Aerospace Dictionary for Beginners 2020-2040 6th-Generation by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

Aerospace Dictionary for

Beginners 2nd Edition, 2020-2040-6th-Aerospace-Generation

Aerospace Dictionary for

Beginners

Updated 2020-2040-6th-Generation PART A Compact Dictionary-1 for Beginners AL-41/31.....Russian Jet Engines/used in Chinese A/C AP........ Air-Penetration & ANTI-AP-defense Programs

Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

AOOF.................Aeronautics-Only-Obsolete Flight-Control ARROW-3,4..... Israel-US-SOS-David Sling/Jericho-Network Avangard........................Russian Hypersonic HGV program BRAHMOS-II............Indian Scramjet/Hypersonic programs BVR..................Beyond Visual Range combat engagements B-21.........US/UCAV/AP/Bomber/Flying Command-Centers David Sling......Israel-US-SOS-ARROW-3,4/Jericho network DF-ZF .............................Chinese HGV mounted on a DF-17 DF-17 .............1800-2500 km, Mach 5 to 10 HGV. Cf. DF-ZF DF-31A................DF-41 Mach 25, 12k-15k/km, 3-10-MIRVs DF-41 ....was Mach 25, 12k-15k/km, 3-10-MIRVs, cf. RT-23 FTL.........................Follow-The-Leader UAV IN ST programs F-22.................stealth-JES jet v. JES-J-10B, JES-Su-35/Su-57 F-35...............................NON-JES, stealth-US jet, 3 Versions HGV...........................................Hypersonic Gliding Vehicle H-20 ....................................................Chinese Xian bomber Izdeliye 30....Russian jet engine pending certified maturity JERICHO-III................Israel-ICBM/SOS-Arrow-3/David Sling JES-UCAV, A/C.Super-Agile/Sub-2-Hyp -Jetonautic vehicles Jetonautics....New Engineering Science of SOS-JES-Designs J-10................Comprises many of China combat A/C ~2021

3 J-10B.since 11/06/18 canarded, tailed, JES-A/C combat A/C J -20........canarded-tailed, 2-engines, Chengdu-combat A/C J-31.......................canardless-tailed, 2 engines, combat A/C IFPC.......................JES-Integrated-Flight Propulsion Control LCS.....................JES-Type Littoral Combat Ships/FAST-boats MIRV....Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle PST....................Post-Stall Flight Domain, cf. JES, Jetonautics RT-23.............. Russian MIRV somewhat adopted by DF-31A Mitsubishi F-3.......................A/C based on Shinshin X-2 SCCC.....Single Crystal Casting and Cooling of turbine blades Shinshin X-2 .....................Japanese Mitsubishi F-3, X-2 SOS..........Systems-Of-Systems including systems cited here ST................Swarm Technology including Follow the Leader Su-57..........canardless, tailed, JES jet delayed by Izdeliye-30 S400.............................Russian surface-to-air mobile system S500...............6TH-Gen Russian surface-to-air mobile system Taranis.........................Flight-tested, large UK-Stealth-UCAV THAAD.............Kinetic-Impact-Anti-Ballistic in SOS-Network Trident II .........US MIRV missile carrying up to 14 warheads TVFC....................3D-Thrust Vectoring Flight Control aka JES UCAV...Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles now in ~60 nations UCLASS.............5TH-GEN-Program closed by endless debates WVR...................Within Visual Range combat engagements W-10.......pending maturity certification Chinese jet engine W-15...... pending maturity certification Chinese jet engine X-44-MANTA..........US Stealth-JES A/C, or JES-UCAV, design X-47.........US WELL-TESTED Stealth-JES-UCAV & derivatives Zirkon.........................Russian Anti-Ship Weapon Programs

PREFACE Different aerospace engineers in various countries have approached these new, integrated, SOS-Engineering-Science from widely varying, and sometimes misleading viewpoints, employing disjointed concepts to what should be a unified methodology. Consequently, we depart from traditional, isolated texts in emphasis on interconnectedness of up-dated information cited by references in PART C. In trying to develop new, integrated, SOS, we first refrain from repeating various, well-known, isolated, analyses, opinions, 3

theories. Instead, we stress the physical and performance consequences from the end-user point-of-view. For the sake of unification and simplicity, physico-performance Rules and by-rules of SOS are first introduced in as simple a manner as possible, noting that many systems listed in the Glossary are not to be studied, developed and operated in isolation. Let us first look at key SOS 6TH-Gen-Categories

Introduction Compact Dictionary-2.1 for Beginners

USA US BOMBER B-21 is to be fielded in 2026-2027 as "optionally manned". Which means the world largest UCAV [Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle] within the 6th-Generation. It is tailless, canardless, long-range, supersonic bomber that can also function as flying-command-center with fleets of smaller, JET-ENGINES-STEERED, JES-UCAVS FLYING AHEAD. –That fleet may include extant and future Stealth-JES-fighters, somewhat similar to the B-21 design. U.S. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING OFFICE, GAO, No. 15-374; 16-389R, etc. v. B-21, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-northrop-grumman-b-21stealth-bomber-simply-unstoppable-19931?page=0%2C1 UCLASS, F-35. Cf. SUPERMANEWVERABILITY, Wikipedia, References 1 and 2. Other SOS-OPTIONS may include swarms of low-cost, following-theleader, PROP or jet-UCAV.

