Forts & Tumuli
Forts & Tumuli Landforms and earthworks of indigenous burial mounds (tumuli) and colonial fortifications are the subject of this book. The drawings combine the precision of terrains’ lines and contours, with the expression of narrative, experience, and time. In-Cover : Tulum - Hilary Todhunter Cover: Fort bij Vechten - Louisa Kennett
The core first year Master of Landscape Architecture Visual Communications II course, at the University of Toronto’s John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, focuses on visualization techniques that enhance graphic literacy and spatial imaging technique, using 2 and 3-dimensional media. Through a series of drawings, including mappings, plans, sections, elevations and perspectives, as well as physical models using CNC and 3D prints. The course emphasizes the depiction of the ground and the exploration of phenomenological qualities of place over time. Each student chose an existing fort or tumulus, which they analyzed and depicted in varying phenomenological conditions. The course centered around four drawings that were edited in an iterative manner. The first pair of drawings were devoted to the physical description of the terrain’s geometry; with an emphasis on topography and its context, vegetation and urban form. Through 2D planometric and sectional depictions, these drawings illustrated the unique topographic, cultural and experiential qualities of the given fort or tumulus. The aim of the second pair of drawings was to illustrate the cultural, ephemeral, transitional, phenomenological and experiential qualities of the site through both a “big picture” drawing and a visual narrative. These narratives were based on either historical events from the site or fictional stories of relevance or interest. This exercise allowed students to construct a visual narrative that situates the physical design of the built work within socioeconomic, cultural, and theoretical drivers, forces and frameworks of time.
Fadi Masoud
Assistant Professor Landscape Architecture and Urbanism University of Toronto
Cahokia Monks Mounds Collinsville, Illinois 1100 CE Elif Ozcelik p 3-6
Castillo San Felipe del Morro San Juan San Juan, Puerto Rico 1589 Ryoheio Kondo p 9-12
Fort bij Vechten Utrecht The Netherlands, 1867
Fort George Niagara-on-the-lake, Ontario, Canada, 1796
Louisa Kennett p 33-36
Kate Lyne p 39-42
Castillo de San Marcos St. Augustine, Florida USA, 1672
Castle Island Boston, Massachusetts USA, 1634
Criel Mound South Charleston, West Virginia USA, 250-150 BCE
Natalie Sisson p 15-18
Gal Kaufman p 21-24
Fort of Santa Luzia Elvas, Portugal, 1640
Fort Warren Boston, Massachusetts USA, 1834
Fort Werk aan ‘t Spoel Culemborg, The Netherlands, 1794
Morgan Quinn p 45-48
Bingqing Sun p 51-54
Jin Cao p 57-60
Hamed Nadi p 27-30
Fort York Toronto, Ontario Canada, 1793
Forte Marghera Venice Italy, 1805
Fan Liu p 63-66
Natasha Raseta p 69-72
Indian Mounds Park Saint Paul, Minnesota USA, 0-500 CE
La Citadelle de Québec Québec City, Québec Canada, 1820
Andrew Taylor p 93-96
Iqra Naqvi p 99-102
Grave Creek Mound Moundsville, West Virgina USA, 250-150 BCE
Great Serpent Mound Adams County, Ohio USA, 1070 CE
Halifax Citadel Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada, 1828
Lauren McLachlan p 75-78
Ruixian Tang p 81-84
Yufei Zhao p 87-90
Fort de Roovere Halsteren The Netherlands, 1600
Pirรกmide del Sol Teotihuacan, Mexico City Mexico, 100 CE
Tulum Tulum, Quintana Roo Mexico, 564 CE
Allison Smith p 105-108
Ruiqi Zhao p 111-114
Hilary Todhunter p 117-119
Cahokia Monks Mounds Collinsville, Illinois 1100 AD Elif Ozcelik
Cahokia Mound State Park in Southern Illinois contains one of the most mysterious and greatest ancient cities. The city was the center of Mississippian Indian culture from 900-1300 AD. At its peak, the city was home to 10-15 000 residents and served 40, 000 in regional population. This means that Cahokia was the largest metropolis of its time, surpassing London and the Mayans. Cahokia is a city of both the Moon and the Sun. Through the building of more than 120 earthen mounds that are placed in a clear city grid, Cahokia draws together the agricultural cycle of the sun with the cycle of life and death of the moon. I want to emphasize that Cahokia was a spiritual center that connects people to the Cosmos and the ground. The whole city axis and grid was deliberately constructed 5 degrees off North as a way of unifying the movements of the moon and the sun. They used the most Eastern and Western positions of the moon and sun to guide their city planning. I ultimately want to show what motivated these people to carry about 4 billion pounds of soil in baskets over kilometers.
