The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Verified Cosmology & Physics V.
UNVERIFIED
Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, 1(+)M book Citat. in Google
Galactic & Organized Stellar "Winds" entering all Dark, Cold Cosmic Voids, (Thermo Sinks), expand them ALL, thus Compact galaxies into Clusters push voids apart from each other v. Anti-Einstein Anti-Gravity Hoax 1
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
FIG. 1: NASA MAP of the VISIBLE UNIVERSE (100 million light year scale marked). Light entering all Dark-Cold Voids (as its final Thermo Sink or "Cemeteries", some marked in pink) located between all "Galactic Filaments" (super-clusters of galaxies, visible), clash there (yellow arrows inside all "Voids" [FIG.2]), causing extra expansion (IN ADDITION TO The familiar Einstein-Hubble expansion of the universe since the "big bang"). (cf. momentum conservation vis-Ă -vis any clash-back-pressure in opposing thrusts of rockets), thus compacting - and may also merging them - pushing them apart from each other as 2
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
NON-EXPANDING, GRAVITY-INDUCED THERMODYNAMICS (1-7 FIG. 2], thereby reversing a
slowing-down expansion of the universe since genesis. YET, THESE COMPLICATED THERMODYNAMICS, ARE HARD TO COMPREHEND EVEN BY PROFESIONAL PHYSICISTS, ASTROPHYSICISTS and COSMOLOGISTS. THEREFORE THEY MAY TRY SIMPLY TO SPECULATE ABOUT ANTI-GRAVITY MYSTERIOUS DARK ENERGY & DARK-MATTER THAT MIRACOLOUSLY COMPACT GALACTIC FILAMENTS AND BY ANTIGRAVITY/ANTI-ENSTEIN, PUSH THE VOIDS OR THE NON-EXPANDING FILAMENTS AWAY FROM EACH OTHER, THUS ACCELERATING THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE DISCOVERED IN 1998, AND VERIFIED SINCE. DURING 2 DECADES, SINCE 1998, THE SUPPORTERS OF THESE SPECULATIONS HAVE WASTED $BILLIONS OF TAXPAYERS MONEY ON A NO-SCIENCE, NO SHOW, BUT A POPULAR HOAX THAT
RISKS SCIENCE TODAY AND TOMORROW TO MINIMIZE THAT RISK WE ADD AN UPDATED COSMIC DICTIONARY FOR ANYONE
EINSTEINIAN DEDUCED GRAVITISM Republished by
Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy Books 522-page-hardcover VOL. I & II, published by Springer Verlag, 1981, 1983, 1987. REPEATED UNTIL PRESENT. HIGHER, UPDATED VOLUMES, published by TWITTER, ISSUU, SCRIBD. Table of Contents in Appendix A. Published REVIEWS & Comments are also provided post the Dictionary
Updated COSMIC DICTIONARY 3
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS
Dark-Cold SPACE-"2"* wraps
all
(non-expanding) galaxies. (Non-expanding) SPACE-"3" (red ARROWS), harbors interstellar winds (marked) flowing to SPACE"2", and finally "dissipating for good" inside Intergalactic Voids (FIG. 1), WHICH ARE "GALACTIC & INTRSTELLAR WINDS, DARK-COLD, EXPANDING "CEMETERIES" defined as EXPANDING (UNSATURABLE) SPACE"1" (Cf. FIG. 2 BELOW). Voyagers 1 and 2 exploration of SPACE-"2" is also indicated here vis-Ã -vis the various shocks generated by interstellar winds impacting "our" solar system. ____ * Currently measured about 270 degrees C below zero.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
FIG. 2: PREDICTED IN 1969 at RELATIVISTIC, GRAVITY-INDUCED THERMODYNAMICS, Pittsburgh Conference, published in 1981 in Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (PAGE 283). "CLUSTER I" and "CLUSTR II" are first compacted during a "mid-compacting stage" of the "2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe", prior to being further compacted into the verified superclusters of non-expanding galaxies, as Filaments (FIG. 1). (+) ______________
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications (+)
"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW" as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", which generates energy-density gradients that lead to the "2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that leads to the emergence of life, [1-7], and the comments cited below
FOR ALL READERS: FURTHER GLOSSARY IN SIMPLE TERMS v
v v
v v v v
"NASA MAP OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE" (FIG. 1) SHOWS ONLY THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE. This established limitation is due to the VERIFIED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE, which causes light from "other portions" of the universe to be beyond our detection. (limited speed of light causes "lost for ever information to humanity") The "100 MILLION LIGHT YEAR" SCALE is indicated at the top of NASA MAP to proves the size of the visible universe by FIG. 1. GALACTIC-STELLAR-WINDS (YELLOW ARROWS , IN FIG. 1) ENTER EACH VOID FROM OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS (FIGS. 1 and 2). These flow-in "WINDS dissipate in each void for good. Collectively, they form the "largest Thermodynamic Sin in the universe" (a ''cemetery"). The "WINDS" "flow" into each void only from nearby "SUPERCLUSTERS" of NON-EXPANDING GALAXIES ("filaments"). Subject to momentum conservation the clash of opposing winds ("adiabatic locations", FIG. 2) generate back thrust that: (a) compact all non-expanding galaxies first into clusters (FIG. 2) next into superclusters ("filaments", FIG. 1), (b) moves all non-expanding galactic filaments away from each other, thus PROVIDING EXTRA COLLECTIVE EXPANSION of ALL INTERGALACTIC VOIDS THAT GRADUALLY REVERSE THE SLOWING-BY-GRAVITATION EXPANSION-OF-THE-UNIVERSE SINCE THE 'BIG-BANG', INTO A SLIGHTLY 6