Compact Dictionary-2.1 for Beginners U.S. Trident II missile can carry up to 14 MIRV warheads. MIRV is multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle. Its payload may contain several warheads, each capable of being independently aimed to hit a different target with thermonuclear warheads. Only China, Russia, UK, US, France and India have MIRVs, while Israel is developing its own. MIRV allows to overwhelm any nation. Thus. US- and Russia, in 2014, agreed to ban MIRV. Apparently, however, Russia keeps developing new designs based on it, while China is still working on versions, which may each Mach 25, 12,000-15,000-km-range, 3-10-MIRVs, mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles. [see below]

Compact Dictionary-2.2 for Beginners

CHINA DF-ZF is Hypersonic Glide Vehicle, (HGV), designed to be mounted on DF-17, a type of missile specifically designed to carry HGVs. DF-17 [photo] is HGV capable of unpredictable ballistic trajectory at 1800 to 2500 km range and speeds between Mach 5 to 10. With its DF-ZF and Russian HGV, both countries lead today this HGV domain. DF-41 was converted to DF-31A. It was Mach 25, 12,000-15,000-km, 3-10-MIRVs, a mobile intercontinental ballistic missile NOTES ON HGV Unlike rockets, HGV do not need to carry oxygen -- they get it directly from the atmosphere. Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles re-enter the atmosphere at about Mach 20-23, IN PREDICATABLE TRAJECTORIES THAT ALLOW to destroy them. In contrast, HGV move in the atmosphere at Mach 5 to 20+, and § maneuver to avoid destruction and penetrate highly congested air defenses, rather than following a predictable trajectory in space. Post re-entry to the atmosphere, HGV is generating complex system of shock waves [Cover page], some needed to secure hypersonic combustion. Aerodynamic and JES flight control to bring them close to targets, where they can

be intercepted by current means and future means like lasers or electromagnetic rail-guns. DF-ZF may be fitted to DF-31 intercontinental ballistic missiles 8,00012,000 km DF-31. In the civil domain China controls about 80% of civilian UAV market. On November 06, 2018, China made its first public display of its canarded, non-stealthy, JES-J-10B-fighter-aircraft: "Now China's J-10(B) joins the elite club of super-maneuverable fighter jets". December 29, 2018, South China Morning Post: China is developing metamaterials/microscopic-integrated circuits to be coated on/inside jetengines-inlets and non-stealthy airframes of canards-equipped, JES-J-10, or J-11, J-15 or canard-less H-20, to generate electromagnetic waves that are radiated back to searching western radars, to reduce detectability; On the path to be at least semi-stealthy are canarded-tailed, 2-engines (e.g., WS10B, or projected WS-15) Chengdu canardless-tailless, 2-engines, Xian-H-20, a canard-less, tailed, 2 engines-bomber. cf. RD-93, WS-13E, J-31. On June 5, 2018 China released images of its UCAV-Dark Sword. For its advanced jets, China is still using the Russian AL-31/41 [see below], which is to be replaced by its own WS-10 derivatives, or with the its more powerful WS-15 jet engine pending maturity tests. [see below]. China is also using underwater drones in the south china-sea.

Compact Dictionary-2.3 for Beginners

RUSSIA

Russian most advanced Stealth-JES-SU-57 is shown (by TASS] with its 2 Current NPO SATURN AL41F, [used also by China], pending maturity verification [see below] advanced JES SATURN 1178 JET ENGINE [Izdeliye 30 jet engine] pending certified maturity. [see below]. Russian HGV include the AVANGARD and against ships ZIRKON. With Chines HGV both countries lead today this HGV domain.

Why Russia had not before developed advanced JES-UCAV IS NOT CLEAR. Russia's UCAV program had started and cancelled by MIG, then resumed. It was aimed to deploy a 20 ton UCAV named Mikoyan Skat. Started at Su as Okhonik-B, it was to be powered by Klimov RD-5000B turbofan engine, a variant of the RD-93. Russian SOS-6TH-Generation, surface-to-air missile S-500 is anti-ballisticanti-A/C-SOS, developed by Almaz Central Design Bureau as an upgrade of S-300/S-400.

