Fort Bragg Schools (1921-2018) by pruett_smith

Fort Bragg Schools 1921-2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE EDUCATION ACTIVITY AMERICAS

STACEY L. GRIFFIN, M.A. M. PRUETT SMITH

DESIGNER & ILLUSTRATOR

Fort Bragg Schools 1921-2018

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE EDUCATION ACTIVITY AMERICAS

STACEY L. GRIFFIN, M.A. M. PRUETT SMITH DESIGNER & ILLUSTRATOR

PANAMERICAN CONSULTANTS, INC. TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2018 ISBN 978-0-692-19849-0

In the spirit of Mildred B. Poole

“...I know I had done the right thing [in integrating the schools]... think about it, because you are probably going to be faced with some things that are critical, just as that was for me... So whenever something comes up and you think you have to go along with the crowd, that’s not where leadership comes from. That’s not where good life comes from...You don’t run from trouble, you don’t resign and back off from something that needs to be done if its right. Just always remember, if its right - do it.”

speaking to Albritton Middle School students

1985

table of contents

introduction 1 DoDEA 2 Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s NRHP Schools 4 Timeline of Fort Bragg Schools 10

early schools Post Graded School Main Post School Kindergarten & Nursery School Spring Lake Area School

13 17 21 25 29

desegregation & integration

mid-century modern schools

(Old) Bowley Elementary School Murray Elementary School Holbrook Elementary School Butner Elementary School (Old) Irwin Jr. High School McNair Elementary School Pope Elementary School

legacy era schools Albritton Middle School (New) Bowley Elementary School Devers Elementary School Gordon Elementary School Shughart Elementary & Middle Schools (New) Irwin Intermediate School

41 47 51 55 59 65 71

75 79 83 87 91 95 99

twenty-first century schools

103

Hampton Primary School Poole Elementary School

107 113

school location maps

118

DoDEA program development for 21st century schools

125

photo credits

127

bibliography 129

introduction

In preparation for the changing educational needs at Fort Bragg Military Reservation, North Carolina (Fort Bragg), the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) and the Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary School agency (DDESS) proposed the replacement of the older school buildings to meet the developmental requirements of dependent education facilities and the future educational needs at Fort Bragg. The proposed modernization plan included demolition of five of the installationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s schools for the construction of new school facilities. As five of the schools [(Old) Bowley, Murray, (Old) Irwin, Holbrook, and McNair] were eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), DoDEA/DDESS and Fort Bragg were mandated by federal regulations to mitigate the adverse effects of the demolition of historic resources in accordance with the Section 106 process as defined by Federal Regulation 36CFR 800. To mitigate the adverse effects of demolishing these historic schools, Fort Bragg, in consultation with the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office, initiated a Memorandum of Agreement for the loss of the historic schools in the form of a written historic context and documentation of the schools. The text and images that follow are based on the research conducted 20122017 on the Fort Bragg school system and the technical report, Documentation of Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Historic Schools (Griffin and Longiaru, 2017).

introduction

DoDEA

Department of Defense Education Activity In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the first public schools were established in the United States. Early curriculum consisted of the familiar “3-Rs” of reading, writing, and arithmetic for six years of education. In the mid-nineteenth century, subjects such as science, language, music, art and physical education were added to the curriculum. School buildings transformed from the simple one-room schoolhouse to larger buildings with outdoor facilities. In the second half of the nineteenth century, instruction was tailored to prepare students for the industrial workforce, with many facilities seemingly modeled on a factory layout. Pedagogy was primarily teacher-centered during this period (pedagogy is the method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept). Class size averaged approximately 50-60 students with an enrollment of more than 1,000 students. School design evolved to double-loaded corridors serving classrooms equipped with fixed desks in rows facing the teacher’s desk at the front of the room. Many viewed this approach as a standardized teacher instruction. Specialized classrooms and shared facilities for community use, introduced in early twentieth century schools, have endured through the early twenty-first century, and are referred to as legacy-era schools. Many of today’s schools reflect their nineteenth or twentieth century origins with rigid schedules and inflexible facilities, and fixed boundaries between grades, disciplines, classrooms, and functional roles. To meet changing educational requirements, the new twenty-first century learning environment is evolving to support the ways that children learn best: a pedagogical system that accommodates the unique instruction needs of every learner and supports the positive human relationships needed for effective learning. Four major themes form the framework and set the tone for exploring the vision for twenty-first century education. Based on best-practices and promising new trends promoting student success, the four themes are differentiated learning, multiple modalities, multidisciplinary teaching, and real-world skills development. School design and spaces are modified and adapted to successfully sustain these four themes.

Differentiated Learning 1

21st

century design real-world skills development

2 multiple modalities

multidisciplinary teaching 3

DoDEA

In January 2011, President Barrack Obama presented his Strengthening Our Military Families plan. The plan identified education as a priority and was backed by Congressional funding of $4.2 billion over five years. In response to Obama’s plan, the DoDEA planned to renovate or build more than 100 schools between 2011 and 2016, to be referred to as 21st century schools. Fort Bragg would be the first military installation worldwide with a 21st century designed school when the Kimberly Hampton Primary School opened in 2014. Even though several legacy-era designed schools were under construction at Fort Bragg, in a historical move on May 5, 2011, the DoDEA issued a hold on their entire/worldwide military funded school building program for that year. This break in construction allowed the DoDEA to redesign school plans to meet the improving and changing teaching methods. The end goal was to modernize 134 DoDEA schools worldwide, a DoDEA historical funding initiative. A three-phase plan was initiated to create designs for a 21st century school. In the first phase of this paradigm shift, DoDEA brought together leaders from architectural and engineering firms with expertise in educational facilities that included an education specialist to provide input on the new floor plans and types of furniture needed in the schools. The second phase requested worldwide input from both DoDEA and non-military school systems along with parents and community members to share ideas of how they envisioned what a 21st century school could be. The involvement of people from the educational community ensured the DoDEA received relevant and current ideas on how to modernize educational facilities for the future, right down to designing and furnishing them. The third phase was to analyze the ideas. The architectural and engineering firm along with educational specialist reviewed the submissions and compiled the ideas into a living document. That effort created the start of what is now known as the DoDEA Education Building Specifications. These specifications continue to aid designers in creating spaces that are flexible and adaptable, facilitate multiple modes of learning, and provide varying scales of learning environments.

Success was reached when, on September 23, 2011, the DoDEA school construction projects were approved to implement the new 21st century designs. Ever evolving, the DoDEA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers continue to hold school design center conferences to share lessons learned from each of the 21st century schools as they open and begin to operate. School facility managers, the design firms, and educators meet together to develop improvements for school facility specifications, types of furniture, and communication/technology requirements. The original goal was to develop a pool of firms specializing in 21st school design requirements to share their building knowledge and ideas between each other for the benefit of the DoDEA schools. As school designs constantly change to meet new educational requirements, the DoDEA continues to lead the educational community into the 21st century and beyond.

DoDEA’s mission is to Educate, Engage, and Empower militaryconnected students to succeed in a dynamic world.

DoDEA’s

vision

Excellence in Education for Every Student, Every Day, Everywhere. The DoDEA mission and vision broadly state why they exist, who they serve, and what they hope to achieve as an organization. Like DoDEA’s core values, the mission and vision are enduring and will not change over time. https://www.DoDEA.edu/Americas/midAtlantic/ FortBragg/index.cfm

DoDEA

Historic places

https://savingplaces.org/

national Register of

Historic places is Th

The schools determined eligible for listing in the NRHP were historically significant due to their architectural style, a person associated with the schools (like a teacher or principal), and their importance in the Department of Defense’s long history in providing for the education of military dependents.

B rty has een Placed

th e

by the

One way to learn more about historic preservation is searching the internet for the National Trust for Historic Preservation website. This national organization works to save historic places across the United States. Its mission is to help America’s diverse communities preserve and share the stories and places that matter to them. Another way is to go online and read about the National Park Service and learn about the ways this federal organization advocates for preserving buildings, objects, and landscapes, as well as sets the policy and guidelines to determine their historical significance.

pe Pro

National Register of historic places to f

Fort Bragg’s NRHP Schools

for

Historic preservation, also known as heritage preservation, or heritage conservation, is an effort to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. When a place, person, or building is historically significant and/or architecturally distinct and has been standing for 50 years or more it may be so important, like the schools, that it gets listed on the NRHP. The NRHP is the official list of the nation’s historic places worthy of preservation. To be considered eligible, a property must be significant for a historic event, or person, its architectural style or engineering design, or for information the site may provide (archaeology).

national trust

a united st tes depart men

In preparation for the changing educational needs at Fort Bragg, the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) decided to replace the installation’s older school buildings as those facilities no longer met the developmental requirements of current education facilities. The modernization plan included demolition of seven of the installation’s schools for the construction of new school facilities. As five of the schools ([Old] Bowley, Murray, Holbrook, [Old] Irwin, and McNair) had been determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) for their historical significance in Fort Bragg history, the schools were documented. This documentation assured that after the buildings were demolished, their history and important roles in serving as educational facilities for Fort Bragg’s military dependents would not be forgotten.

https://www.nps.gov/nr/

teaching history

https://www.teachinghistory.org/

Fort Bragg’s NRHP Schools

LIGIBILITY OF E R E T IS G E R L NATIONA OL FACILITIES O H C S â&#x20AC;&#x2122;S G G A R FORT B 1921-1970

blishment 21, with the esta 19 in n ga be the em hool syst ot until 1941 did N k. ac rr ba The Fort Bragg sc I W W rposes, zed school in a r educational pu fo lly ca of the first organi ifi ec sp g f the eleven truct a buildin prior to 1970. O installation cons d he is bl ta es s seven e school 21 and 1970, the 19 n ee with eleven mor tw be gg listing in the hed at Fort Bra e evaluated for schools establis er w 65 19 d an nce. een 1953 historical significa r fo P) constructed betw RH (N es ed NRHP of Historic Plac s were determin ol ho National Register sc e fiv d, te ner ols evalua , and McNair. But in w Ir ) ld (O Of the seven scho k, oo e NRHP ley, Murray, Holbr le for listing in th ib ig el eligible: (Old) Bow t no ed in ings. A brief s were determ inal school build ig and Pope School or e th to s ge ible s and chan ible and non-elig ig el e th due to alteration th bo r e NRHP status fo synopsis and th pages. on the following d te en es pr is s school

Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s NRHP Schools

Fort Bragg’s NRHP Schools

(Old) Bowley Elementary School

Murray Elementary School

HOLBROOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

(Building 1-3571)

(Building B-6036)

(Building 6-8444)

Built in 1953 and expanded in 1959, (Old) Bowley was determined individually eligible for listing in the NRHP in 2007. Approximately 35,813 square feet, the school is historically significant as part of the military community development and master plan established at Fort Bragg. Also, it is an intact example of a Modernist style school building utilizing a “finger plan” layout popular for school buildings in the mid-twentieth century. The school building is also significant as Fort Bragg’s first integrated school when it opened in early 1952, three years prior to the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1955. The school was designed by William L. Saunders and William L Baumgarten.

Built in 1956, Murray was determined individually eligible for listing in 2007. Approximately 53,000 square feet, the school was historically significant as part of the military community development and master plan established at Fort Bragg; it is also an example of midtwentieth century school architecture. The school was designed by Leslie Norwood Boney, Sr.

Built in 1958, Holbrook was determined individually eligible for listing in the NRHP in 2007. The school was historically significant as part of the military community development and master plan established at Fort Bragg. It, too, is an example of the midcentury Modern architectural style indicative of its North Carolina architect, William Henley Deitrick.

BUTNER Elementary School

(Old) IRWIN Elementary School

MCNAIR Elementary School

POPE Elementary School

(Building B-5356)

(Building 1-4865)

(Building B-7556)

(Building AFSCH)

Built in 1959, Butner was determined not eligible for listing in the NRHP in 2007. Approximately 53,000 square feet, the school was not considered eligible due to changes made to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exterior, including moving the main entrance and several other alterations. The school was designed by architect William Henley Deitrick and Associates.

Built in 1962 and expanded in 1964, (Old) Irwin was determined individually eligible for listing in the NRHP in 2012. Approximately 88,600 square feet, the school was historically significant as part of the military community development and master plan established at Fort Bragg. Further, it is an excellent example of a mid-century Modern educational facility. The school was designed by architect John James Croft, Jr.

Built in 1962, McNair was determined individually eligible for listing in the NRHP in 2011. Approximately 53,482 square feet, the school was historically significant as part of the military community development and master plan established at Fort Bragg; it was also a notable example of the Modernist architectural style of North Carolina architect Leon McMinn of McMinn, Norfleet, and Wicker.

Built in 1967, Pope was determined not eligible for listing in the NRHP in 2012. Approximately 53,000 square feet, the school was determined not eligible due to lack of architectural integrity resulting from renovations and additions that overshadowed the original school building. The mid-century Modern designed school was the work of architect Basil G.F. Laslett.

Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nrhp Schools

Fort Bragg’s NRHP Schools

As a result of the historical study completed on Fort Bragg’s historic schools (Griffin and Longiaru 2017), three historical markers were placed on Fort Bragg that mark historically significant events and places in the installation’s history of educating military dependents. These include the “Fort Bragg School Integration” state historical marker and two Fort Bragg historical markers, the “Main Post School, 1941-1946” and the “Bowley Elementary School, 1952-1987.” Established in 1935, the North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program is administered by the Office of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. The program marks sites of statewide historical significance that have a lasting contribution to North Carolina history. The silver and black markers are familiar sights along the state’s roads. One such marker is the “Fort Bragg School Integration” sign, located at the intersection of Bragg Boulevard and Randolph Street in Fayetteville (https://www.ncdcr.gov/about/officearchives-and-history & https://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers. aspx?MarkerId=I-94). This marker represents the historically significant role Fort Bragg played in the integration of their schools as initiated by the school administrator and military school liaison prior to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling mandating integration. Two other markers placed by Fort Bragg designate the places where the events of desegregation and integration took place (https://www.dodea.edu/Americas/midAtlantic/BraggHistory/ History-Home.cfm & https://www.bragg.army.mil/index.php/ about/garrison/directorate-public-works/environmentaldivision/cultural-resources). The Main Post School marker is located where the school stood prior to the construction of Throckmorton Library. The Main Post School opened as a desegregated school in the fall of 1951, the first on Post. The kindergarten and nursery schools soon followed in integrating. The (Old) Bowley marker is located next to the 1952 school building that is now used as a community center and adult education facility. The school opened in February 1952 as a fully integrated school accepting all students no matter their race and was also determined individually eligible for listing in the NRHP for its mid-century Modern architectural design.

Fort BRAGg SCHOOL INTEGRATION In 1951 superintendent Mildred Poole integrated Riley School 1 mi. S.W. three years before U.S. Supreme Court mandate.

Main Post School Historic Marker

integration

The Main Post School opened on this site in 1941 for white, schoolage children. In early 1951, Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s school administrator and school military liaison, Mildred Barrington Poole and CAPT Flip Donoghue, successfully initiated the desegregation of the Post schools. In September 1951, Fort Bragg schools opened as a fully integrated federal school system and hired its first African American teacher. Integration of Fort Bragg schools precedes other southern federal installations by a year and is three years prior to Brown v. Board of Education.

(Old) Bowley (Old) Bowley/Riley elementary School Historic Marker

Bowley Elementary School 1952-1987 Main post

Bowley Elementary School opens for first and second grade students transferring from the Main Post School. Bowley School is historically significant as the first fully integrated Post school and as an example of mid-century Modern architecture. The school was designed by North Carolina Architects William L. Baumgarten and William L. Saunders.

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/index.htm | https://www.nps.gov

Main Post School 1941-1962

Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s NRHP Schools

1941 | President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination in the defense industry

1922 | Camp Bragg becomes Fort Bragg

1948 | Desegregation of the United States Armed Forces

1955 | The Civil Rights Movement begins and all public schools are declared integrated

1940 | Great Smoky Mountains National Park is dedicated

1951 | Fort Bragg Schools are desegregated

1918 | Camp Bragg Established and World War I comes to an end

1954 | U.S. Supreme Court outlaws school segregation (Brown vs. Board of Education)

1929 | Wall Street Crash of 1929

1920 | 19th Amendment grants women the right to vote

1931 | Star Spangled Banner becomes National Anthem

1960 | U.S. sends first man into space

1946 | Fort Bragg hires its first school administrator

Korean War World War II

1920 Post Graded School

1930

1940 Main Post School Kindergarten & Nursery School Spring Area School

1966 | The National Historic Preservation Act is signed into law to protect historical and archaeological resources and creates the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)

Vietnam War

Cold War

1950

1960

(Old) Bowley Elementary School

Timeline of Fort Bragg Schools

1970

970

1979 | Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) is established

1994 | Amazon.com, Inc. is founded

2001 | September 11th terrorist attacks

1969 | The internet is invented

1974 | Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) is established

1981 | Sandra Day O’Connor becomes first woman on the U.S. Supreme Court

Albritton Middle School (New) Bowley Elementary School Devers Elementary School

1990

2017 | DoDEA celebrates its 70th anniversary and continues to “educate, engage and empower each student to succeed in a dynamic world”

2011 | McNair School is determined eligible for listing in the NRHP

2007 | (Old) Bowley, Murray, and Holbrook Schools are determined eligible for listing in the NRHP.

Operation Desert Storm

1980

2011 | 21st Century Schools were designed and construction was funded

2009 | Barack Obama is the first African-American elected as President of the United States

1991 | The World Wide Web is publicly debuted as an Internet service. 1974 | Kindergarten program classes officially become part of the Fort Bragg school system

1976 | Americans celebrate the Bicentennial

2012 | DoDEA and the USACE commit to the new twenty-first century school design

2012 | (Old) Irwin School is determined eligible for listing in the NRHP

Operation Iraqi Freedom

2000

2020

2010

Murray Elementary School Holbrook Elementary School Butner Elementary School (Old) Irwin Jr. High School McNair Elementary School Pope Elementary School

Gordon Elementary School Shughart Elementary & Middle Schools (New) Irwin Intermediate School Hampton Primary School Poole Elementary School

Timeline of Fort Bragg Schools

early schools 1921-1973

Post Graded School Main Post School Kindergarten & Nursery School Spring Lake Area School

early schools

WWI

WWII

Organized in 1921, Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first dependents school, the Post Graded School, opened for grades 1-9 and operated in a two-story, temporary WWI building on Main Post. As established, the Post Graded School received state funds and operated under the supervision of the County School System, yet the commanding general of Fort Bragg had the authority to make decisions concerning the school as it was a federal building located on federal property. In the early 1930s, Fort Bragg formed its first school board, which consisted of five Army officers appointed by the commanding general. Commander Philander C. Riley served as president of the first Fort Bragg School Board. The school remained small during the 1920s and 1930s as there was limited family housing on post. In 1940, construction began on the first formal school building at Fort Bragg. The four-room Main Post School (later renamed Riley School) opened the following fall for elementary school-age children of white military personnel stationed at Fort Bragg. Kindergarten and nursery schools opened in 1946 and were private tuition schools located in the WWII-era Post Hospital No. 2 wards. Older students were also assigned to classrooms in the former hospital area due to overcrowding of the Main Post School in response to the number of families locating to Fort Bragg during WWII. Also due to overcrowded conditions at the Main Post School, the Spring Lake Area Elementary School was opened in 1950. Located in the northeast area of Main Post, the school consisted of multiple WWII-era buildings that were converted for classroom space. Each of these schools are no longer extant, or, in other words, no longer exist.

Post Graded School 1921-1941

- 17 -

Post Graded School 1921-1946

photo 1. A WWI era barracks, much like the 1921 Post School.

Organized in 1921, the first dependents school consisted of classrooms in a two-story WWI barracks on Main Post and was open to all children residing on the reservation (photo 1). Known as the Post Graded School, the location of the barracks turned school was near the Officersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Club tennis courts bounded by Donelson Street, Crossover Street, Normandy Drive, and Hunt Street (photo 2). Initially, school enrollment was small and students were transported to class via mule-drawn, covered wagons, supplied by the Quartermaster Corps (photo 3). In the beginning, the school curriculum was monitored by the Cumberland County School System and operated with state funds. This arrangement would continue until the late 1930s. The Post Graded School taught students in the first through ninth grades as high school age dependents attended school in Fayetteville. The first reported student count on record was for the 19251926 school year with 100 students and four teachers; Misses McKimmon, Elliott, Hines, and Currie (photo 4).

photo 2. Location of the Post Graded School on Donelson Street in red block.

As the installation began to grow with WWII mobilization efforts, additional teachers and classroom spaces were needed to provide for the increasing number of dependents living on post.

Living quarters were provided for the teachers from 1921 until 1965.

1921 In 1921, the teachers lived in WWI barracks adjacent to the school.

photo 3. Post Graded School staff and board standing in front of the Post School, 1938.

Additional funds to pay for more teachers were allocated from the concessions on Post.

1946 In 1946, a teacherage, or a house provided for a teacher, was built adjacent to the Main Post School for female teachers.

The Post Graded School was in use until the construction of the Main Post School in 1941. The new school was located off Randolph Street west of Knox Street. photo 4. Four of Fort Bragg’s earliest teachers.

1950’s In the 1950’s, teachers lived in the Butner Court Housing area.

1965 After 1965, teachers no longer lived on post.

History of Fort Bragg schools

Main Post School 1941-1962

- 21 -

Main post school 1941-1962

photo 5. Main Post School elevation drawing, 1940.

Bus Stop Teacherage

treet

S Knox

treet

lph S

o Rand

Main Post School

Heat Plant

1947 Addition

In response to the build-up for WWII, the installation recognized the need to provide a more adequate space to educate the increasing number of dependents of Fort Bragg military personnel. With plans to move out of the Post Graded School barracks building, Fort Bragg constructed its first school building (photo 5). The Main Post School was established in 1941 and consisted of four classrooms. Built specifically for the activity of educating dependents living on post, the school was located where Throckmorton Library stands today near the corner of Knox and Randolph streets. The 1941 school campus originally consisted of a single-story, wood frame and stucco, four-room school building, a teacherage that fronted Randolph Street just north of the school building, and a heat plant building that sat adjacent to the school (photos 6 and 7). During this time, Fort Bragg hired its first school administrator, Mrs. Mildred Barrington Poole in 1946. Beginning in 1951, Mrs. Poole worked closely with Captain Flip Donoghue, the school systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s military liaison. See pages 36 & 37 for information on the desegregation and integration at Fort Bragg spearheaded by Poole and Donoghue. In 1953, the elementary age children were moved into the new primary school (Old Bowley) and the Main Post School continued as the junior high school for grades seven and eight (photos 8 and 9). A four-classroom addition was added to the original building between 1948 and 1955 and a field house was moved to the site to further supplement classroom space (photo 10).

photo 6. Campus map of the Main Post School, 1959.

Four classrooms were added to the Main Post School in 1948 to accommodate an increasing number of pupils. Drawings of the 1948 addition and the final layout of the Main Post School were located during research in the Cultural Resources Management Offices and the Fort Bragg School Board Meeting Minutes.

photo 7. Main Post School, ca. 1950s.

photo 10. Main Post School building, ca. 1965.

photo 8. Main Post School elementary school students, 1950.

The school was renamed Riley School for the first president of the Fort Bragg School Board, Commander Philander C. Riley in 1955. Near the end of the schoolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use, the building included 9 non-standard classrooms with 30 pupils per room, a library, an auditorium, and an administrative section (photos 11 and 12). The Main Post School closed when (Old) Irwin Junior High School opened in 1962 and the school building was repurposed as the Department of Services and then the Provost Marshallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office and Military Police Station. The building was razed, or demolished, to make way for the construction of Throckmorton Library in 1996.

1948 classroom addition to the Main Post School.

Main Post School floor plan, 1960.

photo 9. Main Post School junior high school students, 1950.

History of Fort Bragg schools

Kindergarten & Nursery School 1946-1973

- 25 -

Kindergarten & Nursery School 1946-1973

photo 11. Hospital wards used for the kindergarten and nursery schools, 1985.

In 1946, a kindergarten and nursery school program opened in several of the Post Hospital No. 2 ward buildings off Normandy Drive (photo 11). Constructed in 1941, the buildings were located on C and D Streets where Albritton School is today (photo 12). The classrooms were located in Buildings TH-81 through TH-86, TH-98, TH-122 and TH-123 within the larger Hospital No. 2 complex (photos 13 and 14). Primary school-age students (first and second grades) also had classes in the hospital buildings when the Main Post School needed additional classroom space. In 1951, Fort Bragg started a pre-school program that became the largest program of its kind in the Army. Three hundred and ten students enrolled in the program with 230 children attending the nursery school (children under the age of four) and 80 students attending the kindergarten not having reached their fifth birthday. Three additional buildings needed for the nursery school program were located in Company Officerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s family quarters in the Hospital No. 2 area (photo 15). Built in 1939, Buildings TH-98, TH-122, TH-123 are located at 29 Donelson Street and 7 and 9 DuPont Plaza off Reilly Road. By the 1960s, additional nursery school facilities were located in Building 6-9357 (107 South Lucas Street) and another building in the Spring Lake Area.

photo 12. Location of Fort Bragg kindergarten classrooms in the 1941 hospital wards TH-81 through TH-86 between C and D streets. This area was at the corner of All American Expressway & Normandy Drive.

The Hospital No. 2 complex was constructed in 1941 during WWII. The old hospital wards were wood framed buildings with wood siding and gable roofs. They were all the same size and shape, measuring 150’x 25’.

wood siding photo 13. Aerial view of a WWII-era hospital complex, ca. 1940s.

gable roof

150’ 25’

photo 14. WWII-era Station Hospital at Fort Bragg, ca. 1940s.

In 1974, the pre-school and kindergarten schools became part of the Fort Bragg School System and the children were relocated to classrooms in the elementary schools. The old hospital ward buildings were demolished to build Albritton Middle School in 1982. photo 15. Company Officer’s family quarters where some kindergarten classes were held.

Kindergarten graduation ceremony.

Kindergarten graduation was held in the Main Post School. 27

History of Fort Bragg schools

Spring Lake Area School 1950-1965

- 29 -

Spring lake area school 1950-1965

Butner Road

photo 16. Aerial view of the WWII era complex where the Spring Lake School was located, 1959. This is now the location for Devers Elementary.

The Spring Lake Area Elementary School was located in the northeast area of Main Post north of Butner Road (photo 16). The school was in operation by 1950 to accommodate the overflow of school-age children. The school complex consisted of four WWII-era buildings (T-49, T-51, T-56 and T-60) with twenty-seven classrooms (photos 17 and 18). Designated as temporary structures, (as indicated by the T), these buildings were meant to be taken down at the end of the war. These buildings were a converted mess hall, dispensary, and administrative buildings originally constructed for troop induction purposes (photo 19). Each classroom had an average of 650 square feet and 30 pupils per room. Fort Bragg’s 1948 Master Plan described each of the buildings. T-49 was a two-story, wood frame Barracks with wood siding built in 1941. Measuring 29’ x 80’, its capacity was 50 men and cost $8,300 to construct.

photo 17. Spring Lake Area School classroom in session.

