1892-1893 Normal Courier Issues 1-9

E . 1

T 1\) ur fri 1 Is n ui ,f ti H' :llnmni , t th I \ Tllli . .. \ '·'' \\' ) I I .\ "f.EE'l • t··

l.\ t. l 'E I .\ 'I I .\ :-:. E . . \ :-:. I J

t im t tun , on t t Ji :; !llin: t th iu u n u·nti n m ur T ti II. nnt ur · lttBIIl • w ith lny. T th publi · wh s • , o . i 'I 1 II I L ' J' ( Il K, :l i -. \' t·y I • • I•' 1'1 ln.· .,. , 11 j 11 o· Jtll ·in \Jf 11 11 d f • ' . Z"' •• P' ·i nl utt uti 11 ,yj,- 11 tn d ebat ' I\ nJ ' "u l·l Ill · nr :lt i' '· i\ 1\J Jt F. •• '1 rc id 11 t. l' 1' \ ' t·· \. J <. TT ' cw .·tn l "' 1 la.v IET Y. cu· li tc 1·a,')?t ' ar , " ni1 w sch ol \ V() t·k . p oc in ll ; in vi te d to jo in us iu FnAN K {AJOR S, P r es 't.

] £ve t· .) ' OR 1 , rin o- ' l 1' l•i ,.:} Pt S EL IT US. .. '. . . . . < tt <! \ c nw g duruw Ho lhcJn vs and 0 lt b J l: ): H ARR Y ' ARSON Pr es t. -.l::t-... ' . 1!.."

ry··.·.F 1-·tel P PJ · 1,c ·inll r f n..) • AN .SO CIET Y. 'O t· l Cve niJ 1 o- • • _A.] wnn · )lo- b b utu·In O' th e snn trn CJ. l1 si 6 er st nd - 0 ng t11e 1'b enl ts and rne n1b ers of L J'a l""" ' ' ') luring .vacatio n. Jc >SE l' ff • •1 G a .L I LAN, P r es' t.

w hnn' b n d w w nld ur pr 111i' that t 11 1 p r . · ur • wi th rit icism nu 1· may f n.nlt m ny u di " ' I'll ·d nnd rr ted : · u tc• mp r ' ur ri ti is n1 with ing nn us e nr t - tha t ur tid ·l it - t a. hi gh id nl mn)' p ar tin il y miti unto th · nt -n co wbi cb y u n hon es t

r it ic nr • f rc d to pr ono un ce Fr m th Bon rd of Ed u cnti.o n , whose v igil ance an d un t iring en 'r gy has e s np plem.e n tcd a ll o ur n tt mpts we n •·o g uar an tee d the m ost s ubst ant ial

cn co nr ng ment. .

We bore ac kn o wl c cl O'c o ur ind e bt e dn ess to th e 0 ]ll e mb crs of th e F ac ul ty fo r the t im ely su ggest ion s, and for the s ub s tanti al int er est manif es t ed in thi s en te rpris e. To push the wo rk expe di tiously and to giY e to t hi s vo lum e th e lit erary p1:esti ge c hnra ete ristic of A me ri ca n J o urnnl s of e du c ati on is th e purp ose of i ts pr esent d es igners.

\¥h er eve r e du c ati o nal wo rk is intrusted to a o rg a niz at ion th e me th ods and p ri n ,.. · pl es of 1 ny , . · w nch

are not ope n to th e f ull es t c ri tic] 1 1 there 18 an

THE NORMAL COURIER.

immediate protest. In view of tliis fact the per­ sonal control o _ f each department is i.Jltrustcd to one of the staff, each one of whichhasvoluntaril , imposed his own duty, viz., to givetohiscolumn� the generous character and literary tone in kcop­ i11g with educational journalism.

The aim of this Journal is to help dissirneuatc: the experiments, the observations and the conclusions of those especially interested in educational work.

We call attention to our Practice Depal'tmcnt which will have seperatc space duri11g the 011tirc publication.

Plans and articles from each deparLment ofthe State Norroal School will appearfromtimetotime under the direction ofthe teacher in charge.

The decisions relative to school 1uattors and the state questions for examination from theoffice of the state Superintendent of Public Instruction will be published each month.

. • We believe that education plays an important part in all the vicissitudes of lif�; and that its abt• power is realized not only by sence as amo 1ve . . ·a I b t by the commonwealthofwl11d1 the mdlVl ua u . d" ·a 1 • component part. However that in 1v1 ua is a . d ot permit every person to re- circumstances on .

1 t··. •og nor a college education; c01ve a norma 1am1 . . f disseminating the thoughtsof butthe facilities or fit oftheseeducational thosewhr, receive the bcnc 1 5 se thouo-hts at once ffi • t th-lt t 10 o centers aro s<J e c1en ' become universal.

. mediums for this dis- 0 f the most efficient 00 0 d t·onal 1 •onrnals. Through • t· n is our e nca r semma 10 . J exchangewehave tem of educat10na this great sys . . Its from our labor; ·pect defimto rcsu . . .. reason to ex expect a wide cltfful • system we may and by t 118• 1 . to thesuccessfultcach- f k ,[edge re atJ\'e sio11 o now d f the branches included . d successfnl stn y o mg an 1 • blic scboo s.

1 111 our pu . e the J)Opular educator tams h ese11t t1m .fi At t c pr anks of the scient1 c mves• tl e frQnt r • · cl · l bis place 111 1 J is dnties eqmpe w1t 1 • H ssumcs 1 . • I t d t1gators. e a . I •c;1t niagnctism,st11nu a c I andin ,ei · h· 1isownenergy, •entious interest m 1s d by a coJ1sc1 c k and replenisbe "ble storehouse OL 'UOwwork aud his inexhausti ledgu. . and not created is a d t arc bOI11 1·u That c uca orl:l . far inhere:ntqna I ca• B.owcvc1 , oomw011 i.aymg. orl· of the c<lucato1· I t tlie '� ' til)n' 111a.rSll)>1 (llJl(.m

we shnll uol, ntt<:111pt to rh•fim•. But tl1(!n• ••.u be 110 doulJt a tu the f1u-t tlt;tt a �••",I •dur:Hi,,: tiupplerncuts till· inht-rc•111 •pmlifi«·1t1j.,11...

The cmly condition i11 \\hi«·h tlw �denc•1,.• tcachinu can clui111 tlu: n·,\·ri-nc·l· wlii,·lt i-. •liw 0 is that it dcn,tc ihc•lf 10 h11111:111 :-r•n i,·1•. :rn,i it rosts with tho t1l1ulc11ti. 11f1lii:- !',1·i«·1wc..- ,.. 1111d,t go0d thii, clni,11. 111 oril<•r that tlw r,·lati••n:. ..i this sdcmt<.: to the agt· i� wltn1 it 1111!.!lrt,., lw. 111,• worltl ill lnrg<.· 11111',,I ht· 111,uh• t" fn·l rlau1;, ministry of g1Jod to all, 1101 tlu• }'ri\ al•• pui-..,•.....i,•II r1f a favored fow, that it i-1 tlw hl':il, xprt•H-iu1 •,f hu11rnn intclliJ.<(•11c·t· awl i� 1101 1,t·�·.,,,,l �c:111•ral ,., ,111 prchcmsicrn of all who cx<.:rl tlu•111-.ln•,.. f,11· :h:it purpose.

,Vc arc: often c.:c,11fn,ntt•d with tlii� «tll1..•i.t · , ,11 . wby arc tlieru i;o 11uu1y fail11n•l-' i11 tlil· pr,,f1•-. j.,:i of teaching while oLhcr pn,fcssio11s nn· �" .,,•t·r crowd<:d? A s11ggusli<m itt IIIi�: Tiu.- i,,m•c·�•:,-.fIII teacher is witlt the pt•ople a11cl 11f tl1<.•111. If 111 deals iu 1n_y8tt•rivs thmic mynll•ril:� tH 11111 li 1r-prin1tc property; and wliat •n·r �met· ht· yi<·ld� ie-arnilablc for all.

Vvc 11ced hardly 1:my that \\'t• find an al11111cl:1111 justificaticJll for the• work i11 whid, w<.• an• 1111w cngngcd-tlio work of uri11gi11g lio111c tlH• lw:.;t and surm1t rcs11ltt1 uf our able t•d11c:1l11rs lo :t p1 1p11 Jar cir<:lc of readers, nnd of bri11gi11g about a:-: :w tive a, rnlfttion HR possible bdwce;11 0111· ul,lt-:--1 woi·kcra a11d the pnblic:. To tliis wurk WP slrnl apply onrsclvcs with constant energy e11C•r�y i,1 creases from a q11ickc11ocl sense c,f a 11ut·d ,,f j,1s sucli work. Ti111cs call for a !ipirit of l1vlpfnl t1vs a11d hopcf�il11<.>ss. Hy this mcm11H do<:s tIH' we 11·1, f;olvo its problems and ris<.: auo,·u l It(: i II fl ll(')I("(' that threaten its civilization.

Still cliorisliing the l1npu tliat tlto 1111:-wlfi�h a11< nntiri11g zen.l of our lllltll.}' friuud:-; lmn.: nut IH'<'ll wasted, wo submit thu fil'st i�suu of tlii1:1 v0lu11H• to the c<lucationnl public.

SOCIAL ETHICS.

JWALIUEWALLA<JE.

"No man liveth to liims'clf, n11d no11u di(•th 1 himself" To the i:itudout of social ethics, tho words are bnt thc(voicing of his own nb!:><.'rv:1tio Oue who st11dics/ thoughtfully tl1c ::;tr11ct111·0 society, wlicthe1· �nits higliostforlll or in t�1� lo,, typos of less 011liglttoncd rn.tious, cannot tail t<J

i uip n 's;;t> d wit h t he

r11 11 l ik ·:ti l <' II dlo·:"

THE ORM L CO Rl ER.

of eontinni ty whic: h

·L: in t hr >1 wh th of

n:tl io ll !'i :ti l I i nd i\ idna l '.

<I -p i ra tio n> nnit ll tnnki11d ;lll I

mp it· ; th y will mou lcl er iJl O' ben ath the nrface (' mm 11 11 •c <.l -, I ng th a nd br adt h of th at Ya t

iu imilm· ac ti \·iti

r l':Jd ily r •c· guizt·d by rh

111 u:-t r ef in ed : I h 1 in te ll

Th C' d lliHtH.I· oft hc auimal life m· a. by th tnal and mot:al 11 d , nt·

110 I •ss pr " ' lllg b {'an c uot mnt

i\1nr ality - I·cc· gnitiou of th • l'iO' ht · of oth I" th ubo rd i n:lt.i II of tl1 inJi ,·idnal to the Ill:l ' ·­

1 1 1 11 · .th' un 'l ll whi ·l1 oe: icty i · built 1 and th

}JilT I

. 1 •r tii 11101'!11 t ai H.I ard, th lllO r nd t11· in <• th

l". I !; I I' ll ·t ill' ' . oc:nl I' . .

']'II , sub >J'( ot p r •o nal g rn tificat i n, i·,

1)I b11 t a Cl il' b Ju O' , or re ·tr ·Jiu in "' of tlw · pirit in t ril , . I:'

IJ1 C •<.'If U rg l·andi zt' lll 'llt. l\ t tl lfl t lllllbit iOJt f II Jl ( I . 0 }) c n t11·c y \' <lil t ·h I fr Ill the hnmau h art

i t o If J!II! Sf· not uc ·om th e "lit r nb ut '' bie:h t ·O uti · 0 1,:r · cl ·c l'C\' h·c. T h 1 w hi r hri ud of llll -

1I t/1 II l"

H II •d de 'lt·c w h1 ch d ' tr " all b fu r it t ·O ·u n 1 t h 111 lJJto th \'O rt x ()f i t· 0 \\'lJ e lfi ·h ·J l l!..,

dr:1 '\ ro cl uy th nw na ec of ur oc inl iwti tn­ 1 I :; OIJ( ::',

1 • 1·il' of m nnd of lcl\d cs ne :; p '1'1 1 JJI ;: co ni iii Oil our ·c th e one ndea nH·­ . f J' O

}J I'j n {!, o rpct ratc the \' n 1·ab/ iw titnt"i ou · 'of th

g t <J 1 th or t·o O \'C1 rthrow oxi ·t in o· la ws and 1'11 0 ( 't

p a t. f rY ) \' Ol'I JJl l nt­ th os ·e •nn ng ly o pp o 1 e 1. 1 11 18 ° Z? nr· in IT lJ th, but d iti'e nm t fo rm of exll -­· ' I ·r11 d co . 111 , -nmc da n ()' ' rous clcmeu t-t 10 :.ttl of t b .j oJ 1 • , . • lnn l end :; before th · w •/fa re of p r e ·:.:> f 11 1a l \IJL

o· 0 Jn their lu t for power, m en 1•1:-1 C 1 J I :"' I J1 j 1', :. . ' ' . • ' j . - 111 111 1s u::; ed to tn eu cue z:; , tl coi . t ll c n ic,u I . le f} p1 G ve t' ' ends th em 'e h ·cs , w Jcn f ,,. ac t ·o }' tiJ( >;;o . ,..., ·ti

\vi ii cJe ol t· ,.1] tho ugh in so:I.1C ·C · Jn ll ·' " b •. f !I

'L t a.JJl ( ·rd;-t;.;. <.1 is yot to be dc voh ·cd Ill 1ts .,.._Af T l e ' liti on of the J rj sh lab orer Js , co ne · f'

tl e> g r cc r c. t 1I e., ·I ' ·h lo rd! Th e o ppn' SS IOII o n: f O !..1l ,Q, )5 l f ·

l'l:l. <t llH I. •'S\ C 1 li Ot t te .l ee . ·q J1 rf rJ e <. • • •

llo t hi ., 1sSJI ri']JC' . . · crs of the de lu ded fan ati c.: m - -., I ) "' ·) r• 'I t he · .ic fl.lJ ! toi \1 on !1i s

\: ut c! -n. l l sOil 1 ol;• sb r):fJC wlt at 1s t h at to ·an t' o u I

t bm" t forth aucl be f elt b; t he n tir wo r! J . ud the f ri ghtful pe til en ·e whi ch hor rem ind ns tha t the l1:1 al i o- IJ t d ou o ut· r cl ()' lob lu d J I il g ri m in th fa rthe t quart r of i' ·p BR. TITER In th e fab r ic of in tL t xt ure f th loom th brok n th rca cl ha' w akeucd th n ti re t ru ct ure.

E<1cb I if bear , th im prc f _ome oth er life, in om degre' i, mou ld ed by o th ·r han d :;, d ir cted by in tl n n - \Yho rio·in \\·e m ay n ot trac0, hidde n m ay b in o ru e clark defile of hu man ' uffe r­

JU <r r wo . -th roar fr om the wo rl d' gr at m a rt of co m rn rc but th ao O'r ga te of the myr ia d impnl ori o· ina t in g in it :; bu sy w all.;: ' so th O' reat ·o jn l orgnni zat ions as we ll a iu di Yidual Ji,·c arc t Le ao·oTcO'at of th in tl u n ee minat ::- b iu O' from t he ] j,· , f th ose m·oun l u -, und f that groat mul titu de "·h ' though dca <.l, yet pcak cth '' Th e d octr in e of th Co ns erv atio n of En e rgy in t·he ph -icnl wor ld find , its pa ra llel in the , b tc llcc tnal an d moral world ::;. I< or ce on ce et m • motion n Ye t· ce;:: cs · o th ough t, ·when gi\ eu wi ng bY YOice or pen ma 1 b a id to be eter nal. Omni cien cc , al one, ca 11 tra ce i_t throu gh all i ts laby rin th , an d even it c ann ot find its endi ng .

ll1. 0' 0 t ·' , fr 11 its of Iri ·lt rip prc::;si on ha ve

r r JII I l'to Pt t • · 1

}II ' t t ll Oj ·j by t 11ose w ho lu1d f:l,i l(?let

I .L> ll I ' .

U H . , , ,,. 1 Jti uh/ 1' plm 10 , f rom w he nce

1.)1'<'11" ·' ,L e> c t il i JIC!i eroJJCu , c !)w n e ed s 11 be lc w th em \.•t--1:\ ' fir es o£ nudn h s. 1.. _, 1 R .

l r 1 nJis w , dllCI 11SS !:'t ll

The bolde t miss ionary en te rp ri e ever ex ec ute.d , \Y as t he It-ni ts of a :; imp le serm on by an o bs cu re pa tor iu a r emote co m er of the earth ; a nd i nstead of th e i mp ul se los iu o· en er gy wi th t ime , a fte r tb e lapse of more than half a ce ntm y, it po s e ss e a gr eate r momentnw tha n eve r before, aud is g a. i niu o· po wer with each su c ce ed ing ye ar No oTancl et· work cnn ·be co u cei ,·e el of than whe n gc11i ns gu id es tl1 e pea i Jt the c ans e (J f tru th and hu mani ty . Iu the noble life whieh ha s j ust clo se d and wh ich h as m ade tl1e vi llage of A nw b nry a cl a ssi c !:! pot· ou Amerie an soil , it is not alo ne the be au ty of th ough t a nL1 m elody of r hy tl nn , wh ich e ns hr in es the p oet , \ ¥hi tt ier, in all our lwart ', bu t the sp iri t vf unse lfi. hn --. , l oy alty to dnt.y, th e r ec ogni tion of 1ho br other hood of man, wh i ch pl ace s hi m forc iJ JO ::;t in th e a ff ections of his coun tryme n.

Bnt ge nius pe rve rt e d, fo r getting or of tbe power she wie ld s, th rou gh tl 1e p rin ted_ pn.gc hns ca st i ts bl ight np on the mo t 1 ro mi in g lh e :

Si le ntly, t hi s vi i po we r is wa lki ng t br oug l1 ()11 1

THE

land, and we can on ly trace i ts pathway , from the wrecks str ewn by the waysid e. 1 Th e maraud ers of past are among us still, though tho pages of modern histo ry may not reco rd them. Their fo rm, alone, is changed; the material ba place to the intellectual. In the ages past; this en emy of society and man, built his retr e at among inacccs ible cliffs, or in the depth of th forest, fr om whence he allied forth upon th e unn pecting wayfarer

He has fortified h im e lf in the strongho ld s f the intellect; hi a rm or is "freedom of speech and pr ess" though that freedom be exerci sed in opposition to all that i sacr ed a nd 'holy; Li s weapon, th e pen, that mighty instru me nt of modern war fare, with wh ich he inflicts wounds more deadly than the lance of the o ld ti me chieftain .

We must combat thi enemy of man with like weapons; with pen dipped in the sp rin gs of Eternal Truth, wo may portray the ev il pow er of "icio us lite rature, a nd o utlin e, th ough faintly, the· the ·wild erness of the soul, windswept by th e po isonous breath of corrupting thought The tree of knowledge of good and evi l bears fruit which rip ens in the chambers of the sepul cher.

But it i n ot enough to de pict the ev il o nl y, it mn t be di placed by that which is betto r. The lesson s of the good and great, conta in ed in the pages of the past and pr esent, sh ould be placed within the reach of a ll. Th e ideals of a pure and noble humanity, shou ld be painted in all their beauty.

Th e common ties, social and indiv idu al, physical and int e ll ectual, which unite mank ind in one great famil y, the dependence of eac h upon eve ry CJther, and of tlte who!'e upo n its parts, the ceaselos· t'e\·er l>e t·ati ons of o ur wo rd s and d eeds down the e ndl ess co rrid o rs o£ titu •·. s peak to us of duti es and re pon sib il iti cs, whi clt call ne i the r be evaded nor carole sly performed . . Let us aill i.t demo li shing the strongho lds of ignorance a llll s np e rstitioll, wbi c lJ al.re acl y b ee n pen e trat ed by th e re volutions ot sc1en ce Th e fi e rc e dragon which th e ancients saw iu tlt e to r m-clo ud of th e " nmmer sky, hav e re tr e ated to their half-d emoli she d cas tl e ; nat nrc is no longer peopled by the foes man; the worl 1 lll Tl 1 rl ns is n ot at vanance w 1t!J bun, for whom

· \ 1t was all ·r atetl

men l' aliz o th II' t i'U aro un d h 111 an I thu nipot nt.

, ltiJttl cl udefl\'P l' to lll:lk

l' 1. cllOll · to Lh \\' CI I'! d ap] ro atlt n ar ·r tit · Ill -

f tl , ' tll ·i ·11t r lc

I f twa a beau tifu l an ,v o. 1 • 1 . the gro' , <Jf t 1at the mnrmur Jf th tr c. 111 n t with th El i , wa th \ 'Oi ·c f <li, ini t. '· ull · tlto c· ,-i I flight f ign ran ·c an I up r st itto tt 1 , f· . sp irit. wh ·o la rk w in c:r hav · s had w d t 1 :1.11''' ·1 f I :1 t lllfill " 1 eart 1, tb t·c ugh tit • ccntu ri s t 1 • 1 · . ind eed, hoar tit ,. i · =-of hi s ('r at<l l' tll v n the ru t li11 g for t l ea Yo .

TO OLIVE WE DELL HOLMES.

Snr . 10:-;T11, 29T11, 1 S<J2.

Among the th ousand s who wit h h ai l and h ccr

Will we lcome thy new year

How few of all have passed as thou nd 1•

So many mil estones by !

We h ave g row n ol d t ogeth e r; we ha see n, ur yout h and age bctwcen,

Two ge nera ti ons leave u , and t oda}

We wi th the third ho ld wav, 1 rd tun

l:oving and loved If th uglt mu st ::tel'' ' 1 o th ose wh o one bv one

In the great s iJcn ce and t he da rk bey nd Vani shed with fa rewells fo nd, u till not !o st; our gra teful memo cs s 1 he ir places fill, , n ew fri J\nd, wnh the fu ll-voiced greetin g of man)

A tender whisper ble nd s.

close in a pa the ti c brot herh d

Of m1ngl ed ill and g ood

Of· ' me Joy a nd grief of gra nde ur and 1 sna f or pity m ore th;n b!am e-

Thc g ift · h' 1·e IS l lne the Weary world to a ' ·• .ore .ch ee rful! fo r th y sa ke th e ears its 1'l iscrc'rc pain s nh the ol d He lleni c s trains , the su llen face ot di sconte t \Vnh smiles for bless ing sent. of selfish wailing h as ])een 1 d, hank God! for notes more glad .

Life is ind..:ed no ho li day· ther ein of

Are want, and woe d '.·

D th d . ' an sm ' ea a_n tl s namele ss fe ars, an u•

O ur pltmg tears must fall , 1..._

o ld frie nd! th e service of urd aY5 '

, 1 moods and ways, 1 • 11

l\;a} prO\ c to who fo lloW tn or rr::J.'

Not valueless or va i n. off, and fain t as s,rh ocs o '.' :: r e so ng!' of boyh oo j s eem. · '- ring, I et on o ur auturr -1 7 h unfl ith sp '1 "1 . ' ( ..lOUg s, "n \ le eve mng thr u sh <?s sing

Th h • · .• ]at e, e our draws n ea\r ,· { ' r a ·' a nu

\\'h ' , wee • .n

· · en at th e Ete rnal lc atc 'vV e lc?ve tl.H:! Words works / .,;. And hft Void hands

For l ove to fill. O ur r a l< cd n fr so u Hrt ng.; to th at Ga te no to ll: 1

Giftl <ss we come to Hit n, w thin g& because He li ves: j -J ,lhn Greenleaf \Vhitt h r •0 ber

c Rl

I .\ \\ ' 1:'\ T:\ . liT I. 'C I Y.

II\' 1. J:\ Fl \ I I

In c r d·r l t. in h ' U'f ',\

fr om h(' pr · · ·nt.Hi n f .ln y

m u ·t h .t ,. . ·I .. rl y I t h • m tml t h

p h.t 't • • wh i h ha ,. · I · ·n : ·1 ·t.:t ·tl f r n­

·idl' r.ni c n. II ·n · I ·fc r' ·nt ·ring lll n

a ny "l l' · i.d I ha · ·, w · sh all sp •,tk f the wh ,1 · ·t tl ) · of :o tha \\' m. Y

1 rc 't · ·I with a ( )111 11\ 11 llll l l·r:t ,tndinL f it and thu · b · I ·t r a hl t 1 g· • th m

b ·n ·fit fr o m th t 11 i lwr' 1 r •: nt' I n . \11\ ·lr t.Ht g ht in id ·ntally. . ul _j'

Tht; r·i : a , ·, :t diff·rn • h · t\\' ·n art

an I lrawin\!. arti: : and th :' \\'h lr. \\'. :\ n m ay ,· · :a id l :1 ring- fr m 1 ' tt y •ar nin g: .tnd ·m tit ns ' :t 'd I ,.

I ir. Li ns aft ·r d th · ru an I th · ;"')

I ·a uti ful.

Th m. t m Ill 'a n: r r :. tn :u h f' lin th i n at i n th r u 6·h th ' , n: f xt " rn al f rm l ·n . th rk: f t l' t whi h by th ir I r t '-()' r ur , , n ". , . I t f fi ;:, · ur :, an l th :t. ri us a e ss th' hi ;:;, h r a:pirati ns an I thu mak 1 :-t intin . , sculpt ur an I arc hi t tur · r) p " ·rful acre nt s in at in mankind.

Ind e el :t.cc rd in · t r ek tra liti n dr a \\ in g and . c ult tur e t k th·ir n· e toLr th er wh n th e dau n- ht er of :-, ibu tad s Jr ew the o utlin e of th e sh adow f h r depart in o· lo ve r u po n th e wall, "hi ch fig u re her fath er mod e ll ed in cia). nd whil e thi s is but tradition, st ill th e sy mp a th y of ma nkind \VO tdd gra nt it true. For it seems but fittin ;::, cr that these t\\'0 n ob le a rt s should come int o be in o· to pe rp e tuate th e exp r es­ ;:;, sio n of th e se ntim e nt up on w hi ch th e fat e of e ntir e na ti ons d epe nd s, th at is, the estab li s hme nt and security of th e home.

So th e artist wi ll choose for the s ubj ect of hi s work th at w hich w ill a dmit of prese n ta ti on in su cli. a way as to appeal to on e's emo ti ons or to one's est h et ic na tur e.

Th I i m rm p int tn : r n hi: \\' fr

in ·tin t w ith r, th t h wh

kindr t

Jar' th rl . u \\·i th their ly " ·ith that pi tur qu I up n n an wa k n in him a th t\\hi ch pr mpt ed the xpr of thi rd picture qu e, · m Lif of ir \\ alt r c tt , ur . thi pa sa · '· n r a chin the br ' f th hill , on th e ast rn si de of one of hi lan tati n , " e came in si;:,·ht of '1el r ose 1 bb ) on w hich there was a partial g·leam of su n-shine li o·htin ; up an angle of th e · Straio·htw a) \\ e had an anecdote of nun Tom Purdie, hi s gam ek ee per and facto tum. T om h as bee n man y) ears with Si r vVa lt er, and being co nstan tly in s uch compan y, h as in se nsi bly p ick ed up some t aste and fee lin g of a hi gh er o rd e r. 'Whe n I cam e h ere fi rst, ' said Tom to the factor's \ov ife, 'l was littl e be tt er than a b east, and kn ew nae ma ir th an a cow what was pretty and what was ualy. I cuif enough to think that th e thing in th e co untr y side was a cornfield en clos ed in four stane dyk es; but no w I ken the diffe renc e_ Look this way, Mrs Laidlav\r, a nd I '11 show yo u what th e

. gentlefolks likes. See ye ther e, th e sun glinting on Melrose Abbey? It' no \ bright, nor it's no aw shadows ne ith e r, bu t just a bit screed o' light-and a bit daub o dark yonder like, and that's what th ey ca ' picturesque; and indeed, it maun be confes ed it is unco bonnie to look at! '"

Reflection shows us that it the sp ec i province of art, and the sp e cial work of the artist, to appeal to us in thi . hi gher spiritual plane.

m ea ns fo r convc) in . of the

There are some moments so full, so rounded, and complete that it s ee ms a pit y to let them go out of sight into th e v as t depths of the by-gone. This th e a rti st knows, and he catches the ess e nce of th ese moments and makes them liv e for us in color and in mar.ble. Such, th e n, 1s a rt, and such the work of artists. gr e r in br ou ht t r a n ti n. fr m th

n c ss i ty is ll[ n him s If an b ·c · 111

But as to drawing, it has long b ee n re­ whi ch al n w ill gi I ·, · '\ ur ' 1 a n r garded as an accomplishment attain d and th oug ht w hi ch h (; wish ·s pur enjoyed by a favored few only, and this thi s s timulu s h after a great expenditur e of time, mon ey po se. -v ry lin , ·v ·r .... I a: ut of c lor. s eaks, an l 5 1 'ak s and energy. And drawin g as an accom­ unl .· : h ce tain f r h ca nn t lr r ' plishment has been interpreted as th e h 1 · au: h, I l< s ee s, i ma o- s, a nd t 1n <. ; ability to reproduce certain forms pos e ss­ dr a' . f r h b ee n so th at h ing a greater or less degree of artistic t h de finit e purp ose of merit, and demanding on the part of th e sees, im ages , a nd think s. one drawing no higher form of act1v1ty

When drawin is tc u ht in thi s way , n than the mechanical copying from anoth er

d The as an e nd but as a me ns to an en I; as picture the fiD"ures there represen te · . .

b . . o d ately the ong1na1 me dium of e xpr es sion, a nd hen s ub · a 1hty to repro uce accur ordin ate to thou ;::. ht , we s ay it is tau u· ht in study before him was regarded as

b . . d which the as plra- cident a lly. How it m ay be don , a nd wh rl o Ject1ve pomt towar ben e fits aris e f rom it a re th e two qu s ti tions of the student tended, and upon h. b' centered A moments with which we a re chi e fly cone rn l, a nd 1s am 1t10n · how that this is culture of the th e se we shall speak at som e futur e tim th h 11 oug t w1 s . . . ·al character as 1t bnn g s mto fi mo st super c1

. . . lone and leav es dorm a nt

NOTES ON ASIATIC CHOLERA.