Compact Dictionary-2.4 for Beginners

UK The UK has developed and flight tested, since 2013, a large tailless, canardless, stealth jet UCAV named Taranis. It is designed to fly intercontinental attack missions both aerial and ground targets. It is powered by RR ADUR JET ENGINE and will be controllable via satellite link from anywhere. 9

The UK has also taken preliminary steps in mastering swarm technology. Cf. Video of 2013 flight tests at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems_Taranis. UK new UK Stealth TEMPEST fighter aircraft is intended to guide ST of low cost like prop-UAV or jet-UCAV. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems_Taranis. Photo of Tempest mockup by Swadim - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82612604

Compact Dictionary-2.5 for Beginners

JAPAN JAPAN HAS JES-STEALTH FIGHTER JET AND POSSIBLY A UCAV LIKE THE U.S. 47B and X-45. The JES-STEALTH FIGHTER JET is an experimental, twoengines, Mitsubishi F-3 light-weight aircraft based on the Shinshin X-2. It is equipped with vector thrust, (JES). For stealth A/C it resorts to nonreflective silicon carbide and ceramic coating. Furthermore, its surfaces show saw-tooth edges, chines and irregular curves to reduce radar reflectivity; and its tail fins are canted outwards. Its two IHI XF5-1 jet engines are low-bypass-turbofans with afterburners. For JES-induced super-agility, the 2 exhaust nozzles are equipped with three paddles. These engines, and low weight, allow it to sustain supersonic speed without the use of afterburners, ('super-cruise').

The X-2 is also claimed to provide self-repairing systems, which detect damage to the aircraft’s flight control means and auto-adjust to a safe proper functioning.

Compact Dictionary-2.6 for Beginners

ISRAEL Israel is developing its own MIRVs. With the US It develops unique SOSARROW-3,4, David-Sling, JerichoNetwork: U.S. U.S. "U.S. US Missile Director: Defense ARROW-3 is more advanced than what we have ever attempted in

the U.S. with our programs, [with] greater flexibility and other aspects, such as propulsion systems." It is projected by US to ese HGV threat. cf. China. provideprovide asymmetric response to Russian and is Arrow-3,4 are SOS with DAVID SLING, which intercepts tactical missiles, medium-to-long-range rockets, nuclear hypersonic cruise missiles, ballistic planes and hyp-UCAVs. Its supermaneuverability during final kill-stage by AI-proxy-exploding targets via three-pulse motor, provides supermaneuverability during final killing phases. Its reported Nuclear-armed, classified ICBM Jericho IIIA, can reach any place on earth. For instance, the 2004 missile proliferation survey by the Congressional Research Service put its possible maximum range at 11,500 km. Buried underground it can survive a first strike nuclear attack by chemical, biological or conventional ballistic missiles and satellites. 11

Reported Nuclear-armed, classified Popeye Turbo NCM launched from Israel's-Sub-Dolphins is projected to be upgraded during the early phases of the 2020-2040 6th- Gen..

Compact Dictionary-2.7 for Beginners

INDIA TURBO-RAMJET-SCRAMJET HYPERSONIC BRAHMOS has been developed with Russia. It may reach Mach 7 as scramjet-cruise-missile and is expected to be tested first by 2020. India pulled out in 2018 from Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia.

Brahmos-II at Aero India 2013 - BrahMos-II - Wikipedia.htm

PART B Compact Dictionary-3 for Beginners

Our conceptual designs for sea, or sea-to-land B-21-TYPE MISSIONS: a. Convert Old ships to UCAV-CARRIERS to fit long-range-B-21-AP-missions. b. Same by submarines deploying 'UCAVrunway and refueling stations. c. Convert Atillery Units to UNMANNED-GUIDED BY FLYERS OF UAV/UCAV.

Compact Dictionary-3.1 for Beginners Maturity, especially of new, advanced technology of stealth, SUPER-AGILE, JES-UCAVS in the service of unmanned artillery, strongly depends on tested-verified maturity and durability. This applies, in various degrees, to stealth Fighter A/C and UCAVS' airinlets, external skins, front, sides, back signatures, communications, hot gases via SOS-integrated designs, where the slowest-rate maturity bottleneck is attributed to advanced JES-Engines, whose maturity delays vary from 8 to 15 years post SOS maturity of frames, avionics, flight safety means, etc.

Compact Dictionary-3.2 for Beginners

SOS-HGV-UCAV-Rule-1: Combustion in Jet engine v. scramjets, v. HGV

Designers of these weapons need to arrest suitable shock waves to properly compress air for hypersonic combustion, instead of a complicated compressor of jet engines, that mainly to keep stable supersonic or hypersonic combustion [bottom drawings]. 13

These weapons harbor high specific impulse -- momentum per unit of propellant, expressed in seconds ~1000-4000 seconds vis-à-vis rocket engines only 450 seconds, or less.

PART C Compact Dictionary-4 for Beginners Compact Dictionary-4.1 for Beginners

Editorials on projected future of 2020-2040-6th-Generation of Aerospace Engineering Science 1.