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Cahokia Monk Mounds Illinois, USA 38°39'16.5"N 90°03'42.6"W
Elif Ozcelik
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Cahokia Monk Mounds Illinois, USA 38°39'16.5"N 90°03'42.6"W
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Elif Ozcelik
Castillo San Felipe del Morro San Juan San Juan, Puerto Rico 1589 Ryoheio Kondo
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Castillo San Felipe del Morro
San Juan, Puerto Rico- 18.4711°N 66.1242°W 0
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Ryohei Kondo
Castillo de San Marcos St. Augustine, Florida USA, 1672 Natalie Sisson
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In the future, due to climate change Castillo de San Marcos has started to be partially submerged in water. The surrounding area has adapted to the changes in water level and is still largely inhabited. Castillo de San Marcos has begun to be overgrown by strange swamp like species that gives an unsettling air to the site. Toxic algae blooms start polluting the water and kill aquatic life. Plant growths that have never been found before litter the nooks and crannies above and below water. Tours still exist on site, including some recreational activities such as kayaking. More recently, as climate conditions worsen, there have been reports of strange occurrences at the fort. Cold patches on turrets and the newly built docks that help connect the site to the rest of the city. People have gone missing while on the site grounds. Others have claimed to have seen the vengeful spirits of ghosts rising from the water, claiming that the state of the earth has upset the balance and natural order of things. While officials try to quell the rising state of paranoia, more unrest from below the waters stir. There’s trouble brewing, and all it takes is an announcement of another petroleum spill to release the anger of the spirits who rise from below the water. They take out their fury on the surrounding citizens and strive to overtake the city, thus beginning another battle on the grounds of Castillo de San Marcos and one that will not be easily won.
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Castle Island
Boston, Massachusetts USA, 1634 Gal Kaufman
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The first fortress built on Castle Island was a “mud-walled castle� with a combination of oyster shells and cannons assembled to protect the city of Boston from sea attacks in the days of 1634. The first fortress did not survive for a long time and rebuilt in 1644. Another nine new guns and their job was to protect against French boats. In 1673 the fortress was destroyed by a fire. Moreover, rebuilt this time from a stone, equipped with 38 cannons in 1689. In 1703 the fort was expanded once more. Also, the armaments doubled to 100 rifles. In the years before the American Revolution, the fortress became a haven for British officials during periods of unrest and riots in Boston. The violence followed events such as the crisis in the 1765 crisis stamps and the Boston massacre in 1770. With the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, American forces began the siege of Boston, and the British turned the fortress into their main stronghold. In 1776 when the British were defeated and left the fort, they set fire to it and destroyed it as much as they could. After its evacuation, it was rebuilt quickly by the American forces in 1776. Also, in 1785, the fortress became a prison, which used until 1805. In 1833 under the US fortification plan, the new fort built that had walls of 9 meters in height and 2 meters in thickness. It was built mainly from granite and was completed in 1848, although repairs and other works continued until 1861. After the Civil War, the castle had been no longer in use, and in the 1880s, landscape architect Frederick law Olmsted offered to connect the castle on the island to the Boston coast. In 1890 the city of Boston began to fill the marshes that separate the island on which the castle located in order to create a green space and promenade. The process ended in the 1820s, and Castle Island ceased to be an island. The castle was used by the military later during World War I and the first and second but soon returned to Boston and is now under its responsibility.