I pay 1m1tat10n a 11 h ofobs e rva.twn, comp a nson, Whil e t hi s fata l di sease is, c laimin g it s a t e act1v1t1e s · . d t which must be aroused to by th e thou sa nd s in Em opc and grinniug thr o uctl: d an JU gmen nt in order to put man m th e grim jaws of d eatlt th f 11 t e u es t ex e

I . la e in th e scale of cre a ted ent ran ce into the Me tr opo li at He ll s-g at e fo t· il1 co m bat th e dre ad 1 \ it sw eep o ur la uds :; icn cn lif ted tb .! s of A.m.c rica we s honl 11s prop er p c make a mpl e pr e paration to of th ese fa cts we choos e to look sco urge l es t in its·mad car eer

In s id e th e l ast few ye n.r s u po n dr aw in g as a la ng uage, t. e. as a

THE i\ \ ,. ·i l and n·' t•:\ h ·d tlw ·m· hn it· ·h 1l r:1 i:; 1 hn t·h ri tl di-.P:I-. l '. Th · !!l'rtll t• ll1:-i:<t of t t•omlllll· I I . . . .

• 1 HlC'tt•rw :-11 nllllllll' 111 :<IZt' n:-: tn r •tpu re h pt>\\,•rfu l tnkrn:- t'IIJl' 11 l'nalll• ,,. n t< an lllltlint• ,f it fnr111. Thl':'l' •r111 :' und •r f·1 ,. I I · · , · ,,..n J ,. ·tn·tllll:- nlll.'' hn· :'IHlrt fr llll rh • lnuuan f 1r lllnllllh:l · and pu:::il h· f r y nrs : •.ht·y ll;,nri:-h nnd 111111 iply in lll;llbl•r::; nt:nr 11'1•111 IIIII' huclil':' . ' 1'1 . ll'r · an• lllllllllH'r:lhll· .Jil'l'it•:; t f 1 · ri:\ nil of whid1 nt·t• miuut!' · •II •d plnut,; \ · t•r y hl·<·nrh of nir WI' hrl'!l ht- tun,· •t•ll niu h HtsHllti · uf' I h '. t• '1'111:: l'\' (.'1',\' Ill lllll;fu\ of fot)d \\' • •nt IIIII.V ('tliiiHill ]nr!,!t' lllllllht•l·:: 1 h 'l'l' HI'' llt:lli ,Y di. t·n ·:: whi <·h :;n• t'llll::l•d ly til ' :< ' g•rm· : ttl' ]ll l'l i ·1d:1r prndtH'l':' diplathL• rh 1111 rh •r an otiH·r dlolt•nt. lu large JIIIIIIOl ' l'' of HJW<·il':: nn· p ·rf •t·tly h:tnlllt :-:s . so fn r \\' t..' k 111 '"' at ll' l'::t•nt \ :-;iat ic· · hnlt•l·:t i.· ::nid It be a tilth dis ea ,; t•: n11J w · rhat all lnert> r inl li · •:ts ' :-: nr • tilt h 'l'll"''l ' 'tl · 1 '1 I . " ·. " :I '' Ht'll\ <ll lgl' l' ' "' !It' t ua t ur ' ' 11• )H'<W id l'd fo r rt·nH ,·ing ng • an I ti lt h. 1 :t ·t 1!:1 \' (' n ot r nly th power < f 'lliT\·iu < n 1Itt• pro of th t•i r n wn nu tritic 11 ut tht· y· pr ';n r 1 fo od tor hi ,., •rl 1 •r fo r·rn · t)[ 11 f •·. ti l!'\' t nr tc pi •c ,, in :t ·he mi c- :d ' II ·e, dPad r ga ui · ma t •ria l, u' in o· 11 P l-) 11 ·It 1 nr t · of it a· th ." 11 •ed for their wn 0 ]J lll' pt . , , · , ' •Ill () K•t• tf I' 'l' tl · I L' r t• .· t Ill su I1 fo rm a· to lH. nxni h.bl • f <l I tl ' I I' ' th ey ' • ( t hin o·" tt• ll .' l' n· nt ll 'l' 1\' JII O t l' flr th . WOI'll ) t· d I . ,..., l . -< II au IIH \ t• to p1L' aud turu th • mat c rr nl o t· i 11 1 b' · 1 · rew <'0 111 IIHt t l<m ·to ot 1 •r f r ms ofli fe. '

Tlt e:; c bacte ri n. a 1<• ' 0 11 t'1111111 11 \' ] l 'LuC r nt iJI O' IH) XlO I\ g R. 'tl frOill docay in O' matte r: < f the e era, '. ar •toi:;o non ::l . H e ll <.: if \\ e r id o ur elv s of tho ·c uupl •a 'aut ' t.l or · w • mnst r mo,·c th e d eb !·!·" 't il([ O''l l'b• to·e f't'O · ' . "• a' 'o m o nr pr e nu ses . Th e As ia tw chole ra ge rm tlolll' isho b est i 11 a do rmJO' ed 0 0 syste m. Wh e 11 Olll' di o-o tive ::;yst ms fa il to a ss nnil n.te the f ood we eat, d ecay sots i 11 , an d a ll t-h e. n atnml c ondi tions are pr ese nt 1111 der whi ch t hi s and all otber bac teri al fo rm s tlo nr is h. T hese e bol era . ge rm s en te r tbc in testin al canal of om b o.cli es a 11d mul tiply with such r ap idity tha t wi th in a f ew boms o nr b od ies ma y be ove r whe lnied with poi so uo ns mate ria l "" hich .th ey eliminate as they g t· ow

al one m ay fa il to k ee p t hi s fe ar ful ch se a se fr om o nr · la nd 1-ICliCC, m way of

L C Rl

pr 'I :tnt it 11 f, r nn a ttn k. it i" n t 11 ugh

\\'l' :-:l u ull Hll' r nm ": ur W ' ,;:h u h.l

nur U< di ·:: ·lean anti " t ir tlw ·t i 1 n:-::-:imilatinn nr ' iu ll mud h 'nlth;·

• tho.t

IIIII,\' < b:-: t· n· nil l f rh ,, • pr • •nn i ) Jl , un l " i ll '

uhj ' ·r to :1 l n tae •. l11 a.:;

rht•:-:' gl'l'lll "' :n ' 11 ' tll' a lund w ttl • t• f1 I d !WI' drill. ' X Ct'pt it h b lili11 g p oin t l f w nt

c'/',, • ·, ,,1,/ 0./Ji · ·rs. 'i't'llt' r.·rs c nd l'al c•ns f Itt' al> l ' · . · h •ls •!i Inc ns .nan e w ith 3 j 1 in t res lution f the- n:lt t! :tnd h use f repres nt ti \·e- f the ni t cd Stat 'S nnd with 1 clnmnri n!< i. su by the p i nt the nited " to t · :t nd g ,·ern r of l\"cbr:tska . th is de rtm nt . m mc n ds t all teach rs and patr ns f the ch Is f t h. tat, f Neura-ka that th hi ldren. the pa tr ns and th frie n ds f cdu ·nti n and . m erican patri ti sm be im·i te t j in in a ,: ·hn 1 el bru ti n f the 400th anni ,·e rsa ry f th di c ve nr of Am ri 3 t be held n th e 2 rs t da y of ct ber, 1 _ in m. nner snt f r th in th e c ir ubr iss ued by the ex ec ut i\·e c m mittee :q p in tcd 1 y the d par tm e nt f u perintenda n ce of th n ti nal cd u ati on al a· ia ti n f B ro k ly n, Februa ry Ii . 1 92

This is th e first a ttempt to make the sch Is f th e entire c un tr \' the f local dem n tratio ns all \'er the nited tate . The ev ·nt to be 1s gran d! ): fitted to in s pi re a n oble and an inte lli g<?.nt patnOll m, th e pubhc ch ool, the o ut crrowth f me ri c an ch·i!i za ti on may pr opt:rl \' clai m the ri g ht t d . · 1ea 111 th is jubilee

Wh ile pu blic schools are the pr od uct of the Am e ri ca n Spi n t the and of our de pend la rgely 0 11 th e tra tnt n"' win ch the ,;ch ools of the sta te a 1ve to th . . c • • • • "' c1t1 zen of th e sta te, a nd so It IS pec uli arl y fitted tha t in this festi\ a! t he scho Is sha ll so let the sch odls lead a nd let all the • c p eople fo ll o w.

The boys and g irls rna) be led to fee l th at in thi s eel b . e ra t ion they arc pa rta kers 111 the ope nmg exer ci se of the Co Ju 11 b' E 1 Ian . xpos iti on in progress at the tim e in th e ci ty of Ch icago. · r tru st th at every effo rt w il l be ma de in eve r" com · . • • • J mumt v --t ln everv school d1s tnct 111 th e st ate-- to stir up th e 1 • peop e to a · rea li za ti on of the far r eaching results of the even ts to b e contemplated on th at day, a nd th at the local p ress so re d • a Y at a ll tim es to do 1ts part 1n arousi ng and intensifying e \'e r. b } popular se ntim e nt , m ay e eve ryw h ere e nliste d.

F ull o fll cial pro grams, enclud ing the ode; ; ddre sses t , e c., m ay be h ad by app y mg to Fr ancis Bellamy, B os ton 1 ' '· ' at the foll owmg One to 10 0 cop ies at the ra te of s; 1 "' per r oo, post patd; 1 00 to r, ono cop1es at the rate of 75 cents per 1 00 'd oo d d . ' post pa1 ; I , o an upwar s copies at the r ate of 6o ce nts 'd c; I . . f ' post pa l . an:p e c op1es o th e p rog ram may be h ad of M r. Bell on app hc at10 n; fr ee of charge. Respec tfu ll y. a my A. K. G ou nv Sn pe ri nten de nt Pub li c In sti·u c't Ion .

NATURAL READI G. I.

BY BELLE THOMA •

Teachers are often confronted with he c plaint from parents that their childr n ar u ·h poor readers, their ton es so drawlin g and unn atural that it is painful to li ten t th m in h ir attempts to read aloud. Some g still farth r and are ready to criticise the s -call d n w m thods, at the same time citing th ir wn x as testimony in fav or of th e "g d-o ld -fa bi n d way."

Not long si·nce a th oughtful par nt livin und r the very eaves of Harvard Coll ege a.pp al d t th public through th e columns f the P pular ci n · Monthly concerning the m eth ds f tea bin g r ading in oru· public sch oo l . H say : "C hildren are ta ught to read without spelling, rccogmzmg each word by its appearance, and lea rnin g it as a detached facl. * * * * The present na tural method of t eachi ng reading is indeed an absurd ity. and it is di ffic ult to un derst and the reason and authority upon whi ch such a system h as bee n adop ted. ' If by "natural " reading this gentl eman m an the practice of t eaching chi ldren to r cog niz single words, requiring them ''to learn th e as ? etached fact s," th en we h eartily agree wi th him 111 calling it an ab s urdity, and are r eady t raise a protest agaiq t a practi ce that is not o nl y making poor rea ders for our sch oo l-rooms, bu t is fastening Upon these.learners a clog which will hind er th em always in theii· attempt to get thought fr om a Printed page.

The old A B 0 meth od has b ee n rel egated to the past; but let me ask bow far in advanc e of thi s ''good old method " has that teach er go ne who f?rc es her pupil s to Jearn s ingl e wo rd's in Stngle What bas b een Nature s method In t eaching the littl e child to Long before he could utter a word be talked through g es tur e In complete se ntenc es and tho se about him , soo n to inte rpret word less language .. During tht s tim e hi s organs of speech were and When he uttered his fir st articulate wo rd, 1t al s<? Stood fo r a complete sen tence. His outstretch ed ha nd and the o ne word "b all, " m ea nt " G iv e me the ball ," a fnlly as though he had uttered each ou nd and wo rd.

Th e cntence i the unit of e xpress io n; we canll0t exprc 8 a jud gment, which the s impl est form of thought, w ithout its talnng t hat fo rm .

L CO

T hi i a lw wi h h a lui mn ur •

" r ead da ily wi t l1 !1 r ·l a HH mHI di · the prin c ip al w rd U)JJ oH • by t he c.: Llild does 1 a rn t it • fo nn rm cl f those wor 1 ; f:lt ill , if It • ·a n11 t th es sy mb ols up on mi11d pi ct ur •s th e ntludearning of tlJC w<wd s m ·r ·I. worse than wa. ted .

Thi s unn atu r al r ead in g, a nd t it

t eacher and pupil to b e satis fi ed with l earning, is th e direct on t)'L·owth of wor 1 in the very beginning of th c ltilcl '

H,c is for ced to l ea rn to r ead a::; soo n sc hool, wh e th er re ady for th e gr eat chang Pr o babl y nin e ty per cent of the lit tl e nter sc ho ol at five, or even s ix yea rs not s uffici ent ly matu r ed to l ea rn to r ead. tering sqh oo l m e ans l ea rnin g to read, writ e, spoil Parents and Sch oo l Board s ar e th is po int; a nd teac her s, eve r demands, r eso rt to va ri ous d ev ic es

ln 1 aruiu an w habi n 11} 111 Th pir· in I· r •ad Ia · lm k n .• ,.·d :a f,.,. .. ) k.. :at Jllli a w · t h •, • \ II FW th e drawl iu , ·hill I ·nruins: -. . lk ltinkin •. f n h \' h It>. • nh1111 hian ·n f •r h · h· •u • h . :y • hn au:a• · 1 i kn" \ n•• lain • It • ·y · 11111 Ia • t•rin ,r H ·p<·rnt • pur ol Ia · r ·al t Iaing tla • ·.v· .lwulrl It · h dlild u Ia • wlaa h · 'Ill' dnuc· ht'l' l n Ia dailcln·ll i tnt ·d wor I' hi obj <·<·l. of Jli"I'C' C'J I it oil :H uun: lt urn) : c·c· ••nJHlll l n •fi <'XJ n· sionl fn · · and wors tha ll a ll I' h ilt ''' •ntal "hi i · h b r. tit •tt ghl ful p an·n 1 11 pi IH i 11 t hl' ad v ar · >n stan 1 ·hid •d for tll(·i r I"",,. n·:uli• and in a Lili t. t g t tbuu r!t ft ·o111 tla (·it · lti s l•ll' i · g r ap lti s ur ramJil:trH. , 'o tll u ,f t ltv .·v ll' 1 !t av a co n sc i •nti us, It •lp f ul t n. ·lt <·r wlao ,·:t ittl think s she wjlJ li ft th ·m ov , ,. th< pl: tc ·t ·:i at·:-; 1 ' tltl tit iH 1 n · · ·• lo ok of will · s 1' ll lO t·e w r - te: t ·lti11 · ::; ·!too l Jif r a s h e •nt · m· 11ol · on es th 11 of ag o tt 1 ' B ut '' in exontb lc up n re auy to rn e et th at will , ha t·cl

TH .\\

tlu· dt•:-in·d n•:-u l :- ; tlu•ir pupil:- I nt·n w 11·d: :h r ·ndily 11 tltl'.' lu\\ t It• trm•d uthl•r t I j 'l'l • . Ill I hy tlat• t·tlll of rht• ::-c·h •• I y ar ht•\· '11\ · 1ll nt :-i_!.dtt ull 1h • ''"rd:- in: pr •::- t·ribt•d hntlk , whil\• th '

1 i ng 11f t hnut!lat. hl• ''nd nml uim uf nil n•mlinu i:'l •nt in·I.'· ln:-t nf. w.J 111\ h·t· :-:11 ·h l' mdil iuu:-o t Itt• ·hilt! ·:wnnt r •:td itm•lli!_!\'llth· n•n ' . :-implt•:-1 :- ·ull•nt·l•.

II A T AL

11 Y .\. •• .\ " . n· H• ••

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T lu· IIH'nt:tl dt•n•lnptlll'llt t ·n n I • twdm· ·d only fr om tiH· pl•rft• ·t phy:;i<'al. Thl' 'L'k ::: 1111 lt·r:;tu nd thi:; important r dnt io11 ·h ip \\" L' lind :llll ong- 1ht•tu r •p n•:;l·nt:ll in• 111 n in ., .l' r. · l •pnrtl lll'llt. P into , 1It· 1phl·r: P hid i:t::: thl• :;c·ulptor: 'ic ·t•ro and •s. the n n\fOI" IL•nd tIt world in 1 h •it· I' ' :-<Jll't·tin• Lll'JHirtm •11t' . ln t h<· ir H ·!tool physi <'nl •d u<'lll i{ n wn:; thl' tir ·t r oqu ir ' IIH'Ilt .· illld 1 hi:; wnrk <':!1111 in tht• , ·hool ''a · pa· ·t ic •d throughout rh • Pill in•li fl• 111d th r ough II (' ' l! ·d in g u· 'II ·mtio ll ,' . Tht• l'l' !'<ll lt i' th L',Y llll \ '' giv ' 11 tn t it • w mld i t, id •al of n fo rm. ni n1 that nny 8,\' ' tlll l 1f hy ' icnl trniniug Kht u ld hn. ,· i .· t tnmi::;h th l 1ighl•t>t Hdi ti m · of h L•nlth :md l> •n uty h,\1 •:x r ' w hi h 1 ro llt Ot t h fnn ·tional act iYi ty < f th e ,·ita ! <rgn11 , amlJ r ;:; IT a du balan ·' I t \\ l' •n tit mu · •1 - thn.t n 'r P.:. ' and th • mn' ·I · that: wa't In th, ·fir ·t pin ·e in rd r th nt thi aim may r •aliz d, it lt o nll b a r cqnir 111 an d tt f th · x ·i -•· that th ,·ita l r gn n at th no t·t nal nltitnd in th to r · . t l1 is '' ' do n ot m •an t ha t tb h' t b' throw u and tho sh ou ld r' ba ck f r th lun g b •l ong in si de tho chc t a nd n ot out id , .and th o belong on th of the bod y :mel the back; · bn by a ctiYity of mu scl es about tho wai st and ch es t all th e ,·itnl org an s ar e hold np in tho tors o. It is a• fa ct ntt stc d ·to b) ph ys ic ian s t ha t a case of d ysp eps ia or a c hro ni c di sease of any of the vita l organs has ne ver b een wh en tho 01:gaus were he ld B ut on the other han d every case of disease of the v it al org an s has been atte nd ed by a l ow altit ude of the vital or gans. Some go so fa r as to asse rt th at with pr op er nourishme nt and rai s in g the stomach to its normal alt itude th e of dysp ep sia can be · · cm·ed. Th e

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a ·ri,·it Y f th ,·itnl or gnu .:: nnmb ; r of mn · I

th' Yi tul wo·nu'. f w hi h \\' 11 't th " 11 r o-y mnn nf a tu r d ofth :rital lr g;n ns. E,· ry tim n arm i rai d r a f t li ft cl th mn 1 ' n' d ar nllin · f r bl d; bu th · do not mak it tll must d p ud up u th I r 0 an f r th ir nppl '. tr · ngth f mu l do 11 t in nr 11 al th Tb h alth ma · b n::; ta uti" o·oin c.r down w hil in - tr " u th if the "aste is gr at r than th . -.;·ital ro·ans ar apnbl of uppl in o· Tb ce ntr es b st r ong if h ·alth be d.

Th pnem:n og as t ri c ner ve co ntro ls all actiYiti es \\:h i lt th o bl ood . It is b) ·:means . of t hi s ner ve that th e gast ri c juice is s •cr ted, it is by the m ean s of it that man breath 'S. SeYer the br anch of t his nen e th at leads to the hea rt a nd the he art ceases to beat Th e pne um ogastri c ner ves furnish the blood with no urishm ent. The sympathetic nerve co ntrol s the a ss imilation of th is nourishment. By exe rcise of the muscl es overlying the vi tal organs th ese ner ves are sti mulated and stre ng thened The r es ult is bl oo d ·with no uri shment in -it and th e power to appro priate it. On th e one hand are th e pn e um oga stri c anci sympath etic ner ve s, on the other are the spinal co rd and nerves. Fro m the spinal co rd comes the power to mQve

arm, to move the leg. I s wing my arm vi orously. I hang on a pole I lift a b av weight. The power cornea from the pinal c rd and nerves and in proportion to th e acti n i , blood required to supply the waste ti ssu e. If n ·h movements are in excess of the power t ap ply blood the result is injurious. There mu st b a balance between the activities of th e pn umogastric and sympathetic nerv es and th spinal cord and nerve s. Again, I ay w must strengthen .th e cente rs and fr e t h surfaces.

:From first to last, then every, exe rci se ho nld bear a certain definite relati on to th e vital rga ns. Good health is the result. Th ere can be no be au t witheut health.

RAMBLING THOUGHTS ABO UT FLITT BIRDS.

BY A. B. V AN VL EET.

''Nor these alone wh o!.!! notes Nice-fingered art must emulate in vain, Hut cawing rooks, and kites that s wim s ublime In still repeated circles, screaming loud, The jay, the pie, and even the boding owl, That hails the rising moon, have charm s for me. " Autumn is here. The weather s till but there is a coolness in the night air that is a kin,d of premonition of what th e bre ezes will be in the near future. The corn and fruit. are ripening and already the leaves of the trees show signs of th e fate so soon in store for them. But none of these signs are neccessary to tell us that winter is approaching., A few evenings ago, as I sat ne ar the window at work I beard a sound, at first faint, ' ·hut gradually increasing in strength, until it came distinctly-whip-poor-will, whip-poor-will, whippoor-will. For several days I had been listening for it. But what a change from his song of th e early spring! How long drawn out and melancholly! Already the iciness of the approaching winter has chilled his spirit of song, and · instead of the vociferous greeting of the spring, we hear but its echo - the farewell to hi s summer home.

For several years I have listened for his song of greeting and his song of farewell, and it is truly wonderful bow punctually he obeys the Paternal ins tincts that prOIJ?- pt him to seek his north ern home and those that prompt him, at the '

irt s 'Uii u b av n t 1 hi s S(J Jl , in th

ucv r b il e. Wha a tr an" b ir d h . is! I uf H dai b can uot un nttoo d. Th ·1· • IH • nJHt•thi we ir d in bi tha br •nk ortla in llw th in g t wili gh fill th • lt •u· H of lu · ... "P . tion · with f lin r of aw an I f 1r hod i , f · p ndin r v i)· bot Wh ' 11 <Ht\:iHit JtiJu in hn11 and s ec as we ll as h f\ r him Hill " th · H m d 1i h s und ed o un a nn ' in th diatn H<;: b • ·<•J •H· f r ap tar us 1 v f r th · u ::; k · mo tt l • I tn 1t wh m he s in gs, or f r t iJ sw · h ' llrt wh o . 1 he is try in g to win. 13 s id •s hi s usunl S< n g, 1ll the " c li ck" with whi ·I• it i. so oft •u b · ri 11 • I La s a lo ve n ote whi c l1 I latve 11' v •r 1:! ·n 1n nti ed by any write r. It is dili1c ult to des ·ril • th e syllables ko o -ah, koo -ah, utt r u r nt lt r sl w at fir st with graduall y iu cre as iu rn pi li t., gi\' l som e noti on of th e so nud. I c all it a Jo 11 t I have ne ver he a rd it ex · ·p t d ttrill g tl matmg se ason.

It is only by the ex e rci se of O' J' Cnt 1 ntic 11 c 1111 the of much sleep that th o habit s of t h e wllil poor-will are asc e rtained. If yon rc all.Y wi sh t become acquainted with him, s el e ct ·o JJI grove wh e re his song is often heard. About 8 uJ 1 se t, hide in some thick e t. As the twilight d e }' ens and the shadows lengthen, the e v e ning soJl!-a.re heard .a s .they po ur forth th e ir very m song; the chtrpmg of the sparrows is heard every side; the low, plaintive wail of the ser e owl is heard, as he pours forth to his lnrge-ey o c in • mate, the ecstasy(? ) of his lov e ; the mournful 11 ot of the do ve ar e heard in the di s tance, and the / intlul 011 g nu c tak th of accnsionally HJ· on . ( ECHOES th introdus Of itnportant

Rl R.

l • H L

pli it in· ·hi ·knd,. u, •:-> 11 1 f il c ,· j it ,Y 11 u l f t \ il tim

to til· ·it! • • •n frl 111 wh nn• ir · 1111 •. rh •r • ri ll •"'

1111£ with li rincrn • whi - t r-w ill. whit - pt or·-will. Th 11 tlH• r 1 111

Ill ·ur. I II rh • i/ntll 1111. h

nu. ·w ·•·· t'tHlll' f n lll .,. •r . 1i r i 11 - ·o m ' n 11r

tl111t th · guttt•rul " ku " r.lwr pr 'L'd .,. n- 11 t i:-; di tin •tl y It •nr 1. w hil<' 1thL•r ' un I lik li ·t nn t

•t ho • . Th ·on· rt nr 111 • llr lu1, bt•g Hll and . h Ht ld it be in th ' mid r f th' 11 ti n u nt il th I ir d nf dn r fH'' w 1k n d b,· tb

<1 f dnwn tht 11 ight r •rl'll •r · nwk ' .tb w \ dlnn l ' wi th tl ll•i r •nr n in1l

L s hull nl way r m 'l ll OL' r n t' m irw I .' JJ •nt in ;, rn ,·i n •. I ·t od in the 'h aJo w' nn I wut ·h tl th p bir tl · 11 • they ti i t('tl b tw •n 111

Hn cl 1"11 • lll oo n. ·a t hiu rr th .in t' ·t np 11 whi h th ·.· f ' tl. lt· -.· eu tly tw )f th bi rJ al ig ht d

Oil It ·uutll II H nnd nbn ut ·ix f t fr m and th ind •s ribn bl • rutte rnl n · rn p nni d with wi ld fa uta ti · tli tr ht n nd ba lun ·in rr iu whi h n f tb ' Ill intlul g •d I bu,· ll C' \'O t' · • n r p at d. Th ot h r

011 0 sat. llliii O' )y lllllli O \' d. vVhnt tf t all th g ntt ral s an d fli tt i1w mi O' ht llin- pr du · d I am nu a bl e to pr c di t, fo r in .' hiftinrr m. , po itiou I c au sed th e bi1·d s to t ak fligh t.

As I Wl'it c lfu·rr e fl o ks of bin k bird s nr in ight. As I pn ss thr o uO"lt the w oo ds th e bird s tak e tlight in fl oc ks iu st: ad of iu pairs , and all of th e ir uotes and ac ti ons give tokeu of th e :fli t ting of our summ er birds. Th e uew no te s whi ch '' e accnsionally he ar te ll us that our tmusi eut Yisitors HJ· e app e aring and o m· wint er gu es ts ar e do ubtl es s on th e ir way.

. Of som e of th ese we hop e to sp e ak through THE ( 'ouRnnt at som e futur e tim e.

ECHOES FROM THE MUSIC DEPARTMENT.

It is with pl e asur e we te nder our little mite to th e Nebraska. State N ormul School Journal as it introdus es itself to those int e rested in the problem Of educatiOI;, realizing that music plays a very itnportant pat·t as the tide of civilization Th e add ag e that ''The safe ty of a building is

it f un nti n" i lm t t if ,Y O II w ill ' HI t tb bA ld t nt in th th' hnr d. dr;

uni nt •d with th w hi h

11 ' m pli imp ll' ti n Th f r i" " r m ath runt hi ·· nd av r mn h i' ruakiu th m fii i ut in b tn in d. in th n in th nt nr: ru dim nt ' f

mn ·i· n' k.

l'h r tll t kl ' f r dr ill in l. ar h r br ou O' ht in onta wi th pr b 't au thors of Eur p and Am ri a. an d th , anal •ti tu d · of th ir o mp iti ns i fr 1. ' indulO' d in until th th ugh ts of th arti pr d nc rs b come th e ir th o twht s !lJld th ir h b at in mp a th y with th e"e 0'1' at m :n t hro ucrh th grand revela ti o ns hand ed d 'wn fr om th e ir s ublim e mind s.

Thi · las is now we ll org a niz ed with a lar\1'er I:) me mb ers hip than it has had for some ' j e ars and promis es to do excell e nt work.

Th ere is also a clas s of stud e nt s wh o de c ide that th eir su cce ss in music finds expr e ssion in th e ir fing e rs ends. The do or to the department' of instrum e ntal music is always op e n, and students can a.t a nominal expense fit themselves to make jo yful the ho me or concert hall.

Harmon y and musical c omposition are also tau g ht in connection with the instrumental departm e nt, and _preparation for the conservatory of music can be made right here, saving at least one year of stud y abroad.

Now we hav e introduc ed ourselves, we trust, to you:· favor and shall be glad to speak to you agam through the school journal, on some · of the phases of this subject, which rank high in the development of mind over music matter.

Hai·monically Y oui· s, . E. M. L n•J >IT t' .

THE NORMAL COURIER ..

BUSINESS

DEPARTME

ADVERTISING RATES

Per inch, single column, in gle in rti

Special rates furni bed on app l icati managers.

T.

JAS. E. DELZELL, f Bu in e J AS. H. HA.,YE , M, na r .

STftTf, NORMftL SGHOOL. Faeulty.

GEO. L. FAR HAM A M p ' · · ., fU N

f Teac her o Psychol ogy , EUti cs Lo,.; c and tl · · h • ,. • • tc . cacn cc and t he Art of T c.-'lC mg. ,. '

E LIZ A c. MORG AN , PR P..C I'I'R l'.SS,

Teach er of Latcra tur c, Rh etori c, Gene ral Hi sto ry a nd PhysioloJO'

H. B. D 'NCA • o :-;.

T eacher of Bota uy, Gco iDg"y an d z oo logy.

A. H. VAN VLEET,

T eacher of Chemis try, Ph ysics an d tron om y.

G, W. E LLI , B. A., Tcacht>r of an'd L:r t in.

MlS BE LLE TllO 1AS , T eacher of chool Economy,, McUtods, and up c rintc nd cnt of MI l\1 . E LLIS , .J'·

Asststa nt tn T ra ining Ki nde rga rten D epartment. ') :

)!J FLOREN CE M. W IHGHT, · T eacher of Oral and Wri tte n Arithm e ti c. I.

MlS JENNIE McbA ' E

T e: tch er of United t; t 1,. ' • 'l cs ,, sto ry a nd G eograph y.

"MIS. ::\1ARTHA WINNIE , Teacher of a nd Grammar -: • ....

MISS ANNA K. TRO CK

T eacher of Rcadm g Draw c· · ' · J · • ' avtl Governm e nt and Bo uk ·K I!c kan g.

llf.U J!:VELYN BfRSS tP ' • ars re paratory.