T-51 was a one-story, wood frame and wood sided mess hall 32’ x 74’ and had two wings at 32’ x 130’, a third wing measured 27’ x 19’ and a fourth wing was 27’ x 45’. Built 1941-42, its capacity was 1,000 men and cost $61,100 to build. T-56 was a wood frame, wood sided office building that measured 25’ x 54’ and had one wing measuring 20’ x 120’. Built in 1941, the building originally served as a pre-induction classification office and cost $3,200 to construct.

Typical elements of the Army’s WW II buildings include: T-60 was a wood frame, wood sided building that originally served as a physical exam building. Built in 1942, it measured 37’ x 185’ and cost $23,300 to build.

photo 18. Dance instruction at Spring Lake Area School, ca. 1950s.

photo 19. Floorplans of the four buildings comprising the Spring Lake Area School complex.

In 1955, the Spring Lake Area School had 20 classrooms with an average of 24 pupils and by May 1960 there were 16 classrooms (8 primary and 8 elementary) with 30 pupils per room, a music room, a library, and a principal’s office and was located across six temporary WWII-era buildings that included a converted mess hall (10 classrooms and principal’s office), one personnel processing building (one classroom and a storage area), and four, two-story troop barrack type buildings that housed five classrooms, a music room, and the library. The Spring Lake Area School continued in operation until 1967, relocating students to new schools as they were completed starting with Murray in 1955 and Butner and Holbrook Schools in 1959. Additional students were reassigned to (Old) Irwin and McNair Schools in 1962, but it was not until the construction of Pope School in 1965-67 would the Spring Lake Area School facilities finally be abandoned.

gable roof

horizontal wood siding

Multi-paned, doublehung windows

“aqua medias”

Each building was long and rectangular in shape, had gable roofs, multipaned double-hung windows, horizontal wood siding, and “aqua medias.” “Aqua medias” are the projecting overhangs which provide protection from the rain.

History of Fort Bragg schools

desegregation & integration

As the United States Military began the build-up for World War II, Fort Bragg recognized the need to provide space to educate the increasing number of school-age dependents. In 1941, the Main Post School opened to accommodate children in grades one through nine, but only for dependents of white military personnel stationed at Fort Bragg. African American dependents attended county schools off post. Fort Bragg hired its first school administrator in 1946, Mrs. Mildred Barrington Poole, to oversee the Main Post School and the tuition-supported Kindergarten and Nursery Schools. Two years later, President Truman signed Executive Order 9981, calling for the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces. During this time a historically significant event took place within the Fort Bragg School System. In 1951, Fort Bragg Schools began operating with federal funds, independent of the Cumberland County school system. Working under federal funding and regulations, including President Truman’s 1948 Executive Order 9981 abolishing segregation in the Armed Forces, the schools located on a military installation were also permitted to desegregate. Fort Bragg’s school administrator, Mildred Poole (1900-1992), and the school military liaison, Captain F.J. Donoghue (19182015), proceeded to plan the 1951-1952 school budget for a non-segregated school system. The budget was approved, and plans proceeded to educate all children living on Fort Bragg, no matter their race. In the fall of 1951, Fort Bragg schools opened as a non-segregated federal school system and hired its first African American teacher. This action made national news and appeared in many African American newspapers as well as Jet Magazine. Integration of Fort Bragg schools preceded other southern federal installations by one year and came three years prior to the landmark court case, Brown versus Topeka Board of Education.

“

...arrangements making available the total amount of $208,095.00 to the Fort Bragg School for the purpose of providing free public education for a

non-segregated school in accordance with the proposed plan.

”

Located on the corner of Knox and Randolph streets, (Old) Bowley was the first integrated school to open after the desegregation of Fort Bragg Schools. First and second grade students transferring from the crowded Main Post and Spring Lake Area Schools began attending (Old) Bowley in early 1952. Considering the turbulent time of national protests and violence during the 1950s and 1960s over the issue of integrating public schools as well as public spaces, Fort Bragg’s successful achievement of desegregation without incident and at such an early date is highly noteworthy.

desegregation & integration

MBP

“When a black lieutenant at Fort Bragg came to me, with other black parents, and asked why his daughter had to attend school in the county and not on Fort Bragg, I had no real answer, but to tell him, it’s because of the color of her skin,” Mildred Poole, 1984.

FJD

“When Mrs. Poole told me the story of the black lieutenant, I went to the Post Judge Advocate. A young captain there did some research and gave me a Disposition Form stating that President Truman’s Executive Order 9981 abolished segregation in the Armed Forces. It also stated that because our school was on a military base, it was only right that the school integrate,” Flip Donoghue, 1983

FJD

mildred barrington poole MBP

“So that spring when we went to make out the budget with Capt. Donoghue, he was the school officer, I told him what I was going to do. He laughed and said, you think you can get away with it and I said I’m going to try it. So we put in so many thousands of dollars for a non-segregated school at Fort Bragg…just the one word non-segregated,” Mildred Poole, 1985.

FJD

MBP

“So we prepared the four page budget for the 1951-52 school year and in a one sentence paragraph stated that we were requesting funds for the purpose of providing free public education for a nonsegregated school in accordance with the proposed plan,” Flip Donoghue, 1985.

“Everybody said its [integration] going to work and it did because we all believed in it that way,” Mildred Poole, 1985.

FJD

MBP

…Working with Reid Ross, the superintendent of Fayetteville schools and William Duff, Jr., assistant director for the Division of School Planning with the NC Department of Education in Raleigh, we were told “that if we were going to integrate our school, we should so indicate in our budget…” Flip Donoghue, 1983

“The budget was signed by the commanding general and forwarded to Washington, D.C. and approved. And in the fall of 1951 when Fort Bragg dependents reported to non-segregated schools, it was so uneventful it wasn’t until several weeks later that other states and the press picked up on it,” Flip Donoghue, 1983.

“I knew it was the right thing to do. It was the only thing we could do…I know it’s right,” Mildred Poole, 1984.

FJD

“Mildred Poole was the guiding light in accomplishing the integration of the Fort Bragg Elementary School,” Flip Donoghue, 1983.

desegregation & integration

Capt. F. J. "flip" donoghue

Desegregation & Integration

desegregation & integration

“

Integration was what, in the sight of God, we should have done. I’ve never, ever had the feeling what we did at Fort Bragg was wrong.

”

-Mildred Barrington Poole 1984

"...So we put in so many thousands of dollars for integrated school at Fort Bragg..."

"...just the one word: nonsegregated."

The budget was signed by the commanding general and forwarded to Washington, D.C. and approved without contest in August 1951.

Desegregation & Integration

mid-century modern schools 1953-2016

(Old) Bowley Elementary School Murray Elementary School Holbrook Elementary School Butner Elementary School (Old) Irwin Jr. High School McNair Elementary School Pope Elementary School

mid-century modern schools

The term “Modernism” defines the architectural style that embraced the construction materials and technologies of post-WWII through1970 and strove to create something new rather than reviving the architectural styles of earlier times. Key defining elements of the Modernist style include cubic forms, flat roofs, a steel and concrete/ concrete block structural frame, a brick veneer exterior, and stylistic architectural elements. Built from 1952 through 1965, Fort Bragg’s Mid-Century Modernist style school buildings exemplified many of the key elements defining the Modernist movement. The schools featured a steel and concrete frame with brick veneer exteriors, flat roofs, walls of metal casement windows with working awning windows, flat-roofed covered walkways leading from one wing to another, and typically a two-story cafeteria/gymnasium section. Decorative elements included main entrances with projecting flat-roofed walkways, interior courtyards, or a building section with a ‘folded-plate roof’ or a hexagon shaped library. The buildings’ interior arrangements often included a front office area, classrooms aligned along one-story wings, and a cafeteria/gymnasium/ auditorium space.

(Old) Bowley Elementary School 1953-1987

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(old) bowley elementary school 1953-1987

LIEUTENANT GENERAL ALBERT JESSE BOWLEY 24 November 1875 - 22 May 1945

Lieutenant General Albert Jesse Bowley served as Commander at Camp Bragg and Fort Bragg (1920-1928). General Bowley oversaw the implementation and construction of the first Master Plan and permanent buildings on Post. He also executed a system of fire breaks, initiated reforestation and wildlife programs, and led the installation to become selfsufficient in food production by turning the Post Dairy into a model farm that ranked as one of the most advanced agricultural operations in North Carolina during the 1920s.

Located at 16 Randolph Street, (Old) Bowley School is a Modernist designed school facility built in 1953 (photo 20). The one-story, brick building was designed by William L. Baumgarten, A.I.A. of Baumgarten and Saunders Architects of Raleigh, North Carolina. Proclaimed as one of the most modern schools in the state at the time, (Old) Bowley School was designed in the finger plan style, with four wings of five school rooms each to a wing, all with entrances from exterior, covered walkways (photo 21). A later expansion, also designed by Baumgarten, was completed in 1959. Baumgarten designed the 33,000 square foot building in a finger plan arrangement, which was popular during the mid-twentieth century. Finger plans, usually in an â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;E shaped footprint, feature a minimal numbers of corridors, have exterior courtyards located between the individual fingers (or wings), and exterior covered walkways that connect the wings to one another (photos 22 and 23). In November of 1952, the first and second grade students from the Main Post and

On June 15, 1955 Fort Bragg Elementary School was renamed Bowley Primary School by General Order 39 in his honor. photo 20. Bowley Elementary School, 2018.

History of Fort Bragg schools

Bowley bobcats

photo 21. Rendering of Fort Bragg Primary school by William Baumgarten, 1951.

photo 22. Main entrance and central corridor that leads to each classroom wing.

Spring Lake Area Schools moved into the new Fort Bragg Primary School where Mildred Poole served as the school’s first principal. At this time, Fort Bragg was recognized as a leader among military installations and civilian schools with the earliest integration of any other southern schools. The Main Post School was desegregated while the construction of (Old) Bowley School was underway during the 1951-1952 school year. When (Old) Bowley School opened in early 1952, it represented the future of all Department of Defense educational facilities with a sleek, modern, “fingerplan” floor plan and a fully integrated student body (photos 24 and 25). As such, the school was determined individually

North Carolina registration stamp for William L. Baumgarten.

William Ludwig Baumgarten (1885-1959) was from the Czech Republic. He studied Architectural Engineering in Vienna, graduating in 1904. Arriving in America in 1940, Baumgarten was an assistant professor of architecture at, what is now, North Carolina State University. It was during this tenure, Baumgarten became a registered architect (1945). Baumgarten and Saunders Architects, who had previously designed many schools throughout the state, were selected to design Bowley School in 1951.

photo 23. Aerial view of Bowley Elementary School, 1952.

eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. The school is historically significant for its contributing role in the evolution of the Department of Defense’s history of educating military dependent children, as one of the first racially integrated schools in the south (1952), and for architecture as an intact example of a mid-century Modernist style school designed with the “finger-plan” layout.

photo 24. View of courtyard between classroom wings.

(Old) Bowley Elementary School served Fort Bragg dependents for thirty-six years. In June 1987, the Department of Education constructed a new elementary school east of the 1952 school building and retained the Bowley name, thus the reference to the (Old) Bowley School (1952) and the (New) Bowley School (1987). In 1989, the (Old) Bowley School building was repurposed and is currently a continuing education facility.

WINGS

WALKWAYS

ADMIN

photo 25. Bowley Elementary School with 1959 classroom wing addition on the right, 1965.

(Old) Bowley School was designed in the finger-plan style, with four wings. Each wing is connected to a central, covered, exterior walkway. The original 1952 building included 4 classroom wings with 5 classrooms each, an administration office, and a gymnasium/cafeteria.

Due to funding issues, a later addition was also planned in 1951 `that included a library wing and a classroom wing with an interior hallway. This addition was also designed by Baumgarten (photo 26). The 1959 addition was designed during the initial design stage to expand the school to house 600 third through sixth graders. photo 26. 1953 plot plan of Bowley School for the 1959 expansion shown along the side of the page.

Integrated classroom at Bowley Elementary School, 1955.

Opening in early 1952, (Old) Bowley opened as a fully integrated school.

History of Fort Bragg schools

Murray Elementary School 1957-2014

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Murray elementary school 1957-2014

Major GENERAL Maxwell murray

19 June 1885 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4 August 1948

General Murray served as executive officer and the first commander of Camp Bragg (1918-1919). General Murrayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s career was vast in experience and commands. Upon leaving Fort Bragg, General Murray studied mechanical engineering at MIT (1919-1920) and served in the office of the Chief of Field Artillery, where he played a major role in the development of artillery equipment and transportation. After serving at various posts, he returned to Fort Bragg and served on the Field Artillery Board developing new weapons and commanding the 5th Field Artillery once again (1932-1936).

Murray Elementary School is a mid-century Modernist designed school built in 1957 (photo 27). The one-story, V-shape, brick building was located at 4030 Normandy Drive at the intersection with Honeycutt Road. The school was a flatroofed building with a central wing from which two classroom wings extended to the west and east. An exterior covered walkway connected the two wings (photo 28). Murray School was established to serve the military dependents living in the adjacent Capehart Wherry neighborhoods of Butner Court, Hammond Hills, and Cherbourg family housing areas (photo 29). The Capehart family housing areas were based on a neighborhood plan incorporating schools as a central part of the overall design. The location of Murray School portrayed this relationship as the school was located adjacent to the Butner Court, Hammond Hills, and Cherbourg family housing areas.

Murray Elementary School was named in his honor and opened in 1957. photo 27. Murray Elementary School, 2012.

History of Fort Bragg schools

Murray lions

photo 28. Rendering of Murray Elementary School, 1955.

In 2007, Murray School was determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places as an example of military community development and planning as well as for its Mid-Century Modernist architecture. The school included such architectural features as horizontal-light windows, overhanging eaves, concrete canopies, and a V-shape floor plan providing a division of the different functions of the school.

North Carolina registration stamp for Leslie Norwood Boney, Sr.