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Castle Island
Boston USA - 42° 20′ 15″ N, 71° 0′ 38″ W 0
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Gal. Kaufman
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Castle Island
Boston USA - 42° 20′ 15″ N, 71° 0′ 38″ W 0
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Gal. Kaufman
Castle Island
Boston USA - 42° 20′ 15″ N, 71° 0′ 38″ W Gal. Kaufman
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Castle Island
Boston USA - 42° 20′ 15″ N, 71° 0′ 38″ W Gal. Kaufman
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Criel Mound
South Charleston, West Virginia, USA 250-150 BCE Hamed Nadi
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The Criel Mound�, known as the South Charleston Mound, is along MacCorkle Avenue in central South Charleston, West Virginia, in Kanawaha County. This is the Second largest Adena mound in West Virginia and is believed to have been developed between 250 and 150 B.C. The mound was significantly altered in the late 1800s when a race track for horses was built around its base. Its top was flattened to accommodate a podium for race judges. The mound was reduced from 35 feet in height and 175 feet in diameter to approxim1tely 25 get in hight and 140 feet in dameter. During this time the excavation was overseen by professor P.W. Norris of the Smithsonian Institute in 1883-1884. The following descriptions were s1id by him about the mound. At the depth of three feet, in the center of the shaft, some human bones were discovered, doubtless parts of 1 skeleton said to have been dug up before or at the time of the construction of the judgesʟ stand. At the depth of four feet, in a bed of hard earth composed of mixed clay and ashes, were two skeletons, both lying extended on their backs, heads south, and feet ne1r the center of the shaft. Near the heads lay two celts, two stone hoes, one lance head, and two disks. At the depth of 31 feet, 12 other skeletons were found, believed to be the Adena leader and ten of his servants, numerous artists and various jewelry and weapons. I want to display this particular moment of excavation of a horse track mound and the findings in the time era of the 18th century.
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Fort bij Vechten
Utrecht, The Netherlands 1867 Louisa Kennett
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Fort bij Vechten is the second largest fort along the New Dutch Waterline, an ingenious defensive line designed to protect the Netherlands from enemy troops during wartime. The canals, dikes and locks along this line were designed to quickly flood large areas of land to prevent the advance of enemy troops. Forts were built along the line in areas where flooding was not possible or where roads crossed the line, thereby defending the weak points. Fort bij Vechten was built between 1867 and 1870 as part of the defensive line around Utrecht. The fort was mobilized in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, in 1914-18 during the First World War and in 1939-40 during the Second World War. Fort bij Vechten is also home to unique flora and fauna including five species of bats (beard bat, fringe tail bat, dwarf bat, big eared bat and the water bat). In my narrative, the year is 1916 and Europe is gripped by war. Although the Netherlands is attempting to remain neutral in the conflict, its position between the German Empire and Germanoccupied Belgium means that the threat of invasion is imminent. The Dutch army has been fully mobilized and their defensive strategy relies heavily on the New Dutch Waterline to protect them from German occupation. My drawings tell the story of a fictional battle between the Dutch and Germany armies occurring in the area around the fort. German troops attempt to cross the flooded land to reach the fort, but with every step they sink further into the mud, dragged down by their heavy guns and equipment. The horses that the Germans rely on for quick transportation are no match against the flat bottomed barges that the Dutch army has developed. The death toll rises quickly on the German side as soldiers are engulfed by water and mud. At nightfall, the few survivors attempt to retreat to dry land and everything becomes still on the ground. Yet moments later, the night sky comes to life as thousands of bats emerge and take over the landscape.
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Fort bij Vechten
Utrecht, Netherlands - 52°03'28.0"N 05°10'03.8"W Louisa Kennett
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Fort bij Vechten
Utrecht, Netherlands - 52째03'28.0"N 05째10'03.8"W
Fort bij Vechten
Louisa Kennett
Utrecht, Netherlands - 52째03'28.0"N 05째10'03.8"W Louisa Kennett
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Fort George
Niagara-on-the-lake, Ontario, Canada 1796 Kate Lyne
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The first fortress built on Castle Island was a “mud-walled castle� with a combination of oyster shells and cannons assembled to protect the city of Boston from sea attacks in the days of 1634. The first fortress did not survive for a long time and rebuilt in 1644. Another nine new guns and their job was to protect against French boats. In 1673 the fortress was destroyed by a fire. Moreover, rebuilt this time from a stone, equipped with 38 cannons in 1689. In 1703 the fort was expanded once more. Also, the armaments doubled to 100 rifles. In the years before the American Revolution, the fortress became a haven for British officials during periods of unrest and riots in Boston. The violence followed events such as the crisis in the 1765 crisis stamps and the Boston massacre in 1770. With the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, American forces began the siege of Boston, and the British turned the fortress into their main stronghold. In 1776 when the British were defeated and left the fort, they set fire to it and destroyed it as much as they could. After its evacuation, it was rebuilt quickly by the American forces in 1776. Also, in 1785, the fortress became a prison, which used until 1805. In 1833 under the US fortification plan, the new fort built that had walls of 9 meters in height and 2 meters in thickness. It was built mainly from granite and was completed in 1848, although repairs and other works continued until 1861. After the Civil War, the castle had been no longer in use, and in the 1880s, landscape architect Frederick law Olmsted offered to connect the castle on the island to the Boston coast. In 1890 the city of Boston began to fill the marshes that separate the island on which the castle located in order to create a green space and promenade. The process ended in the 1820s, and Castle Island ceased to be an island. The castle was used by the military later during World War I and the first and second but soon returned to Boston and is now under its responsibility.
