565,014.58 991,845.57 84,752.19 1,322,460.77 1,166,533.19 1,093,336.84 437,449.95 1,093,336.84 437,449.95

Moderate Steep Moderate Steep

Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Steep Steep Steep Steep Moderate moderate Steep Steep Moderate Flat Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Flat Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Steep steep Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Steep Steep Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Flat Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Steep

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

55 60 63 68

60 63 84 68 63 63 68 60 63 55 58 68 60 63 55 68 58 63 68 63 55 60 63 55 58 63 60 60 55 55 55 68 58 63 63 60 55 55 63 68 58 58 60 63 55 60 63 55 58 63 82 55 55 53 60 58 63 63 58 58 82 55 60 60 63 55 58 55 68 60 58 63 63 58 63 58 55 55 84 63 84 58 60 53 55 55 63 55 84 58 84 63

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.06 1.53 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.23 1.36 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.06 1.53 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.23 1.36 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46

25683988.01

401,016.24 412,171.82 209,091.34 213,620.03

637,293.18 419,613.93 417,560.82 428,702.30 3,232,935.40 2,587,192.85 2,642,365.76 637,501.28 1,939,761.24 620,247.07 1,892,026.37 176,215.24 2,166,796.81 258,719.28 1,987,267.15 174,849.49 3,176,390.55 171,142.72 604,920.38 1,369,141.78 1,165,116.36 1,012,096.53 347,140.55 656,469.18 1,015,793.68 2,318,242.15 171,075.41 1,713,690.18 665,780.77 555,769.51 3,066,677.32 888,169.77 366,971.34 289,780.27 188,114.92 1,443,655.09 1,560,841.26 1,404,582.04 591,875.19 855,104.26 721,637.43 204,094.86 3,448,361.72 209,244.07 3,355,030.56 438,958.49 999,614.45 533,847.40 1,462,522.95 111,340.00 535,028.78 1,490,513.24 538,484.95 1,472,232.81 922,441.12 758,034.27 187,178.69 777,159.09 91,286.24 758,034.27 100,184.61 1,117,884.93 8,483,867.75 1,148,982.56 5,379,744.61 6,280,592.07 5,247,356.46 5,233,826.73 2,198,505.57 3,227,653.66 3,595,610.87 3,274,723.82 216,842.72 1,064,712.45 303,579.81 2,129,424.90 124,764.78 1,165,402.02 510,261.98 1,093,760.82 765,392.97 790,255.46 233,632.90 767,405.95 1,363,857.24 116,540.20 1,896,320.49 1,604,064.97 1,687,424.65 611,837.68 1,687,424.65 627,274.03

Runoff (m^3)

466613.28 466613.28 233306.64 233306.64

potential volume 721469.64 468210.27 432881.79 468210.27 3607348.22 2886820.91 2885878.58 721705.23 2164408.93 721705.23 2164408.93 192454.73 2452996.79 288682.09 2312338.35 190963.11 3633674.55 190963.11 660668.10 1527704.88 1355702.60 1145778.66 387343.60 763852.44 1162030.80 2586722.48 193671.80 1940041.86 774687.20 646680.62 3568315.20 970020.93 419801.79 323340.31 209900.89 1634339.35 1816159.00 1634339.35 660421.45 933908.20 825526.82 233477.05 3903836.40 233477.05 3903836.40 496938.05 1115381.83 621172.56 1673072.74 124234.51 557690.91 1734326.93 626568.70 1734326.93 1044281.17 867163.46 208856.23 867163.46 104428.12 867163.46 104428.12 1300745.20 9604454.04 1300745.20 6002783.77 7307952.49 6002783.77 6089960.41 2401113.51 3653976.25 4113247.27 3653976.25 241955.72 1217992.08 338738.01 2435984.16 145173.43 1356034.99 528984.31 1220431.49 793476.46 904023.32 264492.15 904023.32 1586952.92 135603.50 2115937.23 1866453.10 1749338.95 699919.91 1749338.95 699919.91

85.9 88.3 89.6 91.6

88.3 89.6 96.5 91.6 89.6 89.6 91.6 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 91.6 88.3 89.6 85.9 91.6 87.4 89.6 91.6 89.6 85.9 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 88.3 88.3 85.9 85.9 85.9 91.6 87.4 89.6 89.6 88.3 85.9 85.9 89.6 91.6 87.4 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 95.9 85.9 85.9 84.9 88.3 87.4 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 95.9 85.9 88.3 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 85.9 91.6 88.3 87.4 89.6 89.6 87.4 89.6 87.4 85.9 85.9 96.5 89.6 96.5 87.4 88.3 84.9 85.9 85.9 89.6 85.9 96.5 87.4 96.5 89.6

% Runoff

Annexure 141

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11

J01

I03

A10

A09 I02

A08

I01

A07

H04

H03 A06

A05

A04 H02

A03 H01

A02 G01

F03

A01

Minor watershed

J02

Table No.26 Run off calculations

J J J J

Major watershed A F A F A F A F A F A G A G A G A G A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H A H AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AI AJ AJ AJ

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 5 F3 5,206,218.39 agri 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 F3 5,206,218.39 Sparse 25 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 F3 5,206,218.39 Sparse 20 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 F3 5,206,218.39 Sparse 20 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 F3 5,206,218.39 Medium 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 G1 6,666,919.86 agri 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 G1 6,666,919.86 agri 10 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 G1 6,666,919.86 Sparse 30 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 G1 6,666,919.86 Sparse 30 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 H1 1,636,390.68 Dense 40 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 H1 1,636,390.68 Dense 20 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 H1 1,636,390.68 Medium 20 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 H1 1,636,390.68 Medium 20 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 H2 7,801,595.28 Dense 50 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 H2 7,801,595.28 Dense 10 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 H2 7,801,595.28 Medium 30 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 H2 7,801,595.28 Medium 10 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 H3 2,649,743.29 Sparse 40 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 H3 2,649,743.29 Sparse 10 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 H3 2,649,743.29 Dense 20 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 H3 2,649,743.29 Dense 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 H3 2,649,743.29 Medium 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 H3 2,649,743.29 Medium 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 H4 1,194,750.31 Dense 40 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 H4 1,194,750.31 Dense 10 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 H4 1,194,750.31 Rocky Medium 40 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 H4 1,194,750.31 Medium 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 I1 1,585,331.50 Sparse 40 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 I1 1,585,331.50 Medium 25 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 I1 1,585,331.50 Medium 5 a07 1,305,351.46 out crops 5 I1 1,585,331.50 RockyDense 15 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 I1 1,585,331.50 Dense 15 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 I2 3,584,972.11 Dense 50 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 I2 3,584,972.11 Dense 10 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 I2 3,584,972.11 Medium 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 I2 3,584,972.11 Medium 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 I2 3,584,972.11 Sparse 15 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 I2 3,584,972.11 Sparse 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 I3 5,863,637.20 Dense 55 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 I3 5,863,637.20 Dense 15 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 I3 5,863,637.20 Medium 15 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 I3 5,863,637.20 Medium 5 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 I3 5,863,637.20 Rocky outcrop 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 j1 1,278,891.49 Agri 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 j1 1,278,891.49 Agri 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 j1 1,278,891.49 Agri 20 j1 1,278,891.49 Sparse 5 j1 1,278,891.49 Dense 35 j1 1,278,891.49 Dense 10 j2 1,155,248.00 Agri 70 63,944.57 447,612.02 127,889.15 808,673.60

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 1,561,865.52 270,551.12 1,301,554.60 2,254,592.64 1,041,243.68 1,803,674.11 1,041,243.68 1,352,755.58 260,310.92 1,352,755.58 2,000,075.96 1,533,122.99 666,691.99 1,445,211.47 2,000,075.96 2,271,046.60 2,000,075.96 412,917.56 654,556.27 847,314.12 327,278.14 242,089.75 327,278.14 726,269.25 327,278.14 121,044.87 3,900,797.64 484,179.50 780,159.53 2,230,197.00 2,340,478.58 262,376.12 780,159.53 131,188.06 1,059,897.31 1,135,099.37 264,974.33 412,763.41 529,948.66 515,954.26 264,974.33 2,439,897.75 264,974.33 2,439,897.75 264,974.33 697,113.64 477,900.13 1,045,670.46 119,475.03 348,556.82 477,900.13 391,605.44 119,475.03 652,675.73 634,132.60 130,535.15 396,332.88 65,267.57 79,266.58 65,267.57 237,799.73 6,002,783.77 237,799.73 3,751,739.86 1,792,486.06 3,751,739.86 358,497.21 1,500,695.94 358,497.21 2,570,779.54 358,497.21 151,222.33 537,745.82 211,711.26 179,248.61 90,733.40 3,225,000.46 330,615.19 879,545.58 495,922.79 879,545.58 165,307.60 293,181.86 991,845.57 586,363.72 1,322,460.77 191,833.72 1,093,336.84 191,833.72 1,093,336.84 255,778.30 Steep Steep Moderate Flat

Moderate Flat Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Steep moderate Flat Steep Moderate Flat Flat Flat Moderate Steep Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate steep Steep Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Flat

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 68 60 55 55

60 55 84 58 63 63 68 68 63 60 58 55 60 60 55 58 58 63 68 60 55 55 63 63 58 58 60 60 55 55 55 58 58 63 63 63 55 68 63 55 58 60 60 58 55 63 63 60 58 55 82 58 55 63 60 58 63 58 58 63 82 55 60 60 63 60 58 55 68 63 58 58 63 58 63 63 55 60 84 55 84 58 60 63 55 82 63 65 84 60 84 55

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.06 1.53 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.06 1.53 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.05 1.54 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.06 1.53 0.15 1.43 0.14 1.45 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.05 1.54 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38

25683988.01

93,678.21 632,620.02 175,856.55 1,111,982.93

637,293.18 2,147,674.65 417,560.82 1,820,414.31 3,232,935.40 1,493,073.95 2,642,365.76 1,525,412.28 1,939,761.24 367,903.21 1,892,026.37 2,750,244.74 2,166,796.81 942,250.60 1,987,267.15 2,797,398.51 3,176,390.55 2,867,975.46 604,920.38 925,098.93 1,165,116.36 450,030.40 347,140.55 469,295.01 1,015,793.68 457,746.30 171,075.41 5,513,084.02 665,780.77 1,072,774.08 3,066,677.32 3,273,501.33 366,971.34 1,118,696.70 188,114.92 1,519,822.02 1,560,841.26 388,184.92 591,875.19 728,716.58 721,637.43 374,494.11 3,448,361.72 370,605.32 3,355,030.56 379,955.51 999,614.45 675,426.87 1,462,522.95 164,286.55 535,028.78 668,413.16 538,484.95 171,319.22 922,441.12 886,927.11 187,178.69 554,329.44 91,286.24 113,662.98 100,184.61 326,991.30 8,483,867.75 336,087.64 5,379,744.61 2,533,360.39 5,247,356.46 492,958.81 2,198,505.57 514,061.08 3,595,610.87 501,410.74 216,842.72 752,116.11 303,579.81 257,030.54 124,764.78 4,557,964.84 510,261.98 1,209,436.87 765,392.97 1,230,173.03 233,632.90 420,403.22 1,363,857.24 900,058.31 1,896,320.49 277,548.82 1,687,424.65 271,122.87 1,687,424.65 351,713.10

Runoff (m^3)

102311.32 716179.23 204622.64 1293877.76

potential volume 721469.64 2498984.83 432881.79 2082487.36 3607348.22 1665989.88 2885878.58 1665989.88 2164408.93 416497.47 2164408.93 3200121.53 2452996.79 1066707.18 2312338.35 3200121.53 3633674.55 3200121.53 660668.10 1047290.04 1355702.60 523645.02 387343.60 523645.02 1162030.80 523645.02 193671.80 6241276.23 774687.20 1248255.25 3568315.20 3744765.74 419801.79 1248255.25 209900.89 1695835.70 1816159.00 423958.93 660421.45 847917.85 825526.82 423958.93 3903836.40 423958.93 3903836.40 423958.93 1115381.83 764640.20 1673072.74 191160.05 557690.91 764640.20 626568.70 191160.05 1044281.17 1014612.16 208856.23 634132.60 104428.12 126826.52 104428.12 380479.56 9604454.04 380479.56 6002783.77 2867977.69 6002783.77 573595.54 2401113.51 573595.54 4113247.27 573595.54 241955.72 860393.31 338738.01 286797.77 145173.43 5160000.74 528984.31 1407272.93 793476.46 1407272.93 264492.15 469090.98 1586952.92 938181.95 2115937.23 306933.96 1749338.95 306933.96 1749338.95 409245.28 91.6 88.3 85.9 85.9

88.3 85.9 96.5 87.4 89.6 89.6 91.6 91.6 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 88.3 88.3 85.9 87.4 87.4 89.6 91.6 88.3 85.9 85.9 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 88.3 88.3 85.9 85.9 85.9 87.4 87.4 89.6 89.6 89.6 85.9 91.6 89.6 85.9 87.4 88.3 88.3 87.4 85.9 89.6 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 95.9 87.4 85.9 89.6 88.3 87.4 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 95.9 85.9 88.3 88.3 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 91.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 87.4 89.6 89.6 85.9 88.3 96.5 85.9 96.5 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 95.9 89.6 90.4 96.5 88.3 96.5 85.9

