In Pursuit of Resilient Urbanism by Platform for Resilient Urbanism . Centre for Landscape Research . Daniels Faculty

IN PURSUIT OF RESILIENT URBANISM

Acknowledgments Fadi Masoud Curator Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture and Urbanism Emilia Hurd Lead Design Coordinator Lecturer in Landscape Architecture Anton Skorishchenko Design Fabrication Lead Design / Research / Fabrication Team: Hillary DeWildt Peter Dowhaniuk Nikolas McGlashan John Nguyen Ambika Pharma Isaac Seah Andrew Taylor Hilary Todhunter

Special Thanks: Elliott Cappell (Chief Resilience Officer), Dean Richard Sommer, Dean Robert Wright, Matti Siemiatycki, Laura Miller, Shauna Brail, Didier Pomerleau, Nene Brode, Matthew Spremulli, Bohden Tymchuk, Amy Buitenhuis, Ryan Burns, Yuri Lomakin, Lara Muldoon, Dale Duncan, Rebecca Ramsey

Faculty Contributors Justine Holzman David Hulchanski Ted Kesik Liat Margolis Alissa North Michael Piper Elise Shelley Jane Wolff

Sponsors: John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape & Design City of Toronto Faculty of Forestry School of Cities AutoDesk Jay Pooley Design Practice

As 2019 Canada’s Changing Climate Report asserts, “There is overwhelming evidence that the Earth has warmed during the Industrial Era and that the main cause of this warming is human influence... The effects of widespread warming are evident in many parts of Canada and are projected to intensify in the future. The observed warming and other climate changes cannot be explained by natural factors. Only when human influences on climate are accounted for — can these observed changes in climate be explained.” 2 To face the unknown which climate models are repeatedly forecasting we need to begin to build latency, redundancy, and flexibility to ensure that indeterminacy is accounted for in how we design, operate, and build. We need to recast a new lens on the adverse colonial, extractive, and territorial modes of operation that have dominated our world. Resilience only begins when we acknowledge and engage with more expanded, inclusive, indigenous and traditional ways of knowledge. With the development of its first ever Resilience Strategy, Toronto joins cities spanning the globe that are putting resilience at the centre of their efforts to plan for the physical, social, and economic challenges of the 21st century. This is an exhibition that celebrates Toronto’s Resilience Strategy, it highlights social, cultural, and environmental factors as central determinants of a future based on equitable resilience. It showcases design and its aligned disciplines as potential driving agents of transformation towards a more resilient urbanism.

Can the Natural Environment Be Saved?” 1965 Harvard Urban Design Conference Proceedings “Canada’s Changing Climate Report 2019” (p.4) https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/environment/impacts-adaptation/21177

1“ 2

CONTENTS 1

CANADA OUR FUTURE CHOICES MATTER

TORONTO’S FIRST RESILIENCE STRATEGY

BUILDING ON TORONTO’S MOMENTUM

EQUITY + RESILIENCE

FLOOD RESILIENCE

DESIGN + RESILIENCE

VERTICAL + GREEN

CANADA

OUR FUTURE CHOICES MATTER 2019 CANADIAN CLIMATE CHANGE REPORT The effects of widespread warming are evident in many parts of Canada and are projected to intensify in the future. The rate and magnitude of climate change under high versus low emission scenarios project two very different futures for Canada. Scenarios with large and rapid warming illustrate the profound effects on Canadian climate of continued growth in greenhouse gas emissions. Scenarios with limited warming will only occur if Canada and the rest of the world reduce carbon emissions to near zero early in the second half of the century and reduce emissions of other greenhouse gases substantially.

-20

Observed changes in annual precipitation across Canada, 1948-2012, based on linear trends

Observed changes (°C) in annual temperature across Canada between 1948 and 2016, based on linear trends. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

°C

Source: Government of Canada, Canada’s Changing Climate Report (CCCR), 2019.

Beyond the next few decades, the largest uncertainty about the magnitude of future climate change is rooted in uncertainty about human behaviour, that is, whether the world will follow a pathway of low, medium, or high emissions. Given this uncertainty, projections based on a range of emission scenarios are needed to inform impact assessment, climate risk management, and policy development.

Source: Bush, E. and Lemmen, .S., editors (2019): Canada’s Changing Climate Report; Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON. 444 p.

-10 to 10

Toronto

TEMPERATURE CHANGES Canada’s climate has warmed and will warm further in the future, driven by human influence.1 Both past and future warming in Canada is, on average, about double the magnitude of global warming. Northern Canada has warmed and will continue to warm at even more than double the global rate.

WHERE DO OUR EMISSIONS COME FROM? 48% 11% WASTE

With medium confidence, observations indicate that Canada’s annual precipitation has increased in all regions since 1948, with relatively larger percentage increases in northern Canada and parts of Manitoba, Ontario, northern Quebec, and Atlantic Canada. As a result of warming, snowfall has been reduced as a proportion of total precipitation in southern Canada. Observations also indicate with medium confidence that seasonal snow accumulation has declined over the period of record (1981– 2015) on a country-wide basis.

CHANGES IN CLIMATE EXTREMES In the future, a warmer climate will intensify some weather extremes. Extreme hot temperatures will become more frequent and more intense. This will increase the severity of heatwaves, and contribute to increased drought and wildfire risks. While inland flooding results from multiple factors, more intense rainfalls will increase urban flood risks. It is uncertain how warmer temperatures and smaller snowpacks will combine to affect the frequency and magnitude of snowmelt-related flooding. Source: Bush, E. and Lemmen, .S., editors (2019): Canada’s Changing Climate Report; Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON. 444 p.

of residents are concerned about climate change and its effects on Toronto and the GTA

82%

of residents recognize there is a link between climate change and extreme weather events

92%

of residents agree that climate change threatens personal health and well-being

91%

of residents agree that everyone needs to reduce their emissions

48%

of residents don’t know what they can do to address climate change

41%

TRANSPORTATION

ELECTRICITY 22%

LANDFILL 99%

SUVs, VANS, TRUCKS 40% HEAVY VEHICLES 23%

CHANGES IN RAINFALL AND SNOWFALL Precipitation has increased in many parts of Canada, and there has been a shift toward less snowfall and more rainfall. Annual and winter precipitation is projected to increase everywhere in Canada over the 21st century. However, reductions in summer rainfall are projected for parts of southern Canada under a high emission scenario toward the late century.

78%

BUILDINGS

Temperature has increased in all regions of Canada and in the surrounding oceans. Since 1948, when nation-wide records became available, Canada’s annual average temperature over land has warmed by a best estimate of 1.7°C, with higher temperature increases observed in the North, the Prairies, and northern British Columbia. Annual average temperature over northern Canada increased by 2.3°C since 1948. The greatest warming has occurred in winter. While both human activities and natural variations in the climate have contributed to the observed warming in Canada, the human factor is dominant. It is likely that more than half of the observed warming in Canada is due to the influence of human activities.

