ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
This thesis is a result of a lot of efforts put in by many. I’m eternally grateful to the most important person, my thesis guide – Ar. Sachin Prabhu – for believing in my topic and always giving me the strength to carry out this study. I also thank our Principal Ar. Mandar Parab for promoting us and granting all permissions related to the thesis. I would also like to thank the other faculty members and support staff of L.S. Raheja School of Architecture, especially Ar. Arun Fizardo and Ar. Meghana Patil.. I would like to thank my parents, for always believing in me, without their love and support none of this would be possible. -My professors – Ar. Anuj Gudekar , Ar. Anmol warang, Ar. Krishnan Venkat, Ar. Umesh Pachigar , Ar. Mridula Pillai Gudekar – have always trusted me during the course of this study, and have inspired me to be better at everything I do. -To the Communities, the authories and the staff, who showed patience and co-operated during my site visits. -My grandmother for constantly encouraging and supporting me. -Ashuta Thakur,Ankita Shimpi,Manali Asawale, Samruddhi Gujar,Riddhi Mhatre,Riya Mhatre,Kirtija Raut and Manashri Raut whose constructive criticism, inputs and staunch support throughout my research, lead me to a brighter direction. -Dixita Surti, Aishwariya Marolikar, Divya Nagaranjan, Mehul Thakur, Shubham Bhagwat and Mitul Pandya for always being there by my side and for constant motivation.
-To all my classmates, friends and my family for their understanding and indispensable support all along the way.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
PREFACE
Arnala, one of the fishing village of the city and a famous tourist spot. Over the years it has been confronted with the problems like lack of infrastructure, unhygienic surrounding and lack of employment. Recent statistics state that this village has a great scope in fishery market. This thesis is therefore intended to examine the issues and there after purpose an architectural design solution to the problems associated with it.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
10
Abstract Aim Objectives Methodology Need Justification How Society will benefit Government Proposals
CHAPTER 1- BACKGROUND STUDY
16
1.1 Historical Background of koli community 1.2 Koli’s Culture and Tradition. 1.3 Housing Pattern of Koliwada. 1.4 Activities of koli’s throughout the Year.
CHAPTER 2- CASE STUDIES
31
2.1 The Mandovi Fishing Jetty, Goa(live case study). 2.2 Margao fish market, GOA (live case study). 2.3 Veraval fishing harbour, Gujarat(live case study). 2.4 Bhaucha dhakka , Mumbai(live case study).
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
International case study2.5 Dikkowita Fishery Harbour - Sri Lanka. 2.6 Fugee fishing port ,Taiwan. 2.7 Shazikou fishing port china.
CHAPTER 3- SITE ANALYSIS
58
3.1 Site Location 3.2 About Arnala 3.3 Temperature 3.4 Native Culture 3.5 Topography 3.6 Geographical Aspects 3.7 Water Source 3.8 Supply of Electricity 3.9 Strom Water Drain 3.10 SWOT Analysis 3.11 Site Potential 3.12 Current situation 3.13 Site documentation 3.14 Interferences based on the survey conducted
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
CHAPTER 4- DESIGN INTENT
79
4.1Design Brief 4.2Analysis of terms 4.3 Design program 4.4 Program challenges 4.5 Functional Analysis 4.5 Architectural solution 4.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5- CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
91
CHAPTER 6- CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
98
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
104
LIST OF FIGURES
107
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
INTRODUCTION Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
ABSTRACT The community of kolis; typically, a fisherman community living near the sea, having their main occupation as fisherman are a part of our culture since many years and have been a part of oldest occupation in the history of mankind. Fishing occupation is one of the oldest occupations but in recent times, it is losing its importance because of low maintenance lifestyle and no fixed income. Koli's are typically one of the wealthiest communities but at the same time their income is not fixed depends on the fishes caught during season. The sense of self-belonging and pride is missing which has led to deterioration of market and the culture of the community. Arnala, one of the fishing village of the city and a famous tourist spot .Over a years it has been confronted with problems like lack of infrastructure, unhygienic surrounding. Recent statistics state that the village has a great scope of fishery market .This thesis is therefore intended to examine the issues and there after purpose an architecture design solutions to the problems associated with it. The topic also tries to provide spaces for visitors which would act as money generating for the localities. Tourism has always been an integral trigger in the growth & development of the economic cycle of any region. Tourist Destination Center aims to promote tourism through art, culture and heritage. It is also an institution for dissemination of knowledge of natural and cultural heritage. It is important to rethink of the organic development happened around fisherman community to reform it as per todays requirement.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
AIM
The aim of the project is to design and create a fishing harbor keeping in mind the comfort and needs of the employees and common people.
To study the existing organic pattern and their infrastructure in existing koliwada of Arnala.
A harbor with most advance facilities to satisfy needs of employees and tourist.
To give a scope of development for community, culture and economy.
To create urban catalyst that would initiate surrounding development.
The aim of the project is to design and create a hub to support all existing activities with amenities and hygiene.
OBJECTIVES
To study and organize the areas properly which are actually scattered and establish fish port, transportation, market, ice plants, and cold storage.
To help to improve the hygiene of the area.
To help to improve the income of small fisherman, through the provision of services and facilities which add to the value of their produce.
Proper infrastructure with all the amenities and provision of modern technologies.
The intermingling and diverse activities and social facilities in the center shall serve as a forum for interaction and will be a nucleus for the region
METHODOLOGY
A sustainable building is an outcome of a design philosophy which focus on increasing the efficiency of resource use: energy, water, material.
The idea behind is that of reducing the impact of the build environment on human health and the natural environment.
Knowledge of marine transportation is necessary to ensure effective design and safe operations of a water transport terminal.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
NEED
The fishing harbor is also the focal point of pollution, both of the surrounding environment and the fishery products it produces.
Provide a platform to showcase art, culture ,heritage of the region and to celebrate it with visitors
JUSTIFICATION
Arnala is a fisherman’s village.
It has a historical importance and a famous tourist spot.
It has a great potential in market of fishery.
It produces about 12 metric tons of fishes per year.
There is lack of exposure and lack of infrastructure for the fisherman of this village.
There is no proper platform for loading/unloading of fishes and it is carried along the shore which makes it dirty.
The ice factory and fish market and the shore are far from each other.
There is no hygiene in this area even after being a tourist spot.
So I feel that it should be organized and the fisherman should be provided with a proper infrastructure.
HOW SOCIETY WILL BENEFITS
The area will serve as an integrated fish industry with provision of storage, repair, processing and sales activity.
The business of the fisherman will increase after dedicating a proper infrastructure with all the amenities and provisions of modern technology.
There will be increased environmental awareness and consciousness in the fish quality which will also bring a change in consumer behavior.
The port will also give the employment to the residents of the village and improve their standards of living.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND STUDY Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
1.1- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF KOLI COMMUNITY Fishing in India is major industry in its coastal states, employing over 14millions people. India is a major supplier of fish in the world. India has 8118 kilometers of marine coastline, 3827 fishing villages, and 1914 traditional fish landing center. India's fresh water resources consist of 195,210 kilometers of rivers and canals , 9.4 million hectares of minor and major reservoirs, 2.4 million hectares of ponds and lakes, and 0.8 million hectares flood plains wetlands and water bodies. Marines and freshwater catch fishing combined with aquaculture fish farming is a rapidly growing industry in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. While archeological evidence suggests human occupation during the Stone Age, the earliest known inhabitants of the port of Mumbai area were Koli fisherman. As early as 300BC, the ancient Greeks call the area Heptanesia (meaning a cluster of seven islands) and it was a trade center with both Egypt and Persia in 1000BC. In the 3rd Century BC, it was part of the Asoka Empire, and the port of Mumbai was ruled by the Calukyas from the 6th to 8th century. The Yadavas of Devagiri, who ruled from 1187 to 1318 created a settlement on Bombay Island due to raids in a 1294 by the Khalji Dynasty. Their descendants still live in the port of Mumbai. Muslims armies invaded and conquered the area in 1348, when it became part of the kingdom of Gujarat through the Portuguese failed in a 1507 attempt, they won the port of Mumbai in 1634. At first, the English did not consider the port of Mumbai a valuable asset to the empire. Mainland powers the Mughals, Marathas, and Gujarat princes were more powerful than the British. But the end of the 18th century brought many changes. Instability among mainland powers drove refugees, including merchants and artisans, to the island, and the port of Mumbai began to grow. In 1853, India's first passenger railway line started there. By 1860, the port of Mumbai was the biggest cotton market in India, with many spinning and weaving mills located there. When the Americans civil war cut off Britain’s cotton supplies from the new world , the port of Mumbai underwent a tremendous boom in trade and became the world's cotton trade Centre when the Suez canal was opened in 1869, the port of Mumbai prospered despite the slums and unhealthy conditions brought with its growing populations. Bombay suffered an outbreak of Plague in 1896, and new projects were started to provide homes for the artisan classes.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
During the late 1800sand 199s, the port of Mumbai was a political center for nationalist and regional interests. The first session of the Indian National congress was held there in 1885, as was the 1942 session where the congress demanded independence for India. After World War II, new residential growth began in the port of Mumbai's suburban areas, and the municipal government covered al of Greater Bombay. It was the scene of passionate protests against the two Figure 1- fish production in India. Sourcehttp://www.iomenvis.in/fishing/fish_production. Php
language structure that led to the partition of Bombay state into the today's states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The port of Mumbai became the capital of the state of Maharashtra in 1960. In the 1970s the port of Mumbai experienced another wave of immigration, with associated construction boom,
and
Bombay
overtook
Kolkata
(Calcutta) as the country's largest city. In 1992-93 secular riots cost many lives and much property when local Maharashtrians
became overwhelmed about the loss of their culture. In 1995, the old Bombay was renamed Mumbai, reflecting its historic beginnings. Since that time, terrorist attacks Figure 2- fish production in India. Sourcehttp://www.iomenvis.in/fishing/fish_production.