% Runoff

Annexure 142

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11

K03

K02 A10

A09

K01

A08

J08

A07

J07

A06

J06

A05

A04 J05

A03 J04

A02

J03

A01

J02

Minor watershed

Table No.26 RunK04 off calculations

K K K K

Major watershed AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 5 j2 1,155,248.00 Agri 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 j2 1,155,248.00 Dense 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 j2 1,155,248.00 Medium 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 j2 1,155,248.00 Sparse 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 j3 3,052,791.36 Agri 2 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 j3 3,052,791.36 Agri 3 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 j3 3,052,791.36 Sparse 5 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 j3 3,052,791.36 Dense 40 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 j3 3,052,791.36 Dense 20 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 j3 3,052,791.36 Dense 30 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 j4 2,523,792.93 Agri 5 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 j4 2,523,792.93 Agri 5 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 j4 2,523,792.93 Sparse 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 j4 2,523,792.93 Dense 60 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 j4 2,523,792.93 Medium 20 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 j5 2,858,940.94 Agri 20 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 j5 2,858,940.94 Medium 20 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 j5 2,858,940.94 Sparse 5 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 j5 2,858,940.94 Dense 55 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 j6 1,552,830.27 Agri 10 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 j6 1,552,830.27 Medium 20 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 j6 1,552,830.27 Medium 60 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 j6 1,552,830.27 Dense 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 j7 2,843,020.78 Agri 5 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 j7 2,843,020.78 Sparse 5 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 j7 2,843,020.78 Rocky Medium 35 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 j7 2,843,020.78 Medium 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 j7 2,843,020.78 Dense 20 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 j7 2,843,020.78 Dense 25 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 j8 3,331,929.21 Dense 50 a07 1,305,351.46 out crops 5 j8 3,331,929.21 RockyDense 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 j8 3,331,929.21 Medium 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 j8 3,331,929.21 Sparse 10 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 k1 3,869,884.37 Built 5 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 k1 3,869,884.37 Agri 50 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 k1 3,869,884.37 Dense 20 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 k1 3,869,884.37 Dense 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 k1 3,869,884.37 Sparse 15 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 k2 5,364,565.82 Built 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 k2 5,364,565.82 Agri 60 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 k2 5,364,565.82 Agri 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 k2 5,364,565.82 Dense 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 k2 5,364,565.82 Sparse 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 k3 2,499,981.75 Agri 30 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 k3 2,499,981.75 Dense 40 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 k3 2,499,981.75 Dense 10 k3 2,499,981.75 Sparse 15 k3 2,499,981.75 Sparse 5 k4 3,730,974.75 Agri 20 k4 3,730,974.75 Agri 10

374,997.26 124,999.09 746,194.95 373,097.47

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 115,524.80 270,551.12 115,524.80 2,254,592.64 57,762.40 1,803,674.11 57,762.40 1,352,755.58 61,055.83 1,352,755.58 91,583.74 1,533,122.99 152,639.57 1,445,211.47 1,221,116.54 2,271,046.60 610,558.27 412,917.56 915,837.41 847,314.12 126,189.65 242,089.75 126,189.65 726,269.25 252,379.29 121,044.87 1,514,275.76 484,179.50 504,758.59 2,230,197.00 571,788.19 262,376.12 571,788.19 131,188.06 142,947.05 1,135,099.37 1,572,417.52 412,763.41 155,283.03 515,954.26 310,566.05 2,439,897.75 931,698.16 2,439,897.75 155,283.03 697,113.64 142,151.04 1,045,670.46 142,151.04 348,556.82 995,057.27 391,605.44 284,302.08 652,675.73 568,604.16 130,535.15 710,755.19 65,267.57 1,665,964.60 65,267.57 666,385.84 6,002,783.77 666,385.84 3,751,739.86 333,192.92 3,751,739.86 193,494.22 1,500,695.94 1,934,942.19 2,570,779.54 773,976.87 151,222.33 386,988.44 211,711.26 580,482.66 90,733.40 536,456.58 330,615.19 3,218,739.49 495,922.79 536,456.58 165,307.60 536,456.58 991,845.57 536,456.58 1,322,460.77 749,994.53 1,093,336.84 999,992.70 1,093,336.84 249,998.18

Steep Moderate Moderate Steep

Moderate Steep Flat Steep Moderate Steep Steep Steep Steep Moderate moderate Flat Steep Steep Flat Steep Flat Moderate Steep Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Flat Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Steep Moderate Flat Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Flat Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Flat

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

68 63 60 65

60 65 84 60 63 63 68 68 63 60 58 55 60 68 55 60 58 55 68 50 55 60 63 55 58 63 60 60 55 63 55 55 58 58 63 68 55 60 63 55 58 63 60 58 55 60 63 55 58 68 82 58 55 63 60 60 63 55 58 60 82 55 60 58 63 68 58 84 68 55 58 60 63 55 63 68 55 84 84 55 84 60 60 60 55 68 63 65 84 55 84 50

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.14 1.45 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.25 1.33 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.06 1.53 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.06 1.53 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.05 1.54 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.14 1.45 0.05 1.54 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.25 1.33 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.14 1.45

25683988.01

549,367.50 179,240.35 1,054,613.91 539,804.79

637,293.18 167,143.56 417,560.82 163,273.77 3,232,935.40 82,827.43 2,642,365.76 84,621.38 1,939,761.24 86,291.56 1,892,026.37 125,934.07 2,166,796.81 223,615.54 1,987,267.15 1,725,831.15 3,176,390.55 839,560.45 604,920.38 1,218,960.00 1,165,116.36 178,346.63 347,140.55 173,519.62 1,015,793.68 361,895.07 171,075.41 2,140,159.59 665,780.77 723,790.13 3,066,677.32 786,248.87 366,971.34 799,729.34 188,114.92 209,416.09 1,560,841.26 2,222,332.63 591,875.19 213,525.06 721,637.43 445,331.00 3,448,361.72 1,303,116.04 3,355,030.56 219,464.95 999,614.45 195,467.65 1,462,522.95 208,249.95 535,028.78 1,391,733.01 538,484.95 407,670.21 922,441.12 803,620.89 187,178.69 977,338.25 91,286.24 2,354,544.81 100,184.61 916,327.28 8,483,867.75 932,037.98 5,379,744.61 488,124.52 5,247,356.46 298,633.41 2,198,505.57 2,660,681.24 3,595,610.87 1,093,878.72 216,842.72 532,136.25 303,579.81 850,401.68 124,764.78 827,951.67 510,261.98 4,425,992.59 765,392.97 758,186.01 233,632.90 758,186.01 1,363,857.24 785,903.89 1,896,320.49 1,085,106.89 1,687,424.65 1,375,060.11 1,687,424.65 332,742.23

Runoff (m^3)

599995.62 199998.54 1193911.92 596955.96

potential volume 721469.64 184839.68 432881.79 184839.68 3607348.22 92419.84 2885878.58 92419.84 2164408.93 97689.32 2164408.93 146533.99 2452996.79 244223.31 2312338.35 1953786.47 3633674.55 976893.23 660668.10 1465339.85 1355702.60 201903.43 387343.60 201903.43 1162030.80 403806.87 193671.80 2422841.21 774687.20 807613.74 3568315.20 914861.10 419801.79 914861.10 209900.89 228715.28 1816159.00 2515868.03 660421.45 248452.84 825526.82 496905.69 3903836.40 1490717.06 3903836.40 248452.84 1115381.83 227441.66 1673072.74 227441.66 557690.91 1592091.64 626568.70 454883.32 1044281.17 909766.65 208856.23 1137208.31 104428.12 2665543.37 104428.12 1066217.35 9604454.04 1066217.35 6002783.77 533108.67 6002783.77 309590.75 2401113.51 3095907.50 4113247.27 1238363.00 241955.72 619181.50 338738.01 928772.25 145173.43 858330.53 528984.31 5149983.18 793476.46 858330.53 264492.15 858330.53 1586952.92 858330.53 2115937.23 1199991.24 1749338.95 1599988.32 1749338.95 399997.08

91.6 89.6 88.3 90.4

88.3 90.4 96.5 88.3 89.6 89.6 91.6 91.6 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 88.3 91.6 85.9 88.3 87.4 85.9 91.6 83.2 85.9 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 88.3 88.3 85.9 89.6 85.9 85.9 87.4 87.4 89.6 91.6 85.9 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 91.6 95.9 87.4 85.9 89.6 88.3 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 88.3 95.9 85.9 88.3 87.4 89.6 91.6 87.4 96.5 91.6 85.9 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 89.6 91.6 85.9 96.5 96.5 85.9 96.5 88.3 88.3 88.3 85.9 91.6 89.6 90.4 96.5 85.9 96.5 83.2

% Runoff

Annexure 143

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11

L02

A10 L01

K12 A09

A08

K11

A07

K10

A06

K09

A05

K08

A04

K07

A03

K06

A02

K05

A01

K04

Minor watershed

Table No.26 Run off calculations

L L L L

Major watershed A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A L A L A L A L A L A L A L

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 5 k4 3,730,974.75 Dense 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 k4 3,730,974.75 Medium 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 k4 3,730,974.75 Sparse 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 k4 3,730,974.75 Sparse 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 k5 1,569,529.96 Dense 70 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 k5 1,569,529.96 Dense 20 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 k5 1,569,529.96 Medium 5 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 k5 1,569,529.96 Sparse 5 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 k6 2,497,458.10 Dense 60 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 k6 2,497,458.10 Medium 5 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 k6 2,497,458.10 Medium 5 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 k6 2,497,458.10 Sparse 25 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 k6 2,497,458.10 Sparse 5 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 k7 2,197,076.94 Dense 70 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 k7 2,197,076.94 Medium 20 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 k7 2,197,076.94 Sparse 10 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 k8 2,237,657.19 Dense 70 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 k8 2,237,657.19 Dense 20 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 k8 2,237,657.19 Medium 7 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 k8 2,237,657.19 Sparse 3 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 k9 2,637,386.82 Dense 70 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 k9 2,637,386.82 Dense 20 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 k9 2,637,386.82 Medium 7 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 k9 2,637,386.82 Sparse 3 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 k10 5,323,793.15 Dense 55 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 k10 5,323,793.15 RockyDense 30 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 k10 5,323,793.15 Dense 5 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 k10 5,323,793.15 Sparse 5 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 k10 5,323,793.15 Sparse 5 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 k11 3,196,284.31 Dense 55 a07 1,305,351.46 out crops 5 k11 3,196,284.31 RockyDense 25 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 k11 3,196,284.31 Dense 10 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 k11 3,196,284.31 Medium 3 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 k11 3,196,284.31 Sparse 7 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 k12 5,117,336.92 Dense 60 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 k12 5,117,336.92 Dense 20 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 k12 5,117,336.92 Medium 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 k12 5,117,336.92 Medium 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 k12 5,117,336.92 Sparse 5 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 l1 2,600,860.83 Sparse 60 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 l1 2,600,860.83 Sparse 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 l1 2,600,860.83 Sparse 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 l1 2,600,860.83 Medium 5 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 l1 2,600,860.83 Medium 5 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 l2 3,196,580.15 Dense 5 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 l2 3,196,580.15 Medium 5 l2 3,196,580.15 Medium 5 l2 3,196,580.15 Sparse 30 l2 3,196,580.15 Sparse 30 l2 3,196,580.15 Sparse 25 159,829.01 958,974.04 958,974.04 799,145.04

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 1,119,292.42 270,551.12 1,119,292.42 2,254,592.64 186,548.74 1,803,674.11 186,548.74 1,352,755.58 1,098,670.97 1,352,755.58 313,905.99 1,533,122.99 78,476.50 1,445,211.47 78,476.50 2,271,046.60 1,498,474.86 412,917.56 124,872.91 847,314.12 124,872.91 242,089.75 624,364.53 726,269.25 124,872.91 121,044.87 1,537,953.86 484,179.50 439,415.39 2,230,197.00 219,707.69 262,376.12 1,566,360.03 131,188.06 447,531.44 1,135,099.37 156,636.00 412,763.41 67,129.72 515,954.26 1,846,170.77 2,439,897.75 527,477.36 2,439,897.75 184,617.08 697,113.64 79,121.60 1,045,670.46 2,928,086.24 348,556.82 1,597,137.95 391,605.44 266,189.66 652,675.73 266,189.66 130,535.15 266,189.66 65,267.57 1,757,956.37 65,267.57 799,071.08 6,002,783.77 319,628.43 3,751,739.86 95,888.53 3,751,739.86 223,739.90 1,500,695.94 3,070,402.15 2,570,779.54 1,023,467.38 151,222.33 511,733.69 211,711.26 255,866.85 90,733.40 255,866.85 330,615.19 1,560,516.50 495,922.79 520,172.17 165,307.60 260,086.08 991,845.57 130,043.04 1,322,460.77 130,043.04 1,093,336.84 159,829.01 1,093,336.84 159,829.01 Flat Steep Moderate Flat

Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep moderate Moderate Steep Steep Flat Steep Flat Steep Steep Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Steep Moderate Steep Flat Steep Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Flat Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Flat Moderate Steep

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 53 68 63 58

60 60 84 58 63 68 68 63 63 60 58 55 60 63 55 68 58 60 68 63 55 58 63 63 58 68 60 60 55 63 55 68 58 60 63 55 55 63 63 63 58 60 60 55 55 63 63 63 58 60 82 55 55 50 60 68 63 63 58 60 82 55 60 50 63 63 58 68 68 60 58 55 63 63 63 58 55 63 84 68 84 63 60 58 55 58 63 53 84 50 84 63

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.06 1.53 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.25 1.33 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.06 1.53 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.25 1.33 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.12 1.46 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.23 1.36 0.05 1.54 0.25 1.33 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.23 1.36 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40