IN TORONTO...

NATURAL GAS 78%

TRANSPORT <1%

BUILDINGS

WASTE

CARS 37%

TRANSPORTATION

HIGH CARBON CLIMATE FUTURE FOR TORONTO GHG emissions continue to increase at current rates

1975-2019

2051-2080

2021-2050

1975-2080

Mean

Low

Mean

High

Low

Mean

High

PRECIPITATION (mm)

786

657

818

984

693

855

1042

+69mm

MEAN TEMPERATURE (°C)

8.2

8.9

10.4

11.9

10.4

12.4

14.4

+4.2°C

VERY HOT DAYS (+30°C)

+43 days

VERY COLD DAYS (-30°C)

0 days

DAY OF LAST SPRING FROST

Apr 25

Apr 6

Apr 19

May 2

DAY OF FIRST FALL FROST

Oct 20

Oct 13

Oct 28 Nov 13

FROST-FREE SEASON (days)

178

169

EXTENDED HEAT WAVES (days)

0.6

192

216

1.2

Mar 30 Apr 10 Apr 26

-16 days

Nov 14 Nov 23

+26 days

Oct 21 185

219 2.6

236

+41 days +2 days

Sources: Toronto’s 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, 2019. TRANSFORM TO: Climate Action for a Healthy, Equitable & Prosperous Toronto, 2019.

TORONTO’S TORONTO’S FIRST FIRST RESILIENCE STRATEGY

It sets out a vision, principles, and actions to help Toronto survive, adapt, and thrive in the face of any challenge, particularly climate change and rising inequities.

TORONTO’S RESILIENCE CONTEXT Home to a diverse population of more than 2.9 million people, Toronto is Canada’s most populous city and the fourth largest in North America. It is a global centre for business, finance, arts and culture, and is consistently ranked as one of the world’s most livable cities. For thousands of years before colonization, it was a place where many Indigenous communities would meet to trade, exchange ideas, and solve resilience challenges; today, Toronto continues to be a place for creating innovative solutions to resilience challenges. However, Toronto has experienced a surge of growth over the past 20 years which has brought new opportunities and challenges. Through extensive public and stakeholder engagement, Torontonians identified six top resilience challenges facing the city, and proposed ‘where we want to be’ to overcome these challenges:

Building the Resilience Strategy was a collective effort. The Resilience Office engaged over 8,000 Torontonians in conversations about resilience face to face, over the phone, on social media, at City Hall, in libraries, in parks, and in people’s homes. They told us they want a city where every resident can thrive, where diversity is nurtured and residents ave empathy for each other. One where residents know the history of Indigenous peoples and are committed to taking action for Truth and Reconciliation. One that is efficient, safe and affordable, and led by brave and caring leaders who reflect the communities they serve. We have developed a set of 10 goals and 27 actions to deliver on this vision. They are organized into three focus areas: people and neighbourhoods, infrastructure, and leadership for a resilient city. Taking action in each of these focus areas will help us achieve the vision.

Equity People have access to the things they need to thrive.

Communities and Neighbourhoods Silos are broken down and we work together to solve problems locally.

Climate and Environment

Civic Engagement

Housing

Mobility

Diverse housing solutions ensure broad housing affordability.

We have multiple reliable, affordable, accessible, and safe mobility options.

Everyone is engaged in decision making, and we Coordinated large scale have a high level of trust climate mitigation and in government. adaptation efforts.

100 RESILIENT CITIES The development of this Strategy was supported by 100 Resilient Cities, pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation. 100 Resilient Cities is a global network of cities that supports a view of resilience that includes not just the shocks—earthquakes, fires, floods, etc.—but also the stresses that weaken the fabric of a city on a day-to-day or cyclical basis. Supporting cities in 47 countries, 100RC has worked with the City of Toronto to leverage the resources and best practices of the network. Over the coming years, there are opportunities to further strengthen this relationship during the implementation of this Strategy.

BUILDING ON Here’s how the Strategy is organized: TORONTO’S MOMENTUM Resilience challenges describe Toronto’s The resilience context

City, residents, communities, CLIMATE AND CIVIC EQUITY ENVIRONMENT ENGAGEMENT industry, academia, and other partners are also taking act ion to make Toronto a city. At the City of Toronto The community-ledmore resilient COMMUNITY AND MOBILITY HOUSING NEIGHBOURHOODS vision articulates alone, there are at least 50 major plans our aspirations for abeing delivered that advance the vision resilient Toronto of a more Resilient Toronto:

6 RESILIENCE CHALLENGES

27 ACTIONS

10 GOALS

16 THEMES 3 FOCUS AREAS

VISION

Note: Many recent and ongoing planning efforts cut across more than one resilience challenge

The Strategy is organized into three focus areas toAn inclusive, city-wide, and achieve our vision international process

VISION

SHOCKS AND STRESSES

PRELIMINARY RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT

A SHARED VISION FOR A MORE RESILIENT TORONTO 155 ISSUES

PEOPLE AND A Building the Resilience Strategy was aLEADING collective INFRASTRUCTURE NEIGHBOURHOODS RESILIENT CITY effort over a two year process. We’ve engaged over 8,000 Torontonians in conversations about resilience, whether in person, over the phone, on social media, at Including 3 priorityCity Hall, in libraries, in parks, or in people’s homes. We Aalso leveraged experience from cities around the actions in Focus Area 3 GOALS 4 GOALS 3 GOALS world, including Sydney, Rotterdam, Milan, Boston, and 1 priority action in and Los Angeles, plus our Canadian peers Montreal, Focus Area B Calgary, and Vancouver. 12 ACTIONS 5 ACTIONS 10 ACTIONS

400+ WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS 200+ SHORT STORIES 500+ SURVEY RESPONSES 6,000+ TELEPHONE TOWN HALL PARTICIPANTS

PEOPLE AND NEIGHBOURHOODS INFRASTRUCTURE LEADING A RESILIENT CITY

December - May 2019

2020 - Housing Now Plan 2020 - Biodiversity Strategy 2020 - Governance Review 2020 - Social Inclusion in Toronto

January - November 2018

220+ WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS 400+ ONLINE SURVEY RESPONSES

June-December 2017

Climate and environment

Equity

Housing

Mobility

BUILDING ON

TORONTO’S

g ate Str

3.1 Prioritize the implementation and resourcing of the Councilapproved Toronto Poverty Reduction Strategy

1992

3.1 Create a city-wide mobility action 1989 plan through synthesis 1988 of ongoing mobility initiatives and priorities, and identification of resilience gaps

1987

1142.9

1979

Population of Toronto

1978

1977

1970

1965

2,124,300 (1976)

1,824,500 (1961)

862.3

9.0

8.3

8.3 7.5

738.6

857,000 (1931)

6.8

951,500 (1941)

6.6

1,176,600 (1951)

