EEI-18
Arduino Based Vehicle-Mounted Safety Device Using Ultrasonic Sensor and Accelerometer Priyojit Chakraborty, Rishabh Jain, Parikshit Sarkar (Department of Electronics and Instrumentation); Rudrajit Mitra (Department of Civil); Supama Das (Department of Information Technology); Souvik Halder (Department of Electronics and Communication); Techno India College of Technology, Kolkata-156, India Email : suvobroto.banerjee@gmail.com
chakrabortypriyojit@gmail.com
II. UNITS The units used for the paper interface are all in M.K.S. Volts and milliamps are used as electrical units. For case of Ultrasonic Sensors, the unit used is meters for measuring distance from the object. The sound also travels at a speed of 340 meters/sec which is another unit used in the process.The accelerometer is based in the unit used for acceleration, i.e. meters/sec2.
Abstract- In the modern era, vehicle accidents lead to loss of many lives, whereas these accidents are reduced to a great extent by applying ultrasonic sensors in trains to reduce rail accidents in foreign countries. Our paper consists of use the of arduino board where we are using ultrasonic sensors for avoiding accidents caused by human error and accelerometers to make it move as if driven by auto-pilot. It will not only reduce on-road disasters but will greatly aid drivers with lesser expertise or visual inhibitions. KeywordsUltrasonic Accelerometer, Auto-pilot.
I.
sensor,
III. SYSTEM DESIGN The paper can be classified into two important things which are for safety as well as soothing for the driver along with others around him. These two parts namely accelerometer and ultrasonic sensor have incorporated together using a simple use of Arduino board, a simple micro controller which simplifies the complicacy of the age long problem of on-road vehicle accidental deaths.
Arduino,
INTRODUCTION
This technology is used in trains in European lands where deaths by railway accidents are the least; however deaths by vehicle accidents are the most. It is our venture by this paper to reduce on road slaughter houses by vehicle accidents and saving thousands from an early death. This device will not only ensure that deaths caused by striking cars to the least but also ensure the fact that it will solve out the route in these conditions by the auto-pilot option. If the Vehicle stops itself before hitting an object, i.e. moving or immobile those too by gradual decrease in an exponential form of speed with respect to the object distance. If the vehicle is jammed is such a position the device will allow the driver with the auto-pilot option to solve out its own route thus acting as a convergent thinker to ensure your safety and the safety of the vehicle. It is applicable for all type of motor run vehicles hence increasing the safety of the people on it.
i.
Arduino Board
A simple Arduino board is the important part of this paper. The Arduino UNO used for the paper consists of ATmega 328, 14 digital I/O pins, 6 analog input pins and the input voltage is a 9 volt battery source. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. ATmega 328 is the micro controller used in the Arduino UNO, which processes information to the system, i.e. the motor driver, the accelerometer and the ultrasonic sensor. The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the boot loader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM. See fig. no 1.
ii.
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Motor Driver
EEI-18 The Motor Driver module used for the process is a L298 Motor Driver which is an integrated monolithic circuit in a 15- lead Multi-watt and Power SO20 packages. It is a high voltage, high current dual full-bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device. The motors are connected with it and a 9 volt battery as source and are connected to the input pin of the Arduino UNO. See fig. no 2. iii.
Fig 1: Arduino UNO connected with Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
Ultrasonic Sensor
It is an Ultrasonic Module of HC-SR04 which provides 2cm - 400cm non-contact measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The modules includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit. The basic principle of work is using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal, The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detects whether there is a pulse signal back. IF the signal is received back, through high level, time of high output IO duration is the time from sending ultrasonic to returning. See fig. no 3. Test distance = (high level time Ă— velocity of sound (340M/S) / 2 iv.
Accelerometer Fig 2: Motor Driver (L298)
It is an AXLD335 type of accelerometer which senses the acceleration change. The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-scale range of Âą3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration. The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Band widths can be selected to suit the application, with arrange of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis.
Fig 3: Ultrasonic Sensor (HC SR-04)
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EEI-18
Fig 4: Accelerometer (AXLD335)
i.
Arduino
The Arduino UNO (ATmega 328) UNO processes information and act as the brain of the device. A 9 volt battery source is used as a supply source and the accelerometer, ultrasonic sensor and the Motor Driver are connected with it.
Fig 5: Accelerometer’s Principle of Working
ii.
Ultrasonic Sensor
It receives signals with the help of sound and senses the presence of obstacles. Hence, sends the information to the Arduino UNO. iii.
Motor Driver
The Motor driver supplies sufficient current to the motors as well as protects the Arduino UNO from getting damaged.
Fig 6: An Ultrasonic Sensor Working
iv.
Accelerometer
Receives the acceleration differences along the 3 directional ways and sends information to the Arduino UNO. The Accelerometer and the Ultrasonic Sensor, together forms main units of the auto-pilot version.
IV. PROCESS FLOW
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EEI-18 V.ANALYSIS It is analyzed that the device used in the vehicle acts properly giving the best results where it reduces speed exponentially with decrement of distance from the next object. Whereas the driver can also select his mode Auto Pilot and Manual with his or her wish. This will not only decrease number of accidents but will also turn out to be suitable in the very busy roads giving the driver enough ability to take rest and as well as let his or her vehicle do the driving on his own without any accidents. This will surely decrease accidental deaths to 90 percent, enough for people in day-to-day life. VI.
CONCLUSION
This is to conclude that safety of a life is important than any other development in the world. A safe world will be more developed than an endangered world. We want to conclude that the use of this device will surely help people and make them feel confident to be safe and soothing on roads.
VII.
FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope for this device is very bright since its application is very simple and can be easily fitted on any vehicle without much change in the vehicle’s overall design or function. It is cost effective and can easily become a standard-issued safety feature in every manufactured vehicle within a few years. It can also help the driver with the auto-pilot facility. Thus, it has a very vast range of future applications. VIII.
REFERENCES
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Q. Aston Acton (Issues In Structural and Materials Engineering , 2013 Edition)
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J. David N. Cheeke (Fundamentals and Applications of Ultrasonic Waves)
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Jeremy Blum (Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry)
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Micheal McRoberts (Beginning Arduino)
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