• t ' 1"· E. Lll'PlTT T each r of ,. 1 d ' an In strumental Music.

MlS fENNm H OYT

Li brarian and I ' ·

]011'!\i BLANKEN HIP Ja nito r, ,

Boarrd of Edueat·

ton.

HON· A. K. GOUDY . S , h ON J. E. HILL · · upt. ln st., e .t ·offi c w, L u1 co ln

]JoN: B. :E B. KENXEDY ·.· .- .·.· ..State fr casur cr, e.t ·o.fficio, Lin co ln.

Jl ON· c. w. KALEY :· ·· :· Omaha; term exp.arcs 1882

T. PENCER :: ·· term e xp•_res 1893 CHURCH HOWE. D.tkota C tty

I r tl IH iJtlt-lltl ''

t•h hr ma ,. <>D • 1 '

k · l1 • ·lam•l·r '""' \ill li"

but th •ir v r '" 0 d r l,a I. T h. rn jv • imt ln ut · 1 iu It · l'"l'jJ.. 'r,m a, b. th · n ·h ·r, 1, 11 , •Jirl ' lw •I we rk •nds hu rr ow an d b •c·ollt • 1 pl "'' r 1 tq il. . •

Jl W' i 111 por· llll I IH h '11 I J.n •\' •J'.\ houll b. a u •nr 1 •rf · ·t n. i i 1"' jJ,I · t b . Il • i th · 1 upi l t11 otl ·1. unrl Itt·.' . in viii pr du· · o a gr •1 • t •nt . wa tb ·!t ara · , ,. f t It •ir l ·:w h,1t·

T it iu flu n · ' h i<:lt n t ·:u·lu·a· la:t"' 111 nat tH ·n lt; a nd all <'ll' ia· Hllll ·111. " ill n m r 1f t It an · · ·t;H 1r f n i lur ·, w Ia it t ·•· b than an l1in ' •I H •

L a t a ·h t' wh iH l ttl( '( ll\ 1 h 111 It t ll :l n n wh ·a nn ·on r ,1 t ·111} t•r, . p · tk i tt

v l , aJ d hna n' hi r lt ·r m ol i\' ·i n vi ·w h . ar I' ·i ta ti on aud 'UI'II 1\ l it t I . )li (I JI ' ."

sc h . Jr o m. Wlta kind c f u H ltu(JI w il l l u• h

It will U ju h is. Tl1 ! pup ii H wi ll I · \ 1 ·ter u·, ar 1 · and eli <1b<: li ·ut a tt I at · ' anxi ons to for th ·ir t at:ll <'t' d h lp th em.

' an 0ther t a ·h r ut ' I' t lt H ·l10 ol ro o tn , wh ·

aim is t impart kn ow) •d -r :, b uild up and aid hi s fe ll w-lJcin g s. Hi s tr ·ad 11 p ) JI f) or is li gh t, lli s vo ice js 1 w m I. b nutk • commands, but all requ ts. Th · who! , phere ·is filled with plea s ant n ss

Perhaps the ch il dr en arc iir st actions, and may tr eat ]Jim . with d i T OS J uct. the teache r docs not change l1i s wa y· , lw same from clay to day. ·. Tho c hil<.h •n b change, they l ove th e ir tea cher and at th • clo ' the term, there is pe rfect obedicnc e,. alld lt ar nJ0 1 prevails. : . ' · · · ·

So it would be well to r emembe i· tlwt snc<.\1 1 in teach ing r1epepds great ly upon tho the teac her, for i,ntl n encc is tho

T

E .\ t'll om• dt•:-in· :-< n pit • • in .'' ltis w • 111 ·t il l 11o 111 •r •h· lu 1 1 ·i ty w hn tim

nu t! r ic ·h ·:- ur •. unforlt lllt •1 .'·. d .,.n •d ml · t

n fh· u '' 1111111, 'I ll ·11 •• • 1 1t )l • th •r nt l •

i 11 1111 11 1\" c· u. • , :-< •1 "-t• tll tur 1 ut h ir . . ' )11' 11/-{n' .• i. ll ll \\' car!lt ,'" hl' 11 Ill 'l' h · n• t1 M lf-t· u lt ur • is fc uml Ill Hh· \11 ('i li lT j 1\ '' ini n., • l11 · ti ) Jl und xp ri cu · , 1111d in bv •o tu i nu· IJ • t r lid 11 1 h: r m •n nnd :--\\' (1111( ' 11

I o y HI \, k lt nw tlti-: llllY I • I 11 •? \\- hnv

· d wol. 111d 'HC'h •r.· 1 11 it i:; n l' )ssi bl • f r ni l of 11 t 1 lttt•nu ch 1o l I n•.,. l n 11 h t · m­

1 I ·t • o ur lu('nti l) n. \r • Jy nr ._ n )t thm

I 'l rning wit 'II w • •. ;I I h )\\' f w, t m­

p ll'Ht i\' •I.·, h 1\' th • lHh· lllt t •"CS l f t it' >I I , t"o .,. r

L' \' t.•n I h ' h ig- h -· ·h lol. m· ·h nol -dn n: mlnll t

Ho< nt; nn d w dr •a I to b ur Iif' w rk in whi ·It 1l l11' •du ·ati l ll i · prn ti ·n l, n 11 d is I Hl'II Cd

>ft e 11 y hard X] <' ri c Ill' .

1' 11 n w b th • work )f •If •tlu •ati n r

•If · ul t lll' e. \\ hn v0 tt I ·-b t k -m1d f r a

O ll of li S t!J tH k f ir •t f <' h O

· m· se. ·ann t nch m

b1 wn ab nt ' r , u j 't £ ,· rY m hn lim itati on . \•V kn ow titnt nny li q uid wit n I ft fr to n1 v will moy in t it li r ti ou f t it "' I a t I' ln t hi w nnt nr ' p lan. 1\ b . Ill' miud f Il ow a.l ik ur \V make r apid pr grc -· d ' · 1 fi d s · m o ne tn ) Wtn 1 w" n easy and nttr•:t t' A '- · ' ' n . n otu r tn d) mn • b ddnc nl t and uninvitinO' H · . · ere IS menta1 re 1 tan

Then the right a11d natural co ur e i to ''move m the dire ct ion of the 1 ast r sistn,n ce

Our ed ucat ion to be co mpl ete must con tain some knowledge of eve r yt hin g, fo r we must h ave bro ad views. But we h ave n ot t im e lif e is too sho rt to l ea rn that which is distasteful to ns. W e had better know that which we e nj oy, and k eep o ur ''u · 1" f · E mv er sa acts m o ur n cye l ope dia. n ea r by. W e n ee d not have teachers to b ecome cultured. 'N e have our s ubj ec t; we ha ve b oo k s, and we ha ve the will. We ha ve then o nl y to st udy, think and ob se r ve: The cultur e thi s brin O'S to us will be an 0 "open sesame," to th e soc iety of the best men and women. This we can have only by b eing worthy.

IE

L TE

Th "' rm t h. with a r nr li m n tt hau u w

UUl • f\ s ry.

Th " ni l' Ia thi nnd fl n w r itati n r a, · mm dat th n 1.

' h' l h il mn th 11 11 and EY r tt tu th in r st f th la f in th I' tll . nrriyaJ f

Ill t in th Dl rniu cr I r f. n a l'Dl rl y. in 't ad rmnl n \V rrrani z d int a Th bat tlli U.• f . T f th la s ba b ll

Mr. Yi itinO' at th N wmal.

TheY. M. and Y. W. . A. f th haY arrau()' d to h ld th ir ann ual r ec pti n in th N r mn l buildi1w on atnrda ' e' eninO' the u± .

Mi u an B. Authou will d li ver a l ect ur e n in the ch ap 1 on Monday even in g the 24th.

El ctric li ght plant is un derrroinO' some Th b b nece sn ry changes

CHANGES IN THE FACULTY.

For three yea rs past th e rank s of our facult y have r ema in ed unbrok en, but during the summer vacation .seve ral c hange s hav e occ urred

Prof. W. E. Taylo r, whoforthepastfiveyears, ha s had c harg e of the d ep artment of Biology and Geology, has r es ign ed his p os iton to ente r the Chicago ni ve rsity. His purpose is to furth er hi s r esea rch es in Science work.

Mrs. Taylor accompanies her husband and · will ente r Halmeman Medical college as a student.

Th ei r fri ends will find them at 552 55th, ' St. Chicago. 1

Prof: H. B. Du nca n ,th e vacancy ca u ed by n wb wa f. Tayl r r mal ch I in p rin ipal f th tat tb· xna rd 'uga r fa · 01' •• there f t !J r ·civ P t· g raduated fr om th e erv in g one -ye at· a Hampto n, he en te r d th at in g with the cla f 0 he se r ve d a ch nu· t t Gra nd I land , and wa 10• the Indu t rial D p t Hi s No rm al traini ng toge:b er wi th his thor ugh ·i ntifi c trai nin the tate ni vc r itJ' a. ur II ·n wo rk m ht s depar tm ent

Mi. H ubba rd ha t h av a ar f r ·t a nd tud y. 'he cxp ct t pend thi tim · m New York City .

For eig ht ) Ca t pa t Mi Hubba1·d had b ad m charge the depa r tment of bi.' t r) n11 d , o rap hy. All who are so fo r tunate a to bav IJ n pup il s in thi s depar tment will long hold Mi Hubbard in plea an t rememb r ance b th a t eacher and fri end.

.The above me ntion ed va cancy i.l n w fi ll d b MI s Jennie McLain , of :B o rt 'ollin , Iorad afte r g radua t in g at th e Col orad State Ag ri cul tural Coll ege. Mi · McLa in taught in the P ubli c Sch oo ls of F t. Co llin s. This p ositi on she r sign·ect · rn order to go ab wad fo t· tr avel and stu dy She pent month in Germany and Sw itze rl an d, eq ual leng th of time in Fr ance, and some tim England. Durin g th is time she b ecame pro fiCie nt in th e Ge rman and French lan guages and on her r etum to Denver was teac her in th e D enve r public schools which p os ition she resigned to take the one she n ow occupi es Her fo rmer t raining supplement ed by thi s r ecent travel and expe rien ce prepares her to do e ffi cient Wo rk in her dep ar tme nt.

Miss Je nni e R. Faddi s wh o for the past fo ur year b as bee n one of the critic teac hers in the Practice Department of th e Nebraska State No rmal School resigned her p os ition last J nn e and Will make herse lf st ill more by taking a course of tudy at Ob erlin Ol1io.

. T he Vaeancy occasiened by Miss Faddis r es Ignation is fill ed by Miss Mattie E lli s of Aust in Miun "

li . E lli

h r uru ·rl fJ

t ·a hin ffJ r h · In fh

h r nth u. inJil nnrl all h • prurnr, i 111 "ran ·1l " h . ( ....

x ·cpt ha o a p ri tH'iJ nl hip. l ha h t'll n ('OII\'it·tiou , .; h

s 11 1 irn · hat u tlnf (· in n • · or111:al • ·I

a tf rd em t n npJ r urai y for nn•l in th ' 1 1· J ff' ion h 1t uo pul, fi•· !o<r·lt•· l ·aw 1 (I ttibl.'· .;,. ·.

1\ ' 'X •tul to onr n ·w tf • wlwr n It ·ut· .' ,.,.1 '

nd ·an UH m· • h .111 hnt tlw.' will litul i • ,. pl.t i 1•.

vlt• r h ' uu }, p Cl' tit ·ia· J.i:.:la

th an in tit · ka , ·tn · ·unnnl S r·ls•" .t .

'IIJ E

OnJ anua l'y 1: . J, !Jl n Kf w idy kw•wn lJr a ka A ·a I m, 1f , • ·i •n(· ':i wn i/. •t l.

'I b fir t tJ 1 in , w JH h ·ld in IH· ." II

at L in · l11 a ' hi <·h t i 111 · li fl y - w 1

s ns w r d ·J ar · ·ha rt r 111 ,f tl ti .· l\ • ati o. ' in · t ll iH tiuw Ia • 111 ·111h ·r lti 1 · cr a d aud th w ork w lti ·h b · • tt 1\(· ·o m pli ,

d b th in th fi. ld H.l tcl I · ·t ur ·-ro 1111 i .· ' · t·y • · 01 ag in t th c in r •s d i11 natu ntl .· ·i • Jl •

The fi eld rn ting ft r' w II n.tt •ttd ·d 1n I i nte rc t manif st d Ly u lil Jll b •1·:-; in att ·tt 11111

T he ob j ct of t lti s a •i n.t i n nr · t it and diffu siop f kn owl •d ' r latin g t <, scien ces in the ir wid es t xt nt.

T he foll o win g . person · co nstitut • th ' th e pr ese nt t ime

P r es .-Cha rl es E. Bes:::; ey

Vi ce Pr esi dent- Goodwi11 D. "we ;,

Sec retary & ( A. H. Van Vleet .. · Tr eas ur er l

Cus t'o di an-.L aw re nc e Brun ee .. ........

Dire ctors { E. T. Ha rtl ey .. .. .. .. ..... T .i nco lr H. B. ...... . ... .. ..

Th e publi cati ons of thi s socie ty m ay b

by a pply in g the Sc crota t· y. The ne xt

of th e so ciety w ill be at L i nc oln d nri!1g

d ays .

s peak s w 11 f0 r the pr gr w lti ·h <. hnt ::;k :t h mauo in the pr oc nti n of ·i ntifi. · 1· ' H" nr c l1. 'II l i nc It y Or I ..... . .. l>e r .... in lf I.. iu ·ol1 o btttj Jl i ) m e ti• 1• t h o }Jolt

1 11 E Y ol .·t, W< J. \ .".' 'I JI I'1L\ .· ..-\ '.'0 1. \ TJ

II\ I \IH:JI. 1-· .\ ltll•llt.! tin• lllllll_'" iuu:: whidt h:tn• :-pr111t;.: iu " 11<'1 i' it .' iu I"' r • · •nl n•nr:: i:: tl t:tt kitH\\ II :t:- rill' ) Pllll:r \\' n111:111 ·:- 'lt ri;lillll .\ :-::-: ot' i:t 1ittll.

T l"' '' nrk hu . 1111 urn II.' :t :-lllllt'd 1 wn dil f l'l' lll phn:- :-- : IIH' work f II' t ht• \ 111111 •r Wllllll' ll of t: i jp ,.; whi1·h indudt•:- tlu• illdii:-IJ:i:tl t•dlll' llt it nn l I' u ·tuh• JJ ts , :11 111 rh • rk nf thl' a:::: <: i:nitm w ltidt u:-:t•:: ::i111ply tltt• dilfv n :ut f t •f i1111 \\"fll" k .

Tn o fn•tJ IH' Il ly _Y tlllll !! Inti it•:: w htl h• :l\· • hnm 1 att •nd •I. fir : t m·;.dt•d llwir tH.·t·ust onH' I

duti •s h l'(' Hil :-< t• pf rh • un fnmil inr ::utTOI1 11 1

T IHy tf,, !t ot wi:-: h £\1 tn h • aeri'"l' p :tr l in • a l,l :ti It :-: n11d prayl'r llll' •t ing wh 'l"l ' ' " 'n· ta('t • will ht• . t rangt• I.nl •r wh •11 th •y 1 •. 111. • at·qu aintt• cl , t il ' sc hoo l dmil' " :w 'Ill :-< o tt dl'Jt l;llt I uud i,·i I ·d :111 ' llt i, 11 nnd 'lll'l'gi ' :-< . Thl•

t· ' !'Hi lt iH <L gr :\ lu nll y in ('!' '• t:-<iH g in iH:t i,· ir r nl 11 o· t it ' li11 I'<' I ip; io us w rk ' n l •rn •nth tit t l II ' I · ll tl ll ' I ll ad \\" rt tl \\" l'B ar , f.o ttnd : t·l•' i. ,n•ll w an d in tpe rf •c t, nnJ

• tL· in to th • e·:u-t- h tt) '.J rino· f tth ag nut Jl ·w It t•. , > t hn t 1 nrt f m· llfltui·

\\ l ti cl t li · tlllcl •rn <•·t tl tl I

• ., ' 1 • 1 •n,·y ·ton • of inn·: tn ty 1n u ·t < f 11 c •. ·'t . . · , . l I • I' lll:llll llll d .,. ''OI c I. 1 h n ' •J of '111 . · · • 'II < 01cr an tzn tH n wl11 h ' ll urn ; ff ort o 11 tit, pl t f t I' 0 '0 11 11 o· WO lll ll l' >bvi o tJ ::i Til ai - f ·] · · · nt t 1' a· · tH. tiO u. 1 ·, th m to

lo 11 n. ke t lt e tnd H t ::; a q un in tc cl " itl1 u au th •r <' f urn ish t·hem with r ,11 • 0 •1 • 11 I l . 1. • ::; 'i\ I' \: \\ ll Cu I t; .n li_nrl y the it· own, nucl to su p].>l mont, not anL•roi uz c, a ll o th er re li o- io ti S , vo 1 Tl I' C 1C Cl' VICeS 'f the Y o nn g· \"¥ oman 's C hri st ian Ass oc iat ion can ry no me am; Utk c the p la ce of the Sa bbath sch oo l, ....ho ch lll' ch so rYi,co , or the pra ye r m cot iuo·. Ind ed '11 0 of t.he c hi ef in di cations th at th e a s:ocia tion is Ccomp l ishiu g one par t of its aim is £o un d in th e that i ts me mbe rs are the b est wo r ke rs in all of c hr is ti an se rvi ce .

<1o

) · .c <

Th e Yo un g W oman s C hri stian As soc in.tion of .Ne br aska State. No rm al sch ool has fo r its .b joct th e sp iri tu aL advanc em e nt of the yourJ.O' o:m en of t]u ,,t in st itution and th e uni on of th e ir 1) .; "ltian e ff oJ'ts . b .

It h .• :-; ir' ::; thn 11) w mfln ;;: hu ll I k :1 m rht• y •:lr:-: rn 't me md ":1.'· f h r h 1- hy" in !I tt• S mu:ll. ..T iu "' w er e th i nys in whi b I :-rrnJ n all y. i I" •n:-; il ly

netir :4t•rd e f r my _ :l ·t 'r. · ·

• 11 n rt1111i ty ai,· 'n me in : II IH Y sr: .'· rh' . ·unua l, f tw lit rin•r th' rY i l' f hri s t. · · · '· "

111 m l ,..: ht uld l in ::: ht rt. hdt r \Y ( 111 n. ·:dl

t l' :-i( \ ll llilllp t)J't:lllt ::: tt ' ·\\ hilt"< ,,. r, w hich

[ t:: nim i$ th:lt Y ' 1',\' II > Wh ll t it 't with it ' ar t li i.' W rr er st ntl 11 s t m x l uI i f t'L rn that 1' f r · •th 1 It'

gln r.v d .·· au I h 1 e fr )l\l r h f h

\s"<W in tit u w rk.

l t :: m ti ng

Ill •t i u ,... ur Le·:t d r w ' kly i bl udy m tim a an n y r f ai l

in '' hi " w nl is "r t rn; ' · 1\ t .r mio- bt no r

b, . l \Y ' I' nt by my '] iri t, nith th f

H t' ,H RI. ' 'I I

T ll E N

• hri -t nu th o ri z d hi · f ll w to pr a h th 'o JWI t h pl a d in th ir ke "pi ng th l n n, \· ll th at to be hi ld ll de p in ur bnnuw u at nr to re main nnti l it in tl nenc ho nl d p rm at the whole. He le ft th m to ::; ow th goo d s d of the Kin o·do m, whi h sho uld p ri 1w n1 aud bri ng for th f rni t unt o lif e t rn al. Th e,· w r to be the salt of the eart h. Th e) we re . to 1 t th -ir light s hin e b efo re me n.

As mni•y and as va ri ed as the m etaph o rs us ed by hri st m·c the fo r ms and m etho ds of Ch r isti an wo r k. A sile nt i nflu en ce is l ik e l eave n. A quiet wo rd , sp oken in se as on, is a seed tha t will be ' so me d a.), a test of the so il that r ece i ves it. A gentle adm o ni tion w ill ofte n s tim ul ate the no bl est l)u rp os es of a fa lte rin g so ul while th e words the ' ,. ac ts , th e lif e of every t ru e b eliever will be a light th at c ann ot be ob sc ur ed. . all the fi el ds of u sefulness op en to di sciple of C hri s t, th e Yo u ng Men 's C hristi the a nd the an Associa ti on find s em pl oyment fo r th e talen ts ene rgies of its me mber s. A s a f ac tor of

church, this organization is proving m t ffi ·i n in reaching many who otherwi e w uld n v r b brought under religious influ ence .

- The work of the association in the rmal ha begun well, owing partly to he teady d t rrni nation of its memb ers and in great m a tlr t th compact organization effected at the annual 1 ·ti o last spring. The officers of th e as ciati n n , constitute the executive committee. Ea<:b m •m ber of the executive committee is the cbainnan f a separate committee, whose duty it i t att n to some special department of the w rk. ll tb committees are composed of men who hav their devotion; consequently no in t r t association is permitted to suffer tbr ugh n gl ·t.

We owe much to our principal f r hi wi counsel and for his active sympat hy and a itance. Other members, als of the faculty hav e shown us many favors for which we are thankful.

As a means of increasing the e ff ectivene f the association work, one of our memb r was sent last summer, as a del egate to the We t rn College Conference at Lake Geneva, Wise ns in. This gathering afforded a rare opportunity f r studying the methods of christian work employecl in a hundred different college fields in the nitcd States and Canada. •

The Young Men's and Young Women's Associations unite this year with the faculty in holding the usual joint reception. September 24 ha s been selected as the time and preparations are being made to render the occasion pleasant and profitable.

Altogether, the year's work opens favorably. We hope to improve our opportunities, and, under our Divine Leader, accomplish some good that shall endure.

THE PRILOMATHEAN SOCIETY.

For a number of years there has been connected with the. Nebraska State Normal School a useful, interesting and highly commendable organization, known as the Philomathean Society. The name of this society teaches something of its character. Philomathean! Let us analyze the word and see what it means. We find that it is derived from two Greek words that signify "love of learning," an d we think it an appropriate name, for it was

i11 It

a or

ne will

tit.,.

y. v • r11 • f r many b n fit f:l will b ] •ri v

Lite rary ad vau •m 11 t u nd practice ar e th e principal society wa. rganiz ed . It i g Sti'tuti'on, a set f by -l a"vu, 'lll 1 ' B.< b ·rt • "' • Ol·der." Th1's pat•lt'"mCJituJ''Y li"J't of tit \\' r r ._.. ' inter est ing and instructiv e, and by parti it :'l in it, a StUdCllt may l'eC e iVC JTill h b 11 fi th tlf · d · b } ·1 · could l1ave gatne Ill n t or WLLY \V ll 1 n He will receive good discipline and 1 •urn to enable him to take an active part iJ l Ul b • b of deliberative assem lie s. Tho oys en j work especially.

By joining the Philomatbean Society an d1 f the work care ully, a student will gain skill jll bate and thus develop his oratoricn.l powers. great political and scientific questions of thO are discussed freely and fr eq uently' and iu o\ to talk intelligently on these occasions the stll is led to extensive and careful reading. ''It I him in the habit of canvassing a subject, of r · · · 1 f · · · 't mg It reflective y, o Investigating I .- syst em ntl 1 ' · th '1 f t 1 ' 1 -1 of extracting e essentl ac s, presen and

tJH•lll ill :111 t· f 'l'li\'(' 1i1: 1111\'1' l :\11: uJit•llt'l' T lw tlr:1111:\ it· ,idt• n · IJi, IHI ur • i: lt1 \'l•lnpl' I fn•lll iuu· " tiull· 1., It I I pnn ,,. till 11·-. Ita .In· l'alh tl fnr \\ ltt•Jil•\'t•r hl' lill• ran· <'flllllni ,,.,. ,.,.,., fi. Th · IH' it· 11atur • i:; pltn:'vd J,, lw \ and i 1 I'IIIIH'Il :II lllll"it• I lt11t i:' lll'artl :tt ,., t·n tnvt• i 1!! and loy ln.• ht•nu iful l:tl.!t·:tll\ that :u t· ::i't·ll nnl.' ''l't':l it•ll:llly. n·<'i at ina..; in <·n• Jl:lrr:u j, t' and t'amilin r 1'"''111'- :u·p gi' t'll :t:: dt•d:uu:ltinll" In- thl• lll\ 1 lllh •r :: :IIIII !'nil. t i lilt• :\ 1 t·:o-n·lh 111 a.nd in intr fva 111n· nf lw litt·rary prtl!!l':llll. E::::ay" and ho 1k

I'<'\ it·w..; :1r • :d"n and tht' y e: II i111n 1'\ t'l'!•i:-:v I ht• h<'::l judgl'llll'll t. t'lll'l' and t:l:-'!1 1 nf tlrl' :-111dvnt

T lrc · l' ltilo ,'nt•id y IIH'vt:: 1'\'l'l'\' Frida ,· t' l' l'llinn· during tit • :'l""'iou of ::dllull :1 ::.t'\' l'll tl .'<'l< t'k . <'OIIII l l<'ll t• d work t lti.· lt' l'lll wit h :th H t -!0 lllt'lli­

IH·r:' , llll vxc·Pilt·nt l'llllit· 1 of 1111 I ht'

ta· :-; FR,\1 , 111:'-T \'

I. \\' hat i::: mt•:wt hy the ci l'ili ti on wh. t dt it lcpcn t:­

1I. \\' hat ri_rht ha1·c th e nati IllS •xistin I · t',lli ·I ·i l'iliz 1':' \\' hat wa · I , di n id , tim;; w hy:

Ill. .\ n: uch occurn:nce: a, the Ho me:: t :;t ri 't.'l> ·x nt.·nt. of a hi:h or I w uc,.-re, I \'. \\' h. t n ·w princ i ple of cil·iliza i n ·s: In wh,lt w ays t1 ·s th · il'ili ,, i cuJ tury llirl· ·r fr, m that of the .r · ·_ :

\'. h;rta--{a ate : (b) wh 'n wh nm lt.lill ·d : ( I) Ry wh m'. \C) w h, I did it !':lilt: r led? g) E.tTc ·t upon c i1· ilizn ti n. ' r sin e ·.

\ ' I. \\'h, lis meant I y t he ystn11 t r ·• :1 1. n

I ower" ? The , r..l \\' th i whnt C{ untry 11 :t .,. •I H h:1:: it , IT, t ·tl Eur 1 an hist ry?

tr. ll'. \' Il l. \\' hat w:l!- the R,,. luti n f 1 S? what · l tnplis h?

tn 1·i:: it lr:: E1· •ryonl' i::: · nlinll :·

nflt' IHI its 111 a HI th ( Il L' \\' ' spt' t·i·tlly \\' ( 1 ·o t nL· \r , hnJ- l' th t• y witl t li S in lhi • int 'rt' -'tiwr Hill Ill' fi tt"'

IJrigh t ·:-:1 it. It:: doH':: •1 r' alway s (l}l l' ll ill \' if<' d to .-t 11 dt•11 t :: art will al l Jll l ll nU l \ \V r k.

''l'h t• f •II wing- ar • thC' fU sti lll , f ,. th . xanlitlH tion of t t• a<'hl'r ::; in t lw brn ue ltc. a, I' 'l' i \' d fr OIll th nie( (. If \. 1- (: ' 1 . I _ '-· :l O ll ( \. s up rin ll' ll t of pubIi : in ·t rn tio u.

LITER :\ l T RE.

I. \ ':llu e f .. I I' h w at ce ntury ct' c .t lt e rn ture 1d peri o lic al . _. . ? s a 11 e. co mpnred \\ ho wereII. 1\ame ten lead in , .· • .

u I r h ITi e !I C..tn or r

Zl!l e ' n ce r ln e t Ose )' ll read. -

with b ok "') In -· th e r igi nat ors . \'1 IV S or m aga -

TTl. Wh at ca n be done 1 ,- 1 d . . 1 It 1 a tl y or w ee kly ne wsp a pers in th e sc h oo lroo m? Ca n th <· r t 1 )e c a ssed as lit era ture? \Vhv?

lV. Le a din g dis tin c ti ons of · · matt --I . . ora ti ons and essays as to subj ec t cr, e nd 111 v1 e w, l es 1red eff , 'd . ect Up on h ea rers, la ngu age e mpl oyc • lll ode of de liv er y.

V. Nam e fiv e Am e ri ca n essay · ists d fi d h un ve ora tors an l e in whi ch th ey li ve d; Dant e, Cer va nt es, Ch auce r? 1Ctor Hugo, Ca rl yle, Mo tl e)', I 1• • \1" Thoreau, Goldsm ith. Vtn g, vordsworth , Em er so n,

VII.

1 l o\ I r 1 ' -1 presen and the c haracte ri s ti cs of their ge nius.

In wh at way d oes th e po liti ca l or soc ial co ndition of a co untry affec t ·it s lit e rature? Give some illu s trat io ns

VIII. How in t eac hin g do yo u co nn ec t lit e rature and hist ory?

D you think it practicabl e to any ext e nt? Why ? rx c - D' . . o mpate ld:ens a nd Th ac ke ray as to ' sty le. ta ste, plots, of of life. Whi ch do yo u consider gr ea ter WI! er . ,, yr x Nam e th e Ii vi 1 rr A . . · ' 1 o , menc an n ove li st that you most adm 1re,

IX. \ \'h at is th pr>-cn t g- ,. f Fr, n ? due ·d? wh i at th head f affa irs:

X. \\ hy w Fran ce a ce nt u ry beh in d nd libe rty ?

I'll \' . I .\ 1. GEOt at .\ l'll Y.

f. O•s r ib i' ar ly the ca u se f sur bce <: p ri n fi n int nnitt e nt pr in g, mi ne ral, p ring.

did it wh en in tr

in p liti al f w at er

I I. Tr ' :tl f cycl nes- Th e ir ri o-in, m t ion, pe ul iariti s e tc

III. \ unt !carl) f r th e dir c ti n of tr de w ind -.

IV _tat bri fl y them t import a nt facts rel itti1· t rn a ne tm.