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Fort of Santa Luzia Elvas, Portugal 1640 Morgan Quinn
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Fort Warren
Boston, Massachusetts USA 1834 Bingqing Sun
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Fort Warren is an historic fort on Georges Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor, Constructed between 1833-1860. It served as a prison during the Civil War. The island now is a popular place for a scenic, low-stress walk. Visit the new museum with exhibits about the history of the fort. Fort Warren is also known for its legend of ghost, the Lady in Black. The Lady in Black or the Mrs. Melanie Lanier was the wife of a Confederate soldier. After she received a letter from her husband stating that he was imprisoned at Fort Warren on George’s Island, Mrs. Lanier was so moved to free him from captivity that she made the journey to George’s Island. One dark and stormy night, Mrs. Lanier, dressed as a man and hided a pistol, decided to row to George’s Island. As her jailed husband hummed a southern tune to signal her, Mrs. Lanier made her way to his cell with the help of some sympathetic Confederate soldiers. After being discovered by a Union officer, Mrs. Lanier captured him and held him at gunpoint, but the officer gained control of the pistol. The pistol went off, killing Mrs. Lanier’s husband. As a penalty for her crimes, Mrs. Lanier was sentenced to death by hanging. She was granted her final request of being hung wearing female clothing, but all that could be found were black robes. She was executed and buried on George’s Island in these old robes, but did she really die? She has been seen wandering the island in her black robes many times since.
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Fort Werk aan ‘t Spoel
Culemborg, The Netherlands 1794 Jin Cao
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The fort near Culemborg called Werk aan het Spoel was built in 1815 as part of the New Dutch Waterline. The fortifications comprised a number of structures that were responsible for protecting the intake sluice in the river Lek. This intake sluice was designed to flood a wide tract of land between the river Lek and the river Linge. An activity centre and restaurant, the Forthuis (Fort House), has been built here more recently for cultural and recreational use. French armies The original defenses, Het Spoel, near Culemborg, had played a part in world history even before the New Dutch Waterline had been built. The invading French armies that arrived in the winter of 1794-1795 were confronted by a break in the dike wall, a coupure, that had been built in the dike to allow water to flood the land between the Lek and Linge rivers. The coupure was guarded by artillery which was surrounded by an earthwork rampart. The water to the west was held back by Diefdijk dike. This obstacle did delay the advance of the French troops, but was later dismantled by the French and the break in dike was sealed. New Dutch Waterline A new sluice was built in this location in 1815. Such a sluice in the waterline was a weak point which meant it needed additional defenses. In this case, the Werk aan het Spoel fortifications were the result.Later in de 19th century, a number of bombproof buildings were constructed, followed in the 20th century by other fortifications such as bunkers, shelters, gun batteries and anti-tank barriers. There are also the remains of a shooting range just outside the fort on which the soldiers would have practiced. Fort House During WWII it became clear that the New Dutch Waterline was of little use in modern warfare and after the end of the war, the entire line was decommissioned. In recent years, people have started to recognise the historical value of the Waterline and some of the fortifications along the line have been converted for cultural or recreational uses. The Werk aan het Spoel fortifications for example, have recently been converted into the Forthuis (Fort House), an activity centre and restaurant. Similar initiatives can also be found at Fort Asperen and Fort Vuren.