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
v
v
v
v
v
ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE, AS VERIFIED BY THE 1998 DISCOVERY. THIS "EXTRA EXPANSION" STARTED TO BE "SIGNIFICANT" ONLY AT A LATER AGE OF THE UNIVERSE, WHEN THE NUMBER AND INTENSITIES OF "WINDS EMITTERS" HAS BECOME STRONG ENOUGH TO REVERSE THE INERTIA of the WORLD EXPANSION. THE COMPACTING THERMODYNAMICS DESCRIBED CAUSE MERGING OF GALAXIES. (PERHAPS EVEN "OUR MILKY WAY", IN ABOUT 5 BILLION YEAR, WITH ANDROMEDA GALAXY, INSIDE OUR LOCAL GROUP, VIRGO FIILLAMENT.) THIS SECOND, SIMULTANEOUS, EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE WAS PREDICTED IN 1969 [1-7] AND PUBLISHED AS FIGURE 2 THAT IS REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE CCP BOOK AT PAGE 283. The "yellow arrows" depicted should be "inserted" into each void to illustrate "opposing, rocket-type-jet-winds" that compact galaxies from opposing sides of each filament, We are located inside the vast non-expanding "VIRGO" filament (FIG. 1) in what is called Local Group, INSIDE THE MILKY WAY, INSIDE THE SOLLAR SYSTEM.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Published Reviews & Comments on GRAVITISM, VOL. I , CPP BOOK
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: “Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism. His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government. One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry. His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations. The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales. The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion. He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries. The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life. He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries. Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events. The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students.�
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 9
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena! Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology. He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself. Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.”
Advancement of Physics
"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.”
Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Science
"This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening." Sir Karl Popper, the Greatest Philosopher of Science "I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." Ha-Aretz NEW Daily 10
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
"We are all Gal-Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics "Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.”
Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of" "This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read." Outstanding Books List "Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work! Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy." A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University "Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.
The New Scientist Magazine 11
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
"Evokes a person heart !! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power." Chinese Academy of Sciences "A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories. "
Indian Journal of Physics "The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences “I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it. I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them! Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more! I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time. 12
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”! I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences. I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task. That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a pacackage that I personally have found most thought-provoking.”
Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University ___________
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Published on TWITTER in January 2020
DARK ENERGY FOOLS & TAX
ALL 14
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Nobel Laureate RICHARD FEYNMAN
“The first principle is that you must not fool yourself – and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way.”
Y when you’re talking as a scientist."