7.9

7.7 775.4

7.7 7.2

6.8

8.4

8.1

849.3

8.7

8.3 8.0 807.3

7.4

7.3 7.0

6.4

2,089,700 (1971)

955.8

940.6

913.5

8.6

869.5 8.4

804.9 7.5 7.3

6.8

5.1

1955

238,000 (1901)

9,200 (1834)

65,000 (1861)

238,000 (1901)

5.1 1945

1940

1935

1930

1920

1915

1910

1905

1895

1890

1885

1880

1870

1865

1860

1855

1845

1840

1835

1830

1820

1815

1810

1982 tcA-nCanadian oitutitsnoCharte C ,sm 1977 )CIW-ECommittee SOC( adanaon C nthe i efiStatus ldliW dof erEndangered egnadnE fo sWildlife utatS ehin t nCanada o eettim(COSEWIC) moC - 7791 1973 Ministry sec-ruCreation oseR larof utathe N foOntario yrtsiniM oiratnOofeNatural ht fo noiResources taerC - 3791 1962 edo-COntario sthgiR nHuman amuH oRights iratnOCode - 2691 1960 Canadian sthg-iR fo lliB naBill idaof naRights C - 0691 1946 tcA -seConservation itirohtuA noitAuthorities avresnoC - Act 6491

Source(s): StatsCan; City of Toronto Archives. Environment and Climate Change Canada; Climate Atlas of Canada; Toronto Housing Market Analysis From Insight to Action 2019, CANCEA & Canadian Urban Institute.

1805

1927 National tcA -sk raP lanoParks itaN - Act 7291 1923 seit-aWilliams erT smailTreaties liW - 3291 1876 tcA-nIndian aidnI -Act 6781

Source(s): StatsCan; City of Toronto Archives.EnvironmentandClimateChange Canada; Climate Atlas of Canada; Toronto Housing Market Analysis From Insight to Action 2019, CANCEA & Canadian Urban Institute.

1820 Treaty 222and 32 d-n12 a 2Mile 2 ytaCreek, erT ,sev16 reMile seR rCreek eviR tiand derCCredit dna kRiver eerC eReserves, liM 61 ,kee rC eliM 1 - 023 281 91 y-taAjetance erT ,esahPurchase, cruP ecnatTreaty ejA - 819 181 1818 1806 ofsaLake 41 y-tHead aerT ,e hcruPurchase, P ekaL fo dTreaty aeH - 614 081 1805 31 y-tToronto aerT ,esaPurchase, hcruP otnTreaty oroT - 513 081

1840

1845

1855

1860

1865

1870

1880

1885

1890

1895

1905

1910

1915

1920

1930

1935

1940

1945

1955

1960

1965

1970

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1835

1975

1830

1950

Average Precipitation in Toronto (mm)

1925

1820

1900

1815

1875

1810

1850

1805

1825

998.3

991.6

966.9 875.8

888.9

968.3 913.5

940.6

955.8

2,089,700 (1971)

9.7

911.0

950.4 9.2

1,824,500 (1961)

9.7

2,124,300 (1976)

2,137,400 (1981)

2,192,700 (1986)

10.0

996.1

990.0

1012.9

1059.8

1142.9

911.0

875.8

858.6 938.8 870.9 7.9

7.9

7.8 7.8

804.9

7.5

7.3

7.0

6.4

6.6

6.8

857,000 (1931)

951,500 (1941)

1960

1820 - 12 Mile Creek, 16 Mile Creek and Credit River Reserves, Treaty 22 and 23 1818 - Ajetance Purchase, Treaty 19 1806 - Head of Lake Purchase, Treaty 14 1805 - Toronto Purchase, Treaty 13

1319.2

1976

9.7

968.3 888.9

1006.8

998.3

858.6 8.4

7.7 738.6

7.5

7.4

775.4 7.7

7.9

933.7

870.9

888.9

8.3

8.0

8.4

7.2

1982

9.7

991.6 966.9

1059.8

933.7

938.8 991.6

966.9 869.5 8.3

849.3

8.6

9.0

1,176,600 (1951)

1983

2,137,400 (1981)

1012.9

1192.7

998.3 1006.8

1142.9

1,824,500 (1961)

9.7 862.3

1984

3.2 Continue to prioritize service and capital improvements to the TTC that make the system safer, more affordable, more reliable, and less crowded

2,275,800 (1991)

2,385,400 (1996)

2,503,300 (2006)

2,481,500 (2001)

9.4

1999 - Environmental Protection Act

1319.2

1059.8

1993

Population of Toronto

Toronto Ontario Canada

1994

Average Temperature in Toronto (°C)

1800

1997

UPDATE IN 2019/2020

4.6 Position Toronto as a regional, national, and international leader on resilience

1825

NEW IN 2019/2020

1876 - Indian Act

4.4 Improve risk management and communication to residents 4.5 Support local partners in academia, industry, and community to take leadership on resilience

B3. Toronto has multiple reliable, affordable, and safe mobility options that reduce the amount of time it takes to get around.

Average Precipitation in Toronto (mm)

1927 - National Parks Act 1923 - Williams Treaties

4.3 Integrate resilience into emergency management

1850

1998

4.2 Integrate climate resilience into TransformTO

1875

1999

1985 - Wildlife Act

1982 - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Constitution Act 1977 - Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) C4. Institutionalize resilience into the City’s 1973 - Creation of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources decision-making and take leadership on resilience. 1962 - Ontario Human Rights Code 4.1 Embed resilience as a practice across the City and partners 1960 - Canadian Bill of Rights 1946 - Conservation Authorities Act

65,000 (1861)

2.3 Incorporate climate resilience into the City’s asset management framework and plans

1985 - Forestry Act

1985 - Fisheries Actcommunities in Toronto 3.1 Build relationships with Indigenous around resilience

9,200 (1834)

ate

2.1 Integrate equity into the City’s strategic planning processes

C3. Indigenous communities have a leadership role 1985 - Water Act in building resilience.

1950

Str

2.2 Integrate resilience into development and land use planning processes

C2. The City prioritizes the most vulnerable people and highest risk in our decision-making.

1985

2000

2.1 Develop and apply a Resilience Lens to City investments, with a priority focus on infrastructure

1.2 Increase transparency and prioritize communications to improve trust in local government

1900

3.1 Prioritize the implementation and resourcing of the Councilapproved Toronto Poverty Reduction Strategy

1990

B2. Infrastructure and buildings are resilient to a changing climate and support reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

1995

alt

A3. Poverty is eliminated and equity is improved.

Average Temperature in Toronto (°C)

1.1 Expand corporate civic engagement supports to improve engagement outcomes at the City

1925

r Ec onom yR oadm

1.6 Promote a sustainable and resilient food system

C1. Civic engagement and trust in the City improve, and leadership better reflects Toronto’s diversity.

