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Spreading Positive Vibrations Issue No 148– June 2019 Published by Prime Point Foundation
Cover Story of the Month
In This Issue: P3
Editorial – Yoga in an Environment of Pollution, Stress and Distress
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Cover Story – Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Waste Management
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National – Journey Down Banking Lane
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Health – Pranayama
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Princetoon
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Education –Draft of National Education Policy 2019
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International – Sea Organ and Sun Salutation of Zadar, Croatia
Contact editor@corpezine.com www.corpezine.com www.digitalpresense.com
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From the Desk of Editor-in-Chief Greetings from all of us @ The Editorial Team, to our readers. In the month of June, the world celebrates International Yoga Day and we are not tired of writing about the rich and valuable contribution of Yoga, made by India to mankind and the world from its ancient wisdom. Yoga has gained its rightful recognition from almost the rest of the world about its validity and universality, going beyond religion and sect, and of its scientific and holistic relevance. The Editorial for this month takes a look at the positive role of Yoga in the light of adverse environmental and personal factors that are affecting our health. We also bring an informative article about Pranayama, an advanced stage in Yoga, critical as the lifeline for our life-force or prana. The subject of contamination of the planet is ahot topic on the panels of debates and discussions. The topic of nuclear installations and the risk from its nuclear wastes is a hot topic for street protests by activists. This month’s Cover Story talks about nuclear waste and its management as it is important to inform our readers the truth about the risk of nuclear waste, if any, from nuclear installations, in an attempt to educate and correct some misinformation, propagated by these activists. The banking sector has gone through a series of transitions in its role and facelifts over the years and decades. We take you through its journey – from the Vedic times through its impending reformed future. The draft of the National Education Policy 2019 was discussed by a panel of seasoned educationists at the Dr MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women, Chennai. The Managing Editor and Publisher of your eMagazine, Shri K Srinivasan was the moderator. We bring you a brief on the event. The historically rich city of Zadar in the Republic of Croatia, located in Central-Southeast Europe has a couple of unique features called the Sea Organ and the Sun Salutation, created and designed using the elements of nature. Read about it in the article about Capturing the Rhythm and Wonder of Nature. I hope you will enjoy this edition. Please share editor@corpezine.com. Your feedback is important to us.
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Editorial Yoga in an Environment of Pollution, Stress and Distress The world celebrated the International Yoga Day recently, acknowledging Yoga as a discipline that helps in the holistic healthy conditioning of our body, mind and spirit. This is of particular significance in today’s world where the general health of people the world over is showing a declining trend. More money is being allocated for health insurance policy premia. Medical tourism is an emerging business sector. Both the young and the old are facing physical and mental health challenges. This disturbing scenario is being attributed to environmental inflictions and personal factors. Air pollution from emissions is changing our environment into a smokers’ room. Water and soil pollution have reached healththreatening limits. Harmful chemicals from pesticides in cultivated foodstuff is ingested in our daily meals. On the emotional front, the demand of jobs that have migrated from brick and mortar to the digital, and the pursuit of career and financial stability, are all taking their toll on personal health. There seems to be a constant state of anxiety and sometimes even emotional struggle, while facing some of the challenges of today’s lifestyle. Even though these factors seem unavoidable, the ability, the stability and the resilience to face them can be tapped from within us. Our body has the innate ability to better cope with these challenges that threaten our physical, mental and emotional well-being. Yoga is a natural discipline that develops our innate potential and help to keep a healthy equilibrium, and cope with the external challenges. Yoga helps build our body’s immune system, sharpen our mental prowess, stabilise our emotional equilibrium, and calm our spirit. It a holistic approach to well-being. Let us therefore celebrate Yoga and practise it for the wholesome discipline that it is. by Susan Koshy, Editor-in-Chief