“ ou should not fool the layman
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
The "NO-SCIENCE" ARMIES Against Einstein – VERIFIED FACTS v A 1998-discovered acceleration of the expansion of the universe [verified fact today], has invoked some persons, universities, public funded
institutions, self-appointed-"science-reporters", self-crowned journalists and especially greedy media owners, to flood the media around the globe with a 20-year "NO-SHOW" hoax of anti-gravity, Anti-Einstein gravity physics, partly as an extension of 100-year-war against verified gravity physics controlled by EINSTEIN FIELD EQUATIONS [GENERAL RELATIVITY]. v A pity, but verified fact, whose background is, in short, as follows. v IN 1915 Einstein Field Equations, EFE, were the only one that correctly accounted for the unusual orbit of planet MERCURY. v IN 1918, EFE were the only one that correctly accounted for the bending of light by gravity that curves space time and replaces FLAT SPACE Newton's PHYSICS v IN 1921, EFE, were the only one that correctly accounted for the socially AND religiously-unwanted expansion of the universe (VERIFIED BY HUBBLE A FEW YEARS LATER) AND HAS SINCE RULED COSMOLOGY, PHYSICS AND PHILOSOPHY, [CF. CPP BOOK CITED herein]. v In 1972 the N.Y. Academy of Sciences had gold awarded the "New Astrophysical school of cosmological-gravitational thermodynamics" [1-7]. v In 1987, CPP PROVED THAT EARLIER FAKE SCIENTISTS smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband. See below.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Einsteinian Science at RISK FAKE SCIENTISTS REPLACE IT WITH "NO SHOW", "DARK-MATTER" & "DARK ENERGY" ANTI-GRAVITY HOAX TAXPAYERS PAY FOR WITH $-Billions. 1987 Painting by E. Katz, By permission
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
PART 1: PAST BACKGROUND
"EXTERNAL WORLD INDEPENDENT OF THE PERCEIVING SUBJECT IS THE BASIS OF ALL NATURAL SCIENCE"
EINSTEIN DICTUM AGAINST HEISENBERG PROBABILIY-UNCERTAINTY OF THE "PERCEIVING SUBJECT" THAT STILL RULES OVER THE
"QUANTUM STANDARD MODEL", "On the evolution of physical reality", 1931 E.G., post his neglected "
BOX":
"Einstein's thught experiment involved a box with a shutter that could open and shut so rapidly that it would allow only one photon to escape at a time. The shutter is controlled by a precise clock. The box is weighed exactly. Then, at a certain specified moment, the shutter opens and a photon escapes. The box is now weighed again. The relationship between energy and mass (remember, E=mc2) permitted a precise determination of the energy of the particle. And we know, from the clock, its exact time of departing the system." " WALTER ISAACSON, "EINSTEIN, His Life and Universe", SIMON & SCHUSTER PAPERBACKS, MAY 2008, at 348, 349, 612.
"LIFE IS LIKE RIDING a BYCYCLE,
TO KEEP YOUR BALANCE YOU MUST KEEP MOVING" EINSTEIN TO HIS SON, FEBRUARY 5, 1930, Id. at ix. 18
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
EINSTEIN PERSONAL DICTUMS: “It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. It was the experience of mystery -- even if mixed with fear -- that engendered religion. A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are only accessible to our reason in their most elementary forms -- it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude; in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man.” “I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the type of which we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should survive his physical death is also beyond my comprehension, nor do I wish it otherwise; such notions are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble souls.” “Enough for me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous structure of reality, together with the single-hearted endeavor to comprehend a portion, be it never so tiny, of the reason that manifests itself in nature.” “I gang my own gait and have never belonged to my country, my home, my friends, or even my immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties I have never lost an obstinate sense of detachment, which increases with age.”. “One is sharply conscious, yet without regret, of the limits to the possibility of mutual understanding and sympathy with one's fellow-creatures. Such a person no doubt loses something in the way of geniality and lightheartedness; on the other hand, he is largely independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his fellows.”