3.3 Move more people more efficiently within the existing rights of way by expanding demonstration projects

9.9

2005 - Toronto Strong Neighbourhoods Strategy 2005 - Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act 2004 - Municipal Asset Management Plan 2002 - Species at Risk Act (SARA)

875.8

2,137,400 (1981)

8.8

8.3

Str ate

dard

1.5 Communicate, synthesize and scale up ongoing City efforts to advance a system of green and blue infrastructure

2.1 PRIORITY ACTION: NEIGHBOURHOOD RESILIENCE. Enhance the capacity of neighbourhoods to prepare for and recover from shocks through grassroots action and network building

CIVIC EN GAGE MEN T 2007 - Tower Renewal 2007 - Endangered Species Act 2007 - UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2006 - Toronto Green Standard 2006 - Clean Water Act

807.3

2,192,700 (1986)

2,275,800 (1991)

10.0

996.1

ge ti868.2 ng

Da ta

ive B

INFRASTRUCTURE

LEADING A RESILIENT CITY

Re s

Po ve rty

ity

Average Precipitation in Toronto (mm)

Re du cti o

ag gre ga ted

2002

Mobility

9.2

Str ate gy

paig n

l Cam

rs St

r al

Eq u

nce Re view

New Civic Engag ement Strate gy

Gover na

2005

un Ac ity F tio oo Ha n d Pla Re za rd ns sil Ris Ide ie nc k A nti e ss fica es tio So cial sm n en and Incl t usi on in To ron Tale to nt B luep rint

2003

Housing

950.4

Strategy

rate gy

Newcom er

Senio

nto fo

Toronto

Toro

Dis

772.9

Toronto Action Plan to Confront Anti-Black Racism

9.9

HO US IN G

748.0

2,385,400 (1996)

2,481,500 (2001)

2,503,300 (2006)

2,615,100 (2011)

10.5 617.5

9.4

Stan

EN VI RO NM E

2004

Communities and neighbourhoods

Civic engagement

CLI MA TE AN D

2007

ma te

OODS URH HBO EIG DN AN ITY N U MM CO

Bylaw

ate ng eR of Cha isk th ng As eF e se oo Vuln ate ss dS e me ys rab Ch nt te an m ility in Ass ge To an ro ess nto m d en He t

Floo

2008

Cli

ent

2010

are dC hil dC y se teg en tra gy Lic S g te th ’s on tra nto row Str s S G ro to od To on rho r To ou hb ig Ne

em Bas

2009

Cli

illa

nto Gr een

Cir cula

Cli

re eV

4.6 Position Toronto as a regional, national, and international leader on resilience

3.1 Create a city-wide mobility action plan through synthesis of ongoing mobility initiatives and priorities, and identification of resilience gaps

990.0

Climate and environment

A2. Communities take action to improve resilience.

Toro

g th

4.5 Support local partners in academia, industry, and community to take leadership on resilience

B3. Toronto has multiple reliable, affordable, and safe mobility options that reduce the amount of time it takes to get around.

3.3 Move more people more efficiently within the existing rights of way by expanding demonstration projects

1.4 Take action to mitigate the effects of extreme heat

Ravine Strategy

Strate

isin Ra

4.4 Improve risk management and communication to residents

3.2 Continue to prioritize service and capital improvements to the TTC that make the system safer, more affordable, more reliable, and less crowded

Green Roof

TOco

4.3 Integrate resilience into emergency management

2.3 Incorporate climate resilience into the City’s asset management framework and plans

1192.7

UPDATE IN 2019/2020

4.2 Integrate climate resilience into TransformTO

2.2 Integrate resilience into development and land use planning processes

1012.9

gement Stra tegy

ce Re view

Govern an

New Civic Enga

Ha z

NEW IN 2019/2020

Biodive

m ste Sy g lan rP s nin ste line ar W Ma uide at low t G He m r F en the em ogra ea ag n Pr t W an ectio We nd M Prot a ng

2,615,100 (2011)

PEOPLE AND NEIGHBOURHOODS

Resilience in Toronto

TransformTO

2011

2010 - Surface Transit Priority Plan 2010 - Toronto Food Strategy 2010 - Environmental Enforcement Act 2009 - Green Roof Bylaw 2009 - Walking Strategy 2008 - 2015 - Truth and Reconciliation Commission 10.5

1999 - Environmental Protection Act 1999 - First Nations Land Management Act 1998 - National Forest Strategy 1997 - Public Lands Act 1997 - Fish and laWildlife Conservation Act n P 1995 - Canadian Biodiversity Strategy gic ate 1994 - Department of Natural Resources Act Str h alt 1994 - Crown Forest Sustainability Act He gy c te A1. Toronto has resilient, safe and affordable B1. Toronto is more resilient to climate change, a bli 1994 - Migratory Birds Convention Act Str homes. including the hazards of flooding and heat. Pu ity u to n 1993 - Environmental Bill of Rights Eq ro gy uth To rate Yo 1.1 Institutionalize an integrated, resilience approach to flooding 1993 - Forest Stewardship Council established in ACTION: Canada St 1.1 PRIORITY HOME RESILIENCE. Support by adopting the Flood Resilient Toronto Charter ility homeowners and renters to prepare their homes for shocks Mob 1990 Water Resources Act c ctri t Plan Ele emen 1990 - Aggregate Resources Act ACTION: FLOOD RESILIENCE: Centralize 1.2 PRIORITY ag 1.2 PRIORITY ACTION: VERTICAL RESILIENCE. Enable Man resources towards a city-wide flood planning and prioritization rest widescale change in apartment towers to improve resilience 1990 - Mining Act tool c Fo through the improvement/retrofit of apartment towers and units tegi Stra 1990 - Environmental Protection Act ategy Str 1990 - Forestry Act nd 1.3 Review and update existing flood mitigation programs to Parkla 1.3 Apply a resilience lens to the development of the new 1990 - Game andaccount Fish for Actresilience HousingTO 2020-2030 Action Plan and ensure comprehensive action to address Toronto’s affordable housing gaps across the 1990 - Plant Protection Act full spectrum of need rsity Strategy

s reet n St Gree n rgy Pla m able Ene Sustain ing Progra Financ

2015

CIVIC EN GAGE MEN T

9.2

Plan

A sse t M anag e m e nt

2,731,500 (2016)

AN D

ategic

Health Strateg

2015 - New Civic Engagement Strategy 2015 - Ravine Strategy 2015 - Climate Change and Health Strategy 2019 - Toronto Public Health Strategic Plan 2015 - Toronto Poverty Reduction Strategy 2014 - 2018 - Talent Blueprint 2013 - Climate Change Risk Assessment 2013 - Strategic Forest Management Plan 2013 - Toronto Newcomer Strategy 2013 - Toronto Seniors Strategy 2013 - Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act 2012 - Canadian Environmental Assessment Act 2011 - Housing Services Act

9.2

4.1 Embed resilience as a practice across the City and partners 2.1 Develop and apply a Resilience Lens to City investments, with a priority focus on infrastructure