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Cover Story Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Waste Management Background Radiation Mankind is exposed 24X7daily to nuclear radiation, coming from three sources. One source is the radiation coming from the centre of Earth continuously at different intensity levels at different places - but it covers all places. The second source is radiation from the 'cosmos' the space – in all directions, again 24X7. Most of the cosmic radiation is deflected towards the north and south poles of Earth, by Earth's magnetic field. The third source is our own atmosphere which emits radiation from the radon gas, generated by the Earth's crust. The total radiation from all these above three sources put together is called 'Background Radiation' of Earth at any given place on Earth. None of us can escape from this background radiation. All of us, generation after generation, have been receiving this background radiation daily, since the formation of Earth. In a year, each of us gets about 200 mrem radiation from this background radiation. The fourth case is the exposure to radiation for medical and other reasons. Mankind needs nuclear radiation for many uses like diagnosis of diseases, treatment of cancer, screening of seeds, increasing the shelf life of food items including vegetables, and so on. For example, onion can be stored fresh in normal sealed bags for more than 7 years if they are irradiated. The wastes from nuclear power plants have been points of concern for the common man since the experts and scientists in the field have not come out in the media and on the street to explain with authority to the common man about the precautions and safeguards, in as sure terms as we do about science and technology. Characteristics of Radioactivity One characteristic of all radioactive wastes which distinguishes them from the larger quantity of other toxic industrial wastes is that their radioactivity progressively decays and diminishes. For instance, after 40 years, the used fuel removed from a nuclear reactor has only one thousandth of its initial radioactivity remaining. All radioactive waste facilities are designed with numerous layers of protection to make sure that people remain protected for as long as it takes the radioactivity of these nuclear wastes to reduce to 'background radiation levels of Earth'. Three Kinds of Waste Radioactive waste can be in gaseous, liquid or solid form, and its level of radioactivity varies. The waste can remain radioactive for a few hours or several months or even
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hundreds of thousands of years. Depending on the level and nature of radioactivity, radioactive wastes can be classified as Exempt Waste, Low andIntermediate Level Waste, and High-Level Waste. When the spent fuel is subjected to chemical processing,itresults in three kinds of waste — LowLevel Radioactive Waste (in high volumes), IntermediateLevel Radioactive Waste (intermediate volumes), and HighLevel Radioactive Waste (low volumes). If the High-Level Waste is reprocessed, 97 per cent of this can be recycled into depleted Uranium and about 230 kg of Plutonium, which can be made into mixed oxide fuel (MOX) and used. This leaves about 700 kg of High-Level Waste a year, which needs to be environmentally isolated for a very long period of time. Isolation is achieved by converting the High-Level Waste into glass-like solid cakes (vitrification) of about 4.8 tonnes, stored in steel canisters. Extreme care is needed in processingthis highly radioactive material, and specialised facilities are necessary. Low-Level and Intermediate Level Waste will lose their radioactivity in 50 years; High-Level Waste may take more than 10,000 years. After storage for about 50 years, these canisters can be put into deep underground (more than 3000 feet below the seal level) repositories for long-term storage. High-Level Waste of 700 Kg after vitrification may weigh around 4.8 tonnes. A minimum of 450 tonne High-Level Waste is necessary for deep underground storage. This vitrified waste is therefore kept in Spent Fuel Storage Facility safely within the same premises. Since India has only a low level of production of nuclear energy, keeping the vitrified waste underground may take a longer time. Till such time, the vitrified waste will be accumulated and stored within the same premises safely. America's Plan to Store High Level Nuclear Wastes Plans to store the majority of America's spent nuclear fuel and other highly radioactivewaste at a central repository underneath Yucca Mountain in the Nevada desert 80 miles from Las Vegas are under active consideration. The effect of various natural forces such as erosion and earthquakes are being analysed. The design of the site, as of now will be safe for 10,000 years and the design is now being upgraded for a safety duration of 1 million years. The Federal Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) aims at the proposed facility to “stand up to any challenge anywhere,” adding that issues of health safety have been a primary concern during the planning process. The Indian Scenario Many debates are going on in India about the safe disposal of nuclear waste. Many activists and political leaders are on the streets, protesting against the storage of nuclear waste.