D · c rib e a nd acco unt for the clima te of 1\[ic h iga n ; of ah ara· of reg n: of La bl'ado r.

\ ' I. De crib th e U. · signal service . How is it able to judge of wea th er probab iliti e s? E xpl a in th e principles en volved V II Desc ri be and ex plain the ph nomena of th e tides Use th e te rms , 'sprin g, eb b, fl ow, n eap, conjunctio n, oppo siti o n, qu ad rature. " Give rela tiv e heig ht of tid es at Brookly n a nd at Buffalo. Why?

\ Ifi. Desc ribe th e s urf ace and dr a ina ge of Afric a.

IX. Te ll wh at yo u ca n of th e fl ora of th e Amazon ba sin, and th e faun a of Au s tra li a.

X. U se eig ht differe nt te rm s app li ed to the variou s forms a nd co nditi o ns of wa ter, e xplain th e formati on a nd na ture of each.

GEO L OG Y,

I. Gi ve as compl e te an o utlin e as you ca n sh ow in g th e ord er and relati on of th e geo1ogica l period and ages from th e earli est to th e most re ce nt.

III. De fin e din and strik e. State the m ost probable theory of mo unt a in fo rmation.

IV. D escr ib e th e flora of th e Carbonife rou s Age; the a nim al life of th e Te rti a ry Pe ri od; th e formation of limeston e.

V. (a) Explain th e unifo rm occurre n ce of cours e sand and gravel along the up per po rti ons of river va ll eys, while de pos it s

L CO

IE

of fin e sifl ts and mud are fou nd in stead nea r the rh·cr' s mou h.

• (b) Accou nt for successive terraces at differen t elcvati in large ri ver valleys.

VI. Explain tbe foll ow ing te rms and show th e geological nificance of each; (a) un confo rm able s trata, (b) a co m preh:n ivc t ype , (c) a trans iti on pcriqd.

VII. Descri be fully a nd locate in geological tim e a11y jive of the followi ng: the rnegat heri um , the trilobite, th e plerodactyl , the lohthyosateu n, the masto do n, th e orth oceratite, th e grapto lite

V III. Desc ribe the fo rm a ti on of soils; of salt heels ; of co al.

IX Treat of the gl ac i al epoclt- it s phe nome na and effec , and where these effects are obser ved in the United tates

X State briefly the geologica l hist ory of Ni agara Fails

11\TELLECTUAL PH I LOSOPHY

I. S ta te the o rder of development of the me ntal faculti es and show how a knowledge of this subject is of prac ti cal im portance in teaching. Men ti on other ways in whi ch a kn ow ledge of ment al science may be of use to a teacher.

2. What is meant sense percept ion? By deduct ive reasoning? By an •l priori arg ument:

3. Dist ing uish clearl y bet wee n the Sm s ibil i ties and thefacult ies of the Intellec t. Give several ill ustrations of each.

4. Descri be the st ates and acti ons of the m ind of Columbus, \Vhich led to the discovery of Ame ri ca, in such. a way as to show you r knowledge of the me ntal cond itions en volvcd and their scientific classi ficati on.

s. Deline conscience, conciousness , at te nti o n, voliti on.

6. State the distin ction bet ween con cepts and prece pts. Sh ow how they are related to each o ther

7 Treat of the followi ng: (a) Socratic met h od: (b) proceed- · ing from the concrete to the abs tract.

8 Describe the proceeses, an d state th e fa cts of ment al science involved in becom ing a sk illfu l pianis t. '

9. Name several great scholars, ancient or m odern, who h ave lllade im portan t research in me ntal scei nce or important cont ri butions to it. What authors h ave you read u pon the subj ect, or Un der what teac hers have you st udied it?

RHET OR IC.

I. Province a nd aim of Rheto ri c. H ow a ll ied to Gra rpm ar and Logic? Importance of the study of Rheto ri c.

2. Define paraphrase, abstr ac t, transla tion. Of what benefit are such exercises to the student? What ad vantage h ave th ey O\•er or ignal composition?

3 Litera ry in ven tion-(a) Is it an art possessed by few or all? (c) H ow may it be imp roved a nd stre ngthe ned?

5· l mpro \·

d:pcnd

\ hal is a riJ ' Which form would Y u ? (, you 7 tio n? ' 'hy?

9 1'amc a fined ·' " . cla · . C riticise it char ' \. to Odi taut,JIOfO'• pi n' m, ,. ri ot i &y • I'' • ' CliV.II \"

I H ow are binaly com und n m df . I ,, 11 isc • ctuan 1va nr · J I • . ltr r c:. •• l j, •II

Ill Describe h ow Ct i mac "• an 1{1\ l V ive the chara :n u C>f Cl. . . . I &w n mr tnhrr ,( cl w 11 .&1. Civ the a naJogte'l cxa un >c: gro up

I I J • h ( J hoW 1 J( 2o grams of II. be xp C)( ec Wll • will he required'!

Vll H ow would you t t Ph. in \\:U.!•·•"!

Vll Name 5 Al kaloids II h ' lil Y one- '" 111,\

IX ame f ur c a lt s an l • nw · p pc r write th e reac ti o n.

X What is aqua regi na? Fo what u sed TR I C(J. (Jl\1 \' I

II In above tri angle g i ve n A '· I o mp ·m prove, C os A =S in B.

· ( ·n

V What is th e angle of el ·va tr n o an I ri ses 6 feet in a distan e of 4° fee t. . h the 1 1 VI fn a un it circle what IS t c cngt 1 or i ng to th e angle of 45° at th e ce n ter

P VII & V III rove, • the s ines of the oppqsi te angles

the "i dt.:s of a tr iangl · arc pr

IX As the angle ch anges, sh ow wh at ha n !} s o tan gen t. o wh at

X Let an angle in crease fr om o to 360 : the value of its s in e un de r go p c r

i\1.\Y I A Y I Et', ,J E. I ELZl... LL. 1 .} \ ,' .11.11 \ YS , 1

•· . 13.\(" ; l l:\l . . .. . 1 H E.\ :::Lt E lL

T ERMS OF SUB SC RI PTI ON: ( ll to py p •r Hc· h H>l _\"l'111", •. U. 'i ngk en pi • · 1-.

SOC

lET

DI ECTOR:t

PHIL i\TATllA E l\. · · ·ic ty ver y I· ri da y n: nin g d ur in g .· ho I tenns at 7 ·,Jec ial a ttcnt i

1 1

n g 1\ en t t e )a ll ng and ng- lll ::!l wo rk 1n rato ry J 1n1 Es E. DEI .ZE LI. , I rc!'ident.

EV E RETT 'OC I ET \". Fverv Frid ay

d

-· e 1ng unn g sc ho I t er ms. •ew stu de nt s are e ")JCdal ly in v it ed t J·0

, ' 1n us 111 o ur li terary wo rk.

FR:\:\K i\I :\JLlR,; Pr sident.

CO R PUS ELITUS

Eve1·y f rid av even in or clu · 1-1

"' nng o lll day:; and sp nng ,·acat JO n. H ARRY CAR.'Ol',

P l-IILLIPPJ\Nsoc i E T\.

Every fr iday eve nin g du rin g th e su mmer Especiall y for st u de nt s and m embers of th e A lumni us in g the l ibrary du nng vaca ti on. JosE PH G II I.l i. A :-.1, Presiden t.

THE NO Rl'vT AL MILITIA.

PR( F. H. B. D tl\ C:\ !\S0:-1

Com m andant. T. S. \ ' AN VLE ET Adjut a nt.

A. QUI VE\' .•.

DICK N E:\ 1. •..

.• Capta in Co. A.

Cap ta in Co. B.

TH E NOR l'viAL MILITARY BAN D.

PRoF . A . H. VAi\' Vt.EET .•

Leader.

HART SHEI.L HOJU\ Preside nt.

THE ATHL ETIC ASSOCIATION

R. D. MOR ITZ . Pres id en t.

DA \; E:'\POR T

l' I - LA

BY T. " 1' \XT) X Y LEET

I. 1h

l\1 ti\' zc al num nml. th ' f f - •If lw s : hmy · n ln hi · ·arri' r •fon..'. h ar mfnl t ri Tn hi ' primi ti,· "'t!lt , wh n ' ' UlTi\• ttJ f th fi tt , ,_f · pr d minn l lik nf I if . man f )n,..; ht f r xi t u all rh

phil:1nthr py nr w rd w hi h Lad n th mimi f the primitiY man . Tt th p r Indian · lif r

Indi :1n p ·t

1 w rf nn ltrni m <md nt nt t it If int

a,d ult ud t 11 pi a f r u \.. nd t th

an b d-mand d. adnl Indian·

attitud f Indi a n' uth

th tn1 Am ri an ;:-pi r it, ( nr lib r ti .wd nr w w ill m ai ntain. ·

r :l n many are l "d to beli \·e t ha t w ]", s-the 'Po or Indian and th t,vo " cmt India n. ''

bn th di pl a. w pr iz , For th i ba,- th Am ri

y 0 11 ma ' exp ct me to toll yo n that the Indian r one of thos e idea li zed and e nvied few wh o are fi t o nl to ser ve a lllorl e ls for the sc ul pto r, to po e the ar ti st, or to be the he r oes of th e lyrist. Ou the other ha nd , yo n ma y e xp ect me to te ll yo n th at the I nd ian is the prototy pe of all that is ba se and £e nd ish, and is move d only by the of r eve nge . But I sha ll tell yo u that, as fa r as I c an dis ce rn , the Indi an is like any other man un der th e same ci r cumstan ces H e looks aron nd him and pr ono u nc es judgment u pon wh at comes to his H e lis te n s, a nd his hea rt swe ll s or si nks as the i mm ed i ate en virons wo ul d ins i st upon. He has hi s disco u ragements and his enj oy me nt s. H e lang hs w ith the j oyf,ll and weep s wi th the so rr o wful; and \Vhil e his breadt h

of contact with Estheti cs d n 11 . 1 p rmi readi y to detect the de licat llad f lcJrin in th e sun et or th e pris m n r t . ' app r· ·1at th • sof te t note s of th e wee t- t broat d ·II r· h, · 11 · h wa • ) s um s It a m t e wo rd b autif nl

Do you ask wh y I te ll you B. I in the American Indian of today t h JU w a and I wo uld hav e b een und er t1·ke : 1r ·urn t an yo urself born an d r a1· d with th aw en V1ronme nts , and you hav e pictu r d a wbit _ ma n. Th e Indian is the "r aw material · w hi te man is th e "ma nufa ctured artie! .

in ce returning fr om th e. 'lndia u 'C'JUn t r-y often I have been a ke d uch qu es ti n a th 1, Can the Indian be ed ucat d. 2 , . 0 08 L readil y ta ke to indu strial w rk ) y b o, 1lli eve th e enth usia m di spl ay d and h p en te rta rn ed by those engaged in I nd ian Ecl ucat i 11 are evo lve d fr om in ge nu ou prin cipl 8 In a 11 w r to th e fir st qu e tion I wo ul d say, tb Indian ·a1 be edu cated; and mo re than t bi h mu t b e ducated!

Although th e advancement in the sch olr is not as rap id as in the w rkshop, it is c mme ns urate with the me ans empl oye d. I hav e 11 Indian yo uth s with ix month s sch oolin g who kn w Ame rican nam e of all th e pu p il , the n am e c,f the obj ects both in the differe nt b uil di ngs an d on the playground s, the nam es of the anima ls the b ird , th e in ects, and the fl owe rs common to' their locality . Th e e sa10e pupil s co uld interpret the ' detail s" to the le s experien ce d on es , and co uld count one hundred stick , co un t in g by 1 's , 2's, 3' , 4's and 5's Th ey weighed a rticle on gr oce r 's scal es, boug ht and so ld articles , ma ki ng change up to fi ve dull ars in toy mo n ey, kn ew the ti me of day by clock or watch, and di s tiu g ui shed t he pri smatic colors. Th ey wrote the ir o wn name and th e n ames of th eir broth ers and sisters intell ige ntly. R eadin g s.hort stories written eith er by t hemselves or the ir te acher was eas il y accompli hed. Th es e pupil s we re in the / sch ool r oom but tbr e ho urs each d ay , half of th e t im e be in g cl evoted to ind ust rial wo rk.

I have free- hand dr awin g and wo rk in penm a n. hip which yo u and I wo nld not be as ha me d to 0 Wn

·'ext let u notice what th e Indi au is do in g in th line of indu strial wo rk, a nd the con trav ent io rps

mn< wa h I nd ir JIH.:d ·I Jtll · ., piny ·d

0 11 tlt or ., ·r JtlaN ·cJ. urHI fli t d · fai•·

r · vi OR to h •ir l JJ

nt th'

11 "" 1 r·i I HJtd part rn nt. l,r Wb 11 h ' 1:1 ' ltildr ·u fir t (• UIII • Illicit·•· ••ur· c• l ai th aud lJa. t. u l. Th ·y h lei hu r· l 'II " tb wi 1t v r • II ri' OI' of n. \'}Ji • u t lt a a ·hild J il d i · ' ll J abl ,f ltn.-l H••·i l h fo pa t·ent, 1 r I a n· · hn I pi· ut· ·d to t lt ' '" h t·llll fu l haz ar d(Ju s lif a th<} g •n e. ·- fqt· 1 ut

Ind ian u fa hun lr d ' mtts lt iH ('hi 1 1c l, · · h pi as d wit lt '·h 1-lif •. ,. h · ·bi l< 1 ,. app r oa ·h wi t} au's pi ·i n and illl ng li H' •.• ,. ·•·. • \1 int lli gibl • w rd a 1 nrt uf a pic t fol· i ll , tt lt i ul . llJark d st ru ctio11 'o , wh •n th pa r •Jl t w k(·H I n the ch il d sc .8 v 'I'Y h 1 . vaniHh an d 'V t: t·y d •:- t tH

fo r li v in g fad e awn '· Aft ·r th ' w Hutl ou thll of anger and dis pa ir a fit of welanc·IH)) ta ' fu th e c hil d and nothin g s ui t. }J i rn (•tt 'I' t-ha lt to feet isol;t ion th at he may br<o cl j n . i I 'n . • o . hi uumi tigat d mi sfortune. But (l ft·(' lt On I ' 1 -1 )ti s h ad I leoT "two seeps tave pa sAeu ov er · 1 5 fc Uow sees the abs urdi ty of hi s pr j l.t dg •d lt ot i(' 1l! abo ut sc h ool li fo , and aqapts hi ms ·If to ltiH tJ I' 11 g.too env ir o nmen ts with en cour ag iH g nla e 1·i t·y. f<'r tl t·n thi s time 0 11 _ we hav e bu t to deal wi th 11 i1. n n ::; 11 111 wo uld .. wi.th any. ch.il d. W 0 In tt ·t h 111 lt diau · · h h' 1 'ld' 1 t'ons· at t' ' patien ce w1t IS c 11 1s 1 emo 1 ' ·• -un cs must restra in, a ucl at tim es we n nl st •: 10 · ·1· ·a a nd ex pl a in t·0 all t 1m es we must ( u ec t, al ' · Wh en· we th ink of the ir hav in g to lea t·p t () n ways and the l ang n agc of a peo pl e _wlll c l? in evr tclian way is inco ng ru ous wi th ev ery pr c vw ns lldi uen h is we are.for cod to say th at the Indi an J Ollth a drt )gag

TilE :\

itilll:-ll·Jr' lll hi;-. Ill'\\ :-lll'l'lllllldin r:; willt II l'l'll JinL•:'::: wJ.idt i:-1 lilt>)'(· dt:tll \\'l' ('1111 :- i. I •tH Jy t' II d llHlll J. In 1111 wt·r 111 lu· third qtw::rion l y Ht 111 ,·i:-il 1 r Hinn I clltrditw, 'ei11H I : ltll dl'tid' {"> for yunr:-1·lf. Tltt •n· you wi ll :: •1• •ueh t•ntplc)y diligt·Jtlly npplyin!! t'\'t•ry 111 •nn:- to h:tn• hi::: pupil · do 1h1• work . ll'i1·1l\' ll t'l 'nrdiJw 111 dirt•t·tilllt::l. .:"""' \\' hilt• lhl• t'111plnyt•:: n•1· •in• fnir t'•Hllpl'll:llti n for IIH·ir lubor tltt• i:' no t imlut• 'Ill 'Ill.

I • Ill I h 'l'l' 11 iu11 i11 tlwt IHIL' i:- 111 f , n dl'liuitt• purp t:-'l' u ,·u::r Hlllt>lllll c)f poll' ll li ul t' ll whi ·h . w ht•ll ll'ft t<• ·ith1•r i. lil·.· ::utnld ll'm•·nh ba r-

Imn< · :iii Jl l'l'l'l ll tJ ou s.

·m T ht• pr i111nry .t •p to wnrd · th • ehil d i111o tht• '' ll •w li fv" is 1 l•ssnn in lis •i1li tH'. II 111 11 :-lt r i. · lit s ix u· lot·k. per form IJi ::: d HJtd wa . lt nud cnub r ady fo r :i l' '' n l. •In •k l,r •nkfu . t. 11 • lllll st t• llt s.l(•t•p . aud pi ny ar · rl ai n hou r. dtu ·i nu th • lay \uolh •r p has e >f t he

'II " II <w life•" i. c·l 'lluliu ss .

' lutt nnt. ·t l)l' tlt t• thuu O' Itt ' f !l hild whl h fo nn •r I 11 ,. •r,. tr d,• li eiplin '. b u1 n t·llllo. \ h ' 11 ' 11 ld nl. · h · i.· brought iu to the ·c

? F r ftll th '·e 111: c:n ni ·d nt ,r it h h pn,ntp t ll ·.' nnd pr 'C i ·i<11 of 1uili t nr · li . i pl iu c.

t h• · tr atlll C' Jt t th' d '\' (' ) pm ut f th \1 a ·e •I l'll t 'd th at n f \\ 111 nth bri11 o· l llJark l cLan ..,. ·. r.

I h opo to P nk mor ·full v of thi ' phn c in

•:- t tH nth •r a rt·i •l e.

thll I lnt \' e 0 , 11 ask ed to a, om 't h iJt ·. ab ont ' fu dia Jt Ji ter at nr •. ' o I sha ll sa, t hi s: Th to ri e · th at ar e •·ifo an tO u o· tho d r la.ti' e o the wh ite man's aLn se of tlte . d . . . · · tgno ra nre an On fid enee of tho Indian sho ul d bo all owed a. vas t leoTee f colo ··1 U' l 5 0 11 1o• l it e to th e ab uorma ll y p hi la ni(' 1l!:opic mo od ::; of th e aut ho rs. I sh o uld be as··umI' 11 g.too much were I to ·ay th at sn cl1 hoo ks arc tl t·ne and such ot her bo oks are n ot tnw Bnt I 11 111 t:lafo in say in g tl tat man y of th e .boo ks 011 111 lt diau id iosy ncrasies ar e m ade to se ll. Fo r this ' 1 t tey appea l to th ose emotio ns w hi ch,

•: 10 ug lt exa ct ly in co itoTnon s are most eas ily

·t·0 N 1 ·. 0 ' · ll l:l eC , VIZ., pt ty and rc ve n o- e Th ere JS no t () nbt hnt th at man y of the w ays" of t'he evr tclian were him by Jiis wh ite br othe r.

uen h is i s. s imp ly th e In dian 's mi sfortune. To tho se drt )gaged in edu catin g th e it ma k es bn t

lirrl(• dill'l' l'l'llt' l' if rh ." (' l' \' ih: :tn• dm, r) i nh •r 'llt t 'tHlcn •i ::. o•· if tiH'Y nr ncq nir d y • tlf:l t \\'i th tht> whir • m \II : th nlll ::>t e

1lll d i r r 11 r · u p n tIt · 1 m m :l i at t: h·

to mn k • g t) l th i::: lni m.

1 . \. \\IX 'I \_ ' TH 'I ('\ I li

l h·w ::;ra r• l that sh ul s htu p- hr rh a th child \Yi ll l th ' n l' t't I' a dl'<1 \\' ill g;. Ld t·lk' )111' ' I' a -.. • l't r i llu s t m t i ) 11 l n rhi :::. . ·1 '

rlt i ng:-;. Wt pn l' l't' fn m tht: :::i.mpl ·ompkx : ;md 1 i.ctnr f 1) ns an anilll;11 s ;11' ' m n· d ifli cuH than th " f plnu Hlll l bjl'l't:S . \\' th nt th l: I ll' d f r a dr;l w in,..: i. ' r t> at rii -e nm::d·Hu '::- "-h r th i :s u ed m a.y rl i •d : [\ ::\ it i::; ll ri f nn elty t a. hun gt r an d. npply n 111->an f f)) d. , ,, - b -' g , -,rne db )- th is wh •n .: n •r w intro du c th i \\·ork. t:t k <:• a, c::1 ::; in a, primar.• rh l. \\ lH Jl litt} Onen a.r \\" rkin ' with pC < I. , lH:' 1.1Jls, t th- pi •]\. sq na,l' t' ;3 , bl u;" n, nd t.ri a. nn·le i.n th ir numb " l' le .:;; ::s cms let. the m ru:n.w tll bj ->cts in e llll cti. ou wi th h pr bl 111 For -'x ampl e 'iYhe n a ch ild h·1" th r e<: pea.s b fo r him l et him tell by of a pkt ur ho" m n.ny he ha :s He m a.y makP th re e yer)' in di :ffl rent cird<:>s but e,-el'y one of them n.ll s to hi s m ind a pe a. He will tell -ou hi .;; num ber of toot h-picks l)y me an of 1in "S. He w ill v.-n,n t m·ab in ste ad of cir ele " for the·be<-1.11 . He h as b een le d to a comp ariso n of form thr ough his drawing. He is not satisfi ed to m ake the b eans and p eas al ike in .]li s pi ctur e, be caus e the teac her cann ot tell which on es n.re peas and which on es . a.re b <:' a.ns; and the ch il d is anxious to make it n .ry pl ain th a.t he kn ows just how many of he has on his d es k. Very soon he w ill indi cate th e h ilum by a. d ot, an d th en he will want to kn ow wh at mak es the h i.lum. W ha.t a mi ne has b een opened I

Tlw sk ilfn l te a ch r now b egins a seri es of

e pr ocee di ng, th 1 ft unh d d.

quare , obl ong a nd Ya ri. u 1 j · : j It group ,- and al o gro up · in r lation t 0 lH r group Thu s ar pi tur -d ·l u. t<' 1· f ·h 11i •.• ba ket of a ppl , b ox f! of beni. lJir 1.

ne t with gg (j in th •m, th b ir d 1t _ f•h H in g roup. or ingly- a h f tb •: · aC" 'M li 1 g to th natur of th prohJe

Pl ant life a fford s u ·h a va 't fi' >]

d nt s of a ll a ge th at w · ha ll · ak f -.; rk in that lin and y ou may ap1 ly it a .· you li k

It will serv to s how h ow th w rk i. nri ·h by th ag n cy of dr a wing whi ch lJ w '\: r oc·-

r ur but incid ntally.

L t a cla ss of st ud nt .·oak. om h

r mo v th e t es ta, lay op n th cotylt·dcm .· . What g roup s of word . can · o w ()ll 1'. eril wha t i · s ee n a.· a iropl 'J.1h bPa. n p ri h es ; th picture rema in .· to t"ll tlw .·tory.

Let the teacher but cr ate an ent hn .·ia .·m ill the art of l ookin(f, a nd th ci euc of. ·-'eing and the a rt of <"XPP ·'· i n '"ill fo Jl ow . P lant ·om oft he b-ans. Dig some th follO"\-"dJl O' day . Word s may b ·t a. Tib the r hang. r;: 0 by refer:ing to the s rep1· :-: f' nt ed by a dr a wmg made pr "vlOu s to th pl a nting. On th e se:ond day th.e doe ._o a dr a wi ng to show .J U t how 1t ha. ch anged. And wh en the l"av H sta rt ward a nd the ro ot: d ow nward , why, a dl'awlll g ·1Jeco me. 0 mu ch of a uere.·sity t hat • tud nt fe t->lR th at word a lmw c·annot te n t l1 •

'\Vb Pn he pl an t• wl1 E>a t a nd ha rl ey a nd attPm pt. to mar hal w or d' and pht aR e to d es -

c·lih f' the d iffPr f' nce aH to th e point wh ere th f' l Pave.· a pp <"ar, and the poin t where th e roo t.

'lJ hi' 1 · non corl\rin · d that the work of < l}Jear, · ,

f . t .. ·a 1 i fa · a a'¥ • wr• •n tu·, ,.,. i 11 ,,.,.. • ( m lw a li tt Ia• ch ' ' i 11 •. • . l··•l(at In th •• rudy I fl·a\ al fJ , ,. . . 'J 1 . i • •n t 1 ' • mpat ·t. em · I • tnat &.!111. \' I'JI;l ....... .. n .,,. 1 ucl. vu. lttou and :uT:ttU! '' , ...... . m. t•·XIUI'''· and ua· a.,. :u , ., · ft · I I ·, : • I n ' l11ll'l!-l •.· <ll'l' 'lllt•JJt. II 1 I ' • f• t I l a" •l rt lit H l y > l'nt attr • •·111 •• f "" •· "· ply a unada f•·lr n····•l. PJw auw tt·iu ·i],J · mul«·di·· :d 1 1 • ) 1 I ., .,., ,., .. 1n tr 'OI-!I'a )' 1,\ w It'll 11 • :--11 '· · } · I l1• • 1 Ill Ill J lant and anuna llot fouwl 111 • J I tl ••lll ., atf lcwalty. l't I ll·]npll ell:•''. f 1 • 11 · · r 1... • • 1nl ttl' •. or >.\ 1t. 111111· a 1, II' 11 a • m aning that it 111:1.'· 1 n cl '": til ad' aut I l . t ,,. 1 t ' . • •. "'a I·, .r 111 1 •• 10 •· 1 a·a Wilt ;.! • t 1• .,.,,, ." .r "<ll'J01t. ' par · · •· .,, 1 H t h•· ( , , , 1 •r·inwu . . fu aritllln'tic· that hazilu •:--:-- ,,tai .. h -...tu ltt 1 ,. H U(lc•nt, a.JHL tlw 1 •:tc-lll·t· i r · , r •a 11 1 ·a." ll l' • en· 'I' ' Olll • hy t ,,,. n :-- •· '•. 11. Lr:c win rr; 'l'al <l' au ·xa111 ph in_ " h tc_'h 1 . a 1 h <t : r 'f> • ,., nt,- r1• 1 .t 111 1 rokcn ,f[' WP IJt ' ah ), · t lw ·t ·. tl1• H uckllt ,. 0 11 lit i on nf' thi•

Ju• <·an mal«· £L IJ ·:Lw ill g o (' ;L tr c·•· r l ct ion of tb< 'I hi s tl tl l• t·•:t lw wo rk and g- i n. tl11 · !f- 111 f': •c ili ly in pla n;-Lt i on. I' t' 11111 11 1' 1' IL :"' t • a p] > ·too mention " a.' th<· vnH<ll ,. Hay :-; o I' It i ."' •u ·,

Let II .' 11 0 l (' (• 1-; ( JI Il l' or 1'] 1(' hy t l1 P t<- ndH ·t· in l<' <H ling t·lw •·ltil dtT tl . w:a.w. We a n· T<·ganlill o' t lti H ".,, ,.k 11l' 1 imw ) a t• a·hl' r wh c, iN 11ot<tll al'l' i :--; t I H·r:-" JPith··r is f; ]W skillo l in [ntw in ga ll le ad th e c h. il<l to 8ee w hrd is !Jfj'o re l u' !I I· kn o·w a eltil d who , in m·Lk l. ll u· <L dt ·a,\\ ·in !!' (_ ' 1 feath T, tinili lH:•tl th' of t lt <' :-: ltn ft ,,.jt large upw a rcl mu ·v<-l. IT<· (l id w >t· .\·er- t it <' 1 ,j e C't b ofo re ld rn .)

In g·•tting th e ont lin 0 of <Jhj <'<" t·, 1' -'l ati ve mea .. unm teHtH an · <Ll t {l in ing thi. , mw t lH' prill t' il >l c> r r er,e cliug lJan"tll el il <' <'ouv< I, Th e chidr en s oon diRco vo r that th l' obj <'<' t dra wn as it app e et1'8; tha,t th TI" ITl Rt Dt el.J'-t "" a pp e ar an ce tru e. 'l' e aeh er b p; :tr l \\ ns ,j 1>P se,· 01 l> N in lC , n.a >fJ

I,

I'"' hurd nn t·l·a-..ur,•:-: :-:it.t• of drawin ,.! I' ]I'

• 1111' lhl' pa1 ·1 of tht • tlhjt'l'l nn which rlu li::ltt :-: trik ·:-: mo:-:t din•t·tly and !!llidt• th • pnpil to know th:ll in all ontlint•:-- a Wt•:tkt•r lin • "''tit .. :--idt that 1111'1'1 lht• li::ltt. aml a :-:n·,,n,::1'1' IIIII' 1111 lltt• :--idl':-: that indit·:ttl' :--h:ttlnw , will ,!!i\·,. :--:pirit tn a drawin!! ; and . 1on . that wht•n :--had ing i:-: addPd. thl' lillt':O: houJttlin !! :-:tu•h :!t acit • ntn:t nnl lw darkl'l' thntt tht• ma:-::-: pf :--:h:td" il:--:t•ll'. '!'Itt•:-:" :-:implt• din·t·tinn:-: n· in•n f'rnnt timt• tP tillll' a :-: thl' IP:t<"h 'I' :-:t•t•:-: thl' wnt· l\ in llt'l 'd ol'lht•Jit. wi-ll prm ,. \' 1'1'\' t•f t' •l'lin• indl't'll. • \\ 'p lt:t n· \' 1'1'." I'I'P!Jll< 'll tl .': nh wiut •d gon d rl' :-; ttll :-: \\'ithnnt ,::i,·ing half nf tlw111-:--:n 1' :1,!.!'1'1 ' do,•:-: t hl' :--:i udt •nt h 'I'll lilt that h ' 1i:--:t'u \·1 1·:-: f,,,. It i 111 :-: t•lf. Th t•:-:< fa ·t :-: ma ,,· ht• _.,,in • l hy any ollt• witt l ook:-: for rhl· ]Htl'} O:'l' of Sl 'I' i 11,!.!,' :\' ""' if lh t• tt <ll'll t•r a I it nf : 111 arti:--: t. :--: h 1'11 11 g i,·t· add itinn :t l IH•I p in th t• "T<Htp it w of til•' to lw drn\\'11. ln. kad >f h:ning·

lh ·<· :q >p l ':4 in a 1'1 \\', tlll '\' m :n· l l' t un w cl t' p; i n· d iHi·n•JJ t ,.il' \\' :-1 nf tht• :1j pl •:-: . n ml tlt nt :t.\· h t• p; t·oup •d :t s \\'\• 11. Or , \\'IH n a sing ], o h,jt• d h> ht Ll r <t\\'ll. tht :tr t. i:-;t;,. 11 ' lll t'nt llin•d:--: u tt t• in tlt l' ,.it'". t :lk l 'll r . · lt . ht 111 :1 k in g a. draw i n p; of ;1 bt x f r t' Xllll• \\' OH] d n ot t ;tk <' a lWsi t·it ll ir •r tl :· ho nt of ·, t-l)< "" ttt · '·1 • " H' • 11 '1'< ' 11 n ,·nn •t, - 111 l )(l,]';L) J 1 liJl •u b lt t 1 1 t ,' • · ,.., , I t' \ \'O il CL · n a p "1t1on \\ hen· lt t' <' on ln t an l'ntl and a a.:-: we ll ns t"l 1c t op

H(' \\ ill 11 >ti•·c·, to o, t il a t; a dh;tanee from the o lJ,j ed of t ltr et• ti ll H' f-l it s gr 1 ' at E'::) t '"i ll 1>P fo nwl. mo st ph a.si 11p; \Vhen th en nl' e se,· o bj Pcts 'i ll the l>l(' ture th' ·p rin ripn.l 011l' ::-; h nn l cl n ot lH in th l' of the pa p l'r l>Ht kon tt·" ll n.t to o1w side.