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2012

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2013

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i-Black Racism rkland Strategy stem in Toronto ow Master Plan ection Program Streets Toronto - TransformTO Growth Strategy sing the Village ts First Toronto 17 - RentSafeTO 2016 - Toronto for all Campaign to Public Library Strategic Plan onto Indigenous Health Strategy 2017 2016 2016 - Vision Zero Safety Plan - Ten Year Cycling Network Plan omoting Affordable Housing Act

ts tree en S Gre Plan Energy inable Program Susta cing Finan

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Vis

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TTC Corporate Plan

Toro

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PRELIMINARY RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT

155 ISSUES

Plan and ar Service k TTC 5-Ye Year Outloo 10an ity Pl Prior ansit ce Tr Surfa

2005 - Toronto Strong Neighbourhoods Strategy 2005 - Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act 2004 - Municipal Asset Management Plan 2002 - Species at Risk Act (SARA)

SHOCKS AND STRESSES

January - November 2018

A sse t M anag e m e nt

2007 - Tower Renewal 2007 - Endangered Species Act 2007 - UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ILITY 2006 - Toronto Green Standard MOB 2006 - Clean Water Act

6 RESILIENCE CHALLENGES

220+ WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS 400+ ONLINE SURVEY RESPONSES

Equity

400+ WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS 200+ SHORT STORIES 500+ SURVEY RESPONSES 6,000+ TELEPHONE TOWN HALL PARTICIPANTS

Building the Resilience Strategy was a collective effort over a two year process. We’ve engaged over 8,000 Torontonians in conversations about resilience, whether in person, over the phone, on social media, at City Hall, in libraries, in parks, or in people’s homes. We also leveraged experience from cities around the world, including Sydney, Rotterdam, Milan, Boston, and Los Angeles, plus our Canadian peers Montreal, Calgary, and Vancouver.

16 THEMES

A3. Poverty is eliminated and equity is improved.

RESILIENT

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C4. Institutionalize resilience into the City’s decision-making and take leadership on resilience.

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3.1 Build relationships with Indigenous communities in Toronto around resilience

B2. Infrastructure and buildings are resilient to a changing climate and support reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

1192.7

1.6 Promote a sustainable and resilient food system

911.0

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AN INCLUSIVE, CITY-WIDE, AND INTERNATIONAL PROCESS

m gy to an m to TO gy ge to TO o for all Campaign ary Strategic Plan us Health Strategy n Zero Safety Plan ling Network Plan dable Housing Act w Civic Engagement Strategy 2015 - Ravine Strategy e Change and Health Strategy o Public Health Strategic Plan o Poverty Reduction Strategy 2014 - 2018 - Talent Blueprint 2013 - Climate Change Risk Assessment 2013 - Strategic Forest Management Plan 2013 - Toronto Newcomer Strategy 2013 - Toronto Seniors Strategy 2013 - Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act 2012 - Canadian Environmental Assessment Act 2011 - Housing Services Act

2.1 PRIORITY ACTION: NEIGHBOURHOOD RESILIENCE. Enhance the capacity of neighbourhoods to prepare for and recover from shocks through grassroots action and network building

8.1

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1319.2

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C3. Indigenous communities have a leadership role in building resilience.

1.5 Communicate, synthesize and scale up ongoing City efforts to advance a system of green and blue infrastructure

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rary Public Lib Toronto gic Plan Strate

2.1 Integrate equity into the City’s strategic planning processes

1.4 Take action to mitigate the effects of extreme heat

A2. Communities take action to improve resilience.

Ravine Strategy

Tower Renewal

1.2 Increase transparency and prioritize communications to improve trust in local government

C2. The City prioritizes the most vulnerable people and highest risk in our decision-making.

1.3 Review and update existing flood mitigation programs to account for resilience

1.3 Apply a resilience lens to the development of the new HousingTO 2020-2030 Action Plan and ensure comprehensive action to address Toronto’s affordable housing gaps across the full spectrum of need

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1.1 Expand corporate civic engagement supports to improve engagement outcomes at the City

1.2 PRIORITY ACTION: FLOOD RESILIENCE: Centralize resources towards a city-wide flood planning and prioritization tool

1.2 PRIORITY ACTION: VERTICAL RESILIENCE. Enable widescale change in apartment towers to improve resilience through the improvement/retrofit of apartment towers and units

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C1. Civic engagement and trust in the City improve, and leadership better reflects Toronto’s diversity.

1.1 Institutionalize an integrated, resilience approach to flooding by adopting the Flood Resilient Toronto Charter

933.7

Indige

B1. Toronto is more resilient to climate change, including the hazards of flooding and heat.

1.1 PRIORITY ACTION: HOME RESILIENCE. Support homeowners and renters to prepare their homes for shocks

940.6

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The City, residents, communities, industry, academia, and other partners are also taking action to make Toronto a more Resilience in resilient city. At the City of Toronto alone, there are at least 50 Toronto major plans being delivered that advance the vision of a more Resilient Toronto. Ele

A1. Toronto has resilient, safe and affordable homes. y

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2,089,700 (1971)

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LEADING A RESILIENT CITY

2,124,300 (1976)

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220+ WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS 400+ ONLINE SURVEY RESPONSES

400+ WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS 200+ SHORT STORIES 500+ SURVEY RESPONSES 6,000+ TELEPHONE TOWN HALL PARTICIPANTS

EQ UIT Y

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PRELIMINARY RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT

TTC Corporate Plan

SHOCKS AND STRESSES

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16 THEMES

Toronto Action Plan to Confront Anti-Black Racism

ILITY MOB

6 RESILIENCE CHALLENGES

N FOR ENT

Communities and neighbourhoods

Civic engagement

1981

1982

1983

2020 nalP- Housing woN gnisNow uoH Plan - 0202 2020 yget-aBiodiversity rtS ytisrevidStrategy oiB - 0202 2020 weiv-eGovernance R ecnanrevoReview G - 0202 2020 otno-rSocial oT ni nInclusion oisulcnI lainicToronto oS - 0202 2020 - Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 2019 Mobility yge-taElectric rtS ytilib oM cirtcStrategy elE - 9102 2019 me-tsHeat yS gnWarning inraW taSystem eH - 9102 2019 koo-ltTTC uO r5-Year aeY-01Service dna nalPlan P ecivand reS10-Year raeY-5 COutlook TT - 9102 2019 2019 -- Canada’s Canada’s Changing Changing Climate Climate Report Report

3,912,700 (2041)

3,741,200 (2036)

11.9 11.3

11.1

879.6

893.5

9.7 778.1

800.8

837.3

846.6 823.7

846.9 819.4

795.7

782.1 617.5

1990 tcA -sWater ecruosResources eR retaW - Act 0991 1990 tcA -sAggregate ecruoseR eResources tagerggA - Act 0991 1990 tcA -gMining niniM - Act 0991 1990 Protection tcA -nEnvironmental oitcetorP latnem norivnE - Act 0991 1990 tcA -yrForestry tseroF - Act 0991 tcA -hGame siF dnaand emFish aG - Act 0991 1990 1990 Plant Protection Act tcA noitcetorP tnalP - 0991