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Fort York
Toronto, Ontario Canada 1793 Fan Liu
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In 1812, the United States declared war and invaded Canada. On 27 April 1813, the U.S. Army and Navy attacked York with 2700 men on fourteen ships and schooners, armed with eightyfive cannons. The defending force of 750 British, Canadians, Mississaugas, and Ojibways had twelve cannon. The Americans stormed ashore west of the fort under the cover of their naval guns. The defenders put up a strong fight, but fell back to Fort York from the landing site in the face of overwhelming odds. The British commander, Major-General Sir Roger Sheaffe, then retreated eastward and blew up the fort’s gunpowder magazine (located near today’s Memorial Area). The explosion was devastating: 250 Americans fell dead or wounded from its blast, including their field commander, Brigadier-General Zebulon Pike. Total losses in the six-hour battle were 157 British and 320 Americans. The Americans occupied York for six days. They looted homes, took or destroyed supplies, and burned Government House and the Parliament Buildings. The Americans returned to a defenceless York in July 1813 to burn barracks and other buildings that they missed in April. During times of peace, Fort York’s defenses were allowed to deteriorate, only to be strengthened in periods of crisis, such as the Rebellion Crisis of 1837–41. Between 1932 and 1934, the City of Toronto restored Fort York to celebrate the centennial of the incorporation of the city in 1834. On Victoria Day 1934, Fort York opened as a historic site museum.
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Fort York
Toronto, Canada - 43°39'47.3"N 79°43'24.2"W Fan LIu
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Forte Marghera Venice, Italy 1805
Natasha Raseta
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Forte Marghera
Venice, Italy - 45°28'27.80"N 12°15'45.87"E 0
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Natasha Raseta
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Forte Marghera
Venice, Italy - 45째28'27.80"N 12째15'45.87"E 0
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Natasha Raseta
Forte Marghera
Venice, Italy - 45째28'27.80"N 12째15'45.87"E 0
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Natasha Raseta
Grave Creek Mound Moundsville, West Virgina, USA 250-150 BCE Lauren McLachlan
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West Virginia is a ruggest state, bound by the rushing Ohio river to the west and the majestic Appalachian mountains to the east. Moundsville, a small and sleepy town in the states’ Northern panhandle, is no exception to the characterization of rugged individualism of those who choose to live out their lives as “free mountaineers�. A lesser known fact about the state of West Virginia is that it has the largest concentration of unexplained, paranormal occurrences. Sightings. Visitations. Eerie experiences. Hundreds of eye-witness reports and accounts, eclipsing even the pop-cultural phenomenon of Roswell, New Mexico. Mothman, Indrid cold, Flatwoods Monster. Just some of the many documented encounters that occured along the banks of the Ohio River through the 1950s, peaking in the 1960s. Some 70 years later, those sightings have begun again. Scene 1: Main setting and context - old fashioned cars parked infront of the mound, families walking in the foreground, Saucer pictured in the distance behind the mound. Scene 2: Roller rink, teenagers socializing in the evening. Black sedan with mysterious figures in background. Scene 3: Evening, parked cars and people pointing at the mothman perched on top of the penetentary building. Scene 4: Strange lights in the sky, saucers hovering, no people on the street, cars parked haphazardly,
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Grave Creek Mound
Moundsville, West Virginia - 39°55'0.7"N 80°44'39.7"W Lauren. McLachlan
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Grave Creek Mound
Moundsville, West Virginia - 39°55'0.7"N 80°44'39.7"W Lauren. McLachlan
Great Serpent Mound Adams County, Ohio USA 1070 CE Ruixian Tang
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The Great Serpent Mound in Peebles, a rural county in southwestern Ohio is the largest serpent effigy in the world. Its construction is sophisticated, built in layers, with its head directly aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice. However, it still remained as a mystery about who built the Great Serpent Mound, or why. The Serpent Mound is not a burial mound, though there are burial mounds nearby, from two different native populations, the Adena, who lived in Ohio from roughly 800 B.C. to A.D. 100, and the Fort Ancient, who lived here a thousand years later, from 1000 to 1650. Therefore, there are many hypotheses. Some people argue that the serpent mound was one of the mounds built by the ancient Native American cultures that flourished along the fertile valleys of the Mississippi, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers a thousand years ago, though many were destroyed as farms spread across this region during the modern era. They believed that the complex mound is both architectural and sculptural and was erected by settled peoples who cultivated maize, beans and squash and who maintained a stratified society with an organized labor force, but left no written records.