A ll tlw:w arlcl to t lt t• artis t-i c m Nit s the dra win p; , but th es e the tl4o?r,qht N el ea·r.

a ::m m mary, tlH:' ll , we b c: .li eve th at dr awin g s hou ld be r eg ar ckn as a lang uag e and lC ll ce s hou ld .b e taugl1t incid e ntall y; that it , n.ay lH.. at tain ed and enjo ye d by th e childr en >f om· c ommo n sc hools a nd tano ht by th e ' 0 -•a ehers the l' e of; that it gi v es he al t hful e mJoy nwut to th P eh ild ren at home and alRo

c Rl

durin" th :--: • m m nt :-; in " ·h all m rl ta :-: k ha::: l ' ll tini h" : it t u " to mak 'Yl clg fi x "d ; that it I •;ttl:-l chi! r ·n t 1 · m int r ;-;;t' in · m.llllll thar it hn .... a .!' I' nt in tl n.n •>in lritwinn· <tl ut a. b •ttt'r ll"L' fI nn ·n·t ... ral (' and \\Ti tkt t. Lt11. · t hL' l'' a r• \Yh U"' w rd s w irlwnt lw i ng- at 11l · IH't'rkd <1 th •il· b ·k t f lt l n'LHi nn . 1: ut tht nw.i rit .- f H'1'8t 1 s willm t dm"- wi rh ut firs h' r •1a inn nf l)<ll't :--. n ·h at 1 '<l:::>f io-: th ' tmkn ')-. Y kn \\' ht w h<nd ir i, t) lll<l k \ ;1 snt l' llt l' ':lli z

lll O' h \\' " in this m•w h ln g·nn_·t'-- ha wi ll_- . h ( k :=; ,., a l1-:: ur t him "·hen hl' d 1 ., :-; be \' it. t hnt h' is no Jik •1:- t Pl >at it. h i ::: pr '1 tn•d f ram H'' s ns it i,·" nd iti n with r •fen' II ·' t > thinki ng , spp akin g- . nnd wri t in"'·.

Th lt ild i l "d t appr cin t pi tnr ,... in b k an d p 11 r :1 nd in 'P H"i ly g-rc W" t b ::-; ( m ""·hat f n n nr t i" t hi mse lf. Thi s r ,. al '"' it :-; plf in ma nn r. hi nn' r<::at ion. hi::s wri tin_·. In n. w rd. dra win g tau ·ht in t h1 \\'elY t;·1 ht" th pnpil t t hink. whil e in ino: t]u: '' rk f th e1· the hand ma.1 1 "·hilc th t mind i mp ar at i-.;- eh :-

\\ 0 D T HA T INK IN \\ ...-\..TER.

'J'h 1 --. a.re 413 p ci s of tr ee th e limi t f he n i.t ed State teen. when p •rfect.ly s ea so ned th at the)r ink' in water. fo und wi t hin Of th -'f'; :sixar o hem·y

THE DR.AnL-\. OF GREE CE.

BY C. S . .T ON ES.

' '

The mo st cas ual ob se rv er w ill note th e oT eat 0 di fferen ce l) e tw een th e ton i? of th 0 ci -.;- ilizati on whi ch pr ev ail ed in Htica a nd of that hich Sparta deve lop e d. Ath ens re co g niz ed the fa ct that the pr es tige of arm s does not , necess aril y, mak e a nation gr e at . V\Thil e Sparta vvas esse ntially a milit ary scho ol, and oth er s tat <:> i mitate d her to a ce rt a in de gr e e, Atti ca cheran i(l.ea of nat i on al li fe w hicl1 hl<'nfl c rl l' ' ;

THE L CO IE

th 'pa1ta n ht t b attl fi •ld a.n L, 1, r ·att' r p<tl' f f lwr

iu mu .j ·and art. 'Jl1 • pr i t: P.'

LlC • s. f nl eomp .ot itor · w ·n· of ·u ·b a nature a to in.' I iP th !Ill to . np1 · ' llH' jfort Hon or wa.· th c vd •rl n:wan l. ·ut I wh th r betok n d y tb ... ,,.,.Pat h >r'th i mp o. ·ino- monwn ent, wa. th • ·nd Hought "·it'l l ,. ry fa ultJ""

It '"a · tmcl r th infl.uen cc f fh •,c· cnnt .' t. ', , th at tlt Gr eek cl.ramati 't.' · mp o::w d tl H' play .' whieb "-ou th m th ·il: fam ·: A h\.1 ·•rc• m nnlwr wrot e, and many wi th S UC' · •• ·. \ " hall c n. i der a f => w repr ·· n tati ve 0f the ·h . .' .

1E chylu wa. bo rn 412 B. 1 .; ,' ov ho c- 1<' .- , 405 B. C.· Euri l_) jd es , 480 B. 1 - Th t> .'<' f Ol'IIH:! U tb ' GrPat Tra ric 'l' ri o." rrh ey \-\'( ']'(' (' () 11 (' nlpora rie. in life, though no t in writ ino·.

JE ' ('h rlu is said to h ave he 11 t il .o OJ'i o·iwLt or of GP 'k tra edy. B efo r hiH t im <· tlw :tage was oc C' up i <-'d by a ch oru.· a.ml one tL (' to r. The chan tin · of the ch oru · w as th .. priJwi pa l 11art of the perfonnanc , occa.' iona lly nLJ ·i c.oc1 hr a ·ort of na na ti n! mono l oo-n hy tl l! l ac·tor, or a. dialoguP be tw n the <:w t or aJ td t il <: lf acler of th_e c·homs. 1E f'h ylus. in crea f;c d t l1 o numb er of artor. , and, by , uho r cliJ Jati.ug t lt e ('born .. eh ang" d t l1 P Pntertai mn ent in to th e dra mati. l'

He ''-Tote ·e\·en tr tragP die .· , of w hic·h .'e \'(•n :" till mT iv C' . " Pr omPthens Bo u nd ' is oue of th e b f' ·t. Ar ordin o· to the play, Prom ethe tt .' h ad ofi'e ud rd th c·hi ,f dei-ty, Zens, by revealin cr to ma.n tlt • eer t of fin•. Fm t lli.s he wa.· c· ndemu ed to bf chain ed to a cliff in the OanwlH'P h" should ·uff'er te rrib le t ort nr<' \\.,.bile end tnin o· t lri :'i . 11 _. w a. · Yi.·itecl by c tai n mytllif'al h ing t: into who e ear fi he pomPd ..;nr h d fi <:tnt e of Zen. t ll at his words h aw hN' ll t·mHpan•cl to the HC01''11 f nl boa ting. ·

( f ,' atan. In }HI\\ ·a· :tJHI ultli1u it\ tl li : wo.;, i: tlt ou:,.dt t. hr ""Ill• ·. '" 1a11l \\i th Pa1'acli .' l' Ln :-: t. .\ ltlwn gh. in Prullll' t lt ·n -. n .,w d. " II • pri 11 ·i pal c-lwnt dt•r :--ho\\ •'ll lll i .' f•• z.•u . i · :-: aid to lt; n • lu ••·ll I• li i u-.. n ttll t l1an .' ]{c• pt if'al. Hi l:tll!.!ll:t :..:- •· i -. ··l'itir·i: •d as l ll' iu :,r . at o ll l.' J'OIIIJ H' II ·. "l wn it WH:O: iu tt•Jukd t' lw ?!l":tllcl hu t t lw r• · j ·c rtaiul • ll llll'l l of till' .- uh lilll l' in hi -. " "'' "-'· 'J'Iw of , ' opiHWI I'S date·. l'a·nuc 1lw •·nnt c· t i n w 1t i -11 Ill' w a :-: .·Ill '' 'I' · !' r11 1 i 11 , , i 11 " i n..r th e priz c' f'I 'Oi ll E:c·ll .rlll ·. In )11'1' :' n:tl :1}) W<ll'alH' (' a ll] i11 di !" ] IO :O: ifi fl ll , l11 • \\;a · Jitl •·d 14 g ain tlH l' '' l>lll;tl'i t,\ lw f•lljo,\ t· d. II •· "rnt• on e· ll t11HLI'<' d flti r lc•! •IJ f l'rt ,!!t •cli ·s of \\ hie .. u ]'(' ll ta ilt. or tli<' S •, Jll. ' 'I ,\'l" <t llllll j.., t h. 1 <' .'t. It is c·cHL ' idt•l ·c• l 1,_\ ,'<!Ill• '. t lw \11''' of all (i- r_P<'k pla.y :-: \11 i1widPJ tl i11 thi:-i · tlw .·oln tlo lt. "·'· <J-: d il JI I :-4 , n \' t It •· I': 111111\ • J·i clll (' l> r op <> •·wcl tl w Tl ll'l ,;w .- hy t ill' , 'pit in .• , 'op lwd\: li n•c l to lw nwn · t lln11 11 i 1wt .' .' • ·<t l'() l<l a 11 c1 n' ai 11v d It is n·Jll< 1'1'-a hl c> 1'" "' '' 1' 11 11 1 i 1 lH' <:LI' hi .· de a.t l1. 'I' ll· .. tr Jt• of Emi p icl c s wa .- \' ('I T d itkn·nt fr ont t l1 a. of i' ,- f'h yltJ. ' <I lid , 'o l ll l<w it ·:-: TI H g'< 'IH'I'<Lll _)' fo l lo\\' \' d til <' I'( li <• 'i llii S SC' Il f i tlll' lll xi'C ' •c·t•. hu ri pi cl(•H \\'cL S II Ot < lH •I jp \·c·r· i Jl I It of myf·lw lo"·.,-. 'I' IH • fi (·ld .· <t ll d p: t·<, ,. 't ll l'Ot WII w hi d1 II· l t>a L \\' <' '(' p 'tpl l' cl , JIOt With g ds <Lil (l g'O <l cl <' SS (•S, 1 ll l1 \\·ith ('h ilnt (' t<-•J' ,' dn.t.\\' ll fr u ll t J'( '<. tl li f'( •. r II i :-: Jli lh't y-i"wo pia,, -.- , s t' \'(' llli<'V ll (·<' Jil ain. Tradi1 i) sa y:-; t lm t tiJi s \ Vl' i t< •r 111 ·t <L \'iol (' 11 t dt·a ft tl1 re.' ult of tlw j '<t.lo tt sy (> f ri va,l s. V\7 i.th \ ri s tor Jm11 'H t il l' s t·1 ]1(' l'lt a 11 .. ;t IHl ;--. -gh e::; pl aru to c·oJrJP(l y. Uod :-: n n<. l gou ck s.-er; no (' (! ll si <l c·nt.t i on. from l1int l;]mn tl10 Re of 'lli H w 1vho an"' so nnfo1·tn na t· as to ('<lllH' ,, -it lti n 1·angt:l of hi H l''idin tl e. IT i.::; st.yl l' W< :-: t lt at rall e cl "Old Uo mc' cly," in whil' lJ iwli,·id tt ;-t\ ::-; were s ata:l'iz e cl. vVHh l li.m t l1 is Nty] <' ttway, h·'lll g ·npp lan t«c'fl by the '' Ne w i onlt 'cly, " w l1i C' h wa s 11 nt so pe 1·:-;ona] in i t:-: c.: ari.ca t ul·efi . El c. \·(m of the pla ys of \. t·h;top .lt ::U l Rm·v i.\.- <' . He Y\T Ot -' fi ft y. } liN v\'o rk s f-i hO\ a, s c.o ri on R fa ul t, w hi ch l ater JH en ti r ly an; ilt Pd, na mt l y, t l1 a.t of ' kin g t.lh•

II I : .

aJ pla 11 ,... r J.i .. h··: i··l , i th·· , p ·n ,.•r tllt' di :J :wr.-t•ol'h• Jl.t .'. 11··. h•'"'" · \dth

utlwr.••r I j I illl·· " ,. '" I: ··i ll lit I. llll t' i r. prrf,.,.,j.,, "' 1 1. :til• , hkh i th · nt' l1111 • \ J.., -.(1 ll .\ it. I ' .1. 1-. II• • I•

I·' I'" t•·ri t' '"'" ar.· 111•'11 1 i_h h ju I_· I. EjH·•·i:d h i:- lhi 11'111' tot' IIIII \ ·, ll - ···: ll ll Ba I'll•· j ,.. : rl\\ :1.' iuitui•·: I I• • !!1'•':\1 111' '. lll' t· l.' j llli, Ill •· it tho• ..!'l' ••al llt a ll in 1••1-ft •J't• \\ illr ••Ill•' • •t' rlt.· t,,, ••.dt•'IIJ •· •I' h i-. l'llt•lllit • I·:\ I' ll ttl I' 11\\ll 11!•\ot \t •t\ \ \·, \, hi1 hll \ ''a: altll .. :-1 i, , ., ''' 1h ·· , ,,,,a t lh jll ot · 111' ''''"' ,,f \ri-. 1 1\:.!.la :_ t •H • •r :t l -.. \\ ht ;1\ Itt· ha1l \" '' 'i a \1 .' lt.tlloll o t :t ll l ll t'\• r \\I'P i :.!:t 'd. .·n tIt" "'''•.i· ···' ,.r •··h ha h, ·,·H • ''·' t ,,,. 1" '1 1 11 1' h i:- l 'll ll!l'tllp u rarit • Hot bt ·t·a iJ:--t· Ito · ": :1 had Ill:\ 11 : hut ht•ca\1 . hi:-. g t·\';lf ll t· . l ll 'tll l,!.!'lll lllll ill :-11 ·h :-11'\\llg' ( '1111'' • t lu·ir ll Jt'di " nit .'. H.' l·:u!.!li:--llltH'Il '' :- }ll' <' -

l:tll ,l. IJ;t:- lll •t•ll l•it •IIJJ"t ·d HI( i ll t' Phll ';-. ()I d i I'( s I IIlit 0 :lll d :ti l I Il l 0 \\ 111'1 d ''"' " i II !.!.' ; If It i Ill

thro Jt g iJ tiJI' il' C" ul ur t•d :-- IH' t't ; tt' lt· h:1:-:

lo l1 i. s .. ,·il l i:t ll. :- t·nJ Ji tdn ·l. ltl tlr dt•r. 11 :--: 1r pv 1••

t,r r<t ll l.'' Lt ·l 11 :--: 11<11 f'o ll 'g' t'l llt :t f lltu:-t'

I\J 'itl'l '. ' \\' 1' 1' 1' llt ll ttiJl,\' jll'l',j lldi t' l'd httl ,1 '\' t' ll

"·ill' nll; :tltd k lll >"'i ll .u; l,,- ttti :-: n· pr ' =-' <' li t ·1 l a-

}I OI 'O il <I .' I Ill',\' I ltt' Jl l:' o'h·t•:-: IJ<t \'( ' t' Oilft•:-: ;:: d. II (' \\' <1 .' ;J !' ri t•Jtd 11 1' 1 lit • t'Ctlll lll ' ll l' t' Ol k 11 111 i1 1 fi J·d. ' 1' to vxl tll'l 1.1.\:t' :-: 1'1'(1 111 i li t' <' OI Ilnt OII \\'i th \\' IJiC"I I 111 l'ri\'ttt L lt t• llt ll:-: f· il l' as a tJ ;o: tJl] ll' l'. a ITranL .Lf )H ' I'I lti j-j·(•( l, !] II Oh tl-iOJJ :-: f'n ttl l 1\' J·it t• J'S f·ll l'IJl:-; <•1l'l 1 S llli g·itt· lH 1 gi \'<'II :->llfli ('i t1 Jlt· to HItoW t·IJ at t ill' b 11l k of t llt •i I' n. 1·tiel '" <ll' 1 \\'il f1tl ' a1' o ll• on \\'<1 ::5 lllctk i·1t g Fmll< ' t' to ri \-11.1 E1 1glan <i i11 w<•a!t-lt .i\':. q >t li•• un \ Y<J::-< E1 1gLm d 's (' II C 1 lH )' 'J'I1is IIJI<J.)IS \\"l' l'< Lhl c <l 1',!4' lll1l l' l1 t tn a n.En g- Jish Jll ind. · Bttl- t·inw l1<t. s i a wl. n:, on u.nuther t' OHt iJwJ tt out oi' n'at' ll o t' st' l·Ji sh mut in·. a n• ht •gilll 1i ng to pJa<'<. .N <-q >olPO ll '" II <'r h<' lwl ong :-; -at tlw of t,Jw Ji ·t. of gr eat na m 'S Uo ml >i l ti ng i 11 nhil it.r a f' a

·1 I R.

·l t' nq n '1' n·.

!... •nt 'l'al. " Hrpa..: :-i n!!' ' 1' ·. ·] ,i . \ It· tlttlt•t" ·t ..: ·t r.'tt·· m·u l. m.] 1,. I

m• tdth •:--:-: inth • w )rid ' :- hi :-- r n 1 - .L _ . f 1t 'rtW ' ·n. t·t r i 11 :Ill 1 hl• t't l ii:'T ·lla rw11 1 1 • tl , hi Ill 1 n t t Ill !! a llh• pn•dju IH't' kt II -· .Jilt ' f ll nf hi..:h ll'\ ratlh'l' rh au tlf un n n ·

t•t ·iI i ·i :--- 111. X\ Ill urnry. In '"'' htrt ·r p·n·r tl f rh' I rhe ,:: rn t t 111 I· t·a nn• ·1 w·tl- 'IIi II"" at Ia ... t nHII · · · " - .· ,, rn,:;h" hic·h h:ul bin for f \\' tl <'t'Htll llt 1 l .- j..: tn nr h lH' ,., \ h' a 111\l:O: '-' t' t t :-- Jl th • • • , • · 11 frl't' fnHU h l' l ll ti ,•It( I'T :-- hlltlk IH ' I' ' l ,.. I tf ., fr 'L' ptW} '· and lll:Hk H' l''l ' ' 1 l r I <' ort 'I hi \\ a:- ;l l'''" ,,rful llh'll il ' t' · 1 , , 1 11 meld ,. r 1 a 11d l\ tl hlt• 1II :d} } .II W} H' .l Jl • • 1 :t •.. ll', t!H t.' Xl 'll r •. , ,lttt t. \1\ \\ ;t. takt'll Tt 1 tt · \ 1 ur\ 1\\ • t \.l t•ir 1 ·n·di t ... y f, • • ,. l: i :11\ \ \nl' '1\\ ·t \\\ I It:' Il l\ I\ , 11 ' ' • • . . . : ) '\ ' \"\ \"\i "' f an\ lt •r' ht.' " tht t '. 1; n.t 1 1 t 1 • ·l - •·t •t eh' :-:: ' " rifL' 't':\ 't•k :-::-: :llh l :-: ' 1\llll!! ·' l ' . l l . , t', ,- n: t, I m ) ll I l\ ; 11 h lh nn• i. . tH\' t :ll\ Oil • t. • • 1 ·1 , ,- ) '11' ()' 1' 't h, t't\l t ti n ·n tlla tl' }W.t ,' 'n t' ' 1 · t ,..., 1 , 11 · 11 k ..: i·-:l a11 i h.n tll'. pull! i\' hut ,hll llll .\ - u. t, • ••• , :-:n i l. .. ri ll tht• u ll ·b ) Jl Jta " a <. h •.lllu. 1 ·. 1 ,. 1 11 m n >d\. )f th '

t\IH' \' 111<1 1'\ ' ttl put ll.l 1 t

l•'r 't H·h n;tti , I I. ., f :t ll rip:h t .i nt1g" t' lllt'll t. t 'Y '1'_,-

j n::-:t il' :l•n 't' d tlt: 1t it i. -: a p• op l,·::: ri ght t ·,kc id t.• lw 11• ll :::ha ll ht' goH•rnt:d sh' l' v pt m hL'l' nw ki 11 n· rft'v n::; i n' "· u::-:iJw h t' l' ,)·o ld hi tlwut st int if o nl.1· sh t' n11ght ,. _ th 'ri ::-: in u· ii<t ll H' >f J ib <:> :r t _, -. \ Yl'll lll<t ,' 1n· ;-: :t,\-. "En;:·l:lll d ha s Yi o la ted of I! ' 1 ;1 \\' of n n.t iuns and has 110 gnid \'X<' l' ] )t ]Jl' t'g t i:-;m n nd in ter est .'' .N 11 pokon' :-:: l ifl: i::- his lw st cl eft•n re . One 1 "·ith t il t" st udiousn ess nf a. )-o uth 'd 10 to (l k fo r li f't·· nw ttl' " Not h in g lta - b •en a ce mtp.li sh _. l '" h il t• anytJ1in g r t> ll l<lius to b _, done .., Th t-' \\ on ckl'f nl energy of th C' man a lmost. l>n.s ses b li ef. In th t: for cla '"i !"1 1ont f ood o1· l'e :s t, 1w wa .:; t' \. E! l')' \dwr e, dir ectin g, <' lH 'Om·ag i ng l 1rl1 p:ning· for a vi ctory wh ich s l'l cl om to :foll ow . As a m ili t ary g<' niu s ]J t' i:-: 11 ot t. o be co mpa. re cl wi th au}ot.her ma.n. In sp i1 ·in g in hi s s uch l on• tlt a. t t. hP.\' ·would foll ow hi m any wh er e. though i nto the mo ut h of hPlJ it sel f, he in vilwi blt· wllPt h<'l' lw lltHl f:'l \' m c1 1 or 1:1. tn·.

THE NORMAL COURIE

Yet even in the h eat of the battle with th shouts of victory ringing in ear s, hi bu y brain wa planning governm e nt and law ' which should make m n fr ee, nt rpri ' · wh i ch should make them rich, and in sti ution . which should make them happy.

In the midst of the carnag , this unf lin , ambitious undisturbed by th bullets falling lik e hail about him, could find tim to pen to his wife in far away P ari word of love and es teem, with th e b'f.l t wi. h es of hi ' heart that hi me age might find her ali v and well.

:Napol onJo v <1 lm·. ·, h-11 wa.· it 11 f \\'t il for Jhanr e th at h· di l ·ine ], "h op ·rl t·o: tl'c.lin glory by mak in g h r t ll . r 11 g<, t, I1<:q>l ieM b t da at d nati on in t hP v; o rld. ? H •f· gl or.'wa s hi.;hi h r ;b hw "r .: ti. ··f i_ e.

B->tter a th ou and tim · hav a t Ta,11 · \\ h< i l ov d by all hi p •opl an L w i1 r i gn brin O'S p ac , pl nty , happ in , , •q 1 a li ,, -. than a c1 m ocrac y \Yi th 1' ' Yolution l>loud s )H' l. mob vi ol en Franc e x<:ha11g -•d. tl1" ·la tt 1· for th e fo rm er wh n N a1 le n lwcam<-! 1on s lll: who will , ay sh e cho. not wir-; ly?

On e ga z ,s lost in wond er and a::;tonisl nn<'lltup on th is e xtr aordin ary man. Rai '<·<l fnnn ob scurity to -a thron e b.r hi · ow 11 < conqu e ror no l es s of anni e:-· than of h master equall y of the of war <-tnd peac·( ; a s tLldent amid th e l abors of a wi h a libr ary alway s by hi .· s id e; a m.arv J of intell e ctual ab ility, maste ring in an honr what men upon for cle eicling up on. ln s co ur se w1th the rapidity of ]i o·ht ni11 g, he n ev er vari ed from it ti]l his end accomp1i.shed; unk1:o\vn' at tw en ty, renoun ed at twe nty- fwe, he s tand s be fore thP v,ror] d a monument to woncl e rfrlll o·e1 1i n eo npl ed with ind efatigab le ene rgy. Im pm:fect, and who js not, still his ow n will donbt-Je::;R he realiu cl. \Vhen l:\· kP<.l to

In th e plague ho pital of Acr , wlt n hi. men were dying by hundred. unatt nd d by fri end or phy ici an (for all th · had fl. d fi·om the dread di ase ,) t)lis "inhuman but ch r "( ?) went from man to man comfortin g, n onraging, aidin in every po s ibl e way th , uff r. . er ·- an examp l of elf-forgetfnln R and elf-sacrifi ce seldom equal d. • Did pace suffice, . in cident after in ident mig ht be rel at ed to how that so far from bing a cold, heartle s, inhum an wr etch as he i so ofte n pictured, Napol eon wa . a large hearted, y mpath etic man, never woundi ng where it wa not nece s_ary; never for g ttin g to repay a kindn es · or reward on who had helpe d him in hi s hour s of n ee d. The fri end s of Napol eon ob cure and poor, were till t1J e fr i en d of Napol eon, the victorjou s Fir t Con ·ul and' Emp eror Napo leon has be en charged with ambiti on . He was ambition . but hi s ambiti on wa s to bet te r th e conditi;n of hi s fell ow men. ' Ti F; tru he ought to conqu er Egypt and to f ound in th e eas t an emp ir e of un examp led magrtific nee . He had al ready begun the work by fr ee ing th e tyrant-ridd en Egyptian s, by giv i ng th em a fr ee gov ennent. , good l aw s and by re,.i rin g th ir trad e and comm erc e till th ey b g an on ce mor to call t.h em.·el ves a pe ople; th en, turning to yria, he was_ just in. the act of stricldn g th e hackl e fmm another oppr esseel p eo pl r wh en England, ari stocratic Eng land -ev r th e foe of progre s and th menac e of Jib erty- interpo e el her cannon at Ac re a nd .·t op ed JJi s nobl e proj e ct w ]J (-'ll a lm o t erownPd with , li CI' f't=:Fi A g rand Rp ertacle , nr l y, ti n En rrlan 1-j 1mn g- ha ndt-' inhun-1an Turl in r 1 •r tIt a r h 1 ' .·a 11 1<• L nJ J(· • 111 r · o11 a l n .·.·ia - .· •J tti - hat ·Jet u • ha v t' ]Wa f' •:' ' En f,!·•,· j] fi' OIII a] 1< o n. p la<"d at th lt " Pr Pnr·l1 i 11 J,,major ity of a m illi on ·vot • , wa · ntor< t; ·"hov r i n f Fra n(·e t han c ._ pd h., . 'lt'f'id nt of b ir tl1.

lih ·1 <·in·ulntl· I l .-,in:. him he .ly '' il·lori ·:; und my work ,f publi · imtn It r II • f•lll _,. n•.. pnn, • whi ·h i hl' · 1111 • 1111 kc•. \\ 'IJpn th •n• :.hnllnu l · 1 ntt·' , f

Iii I to lw found , - h' •n·u llHHllllll 11 n u iii y wl.idt I lui\· ' n •nn•d dtt' t·c I •:- ,f I w • •hic:l 1 ltu\'t' funJll·d will dl• t 't'll I 11 h • r .

11 I fu un· hi, tnrinn will ,. he don 111 : l y '"." ·o11 t'll l pun ri ·· oull · •r 1i11ly It,,. • uo mur • til luriut? rn num nt h 11 th t• hPnr f •It i ml •, ml ln tin \'l• \f WliJ.

'L 'M l '' \ .· 1 1..1 1: I I El. 1.\ T IJ E \ Y :\ ' E.

11 y ( • 1-'. I. 1-: Ill< •

[Th is pape r w, read hcfur th e s tu dents ur th 'orm at huo l - :\ part nr t h. fo r By pe rm is io n it i · p ri rll ·u in th nt 'RIHLI

bri t a n w ab ut 14 kn wn. .. F 1

tnu r who h ad nt 11 • tim 11 ti ns. It m tltnt hi .· 1t11 't r' hnd ha11ui r nft f ,. s \' ' rnl 0' ncm -

oluo)b u was t il ' o ld < f f nr having tw I r th and n siste r. Havi11g, at an ady a()' , v iu · d 1111 inclinati u for the s •a, hi s ducati ou wa s mniul directed to fit him for maritim e lif e. 'W b 11 b wa s old enough he wa s sent to th e uui vers it,) of Pavi a, where he studied Lati11, omet ry, nstl·onomy, geography and na vigation .