Ibid, Jet-Engine-Steered (JES), lack of updated textbooks to design 6th-generation air and sea combat vehicles, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 32(3), Jan 2015. DOI: 10.1515/tjj- 2015. 2. Ibid, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES-I: JET ENGINES AS PRIME FLIGHT EFFECTORS. THE FIRST KEY DESIGN RULES. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jul 1999, Dec 2000, Jan 2001 and Jan 2003. 3. Ibid, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES-II: Air, Land and Marine applications of Jet Engine Steering aka as 3D thrust vectoring flight control or 2D-Water-TVC of super-agile boats or super-agile Littoral Combat Ships, [LCS]. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Apr. 2011 4. Ibid, Review of debates re jet engine steering aka thrust vectoring and adverse effects of canards; Journal of Thermal Science, China, Mar 1998. 5. Ibid, An Old-New European Debate on Thrust Vectoring and adverse effects of canards", Polskiej Nauki, PRACE Instytutu Lotnictwa, Poland, 152, pp. 3-8, 1998. 6. Ibid, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES-III: JES for advanced Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles, [JES-UCAV.]. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Mar 2010. 7. Ibid, Old-New European debate on thrust vectoring and adverse effects of canards, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 1997. . 8. Ibid, RE-EDUCATING THE JET-ENGINE RESEARCHERS TO STAY RELEVANT, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 33(2), July 2016; DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2016-5001. 9. Ibid, On CANCELED UCLASS-UCAV- STRIKE-PROGRAMS, down playing 6th-gen-WVR-JES, Design Team induces F-35 run-away costs & performance compromises. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Sep 2011. 10. Ibid, JET ENGINE STEERING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 31(4):277-285, Dec 2014; DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2014-1001. 11. Ibid, FUTURE JET TECHNOLOGIES-IV: JES-revolution in Air-Sea Propulsion Science and R&D; Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 2014. DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2014-1000. 12. Ibid, Proposed flight testing standards for engine thrust vectoring to maximize kill ratio, 14

13.

15 post-stall agility and flight safety, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Dec 1995. Ibid, Fleets of low-cost, stealth, jet-steered drones designed to fly ahead of fighter aircraft furthermore bombers into congested regions. Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Jan 2013.

Compact Dictionary-4.2 for Beginners 1987-97 GD/LOCKHEED, USAF, PWA, GE, Boeing contracts for ATF-YF-22, Later F-22 1. Gal-Or, B., “Novel, Post-Stall, Thrust-Vectored F-15 RPVs: Laboratory and Flight Tests” Funded by USAF FROM 1987 TO 1992, WHEN ATF/YF-22 was named winner Over ATF/YF-23 1987-1992, 9 REPORTS, ORIGINALLY CLASSIFIED, RE: (A) Canarded v. Canard-less, ROUNDED v. RECTANGULAR JES-EXHAUSTS of COLD-FAN-JET-ENGINES, 1/7-scale-JES-F-15 flight-tests in abandoned airfield. USAF OFFICIALS VISITING TO MONITOR THE FLIGHT-LAB-TESTS, OF THE JES F-15. (B) F-15-AIR-INLET-HOT-TESTS BY OUR FULL-SCALE JET-ENGINE-ALITITUDE TESTS, AT SL. (C) SUB-SCALED-F-15-INLET-PERFORMANCE DURING POST-STALL, HIGH AOA, 188-p-Report 2. Ibid, “Tailless Vectored Fighters: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, USAF funding, WPAFB, Ohio, USA, AFOSR FY 1456-8905052, 196-page-Report-II, July 15, 1991. 3. Ibid, Classified Reports to GD/Lockheed-Martin financing Agility Benefits of Integrated Aerodynamic & Thrust Vectoring Control, (JES) by flights tests of several JES-F-16 MODELS, ONE WITH A FORE DEVISE OWNED BY GD/Lockheed-Martin. TECH-RRJ-JK- 0001, TIIT-TRDF 160-779, 1993-1995, Progress Report No. 2, Feb. 10, 1995. 4. Ibid, “Vectorable Inlets/Nozzles and Tailless Flying Models vs. Pilot’s Tolerances Affecting Maximum Post-Stall Vectoring Agility”; USAF funding, 238-page-Report-IV. 5. Ibid, “Dynamic Scaling, Pilot v. G-Loads under post-stall Maneuvers with vectored fighters”, USAF Funded series of projects in Israel. (i) REPORT 4 submitted to USAF Colonel J. Tedor team, San Antonio, BAFB, 1990. 6. Ibid, “Dynamic Scaling of Prototypes Using Radius of Gyration Method: Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, REPORT #I to USAF Capt. J. Wigle Sep. 30, 1991, Report-VI & VII to USAF Dr. D. W. Repperger, AL/WPAFB, Sep. 30, 1991). Report-VIII to USAF Col. J. Tedor, Deputy Director, Human Systems Division, BAFB, TX; USAF Special Project, SPC-91-4003, AF/AFOSR/EOARD, 141-page-Report-IX. 7. Ibid, Classified Reports to Lockheed-Martin/General Dynamics, Ft Worth, TX, via Spence E. Peters, Tel. 817-935-1588, Main: 817-777-2000, E-Mail: Spence.e.pters@LMCO.com & Dorsett, longest funded programs in Israel by Lockheed Martin/GD up to about 1997. 8. Ibid, Classified Reports to PWA financing JES-RECTANGULAR NOZZLES, BY HOT FULL- SCALE LAB-TESTS, Reports to Manager, Component Technology, R. E. (Bob) Davis, 1987-1994. 9 . Ibid, Classified Reports to GE financing ROUNDED JES NOZZLES BY HOT FULL-SCALE LAB- TESTS, Reports to General Electric, Don Dunbar, Ed Rogala, GE VP Krebs. 1987-1988.