Leslie Norwood Boney, Sr. (1880-1964) Murray School was designed by Leslie Norwood Boney, Sr. Boney opened his own firm in Wilmington, North Carolina in 1924 and is noted as being a highly prolific architect whose practice covered a wide range of building types but concentrated on educational facilities. Boneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s legacy includes some 1,000 educational buildings located throughout 51 of the North Carolinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 100 counties.

photo 29. Aerial view of Murray Elementary School, 2014.

Holbrook Elementary School 1959-2014

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Holbrook elementary school 1959-2014

major GENERAL Lucius Roy Holbrook 30 April 1875 – 19 October 1952

General L. R. Holbrook commanded Camp Bragg (1919) and Fort Bragg (1929-1930). After serving at multiple posts, Holbrook was assigned as Commissary Officer to organize the School of Bakers and Cooks at Fort Riley, Kansas (1907-1911) where he wrote the Army’s first cooking manuals and developed field cooking equipment, including the Army field oven.

Holbrook Elementary School opened in 1959 with twenty classrooms serving grades one through seven (photo 30). Located at 206 South Lucas Drive, Holbrook School was the fourth of six schools constructed between 1953 and 1965 that represented an era of growth at Fort Bragg through the Korean and the Vietnam Wars. Built adjacent to the Capehart Housing neighborhoods of Casablanca and Anzio Acres family housing areas, all students lived within three miles of the school with 80% within walking distance. A three-level, one-story, brick building, Holbrook was a Mid-Century Modern designed school sited on a sloping terrain (photo 31). Holbrook’s Modernist architectural style is illustrated by its finger-plan design that includes a main hallway with three perpendicular classroom halls (the fingers) crossing the central hall (photo 32). Other architectural elements indicative of the Mid-Century Modern style at Holbrook include a flat roof, multiple wings, courtyards, expanses of the window bays, and overhanging eaves (photo 33).

Holbrook attended the French Army School of Supply (19121916). Returning to Fort Riley, he served with General Pershing’s Mexican Expeditionary Forces as commander of the bakeries, the first use of the Army field oven. Holbrook Elementary School was named in his honor and opened in 1959. photo 30. Holbrook Elementary School, 2014.

History of Fort Bragg schools

Drive S. Lucas rive

Sharp D

photo 31. Location of Holbrook Elementary School on South Lucas Drive.

photo 32. Site plan of Holbrook Elementary School.

Holbrook School was determined eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 for significance in connection with the Capehart housing program that incorporated schools as a central part of housing areas. As such, Holbrook School was significant within Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development to provide adequate services to the families of military personnel, demonstrative of the military community development and planning design. The school was architecturally important as a prime example of the design style of William Henley Deitrick. His designs incorporated function and style with the use of overhanging eaves to minimize sun glare produced by the large banks of windows in the classrooms, the utilization of wings to segregate the different grades, walls of windows, and use of the finger plan layout.

photo 33. Mid-Century Modern elements of Holbrook Elementary School.

Holbrook eagles

Holbrook School, 1959.

William Henley Deitrick (1895-1974) William Henley Deitrick was a well known regional architect based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Deitrick finished his graduate studies in architecture in 1924 at Columbia University, New York and returned to Raleigh, opening his own firm in 1927. His first Modernist design was the Crosby-Garfield Elementary School in Raleigh (1938), which was noted to be the most modern and upto-date elementary school in North Carolina at the time. Deitrick also designed Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s Butner Elementary School.

Butner Elementary School 1959-2016

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Butner elementary school 1959-2016

Major GENERAL Henry W. Butner 6 April 1875- 13 March 1937

Major General Henry W. Butner commanded Fort Bragg (19281929). Serving at various Army posts, Butner commanded Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 5th Field Artillery (1924-1925) prior to leaving for the Philippine Islands and commanding the 24th Field Artillery, Philippine Scouts (1925-1927). He returned to Fort Bragg (1927) as President, Field Artillery Board and in command of the 13th Field Artillery Brigade until 1930.

Butner Elementary School was built in 1959 and expanded in 1961 and 1994 (photo 34). The one-story, brick building was located at 4474 Bastogne Drive. When constructed, the school included 13 classrooms, a library, and a multi-purpose room with a stage. Butner School was established to serve the increasing numbers of military families and their dependents locating to Fort Bragg during the 1960s. Built as part of the Wherry and Capehart housing area development plans, the school was located adjacent to several family housing areas (photo 35). Designed in a Mid-Century Modern school plan, the school had a flat roof, a finger-plan layout of classroom wings connected by a central hallway, exterior courtyards, a patio, boxed overhanging eaves supported by steel posts, window walls of three-light, metal, awning sash windows, and continuous walkways that connected all of the entrances (photo 36).

The former Camp Butner (19421947), North Carolina, built during WWII, was named for him as was the troop transport vessel, USS General Henry W. Butner (AP-113) in 1944. Butner Elementary School was named for General Butner and opened in 1959. photo 34. Butner Elementary School, original entrance on right corner, 2015.

History of Fort Bragg schools

The main entrance was originally located on the south side and when the school was expanded in 1994, the entrance was moved to the east facade (photo 37).

Butner bears

Butner School, 1959.

photo 35. Aerial image of Butner Elementary School, 2016.

photo 36. Butner Elementary School floor plan, 2011.

photo 37.Butner Elementary School, 1994 main entrance and addition, 2015.

Like Holbrook School, Butner was designed by William Henley Deitrick (1895-1974) and also opened in 1959. Opening his own firm in 1927, the majority of Deitrickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work was designing school facilities, which saw the firm through the depression era. His later works included prisons, hospitals, as well as city and county buildings. Examples of Deitrickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s principal works include the Alumnae Building, UNC Greensboro (1935), Cary High School (1938), Howard Elementary School, Fayetteville, North Carolina (1950), and the Dorton Arena, Raleigh, North Carolina (1952).

Deitrick and Associates letterhead.

(Old) Irwin Jr. High School 1962-2012

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(Old) irwin jr. high school 1962-2012

Lieutenant GENERAL Stafford Leroy "red" irwin

23 March 1893 – 23 November 1955

Lieutenant General Irwin served as Fort Bragg’s Post Commander (1946-1948). General Irwin’s served as a gunnery instructor, completed Field Artillery School (1926) and the Command and General Staff School (1926-1927), taught at the Field Artillery School (19291933), and graduated from the Army War College (1937). General Irwin commanded the V Corps (1946) and was Commander at Fort Bragg. He next served as the Director of the Military Intelligence Division (1948) and last served as the Commander of U.S. Army forces in Austria (1950-1952).

Fort Bragg’s first, and only, junior high school, (Old) Irwin School was constructed in response to the installation’s growing population of service personnel with dependent middle school age children. Located on Knox Street, Irwin Junior High School was a Mid-Century Modern designed building constructed in 1962 and expanded in 1964 (photos 38 and 39). The 1962 school plan consisted of a main hall oriented north-south and three east-west double-loaded classroom wings that abut the main hallway (photo 40). The 1964 south wing addition was a northsouth oriented double-loaded classroom hall. Sited on Knox Street, Irwin Junior High School was located to accommodate residents of the Normandy Heights and Bastogne Gables neighborhoods. When constructed, (Old) Irwin School included 28 classrooms, a music room, science room, library, administrative offices, a multipurpose room, gymnatorium, cafeteria, and the Post Schools’ Deputy Superintendent’s Offices (photo 41). Due to increased enrollment, the Fort Bragg school system transferred almost 600students

(Old) Irwin Junior High School was named for General Irwin and opened in 1962.

photo 38. (Old) Irwin Junior High School, 2012.

History of Fort Bragg schools

Irwin mustangs

photo 39. Rendering of (Old) Irwin School with addition, 1964.

600 students to the new junior high school that included students from Holbrook and Riley Schools. Of Fort Bragg’s modernist schools, (Old) Irwin School exhibited the most unconventional, expansive floor plan, with architecturally designed built-in cabinetry, and original furniture in the home economics and art rooms.

photo 40. Aerial view of (Old) Irwin Junior High School, 2016.

photo 41. Floor plan for (Old) Irwin Junior High School, 1961.

North Carolina registration stamp for John James Croft, Jr.

John “Jack” James Croft, Jr. (1895-1974) (Old) Irwin School was designed by John “Jack” James Croft, Jr., from Asheboro, North Carolina. Croft graduated with a B.A. of Science degree in architecture from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1935. Arriving in Greensboro, in 1937, Croft opened his own firm in nearby Asheboro, North Carolina. Throughout the course of his career, Croft designed almost 1,000 churches and over 300 schools in Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas.

photo 42. Exterior courtyard at (Old) Irwin Junior High School.

photo 43. Exposed curving precast concrete truss beams.

(Old) Irwinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mid-Century Modern architectural style is illustrated by its finger-plan design that includes a main hallway with three perpendicular classroom halls (the fingers) extending off the main hall. Other architectural elements indicative of the Mid-Century Modern style include a flat roof, multiple wings, three exterior courtyards, a kidney-shaped patio, exposed curving precast concrete truss beams that separate the window bays while supporting overhanging eaves (photos 42 through 44), bays of sevenand eight-light metal windows, a decorative brick screen wall at the cafeteria, and covered walkways that connect all of the entrances along the west, south, east, and north elevations.

photo 44. Kidney-shaped patio off of library.

photo 45. Sketch of (Old) Irwin Junior High School

(Old) Irwin School was determined individually eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 (photo 45). The school was significant for its contribution in the evolution of the Department of Defenseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history of educating dependent children and for architecture as an intact example of a Mid-Century Modern style school.

Announcement from the (Old) Irwin Junior High School Dedication in 1962.

The (Old) Irwin Junior High School sign was moved from the old school to the (New) Irwin Intermediate School in 2012.

History of Fort Bragg schools

McNair Elementary School 1962-2012

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mcnair elementary school 1962-2012

Major GENERAL William "bill the brute" Sharp McNair 18 September 1868 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6 April 1936

General McNair served as Commander of Camp Bragg (1919-February 1920 and AprilAugust 1920).

Located at 4551 Honeycutt Road, McNair Elementary School was a Mid-Century Modern designed school built in 1962 and expanded in 1996 and 2005 (photo 46). McNair School was a one-story, brick, modified T-shape building with twenty-two classrooms, a multi-purpose room (auditorium/gymnasium), cafeteria, library, and necessary administrative facilities (photo 47). Oriented to the northeast, the school building had a central office/administrative block with two radiating classroom wings to the southeast and southwest, a Media Center block addition to the west, and the cafeteria and multi-purpose room to the northwest (photo 48).

After completing Artillery School (1896), McNair served at the Presidio until 1900. Serving next overseas, he returned to Fort Riley, Kansas to command the 25th Battery Field Artillery until 1907. While there, McNair developed the drill regulations and tactics of modern quick fire field artillery. Part of the Field Artillery Board, McNair performed pioneering work of inestimable value to the Field Artillery. He also commanded Camps Taylor and Knox in Kentucky and Camp Bragg (1918-1920). McNair Elementary School was named for General McNair and opened in 1962. photo 46. McNair Elementary School, 2013.

History of Fort Bragg schools

photo 47. Floor plan of McNair School, 2009.

McNair School was Fort Bragg’s seventh constructed educational facility. Erected at the same time as Irwin Junior High School, the school was also built in response to the installation’s growing population of service personnel with dependent school-age children during the Vietnam War-era. McNair School illustrated nationwide trends in school design as well as the U.S. Army’s practice of constructing non-traditional, MidCentury Modern schools and is a notable example of a modernist education facility designed by North Carolinabased architect Leon McMinn (photo 49).

Mcnair shamrocks

Folded Plate Roof

McNair Elementary School has many Mid-Century Modern elements. One of the most recognizable is the fanshaped, folded plate roof line over the library. Folded plate structures are assemblies of flat plates, or slabs, inclined in different directions and joined along their longitudinal edges.

photo 48. Aerial view of McNair Elementary School, 2013.

photo 49. Rendering of McNair Elementary School, 1961.

Cultural Day, school year 1984-1985

Cultural Day celebration at McNair Elementary School

photo 50. McNair Elementary School, 1962.

McNairâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mid-century style incorporated several modernist architectural components with its overhanging concrete folded plate roof, a concrete fascia, projecting concrete columns, a modified T-shape footprint with its multi-wing plan, a central office block with interior courtyard, and skydomes (photo 50). Other dominating modernist features were the ribbons of oversized windows stretching the entire length of facades, the use of concrete at the window sills and entrance awnings, flat roofs, and an interior courtyard (photo 51). photo 51. View of interior courtyard.

McNair School was determined individually eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 for its significant contribution in the evolution of the Department of Defenseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history of educating dependent children and military community development and planning as well as for its Mid-Century Modern architectural style as a distinctive example of a modernist school plan designed by Leon McMinn (photos 52 and 53).

North Carolina registration stamp for Leon McMinn

Leon McMinn (1902-1969)

photo

Leon McMinn graduated from Columbia University, New York with a Bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in Architecture in 1931. He moved to Greensboro, North Carolina opening his own practice in January 1939. McMinn partnered with Robert Norfleet in 1940 and John Floy Wicker in 1954.

photo 52. Detail of libraryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s folded plate roof.

photo 53. Field trip day at McNair Elementary School

McNair was designed by Leon McMinn (1902-1969) of McMinn, Norfleet & Wicker of Greensboro, North Carolina, which was one of several Greensborobased architectural firms focused on the Mid-Century Modern aesthetic. The firm designed a number of modernist commercial buildings and public school campuses in Greensboro prior to the McNair School commission. McNair Shamrocks, school year 1986-1987.

McNair Elementary School students show their shamrock pride!