After l eav in g the uHiv ers ity he w ent to en wl1 en only fourtce11 years of age. Co lumbus wa s very thoroughly e du cate d in all th e arts and scienc es that were ne cess ary fo1· n great discov erer to know . For, in n le tter writt en to ] e rdinand an d Isabella, he says: "Most Serene Princes: I we nt to sea very -yo ung and hav e continued it to t hi s day, and I have dealt and conversed with wis e people, Latins, Gre eks, Indian s, and Moors, and our Lord has , made me very skillful in navigati o n, knowing e nough in astrology, and so in geometry and arithmethic God bath given me a genius and

olu mb u wa w nt t li\· "i th hi m th r-in -la '" n a mall tat n P rt th r hnll dr d mil s ut in the m •t an ,,h r th y li ed for a whil in q ui t n. H r th ir on Di go was b rn. oua E lip a was a gr at fa\ o rit e of h r father n.nd wa hi · on tnnt compan io n. She accompa ni d him ou man v . ages, a nd inh e ri te d l1i s l ove of ad \ e ntur e. he k ept her jo urnal , wrote man, 'aluabl e papers, and drew maps and charts r la tive to her fath er 's voyages As Felipa was , ery am bitious, her fath e r, at his death, le ft to her all of his valuable papers, journals, and chart:s . '.l;h ese all fe ll into th e hands of Columbus at his marriage. Here, on this little while studying the voyages of his and talking with his wife in regard to her fath er's . ' he first conce1ved the idea of sailing westward to th <t Indi es .· His good wife · shared his opinions nnd encouraged him in all his undertakings. Columbus now felt himself divinely called to open up n ew ways to undiscovered lands. But he was I poor and must have royal aid.

He made his first application for help to King

John II, of Portugal. Th e King wa s gr e atl y interested in rna 't· n rme ent e rpri s es and to ok kindly to the 1dea of reaching the Indies by a. we tern

He referred the proposition to a co un el of WISe ?ut th ey the pro ject as extravagant and Still., King John th o ught that Columbu vr ews might be correct and se er tly di spatched a ves et to as certain wheth er th ere wa · foundation for hjs th e ory. Although tb p1lot was armed with the charts a nd map of . Columbus he lacked his courag e, and s oon re turn d ridiculing the idea.

- In 14 4, he left Li bon with his moth e rl ess so n, and went to Spain. At th e same tim e he mad application to the courts of Ge noa a nd Ve nice , bnt refu ed to aid him. He sto p.r ed at La Rabrda convent, which is on ly on e-and a 1.1a1f mi l from Palo ' to beg for bread and w ater f r hi s little on, Diego.

Here he be came acquainted with th e s uperi or of th e conv ent, J uari Perez, to whom h unfold ed bi chem e. monk was so well pl ea se d with the grandeur of hrs scheme that he used all hi influence to pro cure for him aid from th e King and queen. Columbus left Di ego at thi convent for the next eight years From La Rabida Co lu mbu s we nt to Cordova, whe re Ferd inand and Isab ella were but th e ove · . fi 1t ' rergns were pre pa rm g to g 1 the Moor and had no tim e to li s ten to Co lu mbu s. But here he al o ga in ed friend s. H'e followed the colflt Salamanca. Here, through· the influence of Columbus had his first inter view with Ferdmand I b 1 Th · sa e la was not pres en t. e King was mu.cb impres se d with the propositio n of reaclung lndra by g · . . orng we t acro ss the Atlan trc, and th e mo t learned astr onomers and cos mograp ers of Spain to hold a conf e rence w ith him and report th eir· op · · · No lllron to the Kmg. rep ort wa s mad e fo 1• th 1 H ey pronounced it a viswna,r y sc leme. ere is a h' b que stion th ey ask ed t iD; '1 t ere anyon e 80 fool' 1 h t 1 1 a to beheve t a th ere.are anttpod e with tl . b terr fe et opposite to o ur s, p eo pl e w o walk with tb h . · en· fe et upward and their ]le ad angmg That th · t. of the worl d' in whi ch all thin{)' : er e rs a par 1 . o are top sy turvy- w 1e1e tb c tr ee grow, w1th bran che d · ' h . . d h . ownward and w e!e jt r:un an ad upw a rd ' A · · · · gam Colu mbus m.aoe \'a!uabl e fnend ,. Re now aided

f r h l uu1L u wa \'i c·t• ,_ I .J. , ! f 1 a rn d m H a l,n

Jf th > w: ... i > r >of

ign da r· mi n t g t F ra n call d in th m i uflu wh om wa Ma rtin of a w alth fam il ag ain x pl a in li ten r w r co mpr It ndin g th tn.

· ·i n·d h • ol ltlnl IIH W::l H 1\xand 1 r·smHI • I no l fr ia r .Ju:t ll l (·!' JJ ti aJ Jll II f J: aim; Pin z () u the• h ·a 1 nns i ra an I a. th \ I' 'ol tt ll lbu ntait · of hi ·apnl le ll

. Th friar w r· t a I tt 1· t H l' ll t i n a· 'nnta I• by am cug r wbo f und th engag d in t lJ i Jf ' nti Htd a. a kindl y r pl y in vit in ]Jim to That v ry ni ght l1 f ri ar

He lJ ad a ·onf r nee with th d ec id ed th at 'o l um bu b r · lJ c r •c.; •i ,. · l •( Ill' • rannda. it 'OIIJ' t.

The qu e n, r rn e mu rin g J, i. puv ·rty ··c n seve nty do llar to him t b ar hi s t ra v ·l lin g ·xpen es , to fmni h him wit h a mul f or jo urn ey , a nd t pro vid e h im wit h a n w uit· cl th es that he might mak a r p ·tabl e appearan ce at the court . Co lu mbu s re ac hed th e amp, 1 ·· • 1491,. th e ve ry day of the su rr end er f 'ntnn.d On th e 2d day of January the Moor s mar ch l. o ut of the city, and the fo r ce s of Ferd in and ani]_ Isabella to ok po se ss ion of it wa s a t inJ u f great re joicing among the Spania rds, m1 d pOO t· Co lu mbus was again neglected.

He, dish ea rt ened , had just l oft Gr anaJa with. the intention of go in g to Fr ance, but hi s fr iend per suaded Isabell-a not to a ll ow hi m to go thor . Sh e dispatched a cour ie r, who overtook Co l nn1b1.1 wh en on ly six m il es frorn Gr anada . lie r ct nrn a ct to Santa Fe and had ·an immed i at e a udi e nee with the court. Fe rdin and pleaded the l ack of f nud s but I sabe ll a said , "l -t he enterp ri se my ow n cr own of Cast il e and w ill pledge rn jewels to rai se the necessary funds."

He re ceiv ed his commissio!l to mak e hi s cxped i-

i It em \pr il 17 l':lln h ·ill!! h • pin 'l' cf. i 11ft t• I fnr li i Ill.! "II It · •\ 1 ,. li II 'W:l.' rn d IJi, ..- l•·ndlllir:d . nwl t!•'' ·rn.. r· •t• 1 •rnl r 11 I ·i · ruy, m nil lw bnrl.. It · mi!!h eli 'll\ l'r un I wn to ltn\ ,. 1111 • t·n h "· It· pr•ulu 'l' nf thl•

l tl\ ·.,lJ, •\dll!! ·, tllnhu.: ,,nk It • ·.,urt und j _, lui y r · llrJII'tl •• L:1

1t \\' II ll uw <•i!!hh·t·n .' '':tr -.inn• '••h 111h11:: had ·nn · •h·<·cl hi •Jt t l' rpri l' l'i!!ht .' l·:tr:- "· \\ hi ·It It • pen iu .'pnin f.,r hdp . . ·.. w. in :- jth y ·nr aft 1· t lw pr iuu• nf hi:: Iii\• w :t:: :')Wilt W • find hiw 1111 t lu · \ nf :-111'1'

I Ul W lh 11!--!lli n t' nltfruntl.·d with d itti·ul i • \ \' hvtt int tt in n.: Wt·n• lll:ttll• knn wn h • ·ity ,,f I hrnwu i 1111 till• w iltlt- ::r •x<"i •rn nt. th · t,.,Jdt •...,t nf :<t> :lll ll ' ll :-:h ra nk ft ont tht

Ulll•rtaking .\II kind :-: nf dn ·adful t nl t•:-: \\"l' l'l' hid ul CJIIt tht • unkntJWII d t• t•p . and in :1 ('t>ltllllllnity

·c ll tpO. •d of tfll' l lltt :O: I lltf\'( •JIIIII'IIII:-: :O: l' :lllll' ll lf th ' a' · i wa irnp11:-: :-: ihl' to fit 1111 th<.• xP •clitiO Jl. It :t:-: if ir would ht• a 1 ·ri fiee lf L It li f• Hll d

1ar lon wa li uii'Ln•d to t h1.• 1 ri:::t tll' r :-: wh Wo nld go on t. l: iH cnt t' rpr i:-it'. 1 ut a ll pn fl' IT •d tt r·ouHtin in th •ir d un gt•on :-: nt tht •r 1k tn r i=-k tht'i r )j \' II II ·h :t Jll' l'iloll :-i jo lll'll l' ,"·

W k · l:tp :·H' d nnd no hnd 1 C' n pr ,.i le d. The ·it v ofli ·t·r · Wl'l' l' or ckn •d tn pr -: · Ill 11 .! and hip in to :-;u rv i ·e. fntlll t' din t l' ly th hip s tha t WC J' in t it <' ltHI' h())' of P:t los ldt in rU t' !' to av () id t hi t> pc rih HIH ,·oy:t g Th' Pinta nml 1 of h r Cl' ·w w 'I' \ I r es ·cd in tc li t: n·i

Jnan Perez 11 w 11 1:1 II hi t> inHu cn · to h lp Co lnm bns fit ont hi s e xp e dition. .H cl llla 1t in Alo 11zo Pinzon nnd hi s broth r, in c ut P inz on, to c 1wage in the nt o rpri se Th e, r wer expe ri enced navigator. · of co nnw e and nbility, owne rs of v es sel s, aml hnd se am en in th e ir emp loy Th ey wore re la ted t< many of tho e afa ring inhabi ta nt s of t hat place a nd exerc is ed gre at inftu 3nco through o nt the n eig hb o rh o od.

The Pinzo n broth ers gave the Nina, and, t hr ough the ir influ ence, th e ·city appropriat ed a third vess el whi ch Co lu mbus ca ll ed Sa n ta .Maria in h ono r of th e Bles sed.Vi rg in. This was the Hag s hip , ·which o lumbns and tho on ly 0 11 e that

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d in th dark r th' brns o lum b i:m Da y.

t ha t wn t x-

r d f r an r ti ti on ">t nrri d tb y r th .Y w nll b th it· r hn·u was - d in ly

1'1 1' ug •- \\ hith kn ow n t 1 :mel dou btf u I. h adl .'· nnn d au I utain ] f r y0ars

Th 1 r pnrati n' \\ cr o mpl ot by th, e\e lliuo· of \ 1wu t ::; on cl A ll night Co lnmbn \\ nt cb d 0 from th It ight of th e mo na stery for a fay ri1w wind. Th ,-e s Is tood in f nll sai l at th e e nd of t lt pi r. Th cre \v h ad b ee n o rd ered to e mbark but tb ey fir st r epai red to th e c hapel to impl ore th e sn tni nin g h and of Pro vid en ce , and to s eek fo r the c on t'nge and r eso lu tion to bid, pe rhap s, a l ast far e well to all th at man ho ld s n.nd hnm e and co nn try.

At t hr ee o'c l oc k in the morning the awaited br ee ze sp r ang up. Th e road s from Mog uer and La Rab ida were te eming wit h lif e,. and throngs bad gath ered at the wha rf. Th ere vvas scarcely on e h ad a friend or relati ve ani ong the adv e nturou s band. 0 Co lu mbus, aft er returning th anks to the ''Giv er of A ll Good,' ' r es o lu te ly

boarded the Santa ,Maria, and amid weeping, and blessings, and waving of adieus, the little fleet sailed out of the harbor of Palos on Friday morning, August third, 1492

There were, in all, abou t ninety persons. On the Santa Maria were, besides the Admiral, the owner and commander of the vessel, a Biscayan mariner, and his pilot, a nephew of Columbus by marriage; a royal notary to register proce edings; a physician well versed in the experience of th e times; a Christianized Jew; a scrivener, and others, but not one from Palos. The Pinta carried the most expert seamen, all but one being from Palos. Among those on board were a broth er and a cousin of Martin Pinzon, the commander; a noted physician , and his nephew who served him as secretary; and others, simply adve nturers or r epresentatives of commercial hous es anxious to extend their trade with Cathay . The N ina, commanded by Vicente Yanez Pinzon, the youngest of the broth e rs, had on b oard a surgeon, a silversmith, an Irish and an English guide, and several workmen and farm laborers from inland provinces.

Colurn bus had marked the route on a map sent him by Toscanelli. On this map Cipango, Japan, lay directly west of the Canaries; so he first directed his course to those islands, that might sail due west on the twenty-eighth, parallel to Cipango without changing his course, and from there to Cath ay.

The first three days of the voy age were uneventful; but at the end of the fourth the rudder of the Pinta had become badly damaged. . Columbus felt certain that this had been done purposely b'y the owner, in order that his ship might be left beh ind. They reached th e Canaries on the sixth day, and land ed at Gomera. Columbu s first thought to fit out a new caravel, but none could be found; so they imm e diately set about repairing the Pinta. R epairs here were made possible through the fact that the Canaries were Spanish colo ni es . Of all the African groups, these alone belonged to Spain.

While the wo rk was going on, r epo rt came from a caravel just landed at Ferro, the most western of these islands, that King John, of Portugal, through jealousy of Spain, h ad fitted out a fl eet to overtake and capture Columbus. This hast-

ened th ir departure but it wa a full m n th fore th ey wer aga in n

To in cr ea the f ar f tb were about t fl h )' ll of th i l an <.l .' finnl l. ·

overcame th ir familiar e ru pti n bad long inc c a omen

TL e first tw da s th made but lit le pr gre breeze ft· sh ened . F hearts of the men fail lik e little childr n. \'it W I' L ]IJ1•l an l bu n th hir d h

and tnan

Co lumba had d eclar d that ' ipn.n o wn H nbou twe nty -one hundred mil fr m t it annri · · · for fear he h ad underrated the di tn uc h k jo urnal s: ne f r him lf in whic h h 1· eac h day v nts and tLc xact dl tan ' the other f r the in pect i n f tho r w a h night, in which the daily run wa mn ·h

On S ept 10, the run wa one hundr d, j o-hty miles; but it was giv n t the men as ul y hundred, forty-four. This met h d, th ugh v r questionable, probably saved his li fe ) at r n 111 the jo urney.

At nightf a ll of September 13, the magncti needle of th e co mpa ss , in stead of pointing a 1i ttl to the right of t he pole star, po inted a little to th left, th e variat ion in cr eas ing with the distanc, . This sorely puzzled Colu mbus wh o co uld n ot ke P it from the sha rp eyes of the pilot, and soon th crew wer e greatly e xcited and alarmed; but Admiral was e nabl ed to give th em an explanatiOn which somewhat subdued their fears.

On the sixtee nth, they struck the va st sea of floating grasses, known as the Sargasso Sea. Here abounded tunny fi sh and crabs. This wa. a strange ph e nom e non, and again they b ecame fright ene d; for two days the wincl was ve ry light and their progress sl ow Some wet:e ce rtain of an entangl ement that mean t destruct! others, more practical, were afraid of runnin oaground upon s ub - marin e i slands; but failed to reach the bottom. It was days bfore they r eached th e li mit of the sea of vegetati o n.

Then the unvarying w ind ' b ecame the

I rm. 1l w\' wc·n· nc•opmin ·tl \\ i h lu: in n. 1111 wind nl"lll.! lw ... ltur l•u · hi' )JI1 hill I tu·w. I lur illl.! h . t'll in· \ uyn \' f r h · \\ind ltatl ''"lilt' c•:ulil" rout h • •:t.: , un· h:t 1 tH'' ,.r t•h:lll ..! • l. nltl rlu·.' ,., c·r !.!•· lo:u·k Tlwir murmur· in 11g1ti11 lw ntlntinll lwc·:un · lntHil•r. II\' ould unt l pt•r-.lllltlt·tl tn urn h:u·k nnr •n 11 hi f hi· <·• 111':-1'. .\1 hi.. jt m· un• lw "iml udd •lll,v \'(' 'l'(•d '" lu· -. nil '"' , , Th llll •ntit>ll ••f the· C'l't'\\ \\:1" 1\tl\\' Ul'lh'tl to i t uf lnnrl. n11d on :?.• th · t·hit•f •Ji fti cul .' lny in tl11· irupnli\·IH'l' n · lh• nwn at n \I fi nd in Inn I. On 1hnt d:l\ 11 ":t.: nk 'II

R tt u rt• ·i •n of lnnd nnd h.' 11111 . u( prni..:,• un )n tire· IIIC>IT••W it lwei in.·l.' v·ar d. Flil!hl:-< of:-< r:tngt· io't·d:- 111111 II lwr nf lunl kC'p t t·ai. ing- llw hopt ·. nf thl' t·n•w onl y t h • 11 udd •ttl y di:'pvll, ••l. T im:- "''·'· \\'l'l't' nl e rnnt ·ly in of l' \. 111 n1i1111 n11d di::pnir.

I aily tl w JH •·iI of ( 'ol u rn hu:: g-n·w ,, , }' rhnp nug iiJ t•nt ·d by t lrt• fnc·t 1 h at It, wn::: 1111 J ta li an ·oJll lllllll .·pnu iar 1:' Jt wn:-: hint' I hat it 1n ig l1t bc· w<•ll In tiii'C w him o,· rl , nr tl 1'1. ·n1tn in nf 1'11 • J' int:t m g- d h im t• e hnng: hi· c: ur • n did all' u tilt' pi lo t :' : bu t rlti::: lw ,. fu •d to do.

On ( ·tob r 7 tIll'." l1a d t ·ot lll' O\'l'r 'll hn n lr·ecl1uil H, :IH nnly I w t• nty -twn h;HHl rPd, an l ' lum bu s, fe ar in g th ey Wl' re a lit tl, tn tl f ar north t rea ·h O ipung o, Hl1i ft ·d :lightly to th nuthw t. It was w "II tltn t 1t did ·o, fm t it fi ' I'Y te mp er of th · <:rl'W n:-; c I with n h tln Y "l a nd had h ko1 t du we st· h wo nld Ita,· h c1 ov •1· two lnm ur d mil o: fnrl'h N t: < gn bt'fnr rea ·Itin, l and, as he w nld l11n l' lan d d in Flori d n. Oct ber ] 1, sig nH of lan d wer unnti t akab l . mall bird s indi c•tt o<l lnml tn th e and two c nri ously carve d stic k wo1·' · n tl o nting on tl 1e watc1·. Th willl est 11 tlp1sin:sm pi·e n1 il- d. Ten thousand HHl r nvodis, ab out_' t hir ty dollnrs, h ad heen offered to the ono wb b ·honld fir t ight l aitd. About nine o'c lock in. the ev e ning the ad miral declarcd t lt at he saw ad istant ligh t mo vino· ....., 0· abo ut. At first t hi s was doub te d, bnt wa s fi rm ed a few ho m's l ater 'by a s ai l9r on tho Pin ta·:' · Soon a lon g, iow coast was v isi bl e to all. Columbu s fe ll on hi s kn ees aud offer ed fe t·ve nt t hanks to God : It was two o' cl ock in th o mo rn,,

n · n m n 1d h "

lw·t nw1 i i ng th h W ll .\t dayb r n- h nt wcr

'nlum l u::: . wi It : part ll · in .' (':lrl •r dr ::l$ 1nd 'n.: ilt• nml Ll n ir.1 hi .: hnn l. ', L

tn ,. •ntun• \ 'l' l'." ll l' 'l r. 1111t mol 'd h '." dr \\' 'I );::

t it •. '. :\ n,·:. i:S pr li th inb it b \. lfi :l 11 w r wil -.;\'i b : whil h b isbn cnll' i n )f l. an rii>< ln n is

. Th' m 'n w er dn z d w ith dr ams f f l' ld th 1r in el y ft rt un . nn t iY s p int d s uth ln m11 • t ':til tt r 'i\. h i pn ng nd d to 'tay nn t il a q nnin t d \\itb its omm r · an d ar t'. · H lmtd ed on n b antifnl is l nu d hi h thr w him int cc t nsi s with its tr op i al v g tati 11 • H ut tw m ng r • to the in t ri r "i th a 1. tt .r for th Gr eat Khan fr om Fe rdinau d and I nb - lin but. they r turn ed di s ap poin e d, ltn.vin o· :s n no. Khnn, nor th e citie a nd g old de c rib d by :Marco · P olo Th ey s aw pleasan t v illtt g , lat·o- e hous es; and fields of maiz e, potato s, and toba."cco . · Colu mbus was m uch pe rpl exed, but ag a in saiL and this tim e reach ed an ot har isla nd .in ::n·e than the las t. Pinz ou on the desert ed him, w hich was an easy t ask, as his ship w as much s wifter- Befm::e he had h ad t ime .to ex plore much of thi s Hay ti, a g rav e· misfort une o ve r took the m. By ·a carel es s disobedi en ce ··of o rd e i·s, the fla gs hi p

I6

THE NORMAL CO U RIE R.

was stranded on a rock-ribbed coa s t. Bein g unable to disl odge her the wav es soon b eat her to pie ce s. Thi s brought to Columbus v ery forc ibl y t he fa ct t hat Europe did not ' kn ow of hi s succ e ss, and he immediatel y prepar ed to re turn. He hardly under st oo d Pinzon 's m yste riou s d ese rti on . It might bode no g oo d to him.

The Nina was the only vessel left, and be in g to o small to ac com odate th e whol e nu mber, s ome begged to be left behind; so Columbu s left a ye ar 's P.ro vi sio ns with th em a nd sa w a bl ock h ouse of the wreck ed timbers of th e Sa nta Mari a und ei· con structi on and departe d, January, 14 93 . Tw o days lat er th ey enco untered th e Pin t a. P inz on exc us ed hi s a cti ons by say ing th e weather was s uch that he co uld not pr e vent th e se para tio n.

On Fe bru ary 12, th ey enc ount ered a se ve re storm which separated th em th e r es t of v oyage . Thi s lasted fo ur days, a nd ' it is a mystery how those tw o littl e crafts eve r re ach ed land.

to ti t out a ath ay, .a h easte rn e xt r be

n in n and lJ Hl t n. h u1i ght r ·n h u bn to l h nu 1 H aY

l:I Y ' AR RJE E :'I1 1£ R N.

[Thi s p aper was rea d be fore th e t ud ·nts f th · N St ate No rm al Sch oo l as pa rt of the program for o lum bi, n l ny. By pe rmi ssion it is print ed in the C RI F. R.J

On th e 1 th th ey land ed on on e of the Az ores. Th e vi let gcm m d wit lt th • li st uill g d '"Thi s being a Portug es e island th ey were ve ry dr ops of mo rnin g, n es t li ng th · f oot f rudely received. A party of fi ve , sent by Co lumbu s th e se ar c hin g c hil d, is beautif ul t him. to th e chap el to offer up thanks for th e ir de li ve r- To th o sc ie nti st , h w ve r, wh J r ocr niz. '' m ance from th e storm, wer e se iz ed and impri so ned th e fl ower a ll the t ag es of d v lopm ' li t w hi h for seve ral days , but finally the thre ats of Co lum- li e be hind a nd the p s ib ili ti cs whi ch ar wit hin bus effect ed th e ir rel ease. it ; wh o k now s th e a ss imil :..t ion whi ch hu s tn k 11

An oth er storm took them up the mo uth of th e pl ace in order th at it rn ay b pr du ·ed, -t·o him rive r Tagus off the rock of Cintra; but th ey were th e ft dwe r is more th an a mere plc as nr . It i · very. kindl y r ece iv ed by the Portu guese and invit- grand, far-r eac hin g, ove n illimi ta bl e thought. ed to attend comt. On March 13, th ey again So to us whe n, as c hil dre n, we h ea r < £ th set sail and re ached the harbor of Pal os at no on bumbl e Ge n oese ; hi s perse ve ran ce a nd co ura g of th e 15th. All business wa s s uspend ed for th e hi s final co nqu es t of all diffi c ul ti es , th ere co m es a and a gene t al holiday pre v ail e d. That eve n- thrill of wo nd er a nd admir a ti o n. mg the Pin ta ho ve in sight. Pinz on bad s topp ed • Ye t o ur full e st, tru es t pl eas ur e in th e s tud y Ot at Bay onn e and fr om th ere di s patch ed me ss engers his car ee r co m es to us as we tra ce the e nvir o nto th e King and Qu ee n. But wo rd fr om Co lum- me nt s which s mT o und ed him back to th e ir o ri g iu bu s th em before the y re pli ed to the repo rt as wo not e th e civilization of th e early nati ons of Pmzon , whi ch gave credi t to him se lf for th e and th e evo luti on f_rom them of th ose p eo pl es s ucc ess of th e voyage , and th en their reply was co ntemporary with C olumbu s him se lf. and forbad e an entranc e into their pr ese nc e. Far back in th e ce nturi es in th e fe rtil e vall ey of Co lumbu s was ·at onc e summoned to atte nd the Nile th ere dw e lt th e mi g hty race or th e Egypcomt at Barcelon a, and give .n a se at in the pre s- tians. To th e few of this nati o n, kn o wn as thence of the sove reign s, us uall y r ese rv ed for royal IIJ.agi, $Cience reve aled many of her tre a sures. pe rsonage . Th ey we re gre atly in te r es ted in his In th e structure of the ma s siv e pyramids and fron:t six du eky -bu ed p eo pl e, th e tam e parrot s, the th e trea s ures they discl os e we le arn so mething O:f he r bs s upp os ed to co ntain me dicin al qualities, the their advanc eme nt along th e se line s. This profew pear ls and go ld t rink et s. With o ut waiting gress was, ho wever, limited to the very fe w. It for t he s anction. of the Pope th ey at on ce agr ee d nev er touch ed and awakened the common pe opl •

1 nd , f ni h in th • , n •

we ti ml pl II' 1f 11 l h' I 'W ru ' n nl

hl• 'I roll • Ill , r • ' tlll h<• on ' ur •ly I ht• J ht n• ni C'i un 1u un i mp nr nn t fa · r iu hi l(l ry.

\n I nt lust CJ II n l lll l llllt Li 111 u,· p •nin::; u ln of u h 'I'll Eu ro p l' t he r' . prir t 1 n 11 tti HI una rall I •d in tht•ir ·ttl lltr '· Tn' r gl ' :111 I fr 111 :; yr inu fi t• ltl :; tit 1 ' ::1 d .' w lt i h

pran UJ :lll d for th nn hundr •d f )1 i in h•r st1· tt r t:m il. ll •r philn .')j ltl•r· Ii' ma n f lt (J f un d am •nt al t ru th th lab or f t it • (7rr k ]Hint t•t· nud s u lp r nr' 111ar v I f ha rm on · a nd br til t Y to- in v. . . . 'id U)' ide w it lt t !t iH Jl C 1pJ' 0 11 th ndja • nt p nin s ul a spmng up th ' i{o m:1n rn •c: t ha t nnt i 11 wh sc pr n. 'e l· was fo r po w • r: wh o·' nam e f r 0 ma ny years wa l:l n te rr or tu th w ak n at ion . Whil e R nt ndopt d som ·thin g o' th t al •ut nnd cul t ur e of ' I'C c o, her c hi ef asp ira tions w •r in mili ta ry anrl po li tical dir octious. 'h sc i ct d ft·om a ll pr e ce din g na tions t hat whi ch ma de her the invin c ibl e co nqueror of tho civ iU ze d wo rld for · so man y ye ar s.

Th e re ligion of Hom o, lik e th at of Gr eece wa s poly th eis ti c pr ev ious to th e es tabli s hm e nt of the ChTi sti an re li ()' io u. Thi s sys tem bec am e th e uati o nal re li g ion of Home in th e fo urth ce ntur y, and, whil e fo r·a tim e th e re li gious ri gh ts of the individual were re gard e d, fr om the · fir st th e Uhri s tian s were pr efe rred in imp erial affairs . 1'hus wa s originat ed th e amalgamati on of c hur ch and state which aft e rwards b ec am e so s triking a featur e of th e Europ e an nation s.

The gr e at re voluti on during th e e arl y ce nturies ' TJroduc ed by th e transmigrati on of th e Ge rmanic

ht

h n I I 11 l ll ' rin im r h\.D fr m a.n fr m h i.1· b 1th hith rin t E nrnra n 111t and brfw t d in th

1 d tail 1 I adi ng nt ur .'. n pr odn d fr m th a li ti n R man Anglo-axon a nd ::N m nt Th d min at in _?" tic w m t tron O" I th "i g r a nd d t rmi nat ion of th An ()' lo- ax n. Th e n at ion ha ad va n ce d, t p b t p, t br 110'h w ar s and diffi c ul ti es t a pi n am on ()' th I a ding nati ons of th e wo rld. H r O' OV rnm nt is mo nar c hi al and in fac t tyran- o ni a l. h bows submi ss ive ly and unqu es ti o nitwl y to th e will of the Pop e, th o ugh premoniti ons of th e co min g refo rmati on ma y alr e ad y be di sc ove re d.

In England t hi s see.ms to be th e quiet ho ur , pr ece din g th e gr e at e du c ational dawn which is to br e ak over th e wo rld during th e s ixt e enth century. Tru e, th e re ar e nam es which give fo rth to the futur e a st e ad y light. Rog er Bacon, educated at Oxf o rd, tr e ad s · th e bo rd e r-land be twe en the ignoran t whi ch surrounds and finally e pgulfs him, and the gre at physical and math ematical discoveri es of lat er period s. In comme rcial and maritim e affair s England ha s b ee n

t he disciple of the Med it er ranean nation s, a!ld her na v al power is not unknewn

Leaving the B ri ti sh is land, the ne xt nation which comes to our attenti on is Fvanc e. In th French pe ople are uBited the Celtic, Ga lli c, Roman, and No r man ele ments. , Am 0ng th em the Gallic .ha left impress mo t plain ly. Fr an ce for many ye ar s weakened by feudal s trif e, pp o ed by Eng land at ev ery. tu r n, ha fina lly beco me an indepe ndent kingdom i and ha s her place among nati on . Her r elig ion i a! o that of Ro manis m, and its influ e:c-Ge i identical with that f til e I state. .T he U nive rsity of stand high among edu cationa l institution s of th e time

Germany, a monarchy of mu ch powe r, in cl ud es a l arge territory in ce ntral Eu rope. Her re li gion i.s intol e rant Roman is m, a shown in th e de ath of Ha ss and that of Jer om e. Th e ity of Pragu e i to Ge rmany, what Oxford and Pari ar e to and Fran ce . It is ab o ut this tim e t hat th e u e of gunpowder change s th e mode of warfa re, . and th e city of Mainz is made fa m u for th e fi r t practica l app li cat ion of th e art of printing ··

Spain, the batt le-field of M oo r again st C hri tian , rend ered weak by se ctiona l divisions, at Ia t united by th e ma rr iage of Ferd i nand and I sabella, who repre ent th e Houses of Arag on and Castile. Here, to o, the Cath oli c religion hold wa y. Th e art scu lpt ur e of Spain bear th e impre s of a Moo ri sh hand . U nited Spain !ri ves unre lenting ly and in 1492 th e :Mo or ish ' ' ' king turn over to Ferd i nand th e keys ·to th e be autiful Alhambra, and s urr e nd ers tl)e gr and eur hi s hand has rear ed.