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
In lieu of the aforementioned personal-life and philosophy-faith, Einstein consistently selected to protect his privacy inside his room, in his house, working in maximized-freedom, undisturbed solitude; even sleeping naked in his room while his privacy has been strictly guarded by his devoted secretary Helen Dukas, who also screened his incoming mail, deleted nasty or anti-Semitic letters and politely blocking unwanted visitors. Einstein is also known for his subtle sarcasm. Before Einstein left Hitler’s Germany to the United States, a professor in Berlin was extremely nasty in targeting him. One day Einstein was informed that Professor XXX just died. Einstein’s reaction: “Everyone does something good in his life, even Professor XXX; he died.
Einstein's "Anti-Pomposity"; Anti-"Politically Correct" As a younger man he used to play his beloved violin in the homes of some German women. One day, while he was playing there, they started knitting. Einstein stopped playing, packed his violin to leave, and apologized: “I would not even dream to disturb you from your knitting work. ”On another occasion, as a celebrity living in his house near a lake outside Berlin, his wife urged him to change his simple, but comfortable home dress, to a formal one, for dignitaries are to arrive soon to visit him. His response: let them meet me as I am dressed and work in my house. If they come to see my formal dress please show them my closet.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Theoretical Physics at its Highest Historical Level
The highest level of physics was reached post (i) The creation of the 1915 Einsteinian Gravity Physics (General Relativity) that predicts a strange, socially unwanted, world expansion (or contraction), (ii) That unwanted theory was first confirmed in 1918 by correctly predicting the bending of light by gravitation in curved space-time, (iii) Re-confirmed, before 1927, by the American astronomer Hubble: We live in an expanding world that had "beginning", as the Bible states In its first Chapter. Sitting, from left: I. Langmuir, M. Planck, Marie Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P. Langevin, Ch.-E. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson 2nd Sitting: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A.H. Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr; Standing: A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. de Donder, E. Schrรถdinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin.
NONE OF CONTEMORARY PHYSICISTS, INCLUDING the GREAT CONTRIBUTORS to physics, and NOBEL 21
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
LAURATES, have reached the historic standing of most of these creative scientists.
GRAVITISM Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy CONTENTS Preface SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….………..……..… xx SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….……......... xxi Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..….... xxii
Introduction 1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy 1.1.1 Science Order: Cosmology to Quantum or in Reverse?... 3 1.1.2 How did all start? v. Science teaching of that Order….....5 1.1.3 The first seven stages v. tradition ……….....…............... 7 1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era by Astronomy........... 11 2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark ..... 11
From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure of Earth v. Cosmos ...80 A fallacy associated with current Education ...………...........80 1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………............. 81 1.2 Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russel Central Diagram ……….. 88 1.3 Supernova, Gravitational Collapse, Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….......…92 1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and... Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………......... . 100 1.5 Black Holes …………………….…………………….….… 106 1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ............113 1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ……………….….. 116 1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………….... 130 1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ………….…... 132 1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space by Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………….………..…… 134
From Old Physics to Particle Physics-I 2.1 Aim and Scope ……………………………………………. 138 2.2 Limitations of Theory ……………………………….….… 140 2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation ………………….….... 142 2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………..... 146 2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.…………. 147 2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ……………….. 149 2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields ……………......... 152 2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy Conservation Equation ………………………………….......… 154 2.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….... 156 2.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field …………….…. 157 2.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 159 2.12 Beyond Classical Physics:...............…………………...…. 160 2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) …...…… 163
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology Should Rule Particle-Quantum Physics, Not the Other Way, Not by Quantum Axioms 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………....... 167 3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ………..…….… 169 3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation …………..... 172 3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology ………………...……….………………....... 191 3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe. And “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….….......... 200 3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the Principle of Equivalence ………………………….……………........ 204 3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………….…. 205