25683988.01

217,080.65 1,404,888.04 1,375,104.79 1,117,721.12

637,293.18 1,581,920.86 417,560.82 1,565,494.02 3,232,935.40 273,292.16 2,642,365.76 267,498.44 1,939,761.24 1,552,776.11 1,892,026.37 431,642.76 2,166,796.81 112,530.06 1,987,267.15 114,967.34 3,176,390.55 2,117,827.83 604,920.38 179,059.41 1,165,116.36 174,653.01 347,140.55 895,297.07 1,015,793.68 182,937.64 171,075.41 2,173,624.37 665,780.77 630,092.34 3,066,677.32 321,869.72 366,971.34 2,213,771.45 188,114.92 615,387.12 1,560,841.26 224,605.58 591,875.19 96,259.53 721,637.43 2,609,234.19 3,448,361.72 725,318.38 3,355,030.56 264,728.57 999,614.45 113,455.10 1,462,522.95 4,138,329.36 535,028.78 2,196,176.71 538,484.95 354,292.74 922,441.12 389,965.37 187,178.69 381,698.21 91,286.24 2,484,558.82 100,184.61 1,098,778.79 8,483,867.75 425,418.61 5,379,744.61 137,497.75 5,247,356.46 327,776.87 2,198,505.57 4,339,467.61 3,595,610.87 1,407,339.45 216,842.72 733,791.97 303,579.81 357,867.18 124,764.78 366,895.98 510,261.98 2,286,142.12 765,392.97 745,892.17 233,632.90 363,768.39 1,363,857.24 181,884.20 1,896,320.49 176,625.18 1,687,424.65 212,728.99 1,687,424.65 229,184.13

Runoff (m^3)

255726.41 1534358.47 1534358.47 1278632.06

potential volume 721469.64 1790867.88 432881.79 1790867.88 3607348.22 298477.98 2885878.58 298477.98 2164408.93 1757873.56 2164408.93 502249.59 2452996.79 125562.40 2312338.35 125562.40 3633674.55 2397559.78 660668.10 199796.65 1355702.60 199796.65 387343.60 998983.24 1162030.80 199796.65 193671.80 2460726.17 774687.20 703064.62 3568315.20 351532.31 419801.79 2506176.05 209900.89 716050.30 1816159.00 250617.61 660421.45 107407.55 825526.82 2953873.24 3903836.40 843963.78 3903836.40 295387.32 1115381.83 126594.57 1673072.74 4684937.98 557690.91 2555420.71 626568.70 425903.45 1044281.17 425903.45 208856.23 425903.45 104428.12 2812730.19 104428.12 1278513.72 9604454.04 511405.49 6002783.77 153421.65 6002783.77 357983.84 2401113.51 4912643.44 4113247.27 1637547.81 241955.72 818773.91 338738.01 409386.95 145173.43 409386.95 528984.31 2496826.39 793476.46 832275.46 264492.15 416137.73 1586952.92 208068.87 2115937.23 208068.87 1749338.95 255726.41 1749338.95 255726.41 84.9 91.6 89.6 87.4

88.3 88.3 96.5 87.4 89.6 91.6 91.6 89.6 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 88.3 89.6 85.9 91.6 87.4 88.3 91.6 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 89.6 87.4 91.6 88.3 88.3 85.9 89.6 85.9 91.6 87.4 88.3 89.6 85.9 85.9 89.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 88.3 88.3 85.9 85.9 89.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 88.3 95.9 85.9 85.9 83.2 88.3 91.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 88.3 95.9 85.9 88.3 83.2 89.6 89.6 87.4 91.6 91.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 89.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 85.9 89.6 96.5 91.6 96.5 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 87.4 89.6 84.9 96.5 83.2 96.5 89.6

% Runoff

Annexure 144

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

M05 A11

M04

A10

A09 M03

A08

M02

A07

M01

A06

L06 A05

A04

L05

A03

L04 A02

L03 A01

Minor watershed

Table No.26 Run off calculations

M M M M

Major watershed A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri l3 4,972,033.19 Medium 55 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 l3 4,972,033.19 Dense 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 l3 4,972,033.19 Sparse 20 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 l3 4,972,033.19 Sparse 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 l3 4,972,033.19 Sparse 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 l4 4,294,344.23 Dense 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 l4 4,294,344.23 Medium 10 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 l4 4,294,344.23 Medium 5 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 l4 4,294,344.23 Sparse 40 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 l4 4,294,344.23 Sparse 30 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 l4 4,294,344.23 Sparse 5 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 l5 6,977,295.55 Built 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 l5 6,977,295.55 Agri 55 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 l5 6,977,295.55 Agri 20 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 l5 6,977,295.55 Dense 5 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 l5 6,977,295.55 Medium 10 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 l6 3,520,928.60 Agri 20 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 l6 3,520,928.60 Agri 20 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 l6 3,520,928.60 Agri 30 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 l6 3,520,928.60 Sparse 20 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 l6 3,520,928.60 Medium 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 m1 2,214,666.64 Built 5 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 m1 2,214,666.64 Agri 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 m1 2,214,666.64 Agri 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 m1 2,214,666.64 Agri 5 a06 6,971,136.42 Rocky out crops 5 m1 2,214,666.64 Medium 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 m1 2,214,666.64 Sparse 20 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 m1 2,214,666.64 Sparse 30 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 m1 2,214,666.64 Sparse 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 m2 4,221,177.60 Agri 35 a07 1,305,351.46 RockyAgri out crops m2 4,221,177.60 55 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 m2 4,221,177.60 Dense 5 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 m2 4,221,177.60 Medium 30 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 m2 4,221,177.60 Sparse 25 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 m3 5,749,844.10 Built 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 m3 5,749,844.10 Agri 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 m3 5,749,844.10 Dense 20 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 m3 5,749,844.10 Medium 30 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 m3 5,749,844.10 Medium 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 m3 5,749,844.10 Sparse 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 m4 1,180,491.76 Built 40 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 m4 1,180,491.76 Agri 30 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 m4 1,180,491.76 Agri 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 m4 1,180,491.76 Medium 10 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 m4 1,180,491.76 Sparse 5 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 m4 1,180,491.76 Sparse 5 m5 2,477,674.63 Agri 5 m5 2,477,674.63 Dense 50 m5 2,477,674.63 Medium 30 m5 2,477,674.63 Sparse 15 123,883.73 1,238,837.32 743,302.39 371,651.19

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 248,601.66 270,551.12 745,804.98 2,254,592.64 994,406.64 1,803,674.11 1,491,609.96 1,352,755.58 1,491,609.96 1,352,755.58 429,434.42 1,533,122.99 429,434.42 1,445,211.47 214,717.21 2,271,046.60 1,717,737.69 412,917.56 1,288,303.27 847,314.12 214,717.21 242,089.75 697,729.55 726,269.25 3,837,512.55 121,044.87 1,395,459.11 484,179.50 348,864.78 2,230,197.00 697,729.55 262,376.12 704,185.72 131,188.06 704,185.72 1,135,099.37 1,056,278.58 412,763.41 704,185.72 515,954.26 352,092.86 2,439,897.75 110,733.33 2,439,897.75 221,466.66 697,113.64 221,466.66 1,045,670.46 110,733.33 348,556.82 221,466.66 391,605.44 442,933.33 652,675.73 664,399.99 130,535.15 221,466.66 65,267.57 1,477,412.16 65,267.57 211,058.88 6,002,783.77 211,058.88 3,751,739.86 1,266,353.28 3,751,739.86 1,055,294.40 1,500,695.94 287,492.21 2,570,779.54 287,492.21 151,222.33 1,149,968.82 211,711.26 1,724,953.23 90,733.40 1,149,968.82 330,615.19 1,149,968.82 495,922.79 472,196.70 165,307.60 354,147.53 991,845.57 118,049.18 1,322,460.77 118,049.18 1,093,336.84 59,024.59 1,093,336.84 59,024.59 Flat Steep Moderate Moderate

Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Flat moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Flat Steep Flat Steep Steep Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Flat Flat Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Steep Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Steep Steep Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 55 60 58 63

60 58 84 55 63 68 68 63 63 58 58 55 60 58 55 63 58 68 68 63 55 58 63 84 58 55 60 60 55 60 55 63 58 65 63 60 55 55 63 63 58 63 60 84 55 65 63 60 58 55 82 58 55 68 60 63 63 58 58 60 82 55 60 60 63 63 58 68 68 84 58 55 63 60 63 63 55 58 84 63 84 84 60 55 55 60 63 58 84 68 84 63

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.14 1.45 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.05 1.54 0.21 1.38 0.14 1.45 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.06 1.53 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.06 1.53 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.12 1.46 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43

25683988.01

170,348.82 1,750,876.32 1,039,617.01 532,923.01

637,293.18 347,705.75 417,560.82 1,025,534.16 3,232,935.40 1,456,796.46 2,642,365.76 2,138,869.15 1,939,761.24 2,086,234.50 1,892,026.37 590,502.45 2,166,796.81 600,626.80 1,987,267.15 307,890.15 3,176,390.55 2,516,469.71 604,920.38 1,847,340.92 1,165,116.36 300,313.40 347,140.55 1,076,855.74 1,015,793.68 5,276,848.95 171,075.41 1,972,233.38 665,780.77 493,058.34 3,066,677.32 1,000,497.62 366,971.34 1,018,829.80 188,114.92 995,241.33 1,560,841.26 1,452,457.14 591,875.19 1,009,755.33 721,637.43 504,877.67 3,448,361.72 170,902.64 3,355,030.56 320,422.34 999,614.45 313,003.76 1,462,522.95 152,266.10 535,028.78 309,753.49 538,484.95 648,893.20 922,441.12 952,705.26 187,178.69 309,753.49 91,286.24 2,088,059.45 100,184.61 290,220.77 8,483,867.75 298,294.21 5,379,744.61 1,815,866.10 5,247,356.46 1,545,996.46 2,198,505.57 443,707.20 3,595,610.87 395,321.95 216,842.72 1,625,276.50 303,579.81 2,473,467.83 124,764.78 1,608,399.45 510,261.98 1,648,978.55 765,392.97 728,774.82 233,632.90 486,977.69 1,363,857.24 166,841.52 1,896,320.49 165,109.02 1,687,424.65 86,470.47 1,687,424.65 84,637.32

Runoff (m^3)

198213.97 1982139.70 1189283.82 594641.91

potential volume 721469.64 397762.66 432881.79 1193287.97 3607348.22 1591050.62 2885878.58 2386575.93 2164408.93 2386575.93 2164408.93 687095.08 2452996.79 687095.08 2312338.35 343547.54 3633674.55 2748380.30 660668.10 2061285.23 1355702.60 343547.54 387343.60 1116367.29 1162030.80 6140020.08 193671.80 2232734.58 774687.20 558183.64 3568315.20 1116367.29 419801.79 1126697.15 209900.89 1126697.15 1816159.00 1690045.73 660421.45 1126697.15 825526.82 563348.58 3903836.40 177173.33 3903836.40 354346.66 1115381.83 354346.66 1673072.74 177173.33 557690.91 354346.66 626568.70 708693.33 1044281.17 1063039.99 208856.23 354346.66 104428.12 2363859.46 104428.12 337694.21 9604454.04 337694.21 6002783.77 2026165.25 6002783.77 1688471.04 2401113.51 459987.53 4113247.27 459987.53 241955.72 1839950.11 338738.01 2759925.17 145173.43 1839950.11 528984.31 1839950.11 793476.46 755514.72 264492.15 566636.04 1586952.92 188878.68 2115937.23 188878.68 1749338.95 94439.34 1749338.95 94439.34 85.9 88.3 87.4 89.6

88.3 87.4 96.5 85.9 89.6 91.6 91.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 85.9 88.3 87.4 85.9 89.6 87.4 91.6 91.6 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 96.5 87.4 85.9 88.3 88.3 85.9 88.3 85.9 89.6 87.4 90.4 89.6 88.3 85.9 85.9 89.6 89.6 87.4 89.6 88.3 96.5 85.9 90.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 95.9 87.4 85.9 91.6 88.3 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 88.3 95.9 85.9 88.3 88.3 89.6 89.6 87.4 91.6 91.6 96.5 87.4 85.9 89.6 88.3 89.6 89.6 85.9 87.4 96.5 89.6 96.5 96.5 88.3 85.9 85.9 88.3 89.6 87.4 96.5 91.6 96.5 89.6

% Runoff

Annexure 145

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11 N10

N09

A10 N08

A09 N07

N06

A08

N05

A07

N04

A06

A05 N03

A04

N02

A03

N01

A02

A01 M06

Minor watershed

Table No.26 Run off calculations

N N N N

Major watershed A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri m6 2,255,493.07 Agri 55 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 m6 2,255,493.07 Dense 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 m6 2,255,493.07 Medium 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 m6 2,255,493.07 Medium 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 m6 2,255,493.07 Sparse 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 m6 2,255,493.07 Sparse 25 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 m6 2,255,493.07 Sparse 5 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 n1 4,074,585.82 Agri 30 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 n1 4,074,585.82 Agri 10 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 n1 4,074,585.82 Dense 20 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 n1 4,074,585.82 Dense 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 n1 4,074,585.82 Sparse 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 n2 747,160.76 Agri 50 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 n2 747,160.76 Agri 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 n2 747,160.76 Agri 10 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 n2 747,160.76 Sparse 10 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 n3 2,209,613.45 Agri 10 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 n3 2,209,613.45 Agri 10 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 n3 2,209,613.45 Dense 10 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 n3 2,209,613.45 Dense 10 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 n3 2,209,613.45 Medium 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 n3 2,209,613.45 Sparse 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 n3 2,209,613.45 Sparse 15 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 n3 2,209,613.45 Sparse 25 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 n4 749,813.98 Agri 5 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 n4 749,813.98 Rocky Medium 70 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 n4 749,813.98 Dense 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 n4 749,813.98 Sparse 15 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 n5 2,721,573.30 Medium 25 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 n5 2,721,573.30 Medium 25 a07 1,305,351.46 RockyDense out crops 5 n5 2,721,573.30 30 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 n5 2,721,573.30 Sparse 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 n6 1,077,258.30 Medium 30 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 n6 1,077,258.30 Medium 40 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 n6 1,077,258.30 Dense 20 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 n6 1,077,258.30 Sparse 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 n7 468,915.19 Medium 40 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 n7 468,915.19 Medium 50 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 n7 468,915.19 Sparse 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 n8 1,436,845.65 Medium 50 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 n8 1,436,845.65 Medium 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 n8 1,436,845.65 Dense 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 n8 1,436,845.65 Dense 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 n8 1,436,845.65 Sparse 10 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 n9 663,397.59 Medium 70 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 n9 663,397.59 Medium 20 n9 663,397.59 Sparse 10 n10 1,660,970.01 Medium 80 n10 1,660,970.01 Medium 10 n10 1,660,970.01 Sparse 10 66,339.76 1,328,776.00 166,097.00 166,097.00