Trul y Sp ain is a wealthy n at ion and is d es tin ed to do a w0 nd erful work . Portugal, adjace nt to Spain ; pa rticipat ed in man y ·of he t· tru ggles . Lisbon is an importaNt · ·port . Comm erce and nav igat ion claim th e cL ief att e nti on of t;he Portug ese

And now we turn to that countr y once the home of 9aes ar ·. Ital y, for som e time a p art of the d 1reat Empir e, which also in cl ud ed G-e rm any .a separate kingdom. With in her bord er ab1 de th e Pope, that ru ler of nation s wh o. probabl y littl e .dr e am : of th e gr e at r ectwn o oo n to d.i turb b1s s wa y ove r E ur ope

I ta ly lead a nd aU nat ion in the art of nav igatio n. T he Me dite ran ean is th e sce ne of gr at uia rit imc t rade · and tw o of Italy's

c a t citie ar e Ve oi c b th d t m r i,·al cit f u all. in ·c Jll ll l I' ·t' . T it ·. ' la nd , n I ; <'noa n

In th ·it nat on n :-< n iH II tribo ta 1·y f th ta nd t lt it y f Pav ia wb r 11 h of 1 t nly tnny bt ain in t ro 111 r n1 h · nH I •·oloj!y . and all 1 11 h, · t illl H. Tbu w a th d aw n of th at p t't 1 wlti ·It an w n1 nt uri ty itt tit· indi vidua l. W fin d h mn an au th 1r ity h t rec gniz th fa · th at h • lo t Clf 111 !1 11 wi II be am li or at d and in ·r 'lt. <·d 111 pr p rti n a· h abl n 1 tis<' 111 c ·hani m f th wo rl d 11 nt ur al and to ap pl,' ph · "J n t at th dimn and va b a pp r ciat d b Fo r xampl an th e no ti n th at ti v" the e ar th · nr fac a nt z 11 •et tit •an H ·!u·<· ·ly n tury 1ni n d. had " i 1 n pla11 t ·d b • d fi n d UJHll\

On e at th n r h wa fr oz n a 11 d i a d. Th at whi ch in cl ud d E nr <Jp wa h·:t. bi ta bl • a 11d whi l th ere e xi ,tc ] at th anti pod an tit r fr i'. ' 11 a ll l an o th er ha bi ta bl divisi n t it y we r' ina·· il JI ' . be ca u e of th burn ing z n whi ·h l ay b tw where th e w at rs f th an · e th I a nd lJoi I d con s tant ly, a 11 d hum an xi ten " wa. im] s. ibl · bl

TLe conditi on of t lJ ·<mm n 1 e np l is 1 Jtl!l "in th e e xtr eme. :Meage r indeed ar t lt • o p] or' b' b ni lt t um tt es of a ma n wh e horn e 1s m a c a. 1n · of sticks ·plastered ov er wit lt m'ud, his ti re ·hi m-. n ey l ess , hi s fu el, p ea t; who se fo od co nsists ")£ vet ch es , fe rn -r o ot s and eveu ba rks of tr s; w lt os in s uffici e nt pr otec ti on pla ces him at the 10 er cy of cold and damp

Entire l ack of co mm erce ma kes Lim ly d epend en t upon the se ason for his susten ai iCC , an l th e r esu lt of fam ine may be imagi ne d.

Highwaym en i nfest the road s and fr equ e nt every ri ve r. Pe sti len ce rag es c on tin ual1 .) · and no phy si cian ever visi ts th e dw e ll iu g of th poo r. By his de ath-b ed is found the mo nk to smo ot h hi s pas s age to the i1e xt wo rl d, but no effort is mad e to s ave him fo r se rvice in th is on · . JJark , ind ee d, is t])e pi cture, yet ev en in gl oom forc es are at wo rk w hi ch in their i ndom i tab le pers e veranc e s ba11 li ft man k ind to the br oad e r, higher pla in of ete rnal, unc ha nge ab le truth

THE 0 M C OUR I ER.

au E

DVERTISI C R TES

iugh· c· ltuuu i ll!!,. tll ,·rti"n •. • ·'

p · ·iul r lh·:- furu i II apphcn iun n hu itw:::tnllllll ·r

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STftTt 0 Mf\ L SGHOOL

.

Fee u l ty

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Emp r r "\\ illinm f 11 d th ;r<n ll th hn of th nf IT d rd r of up m ( ouut \' Oil T n. nf th d 0 TC k E I u r tnfo r" the on nf s p li .Y t lt e l3 In.c- ag · .a hn. b" 11 r gn.rd d n ::; on HOt pur ely G rm a n.

It i. nn d rst oo J th at Ha rpers ha ve off ered tb ditorsllip of Harp ers Weekly, le ft vaca nt b:• the d ath of Ge or ge W i11 iam nrt is, to E. r C'n ·, God kin of the :Ne w York Po::;t.

Indian Co mm issioner Mo r ga n has al wa. ys stro ng ly adv oc at ed c ompu lsory educati on fo r poo r ttLo." At the Ind i an conf erence held at L ak e Ma honk, New York, he mad e a l ong a nd el oqu ent add re ss on the s nb ject.

A timely sng ges ti on co m <:; s to ns fr om Mi c higan. The Re gents of Ann Arbor Univers ity h ave

LADIE S' D 0R J1ff .) R¥.

adop ted a sugg estion made by Pr esident Ange ll that the s al a ri es of the prof essors be rai ed to preve nt oth er in sti tutions fr om ca lling a way hi s best as sis tan ts

Th e Oct ober FoRuM: co ntain s the fir st of a se ries of articl es up on the Am e ri can school yste ro T he writer, M r. J. M. Rice , h as mad e an e xt e nsi ve to ur a mong the c iti es of th e U nit ed tat es fr om B oston to M in neapolis, for the p mp o e f stud y ing their ed ucati onal institutio.n . In fiv e mo n ths he vis ited t we lve hundred te ac h r at the ir work, be id es lo oking into th e m th od s f appoin t ment and the cond net of B oard s of Ed uc ation . Afte r t his exam inat ion of th e sy te rn he d ecide t ha t it may be discrib ed q ui te fitt in gly by the wo rd "chaos .' This "ch aos" re ce ives the influe n ce of fo ur el ements: th at of the pub li c, wh ich i largely negative ; th at of th e board of education in which we can too often, se evi' dence of po litical bi as; that of th e s up erintende nt s who at·e genera ll y over- wo rked ; and that of the teac hers, some of who m h ave bu t sl igbt kn owledge of the u nde rlyin D" p rin cipl es of the ir profes io n.

Mr. Rice is a deep st ud ent of the science of educat ion, and th e r eaders of th e Fo r um h ave an oppo rtunity of a ccompanyin g hi m th rough a to ur of inv e tiga t ion, whi ch cann ot fa il to be pr ofitable Wh ile hi s cr iti cis ms are k ee n and ear chin g, there i no rea ·on to beli eve that th ey are prompted by oth er tha n dis in tere sted motives. He i certain ly to be commended fo r the si mp le directne s with which be disc harg es th e th ank less ta k he has unde r taken, of calli ng at tention to tho e hind ran ce wh ich h ave pre ve nted the snccess of ou r chool ·y te rn.

Man y of hi criticisms apply with equal for ce to sch ool ot her than tho se he vi ited in hi s to ur , and am o ng th ese ch ools, the public, the sc h ool boa r d. , th e up e rinte nde nts and the te ac hers, Cotl. t itnting the fom eleme nt befor e mentione d, hould gi-..·e this erie of a rt icl es caref ul st udy.

Tbe pe imi t te ll u that s oc ie ty is dete ri or atin g: th at th e s oc ial p l' e stige which dipl omatic circle of to day will te nder their success ors is an omin ons one. Ind eed, this qu estion has be com e so pert in ent t ba t no t a h ave ?orne to lo_o k upon it a a potent f ac tor lD pr esag mg the dest .:_:'J.-

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nt and f r •. If th tb ·ot·,· . Jl tain . a s ha low of I rut h.

b an . t d, it fon•li olu t iotl. I; ut 1 nc ur in d , ·tr ill · of t ht•

pe simi t un ti I w ar nvin<: 1 t hat I h r. is :-;\It liP

had w f t ru th in hi· ·tat m •nt · d ·t r io r atin '· ft is i11 tpl y c hang in pr in ·ipl• .· of tr uth nr · ju :-.t · am a tu , w r a th 1 •g i11n i ng < f utall xist n. but ur iu t •rJ r i 111 <1f thu s · p1·i 11c ipl s arc far fr rn b •in, i I ·uti ·nl witlt ul' th e oa rli r nt 11 ri An l why houll I h(·y b ·' the am e? 111• wa n t. J ill' aH J ir at itHI H tl \11' 11 · o ur beli ef a nd ur fa ilit i ' li ft 1t· knowin g_ trnt lt ar n t th am ·. \V · b ·li '\' (' w · nr c· It \'ll1:•· ··g ·. y it·h our lt o1nP ' 11 '·irun - i n a pr og r . 1v "' m nt , f bilJI I .·. on. cur pulpit :t 11d chap 1 l oc tm·- nr i >Jtt ifi · j l UI'IlH is o11r p at 1·iot ic speech and ur da il ' in IH· .·c-ho ol or c !l eg w in vi tabl y d •v lop .' L sn ·ial 1111 <"1 "ll ' I reem in e JJ tly li.IJ Orior to pr '\'tiJ tt. d(·c·n_d . · I t •t 1·. <lc·.t·"rt'or nt tll !! \\'<• Wor w to Ha ' t ta '< ·t '"' v s lt o ul d 1 • (':l t in g r fl • ·ti()J tH upon our lHtn•nt. , onr m ot loy,al s ta t m 11 , o ur pu b li H <,m· ]t om es, and ur cl ri sh •d I ib ·rti •s

Hi ·tory t ea ch -s that a· the in enuon. n <' sl':l ()f in div iduals pen ·a l os th ·ir d ' liu e ra ti on ·Ho g() ,. t'nme nts ri se in bo ni ·nnuc·y, a 11 d ra · · aA t•n d la dd er of ci vi li z ation. Vv · lt av bn t to l ook hac+ o ve r ur· cent ury of heroi · st nwgl · for l e xi ten ce for an obj e<; t ] cS SOil in thi s Uil'lH: tt O!l.

Th e n ew cen tur y w ill h av e bu t to l ou k b rw k to l'l w pr ese nt one for e xpe ri en ce np on w lti e lt hnildi ng is po s ibl e. \lif 0 do n ot cla im t lt at tlt e prese nt dec acle has s olve d a ll of tho Hoc ial problems that lta ve ari tl Cil cl nr in g this tim e; bnt the so lut i01i R wlt ic lt }tn,· b ee n wo rked out arc co ll sistont wit lt t-h e in te rpr <'tations of our br oad est in toJiectH. ac :icnti ti ' know l edg e che ri shes th at oxpla m lt iu ll of any ph en om en on which bears th o gre at es t sc m l> lane • of hav in g b ee n ev olved fr om princi pl cH al rca d.Y esta bli shed.

The Un iver se is g ov erned by n at ur al laws. Wh en th ese are un de r sto od th e pr ov en ti ve w ill replac e the re sto ra ti ve. T hi s is a con s nrnm ati on which in o ur brighter mom ents we be li eve we ha ve ;artia ll y r ea l ir- ed, a nd in ot;r dark.er · I HOments we st ill ltold to be wor thy of om· ctlo rt ·.

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11 ·nr.\' \\' nrd n ,.,., ·Jwr .. a.' .... ; ...\ hnn::h ' ul

tn'nd, wit •u ir :. t·t·-. n 11:1 i"ll · 1 a:: . .. ,.,. , nn h • t nly, hut lw u nr inn i ,.! ·: anti \\It: ,., •r mny 1 ,J., i t.. iu .. i!! ni:l . In· r••:lll "' ·hi •I .' in til\• fl th · .J.!m t•r n nH·u r. ltl' r11 Jt .. . It· hi :- t r." •

J1i Ia ht•luiJI' I !• t ill· II :II j, •II rlt:ll " 1'1 :- tlu •IJI •r th r,JCJII •t·iu, rill' I !I!! rlut ··rill!! in tin ll h h • z • nf ( c·t11 l wr. :! I. I !•:! nil I' tl11•11 :: h ' \\ :lncl·r •I hnc·k to )(- t h \' r. :! I. I I !I :!. wlH" n• Ht r

lt: l\ i n!!' ht-,•n :- t> np nrr h.' till' tu gi' ,. til\' pul dic· :- •·lttlltl:- ami l'nll :11\ ''PJKir tuuity to ('('lt• IIJ':II• ' I IH · r.. ur hll udrt• thh : nni\'(•r rv of t it llr .\ llll' l'i c·a hv 'nlt u nlHJ :' . . . no r F:wulty lnok 11 11 IH·I·d .,f tru11 llt> in Jll't' )Hlrin; a Ulli fJ II• 1\ll cl l' lt i('J'I:I i llillg )'l'••gr:llll . whit•h \\'11:' )Hil'tic·i}Jat('(} in l, y l'tlldt •nl frotn tli tl\ •n• nr

Tit • c·llllp(·l w n:-< dnr kt•nt·d '' -" han·it•r:: bl'ing )' Ia · •d at ltl• wiu do w:' :t nd liglttt• d Hl imPn nl · ly ·I· t ri ity , nnd , :1f1v r I hl• u· •x t•r tc•a het·. . tud t> nl :-< a nd f riPll d:' ga hPrl' I tlan t l njoy tftp 'It t<•rt a i llt l ll'lll f' i l4 tl u'

to :- ,. \\11'1 '· bega n, 9 o' ·lo ·k :\. :'I I. .l us ic hy the ll a no

Ba ta lion l' ar ad e.

At Bugle all, th e S ·hool f II in lin · in in \>rd ·r on t he walk faci ng StlUt h, Se ni or "Ja,.s <> II l h · ld t.

Salut e of Flag by ll au al iu 11

Singing of "Am e ri ca" l•y Seho ul.

.

l '.\.ll l.I .i- 1JL l T F T H \' \. 11 \' A:-\ \ 'I.KET

II' 1 f th t• hi gh • •t Ill Jim lt' id • \' ir d. · · th in · th'

th l• :in!,!• r, n ud r th

pst pk •ns \li'C'' d) 11 r -: ill · f r h im . m t t h im th

ll ' \' 'l' ll t)t s nt arc in

ll i ',\' no· t r h aY flo wn. i ·Itt, illl u o- l <W fl wn fo r, li t- n · chuolth cn m arched to Chapel i11 follnwin g- orde r: Ba nd. R tt alio n, Seh ou l.

' n. • rnth r I ·1-. t it r i:s an nnd rtone of vo1 e m IU< l' ' 1:-; ("11.\I' EL t it thi ];: t' nnd a rn tling of de ad lea>es . ApTn voca ti o n. I fnlh· and von wi ll s ec , pe r hap in the Mu !> ic. pr one 1 h J' ·' •

I{C4ldi ng of Presi dent's and _ Gm·ern o r' s Pro ·Iamn ti us. •• mi ds t of n floc k of S parr ow s, a s lnn, Music Lir d. w itll u ppe r par ts, head a nd br east nmfo rm

R _,. f p-1 pcrs by Ca rr ie Em ·ron, l'vfay 'l a rk , · 1 · d 'f tl eau mg 0 • b] P 1,·. the id eS ru fous, beJly W 11te, an l ' le 1\: o na Jo hn ston, aud l r. C. F. Lehr, i ll ust rat ert by me an s of ,. Stereoscopic \ iews. bir d moYe yo n '' ill likel y s ee tho white ma rkMu sic. iu o·. on the qui lls an d tail fe at hers. T his is th e Tlto exor <; i .·ot> wo re lw an tifnll,' reHd re el nnd T ;vh ee , and he cert ain ly des er ve s a pl ace amo ng a<:h 0 11 0 pr e ·ont dcc nH'd it on?..9f the HlO st in te r- o m· so n gsters . In an other part of the wo ods we er;t ing leR sO it s of hi .· li fe . ti 1 of R ob 1 · 11 .,, a nd 11 0 one questio ns '[ ] 'tl t] t t st ar tle a oc \: .., • 'l 0 paper.' were p r<'pat:t\l w1 1 10 n '. cnrc f a nd were ux ce llt> lttly do lt ver od , each hc lll g 1lln s- the ir standing in mn sical c ircl es . A tinge o tra tcd by Hto r ooseop ie ,·ie wH , whie lt were of tho blu e r eveals the pr ese n ce of t he B luebird , a mos t nniqno c lt a ra etot·. , fl ash of vermi li on amoug tho bus hes betrays the T he mu sic w nA, to Hay the lol:s t, one of tl:c )rcsen ce of t he C nr di unl Gros b eak. mo Ht pl cas ill g fe at ur e :,; of th e 0 1 The 1:\<t' din fi'l is a __ pe r ma11en t r esinl ly t] 1e So lo an d ( 'l lllrn:-; , 0n tt tl cd, Sat! Ul) r \ G1 5', .

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dent, and on b ri ght . not uncommon to h m? r rungs in Feb r ua ry it i T he others a. ea r hr clear ri ng ing wbi tl e. re mo re or 1 . of each k in d . e ss m1g r ato r y, but me remam du .· . birds and R b' nng wmte r· , and th e Bl ueo ms are ft T he T h . · 0 en seen on mi ld days ow ee bem f low ground ' . g a r equente r of th ickets and W ' rs no t so often· ee n e hear a great d 1 . b' d . c ea about the r et u rn f the rrt 8 th e pring, but li tt le is aid ab ut the ir I e urn m the fa ll B. mer in th · rrds that pend th e ir urne north are . t . . 1 . grant s Ora · ' I eu rm ng, eJtl · ra SlU I' wmt er SOJO u rne rs.

One of the fir t t b . , north i th M 0 rmg u gre ti ng s fr om the Co ' . e y rtle Warb ler, or Yell ow -r ump . It me m Septe b weatbe I m er, and ling e rs until c ld b r. t may be ea ily r ecogn ized as it da rt· a out among the b h ' ·h· ranc e , utte ri ng it l ow, ha rp c rrp, by the co l o· f · laty-bl 1 0 rts pl umage. It is, ab v , ue, treaked w' t} bl k L bounded b tb 1 1 ac ; tmoat pure wh it e, brea t. R;m e of the h ead and of the b p, mrddle of cr ow n and sid s of reast bright ve il T ' ·d b J ow he pl umag e va ri e co nsr era ly acco d' d r mg to t he season of th e yea r age an sex of the b · d b ' d rr , ut the ye ll ow marking ar ragno tic

Thi Wa r bl e · h r 1s sue an erratic cr eature that it can hardl y b [l I e ca ed a t ru e r ep'r csentative fr om t 1e north It · k the W · 1 nown to br eed as fa r so u th a. d e t I ndie , and from ·, o rth e rn . '. nort bwlathr · With u , I th ink, it i . stri ct ly mi <Y r ato ry a ongh a f o , . ew may lrnge r t hr ough the m il der wmter

Among the -4.. H . , par r ows, the Fox Spa rrow and arn Sparro r w are mo t l ik ely to att r act atte ulOn, be cau e f th · · n b 0 en: srze, pl umage, so ng and um er Th Wh ' 1 · e 1te -throated Spar r ow i a lar ge >eautrful Spa. ' J row, and m the sp r ing is quite a noted ong t b . d · er, u t, bemg more r et ir ing in i ts 1 pos1t1on 't · ' · . ' 1 1 not so ofte n een dur ing the fa ll m1 g rati n.

· Th e Fox ' pa n ow and lla r ri 's Spar row both arJ'tv ']tb part of October, and are ab u nda nt unt1 dnven fa tl h r ler Ollt by the co ld weath er. A few r ema · · lll over wmte r, and they become abundant a ga in by th e fir t of M r. B tl middle of A ril .t f h arc L y le P mo s 0 t em have disappeare d but I bave .·een Fla .· ' , n IS pa rr ow as l ate as the fit· 't f May.

m r th app ar an · fa r" hr u. h tlta 11 ,,f a ' par·r w. I r 'J ll ain mu ·h f th · tt ut · (J tt t ht· 1 scr atc hin th I •a · · ·. \\ h 11 , wrtl ·d , i tr' • ot · ot h 1· ·I ,_ with blacki s h. and win ., with tw > ' hit ban I It i. r ·<·u ' ll iz 1

b. tL · l r f th h a.d . Th' l >f h acl lc t· ', , hin, and thr a ar' u ni fo nn bla ·k. J t iH fo m1 l i11 larg numb r in 1< w hi ·k

s. It i a n i y It n ·oH si t < f th l ong draw11 on t ca kl

Tlt c Fox · h 1 pan· w wtt t 1e po · ible except io1 1 f tli v ·ali arr w, t rib th tno . t a ·c·oJJIJ>Ii,-1!(• 1 In I t· It • al"'' ·c· , >II rh • tai I a11 I w i 11 ":-. roo· • t H I! 1 :-;i I t hi<·kl,,1' :d I t. I p (.'( lot ·, \' · it

·B ide s th e r ., t Jlllll t lJ r of La11d 1 ird s lH w pa ss in g th r ough ur tat th J u ·ks ' . ·s • 1 •licaHs, Uran . , :md Wat •r B ir Is ar. journ . ·i ng so ut h ward. Wi th in a f w w · h; the . will hav e diRt ri bn ted t l1 m · lv vvc 1· th • ' un nv Sout l1 , and our wint er jo nr n ' I' w ill lt aV • g011 i nto wi nt er qua rt r ·.

In In li a and Sout h Am ri ca th r iH a u ,a utifu l l it tl e tree wb i cl 1 b ar rong h 1 •av e v ry sweet sce nt eu flowe rs t ll at ope n in the cvo n in ::-; !lnd fa ll off at t lt c br eak of day. T hi :,.; ]J a::; eau :-> d tl 1e tr ee to be l oo k ed u pon as t l1 sign of: Jn onrnin g, and to be gi ve 11 the Hame of t lt e '•so rr ow fn 1 tr ee:" It seems s::td th at th-u I r etty sweet flow '1', sho l1l d bl oom on ly fo r a ni ght a 11 d Rhon lJ f1 d I ott be f ore the day come· tn show the ir bea n ty .-N Yo rk Tel egn:un ·

Th e micr oscope 'ex hi bi ts 4,000 wn sc lo · in n common cate r pi ll ar; 1, 000 mi nors jn the eye o.f a drone bee , pr ov in g th at the lar ge eye of a dr ago n fl y IS r ea l1 y a co ll ect ion of 28 000 po lished len ses ' I Queen Victo ri a is go i ng to se nd samp l es of h r own spinn ing and weav i ng , done whe n she wl.•s gir l, to th e woma n 's sec ti on of the Co lumbi an fa ir

I.e I! I> TE '). l '\ II\ t-:111\ "'"

Hi nry pn ..·t·n ., 111:111.' .. "· .. :Hill '' llll'll and ''"'"' ' II \\ h•• l1.1 ,. J. .. 11 n·d ln t ltl·ir rt(hl· lh· ... tlw :1::1· :tttd • ·n in whi :h tit,.,. lh·c 1: nnd \\ ,. ganwr 1 I' · .. .;r 1 :ll.ll\'"' :.. h • pr :. ·ir u jl·\n•l:- nl ••111' hi • r.' •r lwm :1 a n.ional r ·u 111'1·. and h d I !1 .. 111 iuu 11 : ,. 1 : 1 ,. 'n•JI\ dn· inr1rrl · of tiuw and l'rn1nim·11 n tht• Jj.. 'Jf(• I I 1 I •. I , "Jl• . ' I """j 11'1'"' .,•: , 'I I\ •11 : :\1\ h · iutlul·•u·v .,f 1l11 ::n·:11 ,. 1: r:ll' l'r"' i -. \lr C1 U. IIHII't' fnl'l' il,l.\ I h:tll 1•\ l'l' In ht• 1'\'l'l'lll of l. ,.,J Tt·un.' II ,. " :"" I 1.:. cn·ttll'"'l i:-h J r• uf t ilnt· :111d ol, .,,.n , .., a 1 a in th • t wph· r fall II ' :"" an.' that · :-i. 111 1 tlll'n' hJ-IIay . Hi f.·ltl•t·r c,, <·l.,t · ·1· - :.. 'II l' Ill\ "1111 , \\:1::: r· ·tor nf l.i lli'IIIOI hin·. :1111 :\lfn•d 1 was ''"I'll i11 .II ••· , ,(ol ''!till' r,.,.,,;r.' .. :J 1 0 .1 ll 1· l'l' <' t' l\t 'd lti ''arh trainin•r fn)ll\ hi. fatiH'r , a \' ('!'." intt'lligt·tll :tJ.td wvll t•tlm·:ttl•d mall T hv nf I•<· p).) was fullnf ptH 'try : tit • de III' H ol t hl' ldt•:tl wnrld Wl'l'l' up<'lll'd 111 him ,. ry ·arly; a nd till · t:dvn t tlt:lt g:titu •d f 11r him tht• tit ! • f Po ·t Lal ll'l ' :t t l' l n•g aJ l tu dt• \' l'ln p it s l'lf in lti. ·nrl,v ' (llft l1.

In J ' 27 a lll"d <·,; t and littlt • "' lum, •nti tl d 1 T.ll (: 1'() <'.!It s of Tw o Dr (lt hl'l's" :tpj t' !1l't·d. and t it • bn l'f prt·l:t (' <' ('lo sl' d with th e ,, urd:::: '\r , Ita ,· pa s. ·d t·lt(' ul •i<'nn :t nd \\' t• lew· tit<. l' l' ·t to Fut r, t hn ng lt t IH· t•d id nwy t':tus t• :t frui th.•:::: s r '1 ' ·t that we t: \' l'r l' l lll'rg ·d fr on t th l' ::; lta.d e, :tnd CQllt't cd No t·or i l' t·y." !\(It' (' \' l' ll t·lw 11 ;111\ ::::or th \ yo uthfu l a:p ir an ts \ \'l'l'l' gin .. n; nniY :t r '\\' i nti mat , frie nd· kn s: w t l1 nt the two brMh rs \\' Ill) ·t· pp c cl <•ut thus lt a nd in lt :llld , \\'l ' l' l' C lt a rl (• s and Alfred T nn yso n. In l'lt e an ic li tt le Yo ln m ', nn d se arc ly di s ti ng tti Hha Liu fr o nt the s prin g th:1t· twi u-r iv nl ct of vo n.; u t ha t mn so Lri ef a in the " ' n11 c:ts of C lt a rl C's 1\m n ys< m ," li e t> tho foLmtai t)l teru l of tlt at de opcr, sw ifte r, '] care r str·ai n, w lti <.: h lu·lH i·lowu <l fo rth in :1. bn nd an cc o·i, ·- 0 iog the wo rl d won l -p id nr cs, :nch n n eve r be fo re hung in t lt o ga l lory nf Eng! i ::; h. so ng.

Th ese att r :t ct<• d gro nJ ntto11t ion fo r a ,ti me

Tltey ·were, pe rlt npH, t oo lwr::;lt ly c ri ticise d, fo r mn,ny an ogre of a eritic wJ10 se app et ite fo r you ng poet s was ilt satin Ll o mad e a hnsty and sa v-

• 11 •ii n: nd nt f' \Y w r

l 'll ugh t dt>t' ·t th fnl pr uu · !l l'' l'f , nnd t l' ''<.) gni z nly tb f in 1 'nny::; 11 " tirst · t

111 i ntl:: 11'·· 1·1·• I · 1· · · l l •' ,· 1 111 rn Hlftnn· t liT nut u l a

h1 :-t ,,t II l · 1 · 1· · I ) \\' ' I' " l llrtllg II$ 1t '. :111d } ' 11'8

afh·r h1.1ta 1',. · I · k' f 1 I. I • 1 HI , t 1111 ·tng t 1, gn.•nt ta i nn und 'r rh"' pint' tr $ f l : ,. nnn wa • in it 1 t

:lttllllt' hi:: lwrp lu h fti 'r ..:n·ain · rhnn h h! Y r :llll'lll)'ll'd lwf H'l.' T '1\IIY " 11 w as :1 n11t ' f l yr 11 und imir : t l him d - ly in hi'

1.':1rli1.•r }h' 'Ill ". '\\.h : n t II th' train )f th:ll m:ty Ul.' :1w:1k 'Jh'tl i 1 t h' min l f

:-1HH • fmnr' } t ' l y t ht• :Hhni r: ti n an ·mdy f 'l\•nn y: 11! ,\ ft1..r :ur •mpt nl en '" u :1111l wnill'tl , pr llil ing y th • ·riti ·i ·m ll had r<'l'i ' l'd : ml tli:.:ph1 yi ng his · uin • ) uly n f w in I imtltl' fri 'll 1·: but i11 h :1 ,_; :1i11 \' ntl r d. fnrth :md 1 'lHH tl et •diti 11 t hi · w r -· wn s d. lt h ugh l Htb t·, d l:ty· nud li • urngt'lllt' ll l' Ill t him thi • diti u "' t· li ·h d. hi· n•pu l :tti ) It 111 l det r mi n d hi ' fntt r . f r l.t tL' llll'rn S', b :mty , an:l ·tr' nath fthuc

Tcn11 ,. :.: 11' · li t(' wa · qui t and un ,. ntf ul; f n;::hi ) tHl bl :tri ' tl rati ir l ' kn 'w him hu !itt !· · h sn rr n11d cl him se lf with an atm l' 1f my ·t r,r nml f " ''' r p rutitt d t pc uetrat" rh r hi · Jif •Incid •ntnlly and in d iYidually ., n,y · 11' f hi s bi ooT aph rs • it"' a th itl l': d lif wbi ·h \\' \\' n ld nl l bc· tow if ' onld up )1\ oT •at o t· a a trib u te of ur ndmirati n nnu r c:::p t nnd a ·light r tnm f r th pl a nr th e .'· g i,- us. ' P nr o mim1 d, u ns el fis h, indu trion ·I · ntt nt i, - • to hi work and 'ery fond of . ' ·tnd., h wa ' q ni to iuditio r" ut to exte r nal appea ran s rwd fo nn d fa r gre at er en:i oyment in i nternal •ul t nr , than e xte rn al ado rn me nt. Au un control bbl pow er urg ed hi m ou \va r d-an in sati able ' n mitw fo r sorne hr gher, nob ler ph ase of ex istouco

He pos sesse d o\ ·cry poe ti cal an d in te ll ect ual qual ity, tho h eart aud oye to descern wi sdom, and the to e xp r ess his though ts cl ea rl y, Jy, fo r Cib l y, p.nd b ea utif ull y. Ext r eme ly mo d est as to his own a cq uir ements, with pe r fect and u nsw er vi ng l oya l ty to his convi ctions of r ight, t ru tb, m1cl du ty, he was a man of l arge atta i nments

a-9-d eminently fitted for the position of Poet Laureate. At his death every one of his countrymen experiences a feeling of personal, irreparable lo ss; and connected, as we are in so many ways with England and her literature, we have a kindred feeling. We shall love him better as the year roll on", and shall turn from the perusal of his poems with the feeling that our time has not been wasted, but that we are wiser and better than we were before.