16 10. Ibid, "Upgraded, Completely Vectored F-22", USAF-AFOSR-EOARD, CONTRACT F61708-92-W, UNITED STATES AIR FORCE, Report: Feb. 28, 1993. 11. Ibid, with Lijun Qian and E. Kreindler, Minimum-time maneuvers of thrust-vectored aircraft; Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, Mar 1998. 12. Ibid, Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles, AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, 202-206, 2000. Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles, AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, 202-206, 2000.

Compact Dictionary-4.3 for Beginners Jet Engine Steering (JES) – The new master of advanced flight control 1. The UNITED STATES AIR FORCE on 1987-2000 JES-F-22 Design: "Benjamin Gal-Or & Wolfgang Herbst have influenced the direction of (JES) fighter aircraft design." “Many of Gal-Or's ideas, and those of Herbst, are now being tested and flown operationally" "Their technology will offer new challenges. Solving the inevitable human points problems that will emerge, involve questioning established doctrine and reaching for innovative and imaginative solutions." RTO-EN-12, RTO-TR-015/HFM-015, U.S. AIR FORCE & NATO. 2. Aviation Week & Space Technology: “Israelis Flight Test Jet-Powered RPV Fitted With Thrust Vectoring Nozzles [JET-ENGINE-STEERED-(JES)], May 18, p. 21, 1987 3. Aviation Week & Space Technology: more on the first 3-D-Vectored-stealth-RPV-prototype performing post-stall Super-AGILE, POST-STALL-Maneuvers, May 30, 1987 4. FLIGHT INT’L, same, May 30, 1987 5. JANE'S ALL THE WORLD'S AIRCRAFT, same, 1987. 6. SUPERMANEUVERABILITY, by Wikipedia, next reference is cited Ref. 1 & 2. 7. Gal-Or, B. “Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft”; Forward by USAF Chief Scientist: "LANDMARK BOOK". [Amazon)

Compact Dictionary-4.4 for Beginners Civilizing F-22 JES Technology and later patent to Maximize Air Safety 1. Ibid, Civilizing F-22-JES to Maximize Air Safety, Keynote Lecture; 3rd Int’l Conf. ISIAF, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Sept. 2, 1996. 2. Ibid, Civilizing F-22-JES to Maximize Air Safety, Opening Keynote Lecture; 2nd Int’l Seminar on Aeronautics & Education, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 25, 1996. 3. Ibid, Civilizing F-22 to Maximize Civil Transport safety, Keynote Lecture, Proceedings, 4th Conf., Int’l ISIAF conf., Dresden, Germany, 1999. 4. Ibid, Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport Safety, 5th Int´l Symp. Aero Sci., Moscow Russia, Plenary Lecture, Proceeding, TsAGI, 1999.

Compact Dictionary-4.5 for Beginners FUNDAMENTALS OF" JES" AKA THRUST VECTORING, JETONAUTICS 1. Ibid, MATHEMATICAL PHENOMENOLOGY FOR THRUST VECTORING–INDUCED AGILITY COMPARISONS, Deficiencies vs. compromises regarding basic rules for maximization of jet-deflection rates are formulated. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Mar 1993. 2. Ibid, THRUST VECTORING [JES] – THEORY, LABORATORY, and FLIGHT TESTS, AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Jan 1993. 3. Ibid, Gold Medal from New York Academy of Sciences for developing New General Relativistic (Einstein's Gravity Physics) Entropy-Free-School-of-Thermodynamics; was part of 1968PRESENT, CLASSIFIED RADIATION PHYSICS WORK in Detection of SpaceRadiation/Stealth/Stellar/Radar-Radiation-Thermodynamics. 4. Ibid, FUNDAMENTALS and SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATIONS OF VECTORED AIRCRAFT, AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Jan 1994. 5. Ibid, Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles, AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, 202-206, 2000. 6. Ibid, The Fundamental Concepts of Vectored Propulsion, AIAA J. Propulsion and Power, 6, 747-757, 1990. 7. Ibid, Maximizing Post-Stall, Thrust-Vectoring Agility and Control Power, IAA J. Aircraft, 29, 647-651, 1992. 8. Ibid, Thrust Vectoring: Theory, Laboratory, and Flight Tests, AIAA J. Propulsion & Power, 9, 51-58, 1993.