851.4

838.1

850.4

9.2 748.0

772.9

8.8

868.2

Average Precepitation in Toronto (mm)

895.3

920.3

9.8

10.2

10.4

10.1

10.7

10.5

9.9

9.2

9.4

950.4

12.7

12.5

13.1

13.5

14.0

14.3

14.5

3,560,400 (2031)

3,369,800 (2026)

3,168,200 (2021)

Population of Toronto 1

2,731,500 (2016)

2,615,100 (2011)

2,503,300 (2006)

2,481,500 (2001)

2,385,400 (1996)

2019 - Canada’s Changing Climate Report

996.1

2,275,800 (1991)

2007 law-eTower neR reRenewal woT - 7002 2007 tcA-sEndangered eicepS deregSpecies nadnE -Act 7002 2007 selp-oUN eP Declaration suonegidnI fon o stthe hgiRights R eht nof o nIndigenous oitaralceD Peoples NU - 7002 2006 drad-nToronto atS neerGreen G otnoStandard roT - 6002 2006 Act tcA r-eClean taW nWater aelC - 6 002 2005 yge-taToronto rtS sdooStrong hruobhNeighbourhoods gieN gnortS otnoStrategy roT - 5002 2005 tcA -seAccessibility itilibasiD htifor w sOntarians nairatnO rowith f ytilDisabilities ibisseccA - Act 5002 2004 nal-PMunicipal tnemeganAsset aM tesManagement sA lapicinuMPlan - 4002 )AR-ASpecies S( tcA ksatiRRisk ta seAct icep S - 2002 2002 (SARA) 1999 - oEnvironmental Protection tcA n itcetorP latnem norivnE - 9Act 991 1999 tcA t-nFirst emegNations anaM dnLand aL snManagement oitaN tsriF - 9Act 991 1998 Forest yget-aNational rtS tseroF lanoitStrategy aN - 8991 1997 tcA -sdPublic naL ciLands lbuP - Act 7991 1997 tcA -noFish itavrand esnWildlife oC efildlConservation iW dna hsiF - Act 7991 1995 yge-tCanadian artS ytisreBiodiversity vidoiB naidaStrategy naC - 5991 tcA-sDepartment ecruoseR larof utNatural aN fo tneResources mtrapeD -Act 4991 1994 1994 tcA-yCrown tilibaniForest atsuS tSustainability seroF nworC -Act 4991 1994 tcA-nMigratory oitnevnoCBirds sdriBConvention yrotargiM -Act 4991 sthg- iEnvironmental R fo lliB latnemBill noriof vnRights E - 3991 1993 1993 Stewardship ada-nForest aC ni de hsilbatse licCouncil nuoC pihestablished sdrawetS tsin erCanada oF - 3991

10.0

2,192,700 (1986)

990.0

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1998

1999

2001

2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

2008

2009

2011

2012

2013

2014

2016

2017

2018

2019

2021

2022

2023

2024

2030

2035

2040

2045

2065

2070

2065

2070

2080

2085

2090

2095

2100

1997

2075

1996

2050

1994

2025

1993

2020

1992

2015

1991

2010

1989

2005

1988

2000

1987

1995

1986

1990

1984

1985

1985 tcA-yForestry rtseroF -Act 5891 tcA-re taW -Act 5891 1985 Water tcA-eWildlife fildliW -Act 5891 1985 tcA-sFisheries eirehsiF -Act 5891 1985 erdeoferRights F dna sand thgiFreedoms, R fo retrahConstitution C naidanaC -Act 2891

INCOME SEGREGATION

EQUITY EQUITY

+ RESILIENCE

Income segregation by

Is about a fairer and more just Toronto that ensures equitable life outcomes for all residents, through the policies we advance and the increased access and shared prosperity they promote, and the ways we make space for racialized, newcomer, queer, and Indigenous residents to substantively shape and direct the City’s future.

Climate and Environment

Equity

Housing

WHAT WE WANT TO CHANGE Unequal access to resources, funding and opportunities, polarized ideologies, and lack of awareness of vulnerability. WHERE WE WANT TO BE Communities in Toronto need to have greater ownership over decision-making that affects them, including the way resources are distributed. This will create broad empathy and understanding as well as a deliberate effort towards reconciliation. Toronto residents don’t have equal opportunities to be healthy, with income continuing to play an important role.

neighbourhood increased 56% from 1990 to 2015. Also, there are more low and high income neighbourhoods now in Toronto, with middle income neighbourhoods disappearing. High income neighbourhoods are earning a larger share of Toronto’s total income relative to their population size than in past. Toronto residents don’t have equal opportunities to be healthy, with income continuing to play an important role.

19%

31% 9%

49%

Over the past 50 years, segregation in Toronto by race and income has worsened, even as diversity has increased. Torontonians of different backgrounds are increasingly not living side by side and Toronto’s non-White residents are disproportionately concentrated in lowincome neighbourhoods, as shown in the graphs to the right.

13%

11% 13%

13%

19%

Low Income Neighbourhoods

Overall City

2016 Ethno-cultural Segregation in Toronto

23%

16% 5% 10%

11%

8% 61%

Middle Income Neighbourhoods

73%

High Income Neighbourhoods

Other Black Chinese South Asian White

1970 Census Tract Average Individual Income compared to the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area Average of $ 5,756

Very High - 140% to 396% (30 CTs, 7% of the City) High - 120% to 140% (23 CTs, 7% of the City) Middle Income - 80% to 120% (197 CTs, 58% of the City) Low - 60% to 80% (83 CTs, 24% of the City) Very Low - 52% to 60% (7 CTs, 2% of the City) Not Available

2000 Census Tract Average Individual Income compared to the Toronto Census Matropolitan Area Average of $35,618

Very High - 140% to 831% (94 CTs, 17% of the City) High - 120% to 140% (32 CTs, 6% of the City) Middle Income - 80% to 120% (165 CTs, 29% of the City) Low - 60% to 80% (190 CTs, 33% of the City) Very Low - 37% to 60% (88 CTs, 15% of the City) Not Available

2015 Census Tract Average Individual Income compared to the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area Average of $ 50, 479

Sources: 1971, 2001, 2016 Census. Analysis courtesy of Neighbourhood Change Research Partnership, University of Toronto - David Hulchanski and Richard Maaranen.

FLOOD

PRIORITY ACTION

RESILIENCE

Synthesize existing data sets and establish a high-level city-wide mapping tool to identify and prioritize problematic urban flooding areas. The tool will be used for planning, infrastructure prioritization, utility-based decisions, operations planning and deployment, prioritizing emergency management resources, and communicating with the public to encourage at-risk residents to act.