History of Fort Bragg schools

Pope Elementary School 1965-2014

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Pope elementary school 1965-2014

First Lieutenant (1LT) Harley Halbert Pope 26 May 1879 - 1 January 1919

Lieutenant Pope was called to active duty with the 138th Army Aero Squadron at Post Field Oklahoma during WWI (1918). Later that year, he was named commanding officer of the 276th Aero Squadron assigned to the airfield at Camp Bragg. After WWI, Pope was tasked to establish air mail routes. On January 1, 1919, while on a return trip, Pope perished in a plane crash. The flying field at Camp Bragg was named Pope Field in honor of Popeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sacrifice as an early pioneer of flight.

Pope Elementary School opened with eleven classrooms in 1965 and was completed in 1967 (photo 54). Located at 1144 Armistead Avenue, the school served the increasing numbers of dependents (grades 1-6) living on Pope Air Force Base. Originally the students attended school in the Spring Lake Area that consisted of WWII-era buildings. Pope School was the last of the six permanent Mid-Century Modernist schools constructed between 1952 and 1965. These new schools represented Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth through the Korean and the Vietnam Wars. Pope Elementary School was a one-story brick, flat-roofed, Mid-Century Modernist school built in a sprawling cluster plan with multiple wings (photo 55). The original 1965 school consisted of three wings and a hexagonal shaped library. The wings were connected by a north-south oriented hallway. A gymnasium and two-four classroom extensions were added in 1996 and 2005.

Pope Elementary School was named for Lieutenant Pope and opened in 1965.

photo 54. Pope Elementary School, 2013.

History of Fort Bragg schools

Pope Pegasus

photo 55. Aerial view of Pope Elementary School, 1970.

photo 56. Layout of Pope Elementary School, 2009

Title block from Pope School drawings, 1964.

Basil George Frederick Laslett photo 57. View of library wing, connecting hyphen, and classroom wing, 1970.

Designed by Basil Laslett, Pope School was laid out in a finger plan with four primary wings with courtyards between the rear wings (photo 56). Pope’s MidCentury Modern architectural style was illustrated by its layout of a main hallway connecting the cafeteria wing, the administration area, and classroom wings. The school’s brick veneer exterior and most elevations were pierced with elongated, narrow window bays, each of which features either two to three panes; some panes were fixed and some were awning sash (photo 57). Concrete pilasters were placed to visually break up the mass of brick and the window bays. Primary wings were connected by narrow hyphens, which were also pierced liberally with narrow floor-to-ceiling window bays. Other architectural elements indicative of the Mid-Century Modern style included the flat roof, exterior courtyards, exposed precast concrete support beams on each elevation, overhanging eaves, and bays of elongated windows.

Basil George Frederick Laslett received a B.F.A. in Architecture from Yale University in 1928. After practicing with several firms, Laslett opened an architectural firm in 1939 in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Even though Laslett did not practice exclusively in the Modernist style, he is credited with designing some of Fayetteville’s earliest and most notable Modernist buildings. Principal works by his firm in Fayetteville include the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse (1965; with associate architect Arthur C. Jenkins), Fayetteville State College Science Building (1968), and the Salvation Army Building (1969).

legacy era schools 1983-present

Albritton Middle School (New) Bowley Elementary School Devers Elementary School Gordon Elementary School Shughart Elementary & Middle Schools (New) Irwin Intermediate School

legacy era schools

Fort Bragg’s next phase of school construction began eighteen years later in response to the influx of military families assigned to the installation. During this time, schools continued to expand both in size and in number of subjects taught. Pedagogy was teacher-centered and the school floor plan was double-loaded corridors of single classrooms equipped with rows of fixed desks facing the front of the room. By the early 20th century, schools had incorporated specialized classrooms (art, music, special needs) and some shared facilities, but maintained teacher-centered instruction following rigid schedules and fixed boundaries between grades and spaces. This era of school design and pedagogy includes Fort Bragg’s legacy-era schools, 1983-2012.

In response to the increasing number of military families stationed at Fort Bragg with school-age children, the installation’s school system grew with the construction of seven legacy-era schools. Four are located on Main Post (Albritton, [New] Bowley, Devers, and [New] Irwin) and three are located in Linden Oaks family housing area (Gordon and Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools). Technically, Gordon, Shughart, and (New) Irwin Schools are transitional facilities as they were constructed using the single-class long-hallway floor plan, but with some 21st century features incorporated into their design such as sound-proofing, additional lighting, and some shared spaces. These would be the last legacy-era schools built at Fort Bragg.

Albritton Middle School 1983-present

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Albritton middle school 1983-present

First Lieutenant Kenneth Hosea "Kenny" Albritton

21 October 1946 – 1 February 1968

Albritton Middle School is a single-story 98,112 square foot school building constructed in 1983 (photo 58) and is located at 4 Normandy Drive at the corner of All-American Expressway (photo 59). Constructed with a steel frame, the building’s exterior consists of precast concrete panels (photo 60). Albritton’s layout reflects the single-classroom on double-loaded hallways typical of a legacy-era designed school. The school’s floor plan also features three interior courtyards (photo 61).

First Lieutenant Kenneth H. Albritton was a member of the Army Reserve. He served as an Infantry Platoon Leader Officer in the Republic of Vietnam where he was mortally wounded in Binh Duong, South Vietnam. Albritton served with the Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, “The Big Red One”, U.S. Army Republic of Vietnam. Lieutenant Albritton was a former student of the Fort Bragg school system. Albritton Middle School was named for Lieutenant Albritton and opened in 1983.

photo 58. Main entrance of Albritton Middle School, 2018.

History of Fort Bragg schools

ALBRITTON BULLDOGS

photo 59. Aerial view of Albritton Middle School, 2017.

photo 60. Gymnasium of Albritton Middle School, 2012.

In an effort to create a setting for maximized learning, a dominating architectural feature of Albritton Middle School is the use of natural light and the surrounding natural environment. This is demonstrated by interior courtyards and the library’s pyramidal glass roof (photo 62).

Entrance to Albritton Middle School.

photo 61. Albritton Middle School site plan, 2007.

photo 62. Rendering of Albritton Middle School, 1982.

Albritton Middle School is located within a 39.65 acre site. At 98,112 square feet, Albritton Middle School is one of the largest Legacy Era schools.

Library’s pyramidal glass roof.

The library’s glass ceiling allows natural light to fill the space.

(New) Bowley Elementary School 1987-present

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(NEW) BOWLEY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 1987-PRESENT

LIEUTENANT GENERAL ALBERT JESSE BOWLEY 24 November 1875 – 22 May 1945

Lieutenant General Albert Jesse Bowley served as commander at Camp Bragg and Fort Bragg (1920-1928). (New) Bowley Elementary School was named for General Albert Jesse Bowley as had been (Old) Bowley School, which opened in 1955. The new primary school is located adjacent to the (Old) Bowley School on Randolph Street. (Old) Bowley School closed when the new school opened in 1987.

(New) Bowley School is a single story building located at 3445 Randolph Road (photos 63 and 64). Constructed in 1989, the school has a total student capacity of 430. The structure is steel and concrete block frame with a brick veneer exterior. (New) Bowley School is a legacy-era school designed with single-classrooms on double-loaded hallways that surround two interior courtyards (photo 65). (New) Bowley School was designed by Clemmer+Bush+Abernathy Architects of Hickory, North Carolina. The groundbreaking ceremony for the school took place in 1987 (photo 66). Completed in June 1989, the Department of Education’s new elementary school east of the 1952 (Old) Bowley School building retained the Bowley name, thus, the reference to the 1989 school as (New) Bowley Elementary School (photo 67).

photo 63. (New) Bowley Elementary School.

History of Fort Bragg schools

BOWLEY BOBCATS

photo 65. Layout of (New) Bowley School, 1987.

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(New) Bowley photo 66. Groundbreaking ceremony at (New) Bowley Elementary School, 1987.

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photo 64. Aerial view of (New) Bowley Elementary School.

photo 67. Rendering of the (New) Bowley Elementary School, ca. 1986.

In 1952, (Old) Bowley School was constructed at the corner of Knox and Randolph Streets. In 1989, (New) Bowley School was constructed East of the old school.

Devers Elementary School 1996-present

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Devers ELEMENTARY school 1996-present

General Jacob L. Devers

8 September 1887 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 15 October 1979

General Devers commanded the 9th Infantry Division at Fort Bragg (1940-1941). General Devers served at Fort Sill as an instructor at the School of Fire (Field Artillery School) then was Commanding Officer of the 1st Field Artillery (1917). He served in Germany during WWI and returned to instruct at West Point until 1924. Over the ensuing years and after graduating from War College, Devers arrived at Fort Bragg to command the 9th Infantry Division until 1941. Assigned to Fort Knox, Kentucky, Devers become an expert on armored and mechanized warfare.

Devers Elementary School is a 70,624 square foot, single story building located at 3355 Varsity Street near the Bragg Boulevard Gate (photos 68 and 69). The school site is 20.5 acres and includes modular classrooms, playing fields, and parking areas. The school opened in 1996 and has a student capacity of 475 (photo 70). The construction is a steel frame concrete block with a brick veneer exterior and has a hipped roof. The facility is an example of a Legacy-era school plan of individual wings with long, double-loaded hallways of single-classrooms. The wings are attached to the main hallway via a corridor. Hyphens connect each wing to the next (photo 71). Devers Elementary School was dedicated on September 10, 1996 (photo 72).

Devers Elementary School was named for General Devers and opened in 1996. photo 68. Devers Elementary School, 2018.

History of Fort Bragg schools

DEVERS DOLPHINS

hyphen photo 69. Aerial view of Devers Elementary School.

photo 70. Arriving for the first day of class at Devers Elementary School, 2005

WINGS ADMIN

Devers Elementary School has long classroom wings connected to a main hallway. Each set of wings has to be linked back to the main building. This was done with a short corridor called a hyphen. A hyphen is the connecting link between the main building and an outlying wing.

photo 72. Devers Elementary Dedication.

photo 71. Site plan for Devers Elementary School, 2007.

Gordon Elementary School 2009-present

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GORDON ELEMENTARY School 2009-present

MASTER SERGEANT GARY IVAN GORDON

30 August 1960 – 3 October 1993

Master Sergeant Gordon was a Special Forces Engineer with the 2nd Battalion of the 10th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg. Gordon was one of 18 U.S. Army Special Forces troops “Delta Force” killed in a firefight during the Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia in October 1993. He distinguished himself by action above and beyond the call of duty while serving as Sniper Team Leader, United States Army Special Operations Command with Task Force Ranger protecting a downed helicopter pilot along with SFC Shughart.

Gordon Elementary School was the first school built in the Linden Oaks family housing area at 4200 Percy Boulevard (photos 73 and 74). Serving pre-kindergarten through 4th grade aged children, the school has a total capacity of 550 students. Gordon Elementary School was the fourth legacy-era school built (photo 75). The school’s legacy-era design is reflective of the single-classroom double-corridor plan that was site adaptive. This school was the first to be built in the Linden Oaks Family Housing Area. The Linden Oaks Family Housing Area is located in Cameron, North Carolina. Situated 15 miles north of Main Post, Linden Oaks was developed to provide additional housing for Fort Bragg’s fast-growing population inclusive of families with school age children in need of nearby educational facilities. Gordon School opened in January 2009 (photo 76).

Gordon Elementary School was named for Master Sergeant Gordon and opened in 2009.

photo 73. Gordon Elementary School.

History of Fort Bragg schools

gordon patriots

Linden Oaks Family Housing Area Perc y

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photo 74. Aerial view of Gordon Elementary School.

photo 75. Gordon Elementary School entrance sign..

fort bragg

main post Linden Oaks Family Housing Area is located 15 miles north of Fort Braggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Main Post off Highway 24, also known as Fort Bragg Boulevard. The Linden Oaks Area includes community centers, swimming pools, parks, and four schools.

photo 76. Main entrance to Gordon Elementary School.

Both Gordon and Shughart namesakes are honored in the October 1993 movie

Black Hawk down.

Shughart Elementary & Middle Schools 2011-present

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SHUGHART ELEMENTARY & MIDDLE SCHOOLS 2011-PRESENT

SERGEANT FIRST CLASS RANDALL D. SHUGHART 13 August 1958 – 3 October 1993

Sergeant First Class Shughart served as a Sniper Team Member, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta. Shughart was one of 18 U.S. Army Special Forces troops “Delta Force” killed in action protecting fellow comrades during a firefight in the Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia in October 1993. While providing protection to a downed Blackhawk helicopter crew, Shughart pulled the pilot from the crash and, using his long-range rifle and side arm, protected the downed crew until he depleted his ammunition and was fatally wounded. Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools were named for Sergeant First Class Shughart and both opened in 2011.

History of Fort Bragg schools

The Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools are located at 4800 Camel Road in the Linden Oaks family housing area 30 minutes north of Fort Bragg (photo 77). The school facility has a capacity of 1200 students total: 600 in pre-kindergarten through 5th grade and 600 students in 6th through 8th grades. The two schools were combined on one site to share common interior spaces (lunchroom, library, etc.) and exterior spaces such as parking lots, playgrounds, and fields (photo 78). The original design build concept incorporated some 21st century features (acoustical design in the music room, library, and gymnasium, as well as natural lighting, but the floor plan remained single classrooms on long, double-loaded hallways (photo 79). The schools opened on August 25, 2011.

photo 77. Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools, 2018.

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photo 78. Aerial view of Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools, 2017.

The architectural firm SchenkelShultz Architecture designed Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools under the leadership of architects Cathy Roche and David Torbert. Considered a transitional, legacy-era designed school, the Shughart schools have some 21st Century design elements. The acoustical design in the music room and gymnasium goes beyond typical construction. The result of adding acoustical control was profound sound dampening that decreased the amount of sound traveling between these areas with loud activities and any adjacent spaces. Shared space, another 21st Century design feature, is found in the joint library between the elementary and middle schools. This space also demonstrates exceptional soundproofing.