From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back The Arrows of Time 4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215 4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and The Unification of the Laws of Physics …………………….............. 216 4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217 4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219 4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222 4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226 4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227 4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230 4.9 A Few Concluding Remarks ………………….……...………...... 232 4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236 4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240 4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242 4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243 4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246 4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247 4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247 4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249 4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250 24
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Crisis in the Standard Quantum Model Gravitation & Cosmology v. Quantum Model 5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……...... 255 5.1.1 The three main schools of thought ……………………............. 261 5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………........... 262 5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics ………………………….…......... 265 5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………...…....... 265 5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time Asymmetries .............267 5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics and Super-Symmetry …………………………………….................. 272 5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics ……….......... 272 5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to Quantum Chromodynamics ………………………............................ 273 5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles; and vice versa ... 273 5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic and SU(3) symmetries 274 5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge theories ……............... 276 5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom in gauge theories 276-1 5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry principles ……... 276-2 5.6.3 Quantum Field Theories, Super-Symmetry & Super-Gravity... 276-3 5.6.3.1 Limits of quantum gravity and ‘Unified Field Theories’ .......276-4
From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back Assessed by Physics and Philosophy 6.1 FIRST: Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ...,... 277 6.1.1 Intergalactic voids rule 2 Expansions of the Universe....,..277 6.1.2 Gravitation as super-structuring of matter and All Life.....279 6.2 The Earliest Observational Evidence. .…...………...........279 6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …...….......... 282 6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence …….......284 6.4 Can Inter-cluster Voids Be Saturated with Radiation? .........287 6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry from our Gravitational School of Intergalactic Voids v. life........ 290 6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational. Cosmological Thermodynamics ………………................. 293 25
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ……..….......… 297 6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ……………………..……..... 299 6.9 Connections with Classical and Continuum Thermodynamics …………………………..…..…........... 301 6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility v. Master Asymmetry..... 303
The Cosmological Base of Time Arrow 7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………................. 309 7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ……………………….................. 310 7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s Laws of Motion …... 314 7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .……................ 316 7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into Un-Saturable Space 322 7.6 Stellar Evolution …………………………………….................. 324 7.7 Terrestrial Evolution …………………………..............……...... 325
Black Holes v. Unattainable Theory of Everything 8.1 Introduction ………………………………………...… 330 8.2 Observational Evidence ………………………….….....331 8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………...... 332 8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ………………..... 340 8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………...... 341 8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………........ 341 8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………........ 341
Beyond Present Knowledge 9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers …………………...... 349 9.2 An Example in Havaism ……………………..….........… 350 9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures and Memory 365 9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…...… 415
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
VOLUME II Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420 A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437 The Philosophy of Time & Change: Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455 Structuralism and the Divided American Thought: A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467 Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483 Critique of Western PUBLICATIONS and Quality Methodology..... 483 Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotation ……………495