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Halifax Citadel
Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada, 1828 Yufei Zhao
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Citadel Hill is a hill that is a National Historic Site in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Four fortifications have been constructed on Citadel Hill since 1749, and were referred to as Fort George—but only the third fort (built between 1794 and 1800) was officially named Fort George. General Orders of October 20, 1798, ordered it named after Prince Edward’s father, King George III. The first two and the fourth and current fort, were officially called the Halifax Citadel. The last is a concrete star fort. The Citadel is the fortified summit of Citadel Hill. The hill was first fortified in 1749, the year that the English founded the town of Halifax. Those fortifications were successively rebuilt to defend the town from various enemies. Construction and leveling have lowered the summit by ten to twelve metres. While never attacked, the Citadel was long the keystone to defence of the strategically important Halifax Harbour and its Royal Navy Dockyard. In my narrative drawings, the story will be divided into three sections. Firstly, its initial function as protecting the city from an American or French attack. Secondly, the reestablishment that a new citadel was designed in 1794 and completed by 1800. Basically, much of the work was inspired by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria, who was posted to Halifax as Commander-in-chief from 1794 to 1800. The top of the hill was leveled and lowered a further 15 feet to accommodate a larger fortress on the summit. Finally, the Halifax Citadel came into being a popular tourism attraction in Canada with many impressive guided tours, and audio-visual activities, especially soldiers will dress up in distinct uniforms. My drawings will be introduced by several major war events that citadel has experienced and then highlight the important impact these historical wars have on today’s citadel and local residents. These effects include spiritual heritage and physical heritage. For example, regular parades to celebrate, precious guns and ammunition, and so on. Reference: https://www.halifaxcitadel.ca/
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Indian Mounds Park Saint Paul, Minnesota USA 0-500 CE Andrew Taylor
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Personal Entry Log – Post Dated April 17th, 2019, University of Friedberg, Germany, Department of Forestry These are the words of Dr. Rudolf Mßller. After many trials and tribulations, I have finally made contact with the fibers below our feet. Those of the silent giants that stand amongst us. Some tall + some old, some new + skinny, but all inherently connected. My findings in the municipal Forest along the cliffs of the Mississippi in Saint Paul, Minnesota are striking: Simply put, the trees speak. But more specifically, it is what, with whom and how they speak that is of most importance. The mystery to the multiplexity of these interactions has slowly unraveled before my eyes. However, there is still much to know. What can be discerned are the biochemical relations made between the same and opposing species. Some made through direct rhizome connections, others through fungal relations. I have sought to map these interconnections, interwoven across the adjacent urban street trees and backyard specimen trees. Understanding their linguistics will not only require instrumentation but tapping into the Genus Loci of the site. A methodology that my expertise, nor my collogues can use field and lab testing alone. How do we tap into the spirit of the site, is still in question? It will require a robust bridging of western science and traditional teachings. An exploration into indigenous ways of understanding and connecting with nature. I have partnered with my nephew at the University of Toronto, to help illustrate my findings, and make them accessible to the masses. The task is to articulate what is being articulated. To show that silent giants, are in fact, speaking giants, with centuriesold stories to tell. - R. Mßller
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INDIAND MOUNDSREGIONAL REGIONAL PARK INDIAN MOUNDS PARK Saint Saint Paul, Paul, USA USA -- 44째56'44.9"N 44째56'44.9"N 93째03'22.9"W 93째03'22.9"W
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Andrew Taylor Taylor Andrew
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INDIAN MOUNDS REGIONAL PARK Saint Paul, USA - 44°56'44.9"N 93°03'22.9"W
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INDIAN MOUNDS REGIONAL PARK Saint Paul, USA - 44°56'44.9"N 93°03'22.9"W
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La Citadelle de Québec Québec City, Québec Canada 1820 Iqra Naqvi
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Fort de Roovere
Halsteren, The Netherlands 1600 Allison Smith
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Facts An earthen fort, constructed as part of the Dutch Water Line - a series of water-based defenses conceived by Maurice of Nassau in the early 18th century. In 1747, during the Austrian War of Succession (1740-48) the fort was under siege by the French. Cannonballs are regularly found on site. Pre-renovations it was a dry moat that had fallen into major disrepair. Friends of the Fort de Rooveree established the removal of undergrowth and the deepening of the moat, as well as the design and construction of the Moses Bridge. Narrative The year is 2047. Land is scarce. Water levels cover more than half of the European continent. Warm seas, saturated with refuse, have eliminated most species. Those that survive weave their way through last century’s debris. Below it all, cannonballs, from a 17th century battle, mock us with their knowledge. Elaboration My narrative will look to the future, to a post apocalyptic battle with nature. Floods, the Moses Bridge submerged under water, and destruction. (Perhaps people fighting for land?)