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 112,774.65 270,551.12 676,647.92 2,254,592.64 225,549.31 1,803,674.11 225,549.31 1,352,755.58 338,323.96 1,352,755.58 563,873.27 1,533,122.99 112,774.65 1,445,211.47 1,222,375.75 2,271,046.60 407,458.58 412,917.56 814,917.16 847,314.12 407,458.58 242,089.75 1,222,375.75 726,269.25 373,580.38 121,044.87 224,148.23 484,179.50 74,716.08 2,230,197.00 74,716.08 262,376.12 220,961.34 131,188.06 220,961.34 1,135,099.37 220,961.34 412,763.41 220,961.34 515,954.26 220,961.34 2,439,897.75 220,961.34 2,439,897.75 331,442.02 697,113.64 552,403.36 1,045,670.46 37,490.70 348,556.82 524,869.78 391,605.44 74,981.40 652,675.73 112,472.10 130,535.15 680,393.33 65,267.57 680,393.33 65,267.57 816,471.99 6,002,783.77 544,314.66 3,751,739.86 323,177.49 3,751,739.86 430,903.32 1,500,695.94 215,451.66 2,570,779.54 107,725.83 151,222.33 187,566.08 211,711.26 234,457.59 90,733.40 46,891.52 330,615.19 718,422.82 495,922.79 287,369.13 165,307.60 143,684.56 991,845.57 143,684.56 1,322,460.77 143,684.56 1,093,336.84 464,378.31 1,093,336.84 132,679.52 Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate

Moderate Flat Flat Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep moderate Moderate Steep Flat Flat Flat Flat Steep Steep Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 63 63 58 63

60 55 84 60 63 63 68 58 63 68 58 63 60 58 55 55 58 65 68 55 55 60 63 63 58 55 60 65 55 60 55 68 58 55 63 60 55 60 63 55 58 63 60 58 55 68 63 63 58 55 82 63 55 60 60 63 63 63 58 58 82 60 60 63 63 63 58 58 68 60 58 58 63 63 63 58 55 63 84 63 84 58 60 60 55 55 63 63 84 63 84 58

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.14 1.45 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.14 1.45 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.06 1.53 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.06 1.53 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43

25683988.01

95,126.79 1,905,376.12 232,310.93 238,172.02

637,293.18 155,073.06 417,560.82 956,321.55 3,232,935.40 323,422.66 2,642,365.76 315,463.67 1,939,761.24 495,641.45 1,892,026.37 808,556.64 2,166,796.81 157,731.83 1,987,267.15 1,680,852.40 3,176,390.55 589,519.12 604,920.38 1,120,568.26 1,165,116.36 575,870.27 347,140.55 1,752,805.25 1,015,793.68 513,699.23 171,075.41 324,302.08 665,780.77 105,597.89 3,066,677.32 109,458.35 366,971.34 303,837.35 188,114.92 312,289.58 1,560,841.26 312,289.58 591,875.19 303,837.35 721,637.43 316,843.82 3,448,361.72 309,046.73 3,355,030.56 485,559.47 999,614.45 792,109.56 1,462,522.95 51,552.34 535,028.78 752,628.25 538,484.95 105,972.88 922,441.12 161,277.48 187,178.69 975,638.63 91,286.24 951,629.50 100,184.61 1,153,938.01 8,483,867.75 780,510.90 5,379,744.61 463,414.95 5,247,356.46 602,681.26 2,198,505.57 304,502.62 3,595,610.87 150,670.32 216,842.72 268,957.24 303,579.81 327,923.21 124,764.78 67,239.31 510,261.98 1,030,170.39 765,392.97 401,927.72 233,632.90 203,072.59 1,363,857.24 197,576.36 1,896,320.49 206,034.08 1,687,424.65 665,887.51 1,687,424.65 185,571.70

Runoff (m^3)

106143.61 2126041.61 265755.20 265755.20

potential volume 721469.64 180439.45 432881.79 1082636.68 3607348.22 360878.89 2885878.58 360878.89 2164408.93 541318.34 2164408.93 902197.23 2452996.79 180439.45 2312338.35 1955801.19 3633674.55 651933.73 660668.10 1303867.46 1355702.60 651933.73 387343.60 1955801.19 1162030.80 597728.61 193671.80 358637.16 774687.20 119545.72 3568315.20 119545.72 419801.79 353538.15 209900.89 353538.15 1816159.00 353538.15 660421.45 353538.15 825526.82 353538.15 3903836.40 353538.15 3903836.40 530307.23 1115381.83 883845.38 1673072.74 59985.12 557690.91 839791.65 626568.70 119970.24 1044281.17 179955.35 208856.23 1088629.32 104428.12 1088629.32 104428.12 1306355.19 9604454.04 870903.46 6002783.77 517083.98 6002783.77 689445.31 2401113.51 344722.66 4113247.27 172361.33 241955.72 300105.72 338738.01 375132.15 145173.43 75026.43 528984.31 1149476.52 793476.46 459790.61 264492.15 229895.30 1586952.92 229895.30 2115937.23 229895.30 1749338.95 743005.30 1749338.95 212287.23 89.6 89.6 87.4 89.6

88.3 85.9 96.5 88.3 89.6 89.6 91.6 87.4 89.6 91.6 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 85.9 87.4 90.4 91.6 85.9 85.9 88.3 89.6 89.6 87.4 85.9 88.3 90.4 85.9 88.3 85.9 91.6 87.4 85.9 89.6 88.3 85.9 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 91.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 85.9 95.9 89.6 85.9 88.3 88.3 89.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 95.9 88.3 88.3 89.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 91.6 88.3 87.4 87.4 89.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 85.9 89.6 96.5 89.6 96.5 87.4 88.3 88.3 85.9 85.9 89.6 89.6 96.5 89.6 96.5 87.4

% Runoff

Annexure 146

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11

P04

P03

A10

A09 P02

P01 A08

A07

O06

A06

O05

A05

A04 O04

O03 A03

A02 O02

A01 O01

Minor watershed

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

P05

Table No.26 Run off calculations

P P P P

Major watershed A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A O A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 5 o1 4,117,385.06 Medium 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 o1 4,117,385.06 Medium 20 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 o1 4,117,385.06 Medium 20 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 o1 4,117,385.06 Dense 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 o1 4,117,385.06 Sparse 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 o1 4,117,385.06 Sparse 5 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 o1 4,117,385.06 Sparse 5 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 o2 2,945,844.65 Medium 50 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 o2 2,945,844.65 Medium 40 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 o2 2,945,844.65 Dense 10 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 o3 1,912,304.64 Medium 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 o3 1,912,304.64 Sparse 50 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 o3 1,912,304.64 Sparse 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 o3 1,912,304.64 Sparse 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 o4 2,278,377.36 Medium 30 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 o4 2,278,377.36 Medium 20 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 o4 2,278,377.36 Sparse 30 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 o4 2,278,377.36 Sparse 10 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 o4 2,278,377.36 Sparse 10 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 o5 4,064,616.60 Medium 50 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 o5 4,064,616.60 Dense 20 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 o5 4,064,616.60 Sparse 20 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 o5 4,064,616.60 Sparse 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 o6 1,106,964.80 Medium 35 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 o6 1,106,964.80 Medium 35 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 o6 1,106,964.80 Rocky Sparse 30 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 P1 2,743,511.27 agri 20 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 P1 2,743,511.27 Dense 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 P1 2,743,511.27 Dense 10 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 P1 2,743,511.27 Medium 20 a07 1,305,351.46 out crops 5 P1 2,743,511.27 Rocky Medium 10 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 P1 2,743,511.27 Sparse 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 P1 2,743,511.27 Sparse 10 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 P2 3,689,094.25 Sparse 30 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 P2 3,689,094.25 Sparse 30 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 P2 3,689,094.25 Medium 25 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 P2 3,689,094.25 Medium 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 P2 3,689,094.25 Dense 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 P3 5,765,555.42 Medium 25 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 P3 5,765,555.42 Medium 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 P3 5,765,555.42 Sparse 25 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 P3 5,765,555.42 Sparse 10 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 P3 5,765,555.42 Dense 20 a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 P4 2,723,593.19 Medium 25 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 P4 2,723,593.19 Medium 25 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 P4 2,723,593.19 Dense 25 P4 2,723,593.19 Dense 25 P5 9,676,110.52 Sparse 10 P5 9,676,110.52 Sparse 10 P5 9,676,110.52 Medium 15 680,898.30 967,611.05 967,611.05 1,451,416.58

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 1,235,215.52 270,551.12 823,477.01 2,254,592.64 823,477.01 1,803,674.11 617,607.76 1,352,755.58 205,869.25 1,352,755.58 205,869.25 1,533,122.99 205,869.25 1,445,211.47 1,472,922.32 2,271,046.60 1,178,337.86 412,917.56 294,584.46 847,314.12 573,691.39 242,089.75 956,152.32 726,269.25 191,230.46 121,044.87 191,230.46 484,179.50 683,513.21 2,230,197.00 455,675.47 262,376.12 683,513.21 131,188.06 227,837.74 1,135,099.37 227,837.74 412,763.41 2,032,308.30 515,954.26 812,923.32 2,439,897.75 812,923.32 2,439,897.75 406,461.66 697,113.64 387,437.68 1,045,670.46 387,437.68 348,556.82 332,089.44 391,605.44 548,702.25 652,675.73 274,351.13 130,535.15 274,351.13 65,267.57 548,702.25 65,267.57 274,351.13 6,002,783.77 548,702.25 3,751,739.86 274,351.13 3,751,739.86 1,106,728.27 1,500,695.94 1,106,728.27 2,570,779.54 922,273.56 151,222.33 184,454.71 211,711.26 368,909.42 90,733.40 1,441,388.86 330,615.19 1,153,111.08 495,922.79 1,441,388.86 165,307.60 576,555.54 991,845.57 1,153,111.08 1,322,460.77 680,898.30 1,093,336.84 680,898.30 1,093,336.84 680,898.30 Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate

Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Steep Steep moderate Moderate Steep Flat Flat Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Flat Steep Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Flat Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep

Slope type

B B B B

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 55 58 63 58

60 63 84 58 63 53 68 60 63 68 58 63 60 58 55 63 58 58 68 60 55 63 63 58 58 63 60 68 55 63 55 58 58 58 63 68 55 63 63 63 58 60 60 63 55 58 63 63 58 58 82 63 55 55 60 60 63 55 58 58 82 63 60 58 63 63 58 63 68 68 58 63 63 58 63 60 55 63 84 58 84 68 60 63 55 60 63 63 84 58 84 60

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.23 1.36 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.06 1.53 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.06 1.53 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.12 1.46 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40

25683988.01

936,282.92 1,353,345.46 1,387,489.68 2,030,018.19

637,293.18 1,771,216.63 417,560.82 1,151,752.94 3,232,935.40 1,118,451.07 2,642,365.76 872,878.77 1,939,761.24 301,596.54 1,892,026.37 295,202.77 2,166,796.81 287,938.24 1,987,267.15 2,112,072.33 3,176,390.55 1,648,077.69 604,920.38 416,342.77 1,165,116.36 822,635.17 347,140.55 1,337,318.75 1,015,793.68 274,211.72 171,075.41 280,150.85 665,780.77 980,112.33 3,066,677.32 637,328.74 366,971.34 955,993.11 188,114.92 333,780.16 1,560,841.26 326,704.11 591,875.19 2,914,194.49 721,637.43 1,148,922.60 3,448,361.72 1,165,677.80 3,355,030.56 568,496.03 999,614.45 555,559.78 1,462,522.95 541,888.21 535,028.78 476,194.10 538,484.95 754,504.09 922,441.12 387,746.55 187,178.69 377,252.04 91,286.24 767,440.29 100,184.61 393,401.21 8,483,867.75 767,440.29 5,379,744.61 393,401.21 5,247,356.46 1,586,974.49 2,198,505.57 1,621,346.61 3,595,610.87 1,322,478.75 216,842.72 257,986.87 303,579.81 521,387.89 124,764.78 2,066,855.44 510,261.98 1,612,794.36 765,392.97 2,111,621.24 233,632.90 826,742.17 1,363,857.24 1,629,717.53 1,896,320.49 976,362.72 1,687,424.65 952,335.77 1,687,424.65 962,328.70

Runoff (m^3)