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Unfortunately, the protestors do not seem to have understood the concept of ‘spent fuel storage’ and ‘nuclear waste storage’. Even the Atomic Energy Department and the Nuclear Power Corporation have done little to create awareness about this to eliminate the fear among the people. Presently, India has 22 nuclear reactors in 7 sites, generating 6780 MW power. Construction is in progress to generate 4730 MW more power. The Government aims at 63000 MW generation of nuclear power by 2032. Currently, Uranium is used as fuel in all the nuclear reactors. India is the only country which has developed the technology to generate power using ‘Thorium’. India has more than 6 lakh tonnes of Thorium, the second richest resource in the world. In another 15 to 20 years, India will start using Thorium as fuel. Since India generates only around 6.7 GW of power, the country is not yet facing the challenges of nuclear waste storage. However, due to lack of awareness, some of the activists and the media are creating unfounded fear in the minds of the people. Spent Fuel Management In March 2004, The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) issued comprehensive guidelines on waste management for nuclear power plants using Pressurized HeavyWater Reactors (PHWR), which were the mainstay of India’s programme. These guidelines cover all aspects of waste management including transport, storage and disposal facilities. Each plant is to set up its waste management organisation, plant, and related facilities before commissioning. The scheme for the storage of spent fuel in a nuclear plant is two-fold – one facility is located within the reactor building/service building, generally known as the Spent Fuel Storage pool/bay, and the other is located away from the reactor called the Away From Reactor (AFR) Spent Fuel Storage Facility, but within the plant’s premises. A 1000 MW reactor produces 25 tonnes of spent fuel a year. As per the guidelines of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), the 25 tonne Uranium road is stored in ‘Spent Fuel Storage Facility’ within the same premises of the reactor under water for about 5 years. During this period, the radioactivity decreases. Former Indian President Dr APJ Abdul Kalam used to describe the nuclear waste as an “Asset”, as this can be recycled and reused. Conclusion Now mankind is at the threshold of mastering nuclear fusion technology. If we achieve this, then we can all get clean energy from nuclear fusion reactors. At that time, probably a jar of water can generate enough electricity for the entire city of Mumbai for one full year and that too without any radiation risk! Until that and other promising alternative energy sources emerge, we will be concerned about the long-term safety of storing the nuclear wastes from all our fission reactors around the world. by K. Srinivasan, Publisher & Managing Editor, & Prof R. Jagannathan, Editorial Advisor (With input from Shri V Ponraj, Former Advisor to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam)
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National Journey Down the Banking Lane How Old is Banking in India as a Profession? It is interesting to note that what we call banking in today’s world is not just a few decades or even a few centuries old in India, but pretty much older. Legally (and practically too), banking essentially involves two activities – receiving money from public or the stakeholder paying him interest at a pre-determined rate of interest, and lending that money to the needy at a higher rate of interest, making profit in the process. Hence lending per se, has been the essential ingredient of banking. This ‘lending’as an activity, has been referred to in very ancient Indian literature, right from the Sangham period literature dating back to a few centuries BCE (Before Christian Era), of what is today South India, predominantly Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Vedic Age: The practice of lending to the poor and the needy, based on securities like land documents or gold, has been referred to in the Vedic age as well as in the earliest literature, not only in South India referred above, but in many dynasties and kingdoms of Gupta, Chalukya and other periods in North India too. In fact, concepts like excessive rates of interest have been discussed and condemned even in the Manu Smriti. The much acclaimed Kautilya’s Artha Shastra speaks about the existence of enforceable documents referred to as “Aadesha” (meaning an order) which evidenced a debt arising out of a trade transaction, equivalent to what is today called a Bill of Exchange. Words like Shroffs, Sahukaars (in the North) and Chettis (in Tamil) used in such ancient literature are still prevalent and common, with some banks even designating the junior level officials with these names. Interest in Banking: Some historians have even recorded that the rate of interest varied in the earlier days according to the borrowers’ type, depending upon such factors like even caste. In today’s banking too, we have many government schemes in which the rate of interest varies according to the type of borrower – depending upon their professions and other factors. The specific enactment in India called Usurious Loans Act was passed in 1918 with the objective to protect borrowers from avaricious money lenders who charge an excessively high rate of interest, exploiting the urgency and the need of the borrowers. Genesis of Today’s Banking Some of the century-old banks in India are Allahabad Bank, Punjab National Bank, Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Canara Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Punjab & Sind Bank, Central Bank of India and Union Bank of India in the public sector and City Union Bank and Karur Vysya Bank in the private sector, with Tamil Nadu Mercantile Bank, Catholic Syrian Bank and