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Moses Bridge, Fort de Roovere Halsteren, Netherlands - 51.5288° N, 4.3011° E
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Allison E. Smith
Pirรกmide del Sol
Teotihuacan, Mexico City Mexico 100 CE Ruiqi Zhao
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Teotihuacan - “The city created by the gods”, built in the first century AD through seventh century AD, its buildings are arranged according to geometric figures and symbolic meanings, with the huge size of buildings, especially the famous Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon. The ruins of this ancient city tell us about the majestic grandeur of Teotihuacan, and introduce the ritual center of ancient Mexico and the structure of the city’s predecessor. The main buildings of Teotihuacan are connected by the Avenue of the Dead, which is a 40 m wide, 2.4 km long road that’s oriented slightly east (15.5 degrees) of true north and points directly at the nearby sacred peak of Cerro Gordo, an extinct volcano. In my Drawing C: I want to show the city’s prosperity - agriculture. They built terraces, ditched irrigation, grew crops such as corn, tomatoes, pumpkin, cocoa, cotton and tobacco. I will start with the scene from the Avenue of the Dead, looking from south of the road to the peak of Cerro Gordo. The pyramid of the Sun has 248 steps. In an attempt to delay the cataclysmic event, thousands of people were scarified; In the pyramid, the corner of each step was found full of skeletons of children. Inside the tunnel: In 2011, archaeologists working under the pyramid’s centre reported finding a cache containing shards of clay pots, pieces of obsidian, animal bones, three greenstone human figurines, and a greenstone mask.
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Pirámide del Sol
Teotihuacan, Mexico - 19°41'31.4"N 98°50'39.4"W 0
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Ruiqi. Zhao
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Tulum
Tulum, Quintana Roo Mexico 564 CE Hilary Todhunter
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The city of Tulum was built in the late 13th century. It is one of a few Mayan communities situated on a coast and was once home to a population of 1000-1600 people. The thick lush jungle along the cliffs was cleared and a variety of structures were built, their architecture influenced by the cycles of the sun, moon, stars and cosmos. As a protection from invaders the city was lined with 400-metre-long wall, within its boundaries a cenote provided fresh water and crops were grown. Guided by their lust for riches and power, the Spanish led by Juan de Grijalva arrived in Tulum in 1518. The inhabitants of Tulum managed to survive for seventy years after the Spanish occupation of Mexico. Intentional introduction of old world diseases by the Spanish resulted in high fatalities and the city was eventually abandoned. This initial contact was only the beginning of the exploitation of the Yucatan peninsula and its first people. The city remained uninhabited until the 1900s when archaeologists began to restore the site. Now an international destination, Tulum’s growing tourist industry is clearing jungle, habitat and polluting pristine subsurface water in the name of development. How would Tulum look today had it not been restored in the twentieth century? Sea turtles return by the thousands to hatch along its shores. Lush agave, cactus, palm and bromelia species rise and hug the diminishing architecture. Animals emerge from the forest reclaiming the territory that was once their own.
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Tulum
Tulum, Mexico - 20.2114° N 87.4654 °W Todhunter, Hilary
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Forts and Tumuli Gallery Review took place April 10, 2019 at the Daniels Faculty One Spadina Crescent. Each student shared four drawings and 2 models in a gallery format review. 121
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Review Guests: - Matthew Hickey (TwoRow), Elnaz Sanati (DTAH), Asuka Kono (Public Work), Behnaz Assadi (Daniels), Adrian Phiffer (Daniels), Georges Farhat (Daniels), Liat Margolis (Daniels), Victor Perez-Amado (Daniels), John Shnier (Daniels), Brian Boigon (Daniels), Rob Wright (Daniels), Forbes Lipchitz (OSU)
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Back-Cover : Great Serpent Mound - Ruixian Tang
Acknowledgments Teach Assistants: Devin Tepleski (MLA’19) Ambika Pharma (MLA’20) Book Layout: Hilary Todhunter (MLA’21) Louisa Kennett (MLA’21) 126