by Islamic extremists have disrupted life for Mumbai's citizens.
Php
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
ABOUT MAHARASHTRA
The Konkan is the coastal strip of land bounded by the Sahyadri hills on the east and the Arabian sea on the west. Maharashtra’s Konkan coast includes the district of Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg.
This region is best known for its fresh produce, especially Pomfret (a fish), avocado, and delicious Alphonso mangoes.
ABOUT FISHERIES IN MAHARASHTRA
Fisheries has always been an integral part of agricultural activities in the state of Maharashtra
The stall produces 15-20 percent of the total annual fish production of the country. With six marine districts, the total marine fish landing in 5 lakhs tones.
The state has a long coastline of 720 km along with 112000 square km area of continental shelf available for coastal fishing.
There is also a brackish water area of nearly 80000 hectare, along the coast out of which about 10000 hectare of area is suitable for brackish water aquaculture.
A fishermen population in Maharashtra is of 9.24 lakhs and constitutes 0.4% of the total population.
The state has three fishing harbors sassoon dock, new ferry warf mumbai and mirkarwada (ratnagiri).
In Konkan region there are total 184 fish landing center’s in marine sector.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
FACTS IN INDIA’S FISHERIES SECTOR
In India fishermen are along the weaker section of the community.
Illiteracy, poverty, and lack of knowledge of latest fisheries technology are contributing factors.
This vicious circle is further strengthened by lack of institutional support, both in infrastructure and finance. Consequently, fishermen are subjected to exploitation by middlemen who act as money lender, trader and contractors.
Fishermen discovered co-operatives which should spare them from exploitation and improve their socio-economic conditions.
Overall picture of fishery co-operatives is not encouraging
During the last few years tremendous development has taken place in fishery sector
The marine fishery put emphasis on deep sea fishery and mechanization of fisheries including introduction of larger vessels.
Landing and berthing facilities were increased and constant efforts are being made to build infrastructure and promote exports.
CURING UNIT
Fish Culture plays an important role in Indian Economy.
As it helps in augmenting food supply, generating employment, raising nutritional level and earning foreign exchange by export.
Fish is a popular non vegetarian variety and many delicious food and snack items are prepared from fish and prawns. Fish is an important diet of the people. Fish provides vitamin A, B and D.
Fish is highly perishable item and salt curing and sun-drying method of processing is not only unhygienic but imparts limited shelf life.
Fresh fish is available only near the coastal areas and consumers at other locations get processed varieties.
Fish also forms an important part of diet of the people living in coastal areas.
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
1.2- KOLI CULTURE AND TRADITION Mumbai was initially made up of small koli village type. Slowly urbanization took over Mumbai over the period of 20-30 years and later on led to becoming a Metro Politian City.
Culture of Koli is deteriorating in and around Mumbai.
Koli people – Major part of economic structure in India
Koli community people socialize to a large scale
Festivals - All regions festivals are celebrated.
However Holi , Diwali are celebrated in access
Social gathering is a major part of Koli culture
KOLI FESTIVAL The onset of a new fishing season is celebrated in a grand manner. This day is called ‘Narali Punav.’ After this day, the wind and the waves favor fishing in the deep seas. The entire community celebrates this day as the onset of a new harvesting season, much like the farmers. Prayers are offered to the sea god, and boats are treated as sacred. Recently, the Koli folk in Versova have started celebrating their festival on a large scale, renting out a local space and hosting a weekend-long seafood festival to showcase their culture to the rest of the city.
Figure 3 – fishing activity. Source- sketch drawn by author
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Culture – Nature: An Integrated Life Cycle Culture and traditions are a community’s window of expression to the world. They help people mark significant occasions in life
transitions, communal
beliefs,
practices and are linked to geographical and climatic conditions. These concentric rings are a graphical representation of the festival and fishing cycles in the Worli Koliwada – which are the warp and weft of the Koli lifecycle.
Figure 4 Graphical representation of koli festivals. Sourcehttp://www.iomenvis.in/fishing/fish_production.
Figure 5 Activities of koli people Source- Sketch drawn by author.
1.3-Housing Pattern Of Koliwada
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Figure 6 Schematic section 1 of koli house Source-author
Section showing type of roofing system,in context with climate. Window sizes are smaller for less heat gain.
Hierarchy of angans forms court yards with the pathway.
``
The loft area is mainly used for storage of food grains and dry
`
fish
The flooring is wooden with mud plaster this material keeps the room cool.
The
movement
from
open
space to a semi open space and
further towards a closed or
Figure 7 Schematic section 2 of koli house Source-author
private space is observed.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
A communal space is formed by angans of houses since they are stacked beside each other with various offsets.
This type of pathways with narrow lanes and openings create a ventury effect and keeps the communal space cool.
Courtyard helps in ventilation
Level Difference makes the space interesting and gives visual connectivity.
Figure 8 Housing pattern of koliwada Source-author
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
1.4-ACTIVITIES OF KOLI’S THROUGHOUT THE YEAR SHIP BUILDING
COMMUNITY COOKING
MARKET
KOLI COMMUNITY FESTIVAL NET MAKING
FISHING
DRY FISH
Figure 9 Activities of koli community Source-sketch by author
The above illustration portrayes the basic activity chart of fisherman keeping the above aspects in mind, the program has been designed in such a way, that it can incorporate almost all the activities. This can make a fisherman’s life easier. This gives him a better exposure to the social part of his life.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
EXAMPLE OF A GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM OF MAIN FISHERIES ACTIVITIES IN FISHING VILLAGE. Fishing camps/villages (Men and Women)
Smoked Fish
Village-based fresh fish collection points, every 4-6 days
Dried Fish
Transport by canoe and car
Landing from 1-8pm Markets
Markets
Pushcart transport to local Market
Sorting + weighting of fresh fish (Men & mostly women traders)
Sale on local market
Packaging in container and icing of fresh fish (Men & mostly women traders, ice sellers)
Transport of Unaccompanied consignments by trucks to Bamako(men)-Average 2-3 times/week
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
FISHING ECO- SYSTEM
Figure 10 Fishing Eco-system Source- http://kidspressmagazine.com/science-for-kids/misc/misc/marine-food-chain.html
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
CHAPTER 2 CASE-STUDY Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
1.MANDOVI FISHERMAN JETTY, GOA(LIVE CASE STUDY) The Mandovi Fishermen Jetty and Cooperative can be located beside a dense cluster of busy trawlers on the Mandovi estuary, under the Panjim-Porvorim bridge, Goa.
Present Site Condition – What used to be a high functioning fishing jetty with 150 trawlers, a chaotic fish market and a family of supporting economies (net mending sheds and gear shops) scattered in this fishing village, is right now ‘fitting-out’ in its context of luxury resorts and offshore casinos dotted on and along the Mandovi.