1089437.28 1548177.68 1548177.68 2322266.52

potential volume 721469.64 1976344.83 432881.79 1317563.22 3607348.22 1317563.22 2885878.58 988172.41 2164408.93 329390.80 2164408.93 329390.80 2452996.79 329390.80 2312338.35 2356675.72 3633674.55 1885340.57 660668.10 471335.14 1355702.60 917906.23 387343.60 1529843.71 1162030.80 305968.74 193671.80 305968.74 774687.20 1093621.13 3568315.20 729080.75 419801.79 1093621.13 209900.89 364540.38 1816159.00 364540.38 660421.45 3251693.28 825526.82 1300677.31 3903836.40 1300677.31 3903836.40 650338.66 1115381.83 619900.29 1673072.74 619900.29 557690.91 531343.10 626568.70 877923.61 1044281.17 438961.80 208856.23 438961.80 104428.12 877923.61 104428.12 438961.80 9604454.04 877923.61 6002783.77 438961.80 6002783.77 1770765.24 2401113.51 1770765.24 4113247.27 1475637.70 241955.72 295127.54 338738.01 590255.08 145173.43 2306222.17 528984.31 1844977.73 793476.46 2306222.17 264492.15 922488.87 1586952.92 1844977.73 2115937.23 1089437.28 1749338.95 1089437.28 1749338.95 1089437.28 85.9 87.4 89.6 87.4

88.3 89.6 96.5 87.4 89.6 84.9 91.6 88.3 89.6 91.6 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 89.6 87.4 87.4 91.6 88.3 85.9 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 88.3 91.6 85.9 89.6 85.9 87.4 87.4 87.4 89.6 91.6 85.9 89.6 89.6 89.6 87.4 88.3 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 95.9 89.6 85.9 85.9 88.3 88.3 89.6 85.9 87.4 87.4 95.9 89.6 88.3 87.4 89.6 89.6 87.4 89.6 91.6 91.6 87.4 89.6 89.6 87.4 89.6 88.3 85.9 89.6 96.5 87.4 96.5 91.6 88.3 89.6 85.9 88.3 89.6 89.6 96.5 87.4 96.5 88.3

% Runoff

Annexure 147

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Major watershed A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P TableANo.26 A A A

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Minor Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse watershed Label watershed area (%) a01 9,018,370.56 agri 5 P5 9,676,110.52 Medium 15 a01 9,018,370.56 Built 3 P5 9,676,110.52 Dense 20 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 P05 P5 9,676,110.52 agri 30 A01 a01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 P6 2,162,270.56 agri 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 P6 2,162,270.56 Sparse 30 a01 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 P6 2,162,270.56 Sparse 10 a01 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 P6 2,162,270.56 Medium 15 a02 4,129,175.63 agri 35 P6 2,162,270.56 Medium 5 A02 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 P06 P6 2,162,270.56 Dense 10 a02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 P7 1,149,802.08 agri 100 P07 a03 2,420,897.49 agri 35 P8 4,147,390.99 agri 30 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 P8 4,147,390.99 Sparse 15 A03 a03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 P8 4,147,390.99 Sparse 10 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 P8 4,147,390.99 Medium 20 a03 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 P8 4,147,390.99 Medium 10 a04 2,623,761.18 agri 85 P08 P8 4,147,390.99 Dense 15 A04 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 P9 11,496,282.87 agri 3 a04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 P9 11,496,282.87 Dense 20 a05 2,063,817.04 agri 55 P9 11,496,282.87 Dense 20 A05 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 P9 11,496,282.87 Medium 15 a05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 P9 11,496,282.87 Medium 15 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 P9 11,496,282.87 Sparse 10 a06 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 P9 11,496,282.87 Sparse 10 A06 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 P09 P9 11,496,282.87 Sparse 7 a06 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 P10 5,612,723.10 Sparse 40 a06 6,971,136.42 out crops 5 P10 5,612,723.10 Rocky Sparse 20 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 P10 5,612,723.10 Medium 15 a07 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 P10 5,612,723.10 Medium 5 A07 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 P10 5,612,723.10 Dense 15 a07 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 P10 P10 5,612,723.10 Dense 5 a07 1,305,351.46 out crops 5 P11 3,156,737.12 Rocky agri 2 a08 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 P11 3,156,737.12 Medium 50 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 P11 3,156,737.12 Medium 10 A08 a08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 P11 3,156,737.12 Dense 20 a08 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 P11 3,156,737.12 Sparse 10 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 P11 3,156,737.12 Sparse 8 P11 a09 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 P12 317,708.46 Dense 35 A09 a09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 P12 317,708.46 Dense 5 a09 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 P12 317,708.46 Medium 35 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 10 P12 317,708.46 Medium 5 a10 3,306,151.92 Built 15 P12 317,708.46 Sparse 18 A10 a10 3,306,151.92 Agri 5 P12 P12 317,708.46 agri 2 a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 Run off calculations a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 1,451,416.58 270,551.12 1,935,222.10 2,254,592.64 2,902,833.16 1,803,674.11 648,681.17 1,352,755.58 648,681.17 1,352,755.58 216,227.06 1,533,122.99 324,340.58 1,445,211.47 108,113.53 2,271,046.60 216,227.06 412,917.56 1,149,802.08 847,314.12 1,244,217.30 242,089.75 622,108.65 726,269.25 414,739.10 121,044.87 829,478.20 484,179.50 414,739.10 2,230,197.00 622,108.65 262,376.12 344,888.49 131,188.06 2,299,256.57 1,135,099.37 2,299,256.57 412,763.41 1,724,442.43 515,954.26 1,724,442.43 2,439,897.75 1,149,628.29 2,439,897.75 1,149,628.29 697,113.64 804,739.80 1,045,670.46 2,245,089.24 348,556.82 1,122,544.62 391,605.44 841,908.47 652,675.73 280,636.16 130,535.15 841,908.47 65,267.57 280,636.16 65,267.57 63,134.74 6,002,783.77 1,578,368.56 3,751,739.86 315,673.71 3,751,739.86 631,347.42 1,500,695.94 315,673.71 2,570,779.54 252,538.97 151,222.33 111,197.96 211,711.26 15,885.42 90,733.40 111,197.96 330,615.19 15,885.42 495,922.79 57,187.52 165,307.60 6,354.17 991,845.57 1,322,460.77 1,093,336.84 1,093,336.84 Moderate Steep Flat Steep Moderate Flat Steep Flat Steep Flat moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Flat steep Flat steep Steep Flat Flat Flat Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Steep Flat Flat Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate

Slope type

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 60 63 84 60 63 55 68 55 63 58 58 63 60 58 55 68 58 60 68 55 55 55 63 58 58 63 60 58 55 63 55 60 58 55 63 60 55 55 63 63 58 58 60 68 55 63 63 58 58 68 82 63 55 63 60 58 63 60 58 55 82 60 60 63 63 58 58 60 68 68 58 63 63 60 63 55 55 63 84 58 84 63 60 60 55 63 84 84

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.12 1.46 0.06 1.53 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.18 1.40 0.21 1.38 0.06 1.53 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.18 1.40 0.18 1.40 0.17 1.41 0.12 1.46 0.12 1.46 0.18 1.40 0.15 1.43 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.15 1.43 0.21 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.18 1.40 0.05 1.54 0.15 1.43 0.17 1.41 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.05 1.54

25683988.01

637,293.18 2,081,234.52 417,560.82 2,735,092.42 3,232,935.40 3,991,599.22 2,642,365.76 891,982.11 1,939,761.24 907,275.41 1,892,026.37 310,055.17 2,166,796.81 453,637.70 1,987,267.15 158,385.31 3,176,390.55 305,598.50 604,920.38 1,581,058.52 1,165,116.36 1,710,886.06 347,140.55 870,109.86 1,015,793.68 594,708.19 171,075.41 1,160,146.48 665,780.77 594,708.19 3,066,677.32 879,239.98 366,971.34 474,245.86 188,114.92 3,249,590.43 1,560,841.26 3,161,639.08 591,875.19 2,472,735.38 721,637.43 2,411,884.74 3,448,361.72 1,684,194.73 3,355,030.56 1,648,490.25 999,614.45 1,125,546.21 1,462,522.95 3,289,034.81 535,028.78 1,609,654.08 538,484.95 1,207,240.56 922,441.12 392,510.67 187,178.69 1,189,887.95 91,286.24 385,894.40 100,184.61 89,229.73 8,483,867.75 2,263,275.20 5,379,744.61 441,515.82 5,247,356.46 892,297.35 2,198,505.57 462,459.05 3,595,610.87 362,124.03 216,842.72 157,158.55 303,579.81 21,843.57 124,764.78 159,450.45 510,261.98 22,218.09 765,392.97 82,003.09 233,632.90 8,980.49 1,363,857.24 1,896,320.49 1,687,424.65 1,687,424.65

Runoff (m^3)

potential volume 721469.64 2322266.52 432881.79 3096355.37 3607348.22 4644533.05 2885878.58 1037889.87 2164408.93 1037889.87 2164408.93 345963.29 2452996.79 518944.93 2312338.35 172981.64 3633674.55 345963.29 660668.10 1839683.33 1355702.60 1990747.68 387343.60 995373.84 1162030.80 663582.56 193671.80 1327165.12 774687.20 663582.56 3568315.20 995373.84 419801.79 551821.58 209900.89 3678810.52 1816159.00 3678810.52 660421.45 2759107.89 825526.82 2759107.89 3903836.40 1839405.26 3903836.40 1839405.26 1115381.83 1287583.68 1673072.74 3592142.78 557690.91 1796071.39 626568.70 1347053.54 1044281.17 449017.85 208856.23 1347053.54 104428.12 449017.85 104428.12 101015.59 9604454.04 2525389.70 6002783.77 505077.94 6002783.77 1010155.88 2401113.51 505077.94 4113247.27 404062.35 241955.72 177916.74 338738.01 25416.68 145173.43 177916.74 528984.31 25416.68 793476.46 91500.04 264492.15 10166.67 1586952.92 2115937.23 1749338.95 1749338.95 88.3 89.6 96.5 88.3 89.6 85.9 91.6 85.9 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 91.6 87.4 88.3 91.6 85.9 85.9 85.9 89.6 87.4 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 89.6 85.9 88.3 87.4 85.9 89.6 88.3 85.9 85.9 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 88.3 91.6 85.9 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 91.6 95.9 89.6 85.9 89.6 88.3 87.4 89.6 88.3 87.4 85.9 95.9 88.3 88.3 89.6 89.6 87.4 87.4 88.3 91.6 91.6 87.4 89.6 89.6 88.3 89.6 85.9 85.9 89.6 96.5 87.4 96.5 89.6 88.3 88.3 85.9 89.6 96.5 96.5

% Runoff

Annexure 148

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Major watershed SUBREGION A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A TableANo.26 A A A A A A A

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) Minor Watershed Area (m^2) watershed Label watershed 9,018,370.56 a09 a01 3,024,446.52 9,018,370.56 a09 a01 3,024,446.52 A09 9,018,370.56 a09 a01 3,024,446.52 A01 9,018,370.56 a09 a01 3,024,446.52 9,018,370.56 a10 a01 3,306,151.92 9,018,370.56 a10 a01 3,306,151.92 9,018,370.56 A10 a10 a01 3,306,151.92 4,129,175.63 a10 a02 3,306,151.92 A02 4,129,175.63 a10 a02 3,306,151.92 4,129,175.63 a11 a02 7,288,912.30 2,420,897.49 a11 a03 7,288,912.30 2,420,897.49 a11 a03 7,288,912.30 A03 2,420,897.49 a11 a03 7,288,912.30 2,420,897.49 A11 a11 a03 7,288,912.30 2,420,897.49 a11 a03 7,288,912.30 2,623,761.18 a11 a04 7,288,912.30 A04 2,623,761.18 a11 a04 7,288,912.30 2,623,761.18 a11 a04 7,288,912.30 2,063,817.04 a12 a05 2,595,258.82 A12 A05 2,063,817.04 a12 a05 2,595,258.82 2,063,817.04 a13 a05 5,004,499.02 6,971,136.42 a13 a06 5,004,499.02 6,971,136.42 a13 a06 5,004,499.02 A13 A06 6,971,136.42 a13 a06 5,004,499.02 6,971,136.42 a13 a06 5,004,499.02 6,971,136.42 a13 a06 5,004,499.02 1,305,351.46 a14aa07 4,067,521.71 1,305,351.46 a14aa07 4,067,521.71 A07 1,305,351.46 a14aa07 4,067,521.71 A14a 1,305,351.46 a14aa07 4,067,521.71 1,305,351.46 a14aa07 4,067,521.71 15,006,959.44 a14aa08 4,067,521.71 15,006,959.44 a15 a08 2,285,838.70 A08 15,006,959.44 a15 a08 2,285,838.70 15,006,959.44 A15 a15 a08 2,285,838.70 3,024,446.52 a15 a09 2,285,838.70 3,024,446.52 a15 a09 2,285,838.70 A09 3,024,446.52 a01aa09 2,768,632.99 a09 3,024,446.52 Run off calculations a10 3,306,151.92 A01a a10 3,306,151.92 A10 a10 3,306,151.92 a10 3,306,151.92 a10 3,306,151.92 a11 7,288,912.30 a11 7,288,912.30 1.6 m Landuse area (%) agri 5 85 Medium Built 3 5 Medium Sparse 25 7 Sparse Sparse 20 3 Dense Medium 15 10 Built Medium 15 15 Built 17 5 AgriDense 35 30 Denseagri Sparse 55 40 Sparse 10 15 BuiltSparse 35 15 Built agri 10 10 AgriSparse 30 10 AgriSparse Dense 5 15 Dense Dense 20 5 Medium agri 85 5 Medium Sparse 10 10 Sparse Sparse 5 15 Sparse agri 55 90 Medium Sparse 20 10 Dense 25 10 AgriSparse Dense 35 25 Dense Dense 35 15 Dense Medium 10 30 Medium Medium 15 10 Medium Rocky 5 10 Sparseout crops Dense 30 50 Dense Dense 50 10 Dense Medium 10 5 Medium Medium 5 5 Medium Rocky 5 15 Sparseout crops Dense 40 15 Sparse Medium 25 20 Dense Medium 25 10 Dense Sparse 10 50 Medium Medium 85 10 Medium Medium 5 10 Sparse 7 50 agriSparse Dense 3 Built 10 Built 15 Agri 5 Dense 30 Sparse 40 Built 15 Built 15 landuse

Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 2,570,779.54 270,551.12 151,222.33 2,254,592.64 211,711.26 1,803,674.11 90,733.40 1,352,755.58 330,615.19 1,352,755.58 495,922.79 1,533,122.99 165,307.60 1,445,211.47 991,845.57 2,271,046.60 1,322,460.77 412,917.56 1,093,336.84 847,314.12 1,093,336.84 242,089.75 728,891.23 726,269.25 728,891.23 121,044.87 1,093,336.84 484,179.50 364,445.61 2,230,197.00 364,445.61 262,376.12 728,891.23 131,188.06 1,093,336.84 1,135,099.37 2,335,732.94 412,763.41 259,525.88 515,954.26 500,449.90 2,439,897.75 1,251,124.75 2,439,897.75 750,674.85 697,113.64 1,501,349.71 1,045,670.46 500,449.90 348,556.82 500,449.90 391,605.44 2,033,760.85 652,675.73 406,752.17 130,535.15 203,376.09 65,267.57 203,376.09 65,267.57 610,128.26 6,002,783.77 610,128.26 3,751,739.86 457,167.74 3,751,739.86 228,583.87 1,500,695.94 1,142,919.35 2,570,779.54 228,583.87 151,222.33 228,583.87 211,711.26 1,384,316.49 90,733.40 330,615.19 495,922.79 165,307.60 991,845.57 1,322,460.77 1,093,336.84 1,093,336.84 Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Flat Steep moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Flat Moderate Flat Moderate Flat Steep Flat Moderate FlatModerate Flat Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Flat Flat Flat Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate Moderate Steep Steep Moderate SteepSteep Moderate Moderate SteepSteep Steep Moderate SteepSteep Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Steep SteepSteep Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate

Slope type

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 60 84 63 68 63 58 60 55 58 68 55 63 58 60 55 55 58 63 55 63 58 60 55 63 58 82 55 60 63 58 82 60 63 58 68 58 63 63 55 84 84 60 55 63 84 84 58 63 63 55 84 84 60 55 63 84 84 55 60 55 58 53 58 63 58 55 60 58 60 58 63 63 60 55 63 58 68 63 60 55 58 63 68 60

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.170.18 1.41 1.40 0.050.15 1.54 1.43 0.150.15 1.43 1.43 0.120.21 1.46 1.38 0.150.05 1.43 1.54 0.180.05 1.40 1.54 0.170.17 1.41 1.41 0.210.21 1.38 1.38 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.120.05 1.46 1.54 0.210.05 1.38 1.54 0.150.21 1.43 1.38 0.180.17 1.40 1.41 0.170.21 1.41 1.38 0.210.18 1.38 1.40 0.210.23 1.38 1.36 0.180.18 1.40 1.40 0.150.15 1.43 1.43 0.210.18 1.38 1.40 0.150.21 1.43 1.38 0.180.17 1.40 1.41 0.170.18 1.41 1.40 0.210.17 1.38 1.41 0.150.18 1.43 1.40 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.060.15 1.53 1.43 0.210.17 1.38 1.41 0.170.21 1.41 1.38 0.150.15 1.43 1.43 0.180.18 1.40 1.40 0.060.12 1.53 1.46 0.170.15 1.41 1.43 0.150.17 1.43 1.41 0.180.21 1.40 1.38 0.120.18 1.46 1.40 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.150.12 1.43 1.46 0.150.17 1.43 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.05 1.54 0.05 1.54 0.17 1.41 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.05 1.54

25683988.01

637,293.18 3,595,610.87 417,560.82 216,842.72 3,232,935.40 303,579.81 2,642,365.76 124,764.78 1,939,761.24 510,261.98 1,892,026.37 765,392.97 2,166,796.81 233,632.90 1,987,267.15 1,363,857.24 3,176,390.55 1,896,320.49 604,920.38 1,687,424.65 1,165,116.36 1,687,424.65 347,140.55 1,002,276.57 1,015,793.68 1,030,158.18 171,075.41 1,503,414.86 665,780.77 509,730.45 3,066,677.32 494,992.07 366,971.34 1,019,460.90 188,114.92 1,567,772.08 1,560,841.26 3,266,863.86 591,875.19 356,866.29 721,637.43 707,296.97 3,448,361.72 1,749,880.80 3,355,030.56 1,060,945.46 999,614.45 2,099,856.97 1,462,522.95 717,611.77 535,028.78 717,611.77 538,484.95 2,874,359.42 922,441.12 559,312.77 187,178.69 291,627.74 91,286.24 284,451.18 100,184.61 893,832.21 8,483,867.75 874,883.21 5,379,744.61 646,125.33 5,247,356.46 314,318.86 2,198,505.57 1,598,539.73 3,595,610.87 327,774.02 216,842.72 334,873.24 303,579.81 1,956,485.27 124,764.78 510,261.98 765,392.97 233,632.90 1,363,857.24 1,896,320.49 1,687,424.65 1,687,424.65

Runoff (m^3)

potential % Runoff volume 721469.64 88.3 4113247.27 87.4 432881.79 96.5 241955.72 89.6 3607348.22 89.6 338738.01 89.6 2885878.58 91.6 145173.43 85.9 2164408.93 89.6 528984.31 96.5 2164408.93 87.4 793476.46 96.5 2452996.79 88.3 264492.15 88.3 2312338.35 85.9 1586952.92 85.9 3633674.55 87.4 2115937.23 89.6 660668.10 91.6 1749338.95 96.5 1355702.60 85.9 1749338.95 96.5 387343.60 89.6 1166225.97 85.9 1162030.80 87.4 1166225.97 88.3 193671.80 88.3 1749338.95 85.9 774687.20 85.9 583112.98 87.4 3568315.20 85.9 583112.98 84.9 419801.79 87.4 1166225.97 87.4 209900.89 89.6 1749338.95 89.6 1816159.00 85.9 3737172.71 87.4 660421.45 89.6 415241.41 85.9 825526.82 87.4 800719.84 88.3 3903836.40 88.3 2001799.61 87.4 3903836.40 85.9 1201079.76 88.3 1115381.83 89.6 2402159.53 87.4 1673072.74 87.4 800719.84 89.6 557690.91 95.9 800719.84 89.6 626568.70 85.9 3254017.36 88.3 1044281.17 88.3 650803.47 85.9 208856.23 89.6 325401.74 89.6 104428.12 87.4 325401.74 87.4 104428.12 95.9 976205.21 91.6 9604454.04 88.3 976205.21 89.6 6002783.77 89.6 731468.38 88.3 6002783.77 87.4 365734.19 85.9 2401113.51 91.6 1828670.96 87.4 4113247.27 87.4 365734.19 89.6 241955.72 89.6 365734.19 91.6 338738.01 89.6 2214906.39 88.3 145173.43 85.9 528984.31 96.5 793476.46 96.5 264492.15 88.3 1586952.92 85.9 2115937.23 89.6 1749338.95 96.5 1749338.95 96.5

Annexure 149

4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Major watershed A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A I A I A I A I A I A I A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P TableANo.26 A A A

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

A11

Runoff calculations Rainfall (P) 1.6 m Minor Watershed Area (m^2) Landuse landuse watershed Label watershed area (%) 9,018,370.56 5 a01aa01 2,768,632.99 Built agri 5 9,018,370.56 Built 3 20 A01a a01aa01 2,768,632.99 Sparse 9,018,370.56 Sparse 25 10 a01aa01 2,768,632.99 Medium A01 9,018,370.56 Sparse 20 15 a01aa01 2,768,632.99 Dense 9,018,370.56 15 5 a16aa01 1,264,789.17 AgriMedium 9,018,370.56 Medium 15 10 a16aa01 1,264,789.17 Built 9,018,370.56 Dense 17 35 A16a a16aa01 1,264,789.17 Dense 4,129,175.63 agri 35 45 a16aa02 1,264,789.17 Medium A02 4,129,175.63 Sparse 55 5 a16aa02 1,264,789.17 Medium 4,129,175.63 Sparse 10 20 I2a a02 1,792,050.59 Dense 2,420,897.49 35 20 I2a a03 1,792,050.59 Denseagri 2,420,897.49 Sparse 10 15 I2a a03 1,792,050.59 Medium I02a A03 2,420,897.49 Sparse 30 15 I2a a03 1,792,050.59 Medium 2,420,897.49 Dense 5 10 I2a a03 1,792,050.59 Sparse 2,420,897.49 Dense 20 20 I2a a03 1,792,050.59 Sparse 2,623,761.18 85 40 k7a a04 189,725.25 Denseagri A04 2,623,761.18 Sparse 10 30 K07a k7a a04 189,725.25 Medium 2,623,761.18 Sparse 5 30 k7a a04 189,725.25 Sparse 2,063,817.04 55 40 k8a a05 432,177.28 Denseagri A05 2,063,817.04 Sparse 20 10 k8a a05 432,177.28 Dense K08a 2,063,817.04 Sparse 25 20 k8a a05 432,177.28 Medium 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 30 k8a a06 432,177.28 Sparse 6,971,136.42 Dense 35 30 k9a a06 54,711.44 Dense A06 6,971,136.42 Medium 10 40 K09a k9a a06 54,711.44 Medium 6,971,136.42 Medium 15 30 k9a a06 54,711.44 Sparse 6,971,136.42 5 10 k12aa06 1,874,214.11 Rocky Denseout crops 1,305,351.46 Dense 30 60 k12aa07 1,874,214.11 Dense 1,305,351.46 Dense 50 5 K12a k12aa07 1,874,214.11 Medium A07 1,305,351.46 Medium 10 15 k12aa07 1,874,214.11 Medium 1,305,351.46 Medium 5 10 k12aa07 1,874,214.11 Sparse 1,305,351.46 5 10 P9a a07 4,344,337.69 Rocky agri out crops 15,006,959.44 Dense 40 15 P9a a08 4,344,337.69 Dense 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 15 P9a a08 4,344,337.69 Dense A08 15,006,959.44 Medium 25 10 P09a P9a a08 4,344,337.69 Medium 15,006,959.44 Sparse 10 20 P9a a08 4,344,337.69 Sparse 3,024,446.52 Medium 85 25 P9a a09 4,344,337.69 Sparse 3,024,446.52 Medium 5 P9a a09 4,344,337.69 Sparse 5 A09 3,024,446.52 Sparse 7 25 P10aa09 1,131,649.25 Sparse 3,024,446.52 Dense 3 25 P10aa09 1,131,649.25 Sparse 3,306,151.92 Built 10 10 P10a P10aa10 1,131,649.25 Medium 3,306,151.92 Built 15 20 P10aa10 1,131,649.25 Dense A10 3,306,151.92 5 20 P10aa10 1,131,649.25 DenseAgri a10 3,306,151.92 Dense 30 Run off calculations a10 3,306,151.92 Sparse 40 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 a11 7,288,912.30 Built 15 Area (m^2) landuse 450,918.53 138,431.65 270,551.12 553,726.60 2,254,592.64 276,863.30 1,803,674.11 415,294.95 1,352,755.58 63,239.46 1,352,755.58 126,478.92 1,533,122.99 442,676.21 1,445,211.47 569,155.13 2,271,046.60 63,239.46 412,917.56 358,410.12 847,314.12 358,410.12 242,089.75 268,807.59 726,269.25 268,807.59 121,044.87 179,205.06 484,179.50 358,410.12 2,230,197.00 75,890.10 262,376.12 56,917.58 131,188.06 56,917.58 1,135,099.37 172,870.91 412,763.41 43,217.73 515,954.26 86,435.46 2,439,897.75 129,653.19 2,439,897.75 16,413.43 697,113.64 21,884.57 1,045,670.46 16,413.43 348,556.82 187,421.41 391,605.44 1,124,528.47 652,675.73 93,710.71 130,535.15 281,132.12 65,267.57 187,421.41 65,267.57 434,433.77 6,002,783.77 651,650.65 3,751,739.86 651,650.65 3,751,739.86 434,433.77 1,500,695.94 868,867.54 2,570,779.54 1,086,084.42 151,222.33 217,216.88 211,711.26 282,912.31 90,733.40 282,912.31 330,615.19 113,164.92 495,922.79 226,329.85 165,307.60 226,329.85 991,845.57 1,322,460.77 1,093,336.84 1,093,336.84 Moderate Flat Flat Moderate Moderate moderate SteepSteep Steep Moderate Flatmoderate Steep Moderate Flat Moderate SteepFlat SteepSteep Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Flat Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Moderate SteepFlat SteepFlat Moderate Steep SteepFlat Moderate Moderate SteepFlat Steep Moderate Moderate Steep SteepSteep Moderate Moderate SteepSteep Moderate Moderate SteepSteep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Steep SteepSteep Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate SteepSteep Moderate Moderate Flat Steep Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate Moderate Steep Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Flat Moderate