Shughart pirates

Shughart blackhawks

shared admin middle

elementary

photo 79. Rendering of Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools, 2010.

Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools were combined on one site and incorporated new technology features, materials, and shared spaces. The Shughart building is a transitional school facility between legacy-era and 21st century school plans.

(New) Irwin Intermediate School 2012-present

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(NEW) IRWIN INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL 2012-PRESENT

LIEUTENANT GENERAL STAFFORD LEROY "RED" IRWIN

23 March 1893 - 23 November 1955

Lieutenant General Irwin served as Fort Bragg’s Post Commander (1946-1948). (New) Irwin Intermediate School was named for General Irwin, as was (Old) Irwin Junior High School, which had opened in 1962. (Old) Irwin School closed when the new school opened in 2012.

(New) Irwin Intermediate School was designed to serve 725 students in 2nd through 5th grades (photos 80 and 81). Located at 91 Rhine Road at Normandy Drive, the concrete and steel frame school includes general purpose classrooms, an art room, a music room, computer labs, a gymnasium, a multi-purpose room with stage and kitchen, a specialists’ room, an information center, admin offices, and teacher workrooms (photo 82). The school’s floor plan reflects the single-classroom and double-loaded hallways. The (New) Irwin Intermediate School building is a transitional school facility between legacy-era and 21st century school designs. It included some 21st century features such as sound-proofing, additional lighting, and some shared spaces. The school building was under construction at the same time as the Shughart Schools and was the last legacy-era school facility built at Fort Bragg. Completed in 2012, the Department of Education’s new elementary school retained the Irwin name, thus the reference to the 2012 school as (New) Irwin Intermediate School (photo 83).

photo 80. (New) Irwin Intermediate School, 2018.

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History of Fort Bragg schools

Dri

Irwin mustangs

photo 81. Students and teachers in front of (New) Irwin Intermediate School.

photo 82. Aerial view of (New) Irwin Intermediate School.

There were schools at the end of the legacy-era of construction that shifted towards the 21st century model of school building design.

legacy-era schools Legacy-era school classrooms were teacher-centered and the school floor plan was double-loaded corridors of single classrooms.

Transitional schools

photo 83. Rendering of (New) Irwin Intermediate School, 2011.

Technically a legacy-era school, (New) Irwin Intermediate is a transitional facility as it was designed using the doubleloaded corridor of single classrooms, but with some 21st century features.

twenty-first century schools 2014-present

Hampton Primary School Poole Elementary School

21st Century schools

In 2011, a new pedagogical system of teaching was embraced that would allow for the unique instructional needs of every learner while providing the positive human relationships needed for effective learning. This progressive approach toward educating military dependents called for a redesigned building plan that would accomodate the latest technologies and learning neighborhoods to support both the students and educators, thus maximizing every learning opportunity. The 21st century educational learning environment had arrived. Moving away from the teacher-centered instruction of the 20th century, educators implemented the 21st century pedagogy of collaborative or team-teaching. This system of teaching not only revolutionized the curriculum, but required modern school facilities. Embracing the next phase of school design, the transition into the 21st century school era was initiated by the Department of Defense Education Activity along with architects, engineers, and educators. The 21st century school design provided flexible, technology rich, and collaborative learning environments, in which students were taught in grade-level neighborhoods inclusive of STEM labs, open areas, learning studios, teacher planning space, and small group break-out space.

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Hampton Primary School 2014-present

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Hampton primary school 2014-present

CAPTAIN KIMBERLY NICOLE HAMPTON

18 August 1976 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2 January 2004

Captain Kimberly Hampton was a helicopter pilot with the 1st Battalion, 82nd Aviation Battalion, 82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg. Hampton served two years in South Korea and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom). Promoted to Commander of the Delta Troop, 1st Squadron, 17th Calvary, Hamptonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s regiment was deployed to Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) in September 2003. On January 2, 2004, she was killed when her OH-58D Kiowa Warrior helicopter was shot down near Fallujah, Iraq. Hampton was the first female military pilot in United States history to perish as a result of hostile fire.

Hampton Primary School serves pre-kindergarten through 2nd grade students. The 139,000 square foot building has a total capacity for 800 pupils and 93 staff (photo 84). The school replaced McNair and Murray Elementary Schools and was sited on the McNair School location at 4503 Honeycutt Road (photo 85). The school is constructed with a reinforced concrete/steel frame and a brick veneer exterior. The building has 10 grade-level community neighborhoods, each with four learning studios (classrooms) that surround a shared learning hub (common space) (photo 86). Additional learning spaces include rooms for art and music, computer labs, a gymnasium, multipurpose room with stage and lunch tables/ kitchen, an information center, and admin offices. Exterior learning spaces include a roof top garden, multi-type play areas, and a wind turbine, all of which reinforce that learning opportunities occur at any time, at any place, and on any path in 21st Century schools (photo 87 and 88). Hampton School was the first-ever 21st century school constructed.

Hampton Primary School was named for Captain Hampton and opened in 2014. photo 84. Hampton Primary School, 2018.

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History of Fort Bragg schools

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Hampton helicopters

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Hampton Primary was the first school designed with 21st century standards worldwide.

21st century photo 85. Aerial view and location of Hampton Primary School, 2017.

photo 86. Learning Hub and studio, 2014.

Moving from the 20th century teacher-centered instruction to the 21st century pedagogy of collaborative teaching required a transformation of both the curriculum and facilities. This pedagogical system accommodates the unique instructional needs of every learner through team-teaching in classroom neighborhoods.

photo 87. Hampton Primary School print, 2014.

US Army Corps of Engineers ® SAVANNAH DISTRICT

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Pedagogical theory on collaborative teaching has been discussed since 1977, but it has existed only as that up until the construction of Hampton Primary School. Hampton Primary was the first 21st century school constructed not only in the nation, but around the world. This is the embodiment of DoDEA’s vision: “to be among the World’s leaders in education, enriching the lives of military-connected students, and the communities in which they live.” Mr. Mark Smiley, retired DoDEA Chief of Facilities, painted a clear picture of the vision of 21st century schools in an interview about Hampton Primary School in 2014. He spoke about the way in which the designers of these schools and the students that attend them would go out into the world and share their experience with others, introducing people to new ideas and ways of teaching which promote learning and progress.

“You could say that we don’t know what we don’t know,” explained Mike Smiley, DoDEA Chief of Facilities (2010-2016). “Ten years ago, who expected Wi-Fi, smartphones and small tablets to be as prevalent as they are now? We do know that our schools of the future will need greater capability for connectivity, and we want to infuse our schools with information access.”

Architect’s Seal for Corey Miller

Corey Miller The new 21st century floor plans and teaching methods resulted in a huge paradigm shift (a major change in thinking and approach) for current teachers. The Fort Bragg School Superintendent, Dr. Emily Marsh, implemented a unique strategy to hire teachers, in order to make Hampton School a success. Dr. Marsh sent out a call for volunteers to the Bragg teaching staff and DoDEA photo 89. Layout of two community neighborhoods. worldwide, asking for teachers who would come to work at Hampton with understanding that team teaching would be the chosen method of instruction. The new school design creates spaces where collaborative teaching can flourish. Community neighborhoods, each with four learning classrooms and shared common space, provide learning opportunities which address the unique instructional needs of every learner (photo 89). In order to encourage the team teaching effort, glass partitions that divide each classroom from the hub are kept open, helping the teachers move forward into this new pedagogical model. Choosing a principal for the new school was one of Dr. Marsh’s most significant decisions. With plenty of experience and a passion for the new teaching methods, Mrs. Priscilla Joiner left her previous posting as principal at Butner Elementary School to lead the teachers of Hampton Primary.

Hampton School was designed by lead architect Corey Miller of SchenkelShultz Architecture, now Elevatus Architecture, Fort Wayne Indiana.

21st Century Teaching tools Signage located throughout the school explains how the building’s systems work and how the building is constructed. A photovoltaic solar electric generator with solar panels is connected to an energy dashboard and a wind turbine. Two roof gardens have a watering system consisting of a rain barrel connected to a stationary bike that when peddled pumps the rainwater into the gardens.

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History of Fort Bragg schools

Poole Elementary School 2018-present

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Poole elementary school 2018-present

MILDRED BARRINGTON POOLE

3 December 1900 – 26 August 1992

Mildred Poole served as Fort Bragg’s first chief administrator of the Fort Bragg school system (1948-1953) and implemented the integration of Fort Bragg schools. Mrs. Poole and the school military liaison, Captain F.J. Donoghue, planned the 19511952 school budget for a non-segregated school system under President Truman’s 1948 Executive Order 9981, which desegregated the armed forces. The budget was submitted to the Commissioner of Education and approved without contest. By fall 1951, Fort Bragg schools were integrated, three years prior to segregation being legally struck down by Brown v. Board of Education.

Mildred B. Poole Elementary School serves kindergarten through 5th grade students (photo 90). Opening in January 2018, the school is located at 3561 Percy Boulevard in the Linden Oaks family housing area 15 miles north of Fort Bragg (photo 91). The facility is a two-story 109,106 square foot building. It has a steel frame and concrete masonry unit with a brick veneer exterior finish, featuring a cross-gable roof of standing seam metal. Poole School is Fort Bragg’s second 21st century school and is designed with a compact floor plan (photo 92). Twenty-first century school features include grade-level, neighborhood learning communities with a central learning hub (common space) surrounded by four learning studios (classrooms) that reinforces collaborative teaching shared between several teachers (photo 93).

Poole Elementary School was named for Mildred Barrington Poole and opened in 2018. photo 90. Mildred B. Poole Elementary School, 2018.

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History of Fort Bragg schools

Poole pathfinders

photo 91. Aerial view of Poole School, 2018.

photo 93. Learning Hub with two open studios in background within a pre-k neighborhood, 2014.

Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s logo for LS3P Architects.

Laura McLeod Laura McLeod is an Associate Principal with LS3P and designed Poole Elementary School. She was supported by Willie Murphy and Scott Sampson (firm principal) who were instrumental in the DoDEA Ed Specifications development for the 21st century schools.

photo 92. Poole Elementary School first floor layout, 2017.

First Students at Poole School.

NEIGHBORHOOD #1

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LEARNING HUB

OUTDOOR LEARNING

SECONDARY ENTRY

HEALTH

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SECONDARY ENTRY

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BUILDING SERVICES ADMINISTRATION SPECIAL EDUC OFFICES / GUIDANCE CENTER

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COMMON SHARED SPACES

EXPLORATORY LEARNING SPACES GENERAL LEARNING SETTINGS STUDENT SUPPORT AREAS

photo 94. Square floor plan of Poole Elementary School, 2016.

In contrast to Hampton Primary School’s rectangular floor plan, Poole Elementary School’s floor plan has a more compact and square design (photo 94). Learning from the Hampton design, LS3P Associates, Ltd. Architects reworked the rectangular plan by shortening the corridors to accommodate younger students, while bringing the neighborhood classrooms closer to the common learning areas. Several firms continued to revise and develop a more compact floor plan design that reduced the square footage and replaced the familiar long, doublecorridor of single teacher classrooms, popular in the finger plan school design era. The new compact, square floor plan includes classroom neighborhoods connected to the common area directly by a vestibule rather than a long hallway, shortened corridors, and reduced construction cost, yet kept the 21st century collaborative teaching functions intact. Located in the Linden Oaks family housing area, Poole Elementary School reflects the latest version of the compact school plan. Visitors from local to worldwide educational communities visit Hampton and Poole Schools to tour the two different school designs and return home with the knowledge to move into the future.

pathfinder school poem Poole Elementary School is the first DoDEA Fort Bragg School to be named after a civilian, Mildred B. Poole, past teacher, administrator, and principal at Fort Bragg Schools (photo 95). Mrs. Poole’s name was submitted for consideration in naming the new school in 2015 and was supported by members of the Fort Bragg and Fayetteville communities. The request to memorialize the Department of Defense School in the Linden Oaks area of Fort Bragg in honor of Mrs. Poole was approved by memorandum in March 2016. The approval was based on her honorable and valorous service as the Principal Administrator for Fort Bragg Schools from 1946-1956.

We use the Power of YET to

Achieve with Excellence We are Talented in our own ways, and we are Honored to be the First on the Path. In everything we do, we Never give up. We all have Differences, So Everybody should Respect each other. We will be Successful on our Path. 21st Century Teaching tools Signage located throughout the school explains how the building’s systems work and how the building is constructed. Photovoltaic solar electric generator with solar panels provide power. A rainwater harvesting system demonstrates the water cycle and has a cistern with an external gauge that allows students to monitor the water level. Weather station and energy dash board shows weather info, rain water level in storage, and energy usage per neighborhood. The learning patio’s concrete flooring consists of a map of the United States.

photo 95. Mildred B. Poole, first civilian memorialized by a Fort Bragg school.

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”

-Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States during the Great Depression

“

Reaffirming and strengthening America’s role as the world’s engine of scientific discovery and technological innovation is essential to meeting the challenges of this century. That’s why I am committed to making the improvement of STEM education over the next decade a national priority.

”

-Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States National Academies of Science, April 2009 during the Great Recession

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Even in the darkest of times, our great nation & its leaders recognize the value and necessity of teaching those that will become our leaders in the future.

“

Children are our most valuable natural resource..

dodea program development for 21st century schools

President Obama and Staff

President Barack Obama’s January 14, 2011 “Strengthening Our Military Families” plan identifies education as a priority and came with a promise of congressional funding. With this plan and in light of the deteriorating conditions of the DoDEA Vietnam War and Korean War era schools, Congress initially authorized a $4.2 billion-dollar spending plan over 5 years (2011-2016 initially) to modernize 134 DoDEA schools worldwide.