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
ABOUT THE PORT
Maximum size of the vessel is 150m.
Channel depth is 4.9m whereas the anchorage depth is 15.5m.
The cargo pier depths are about 4.9m.
Malim jetty is seen across the river mondavi , located very close to the Panaji , capital city of Goa. There are around 2200 households at malim. 350 trawlers are operating from the jetty, through many of the trawlers stay away Malim. Total fishing population is around 8000 at Malim, of which active fisherman are 4500.
Figure 11 Plan of Mandovi jetty Source- https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/the-mandovi-fishermen-jetty/
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Facilities on the Port
139 meters fisherman jetties, Auction sheds (2 No’s), Workshops (2 No’s), Office for fisheries society, Canteen facility, HSD pump (2 No’s), Overhead reservoir for water supply, 181 Net mending shed , Parking space for vehicle, Toilet, Illuminated facilities, Ice plant/cold storage.
Figure 12 Site photography 1 Mandovi jetty Source- Pictures clicked by author
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Figure 13 Schematic Sections 1 of Mandovi jetty Source- https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/the-mandovi-fishermen-jetty/
TOURISM
FACTOR
EFFECT – This
gradual encroachment has led to many fishermen shifting to the tourism sector to make up for the fall in income and inability to survive the competition and has caused many such social and economic issues. Right now the site has lost its rigor in functioning, with the western half of the site bought by Deltin Royale.
CHALLENGE - The challenge for the fishermen right now is to survive in this competition with the tourism sector.
Figure 14 Site photography 2 Mandovi jetty Source- Pictures clicked by author
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Figure 15 Schematic Sections 2 of Mandovi jetty Source- https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/the-mandovi-fishermen-jetty/
OPPORTUNITY - The project builds around the idea to restore this dynamic, energetic character and functioning of the Mandovi jetty, by adding a layer of reinforcement, in the form of a series of dining decks run by the local fishermen and their families, as an extension to the same cooperative. This diversion would run parallel to the fishing activity on the jetty, with controlled overlap in the movement patterns of both these diverse functions, complementing the working of both.
LARGER AIM - The building aims to set an example for the many marginalized fishing communities in Goa.
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
2.MARGOA FISH MARKET, GOA(LIVE CASE STUDY) The newly renovated fish market looks to be state-of-the-art. There are stainless steel stands to keep the fish on. These are easier to clean than the stands that were previously used. Thermopolis ice-boxes are out as each vendor now has an insulated fish storage box. The flooring has been done with vitrified tiles and the drainage system in the market has been improved.
Figure 16 Google map location of margoa fish market Source- Googlemap
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Figure 17 Typical plan and Sections Showing drainage 1 of Margoa fish market Source- author
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Figure 18 Roof plan and Sections of Margoa fish market Source- author
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
NATURAL LIGHT
CROSS VENTILATION
Figure 19 Schematic Sections showing light and ventilation of Margoa fish market Source- author
Figure 20 Photography of Margoa fish market Source- author
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Highlights
Natural
light
and
ventilation
Traditional style fish market
Proper water supply and drainage supply
Insulated fish storage box
Stainless steel stands
Odorless fish market
Washing and Cutting Fish counter is provided exactly opposite fish Market
Separate water taps on every counter
Figure 21 Site photographs of Margoa fish market Source- author
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
3.VERAVAL FISHING HARBOUR, GUJRAT (LIVE CASE STUDY) Veraval is located in suaratra zone of gujarat in india. as gujarat is previlege of having 1600 kms of coastal line, but fishing industry has not developed here so far. veraval fishing harbor is located near south-east part of the varaval. Connectivity between harbor and the city is by road only. Connection with respect to state is through rail & road only. the harbor is developed in 1980. Figure 22 Veraval port site map Source -Google Map
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
Figure 23 Plan of veraval port Source- https://amitjaviya.blogspot.com/2018/05/case-study-of-veraval-fishing-harbour.html
BOAT MAKING ACTIVITY: The harbor has a boat making unit on it. this unit design & develop boats as well as they provide maintenance too. There is so many other activities happening
throughout
the
year.
now, let’s understand the exchange system & its time period.
This chart represents the system of the harbor in simplify manner how the boat reacts in the harbor. There is 2 main activity in the harbor which can defines the all trading activity. Exchange & pause. The main trading activity and all trading supportive activity can relate to exchange. (I.e. exchange of humans (fishermen), exchange of fish, exchange of tools, Figure 24 Boat making activity of veraval port Sourceauthor
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
equipment, utility, etc.) Page 43
ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
And another supportive activity is pause for boat manufacture or upgrade as mention in table. all the exchange activity can consume maximum 3 hours (180 min) for a boat. it is quick activity & require more space as a major activity in terms of fishing vessel flow. at pick time there will be 15-18 boats per hour. And all the exchange points have connected with the road transportation for vehicles like small tempo, refrigerated vehicles, two-wheeler. where all the pause point there are provision for crane to move up to the edge for pulling boats from the sea & put it back.
There is some supportive activity must have on the harbor like cold storage, ice factory, wood works, fishnet mending shed, auction hall,
etc. to make trading easy, fast & reliable. The harbor should be able to facilitate all the fish trading related activity in its campus. Figure 25 Site photographs of veraval port Source- author
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ARNALA FISHING HARBOUR
Priyanka Thakur | Design Dissertation | SEM IX 2018-19
LEARNING: - Creating small structure in such a large campus will distribute site activity & lower down the conjection. - Having all the basic utility in the campus will help fishermen & will led to grow supporting small business help generate economy, - Each space has to be very fine-tuned otherwise harbor will start spoiling & maintenance become difficult. COMPARISON:
Figure 26 comparison chart Source -https://amitjaviya.blogspot.com/2018/05/case-study-of-veraval-fishing-harbour.htm
Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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4.BHAUCHA DHAKKA , MUMBAI (LIVE CASE STUDY) LOCATION
Ferry Wharf (also called as Bhaucha Dhakka) is a wharf along the Thane creek, along the coast of Dockyard road on the Eastern seafront of Mumbai, the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
HISTORY
It is first wet dock in1841 for the convenience of the passengers and incoming ships to load, embark ans berth. The new ferry wharf was constructed to accommodate the additional trawlers from Gujarat and to provide facilities for fish landings. The harbor was commissioned in April 1980. The wharf serves as the port for numerous fisherman who bring in their daily catch. Ferry service link up JNPT, Uranto the east and jetty of Mumbai to the south. It is essential a jetty for ferries going every hour to MORA and REWAS.
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ECONOMICS
The market handles more than 400 different types of seafood from surmai, mori, rawas, mandeli, prawns, mackerel, Kane, pomfret, crab and of course, the legendary bombil.
Overall more than 700,000 metric tons of seafood is handle every year at the three seafood markets in Mumbai.
Bhaucha Dhakka alone handles over 2000 metric tons of seafood per day.
OPERATION
10 docked boats loaded with fish and many more comes in.
Within half an hour, around 50 boats are docked till 2.40am.
The fisherman starts unloading the fish.
Around 10 to 12 people works on each boat, which contained about three to five tons of fish, collected over a week.
Auction begins at around 5 am .Boat owners hand over their fish to the auctioneers.
There are around 30 auctioneers.
The bidders include intermediate wholesalers who operate stalls in marketplace, and other buyers who are agents for restaurants, food processing companies etc.
The auction usually end around 99.00 am afterward, the purchased fish is either loaded onto trucks to be shipped to the next destination.
The market is so crowded that there is no place to stand.
EACH FISHING TRIP
Each boat requires 7 to 8 days for fishing, during which they get around 3 to 5 tons of fish.
The total expenditure on each trip is around Rs 70,000 to Rs 80,000.
The amount a fisherman gets after selling the fish is around Rs 1 to 1.5 lakh.
This can go up to even Rs2.5 lakh if they manage to catch expensive fish such as lobster and prawns.
The boats usually go to Raigad, Konkan and Gujarat.
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ABOUT THE PORT
The new jetty for fish landing is an extension of the old bhaucha Dhakka which is used as a passenger jetty of Mumbai harbor.
The jetty is guarded by the port trust officials and comprises a small bus depot and a large, tin roofed shed under which a handful to tea and refreshment stalls.
The depth of the port is 11.1 meters.
Adjacent to the wharf is another jetty where local fisherman has been docking their boats for decades.