Slope type

Soil type B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 60 84 63 68 63 58 60 55 58 68 55 63 58 60 55 55 58 63 55 63 58 60 55 63 58 82 55 60 63 58 82 60 63 58 68 58 63 63 55 84 84 60 55 63 84 84

84 63 58 60 60 84 55 58 63 60 55 63 58 58 63 60 63 68 60 55 63 63 60 63 63 60 55 63 58 63 55 60 55 58 68 63 58 68 63 58 60 55

CN Value

Retention Flow (Q) (S) m m 0.170.05 1.41 1.54 0.050.15 1.54 1.43 0.150.18 1.43 1.40 0.120.17 1.46 1.41 0.150.17 1.43 1.41 0.180.05 1.40 1.54 0.170.21 1.41 1.38 0.210.18 1.38 1.40 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.120.17 1.46 1.41 0.210.21 1.38 1.38 0.150.15 1.43 1.43 0.180.18 1.40 1.40 0.170.18 1.41 1.40 0.210.15 1.38 1.43 0.210.17 1.38 1.41 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.150.12 1.43 1.46 0.210.17 1.38 1.41 0.150.21 1.43 1.38 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.170.15 1.41 1.43 0.210.17 1.38 1.41 0.150.15 1.43 1.43 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.060.17 1.53 1.41 0.210.21 1.38 1.38 0.170.15 1.41 1.43 0.150.18 1.43 1.40 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.060.21 1.53 1.38 0.170.17 1.41 1.41 0.150.21 1.43 1.38 0.180.18 1.40 1.40 0.120.12 1.46 1.46 0.180.15 1.40 1.43 0.150.18 1.43 1.40 0.150.12 1.43 1.46 0.210.15 1.38 1.43 0.050.18 1.54 1.40 0.050.17 1.54 1.41 0.170.21 1.41 1.38 0.21 1.38 0.15 1.43 0.05 1.54 0.05 1.54

25683988.01

637,293.18 213,651.43 417,560.82 794,006.99 3,232,935.40 387,233.78 2,642,365.76 586,945.58 1,939,761.24 89,377.73 1,892,026.37 195,203.92 2,166,796.81 608,710.84 1,987,267.15 796,046.62 3,176,390.55 90,681.16 604,920.38 506,548.99 1,165,116.36 492,839.05 347,140.55 385,452.15 1,015,793.68 375,966.70 171,075.41 250,644.46 665,780.77 513,936.19 3,066,677.32 107,257.17 366,971.34 81,616.01 188,114.92 83,383.72 1,560,841.26 244,322.31 591,875.19 59,427.41 721,637.43 123,942.68 3,448,361.72 185,914.02 3,355,030.56 23,197.47 999,614.45 31,381.02 1,462,522.95 23,535.76 535,028.78 264,886.85 538,484.95 1,546,305.53 922,441.12 134,374.90 187,178.69 393,204.35 91,286.24 268,749.80 100,184.61 597,376.91 8,483,867.75 920,992.35 5,379,744.61 896,065.36 5,247,356.46 607,619.11 2,198,505.57 1,272,882.84 3,595,610.87 1,557,372.59 216,842.72 303,809.56 303,579.81 414,463.90 124,764.78 405,677.38 510,261.98 158,277.69 765,392.97 319,877.01 233,632.90 311,219.42 1,363,857.24 1,896,320.49 1,687,424.65 1,687,424.65

Runoff (m^3)

potential % Runoff volume 721469.64 221490.64 88.396.5 432881.79 885962.56 96.589.6 3607348.22 442981.28 89.687.4 2885878.58 664471.92 91.688.3 2164408.93 101183.13 89.688.3 2164408.93 202366.27 87.496.5 2452996.79 708281.93 88.385.9 2312338.35 910648.20 85.987.4 3633674.55 101183.13 87.489.6 660668.10 573456.19 91.688.3 1355702.60 573456.19 85.985.9 387343.60 430092.14 89.689.6 1162030.80 430092.14 87.487.4 193671.80 286728.09 88.387.4 774687.20 573456.19 85.989.6 3568315.20 121424.16 85.988.3 419801.79 91068.12 87.489.6 209900.89 91068.12 89.691.6 1816159.00 276593.46 85.988.3 660421.45 69148.37 89.685.9 825526.82 138296.73 87.489.6 3903836.40 207445.10 88.389.6 3903836.40 26261.49 85.988.3 1115381.83 35015.32 89.689.6 1673072.74 26261.49 87.489.6 557690.91 299874.26 95.988.3 626568.70 1799245.55 85.985.9 1044281.17 149937.13 88.389.6 208856.23 449811.39 89.687.4 104428.12 299874.26 87.489.6 104428.12 695094.03 95.985.9 9604454.04 1042641.04 88.388.3 6002783.77 1042641.04 89.685.9 6002783.77 695094.03 87.487.4 2401113.51 1390188.06 91.691.6 4113247.27 1737735.07 87.489.6 241955.72 347547.01 89.687.4 338738.01 452659.70 89.691.6 145173.43 452659.70 85.989.6 528984.31 181063.88 96.587.4 793476.46 362127.76 96.588.3 264492.15 362127.76 88.385.9 1586952.92 85.9 2115937.23 89.6 1749338.95 96.5 1749338.95 96.5

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4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds

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4.1 Run off calculations for Subregion watersheds Row Labels A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Grand Total

Major watershed runoff Area (M^2) Potential volume (m^3) Runoff (m^3) %runoff 76145112.81 121832180.49 111385694.30 91.43 29568246.63 47309194.60 42929244.29 90.74 19442973.55 31108757.68 28133569.98 90.44 18550598.35 29680957.37 26986303.60 90.92 15224901.03 24359841.64 22180466.18 91.05 10947624.25 17516198.80 16116451.45 92.01 6666919.86 10667071.78 9859771.24 92.43 13282479.57 21251967.31 19228373.96 90.48 11033940.82 17654305.31 16027780.53 90.79 18597444.98 29755911.96 27000958.85 90.74 40241930.09 64387088.15 58744369.53 91.24 25562042.53 40899268.05 37950557.15 92.79 18099347.80 28958956.49 26718066.45 92.26 15810134.03 25296214.44 23167788.34 91.59 16425493.10 26280788.97 23995071.89 91.30 52640779.84 84225247.74 77213676.19 91.68 388239969.22 621183950.76 567638143.94

Table No.27 Major watershed runoff

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4.2 Capacity and overflow of dams Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4.2 Capacity and overflow of dams Sl No. Name of Dam 1 Udwariya Dam

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11

AreaGross m^2 Storage Total Capacity(Mcum) Area area m^2 in sqkm 2,600,860.83 2,600,860.83 3.288 3,196,580.15 3,196,580.15 4,972,033.19 4,972,033.19 4,294,344.23 4,294,344.23 3,520,928.60 3,520,928.60 18.58 4,117,385.06 Gangajali Dam 4,117,385.06 1.84 2,945,844.65 2,945,844.65 1,912,304.64 1,912,304.64 2,278,377.36 2,278,377.36 4,064,616.60 4,064,616.60 15.32 4,142,848.02 Mahadeo Nallah Dam 4,142,848.02 1.439 2,171,757.50 2,171,757.50 3,157,328.72 3,157,328.72 2,387,147.90 2,387,147.90 11.86 6,456,409.27 Moongtahala Dam 6,456,409.27 2.703 13,578,884.38 13,578,884.38 20.04 18,550,598.35 Bageri Dam 18,550,598.35 4.129 18.55 15,224,901.03 Ore Nallah Dam 15,224,901.03 0.27 15.22 2,825,072.89 Giravar Dam 2,825,072.89 2.404 2,916,332.97 2,916,332.97 5,206,218.39 5,206,218.39 10.95 11,033,940.82 Karodi Dhawai Dam 11,033,940.82 2.688 11.03 40,241,930.09 Tokra Dam 40,241,930.09 5.44 40.24 Upper Kodra Dam 0.348 Lower Kodra Dam 3,024,446.52 0.99 3,024,446.52 3.02

Table No.28 Capacity and overflow of dams

25.539

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Catchment Total Runoff area in Area(sqm) sqkm Runoff totalWatershed run off in mcumtotaloverflow run off in mcum 17.612 3,754,312.07 L013,754,312.07 4,556,707.71 L024,556,707.71 7,055,140.02 L037,055,140.02 6,163,143.43 L046,163,143.43 4,981,161.27 L064,981,161.27 18.58 26.51 23.22 26.5 14.6 5,799,036.96 O015,799,036.96 4,176,492.79 O024,176,492.79 2,714,316.50 O032,714,316.50 3,233,918.44 O043,233,918.44 5,797,290.91 O055,797,290.91 15.32 21.72 19.88 21.7 8.754 5,926,066.44 B015,926,066.44 3,076,786.97 B023,076,786.97 4,473,585.43 B094,473,585.43 3,347,869.83 B103,347,869.83 11.86 16.82 15.39 16.8 20.305 9,075,950.44 C1 9,075,950.44 19,136,168.90 C219,136,168.90 20.04 28.21 25.51 28.2 11.65526,152,894.67 18.55 D 26,152,894.67 26.15 22.02 26.1 2.07 21,210,933.63 15.22 E 21,210,933.63 21.21 20.94 21.2 11.965 3,933,364.45 F013,933,364.45 4,079,076.11 F024,079,076.11 7,354,478.40 F037,354,478.40 10.95 15.37 12.96 15.3 8.81 15,586,972.42 11.03 I 15,586,972.42 15.59 12.90 15.5 36.26 56,685,985.75 40.24 K 56,685,985.75 56.69 51.25 56.6 NA NA 4,240,798.20 3.02 A094,240,798.204.24 4.2 2.90 232.51

206.97

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4.3 Reference data for evaluation of demonstration area Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4.3 Reference data for evaluation of demonstration area Agro forestry A farmer on an average earns Rs 8-10 lakh per acre in agro forestry in five years, says Devinder Chawala, president, Yamunanagar Plywood Manufacturers Association. Hence, in our case we can consider, 5 lakh per acre. Therefore, per hectare price would be Rs. 12.5 lakh. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-11/news/35034149_1_indian-farmers-crop-marginal-farmers

Fodder Silvipastoral system increases the dry fodder biomass yield from 1.25 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4.50 tons (natural pasture) to 4.50- 8.70 tons per hectare per year and could hold 8- 15 sheep per hectare. Hence we can assume that it can hold 5-7 cattle per hectare. http://www.wca2014.org/abstract/fodder-production-through-agroforestry-a-boon-for-profitable-sheep-and-goat-farming

It is estimated that marketing 100kg of fodder generates revenues of Rs. 395. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48651/1/MPRA_paper_48651.pdf

Horticulture

Table No.29 Cost and benefits of Annual horticulture crops Source: www.tnau.ac.in

http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_cost%20of%20cultivation.html

From the above table we shall consider growing the following vegetable: Tomato, Brinjal, Cabbage, and Bottlegourd. For our region: 56.25 MT/ha---51,125 (cost of cultivation)---1,40,625 (net income).

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Strip Cropping Corn+ legumes cultivation: 6853 (corn)+ 1174 (legumes); Rs. 58,934/- per ha. http://eap.mcgill.ca/MagRack/AJAA/AJAA_5.htm

Maize cultivation: 2414 kg ha-Rs. 24,140/-per ha income generation. http://farmer.gov.in/imagedefault/pestanddiseasescrops/normalmaizeproductiontechnologies.pdf http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=wheat&currency=inr

Wheat cultivation: 2707kg/ha-Rs. 40,605/- per ha. http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/cultivation/wheat-cultivation-in-india-conditions-and-distribution/20924

Medicinal plants: These species are , cultivated over an area of nearly 1,18,000 hectares, and have an estimated annual production of 1,21,400 MT. http://www.nmpb.nic.in/WriteReadData/links/9517830850Contents.pdf

Expenditure to be incurred for Aloe vera cultivation normally amounts to aboutRs.1,10,000 / ha. The expected income with a yield of about 110 – 115 quintal would be about Rs. 340,000/ha. The net profit would be about Rs.230,000 /ha/year. Hence for our site: 1028kg/ha- Rs.230,000 /ha/year. http://www.faidelhi.org/article%20-dr%20biswas/biswas%20article%20of%20march%2010.pdf

Bee Keeping Beehives can be located approximately five per hectare depending on the variety of flora species. http://www.bbka.org.uk/members/forum.php?t=2173

Bees can travel 3-mile radius in search for nectar (12000 acre). http://basicbeekeeping.blogspot.in/2007/12/lesson-eighteen-how-many-hives-should.html

Wholesale honey rates can touch Rs 140/kg. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-02-14/news/28385521_1_bees-honey-nectar-and-pollen

Orchards The jamun is planted at the distance of 10 - 12 metres in square system, thus accommodates 105 - 75 plants per hectare. http://beta.krishiworld.com/html/horti_crops4f.html

The best season for planting is May – June / August – September. It yields about 7300 kg fruits / ha (14.90 kg / tree, which are 30.7 percent higher than Balanagar). Custard apple has a yield potential of 40.52 kg/tree. Mango records a mean yield of 336 fruits (102.7kg/tree/ha). http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_TNAU_varieties_fruitcrops.html

Dairy Products India’s Export of Dairy products was 1,59,228.52 MT to the world for the worth of Rs. 3,318.53 crores during the year 2013-14. http://www.apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Dairy_Products.htm

According to the sources, there are 8-15 sheep per hectare, which is equivalent to five cattle per Ha. http://www.wca2014.org/abstract/fodder-production-through-agroforestry-a-boon-for-profitable-sheep-and-goat-farming

5-7 lit. Per cow per day (desi cow), while 17-20 lit. Per cow per day (foreign cow). Selling price: 30-35 /- per litre of milk. Source: farmer who keeps cattle near Bori, Bharuch.