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Karnataka Bank nearing the century mark. Thus, most of the popular banks in India are decades old and the Indian banking system is quite rugged and robust, serving as an integral part of the Indian economy. These banks were originally started to cater to the banking needs of the public in specific geographic areas and for the particular community, read caste sometimes, where there was good business. The regulator viz the Reserve Bank of India came into being in 1935 and then came the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. Even then, most of the banks did not come out of their local bias and continued to be community- and geography-centric. Then State Bank of India came in 1956. The year 1969 is considered a significant landmark year in the history of Indian banking when 14 banks were nationalised. In the decade that followed, all these region-specific and community-focussed banks came out of such inhibitions and started opening branches in various parts of India, resulting in pan-India banking development. Since nationalisation proved to be a successful experiment, the Indian Government repeated it by a second tranche of nationalisation in April 1980 when six more banks were nationalised. And the rest is history. Advent of Technology Technology, of course, came into the Indian banking sector with the advent of the cardpunching system of computerised data entry operations, popular as the Electronic Data processing (EDP) system. Subsequently, when the Globalisation, Liberalisation and Privatisation era came during 1990-91, technology became a major arm of Indian Banking. Today, technology is not just an aid in banking. The entire system ‘banks’on technology. Technology is no longer a helper in banking. It is the driver of banking in India. Banks innovate and introduce newer products based on the technological and communication facility available. Today’s Banking Modern Private Sector Banks with just one or two physical branches in the major metros and with hardly a dozen branches and maybe employing just a few hundreds in India, compete with traditional banks having thousands of branches spread throughout India and managing a manpower strength of twenty or thirty thousand. These Private Sector Banks claim a much higher share of card-base or internet banking compared to these bigger, traditional banks. Brick and mortar structure of banking habits is on the
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decline and banks need to have a web address more popular than a physical address with a huge building housing the corporate or registered head office. With all types of technology products and services like account opening, loan processing and recovery, cash management automated with ATM arrangements with other entities, large physical structures or big manpower strength running to thousands, are becoming redundant for banks in India. Fortunately, the Indian legal system does not permit granting of a corporate licence or a banking licence with just a website address like xxxbank.in or xxxxxbank.co.in or anything like that, with no physical address. Quo Vadis, Indian Banking? Many non-banking payment systems like Airtel, Paytm, UPI and other similar institutions offer services like money transfers, small loans and overdraft facilities which have been the essence of Indian Banking. The lending part of the banking in small measure has been taken over by these institutions. Specialised lending like vehicle loans and housing loan is being efficiently handled by specialised institutions. Credit institutions are anyway there, to take care of long-term industrial credits. If cash too is to be replaced by online transactions and cashless economy (though the government calls it less-cash economy and not just cashless economy), the Indian public is already staring at a paradigm shift in the system. Fortunately again, crypto currency has not been recognised by the national regulator, RBI and Indians are conservative, reposing an unshakeable confidence in the strength of the public sector, what with the public sector banks having exhibited remarkable strength of resilience to attacks and onslaughts amidst even some global crises like the US Sub-Prime Lending debacle about a decade ago. To conclude, just as we say the major travel operators do not own a single cab, the major caterer does not cook a single food item, the major retailer does not own or even stock any grocer item, will we be facing an era when we may have to say that the major bankers do not keep any cash and no borrower borrows directly from them, as we find blockchains replacing banking and technology providers replacing banks, may be? We will know soon enough, with technology progressing at the pace it is today. by V.Rajendran, Editor