A small bridge connects the mainland with the jetty and facilities like diesel pump, auction hall etc. are available for the vessels using the harbor.
Fish is often put straight onto the pier concrete and splashed with harbor water for better appearance before sale.
Designated auction area is not always used for the auctioning.
Fish is sold straight from the pier concrete.
Unrelated traffic in the auctioning area causes Auctioning too long.
The pier is highly contaminated due to unwanted human activities and is used for auctioning and for packaging fish for transport.
There is no designated room or area for particular activity.
Bhaucha Dhakka alone handles over 2000 metric tons of seafood per day.
Poor facilities in terms of adequate drinking water, medical facilities, place for auction.
Unhygienic health conditions due to delay in removal of fish waste and garbage.
It has poor maintenance of fish storage facilities.
Figure 27 -Bhaucha Dhakka Source -Image was clicked by the author at the Bhaucha Dhakka.
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INFERENCE: STRENGTH:
Steady supply of fish for our grow-out (raw materials).
Hatches own fish, feed and grow in unpolluted water of fishing bay.
Use of cutting-edge feeding and growing technologies.
Well-programmed production system.
Preserved quality in the processing system.
WEAKNESSES:
High Price Image
High Quality
Big Sizes
Production Scheduling
New Products
Customization
Volume considerations
Packaging
High Import taxes on Equipment & Packaging Material
Lack of supplier
Limited Design
Expensive
Compliance with mandatory Labeling
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5.DIKKOWITA FISHERY HARBOUR, SRI LANKA Location: Gampaha District, Wattala PS Land Area: 8.1 ha Basin Area: 11.7 ha Draft: -3.0m (Northern basin) / 4 ha : -5.0m (Southern basin) / 5ha : -6.0m (Harbour mouth) Width of the mouth: 50m Total breakwater length: 1170m Quay wall length: 240m (Northern basin) : 334m (Southern basin) Project Cost: Rs.8580.00Mn (€53Mn on Mixed credit Facility/ORET
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MAIN OBJECTIVE
Figure 28 Dikkowita Fishing Harbour 1 Source-https://www.baminternational.com/en/projects/dikkowitafishery-harbour-sri-lanka.
Maximization of fisheries sector contribution to the national economy.
Increasing employment related to fisheries.
Attract & encourage local and foreign investments in sector.
Offer efficient stakeholders.
Minimize of post-harvest losses.
Provide unloading and packing facilities to cater fish importing countries requirements (EU, Japan, U.S.A).
Strategically located fish exporting harbor (close proximity to Airport and Colombo Port).
service
opportunities
for
Figure 29 Dikkowita Fishing Harbour Source-https://www.baminternational.com/en/projects/dikkowita-fishery-harbour-sri-lanka.
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MAIN FACILITIES AVAILABLE
Figure 30 Dikkowita Fishing Harbour Site images Sourcehttps://www.baminternational.com/en/projects/dikkowita-
Berthing for 20 – 30 Multi-day vessels at a time.
3 Offloading and packing units (350m² * 3)
2 bunkering piers, 3 finger piers.
Administrative building with all the facilities.
Office places for registered companies.
Ice- plant (20 tons per day / storage capacity 40 tons).
Waste management system.
Oil spill protection equipment’s & fire fitting systems.
Vehicle packing areas.
Space for containers storage facilities.
24 hrs. security. ohern asin (for local registered fishing vessels)
Berthing for approx. 400 to 450 Multi-day/One-day vessels.
Auction, Net mending facilities.
Fuel dispensing units / storage capacity ………
3 finger piers (45m each)
Administrative building / Fuel office/ canteen.
Ice- plant (20 tons per day / storage capacity 40 tons).
Waste management system.
Oil spill protection equipment’s & fire fitting systems.
Vehicle packing areas. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES 24 hrs. Security.
fishery-harbour-sri-lanka.
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X BLOCS:
Over 6,000 Xblocs were used to construct the breakwaters for the Dikkowita fishery harbor. Their unique shape provides a very stable interlocking structure, while their production requires less concrete than that of traditional elements. A special concrete mix makes it possible to produce two Xblocs per day with a single mould. The Xblocs are carefully put in to place with crawler cranes a 75-tonnes excavator guided by an ultra-precise differential global positioning system. The breakwaters are partly built on an existing sandstone reef. Both breakwaters have a concrete crown wall. The total length of the breakwaters is more than one kilometer. The head of the main breakwater is located at -7.5 m MSL The Xblocs production cycle is two Xblocs per mould per day Size of Xblocs: 1.5,2.0 And 4.0 m3
Figure 31 X-blocs construction of Dikkowita Fishing Harbour Source-https://www.baminternational.com/en/projects/dikkowita-fishery-harbour-sri-lanka.
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CHAPTER-3 SITE ANALYSIS Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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3.1 SITE LOCATION
3.2 ABOUT ARNALA
Arnala I a village in Vasai Taluka in Thana District of Maharashtra State,
VAITARNA CREEK
India.
It belongs to Konkan Division.
It is located 33Km towards North from District Head Quarter Thana.
13 Km from vasai and 58 Km from State capital Mumbai.
N Figure 33 -Arnala Site Location view1 Source -Google Map of Site
Figure 32 Arnala Site Location view2 Source -Google Map of Site
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3.3 TEMPERATURE
The area has a tropical wet and dry climate.
It consists of high rainfall days and few days of extreme temperature.
80% of total rainfall occurs between June and October.
Annual average rainfall is 2000-2500 mm and humidity.
The driest days are in winter, while the wettest days occur in July.
3.4 NATIVE CULTURE
3.5 ACCESSIBILITY The Vasai-Virar Sub-Region is separated from Greater Mumbai and Mira Bhayandar by the Vasai creek. However due to the Development of road and rail network, it is strategically linked to Mumbai. It is also linked by rail and road to major centers in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, such as Navi Mumbai, Panvel, Thane, Bhiwandi and Kalyan. This area which has been identified as one growth centers around Mumbai is well connected to the metropolis by suburban commuter rail and Mumbai-Ahmedabad national Highway. Due to its close proximity to the Brihan Mumbai, Vasai – Virar Sub-Region is experiencing very rapid urban growth. With prohibitive land prices in Mumbai, low and middle income households are shifting to VVSR. Thus it presently serves as a growing dormitory to Mumbai city.
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VVSR is served by the western railway includes Virar, Nallasopara, Vasai Road & Naigaon Railway station which are at a distance of 64 km, 56 km, 52 km &48 km respectively from Churchgate Railway Station. The impetus for development was created by the suburban railway which as a terminal at Virar. The Virar Railway Station is also now functioning as a terminus for Gujarat-bound shuttle trains like Virar-Vapi, Virar-Valsad, Virar-Surat trains. Railway link from Vasai to Diva connects Western Railway to the Central and Konkan Railway via Bhiwandi. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai- 80 kms from Virar which is approachable through the western express highway.
3.6 CONNECTIVITY Virar is a potential sister city to Mumbai part from Navi- Mumbai. People from Mumbai are migrants settling in virar. Virar west already has a sizable settlement of its original inhabitants and ready has its cultural inhabitants and ready has its cultural and historic importance Arnala village has well connectivity to virar station and to the Mumbai Ahmedabad Highway by road . Arnala island which protect the Arnala from harsh current od Arabic sea.
Figure 34 Arnala Site Location connectivity Source -Google Map of Site
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3.5 TOPOGRAPHY VVSR is bounded on the north by Vaitarna River, on the south by Vasai creek and on the west by the Arabian Sea. The eastern boundary is the hill ranges of Tungar full of forest extending from Sasunavghar village upto Chandip. A number of hillocks and isolated peaks dot the region in the east. VVSR today is divided into two parts by the north south traversing western railway. The region is a low-lying mainly in the southern part along both sides of railway line. The west comprises of coastal and agricultural plain and the east is mostly the hillyregion with dense jungles at certain points. The old settlements in the coastal belt are slightly on higher level and moderately plain. The average elevation of the area above sea level is 1.5m to 2m. There are many local variations caused by the hillocks scattered in the eastern and north-eastern part of the region. The area to the east of the National Highway is hilly and covered with thick forests. The coastal belt of the sub-region is full of plantation with traditional villages maintaining peculiar konkan-type character and offers beauty to the region. Geologically, the region falls in the Deccan Lava plateau. Traces of Bauxite have been found in the Tungar Ranges over an area of 380 sq.kms and have a mineral content of 30%-35%.