Compact Dictionary-4.6 for Beginners

On Early, 5TH-Generation R&D on SCRAMJET COMBUSION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Deyong S., Wenyan Song, Jingfeng Ye, Bo Tao, Yanhua Wang, Experimental investigation of reacting flow characteristics in a dual-mode scramjet combustor, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 2017, 34(1), 11-22; DOJ 10.1515/tjj-2015-0013. Gautam C. and K. M. Pandey, Numerical studies on the performance of scramjet combustor with alternating wedge-shaped strut injector, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 2017, 34(1), 11-22; DOJ 10.1515/tjj-2015-0048. Junsu Shin and Hong-Gye Sung, Numerical investigation of a model scramjet combustor using DDES, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 2017, 34(1), 75-80, DOJ 10.1515/tjj-2015-0056. Ingenito, A.; Bruno, C. (2010). "Physics and Regimes of Supersonic Combustion". AIAA Journal. 48 (3): 515–525. Bibcode:2010AIAAJ..48..515I. doi:10.2514/1.43652. ISSN 0001-1452. Weber, R. J.; Mackay, John S. "An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion". ntrs.nasa.gov. NASA Scientific and Technical Information. https://web.archive.org/web/20160212161955/http://www.space.com/12441-hypersonicx51a-waverider-scramjet-failure.html Satish, K. "Scramjet Combustor Development" (PDF). Combustion Institute (Indian Section).

18 Colaguori, N.; Kidder, B. (2010-05-26). "Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Scramjet Powers Historic First Flight of X-51A WaveRider"; West Palm Beach, Florida: Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. 8 Paull, A.; Stalker, R. J.; Mee, D. J. (1995-01-01). "Supersonic Combustion Ramjet Propulsion Experiments In a Shock Tunnel". University of Queensland. 9 Leonard, D. (2002-08-16). "HyShot Scramjet Test a Success". Space.com. 10 Kors, D. L. (1990). "Experimental investigation of a 2-D dual mode scramjet with hydrogen fuel at Mach 4-6". 2nd International Aerospace Planes Conference. Orlando, Florida: AIAA. doi:10.2514/MIAPC90. 11 Guinan, D. P.; Drake, A.; Andreadis, D.; Beckel, S. A. (2005-04-26). "United States Patent: 6883330: Variable geometry inlet design for scram jet engine". USPTO. 12 Harsha, P. T.; Keel, L. C.; Castrogiovanni, A.; Sherrill, R., "2005-3334: X-43A Vehicle Design and Manufacture". AIAA/CIRA 13th International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference. Capua, Italy: AIAA. ISBN 978-1624100680. 13 Segal, C. (2009). The Scramjet Engine: Processes and Characteristics. Cambridge Aerospace Series. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521838153. 14 Voland, R. T.; Auslender, A. H.; Smart, M. K.; Roudakov, A. S.; Semenov, V. L.; Kopchenov, V. (1999). CIAM/NASA Mach 6.5 Scramjet Flight and Ground Test. 9th International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference. Norfolk, Virginia: AIAA. doi:10.2514/MHYTASP99. 15. Roudakov, A. S.; Schickhmann, Y.; Semenov, V. L.; Novelli, Ph.; "Flight Testing an Axisymmetric Scramjet - Recent Russian Advances". 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Graz, Austria: International Astronautical Federation. 16. Roudakov, A. S.; Semenov, V. L.; Kopchenov, Valeriy I.; "Future Flight Test Plans of an Axisymmetric Hydrogen-Fueled Scramjet Engine on the Hypersonic Flying Laboratory". 7th International Space-planes and Hypersonic, Systems & Technology Conference November 18– 22, 1996/Norfolk, Virginia. AIAA. 17. Roudakov, A. S.; Semenov, V. L.; "Recent Flight Test Results of the Joint CIAMNASA Mach 6.5 Scramjet Flight Program". NASA Center for Aero-Space Information (CASI). 18. Jerdev, M. A. Roudakov, et al, Russian "GLL Cold" in 1998 ("Needle", Cold-2, involving TsIAM, LII, TsNII-mash, TsAGI, KBKhA, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rocket Engineering Design Bureau, Russian Ministry of Defence, etc. Information sources, Copyright: to authors, http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/tsiam/holod/. 19. Smart, M. K.; Hass, N. E.; Paul, A. (2006). "Flight Data Analysis of the HyShot 2 Scramjet Flight Experiment". AIAA Journal. 44 (10): 2366-2375. 2006; AIAAJ.44.2366S. doi:10.2514/1.20661. ISSN 0001-1452. Bibcode: 2006 AIAAJ.44.2366S. doi:10.2514/1.20661. ISSN 0001-1452. Billig, Frederick S. (1993). SCRAM - A Supersonic Combustion Ramjet Missile. 29th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Monterey, California: AIAA. doi:10.2514/MJPC93. 7.