TORONTO IS GETTING HOTTER, WETTER + WILDER

RECENT PAST

1972-2005

IMMEDIATE FUTURE

VERY HOT DAYS (+30°C) PER YEAR

ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (MM)

12.2

786

days

30.7

2021-2050

days

NEAR FUTURE

54.9

2050-2080

days

817

HEAVY PRECIPITATION DAYS (+20 MM)

6.6

As each of the major initiatives progress, the City will identify opportunities to scale up the network of green and blue infrastructure, including: • Creating a framework to ensure collaboration and coordination for all city wide blue/ green infrastructure with leaders of the existing relevant steering committees. Closer coordination will improve capacity to measure, evaluate and report outcomes overall; • Finding ways to increase the overall number of projects (e.g. more green streets), identifying opportunities to integrate green and blue infrastructure into larger projects such as redevelopments, and linking green and blue infrastructure projects into ‘corridors’. • Identifying new sources of funding or partnerships to scale up the number and scope of projects, including funding from other orders of government, philanthropic funding, or innovative financing; • Monitoring, evaluating, and communicating the benefits achieved from green and blue infrastructure in Toronto and internationally, with the aim of prioritizing green and blue infrastructure within decision making and budgets at the City and for its partners;

days

6.9

days

854

7.8

Toronto is already undertaking a number of efforts to protect and improve existing, as well as install new green and blue infrastructure, including the Green Streets pilot projects, the Ravine Strategy, and the Tree Canopy Study. The Resilience Strategy aims to support and scale up the number of green/blue projects, which improve the city’s resilience to climate shocks.

days

Equity

Climate and Environment

Housing

Mobility

Flood Calls and Water Infrastructure Flood Calls Culverts Retaining Wall Weirs Channel Bridge River Watershed Boundary

Maps created by: Hillary DeWildt, Likun Liu, Aliya Karmali, Ambika Pharma and Bonnie Chuong. Instructors: Alissa North, Justine Holzman , Emilia Hurd

Rivers and Open Space Private Green Space Public Green Space River Heritage River Watershed Boundary

Maps created by: Hillary DeWildt, Likun Liu, Aliya Karmali, Ambika Pharma and Bonnie Chuong. Instructors: Alissa North, Justine Holzman , Emilia Hurd

RESILIENT LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS Urban flooding occurs when rainfall overwhelms sewer and drainage capacity, forcing the water to flow overland. In the past two years alone, Toronto has faced a wide range of climate shocks and stresses, including extreme heat, extreme cold, significant rainfall events, ice storms, and wind storms. These risks can be mitigated through the development of a network of green and blue infrastructure – sometimes called Natural Infrastructure – that carefully and purposefully integrate natural elements into the built environment in ways that can help protect against flooding, mitigate the heat island effect, and improve air, soil, and water quality. Green and blue infrastructure can include bioswales, urban forestry, wetland habitats, green streets, and more. The impact of this natural infrastructure is significant: the benefits provided by trees in terms of air pollution filtration and energy savings (related to temperature moderation near homes and buildings) have been valued at more than $28 million a year (Strategic Forest Management Plan, 2012-2022, City of Toronto). In addition to the tree canopy, Toronto’s ravines are one of the best examples globally of how green and blue infrastructure can make cities more resilient.

Park Space per Person (m2)

The ravines, covering 17% of the city’s land mass, protect it from flooding, reduce the urban heat island effect, and support biodiversity. They are also an important asset for community development and recreation, and in some cases for mobility. The realization of these quality of life improvements are an important co-benefit that can accompany the development of all green and blue infrastructure projects.

ToCore Boundary 0-3 3-9 9 - 23 23 - 55 55 - 4949

2.5

7.5

Source: Tabascio, A. 2020. “Does downtown Toronto have enough green space to support its residents?”

DESIGN + RESILIENCE Interventions that focus on improving urban environments in relation to natural systems and processes have tremendous consequences for urban resilience and its capacity to prevent, survive, mitigate, and adapt to climatic challenges today. 1 Connectivity + A comprehensive directory of historic Reading the and contemporary adaptation and Landscape resilience design precedent projects, best practice cases, and competitions, such as: Rebuild by Design, Resilience by Design. Rising Currents, Waterfront Toronto competition briefs, Shore to Core...etc were translated graphically into a “Compendium of Precedents” drawn as abstracted 1 section-isometric 2 illustrationsConnectivity to deduce innovative + Open Ended programs, infrastructure types, land Reading the Flexibility uses, housingLandscape / building typologies of “resilient urbanism”.

Critical to this exploration was the role landscape architects played in large comprehensive planning with 1 scale 3 limited reliance2on hard-mechanical systems Connectivityengineering + Open Ended for the provision Landform as Reading the Flexibility Failsafe + Buffer of infrastructure to achieve their Landscape work. A clear connection to the interdisciplinary working methods necessary to respond to challenges and pressures in the 21st century.

Connectivity + Reading the Landscape

Open Ended Flexibility

Landform as Failsafe + Buffer

Integrating Green, Blue + Grey Infrastructure

Landscape as Filter

Open Ended Flexibility

Landform as Failsafe + Buffer

Integrating Green, Blue + Grey Infrastructure

Landscape as Filter

Landform as Failsafe + Buffer

Integrating Green, Blue + Grey Infrastructure

Landscape as Filter

Integrating Green + Blue + Grey Infrastructure

Integrating Green, Blue + Grey Infrastructure

Landscape as Filter

Flexibility

Landform as Failsafe + Buffer

Integrating Green, Blue + Grey

Landscape as Filter

13Open Ended

1912 TORONTO WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT Frederick Law Olmsted When the City of Toronto’s Island Committee was considering a redevelopment through dredging and filing of the Toronto Islands in 1902, they hired Olmsted to come up with a plan that would look after the placement of waterways, roadways and bridges. The report envisioned a “carriage boulevard” that would allow people to travel from Lakeshore Boulevard West on the mainland across to the islands’ outer and inner recesses crossings a series of inner island lagoons before returning to the city. The project included a series of landforms that use the dredge material to create Breakwaters in Lake Ontario, a series of protected beaches as open buffers for activity, a promenade and a terraced treed boulevard, followed by a dyke-like landform. When all these landforms are aggregated they act as a redundant landscape buffer, civic and circulation infrastructural network that connects the waterfront but also protects the city and the islands from flooding and erosion.