3.6 GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS Vasai-Virar is a part of Palghar District is location at north of Greater Mumbai. Vasai-Virar Sub-Region is situation in the north west corner of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Geographically it is situated between East 72 480 to 72.540 Latitudes and North 19.240 to 19.280 Longitudes. It covers 380 sq.km.(About 9.5% area of Mumbai Metropolitan Region). It includes 4 municipal councils-Vasai, Nalasopara, Virar & Navghar-Manikpur & 53 villages. On the eastern side there is Bhiwandi and Wada Taluka and on the west is the Arabian Sea. On the north the Vaitarna river separates Vasai taluka from Palghar Taluka and on the south it is separated by the Vasai creek.
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3.7 WATER SOURCE
Surya water supply scheme ;100 MLD
Usgoan water supply scheme :20 MLD
Palghar water supply scheme ;14 MLD
Ground wells
:10 MLD
3.8 SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY Presently, all electrical lines and power is distributed through sub-station located in residential areas. Power is being supplied through the Vasai substation. This sub-station receives power from palghar. The load shedding is necessary to maintain the grid stability .There is a lack of proper maintenance and up gradation of existing power supply.
3.9 STROM WATER DRAIN At present there is no maintenance plan and chocking of drains .Increasing paves areas increase the runoff there-by increasing the load on the existing drains .Width of the open and closed drains is very less. Development of open and closed drains is done in unplanned manner.
Figure 35 Arnala Site Photography1 Source -author
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POPULATION TOTAL POPULATION 16,777
FISHERMAN'S POPULATION8,442
Population of the village is 16670 Percentage of the men – 56% Percentage of Women – 44% Percentage of Children – 27% Area of Village is 4 Sq. km Total licensed Fisherman – 8600 Total no of houses are 3852118
RULING BODY There is a gram panchayat raj with 18 members. Municipal co-operation id going to come soon. There are 6 fishing communities at Arnala village and island.
One of them is a women society. There are 2 NGO supporting them: 1) Sagar Putra Sangathan 2) Akhilbharatiya
matsya
pravartak
sangh These are since 1999.
BOATS
Total number of trawler – 180
Hand Trawler boat – 15 to 20 boats of Size 5 to 6 m
Figure 36 Figure 37 Arnala Site Photography 2 Source -author
Mechanized trawlers- 150
Gill netters – 80 smaller boats
Dol netters – 70 big boats.
Wooden and fibre glass canoes – both are in equal numbers
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3.10 SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS:
Located at the threshold of greater Mumbai and North Palghar district.
Strong rail and road connectivity with metropolis.
Has vast capacity for development of fishing industries.
It has a great potential in market of fishery.
It produces 12 metric tons of fishes per year.
Newly introduced Municipal Corporation.
WEAKNESS
Lack of infrastructure and planning.
The Area is very unhygienic.
There is extreme scarcity of drinking water
Lack of basic amenities to the tourist.
Unfavorable brand image as a tourist friendly destination.
Traffic congestion.
OPPORTUNITIES
Good potential for waterfront development for use as water transport, water sports.
Potential for development of tourist industries, fishing industries, Resorts, nature parks.
Potential for coastal-way transportation.
Preserve cultural heritage of the region.
THREATS
Degradation of environment
Scarcity of drinking water may stunt further growth of the area.
Health hazards
Turning local culture into commodities due to tourist expectations.
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3.11 SITE POTENTIAL A) WHY THIS SITE
Arnala is fisherman’s village, 50% of the population is the fishing community.
The site has a connectivity wit NH8 highway.
Exporters come from different region in fishing season
Lack of infrastructure and hygiene which can be improved.
There are almost around 20 beach resorts in the area, which makes this village a tourist spot.
There is also a great historical background of Arnala which makes it very famous.
B) SITE FEATURES
Good connectivity to site: From nearby Railway station as well as bud depot.
Easy public transport.
No counters, gradually sloped.
Poor road condition.
Need for management in vicinity of the site.
Excellent view of causrina trees adjacent to the beach
Figure 38 Arnala Site Photography by drone Source -author
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3.12 CURRENT SITUATION
FISH TERMINAL
ICE FACTORY
FISH MARKET
Figure 39 Arnala Site from google map Source - google map
FERRY TERMINAL
210M
ICE FACTORY
FISH MARKET
Figure 40 Arnala Site connectivity route from google map Source - google map
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Figure 41 Schematic section 1 of Arnala Source - author
Figure 42 Schematic section 1 of Arnala Source - author
Figure 43 Arnala Wind Flow and water currents Source - author
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SURVEY OF THE AREA
The total no of lakes are 3. Personal bore well are 781 Privately owned wells – 142 Public wells – 12 Privately owned boring Wells – 789 Tanks – 3 Lamp Post – 525 Motor Pumps – 129 Public toilets – 48 Co-operative local banks – 2 Bank Branches Ration Shop – 4 Grocery Shops – 19 Hotels – 8 Pan Shops – 18 Vegetable Market – 4 Fish and Meat Market – 1 Chemist – 4 Indira Awas Housing Scheme Crematory ground – 1
Fish market
Ice Factory
Figure 44 Dry Fish Dock source-Picture clicked by author
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Figure 45 Arnala Site Photography Source -author
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HOUSING PATTERN IN KOLIWADA Existing site is mainly studied by the house pattern and activities of fishing and related activities. The common spill out spaces forming collective pockets are mainly used Figure 46 Existing plan of koli house Source -Author
FEATURES
Features and other interesting points
noted while visiting Arnala.
The old houses.
The communal places such as common washing areas.
Well maintained culture of koli.
Common areas between 2-3 houses
Aangan in Front of all houses .
Historic importance of the place,i.e.
Figure 47Typical section of koli house source-Author
ARNALA FORT
The wonderful beach of Arnala which attracts all tourists.
Tulsi plant in all aangans kept in boat shaped pot which shows their culture and they worship them.
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Figure 48 Community Cooking in open courtyards source-sketch by Author
Figure 49 Activity on Beach Source-Sketch by Author
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Figure 50 Dp plan of Arnala village source -VVCMC
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4.14 INFERENCES BASED ON THE SURVEY CONDUCTED I.
The first survey conducted was based on the online research for studying the Vasai-Virar region and understanding the need of the day. Shortlisting the area which requires maximum attention.
II. III.
The survey also included walk through the areas of Arnala Region and the necessary infrastructure development requirement. it helped in understanding the transportation patterns, local landmarks, populations density built and unbuild ratios etc.
IV.
Further, while the walk through the streets of Arnala, Mr.Ritesh a resident of Arnala Koliwada briefed us about the region and help me derive other contacts which helped in understanding the koliwada community.
V.
Mr Pawar helped in justifying the topic by stating that being a resident of koliwada village , he opted for moving out and getting into a proper residential building because there was a demand for change in lifestyle and also modernization made them want to live in a better infrastructure.
VI.
Mr Mahendra Patil, he is the chairman of Arnala Koliwada , he briefed about the pattern of business conducted in Arnala . It helped in understanding the market, auction system, the working of men and women, also a brief history about the region. He also briefed about the grievances the local face due to negligence.
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CHAPTER 4 DESIGN INTENT Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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4.1DESIGN BRIEF In today’s world of increased environment awareness, a fishing ort must be planned , designed and managed in harmony with both the physical and biological Costal environment . Fishing ports and fish landing sites are complex ynamic interface zones involving the mixing of environment , ecological,economic and social activities and problem . This mix of activities demands strong cross-sector interaction at the planning stage to ensure that the resulting infrastructure may be managed in a sustainable manner. So what I intent to do is to organize the areas properly which are presently scattered and established fish port,market,ice plant,and cold storages,and other supportive
facilities
necessary for the efficient handling and distribution of fish and fishery products.To help Improved the income of small fishermans through the provision of services facilities and this will add to the value of their way of living and also attract more tourist which will serve as the income for the port during the fishes breeding seasons.Provision of Ferry jetty to Arnala Fort and to Dattivare. The main aim of the project is to design and create a fishing port with recreational space, keeping in mind the comfort and needs of the employees and common people .A port , with the most,advanced facilities and features to satsfy all the need of employees, customs and tourists.