Compact Dictionary-4.7 for Beginners Notes 1.

NOTE 1: "China's J-10(B) fighter equipped with our JES "was built with Israeli assistance"; "Using this technology, the F-22 Raptor can angle its thrust up to 24 degrees up or down." "Now China's J-10 joins this elite club of super-maneuverable fighter jets." Russian uses JES since mid 1990's, [21-31]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xApU00KdRLY;https://www.popularmechanics.com/mil itary/a24742661/china's-j-10-thrust-vectorcontrol/?source=nl&utm_source=nl_pop&utm_medium=email&date=100118 and www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/j-10b-tvc-wows-zhuhai-crowds-with-surprise-performa453352/; 2. NOTE 2: China published author's Review of JES v. Canards-Debates, Journal of Thermal Science, Mar 1998, [X], invited Keynote Lecture to Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3rd Int’l Conf. ISIAF, [x], repeated to its top designers at CHENGDU. 3. On November 06, 2018, via JES-J-10B CHINA joins the JES-revolution. https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrustvectoring-engine-on-j-10-fighter#; https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a24680684/all-the-new-tech-fromchinas-big-airshow/ 4. NOTE 3: Post PST-1987-1st JES-Flight-tests, [36, 37], Russia joins the JES revolution and a new GLOBAL-JES-RACE is established. 5. CHINA joins the JES-revolution on November 06, 2018, via JES-J-10B https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrustvectoring-engine-on-j-10-fighter#; https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a24680684/all-the-new-tech-fromchinas-big-airshow/ 6. Hypersonic Flight, Wikipedia, 156 References 7. The US-Pentagon admitted in 2018 that it is 5 to 10 years away from ability to stop hypersonicweapons, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-us-military-wants-shoot-downrussian-or-chinese-hypersonic-missiles-31372; https://spacenews.com/u-s-would-need-a-mega-constellation-to-counter-china-hypersonicweapons/. https://sputniknews.com/military/201803021062138661-usa-pentagon-russiaweapons-information/Editorial, 8. Notes on the STEALTH DEBATE: According to https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/howrussia-could-someday-shootdown-f-22-f-35-or-b-2-stealth-bomber-35512: "While Moscow makes bold claims about the counter-stealth capabilities of their S-400/S-300 (v. western air defense systems), the fact remains that even if Russian low-frequency search and acquisitions radars can detect and track tactical fighter-sized stealth aircraft, such as the F-22 or F-35, fire control radars operating in C, X and Ku bands cannot paint low observable (LO) jets except at very close ranges. 9. ARROW-3: "U.S. Missile Defense Director: ARROW-3 is more advanced than what we have ever attempted in the U.S. with our programs. ...[with] greater flexibility and other aspects, such as propulsion systems." https://defense-update.com/products/a/arrow3.html; https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-russias-s-500-can-it-kill-f-22-or-f-35-37072; 19

20 https://www.janes.com/article/76804/image-suggests-china-may-be-testing-thrustvectoring-engine-on-j-10fighter#;https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a24680684/all-the-new-techfrom-chinas-bigairshow/Lapin, Yaakov (2018-02-19). "Israeli Arrow 3 interceptor test previews upcoming trials in Alaska".; Jane's Information Group; drones.html; https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2016/webt-laser-swarms- https://www.defenceprocurementinternational.com/features/air/ 10. December 29, 2018, South China Morning POST //www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2142887/now-you-see-it-now-you-dont-chinatests-stealth-invisibility/. 11. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2014/12/nasa-seed-funds-sr-72-hypersonic-drones.html/. 12. ttps://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/fleet-j-20s-china-wants-take-old-air-force-planes-and make-them-stealthy-40052/. 13. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/12/china-uses-underwater-drones-in-south-china-sea.html; https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a22593766/russia-working-on-newcephalopod-underwater-attack-drone/. 14. Video for beginners: U.S. THAAD v. Russian S-400/S-500, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYeasKRb4zU 15. https://sputniknews.com/military/202108041083528351-chinese-media-impressed-by-russiass-500-says-worth-studying-possible-purchase-for-pla/