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Health International Yoga Day Pranayama Helps Reduce Stress and Improves Health On 21st June 2019, the whole world celebrated 5 th International Yoga Day. Yoga is the greatest gift given to the world by India thousands of years ago. Nobody is able to find out the origin of Yoga techniques, as it goes as far back as the Vedas, where it is mentioned too. Lord Krishna in his Bhagwad Gita talks about ‘Ashtanga Yoga’. Pranayama is the advanced stage in Yoga Practice after Asana. According to Patanjali, compiler of Yoga Sutras in Sanskrit 5000 years ago, Pranayama is the retention of prana, a bioplasmic energy. Pranayama is the cessation of the movement of inhalation and exhalation of air through the nostrils. Patanjali wrote 196 Yoga Sutras covering Ashtanga (8 steps) Yoga like Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Prathyahara, Dharana, Dhayana and Samadhi. Around the same time, Thirumoolar wrote 3000 hymns in Tamil elaborating the same Ashtanga Yoga. According to Thirumoolar, any person practising ‘Kumbaka’’ (retention of breath) can increase the longevity of healthy life. Lord Krishna in Bhagwad Gita talks about the importance of Pranayama (Sloka 4.29). Pranayama – Definition Yoga experts give two types of definitions. Prana means life energy.Prana + Yama = control of breath (Inhalation of breath – Purak, holding of breath – Kumbak, and exhalation of breath - Rechak) – to improve physical and mental health. Prana + ayama = Dimensions of breath (breathing with awareness and passing it through Nadis in human body to activate chakras) to experience a spiritual journey. Concept of the Human Body Modern Science divides the human body into various systems like respiratory system, urinary system, circulatory system, nerve system, etc. Each system is divided into organs, tissues, cells. When there is a problem, modern medicine starts diagnosing the respective system to cells. According to Yogis, the human body has 5 sheaths (layers) viz. Annamaya Kosha (Food Sheath), Pranamaya Kosha (Vital Sheath), Manonmaya Kosha (Mental Sheath),Vijnanamaya Kosha (Intellectual Sheath), and Anandamaya Kosha (Bliss Sheath).Through Pranayama, these layers are activated to increase the inner potential of the person, which remains dormant always.
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According to modern science, the lungs of an average human being has the capacity to hold 5 litres of air. But in practice, people not practising breathing exercises use less than 8% (less than 400 ml). People who practise breathing techniques like Pranayama, swimming, etc can go upto 30% (1500 ml). Holding the breath will help to increase the oxygen absorption by the body, which maintains good health of the body cells. Some Benefits of Pranayama
Improves blood circulation and cardiac vascular function. Increases red blood cells. Increases lung capacity providing solution for respiratory disorder Stimulates various enzymes needed for digestion Reduces stress level and keeps blood pressure normal Controls Type 2 Diabetes Acts as bridge/connector between body and mind.
An average person breathes 15 to 18 times per minute. Reducing the breaths per minute improves the longevity of life and health. Through Pranayama, the breath rate can be reduced. Simple Exercise Readers can adopt the following basic steps and experience Pranayama. Take a brisk walk for 10 minutes Sit with spine erect, in a comfortable posture on a mat (either on the floor or on a chair) in a ventilated place. Keep your hands in Chin Mudra (touch the tip of thumb with tip of the index finger with palms facing upward as in the picture). Keep your eyes closed Observe the flow of breath for one minute – Observe the movement of abdomen during inhalation and exhalation. Start with exhalation (both nostrils) for 3 seconds Inhale for 3 seconds through both nostrils Exhale for 3 seconds through both nostrils. Continue this practice for 5 minutes for a week and increase to 10 minutes in the next week. You can slowly increase upto 20 minutes. While coming out of your practice, do not open your eyes suddenly. Rub your palms and keep them on your eyes, without touching the eye balls, for 10 seconds. Then slowly open your eyes. Once you are comfortable with this exercise, increase the count from 3 seconds to 5 seconds. After achieving the ‘5-second inhale and 5-second exhale’ for 20 minutes comfortably, go to a competent Yoga teacher for the advanced level of Pranayama. If you have any chronic health problems, consult your doctor before starting your practice of Pranayama. by K. Srinivasan, Publisher and Managing Editor, PreSense (With input from Yoga Shikshak Shri Sureshveera)
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Education Draft of National Education Policy 2019 – A Panel Discussion Dr MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women, Chennai held a panel discussion on the Draft National Education Policy 2019, in the forenoon of Friday, June 28th 2019. Three eminent academicians, Prof RR Krishnamurthy, (Madras University), Prof TV Gopal (Anna University) and Shri Sathya Kumar (Chartered Accountant and CEO of Tycoon) were the panellists who analysed, discussed and presented their views on the Draft Policy. Shri KSrinivasan, Founder of Prime Point Foundation and Managing Editor & Publisher of PreSense efficiently moderated the session, taking it through a series of individual presentations by the panellists after kickstarting it with his opening remarks and introduction of the panellists. It was followed by an interactive discussion among the panellists, before it was opened up for questions, suggestions and comments from the audience who responded enthusiastically with relevant points and observations. by Susan Koshy, Editor in Chief
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International The Sea Organ and the Sun Salutation of Zadar, Croatia – Capturing the Rhythm and Wonder of Nature The Republic of Croatia is a country located on the Adriatic Sea in Central-Southeast Europe. On the Dalmatian coast of Croatia lies the historically rich city of Zadar. Zadar holds a unique attraction on its harbour coast, drawing tourists and winning world recognition for its invention – the Sea Organ, the world’s first musical pipe organs played by the sea. The Sea Organ and Its Construction The sea organ looks like a series of broad steps, built along the quayside and leads down to the sea, but under its surface is some cleverly engineered construction to capture the sounds of the sea.