4.2HOW TO GO ABOUT THE PROJECT? Starting with the analysis the activities, this includes incoming activities that is fishing . Then the outgoing activities which are supplyngfishes to the market and mini enterpries if any. Analysis the route for distribution and analyze the major markets served the port. This will help in better planning and zoning of the functions. Also analyzing the topography of the surrounding area, housing typology ,their routine and connectivity of spaces.
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ANALYSIS OF TERMS The project revolves around the operational definitions of fishing markets, boating, skill development, recreational spaces. These definitions form the basis of the research project undertaken. This shall lead to development of fishermen community and also bring in Business benefits
DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES
APPLY
KOLIS
Fishing-Workshop, Vessels
SELL
MARKETS
LIVE
HOUSINGS-Module for visitors, locals
The process suggests that if there is fishing, then there shall be income generation on selling of those fishes. It further means that it would lead to sufficing basic requirements like food, clothing and shelter. If it is improvised further with the help of infrastructure development skills and technology, it can meet the international standards without disturbing the cultural value of the community and its locations.
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CIRCUIT OF FISHING MARKET
BROKER
FISHERMAN
CURRENT SCENAERIO
CONSUMER
FISHERMAN
PROCESSOR
TO RETAILER
KOLI WOMEN SORTING
PROPOSED SCENARIO
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KOLI WOMEN PROCESSING
MARKETS HOTEL AIRPORTS FUNCTIONS
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TOURISM CIRCUIT
0THER FIRST STEP INTO ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTEGRATED TOURISM CIRCUIT
Identification of Tourist spots and their potential following the contextual grid
Political agreement among the tourism Authorities at National and Local levels and signing an official note of understanding.
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A benchmarking exercise with the principal actor which means defining and analyzing the tourism viability of the circuits
Complication of information about the different places and themes of the circuits to produce a circuit manual. This allows national authorities and the stake holders to act in the regional context to develop concrete tourism product
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4.3 DESIGN PROGRAM
Storage Boat Repair Center Diesel Pump Rest Room Auction Hall Ferry jetty Rest room for fisherman
Fuel jetty
Market place
Light house
Fishing Net making area
Jetty
Water Tank Water Treatment Repair Center Toilet Meter Room Security Check INTEGRATED Head Office COASTAL TOURISM CIRCUIT Jetty Car parking area
Service s
Parking Dry dock
Platform Preprocessing Hall Cold Storage Processing Hall Admin Stock Drying of Fish
Processing Unit
Cultural Space
Restaurant Amphitheatre Ticketing Provisional store Knowledge Spread Area Public promenade and parking
Sewage Treatment
4.4 PROGRAM CHALLENGES Design a platform of facility and employment to fishermen of the village. Provide a site responsive and contextual design catering to the technical and service needs of fishing industry and other stake holders.
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4.5 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Kitchen All the catering facilities should be serviced from the kitchen. The size of the kitchen depends on the following: the capacity of the restaurant which they serce, food stuff storage, cooking equipment size and the catering policy. The kitchen must be well ventilated for effective use. Provisions must be made for large delivery bay storage area for food items l.
Technical facilities These facilities are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the building with minimal automation. This includes access stairs, lifts, mechanical and electrical installation.
Security These are facilities necessary to ensure the security of the building, it's users and the properties. This includes automation, within the building to prevent hazards, effectively located near escape stairs well for its user to provide adequate security of life and property l.
Environmental These are facilities to ensure general well-being of the building. They include a well landscaped environment, adequate car parks, a well-lit premises, etc.
Tourist facilities The additional facilities that will be provided to boost the tourist potential of the site will include a garden park near the buildings, a restaurant and an observation deck.
Ventilation, lighting and color These three factor form the basis that of the conformability of any facility. Efforts will be made in the use of proper landscape, provision of strategic opening and proper building orientation to
achieve
both
cross
and
corner
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ventilation
of
the
site
where
necessary.
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Window and door opening will be located at relevant location so as to achieve illumination of the internal spaces where necessary. Light colored wall finishes and paints will be applied on internal walls for proper reflectivity. The opening must be protected from sun and rain penetration.
Administrative offices The administrative offices are spaces required for the proper functioning of the ferry terminal. Just like the Terminal discharge several functions so will there be officers for them. These offices are needed for the daily procurement accumulation and processing of information management and handling of physical items and the policies of the terminal.
Auction hall The size of the hall will depend on the number of auctioneers present at single time the hall must be well ventilated and will lit provisions must be made for storing and washing of fishes. Also there must be provision of small office for the head of this department
Net mending area This is provided for mending of net required to catch the fish this can be open or semi open area if close it should be well lit.
Loading and unloading platform This platform is provided for the loading of fishes to export it or to unload it the platform can be open or cover the height depends on the type of trucks coming on the port there must a provision of a large Storage Area beside this platform.
Cold storage building Cold storage is provided for food item that required refrigeration. These items are shipped by refrigerated boats and distributed for use. Cold storage facilities are provided on the dock in such a position that the frozen goods can be taken from the refrigerated boat and move inside
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the cold storage building in short time as possible as to keep the possible temperature changes at a minimum the basic principle of refrigeration is to keep deterioration of the goods at the minimum and at the same time keep the same temperature and humidity as when it was first frozen. Fish meat Dairy produce fruits and vegetable are the main commodities kept in the cold storage building. All these commodities have what is known as a critical temperature which is generated by the water content and as a result some foods can be frozen while other have to be chilled depending on their water. Cold storage buildings are designed to ensure maintenance of perfect temperature air circulation and humidity which are essential in food preservation. Adequate provision should be made for the area and height of the cold storage building floors and columns should be able to stand the low temperature of refrigeration. Provision for insulation is also very necessary and in most cases cork is used to provide insulation around the entire Storage Area dose as always insulated approximately. Heating element should be fitted on the meeting faces of the door and door frame to prevent ice from forming in order to ease the opening of the door. Each door should be with an airtight Lock on the inside of the building to enhance self-closing with rubber swing doors. The Airlock helps to reduce loss of cold air from the building when the heavy insulated door is opened.
Restaurant and cafeteria The size and variety of the restaurant will depend on the following factors 
The Number of workers

The Number of visitors

The peak periods
These are also a revenue generating functions on the port the restaurants and the cafeteria will cater the people waiting for jetties or the Tourist people. The space must be well ventilated and interactive it should be positioned to face a well landscaped outdoor terrace.
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4.5 ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION A sustainable building or green building is an outcome of a design philosophy which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource use: energy, water, and materials while reducing building impacts on human health and environment during building lifestyle. The sole idea behind green building is that of reducing the impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment .This is achieved through efficient use of energy , water, and other resources. Reduction in waste, pollution and environment degradation are also major function of green buildings
4.6 CONCLUSION: The area has immense potential for development in the tourism sector. If the infrastructure is developed, hygiene is maintained and waste management is taken care of it will add to USP of the location proper steps should be taken to reduce traffic congestion. If proper facilities are provided there will be a change in society in form of their living and in production and source of income and dramatic change in the surrounding of this underdeveloped village.
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RULES AND REGULATION Though no Construction is allowed in the no development zone for the purposes of calculation of floor space Index, the area of entire plot is including the portion which falls within the no development zone shall be taken into account.
FOR CRZ-II:The areas that have been developed up to or close to the shore line. Explanation:-For the purposes of the expression developed area is referred to as that area within the existing legally designated urban areas which are substantially built up and has been provided with drainage and approach roads and other infrastructural facilities, such as water supply and sewerage mains.
CR-II:i.
Building shall be permitted only on the landward side of the existing road, or on the landward side of the existing authorized structures;
ii.
Buildings permitted on the landward side of the existing authorized structures shall be subject to the existing local town and country planning regulations including the existing norms of Floor Area ratio; Provided that no permission for construction of building shall be given on landward of any new roads which are constructed on the seaward side of an existing road:
iii.
Reconstruction of authorized buildings to be permitted subject with the existing Floor Area Ratio Norms and without change in present.
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CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS CHAPTER 6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Final Year B. Arch | L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
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PORT ACCOMMODATION Divided into
Berthing
Wharfs
Quays
Piers
Docks
Oil tanker jetties or terminals
Bulk cargo facilities
Container terminals
Liquefied gas terminals
STORAGE ACCOMMODATION
Sheds
Back up storage
Warehouses
Stockyards and stacking area for containers
Stockpiles for bulk
cargo
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TERMINOLOGY
Berth:- a ship's allocated place at a wharf or dock.