Mike Smiley – DoDEA Chief of Facilities, from 2010- 2016

Mr. Smiley led in the development of the three-phase approach to bring together industry, education, and futurist school experts. DoDEA, through the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, hired a group of architectural and engineering firms with proven expertise in educational facilities. DoDEA also employed education specialists to provide input on these new school floor plans and the types of furniture needed.

Cheryl L Fromme, PE - Deputy Chief, Engineering & Construction Division USACE-DoDEA Design Center Program Manager USACE, Norfolk District

Ms. Fromme worked hand-in-hand with Mr. Smiley to hire and direct the Architecture/ Engineer firms to share knowledge and support DoDEA’s effort to create a brain trust of 21st century designs and help write the 21st century educational facility guide specifications (referred to as the ED SPEC) to direct future designers. Over time, a DoDEA website made the specifications accessible for all designers. The ED Specs contain required informational technology (IT), structural designs, markers, suggested layouts, security, etc. http://www.DoDEA.edu/edSpecs/index.cfm.

DoDEA Staff key to opening the first 21st century school in all of DoDEA Emily Marsh, Ed.D. Superintendent, Mid-Atlantic District, DoDEA-Americas, 2005-2017 Dr. Emily Marsh had the wisdom and the understanding to grasp what this paradigm shift in teaching and in schools, like Hampton Primary, was going to take for teachers to work together in a unit. Dr. Marsh sought the teachers who wanted to work at Hampton and who would support collaborative teaching in classroom neighborhoods consisting of multiple classrooms with a shared hub. She also handpicked Mrs. Priscilla Joiner as Hampton’s first principal. Priscilla Joiner Principal of Hampton Primary School, 2014-present As a seasoned educator having taught and served in DoDEA schools since 1985, Mrs. Joiner was more than capable to open this new school, having both the ability and the heart to make team teaching a success in this new 21st century designed school. Time has proven that Hampton, and many other schools that are now operational with the new 21st century design coupled with collaborative teaching methods, a big success.

The Architecture/Engineer Design firms contributing to Fort Bragg 21st century school designs SchenkelShultz Architecture Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools and Hampton Primary School The lead architects were Cathy Roche and David Torbert. This firm led the way in defining many 21st century design features and shared their knowledge. SchenkelShultz worked closely with Balfour Beatty Construction LLC. It is worth mentioning that the construction team members did whatever was necessary to ensure that this school for 1200 students opened on time; notable for this accomplishment are Dave Goltz, Project Manager and Michele Mulkey, Quality Control Manager. Hampton Primary School, the first ever built 21st century design The lead architect was Cory Miller, who succeeded in full implementation of DoDEA education facility specifications throughout the entire building. This school has wind turbines, solar panels, rain harvesting capability, and roof gardens. Mr. Miller developed the education signage explaining each teaching item of the building’s systems. LS3P Poole Elementary School Laura McLeod is an Associate Principal with LS3P and designed Poole Elementary School. She was supported by Willie Murphy and Scott Sampson (firm principal) who were instrumental in the overall DoDEA Ed Specifications development over the years of this program. Together, these professionals have over 60 years of combined experience in design and design management that was instrumental in developing DoDEA requirements which ultimately shaped the final version of the 21st century floor plan. Mr. Murphy has a clear working knowledge of accessibility standards, anti-terrorism and force protection criterion, sustainable design objectives via LEED® & GREEN GLOBES®, and quality assurance procedures. He is an LS3P vice president. Scott Sampson brought his experience in project delivery, project quality assurance, and building envelope design to the school design process. Mr. Sampson’s oversight of the processes and design issues, as well as detailing and constructibility led to enhancing construction documents and coordination of the specifications, drawings, and Building Information Modeling (BIM). Ultimately this resulted in school construction that was better, faster, and at less cost. His support throughout construction was invaluable to DoDEA.

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DoDEA program development for 21st century schools

PHOTO CREDITS

Cover: End pages:

Fort Bragg school renderings by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). Photos on file at the Irwin Intermediate School Library and school yearbooks at DSO, Fort Bragg (various dates). Pages 6-7: Fort Bragg school renderings by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2017-2018). Page 17: Post Graded School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2017). Page 18, photo 1: WWI barracks, photo by the U.S. Army Signal Corps, Fort Bragg (ca. 1918). Page 18, photo 2: Location of the Post Graded School, map courtesy of Fort Bragg Department of Public Works, Cultural Resources Management Division (2015), Fort Bragg. Page 19, photo 3: Post Graded School staff and board members (1938), photo courtesy of XVIII Airborne Historian’s Office, Fort Bragg. Page 19, photo 4: Early Fort Bragg school teachers, photo on file at the Irwin Intermediate School Library, Fort Bragg. Page 21: Main Post School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2017). .Page 22, photo 5: Main Post School measured drawing (1940), courtesy of DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 22, Photo 6: Aerial photo courtesy of the Command Historian XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg. Page 23, photo 7: Main Post School photo courtesy of the Command Historian XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg. Page 23, photo 8: Main Post School students (1950), photo on file at the Irwin Intermediate School Library, Fort Bragg. Page 23, photo 9: Main Post School junior high students (1950), photo on file at the Irwin Intermediate School Library, Fort Bragg. Page 23, photo 10: Main Post School (ca. 1965), photo on file at the Irwin Intermediate School Library, Fort Bragg. Page 23, side panel: Classroom addition to the Main Post School (1948), courtesy of DoDEAAmericas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 23, side panel: Floor plan of the Main Post School (1960), image from the Fort Bragg School Board Meeting Minutes, DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Page 25: Kindergarten & Nursery School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2017). Page 26, photo 11: Hospital wards turned school rooms (ca. 1982), photo on file at the Irwin Intermediate School Library, Fort Bragg. Page 26, photo 12: Location of hospital wards (1948), map courtesy of the Master Planning Department, Real Property Division, Fort Bragg. Page 27, photo 13: Aerial view of the hospital wards (ca. 1940s), photo courtesy of Department of Public Works, Cultural Resources Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 27, photo 14: Fort Bragg WWII-era Station Hospital (ca. 1940), photo courtesy of Department of Public Works, Cultural Resources Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 27, photo 15: Company Officer’s Quarters, Fort Bragg, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2015). Page 27, side panel: Kindergarten graduation ceremony (ca. 1950), photo courtesy of Gwen Poole Bell. Page 29: Spring Lake Area School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). Page 30, photo 16: Aerial of Spring Lake Area, photo courtesy of Department of Public Works, Cultural Resources Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 30, photo 17: Spring Lake Area School (ca. 1950s), photo courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Page 31, photo 18: Spring Lake Area School (ca. 1950s), photo courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg.

Page 31, photo 19: Page 32: Page 33: Page 33: Pages 34-35: Page 41: Page 42, side panel: Page 42, photo 20: Page 43, photo 21: Page 43, photo 22: Page 43, side panel: Page 44, photo 23: Page 44, photo 24: Page 45, photo 25: Page 45, photo 26: Page 45, side panel: Page 47: Page 48, side panel: Page 48, photo 27: Page 49, photo 28: Page 49, photo 29: Page 49, side panel: Page 51: Page 52, side panel: Page 52, photo 30: Page 53, photo 31: Page 53, photo 32:

Floor plans of the four Spring Lake Area School buildings, image from the Fort Bragg School Board Meeting Minutes, DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Main Post School Budget FY 1951-52, Fort Bragg School Board Meeting Minutes, DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Mildred Barrington Poole (ca. 1952), photo courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Capt. F.J. Donoghue (ca. 1950s), photo courtesy of F. J. Donoghue. Mildred Barrington Poole and School Budget FY 1951-52, Fort Bragg School Board Meeting Minutes, DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. (Old) Bowley Elementary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). General Bowley, photo courtesy of the XVIII Airborne Historian’s Office, Fort Bragg. (Old) Bowley School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2018). Architect’s rendering of the Fort Bragg Primary School (William Baumgarten 1951), drawings on file at DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Entrance to (Old) Bowley School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2018). Baumgarten’s registration stamp (1951), drawings on file at DoDEAAmericas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Aerial photo of (Old) Bowley School (1952), photo courtesy of Ruth Vander Clute. Bowley School, photo courtesy of Department of Public Works, Cultural Resources Management Office, Fort Bragg. Bowley School addition, photo courtesy of Department of Public Works, Cultural Resources Management Office, Fort Bragg. Plot plan of the Bowley School addition (William Baumgarten 1959), drawings on file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Classroom at Bowley School (1955), photo on file at the Irwin Intermediate School Library, Fort Bragg. Murray Elementary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). General Murray, photo courtesy of the Command Historian XVIII Airborne Corps,, Fort Bragg. Murray School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2012). Murray School rendering (Leslie Boney, Sr. 1955), on file at the DoDEAAmericas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Aerial view of Murray School (Google Earth 2014). Boney’s registration stamp (1955), drawings on file at DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Holbrook Elementary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). General Holbrook, portrait courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Holbrook Elementary School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2014). Aerial view of Holbrook School (Google Earth 2014). Holbrook location map, image on file in the Holbrook School file in the Real Property Department, Fort Bragg.

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Page 53, photo 33: Holbrook School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2014). Page 53, side panel: Holbrook School, photo on file at the Irwin Intermediate School Library, Fort Bragg. Page 55: Butner Elementary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). Page 56, side panel: General Butner, photo courtesy of the XVIII Airborne Historian’s Office, Fort Bragg. Page 56, photo 34: Butner Elementary School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2015). Page 57, photo 35: Aerial view of Butner School (Google Earth 2016). Page 57, photo 36: Butner Elementary School floor plan (DDESS 2011), on file at the DoDEAAmericas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 57, photo 37: Butner Elementary School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2015). Page 57, side panel: Butner School, photo courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Page 57, side panel: Letterhead for Deitrick and Associates Architects (1957) on file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 59: (Old) Irwin Jr. High School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). Page 60, side panel: General Irwin, portrait courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Page 60, photo 38: (Old) Irwin Jr. High School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2012). Page 61, photo 39: (Old) Irwin Jr. High School rendering by John Croft, Jr. (1964), on file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 61, photo 40: Aerial view of (Old) Irwin School (Google Earth 2016). Page 61, photo 41: (Old) Irwin floor plan by John Croft, Jr. (1961), on file at the DoDEAAmericas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 61, side panel: Croft’s registered architect stamp (1964), drawings on file at DoDEAAmericas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 62, photo 42: (Old) Irwin courtyard clean up day, photo courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO. Page 62, photo 43: DSO entrance at (Old) Irwin School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2012). Page 62, photo 44: Patio at (Old) Irwin School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2012). Page 63, photo 45: Sketch of (Old) Irwin School, courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO. Page 63, side panel: (Old) Irwin dedication program (1962), courtesy of DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 63, side panel: (Old) Irwin sign, photo courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO. Page 65: McNair Elementary rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). Page 66, side panel: General McNair, photo courtesy of the XVIII Airborne Historian’s Office, Fort Bragg. Page 66, photo 46: McNair School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2013). Page 67, photo 47: McNair floor plan (DDESS 2009), on file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 67, photo 48: Aerial view of McNair School (Google Earth 2013). Page 67, photo 49: McNair School rendering by Leon McMinn (1961), on file at the DoDEAAmericas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 67, side panel: McNair School cultural day (1984-85), photo courtesy of DoDEAAmericas DSO, Fort Bragg. Page 68, photo 50: McNair School (Yearbook 1962-63), on file at the DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg.

Page 68, photo 51: Page 69, photo 52: Page 69, photo 53: Page 69, side panel: Page 69, side panel: Page 71: Page 72, side panel: Page 72, photo 54: Page 73, photo 55: Page 73, photo 56: Page 73, photo 57: Page 73, side panel: Page 79: Page 80, side panel: Page 80, photo 58: Page 81, photo 59: Page 81, photo 60: Page 81, photo 61: Page 81, photo 62: Page 81, side panel: Page 81, side panel: Page 83: Page 84, side panel: Page 84, photo 63: Page 85, photo 64: Page 85, photo 65: Page 85, photo 66: Page 85, photo 67: Page 87: Page 88, side panel:

McNair School windows looking into the interior courtyard, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2013). Detail of folded plate roof at McNair School, photo on file at the DoDEAAmericas DSO, Fort Bragg. Field trip day at McNair School, photo on file at the DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. McMinn’s registration stamp (1964), drawings on file at DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. McNair shamrocks (1986-87), photo on file at the DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Pope Elementary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). 1st Lt. Pope, portrait courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Pope Elementary School (Yearbook 2013-14), on file at the DoDEAAmericas DSO, Fort Bragg. Aerial photo of Pope School (1970) on file at the DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Pope School floor plan (DDESS 2009), on file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Pope School library (1970), photo on file at the DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Basil Laslett title block from Pope School drawings (1964) on file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Albritton Middle School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). 1st Lt. Albritton, courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Albritton Middle School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2018). Albritton aerial view (Google Earth 2017). Albritton School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2012). Albritton floor plan (DDESS 2007) on file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Architect’s rendering of Albritton School (1982) on file at the DoDEAAmericas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Albritton School sign, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2013). Albritton library’s glass roof, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2013). (New) Bowley School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). General Bowley, portrait courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. (New) Bowley School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2018). Aerial view of (New) Bowley School (Google Earth 2017). Floor plan of (New) Bowley School (1987) on file at DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Groundbreaking ceremony for (New) Bowley School 1987 on file at DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Bragg. Bowley Elementary School rendering (Clemmer+Bush+Abernathy Architects 1986), courtesy of DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Devers Elementary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). General Devers, photo courtesy of the XVIII Airborne Historian’s Office, Fort Bragg.