The series of stairs extending 70 metres on the coast
Whistle openings on the upper stairs producing sound
The stairs extend about 70 metres along the coast. Underneath the stairs are 35 musically tuned tubes (pipes) with whistle openings on the sidewalk. The lower steps allow water and air from the sea to flow in. The water and air are funnelled into resonant chambers built under the steps and pushed out through the channels on the upper stairs. These movements, depending on the size and velocity of the waves, produce chime-like random harmonic musical notes, which keep changing with the shifting sea and waves, producing sound that is always different and unique. These sounds are heard through the openings along the upper steps of the stairs. Interestingly, the seven-sound clusters are organised around two major key chords, designed to evoke close harmonies of the local Dalmatian klapa music. The Sea Organ was conceived and designed by a Croatian Architect Nikola Basic in an endeavour to restore the Zadar Harbour after being destroyed during the Second World War. This unique project had the involvement of a sea hydraulics consultant and well-known organ constructors to build the pipes and the labium (whistle) for every pipe, and tuned by another professional. This invention has created a unique sense of connection between the sea and the land. It is noteworthy to mention that Nikola Basic received the European Prize for Urban Public Space, after his Sea Organ Project was rated the best among 207 projects from across Europe.
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Greeting to the Sun (Sun Salutation) – Capturing Solar Energy for a Sunset Display Another interesting feature at the Zadar harbour coastline is the Greeting to the Sun (Sun Salutation) located a few hundred metres from the Sea Organ. The Sun Salutation is a 22metre diameter solar panel created from 300 multi-layered glass panels, below which are glass conduction plates with a series of solar cells. The solar cells absorb the sun’s energy during the day and convert it into electricity. The electricity is used to light up the entire waterfront at night. As sunset, it is switched on to display a series of bright colourful lights. The motion of these lights is dependent of the energy collected as well as the power of the waves and is supposed to represent the motion of the solar system.
Sun Salutation at Sunset
Sea Organ and the Sunset
Tourists are attracted by this unique aerophone as it provides a mesmerising harmony in the background against the natural hues of the beautiful sunset on the sea, and the solar display of colours on the floor of the shore. The famous English director and producer, Sir Alfred Hitchcock who visited this place, etched his impression by saying, “the most beautiful sunset in the world can be seen from precisely this spot on the Zadar quay”. The Sea Organ endorses the memorable words from an English movie, August Rush, where a young music prodigy explains how he composes his music masterpieces, “Listen. Can you hear it… the music? I can hear it everywhere. In the wind, in the air, in the light. It’s all around us. All you have to do is open yourself up. All you have to do is LISTEN.” Music lovers believe that “Music is God’s little reminder that there is something else besides us in the Universe – a harmonic connection between all living beings, everywhere, even the stars…..” Listen to the sound of the Sea Organ: https://youtu.be/qJWldNdG4Lo. Watch the display of colours of the Greetings to the Sun (Sun Salutation) against the sound of the Sea Organ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVkMObgOq8U . by Susan Koshy, Editor-in-Chief
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Presenters ofPreSense Editorial Team
K. Srinivasan Publisher &Managing Editor
Susan Koshy Editor-in-Chief
V. Rajendran Editor
T N Ashok Consulting Editor
Triambak Sharma
Editorial Advisors
Dr R Jagannathan
Dr Sudarsan Padmanabhan
Dr Prabhakar Krishnamurthy
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