REFERENCES 1. Gal-Or Benjamin, New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972). Awarded the Gold Medal. 2. Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmological origin of thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217 (1971); 3. Gal-Or Benjamin, The Origin of Irreversibility, Science, 176, 11 (1972); 178, 119 (1972); 4. Gal-Or Benjamin, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977); 5. Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987. 6. Gal-Or Benjamin, 2008-PRESENT ONLINE NEXT CPP VOLUMES. 7. Gal-Or Benjamin, Editor, Classical and Relativistic Thermodynamics. Proceeding BOOK: 1969 CONFERENCE, WITH NOBEL LAURATES WIGNER AND PRIGOGINE.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Why dark energy is not even wrong
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Figure 1: YELLOW ARROWS: GALACTIC WINDS DISSIPATING IN EACH VOID CLASH, THRUST (PUSH-BACK) COMPACTING GALAXIES INTO CLUSTERING FILAMENTS & ACCELERATE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE. Marked on this NASA MAP OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE: 100-MILLION-LIGHT-YEARS-SACLE and VIRGO FILAMENT, WHERE WE ARE. The NASA map Identifies the size of coldest (270 C below zero), expanding VOIDS, some marked in pink, some closed, some open. Super-clusters of galaxies around each void, in the form of
NON-EXPANDING
RADIATING "FILAMENTS", INSIDE ONE OF WHICH WE LIVE - MARKED VIRGO.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Figure 2: TWO COMPACTED, NON-EXPANDING, CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES REPRESENT THE ONES RECORDED IN FIG. 1. IN BETWEEN THE TWO CLUSTER AN EXPANGIN VOID REPRESENT THE ONES RECORDED IN FIG. 1. It is marked "EXPANDING", (UNSATURABLE), "SPACE 1"
Figure 3: SPACE-2 wraps all nonexpanding galaxies [Fig. 2] and all non-expanding SPACE-3, where super-fast, interstellar winds, flow out to SPACE-2 and next, irreversibly dissipate in cold, EXPANDING-VOIDS/SPACE-1, composed of expanding VOIDS located between all Super-Clusters of galaxies. [Figures 1 & 2]. Images from author's book Ref. 5 & Wikipedia.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Thought experiment: Tomorrow the voids expansion stops. The temperatures in SPACES 3 to 1 gradually rise to those in the center of stars or galactic centers. Eventually, thermal equilbrium is reached by which all processes stop. The expanding-voids-caused-gradients, Figure 2, cause all outflowing radiation (interstellar winds, or jets, Fig. 3] emerging from all active stars and galaxies. In a thermal equilibrium to be caused if all voids stop expanding, all stellars winds, Figure 3, are not being dissipated in EXPANDINGVOIDS/SPACE-1 via the gradients shown in Fig. 2. Cosmic black-body radiation. This is the 1964-discovered, remnant leftover radiation glow that has expanded with SPACE-1 and had first cooled down to about 4,000-3,000 K. Its discovery and current studies provide one of the direct proofs that SPACE-1 has expanded during 13.7 billion sun-earth years. It is almost isotropic [the same in all directions]. Yet, slight variations in it are being measured to increase our knowledge on the beginning of gravity-induced structures, etc.
A note on Black holes: These are local "sinks" whose all combined energy dissipating capacities are far less than that provided by the universal sink EXPANDING-VOIDS/SPACE-1.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Fundamental Mistakes that Rule Science Today v Increased number of TAXPAYERS FUNDED "Dark Energy" CHIMERA FOOLS ALL. v This non-science hoax rules science SINCE 1998. v DURING TWO DECADES of WASTED FUNDING, IT HAS RESULTED IN "No Show". v THE non-science hoax LAUNCHES NON-STOP, ANTI-GRAVITY WAR AGAINST EINSTEIN v THE WAR IS MAINTAINED BY GROWING ARMIES OF SELF-APPOINTED "SCIENCE-REPORTERS", FAKE SCIENTISTS, MISLEADING JOURNALISTS, AND GREEDY SPONSORS.
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The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Problems in String Mathrmatical Music Current experimental techniques in science cannot provide direct verification below about 10-19 meter, which is more than 15 orders of magnitude above any direct verification scale of string theories, or of any theory. Moreover, all string theories have failed to converge into a single acceptable formulation, and no string theory version has made any prediction that differs from those made by other theories. Whatever the future holds for string theories, they have become an active branch of theoretical physics, that, in part, had originated from Einstein’s search for a unified field theory of gravity and quantum physics. The first to add a fifth spatial dimension to Einstein's general relativity were Theodor Kaluza (in 1919) and Oskar Klein (in 1926). These attempts attracted Einstein’s attention in his attempts to develop a unified field theory. But Einstein died prior to being successful in this domain. The current proponents of string theories claim, inter alia, that on very small subatomic scales, all fundamental field-forces consist of vibrating strings or membranes of energy. See below. The spectrum, or zoo, of subatomic particles3.2 then emerges (mathematically) as small vibrating strings that by altering their mode of vibration transform, say, an electron into a neutrino, a quark, or other particles, while causing space-time to curve around these entities so as to give rise to Einsteinian relativistic gravity. 33