1912 Toronto Waterfront Development Sources: Courtesy of the National Parks Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site

GLASS REEF

PETRI DISHES

Working Waterline - Matthew Baird Architects

Water Proving Ground - LTL Architects

BUILDING ON A PLINTH Hafencity Case

FOREST CITY A Symbiotic Relationship with the Environment - Sasaki

WATER MANAGEMENT On-Site Water Treatment and Recycling - SOM

INFLATABLE BARRIERS New Aqueous City - nARCHITECTS

BACK BAY FENS Stormwater Basin - Frederick Law Olmsted

VEGETATED BUFFER ZONE Lakeland Case - Frederick Law Olmsted

THE BACK BAY BOSTON Frederick Law Olmsted

WATER RETENTION AND DETENTION

OYSTER-TECTURE

ROCKAWAY RISING - LATERAL OFFICE

Small Means and Great Ends - White + ARUP

Natural Life Cycle to Restore the Harbour SCAPE Studio

For a Resilient Rockaway

ADAPT TO THRIVE

NATURE CITY

Shore to Core - Perkins + Will

Living Sustainability and Close to Nature - Workac

THE BIG “U” - BATTERY TO BROOKLYN BRIDGE

WATERWORLD

DUNE BOARDWALK

Miami Beach Reimagined - Isaac Stein

Rebuild by Design: Resilience + Beach Sasaki

LOWER DON AND VILLIERS ISLAND A New Global Model For Sustainable City Building - MVVA

Integrated Touristic and Flood Infrastructure BIG Architects

CLOUDBURST MASTERPLAN SANKT JØRGENS SØ Blue-Green Infrastructure for an Integrated Urban Landscape - Ramboll

RAILWAY FLUX ZONING The Transit Spine

HIGHWAY FLUX ZONING The Transit Spine

VIA NET

PETRI DISHES

Oasis Network

Water Proving Ground - LTL Architects

BUILDING ON A PLINTH Hafencity Case

THE NEW BEACH Embracing Fluid Natural Processes

URBAN ESTUARY A New Urban Ground - DLANDStudio

WATER CITY Edge Condition - Field Operations

1912 TORONTO HARBOUR COMMISSIONERS WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT Frederick Law Olmsted

RETHINKING A LOT Tania Hlavenka + Zainab Al-Rawi

CORKTOWN COMMON MARSH Urban Park and Flood Protection in Toronto - MVVA

MEADOWBAND New Meadowlands - MIT CAU - ZUS Urbanisten

FOSTERING RESILIENT ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

OCULUS Floating City for Rising Tide Victims Embassy of Drowned Nations

TERRACED SLOPES

RESIST, DELAY, STORE, DISCHARGE

WATERWORLD

Rebuild by Design - OMA

Miami Beach Reimagined - Isaac Stein

Maximizing Vegetation Along the Don Atelier Girot

Far Roc for a Resilient Rockaway - Ennead

RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING IN FAR ROCKAWAY Far Roc for a Resilient Rockaway - Seeding Office

NEW YORK SUBURBAN PROTOTYPE

ECO-EDGE

MODULAR CALTROPE

Far Roc for a Resilient Rockaway - FRPO

Living with the Bay - Interboro

Caltrope: The Green Lace - S39

WORLD SUSTAINABILITY CENTRE West 8

LIVING ON THE RIDGE Strategizing Activity Centre Development

VERTICAL + GREEN The overlap of climate risks and vulnerability in Toronto’s aging high-rise rental apartment towers represents the single most pressing, urgent priority for the city’s resilience. Over 500,000 Torontonians live in high-rise apartment towers that are more than 35 years old, and there are key resilience risks in these buildings. THE CHALLENGE The Towers have not had updated heating systems and windows since they were built, so they are inefficient and susceptible to failure. Many do not have sufficient back-up power to allow residents to shelter in place, meaning when there is an extended power failure, key systems including heat, water, elevators and lighting, are compromised. Almost all do not have central air conditioning (94%), and indoor temperatures often reach unhealthy levels in warm weather. Many families, newcomers, and seniors live in these towers; 40% of families living in towers are low income. These communities will likely have more difficulty recovering from extreme weather changes. The towers represent 45% of the market rental housing stock in Toronto, and are primarily privately owned rental apartments (85%). Evidence shows that deep retrofits of towers - which go beyond state of good repair to include improving the building envelope to improve insulation, new heating/hot water equipment, better ventilation and cooling, accessibility upgrades, fire system upgrades, and emergency backup power - result in improved resilience to risks such as power failures, heatwaves, and extreme cold; Better physical conditions that benefit the physical and mental health of residents; Greater building value for the owner and for the tax base; and decreased GHG emissions, by 50% or more. Source: Google Earth

TOWER RENEWAL The goal of the Tower Renewal Partnership is to transform postwar towers and their surrounding neighbourhoods into more sustainable, resilient, and healthy places, fully integrated into their growing cities. Post-war towers in the Golden Horseshoe Area are isolated and in need of renewal to create connected and complete communities, enhance the quality of life for those living there and meet climate change goals. However, most of these sites exist outside of identified growth areas that have been established by provincial plans like the Growth Plan. This has limited the abilities of municipalities and building owners to attract or consider reinvestment.

Tower Renewal is a model to transform Canada’s remarkable stock of mid-century apartment towers and their surrounding neighbourhoods into more complete communities, resilient and healthy places, fully integrated into their growing cities. Led by the Centre for Urban Growth + Renewal and supported by a group of core partners, the Tower Renewal Partnership is a collaborative initiative working to preserve and enhance this key housing resource through research, advocacy and demonstration projects. The Tower Renewal Partnership’s goal is to enable reinvestment into these dynamic neighbourhoods, working toward building lowercarbon, healthier and more complete communities. Credit: Tower Renewal Partnership (Graeme Stewart and Ya’el Santopinto), TUF lab (Michael Piper and Paul Hess)

The Green Roof Innovation Testing Laboratory, or GRIT Lab, is located at the University of Toronto, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design. A platform for multidisciplinary collaboration, GRIT Lab links the fields of Landscape Architecture, Biology, Hydrology and Building science, with the goal of investigating the environmental performance associated with ‘green’ & ‘clean’ technologies such as green roofs, green walls, and photovoltaic arrays.

This state-of-the-art facility, established in 2010, includes 33 green roof test beds, 3 green walls, 2 photovoltaic modules, a weather station, and over 300 sensors connected to over 5,000 linear feet of wiring. Data is collected on soil moisture, flow rates, temperature, rainfall, humidity, solar, and wind every five minutes. This robust installation will permit a comprehensive and dynamic understanding of the water-energy-biology nexus in context of climate specific priorities. Credit: Liat Margolis, Director. Robert M. Wright, Ted Kesik, Jennifer Drake, Brent Sleep.

GREEN ROOF RESEARCH

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

GRIT Lab is evaluating the City of Toronto’s Green Roof Construction Standard with respect to four performance criteria: 1) Stormwater Retention 2) Evaporative Cooling 3) Biodiversity 4) Life Cycle Cost

Toronto had the most square footage of green roofs installed out of all North American cities in 2016 - a successful track record due in large part to the Green Roof Bylaw (2010).

Thirty-three test beds compare and manipulate the four parameters: 1) Growing Media Type (FLL/organic) 2) Depth (4’/6’) 3) Vegetation (sedum/biodiverse) 4) Irrigation (none/timer/moisture sensor) 22