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Waste management/ Composting The current applied cost of compost, suited to use in vegetable production is $35-45/m3, which hence in India 2135 rupees/ m3. http://archive.agric.wa.gov.au/OBJTWR/imported_assets/content/hort/compost_bulletin08.pdf

The daily manure production of a 450 kg beast is about 27 kg per day, which is about 5 to 6% of body weight. Of the 27 kg, about 24 kg is water and 3 kg is solid material (dry matter). https://www.daff.qld.gov.au/environment/intensive-livestock/cattle-feedlots/managing-environmental-impacts/manure-production-data

Total No. of cows: 295----total cow dung per day: 3 kg. Total cow dung: 885 kg/ day A layer of waste materials is first laid in the pit. It is moistened with a suspension of 5-10 kg cow dung in 2.5 to 5.0 I of water and 0.5 to 1.0 kg fine bone meal sprinkled over it uniformly. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_composting.html

Cow / calf: no. 100----Manure Volume (L or ft3/day/animal) 63 liters or 2.22 cu.ft

Table No.30 Estimated area for composting and curing

Surce: http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Composting_Solid_Manure

Minor forest produce

Table No.31 District wise forest cover of Himachal Pradesh Source: Himachal Pradesh development report

Table No.32 Value of Forest produce in Himachal Pradesh (2000-2001) Source: Himachal Pradesh development report Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4.4 Vegetation Data Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4.4.1: Vegetation List 1. Semi-Deciduous Forest Dominant species Aurocaria columaris Bauhinia purpurea Erythrina indica Eucalyptus camaldulensis Ficus bengalensis Ficus recemosa Jacaranda mimosifolia Mangifera indica Sterculia foetida Syzigium cumini

2. Dry Deciduous Forest Top Storey Acacia Catechu Acacia nilotica Aegle marmelos Albizia odoratissima Annogeissus pendula Annona squamosa Anogeissus serieca Azadirachta indica Bauhinia racemosa Bombax ceiba Boswelia serrata Bridelia retusa Butea monosperma Cassia fistula Dalbergia lanceolaria Dalbergia latifolia Dalbergia paniculata Diospyros melanoxylon Emblica officianale Erythrina suberosa Ficus religiosa Garuga pinnata Grewia asiatica Grewia orbiculata Grewia tiliaefolia Helecteres isora Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Kydia calycina

3. Dry Deciduous Low Forest Lannea coromandelica Madhuca indica Mallotus philippensis Miliusa tomentosa Ougeinia oojeinensis Pongamia pinnata Prosopis cinerea Prosopis juliflora Pterocarpus marsupium Schleichera oleosa Schrebera swietenioides Soymida febrifuga Sterculia urens Stereospermum suaveolens Terminalia bellerica Terminalia crenulata Wrightia tinctoria Ziziphus mauritiana

Under Storey Butea monosperma Dendrocalamus strietus Ziziphus glaberrima Ziziphus mauritiana

Top Storey Acacia Leucophloea Albizia odoratissima Bauhinia racemosa Boswellia serrata Butea monosperma Diospyros melanoxylon Holoptelea integrifolia Lannea coromandelica Mitragyna parvifolia Moringa concanensis Sterculia urens Wrightia tinctoria Deciduous Species Aegle marmelos Anogeissus latifolia Bombax ceiba Cassia fistula Crataeva religiosa Dalbergia paniculata Feronia limonia Mallotus philippensis Mangifera indica Soymida febrifuga Syzygiuni cumini

Under Growth Acacia leucophloea

Under Storey

Carissa spinarum

Balanites aegyptiaca

Dichrostachys cinerea

Cordia gharaf

Dyerophytum indicum

Dendrocalamus strictus

Grewia tenax

Dichrostachys cinerea

Grewia spinarum

Flacourtia indica

Helicteres isora

Holarrhena antidysenterica

Maytenus emarginata

Mimosa rubicaulis

Nyctanthes arbortristis

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Xeromphis spinosa

Securinega virosa

Ziziphus glaberrima

Securinega leocopyrus

Ziziphus mauritiana

Xeromphis spinosa

Ziziphus xylopyrus

Ziziphus xylopyra

Source : Forest ecology - Vol 1, G.S Puri Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4.4.1 Vegetation list 3. Dry Deciduous Low Forest Under Growth Adhatoda vasica Calotropis Capparis decidua Capparis spinosa Capparis zeylanica Clerodendrum phlomidis Commiphora mukul Dyerophytum indicum Ehretia laevis Euphorbia caducifolia Euphorbia nivulia Grewia flavescens Grewia tenax Mimosa rubicaulis Rhus mysorensis Securinega obovata Securinega virosa Ziziphus nummularia

Under Growth Agave Callistemon citrinus Cassia tora Duranta repens Euphorbia nerifolia Lantana camara Nephrolepis Phoenix sylvestris Sambucus canadensis

4. Town Vegetation Top Storey Albizia lebbeck Azadirachta indica Bauhinia purpurea Cassia fitsula Erythrina indica Eucalyptus camaldulensis Ficus benghalensis Ficus elastica Ficus racemosa Ficus religiosa Ficus virens Grevillea robusta Mangifera indica Melia azedarach Michelia champaka Morus alba Pongamia pinnata Salix tetrasperma Terminalia arjuna

Source : Forest ecology - Vol 1, G.S Puri Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4.4.2 Detailed Plant list 1

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4.4.2 Detailed Plant list 25

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4.4.2 Detailed Plant list 49

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4.4.3 Forest Blocks Details Range Taleti

Taleti

Mt Abu

Anadra

Mt Abu

Village

Area in Hectares

Abu No. 1

4292

Total

4292

Abu No. 1

1480

Abu No. 2

1071

Total

2551

Abu No. 2

7484.24

Total

7484.24

Shergaon

4226

Utraj

2553

Aakhi

286

Abu No. 3

5326

Burarikherk

524

Borikhera

726

Padrukhera

218

Singharikhera

Tokra

636

Teipikhera

226

Total

14729

Sanigaon

479.49

Dhundhai

1.5

Total

480.99

Salgaon

48.17

Aarna A.B.C

224.41

Mt Abu Hetamji

124.18

Torna

130.42

Total

527.18

Table No.33 Forest Block details

Source: Management plan of wildlife sanctuary (2020), Mount Abu

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4.5 Fauna Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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4.5.1 Fauna census, Mount Abu, Rajasthan Fauna in Mount Abu Name

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Leopard

Sloth Bear

107

127

131

128

132

138

182

206

Sambhar

Blue Bull

258

272

311

238

302

291

328

401

Hyena

116

142

Langoor

1314

1404

1398

949

1983

Jackal

145

184

188

137

142

174

195

286

Grey Jungle Fowl 285

495

572

418

425

453

646

875

Wild boar

136

152

175

195

184

284

368

Porcupine

158

196

Rat snake

Hare

171

172

150

209

Wolf

113

Mangoose

112

197

168

183

Jungle Cat

101

104

Monitor Lizard

Peacock

482

612

602

543

911

Civet

Crocodile

Caracal

Table No.34 Census data of fauna in Mount Abu wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan Source: Management plan of wildlife sanctuary (2020), Mount Abu

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

# X

Not found Census not done

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open forest

open forest forest agri. edge near settlement near settlement

Nilgai

Wild pig

Striped Hyena

open forests

Indian hare

Indian wild boar

Status

Endangered Least Concerned

Least Concerned

Threatened Least Concerned Least Concerned

Endangered Near threatened Least Concerned Least Concerned Near threatened Least Concerned

Source : The Book Of Indian Animals, S.H Peter

Table No.35 Mammals found in Mount Abu

Porcupine

open forests forest agri. edge near settlement

Wolf

Jungle cat Common mongoose

Hanuman langur

open forests

deep forest

Panther

Jackal

deep forest

Location

Sloth bear

Name

Mammals

Omnivore

Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

Characteristics

grass or scanty bush jungle

marshy areas or grasses

mountain, tropical, subtropical

scrublands or open forest

scrublands and cultivated fields

savannah, tropical dry forest

rainforests to deciduous habitats

Omnivore

Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

Herbivore

about towns, lowlands with shrubs Carnivore

open country, lowhills & ravines

grass or scanty bush jungle

plains and low hills with shrubs

dry deciduous to rain forest

forested area with rocky outcrops

Habitat

eats crops, roots, insects, snakes

decline due to agri., flood

near settlement, eats cattles

burrows, hedgerows thickets

along rivers & lakes in lowlands

variety of habitats

rodents, reptiles, fruit, insects

scavengers

plants, small worms, eggs

cultivable lands

key role in the eco system

eats fruits, termites, honey

Remark

Veg. density

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4.5.2 Faunal Habitat

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rocky habitats

open forest

dry scrub forest

open forest

deep forest

open forest

deep forest

Brooks gecko

Garden lizard

Chameleon

Indian python

Rat snake

Russel viper

Indian cobra

Status

Vulnerable

Near Threatened

Not Evaluated

Near Threatened

least concerned

Source : The Book Of Indian Animals, S.H Peter

Table No.36 Reptiles in Mount Abu

water bodies

Location

Flap shell turtle

Reptiles Name Characteristics

Carnivore

dense or open forests, plains,

open, grassy or bushy areas

heavily wooded areas

Carnivore

grasslands, swamps, rocky foothills Carnivore

rain forests, savannas,deserts

grassland, scrubland, stream edges Carnivore

rocky habitat humid envir. of cave Omnivore

shallow waters with mud bottoms Omnivore

Habitat

agricultural lands

rats, shrews, squirrels, scorpions

consume mice, voles, and rats

feeds mammals, birds,reptiles

eat insects

near water body

reduces poll. in aq. ecosystem

Remark

Veg. density

Annexure 168

4.5.2 Faunal Habitat

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deep forest

dry scrub forest Least Concern

Peacock

Common babbler

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

omnivore

Characteristics

Least Concern

water bodies

deep forest

water bodies

deep forest

water bodies

Saras crane

Flowerpecker

Pond heron

Jungle fowl

Little egret

Source: The Book Of Indian Animals, S.H Peter

Table No.37 Birds in Mount Abu

near settlement Least Concern

Least Concern

Threatened

Vulnerable

Least Concern

omnivore

near settlements

dense vegetation

omnivore

rivers, lakes, marshes, paddy field omnivore

eat berries,dispose off quickly

low elevation

close to human habitation

savannas, fields, urban habitats

open forests

Black drongo Eurasian collared dove

seed-eaters, insects

highly urbanized, populated areas

berries from shrubs, trees,vines

fruits,nectar and insects

insects such as grasshoppers,

feeds on fish,aquatic insects

freshwater wetland, rests on rocks omnivore

water bodies

Cormorant large

Least Concern

fruits,nectar and insects

wooded areas, bushes,farmland

omnivore

aerial hunters of insect prey

edge, rivers, tree-fall gaps, ravines omnivore

rocky areas orchards, insects

plants, flower,insects,reptiles

fruits, nectar, insects geckos

omnivore

Insects, worms, sprouted seeds

found on plains, up to 1200 m

feeds on grain and other seeds

decline due to trapping

Remark

open forest, plains, cultivated land omnivore

near water, roosts under storey arid semi-arid areas, dry grasslands

flat plains, with tall grass or crops omnivore

fallow land cultivation, near water omnivore

open grassland and fields

agricultural lands, close to water

Habitat

Red vented bulbul dry scrub forest Least Concern open/deep forBee eater ests Least Concern Red whiskered bulbul open forests Least Concern

Endangered

Least Concern

open forests

Red avadavat

Black munia

dry scrub forest Least Concern

Status

Indian silverbill

Location

dry scrub forest Vulnerable Near Threatnear cultivation enedÂ

Name

Green munia

Birds Veg. density

Annexure 169

4.5.2 Faunal Habitat

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

scrub forest

Bush chat

Least Concern

Source : The Book Of Indian Animals, S.H Peter

Table No.38 Birds in Mount Abu

Vulture

House sparrow

Least Concern Critically Endangered

Least Concern

scrub forest near cultivation dry scrub forest

Least Concern

Near ThreatenedÂ

Least Concern

scrub forest near settlement

Least Concern

scrub forest

Indian robin Indian magpie robin

Blue rock piegon

Parakeet

Common mynah

omnivore

Characteristics

omnivore

scrub, rough grassland cultivation

omnivore

dry savannah, thornbush, arid plains,Carnivore

human habitation and cultivation

open woodland cultivated areas

open stony, grassy scrub forest

near habitation

grasslands, scrublands open woods omnivore

woodland, cultivation,nr. habitation omnivore

found in densely populated areas

Least Concern

Black kite

scrub forest near settlement

watered, agri. fields, grazing land

Habitat

Least Concern

Status marshy wetlands inland and coast

Location

Near ThreatenedÂ

Name

Black headed ibis water bodies Red wattled lapwing water bodies

Birds

near water bodies

deserts with scattered trees

human habitation and cultivation

flower nectar, geckos leeches

insects frogs and lizards

insects and fruits

near water bodies

insects, arachnids, reptiles

live prey, fish, household refuse

insects, snails other invertebrates

feeds on various fish, frogs insects

Remark

Veg. density

Annexure 170

4.5.2 Faunal Habitat

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171

4.6 Case Studies Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

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Annexure

172

Table No.39 Case studies

4.6 Case studies

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015

Annexure

173

Table No.39 Case studies

4.6 Case studies

Regional Study - Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Masters in Landscape Architecture and Design, CEPT University, Batch 2013 - 2015