Breakwaters:- a barrier built out into the sea to protect a coast or harbour from the force of waves.
Quays:- a quay is a general term used to describe a marine structure for the mooring or tying up of vessels, and for loading and unloading of goods and passengers . A pier or finger jetty is a quay that projects into the water.
Wharf:-a level quayside area to which a ship may be moored to load and unload.
Jetties:- a landing stage or small pier at which boats can dock or be moored.
Piers:- a platform on pillars projecting from the shore into the sea, typically Incorporating entertainment arcades and places to eat.
Docks slipways:- a sloping track used to move boats into or out of the water .
Dock:- an enclosed area of water in a port for the loading ,unloading and repair of the ships.
Harbour: - a place on the coast where ships may moor in shelter , especially one protected from rough water by piers, jetties , and other artificial structures.
Buoys:- it is a floating device that can have many purposes. It can be anchored or allowed to drift with the sea wave.
Embankment:- it is the process of loading a passenger shipboard an airplane with passengers or military personnel, related to and overlapping with individual boarding on aircraft and ships.
Dismemberment:- the act of passengers and crew getting off a ship or aircraft . Debarkation landing the act of coming to land after a voyage , going ashore- debarkation from a boat or ship .
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BERTH The following is a list of berth types based on the method of construction Solid Structure Berth In these berths, a solid vertical structure is created to contain fill material which is brought all the way to the structure. They can be constructed using either a gravity wall structure where the front wall of the structure uses its own weight and friction to contain the fill or with a sheet pile structure where an anchoring plate is used to contain the weight of the fill dirt.
Open Structure Berth Open berths feature structures supported by piles set slightly off shore from the natural extent of the land or the farthest extent of fill dirt. This style of berth can offer more flexibility in the specificity of construction but also presents more complicated dredging projects afterwards and also limits the amount of weight the berth is able to support and resist.
Figure 51 Typical Plan of Berth Source- https://www.seaindependent.com/yachts/309/berth-port-saint-laurent-du-var.html
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BREAKWATER Breakwaters can be constructed with one end linked to the shore, otherwise they are positioned offshore from as little as 100 m up to 300–600 m from the original shoreline. There are two main types of offshore breakwater, single and multiple; single as the name suggests means the breakwater consists of one unbroken barrier, which multiple breakwaters (in numbers anywhere from 2–20) are positioned with gaps in between (50–300 m). Length of gap is largely governed by the interacting wavelengths. Breakwaters may be either fixed or floating, and impermeable or permeable to allow sediment transfer shoreward of the structures, the choice depending on tidal range and water depth. They usually consist of large pieces of rock (granite) weighing up to 16 tons each, or rubble-mound. Their design is influenced by the angle of wave approach and other environmental parameters. Breakwater construction can be either parallel or perpendicular to the coast, depending on the shoreline requirements.
Figure 52 Detail of breakwater source- https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293
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QUAY A Quay is, technically, a part of the river bank or coastline which has been modified so ships can dock at it parallel to the shore.
Figure 53 Detail of quay source- https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293
PIERS IN MARINE STRUCTURES Piers are built normal to the shore and extended from land along the edge of sea into the deep water and either side of piers can be applied for berthing. The length of the pier is determined based on the length of the largest ship that may utilize it, so the length of the pier is either equal or longer than the ship length.
Figure 54 Detail of piers source- https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293
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WHARVES IN MARINE STRUCTURES These platforms are built nearly parallel to the land on the edge of sea and most wharves are not connected completely to the shore. Bulkhead or quay walls are used to support fill materials or stones behind the structure. Unlike pier, ships can be supported only at one side of the wharf. Structural, geotechnical, and functional considerations are considered when the width of the wharf is specified and wharf length depend on the length of ships which may use the structure. Solid fill (Figure-11) and open (Figure-9 and Figure-10) platforms are the major types of wharves. Wharf structures supported by piles may be built at specific distance away from the land on the edge of sea if the water close to land is not adequately deep and ships with long draft cannot get close to the structure without damages.
Figure 55 Detail of wharf source- https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293
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CHAPTER 6: CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Construction materials for port and coastal structures may be classified into five general categories: steel, timber, concrete, stone and synthetics. However, subject of materials and their suitability for application within a port facility is very wide and, for this reason, the intention is to condense the subject into a single chapter covering the basic principles while eliminating superfluous coverage. The chapter is confined to the properties of those materials and treatments or variations thereof that are applicable to port structures. Nevertheless, emphasis is duly placed on full coverage of the basic materials that have proved most durable in the highly aggressive marine environment inside port structures. The overall objective being the provision of sound advice to the reader regarding the selection of materials for port structures
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CONCRETE Concrete is a human-made composite, the major constituent of which is natural stone aggregate such as gravel, sand or crushed rock. The other principal constituent of concrete is the binding medium used to bind the aggregate particles together to form a hard composite material. The most commonly used binding medium is the product formed by a chemical reaction between cement and water.
PORLAND CEMENT Portland cement is a finely ground powder developed in 1824 and derives its name from Portland limestone because of its close resemblance to this rock after hydration has taken place. The basic components used in the manufacture of Portland cement are calcium carbonate (found in limestone rock) and iron oxide, alumina and silica (found in clay). As a result of the chemical changes which take place inside a cement- making kiln, these constituents give rise to several compounds, only four of which are considered to be important: •tricalcium silicate, also known by its chemical abbreviation as C3S for short; •dicalcium silicate or C2S; •tetracalcium aluminoferrite or C4AF; and •tricalcium aluminate or C3A.
Over time, a variety of cements have been developed to ensure good durability of the concrete under different conditions and these cements each contain different amounts of the above constituent compounds. The main types of cement currently available in practice are: •ordinary Portland cement; •rapid hardening cement; •low heat Portland cement; •sulphate resisting cement; and •portland blast furnace cement.
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PAINTS Paints are usually applied one coat on top of another, each coat having a specific function or purpose. The primer is applied directly on to the cleaned steel surface. Its purpose is to wet the surface and to provide good adhesion for subsequently applied coats. Primers for steel surfaces are also usually required to provide corrosion inhibition. The intermediate coats (or undercoats) are applied to build the total film thickness of the system. This may involve the application of several coats. The finishing coats provide the first-line defense against the environment and also determine the final appearance in terms of gloss, color, etc., Figure 6. The various superimposed coats Within a certain system have, of course, to be compatible with one another. They may be all of the same generic type or may be different, e.g. chlor-rubber-based intermediate coats may be applied on to an epoxy primer. However, as a first precaution, all paints within a system should normally be obtained from the same manufacturer.
Figure 56 Detail of paint cycle source- https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113082207
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AGGREGATE Aggregate is much cheaper than cement and maximum economy is obtained by using as much aggregate as possible in a concrete mix. Its use also considerably improves both volume stability and durability of the resulting concrete. The properties of the aggregate known to have a significant effect on concrete behavior are: •shape and surface texture; •grading; •strength; •deformation (toughness and hardness); •porosity; •specific gravity or the ratio of its unit weight to that of water; and •impurities.
STONE Stone for coastal structures should be sound, durable and hard. It should be free from laminations and weak cleavages, and should be of such character that it will not disintegrate from the action of air, seawater and undesirable weathering, or from handling and placing. In general, stone with a high specific gravity should be used to decrease the volume of material required in the structure and to increase the resistance to movement by the action of waves or currents. Characteristics that affect the durability of stone are texture, structure, mineral composition, hardness, toughness, and resistance to disintegration on exposure to wetting and drying and to freezing and thawing. Ordinarily, the most durable stone is one that is dense or fine textured, hard and tough, but exceptions to this general rule occur. The character of the stone for any project depends on what is available, and often the choice of material involves weighing the relative economy of using a local stone of lower quality against using a better quality stone from a distance.
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Where the local stone is markedly inferior, the greater cost of transporting durable, high-quality stone from outside the immediate area may be justified advisable.