Compact Dictionary-4.7 for Beginners MORE ON Catastrophic Failure Prevention by JES, aka Thrust Vectoring Flight Control, TVFCL 1. Gal-Or, B., Catastrophic Failure Prevention by Thrust Vectoring, invited Lecture & Proposal to NASA Dryden, June 1995. 2. Ibid, Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, Keynote Lecture; 3rd Int’l Conf. ISIAF, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Sept. 2, 1996. 3. Ibid, Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety, Opening Keynote Lecture; 2nd Int’l Seminar on Aeronautics & Education, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 25, 1996. 4. Ibid, Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport safety, Keynote Lecture, Proceedings, 4th Conf., Int’l ISIAF conf., Dresden, Germany, 1999. 5. Ibid, Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport Safety, 5th Int´l Symp. Aero Sci., Moscow Russia, Plenary Lecture, Proceeding, TsAGI, 1999. 6. U.S. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING OFFICE, GAO, No. 15-374; 16-389R, etc. [28], vis-à-vis B21, cf., https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-northrop-grumman-b-21-stealth-bombersimply-unstoppable-19931?page=0%2C1 UCLASS, F-35. 7. Civilizing military JES technology maximizes flight safety and allows pilot recovery when traditional flight control fails to prevent a crash; Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 35(2):95-99, DOI: 10.1515/tjj-2018-9010. May 2018. 8. AEROSPACE AMERICA, "Civilizing Military Technology for safest civil Flight Control", 1995. 9. Gal-Or, B., FUNDAMENTALS OF CATASTROPHIC FAILURE PREVENTION BY THRUST VECTORING. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, May 1995. Cf., unpublished A remotely piloted, reduced-scale TVC-Boeing 727

21 flight tested in May 1995 to demonstrate the potentials for low-weight, add-on JES-kits for catastrophic failure prevention (1996)"

APPENDIX

Propulsion The 1,st Stealth JES UAV WAS FLIGHT TESTED in Megiddo Airfield in APRIL 1987. Supe Viictures are available today on Gal-3 in PART-C, CD-4.3/7. CD4.3/7. euverabilit rman The small stealth model on top of Gal-3 was first tested by us during 1985y and Robot 6 in a TIIT subsonic wind tunnel. Aircraft The JES-Jets observed in VIDEOS and PHOTOS emerge from the inside of visible, rectangular, rotating-deflecting, radio-controlled JES-NOZZLES [TV flight control] (painted with yellow strips). [P. 85]. The full-scale JES-SYSTEM was FULL-SCALE-Tested before inside/by our fullscale Marbore-II JET ENGINES/our ALTITUDE JET ENGINE FACILIES [P. 141, 147] AT SL on the 3RD-FLOOR OF OUR TARK JET-ENGINE LABORATORY. [ P. 140, 147]. There are no rudders. It was later flight tested tail-less. The vertical fins thus proved unrequired; same with the canards. 21

The lab tests were partially funded by TELEDYNE, PWA, GE, USAF FROM 1985 TO 1997. ITS FIRST HISTORICAL FLIGHT WAS CONDUCTED BY Israel RPV FLYING CHAMPION, MIKE TURGEMANN, my GRADUATE STUDENT at TIITAEROSPACE. The first historical flight took place in MEGIDDO AIRFIELD IN APRIL 1987 . This first was REPORTED to AVIATION WEEK AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY. FURTHER VERSIONS of our JES-UAVS-firsts, INCLUDED OUR 1/7THSCALE-JES-F-16-PROTOTYPES, FUNDED BY LOCKHEED-GD. JES-UCAV-F-15 WAS FUNDED BY USAF and were FLIGHT TESTED BY GRADUATE TIIT STUDENT, EREZ FRIEDMAN, one time in the presence of 2 monitoring WPAFB peaple. ALL LAB AND FLIGHT TESTS were helped by super technicians:

Mashiach ELIYAHO Eliezer DEKEL, While all drawings were made by ENGINEER SARA VOROVEICHIK. Later we trained new immigrants to help Drs. RASPUTNIS, SHERBAUM and LICHTSINDER.

Today, in the first 7% of the 6th-Generation, various stealth JES UCAVS have already been tested and verified to dominate this fast-expanding, new, global, SOS field. __________ * Author: "Benjamin Gal-Or & Wolfgang Herbst have influenced the direction of (JES) fighter aircraft design." “Many of Gal-Or's ideas, and those of Herbst, are now being tested and flown operationally" "Their technology will offer new challenges. Solving the inevitable human points problems that will emerge, involve questioning established doctrine and reaching for innovative and imaginative solutions." RTO-EN-12, RTO-TR-015/HFM-015, U.S. AIR FORCE & NATO.

Sole Father of U.S. Stealth-Super-Agile-Post-Stall-JES-F-22 & Stealth-JES-X-44 Designs. 20 to 40 M Google views, Best sellers like “Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft”; Forward by USAF Chief Scientist: "LANDMARK BOOK", "Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy", [Amazon]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7845hysKs2s&list=PLPsf87nZI2TpgEcOlzfv8vc6TK0pwUeDj&i ndex=2 Former Professor at Johns Hopkins & Pittsburgh Universities. Professor, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, (TIIT). First director of TIIT Institute of Advanced Studies. Gold Medal from New York Academy of Sciences for developing the New General Relativistic (Einstein's Gravity Physics), Entropy-Free-School-of-Thermodynamics. Author of papers in AAA science, Nature, AIAA, ASME, US-Patent on Thrust Vectoring/ TR...431, Email, galor1benjamin@gmail.com rsingngersing.. 431 , Dozens publications by /in U-tube, 'in', ISSUU.