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Despite three decades of intensive attempts to provide experimental proof of string theories, as conducted by armies of physicists, there is not a single, direct verification test that the theory is correct. And none is expected. While the various equations of string theories have survived mathematical challenges, each solution represents an entire set of unverifiable predictions; a mysticism of scientists, which, when combined with the fundamental issue of a priori smuggling into these theories what is to be proved, makes them what they are. Einstein’s antiprobabilistic views remain un-falsified. Similarly, the much acclaimed “Theory of Everything” is misleading. Some of the string theories proponents claim that prior to Genesis a pre-Genesis world contraction had turned into a black hole that, at the moment of Genesis, had created many WHITE HOLES, namely, our observable universe is just one of them – indeed a mystic science but a beautiful mathematical music to the brain-mind. Hidden variables are postulated in string theories as extra [beyond 3 space and one time dimensions] 6, 7 or higher spatial dimensions. Postulated by David Bohm, these ideas are now driving string theories. They, inter alia, by-pass the embarrassing pointlike feathers of ‘particles’ in quantum theories Such variables also allow theorists to get closer to Einstein’s dream of a deterministic world outlook of general relativity3.3 that is unified with quantum physics. Investigating how a string theory may include fermions led to the concept of supersymmetry a mathematical collection of ideas relating bosons and fermions (every particle has superpartner that is not observable. Superpartners are called squarks, selectrons and gluinos. M-Theory is one group of string theories that postulates ‘Landscapes-Insidelandscapes’ in 10, 11 or 26 space dimensions so as to harbor a large number of hidden variables, different vacua and endless other universes. The theoretical limit of the Mtheory infers that protons, electrons, neutrons and their antimatter counterparts, may be converted to photons and then converted to other particles, i.e., to particles such as protons that may be changed to other particles, such as electrons. It is not yet a fully understood theory. 34
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
D-branes are membranes of different spatial dimensionality. The membranes are postulated to be gravitational sources, so that one may end-up with a modified gravitational theory within the framework of string and quantum theories. They may emit and absorb closed strings and are postulated to emit gravitons and also to emit charge since they emit closed strings, which are gauge bosons. The pre-supposed (hidden variables tiny entities are postulated to contract to minimize their potential energy. But conservation of energy prevents them from disappearing. Instead they are postulated to oscillate-vibrate. By pre-assuming the reality of vibrating strings, one may deduce different vibrational modes that are further postulated to represent different sub-atomic particles. Such postulated strings may split and combine, which may resemble particles emitting and absorbing other particles, as in quantum interactions between sub-atomic particles. Quantum strings are also postulated to harbor tension, like regular strings of a violin; a tension that is related to their size and shape. A closed loop string, left to move without external forces, will contract into a smaller loop. But it is further postulated that it would not shrink to a zero-sized point. Open strings have two distinct end-points, while closed strings are joined to make a complete loop. The two types may allow speculations about two different spectra of ‘elementary-particle’. For example, one of the closed string modes is the graviton, and in the open string mode it is a photon3.1 ‘Landscapes-Inside-landscapes’, (worlds-inside-worlds) in 10, 11 or 26 space dimensions are postulated in string theories4.6-4.11 to harbor a large number of hidden variables, different vacua and endless other universes. Such theories are also being postulated to be the theoretical limit of the M-theory.
Symmetry-Asymmetry: All laws of physics, except those of thermodynamics, are space and time symmetric, namely, there is no distinction between any direction in space and in time. However, the 2nd law of thermodynamics, in its fundamental form, states that in using the time coordinate one can only proceed from past to future and never in reverse. Accordingly, some theorists claim, in contradiction with thermodynamics, that if the universe is eternal 35
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
into the future, it must be eternal into the past. Hence, they claim, prior to creation [the “big-bang”] there was a symmetrical world contraction into an all-containing black hole. As the density “had” increased during that pre-creation contraction, gigantic black holes had been formed, and, at the instant of maximum contraction, they all switched to expnasion, the interior of one of them has become “our universe”. Such claims encounter endless debates. Yet, their proponents hope that upcoming observations by the Planck Sattelite and the ground-based LIGO and VIRGO observatories, may reveal slight variations in gravitational radiation that might be detected by their effect on the polarization of the cosmic black body radiation4.12; perhaps a supportive evidence.
A few closing words in Memorial of the GREAT Perfection of means and confusion of goals, seem – in my opinion – to characterize our age. ----- Albert Einstein Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.----- Albert Einstein 36
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, an almost fanatical love of justice, and the desire for personal independence--these are the features of Jewish tradition which make me thank my stars that I belong to it. ----- Albert Einstein Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds ----- Albert Einstein
INFINITIES? -- the universe and
human stupidity, and am not sure about the universe. (Albert Einstein); Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.----- Albert Einstein 37
The New Verified Cosmology by Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, ISSUUE & TWITTER Publications
Do what you feel to be right, for you'll be criticized anyway ----- Eleanor Roosevelt Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. ------ Margaret Mead
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