Devers Elementary School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2018). Aerial view of Devers School (Google Earth 2017). Page 89, photo 69: First day of school (2005), photo courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO, Fort Page 89, photo 70: Bragg. Devers School floor plan (DDESS 2007) on file at the DODEA-Americas Page 89, photo 71: Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Devers School dedication ceremony program (1996), on file at Devers Page 89, photo 72: School Library. Gordon Elementary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer Page 91: (2018). Master SGT Gordon, photo courtesy of the Command Historian XVIII Page 92, side panel: Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg. Gordon Elementary School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Page 92, photo 73: Consultants, Inc. (2018). Aerial view of Gordon School (Google earth 2017). Page 93, photo 74: Gordon School sign, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Page 93, photo 75: Inc. (2015). Gordon Elementary School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Page 93, photo 76: Consultants, Inc. (2015). Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Page 95: Designer (2018). SGT First Class Shughart, photo courtesy of the XVIII Airborne Historian’s Page 96, side panel: Office, Fort Bragg. Shughart Elementary and Middle Schools, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Page 96, photo 77: Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2018). Aerial of Shughart School (Google Earth 2017). Page 97, photo 78: Shughart Schools (2010), print image courtesy of Savannah District, Page 97, photo 79: United States Army Corps of Engineers. (New) Irwin Intermediate School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer Page 99: (2018). General Irwin, photo courtesy of the Command Historian XVIII Airborne Page 100, side panel: Corps, Fort Bragg. (New) Irwin Intermediate School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Page 100, photo 80: Consultants, Inc. (2018). Flag Day at Irwin school, photo courtesy of DoDEA-Americas DSO. Page 101, photo 81: Aerial view of (New) Irwin School (Google Earth 2017). Page 101, photo 82: Irwin Intermediate School (2011), print image courtesy of Savannah Page 101, photo 83: District, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Hampton Primary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). Page 107: Captain Hampton, portrait image courtesy of Dale and Ann Hampton Page 108, side panel: and Cindy Hosea, photographer. Hampton Primary School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Page 108, photo 84: Consultants, Inc. (2018). Aerial view of Hampton School (Google Earth 2017). Page 109, photo 85: A Hampton School class neighborhood’s learning hub and studio Page 109, photo 86: (2014), photo courtesy of the Savannah District, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Hampton School (2014), courtesy of the Savannah District, United Page 109, photo 87: States Army Corps of Engineers. Hampton School floor plan (SchenkelShultz Architecture 2013), courtesy Page 110, photo 88: of the Savannah District, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Page 88, photo 68:

Page 111, photo 89: Hampton School classroom neighborhood layout (SchenkelShultz Architecture 2013), courtesy of the Savannah District, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Page 111, side panel: Miller’s registration stamp (2014), drawings on file at DoDEA-Americas Facilities Management Office, Fort Bragg. Page 113: Poole Elementary School rendering by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018). Page 114, side panel: Mildred B. Poole portrait courtesy of Gwen Poole Bell. Page 114, photo 90: Poole Elementary School, photo by Stacey L. Griffin, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (2018). Page 115, photo 91: Aerial view of Poole School (Google Earth 2018). Page 115, photo 92: First floor plan of Poole School (LS3P 2016) courtesy of Savannah District, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Page 115, photo 93: A Poole School neighborhood with learning hub and studios (2014) courtesy of Savannah District, United States Army Corps of Engineers.. Page 115, side panel: First students of Poole School (2018), photo courtesy of Poole School. Page 116, photo 94: Square, 21st century floor plan of Poole School (2016), courtesy of Savannah District, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Page 117, photo 95: Mildred B. Poole, photo courtesy of Gwen Poole Bell. Page 118: School location map by M. Pruett Smith (2018), map courtesy of Savannah District, United States Army Corps of Engineers (2018). Page 119: Mascot legend for the school location map by M. Pruett Smith, Designer (2018).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Circa, Inc.

Fort Bragg Schools, 1921-2018 (Griffin 2018) is based on the technical report Documentation of Fort Bragg’s Historic Schools, Department of Defense Educational Activity Historic Context, and a Mid-Century Modern Schools Architectural Context, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, Cumberland County, North Carolina (Griffin and Longiaru, 2017). Please refer to that publication for the full history and bibliography of the Fort Bragg School System. The primary sources listed here are the most relevant documents pertaining to the schools and the school buildings.

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1940-ca.1970 Historic Resources Survey, Planning Phase Report. Prepared for the City of Greensboro, Housing and Community Development Department and the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office by Circa, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina.

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Bowley School Recordation Report, 16 Randolph Street, Fort Bragg, Cumberland County, North Carolina. NC HPO Survey Site Number CD 983. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District and the Cultural Resources Management Program, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Albritton Middle School (AMS) 1985

A Ride Through Time. Mrs. Eleanor Graham’s Sixth Grade Class, Albritton Middle School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

American Institute of Architects (AIA) Directory 1946

McMinn & Norfleet – Architects. American Institute of Architects Questionnaire for Architects’ Roster and/or Register of Architects Qualified for Federal Public Works. On file, Special Collections, North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, North Carolina.

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John James Croft, Jr. American Institute of Architects biography file. Electronic document, http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20 Pages/1956%20American%20Architects%20Directory.aspx, accessed October 23, 2012.

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Biographical Note - Finding Guide to the William Ludwig Baumgarten Papers, MC 122, Special Collections, North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, North Carolina.

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Leslie Norwood Boney: A Brief Biography. Unpublished manuscript. Wilson Library, Special Collections, North Carolina State University Libraries, Chapel Hill.

Bowley Elementary School 1990 Bowley Elementary School Dedication Ceremony, Fort Bragg North Carolina. Dedication program (April 3). Bowley Elementary School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Croft, John James, Jr., Architect, AIA 1940

National Defense Census of Engineering and Architectural Personnel questionnaire. Charlotte Vestal Brown Papers (Box MC 219.10, Folder: Croft, John James, Jr.). Special Collections, North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, North Carolina.

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Vertical File: Fort Bragg—Schools. Local & State History Room, Cumberland County Public Library, Fayetteville, North Carolina.

Cunningham, Henry 2002 Pioneer principal integrated post’s school. The Fayetteville Observer. 24 February, p. 11A. Department of Defense Educational Activity (DODEA) 2017

DoDEA 21st Century Education Facilities Specifications, Electronic document, http://www.dodea.edu/edSpecs/index.cfm, accessed June 2017.

Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Management Program n.d.

Vertical Files. Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Management Program, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Griffin, Stacey L. and Christine M. Longiaru 2017

Documenting Fort Bragg’s Historic Schools. Prepared for the Savannah District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Cultural Resources Management Program, Directorate of Public Works, Fort Bragg Military Reservation by Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

The Fayetteville Observer 1951

New Grade School To Be Built At Fort Bragg. No date, p.1.

1952 New Fort Bragg School is one of most modern plants in the state. 6 September. 1953

New post elementary school formally dedicated Sunday. 9 April, p.1.

1953

Mrs. Poole to be principal of new Bragg school. 16 June, p. 12.

1963

McNair Elementary School to be Dedicated Tuesday. March 1963, p. 1C.

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1992

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Irwin School History. On file at Irwin Intermediate School Library, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

2012

Dedication Ceremony of Irwin Intermediate School, Fort Bragg. School Program (27 September). Department of Defense Education Activity, Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary Schools, North Carolina District, Fort Bragg Schools.

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Stafford LeRoy Irwin. Electronic document, https://valor.militarytimes.com hero/106457, accessed October 21, 2012.

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History of Fort Bragg 1918-1967. Office, ACofS G-3, Headquarters, XVIII Airborne Corps and Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

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Dedication McNair School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. 12 March. McNair School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

1985

Memories of McNair, 1984-1985 [Yearbook]. McNair Elementary School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Copy of yearbook available at DSOs office, Fort Bragg.

1986

Memories of McNair, 1985-1986 [Yearbook]. McNair Elementary School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Copy of yearbook available at DSOs office, Fort Bragg.

1990

Memories of McNair, 1989-1990 [Yearbook]. McNair Elementary School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Copy of yearbook available at DSOs office, Fort Bragg.

Marquam & Company, Inc. 1965 This Is Fort Bragg. Fort Bragg Library, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, North Carolina. McDonald, Heather, and Michelle Michael 2007

Historic Architectural Resources Survey Update 1951-1961 Fort Bragg Military Reservation, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, and Scotland Counties, North Carolina. Cultural Resources Management Program, Directorate of Public Works, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

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Murray Elementary School Faculty and Staff 1991

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Personal communication with author. Notes on file with Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Columbus, Georgia.

2017- 2018

Informal history and background information on the evolution of how the 21st century school plan came to be.

Pope Elementary School Faculty and Staff 1991

Pope Elementary School, Pope Air Force base, North Carolina: A Self- Study Report. In cooperation with the Commission on Elementary Schools, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Pope Elementary School, Pope Air Force Base, Fort Bragg Military Reservation.

Pope Elementary School (PES) n.d.

Official Building File NC-65-C-FED-1A15. On file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Privett, Megan, and Matthew J. Mirarchi 2012

Historic Architectural Resources Survey 1962-1972, Fort Bragg Military Installation, Cumberland, Harnett, Moore, Richmond and Scotland Counties, North Carolina. Cultural Resources Management Program, Directorate of Public Works, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Tabor, Donna, Command Historian, XVIII Airborne Corps n.d.

Albert Jesse Bowley, Major General, United States Army. Prepared by the Command Historian, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, North Carolina.

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Gary Gordon, Master Sergeant, United States Army. Prepared by the Command Historian, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, North Carolina.

n.d.

Maxwell Murray, Major General, United States Army. Prepared by the Command Historian, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, North Carolina.

n.d.

Harley Halbert Pope, 1st Lieutenant, United States Army. Prepared by the Command Historian, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, North Carolina.

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Randall Shughart, Sergeant First Class, United States Army. Prepared by the Command Historian, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, North Carolina.

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ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND ASSOCIATED CONSTRUCTION FILES

Department of Defense Educational Activity

Basil G.F. Laslett, Architect

2008

Pope Elementary School Facility Utilization Drawing, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, sheets 1-21, 6 August 2010. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

2009

Holbrook Elementary School Facility Utilization Drawing, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, sheets 1-23, 6 August 2010. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

2009

Irwin Intermediate School Facility Utilization Drawing, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, sheets 1-23, 6 August 2010. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

2009

Murray Elementary School Facility Utilization Drawing, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, sheets 1-16, 6 August 2010. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

2010

Butner Elementary School Facility Utilization Drawings, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, sheets 1-18, 6 August 2010. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

2010

McNair Elementary School Facility Utilization Drawing, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, sheets 1-17, 6 August 2010. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

1964

Pope Elementary School: Architectural drawings. On file, DDESS Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Baumgarten and Saunders Architects 1952

Fort Bragg Elementary School [Bowley School]: Architectural drawings. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

1962

Proposed Plans for a Junior High School [Irwin School], Fort Bragg Military Reservation. Architectural drawings. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

1964

Plans for an Addition to Irwin School, Fort Bragg Military Reservation: Architectural Drawings. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

2012

Architectural Drawings. On file, North Carolina State University-Pinehurst, Given Memorial Library, Tufts Archives Special Collections, architectural drawings and blueprints catalog. Electronic document, http://www.lib. ncsu.edu/specialcollections/digital/text/architects/ Public_Pinehurst. html, accessed October 23, 2012.

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Addition to Fort Bragg Elementary School [Bowley School].

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n.d.

Vertical Files: Butner School. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

n.d.

Vertical Files: Holbrook School. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

n.d.

Vertical Files: Irwin School. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

n.d.

Vertical Files: McNair School. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

n.d.

Vertical Files: Murray School. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

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Vertical Files: Pope School. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary Schools (DDESS) 1996

Additions to Pope Elementary School. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

2005

Media Center Addition to Pope Elementary School. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

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Architectural Drawings. Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Management Program Archives. Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

James Croft, Jr., Architect 1962

Proposed Plans for a Junior High School [Irwin Junior High School], Fort Bragg Military Reservation: Architectural drawings. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

1964 Addition to Irwin School, Fort Bragg Military Reservation: Architectural Drawings. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Leslie Boney, Architect

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND INSTALLATION MAPS

1955

Fort Bragg Engineering Division, Directorate of Public Works

Murray School, Fort Bragg Military Reservation: Architectural Drawings. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

1968 Murray School Renovations, Fort Bragg Military Reservation: Architectural Specifications and drawings. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. McMinn, Norfleet & Wicker Architects 1961

Honeycutt Elementary School [McNair Elementary School], Project No. N.C. 61-C-FED-1-B11, Fort Bragg Military Reservation, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Contract No. H-302-460. On file, DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Martin, Boal, Anthony, & Johnson Architects 1994

Additions and Renovations to Five Elementary Schools, Invitation No. DACA21-94-8-0047, File No. 730-48-01. On file at the DoDEA-Americas Facilities Office, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District Various- Print images of Fort Bragg Schools. Dates Various- 21st Century school floor plans for Hampton and Poole Schools. Dates

2012

Area Maps, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Fort Bragg Headquarters 1987

Fort Bragg North Carolina Home of the Airborne. Fort Bragg Headquarters, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Office of the Post Engineer, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 1939

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fort bragg school history This book documents the Historic Fort Bragg schools and their extraordinary significance, both architecturally and culturally. Based on the technical report, Documentation of Fort Bragg’s Historic Schools (Griffin and Longiaru, 2017), this book gives insight to how the schools of Fort Bragg have evolved over time and exposes their starring role in history. This book assures that, even though the buildings have now been demolished, their history and role in serving as educational facilities for Fort Bragg’s military dependents will not be forgotten. Join us on a “Ride Through Time” in Fort Bragg Schools, 1921-2018.

Fort Bragg Schools, 1921-2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE EDUCATION ACTIVITY AMERICAS https://www.dodea.edu/Americas/midAtlantic/BraggHistory/History-Home.cfm ISBN 978-0-692-19849-0