Typical rock sizes for breakwater construction
0.5–1 tonne
1–3 tonnes
50–500 kg
600 mm
900 mm
900 mm
1 300 mm
Figure 57 Detail of typical rock sizes sourcehttps://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113082207
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REINFORCEMENT As mentioned earlier, the tensile strength (resistance to pulling) of concrete is very low and reinforcing steel in the form of bars or mesh is used to increase this strength. Reinforcing bars are manufactured as deformed or ribbed bars to better grip the concrete. The minimum cover to any steel bar (Z) should not be less than 50 mm
Steel reinforcement showing steel mill’s identification marks
Figure 58 Detail of Steel reinforcement sourcehttps://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113082207
TIMBER Timber is cut and machined from trees, themselves the product of nature and time. Humans have found timber to be a cheap and effective material and continue to use it in vast quantities. However, criticisms leveled at timber as a material are a consequence of humankind’s misuse of one of nature’s most important products. Unlike so many other materials, especially those used in construction, timber cannot be manufactured to a particular specification; instead, the best use has to be made of the material already produced, though it is possible to select timbers with the most desirable range of properties. Preservatives are generally classed into three groups, depending on the solvent used:
tar-oil preservatives,
water-soluble preservatives; and
Organic solvent preservatives.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES INTRODUCTION http://dc.isf.net/photogallery.html?country=0&source=0&start=540&album=&country=0&source=0&keyword=&capti on=&snfrom=&snto=&picfrom=&picto=&pictype= https://thecreativityengine.wordpress.com/2013/11/03/arnala-lighthouse/ https://www.thehindubussinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/nod-for-2-fishingharbours-in-maharashtra/article2340446.ece
BACKGROUND STUDY https://www.konkanworld.com/details.aspx?nid=%20355 https://www.bls.gov/ooh/farming-fishing-and-forestry/fisheries-and-related-fishingworkers.htm#tab-2 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/fishermen-the-biggest-catch-in-veravalpolls/articleshow/61789051.cms https://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysecto/naso_india/en#tcN700da http://architecture.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/builtenviron/architecture/Project%207 Source:http://architecture.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/c/ae/builtenviron/architecture/Proje ct%207.pdf http://www.iomenvis.in/fishing/fish_production.php Source:http://architecture.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/builtenviron/architecture/Projec t%207.pdf
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CASE STUDIES https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/bhaucha-dhakka-mumbais-biggest-fish-market003511.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Wharf https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/post-fishing-ban-malim-jetty-turns-into-a-dumpsite/articleshow/65219915.cms http://www.gsidcltd.com/project/development-extension-construction-upgradation-of-4fishing-harbours-fish-landing-centres-at-malim-cutbona-chapora-and-cortalim-in-the-state-ofgoa/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veraval https://www.dmc.nl/projects/dikkowita-fishery-harbour-sri-lanka http://sangam.org/south-asias-largest-fisheries-harbor/
SITE ANALYSIS http:.//www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and harbour-in-maharashtra/article2340446.ece
economy/agri-biz/nod-for-2-fishing-
https://www.konkanworld.com/details.aspx?nid=%20355 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virar https://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/valsad/pard/arnala http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Thane/Virar/Juna-Koli-Wada-Arnala https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasai-Virar_City_Municipal_Corporation https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/vasai-virar
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DESIGN INTENT https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113082207
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES https://www.seaindependent.com/yachts/309/berth-port-saint-laurent-du-var.html https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293
MATERIALS https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113082207
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1- fish production in India. Source- http://www.iomenvis.in/fishing/fish_production. .... 18 Figure 2- fish production in India. Source- http://www.iomenvis.in/fishing/fish_production. ... 18 Figure 3 – fishing activity. Source- sketch drawn by author ........................................................ 22 Figure 4 Graphical representation of koli festivals. Sourcehttp://www.iomenvis.in/fishing/fish_production. ....................................................................... 23 Figure 5 Activities of koli people Source- Sketch drawn by author. ............................................. 23 Figure 6 Schematic section 1 of koli house Source-author ......................................................... 24 Figure 7 Schematic section 2 of koli house Source-author .......................................................... 24 Figure 8 Housing pattern of koliwada Source-author ................................................................ 25 Figure 9 Activities of koli community Source-sketch by author................................................... 26 Figure 10 Fishing Eco-system Source- http://kidspressmagazine.com/science-forkids/misc/misc/marine-food-chain.html ...................................................................................... 28 Figure 11 Plan of Mandovi jetty Source- https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/the-mandovi-fishermenjetty/.............................................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 12 Site photography 1 Mandovi jetty Source- Pictures clicked by author ....................... 34 Figure 13 Schematic Sections 1 of Mandovi jetty Source- https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/themandovi-fishermen-jetty/ ............................................................................................................ 35 Figure 14 Site photography 2 Mandovi jetty Source- Pictures clicked by author ....................... 35 Figure 15 Schematic Sections 2 of Mandovi jetty Source- https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/themandovi-fishermen-jetty/ ............................................................................................................ 36 Figure 16 Google map location of margoa fish market Source- Googlemap ............................... 37 Figure 17 Typical plan and Sections 1 of Margoa fish market Source- author ............................. 38 Figure 18 Roof plan and Sections of Margoa fish market Source- author.................................... 39 Figure 19 Schematic Sections showing light and ventilation of Margoa fish market Sourceauthor............................................................................................................................................ 40 Figure 20 Photography of Margoa fish market Source- author .................................................... 40 Figure 21 Site photographs of Margoa fish market Source- author ............................................. 41 Figure 22 Veraval port site map Source -Google Map ............................................................... 42 Figure 23 Plan of veraval port Source- https://amitjaviya.blogspot.com/2018/05/case-study-ofveraval-fishing-harbour.html ........................................................................................................ 43 Figure 24 Boat making activity of veraval port Source- author .................................................. 43 Figure 25 Site photographs of veraval port Source- author ........................................................ 44 Figure 26 comparison chart Source -https://amitjaviya.blogspot.com/2018/05/case-study-ofveraval-fishing-harbour.htm ......................................................................................................... 45 Figure 27 -Bhaucha Dhakka Source -Image was clicked by the author at the Bhaucha Dhakka. ....................................................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 28 Dikkowita Fishing Harbour 1 ....................................................................................... 52 Figure 29 Dikkowita Fishing Harbour .......................................................................................... 52
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Figure 30 Dikkowita Fishing Harbour Site images ...................................................................... 53 Figure 31 X-blocs construction of Dikkowita Fishing Harbour ................................................... 54 Figure 33 -Arnala Site Location view1 Source -Google Map of Site .......................................... 59 Figure 32 Arnala Site Location view2 Source -Google Map of Site ............................................ 59 Figure 34 Arnala Site Location connectivity Source -Google Map of Site ................................. 61 Figure 35 Arnala Site Photography1 Source -author .................................................................... 63 Figure 36 Figure 37 Arnala Site Photography 2 Source -author ................................................... 64 Figure 38 Arnala Site Photography by drone Source -author ..................................................... 66 Figure 39 Arnala Site from google map Source - google map ...................................................... 67 Figure 40 Arnala Site connectivity route from google map Source - google map ........................ 67 Figure 41 Schematic section 1 of Arnala Source - author ............................................................. 71 Figure 42 Schematic section 1 of Arnala Source - author ............................................................. 71 Figure 43 Arnala Wind Flow and water currents Source - author ................................................ 71 Figure 44 Dry Fish Dock source-Picture clicked by author ........................................................... 72 Figure 45 Arnala Site Photography Source -author ...................................................................... 73 Figure 46 Existing plan of koli house Source -Author ................................................................... 74 Figure 47Typical section of koli house source-Author ................................................................. 74 Figure 48 Community Cooking in open courtyards source-sketch by Author.............................. 75 Figure 49 Activity on Beach Source-Sketch by Author ................................................................. 75 Figure 50 Dp plan of Arnala village source -VVCMC ..................................................................... 76 Figure 51 Typical Plan of Berth Source- https://www.seaindependent.com/yachts/309/berthport-saint-laurent-du-var.html ..................................................................................................... 94 Figure 52 Detail of breakwater sourcehttps://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293 .................................................. 95 Figure 53 Detail of quay source- https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293 ....................................................................................................................................................... 96 Figure 54 Detail of piers source- https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293 ....................................................................................................................................................... 96 Figure 55 Detail of wharf source- https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40555%282001%293 ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 Figure 56 Detail of paint cycle sourcehttps://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113082207 ................................................. 101 Figure 57 Detail of typical rock sizes sourcehttps://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113082207 ................................................. 103 Figure 58 Detail of Steel reinforcement sourcehttps://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113082207 ................................................. 104
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