From his peaceful, quiet life we can learn that all the pleasllfes that can be purchased are not to pe compared with the delights of a cultivated mind. We shall remember also that it is the ' ' . fruitless branches of the tre es and the worthless of grain that high and emptily above their fellows, while the more fruit the branches bear, the richer the grain bead s, the lower they droop.

The phys ican said that Lord Te nny son' s death was the most glorious he had ever witnessed. The s un of his existence slowly and he waited peacefully, patiently, hop efully for that blessed change, when, lik e a tired chi ld , he could ink to rest. There was no light in the r oom, and the chamber was in darkness save whe re a broad flood of moonlight poured in th rough a western window. Th e moon's rays fell aCI·os. the bed on which the po et lay, bathing him in th eir soft, pellucid li ght and forming a Rembrandtlike background to the scene ' All was s il ent s a....-e the murmur of tl:Ie autumn wind as it ge n tly played though the trees surrounding the ]1ouse,-a fitting requiem for the gentle po et who sang of love and the beauties of nature.

The t id e of life gently and slowly ebbed o ut into the ocean of the infinite, and no rocks of pain or sorrow checked its cour e or caused a rippl e upon the out-going t id e.

"That solemn tide, with its voicelel!s roll, Shall bear on its wings t hat weary soul the where the angel th;ong Will hall Its com1ng with holy song. And the ho me of that fait hful heart shall be A place of rest by the c rystal sea."

A Swedish lady has for years been t he engraver of medals at the royal m in t at and many of her 'Countrywomen are · celebrated engraver on wood and gJass. . ·

ORMAL

han cell or anfield f gave an intere t in g Jectm· "Education and th e tat TE was well filled, and a th e han · h eartily applauded. He b g an p aking in hi free and easy way, and aft r a l:lh rt intr ducto ry began on hi s subject prope r.

Th e bancell r fir t compar ed nr g v rnm nt to th e governments f f r ign nati 11 • It JWing that a government, to be in tab ! g uil ibt·inm must hav e tlte intere ts f tL p pl at lt art and eve ry gove rnm e nt 11 t f unu d m tl tl t, soo n er or la ter, fall.

Russ ia wa taken a a t 1 i ·a] m 11ar ·ltial cr , ._ " e rnme nt, a gove rnm ent in wh i ·h u man hoi Lthe liv es of his subj ects at will. II ha nl · t bend hi s finger and th e pe pl tr 'tn bl f<w th result. The speaker then ref n d t ur wu gove rnm e nt, a governm nt for th g vern d, th foundation of which is la id broad an 1 d ep in t lt e eternal principles of ri ght He t it 11 tat ·d t ha t our sc h ool -bouse doors are open to all , and proved conclusively that ignorance is th e \vor t en emy of this co untr y, and that education is her o nl y saf eguard

Columbu s Day was a fine day for the Athlet i? C lub to exercise in the field. A game of football was the principal game, R. D. Moritz beiug captain of the first el even and W. J. Sm e dley captain of the seco nd. The game was close ly contested and to an obse rv er it would seem as though the s id es were · matched, but Captain Moritz, by a few skilful mane uv ers, won the game, the sc6re standing 12 to 2.

Monday night Oct. 24, W .•T. Bryan addr esse d the st udents and citizens of Peru. His speec!1 co ntain ed many good points, and many times during the eve nin g ' the speaker was heartily applauded.

Elliot Martin and Adelbert Towusend vis i te d th e Normal F;iday, Oct. 21, and remained over Sunday. Wh en they were about r eady to re tu rn, Sunday evening, th ey found t,hat their team had deserted them, and t'hey were obliged to rcmaiu Monday.

'flfF I .L· I.

n 'W 1n y 'ar c in · " l' th ::tn c·cmm on tlw,t w' t x11 -' d t

n1a.k · o ur band a ,· tin ,.!.Tt'at r uchan .c v<'r O ur 1(•adn Pr f. \ a.n \ 1( e i · doing all wit'lrin hi.' pmn'r to brin n· t.1t-> hand o . n ·h a. . h1.11c\ar d, a.nil wi th th' h m-t.y eo-op rati n of a.llmt'ntlwr:::; h no su ·h wor d a fail.

Th • in s trume ntation at pr es·nt i. n; f ollo" s: 'J 11 a, •rm . McMillin; Bari t one , Jam -' o od](Je; First 0. P. Palestin e; S eeo nd 'r nor Marion hell enburgh "r; First Alto , H rma.n R •ynolds; Sec oncl Alto , S. Cra.nn'l e; Solo Alto , J. Miller; First Bh Corn et, Ecbvard Uptegro Y ; Jt ir t Bb Corn e t, Clw.s. Can on; Solo Bb Cornet, HartL. Shellhorn; Solo Bb Corn et, Prof. Van Vl e t; Bass Drum, E. Klo t z. ; Snare Drum , John Handol. . BART L. Pr

Th puli ·at ion.

the ccr ta ry.

THE\'\ RKER. HIS IDEAL

Ul o-r a.t u c ·s I fan y, n1.ust be surpris to th men '' ho ma.k tl1 em, for the dis·out nt f th ar t ist ·with his paint ing, of po t ,vi th his ve r ' f t11e play wright with his play, i the pe nalt.y e xa.et ed by th e ide al for v;rhi ch men striv e, and whi ch a ll tb. e more s urel) eludes th e gr e ate st., whose is the most fa.r r eaching. Wh en a man is satisfi ed v.ri th what he has don e he has reach ed his limit; from that point he goes down hi).l, .imper ceptibly it may be fir st, b ut none l ess Rnrely ·

TH ·E NORMAL COURIER

We take pleasure' in announcing to th e re ad ers of the 0 RIER that there will be substituted for the December number a Special Holiday umber containing original Christmas Stories, Popular Articles on Ed ucati 11 , Educational for the Holiday Vacation, and Item s of Int r st to the former students and the Alumni of the State Normal.

There is no reason why our State Institution cann ot furnish the l ead in g Educational Journal of the state. Some of th e be st writers on ed u cat i ona l subjects have agreed to contribute to its during th e year.

In view of these facts no student or teacher in the state can afford to :Io witho.nt the Journal sent out from this In stitution.

Send $ 1.00 and obtain the only Normal School Jo urnal in th e State. Address

THE NORMAL COtJRIER_, PERU_, NEBRASKA.

Jttnrmal

NEBRASKA. STATE SCHOOL.

PERU, NEBR., DECEMBER No.3

!lED BY THF: 1'. .

... . ... Eorr R.

1 'Tt\N'l' EDIT R.

A o ' ATE EmTOR .. Bu TNE S :MANAGERS. ' TREA URER.

SUBSCRIPTION: yea r, .1 5.

SOCIETY DIRECTORY.

. PHILOMATHAEN.

Friday eve nin g during sc h oo l tem1s, at 7 :Jo. Special a tt e nti on g iven to de bat in g a nd or igin al work in orat ory.

J E. DELZELL, President.

EVE RETT SOCIETY.

Eve rv Frid ay· , . . h d • dunng sc oo l terms. New stu e nts are especia llv mvit ed • to JOin us 1n o ur lit er ary wo rk.

FI\A"'K MAJ ORS, President.

CORPUS ELIT US

Every Friclav even · H ·

· 1ng dunng o lhd ays a nd sp nn g vaca t1 o n. HARRY CARSO i\' , President

PHIJ..l.IPPIAN SOC I ETY.

Ev ery Friday eveninR duri ng th e s umm e r. Especially for. high er s tud en ts a nd me mbers of th e Alumni us ing the libra ry dut·ing vacat io n. Jos EP H G II J.ILAN, Pre!'ident.

THE NORMAL M ILITI A.

?:I{()J'. H. B. o u:-;C.\ KSON

Comm a nd a nt. l. S. \' AK VLEET

, Adjutant. A. Qu1vr.:y

Wh en the ch ild ente rs sc ho ol at five or ix yea rs of age h ha a spoken vocab ulary whic h varies in kind and xtent according to hi s previous en,·ironme nt. But th e e ea rl y y ars ha,-e o- i,·en him another p owe r th at may be co n id r ed of even more imp or ta n ce th an his vocab ul ary, i. e., th power to relate icieas and exp r ess them. With this he ha also l ea rn ed to li sten for thought as exp res ed by th ose abo ut him. With the ch ild as w ith u s, he is not consc ious of li sten ing to words as th ey fall from the lip s, but he catches the tlwught and acts in accordance w ith it. Th e command spoken m a s ingl e word, the gesture of a playmate's hand, or the exp r ess ion up on the mother's f ace are a ll avenues through which th e active ch ild r ece iv es thought, and he hears not the word, pe7· se, in the one instance any more than he feels the n eed of wo rd s in the other two.

Th e great source of knowledge to the child before e nt e ring sc hool is in the see ing, ha ndling and ana lys is of ·rea l objects; generally, graphic symbols ar e unknown to him. He h as his illustrated sto ry -b oo k, bnt eve n the sy mb ols wh ich these bright pictures present ar e r eal things to him. Th e pictured cow says "moo ," the dog, "bowwow," the ki tty, "mew," as r eall y as though the fl es h-and-bl ood a nim als stood before him; hi s imagination is so active that he h as iu th ese pictures perfect symbo liz at io n.

Cap t ai n Co. B.

. , .. Captain Co. A. Di e;.;

THE 1\0RMAL M ILITARY BAND

PR oF. A. H. VAN V 1. EF.T L eade r. BART President.

THE A;;)HLETJC ASSOC I AT IO N. H. D. MORITZ President. \•V11

What is r eading to th e Wh at is the written O l' print ed page to him ? What is l'ie se ek in g as he eag e rl y scans the newspaper, book or r ece ntlv r ece t 'v 1 1 tt o D ' • J ec e er oes he co n scw usly gt ve any atte nti on to th e words or l ette rs befo. } • ?. IG nm : So lo ng as the words arc cl ea rl y print or written, co rr ectly spe ll ed, and convey fl n eetcd th o ugh t., th ey do n ot hold hi "

:SY BELLE THOMA

THE NORMAL CO RIER.

a singl e moment, th ey ar e onl y th e m ed ium in th th r tb

through whi ch th ought is conv eyed to lli s co n-w rd pl ay n

sc ious ne ss

If an unf a miliar or7 mi sspelled word app ear , th ought b ari ng

th en the thought is broken, and the word, peT bow much r at

. h'

occ upt es 1 con sciousn ess . Th o ught- gettin g 1 :'\d in g him t

t b

cann o re um ed until thi s obstru ctin g w rd is i11 t it epar a.t und ·

o t f th

u o e way; or, lll 4 oth e1· word s, ha s taken it· p os ib1 f r a cltild t I :ll'll

l . . h . .

P wrt tt s fell ows agam, a medium t hr ough pe rsi t d in 1Ji kn win r •a It 1 ar t of th whJC h he may see th e th o ught of wuich it is a · o rd r t kn w th wh I part. Is no.t thi a parall el ca se with that of th "E ac h v luu ta r a ·t of child li tenin g with o ut co n sc ious]y lt ea rin g th e ro ul t of a th ught · ' ·l · 11 tl ti ng but th ug lt t will au c th • lllOt t\ to a ·t ·

Th e adult is ena bl ed to read a desc rib ed above yo u, G to m t' m aud brin w a u bec au se he kn ows th e wo rd s he see , we hear my tab le· y u lo n t ·ta rt. W !1 ' ( Th some one say Ye·, so does th e child b ea r be-is not co mpl tc · you · r <•r n th• cause he is familiar with the word s.he h ea rs,· but r ac hin g it th tab ! and . · ·ral b JC, ks 0 11 } ' · ·tor as_ 16 an unfamiliar word ur op tabl e. Th em tor r fu • t a ·t un il t·)J at P 1 yo ur ltp s, th ought, lik e that of th e ex pe- is co m1 1eted by my te lliu g yo n wh at 1 ook tl) uence d. r ea der, IS br oken for th e tim e, and th e brin g.' eager, te d child i not sati sfi ed until yo u Th e child t hat bas b 11 1 ro1 c rl y train ' 1 . La ve ex plam ed. How long it will tak e him to learu ing to r ea d is in the ame co ndition W l. h 1 1 th e new wo rd will depend up on hi s int eres t ga rd t ver.}' s n tc n ·c he attc nq t!:j t l' n< th b. h . . .] th !' m e su Jec t, is f ee ling of n ee d for th e word Ea ch one mu t be a co mpl ete piCt tzr , i aud th e clearn ess of yo ur explanati on. If all m oto rs, th e lip in oral r adin g, r ef u to a· th e co nditi ons ar e pr operl y met, on ce telling th e he is un able to c xpr s hi s t bou g l• t to ]li o 1 1 ; wo rd may be uffi cient, and pe rchan ce befor e th e ence . A new 'No rd o t· an unf a mili ar iJj o rl1. 1 • day is e nd ed yo u will hear him usin g th e wo rd as di s turbin g eleme nt and th e tlt ll g ht il:! not cl .n1. g lib ly and corr ec tl y as th ough he had alwa ys A cla ss of littl e p eo pl · tha t had be n 1 . t · t th II mow n 1 · print bu t a short tim e were s tan (ll ng a bo Ll W hy does he learn a new word thu s readil y in teach er with Fir st Read ers in hand. E ac h 8 n· h.i s talkin g? Wh y ar e hi s infl ecti ons and empba- te n ce wa s lo ok ed in silen ce and th e ll to lJ st so nearl y Do we find th ese conditi ons th e cla ss . Pr ese utl y th e se nt euce 't Th C la 111 b I ' ' ' so ll· e earn s to Can yo u r ec all in stanc es sme ll s of th e gra ss ," app e ar ed in the ] es 1 t m yo m teac hin g reading wh ere th e new word had Sl owly th e hand s cam e but one ll to b t d · · f f1ce· e prese n e ag am and again, "s pell eil b th e b oo k with a puzzl ed ex pr es ion on ]Jl S 1 r so und" and le tter, u ed in va ri ous se nt en ces co! "Wh at is th e tr o ubl e, Geo rge?' th o t oac for the ex pr ess pmp ose of using thi s asked. ''l kn ow all tL c word s, bnt tl 10 particul ar new And yet, wh en he met it do es n't tell me an y tbin g," repli ed th e of n.Jl on the prin te d page, do you reme mb er ho w often teacher sa w th e diffi c ult y, and for th e stl] c tlt O ve ry wo rd pr ove d a stumblin g bl ock? Hi s ex pe rim e nt, told him to put Li s :fj n ge rs 011 m fl ection a d b · d ' n ee tlr o sc11• . n ern p asis- o yo u r ec all how wo rd "of" and th en re ad it . j\. t 0 0 much d nll and bard work it cos t 1 1 · . . · fl ec ti on as th d . yo u to w ve Hm tenc e w as re ad w1th as pe rf e ct 11) t rea ce rt a lll ente nces with good " Stt'11 l·Irte Jl ' , expr essLO n ( 1 T he re eem to be but on e an, b t t ea.c her her se lf co uld have .gi v 01 · d it WOJ , u one rea- . '' No w r oa s<m why that wh ich i done w'tl · h upon lt er e xp e rim e nt she smd , . , , ...'Kr J·tll t 1 sue ease and d vv lJung plea n.re lD one case es a mean- again with out co ve rin g np tba.t ,vo l . . 1' o·l and ti re orne task iu t' . ' , ·. . . rl . a slow' d,r aw l ll t> 1'. In one eyes fix ed on the wo rd s an.,.. 1 , ·- by a 0 th t 1 · d "Th " l·, mb -s mcll. -o f- the. grass; ongh t, one te rca , " •• ·

tlt n lo king up in t th r o h r' fn. ni I

•I n't that a Jll ' r 't ry (' Thi ' u b lon er d t a •1<1 thnt bnd D ,. r r idi u1 th irr ndin id nt.

a nd a · a in

\.L TRAIN D.'\f :r

II

Th " a rti cle on t hi ·uhj e t in th pr "vi on )J.um 1 er · n ·i.l •re d th ... m ost imp or tant req ni::,; i t;t>. in ex -•rei to in ::; nr e he al t h. It is th l) lll1)0, of thi. · art id ... to pr e "nt Pb y iral '.l,lJ ·aining fr om the st a.ndp oiu t of h au ty . H "a.lth a nd b eauty cann ot be E' I a.ratecl i\ h at p1·01note he alth g iv es be au ty a.nd what be auty prom ote he alth. Th be au t iful ls ·imply th t1·u e, 'vh ether it b in fo rm , <' ol or or mo v. me nt ; a.nd i the r es ult of s tri ct <-1.db ere n ce to law g 0 ,- er ning eYery p:ut of th e org- a ni s m. An ugl y tr ee is on e deform e d; <ctn ythin g i ugly in the elf gr ee t hat it differs :t'tom the ty],.>i cal or t ru e fo rm of the class to \vhich it bel on gs .

Th qu es tion is what ex m·ci ses will pr o duc e 1) :\ a utifnl , a ut o mat ic m oveme nts a nd th ereby _,, f:•l op b eau ty of f onn? A ee mding to th e c1eiinition of b eaut y, t ho se moYemen ts a.r e 11 1.-:' autiful whi c-h ar e tl·ue to th e cons truction

Clf' th hunl[Lll an atomy. Novv, 'v hat mov- e1l1 e nt s ar e de mand ed by th e lnunan l:r th e arti cul a tion s ar e fr ee th e body will 11 ':tt1.naUy mov e in c- ur ves 1'h e cm·ved line is lt11i v 1. al in natur e. Th e gr eater th e numb er Gf atticulati on s, provid ed th ey ar e all fr ee, th e g rar e fnl th e mo ve me nt s. Th e be autiful 1lOve ment of th e serpent is cln e to th e gre at ll11n1b 'r of arti culation s. Wh en articulati ons

h paJ.t c nn t d mbm-ra eac h

< th ' 1'. a h b a.n o·in o· a a d ad wei o·ht up on d 1 Or tr no-th th r r q uiru1 o· a oT at a m

t m ,. th >m. Th ;;u·tl c tua lOll

· _, · in th n ck

·t ft 'all · 'd the 1· r1l i th head

L 1· n p aJ.·tl G y rwt

and th bn ·k and rh t int rfere nJ.th ach

oth " 1 , 111 ,- 111 nt . Th a rti uln ion ·houlcl

· d t1 e - r·ci e cho en

r c "l 1 , ar fnl t nd.r an 1 :x.

b h · lo aical trn t-

e n ba -' d up on th p . 10 . .

m· · th r uH will b fr e d w of m·ti cula.. f fr dom haTm omous qu n

a ti n f th par t onn ct d. Th en to · mu

d . b ., 11·no· iwp ort a nt a1· a n·ano· 1n oTonp <• o

• 0 f On e

J: l at1 n h11 to o h r o·1· 1p o mu ·

,0 T up i :stimulat d to mol by a re:fl X. m-

:tlm:n <: fr om an ther set which is in m otiO n.

To hold th on. group qui t whil t h. oth r

i m ,.i1w ,·iolat th r ''lnch e x-

i t b <:t w n the two o-ro np ' pr oduc e fri and thu · an u.ndu w earing out of th e re 1.·ting n IT a nd mu cl e Tlm s, the mu of th arm cann ot move '.vithout affe rtmg by r tl ex a ction the mu ·cles of the n ck. If he n eck is h ld ri g id whil e the a rm s mo1e th l avv of th e rel at ions hip is vi olated undue s tl· n gth is v.- a te d holding th e n ec k rig id anc1 th e r esult in mov eme nt is lack of harm o ny

To d ve lop t hi:s tru e relati onship be tw ee n gro up of mu s cl es is one of th e m ost deli cate op er ation s, and is frau g ht with high est Tes ult s to th e indi v idual wh en a cc ompli ·heel.

Th ere is undu e ne rv e tens ion and undu e wa tin g of mu scul ar ti ss ue wh en on e part d oes not mo, ·e in ha rm ony w ith the wh ol e, and wh en on e g roup of mu scl es do es not moY e in harmon y with th e on e to whi ch it is not only in th e rig idity of pa rt and in th e rig idity of th e g roup of mu s cl es, bu t in th e oth er par ts and in th e oth r gro up s of mu s cles in m ereoming the r es i sta n ce

Unity is th e standard of be au ty rrhi s is , eve r)n vb ere throu o·ho ut all nat ur tru•" 0 '

Th ere is unity wh en the whol e is e xpr ess . d in eve ry part. Th e aiTange me nt and form of th e. wh ole tr ee is e xpr es e el in th e le af. \Yh en is of e x1)r ess ion in a fa c L'. \V lu H the b eaut iful th ought or beau t iful impulf.;L' of the so ul is e xpr esse cl in each on e of th e f •a.tl1T es Tlwn we haYe uni ty nf 0. in

Let the b autifnl thouo-ht and th b ea utiful 0 impul e of th e oul be repe ated again and again Sometime down through th e ag s, th beautifnl expt s ion will mould b autithl £ ature ·.

Th e highe t art ·eeks only to embod y tl 1" law of unity. In th e be t 'tatu e , th thonght which th arti thad in mi nd i rep at d hy each part All unite in revealing the on thou ght . Th e more perf ct th e unity , th more lik lif , until we say " Th e Speak ." W ud ell Phillip e mbodi ed th law of unity in hi expre ·sion as an oratm. Ge o. Wm. Curtis ay · of him " Tru e and eloqu ent blood spok e in hi s cheek and ·o di stin ctly

\\J:'Ollg ht that one mig ht alrno t say hi body thought." Not hi· voice, but evny part of hi body wa in s tin ct with the gre at th oug ht he wa · uttering.

A ·y tem of Phy si cal Cnltm ·hould be ba eel upon t hi law of unity. EY ery moYment should be in hannoniou · :relation s with the wh ole. All the part.", a ll th e mu d e. · sh ould unite in one co mmon I lupo s e,- perfect action of part s in vital relation to th e whole .

HO\Y HI ' TORY MAY BE MA DE INTERESTING.

RY .TO SIE E. YORK

A · a tul e, the stud y of hi s tory is uninterestin g, and therefore diffi cult for the mor e adYan ce d pupil s a· well as for the b eginn er. Probably n othing will mor e thorouglrly di s(' Ourage a child , than to be re quir ed to commit pao·e after page of c1Ty , unint er estin g fa cts ; dry , becau ·e they hav e no co ntent to th e l earner; uninter esting, because th e book words do n ot eall up the conect m eaning . Yet is not th e way so me Pl1 pil s now , in th e la st qnartPr of the nineteenth century ar e req n irecl to tb eir hi stmy l i'iso n s? Ar e teacharo n .-ecl to tl1 E> fa ct that therP is a ht-' tt\-'1', n.nd m neh morP -ph asant

Tlw pnpil who . hld1 1':' <111ii'itorv as a vo l nm c of fact , a.ud elates , did no t ('haraett:> r of in the lofti ne. s and stre11 gth of purpo. P, vvln ch made · lL C'Cef:>s po ·sibl e, ·-l,i J< Pndn l'i11 g thP eli tn t ancll'icliC'ni\e of hi s

own r l at h · and f Ki1 w l<' <•nli ll<llld. rJ lw an L cr ntl => Jl •. · of 'o lulHI.>IL ;-{ r attra· th puJi l wh ·n lw ·ton· lttl lt1 :-; un.u d th fa ·t tim tlli .· I'C'at na\'i cr ato r :Lp]lh t im aft 1· tim to h • 'pa ni :·dL · ur l>vfol' IIi r t for a ·:i. ta lH'(' wa er r ant<· L, with mild ' HtT eat i<• ]H ]Wt' ,' ttad •cl lt1 :-; lllll tt· nou ('1' w to c· nt iuu • on th<· ow I d n . wi .·ll to h undf'J' Stom l s arin g that und Pr th" o ld m Pt h <l noll<' of pupil w ul g in 111 I'<> t han a 11 w n· mas .· fa ct · for hPr m· th · • w J1 > lllH L< ' 1· a n.'- ct rc nm . tanc .· v.dll · ·urt t ltt· lw .· t ]> Oss il 11· knowl do· of a ·nbJ ·<· , a nd wh o wil I h · fi. Pd wi th nothin o· ] .·.· t it an tll<' ·m tp;gt>t nl n·old whicl1 ]i f at th" fomtdation pf all b • . - f' tl . 11)11 ' kn owl edge . But }p 111 UJ01'1t o tl pu .. sc hool pup i l. · t hink t]li Y ha.n Jto 1'a l<'11 f 0 1 1 1 hi sto ry· it i · too cliffi nl and tlu .r }n ·c·ft.·J t f:>pend tl1eir timr WOJ'kin o· a ri t lnn pr ol.1;. 1 m ·,or prepa 1·· 1 0· th ... !:; J.)<-' llin g ]t-> H:-;n n 1.11 orit to see m· a " l1 n.el-mark.' What i. tlH" tr ubJ e? I.· tJ1 e }J llpiJ ntinl) 1' 1 ·• n.t fanl t? No. 'l'h e \' Pry pupil who dis 1 ] . . 1 1 . t ·t t• \· t>l')' ot n ·ton· IS o t to ev er.) - ot 1 -'1' 111 en :-; '. '" 1 J f . . 'f 1 ]· ('l' ll l ]tJ ' e1· l u ty, m· the tim -' lwlllg, J ) ou 'L, . ·tori' · hand s a hook of t r;H elHo1· am•< ·cto t•-'·' of JII:o> •

In fact , th -'l' e a1· f •w thino·s rnol' e to th " 1' al, acth<:', e neTgetic· ho y OT o·H , 1 11 • in om· s ('hoolf; , than the hi ·tor) of Onr. tl·y, in sto ry fmm. Th en, mn) no t 11 j e<'t aiel th teaeh er in f-l o pT e ·entino · th <" sn · a· to create an inte J' E'Ht in it< nrl '

It is true ·we cannot lu1.ve a. librnr:r lll ed' jJI .f t 1' • s te f' school but 1 we at e thoro ug hly 1J1 • 8 o ' 1 r1.ct e 1 • th e up-bu i lding of the minch; and c 1 n:. 111 : 11:'' our pnpil s, we will cl ed se so nw w::LY t. ·t·;\c · • 11 s Ill< 1 th e ir work pl easant as WI:' l1 as l sse <l (l sc::t• • · Ne arly Am e ri e a.n 110m<-\ is i th<-'l' j1t so me StOl'i(:s of Ameri <· an hi stol') ' ( . 18 w·iJl l' . T1 e }JUPL book 10l'll1 Ol' as trac Itlons . 1\i.on with t11 ("tt be eage r to conntwt s uch a tn..,c 1 tl . 8 t] te 1111 ' · c1o · 11 ' book les on, anc1 if allow ed to ,·u bP las tiJLfh' pr ess ion given h.r that ... Arnerictt •1 vYh en s tudylllg th e caus es , 1 :u1ttl \ 'bl for tuH,l-J · R evolution, it is po ss1 · e . 1 n1 ti ll l Wl th t ' OU o , pupil s to becom e ··e ec , 1 , t]w coJO ,. f' 1,, ·}anc1 towaJc s of the wrongs o "'ng c 1 t1 1t> t f _. ...) that t H=T art' 111 · ni st.-, that thPy a.hno s t

and a - hat th r h a.ract riforar ut a-

tauo·ht

( ·) Th o· ni u of hard \YOrk.

Th id t a h r mu t lov hi ' work. But tb int n ity 1nth "-hi h h love hi is c ndi t io.n d up on tbr e thing · fir t h1 lm· for mankind in o· n raJ· econd, th ympathy

th or fa iJ m· t li mainl abilit branchUl' maand dat r" bit· of traditi n a.r

J·abi an tra.n:Jer.

THE CHA.R tC'l'ERI TIC OF AN IDEAL

ha h ex r i to vnu·d all th agenci s mploy d to leYate th human famil y· third h firmn with which he clings to th e hri tian fa ith

It i po ibl for a teacher-I do not say an id al tear her- to b truly and earn estly in lov 11ith hi work, and yet not po ss s a TEA HER.

J1Y FRJ.;D fOR.R.OYV.

MR. EnrToR:-In r pon to yo ul' r qu t f<)I' f'Jl a l·tt'cl e fOT the NORllfAL COURIER I se nd h. 1 'tt b t th following, w lC 1 wa WI'l I n r requ es of the Pi e.1·c County T eaehe rs A sociation. Thi , nbj ect i. su sce ptibl e of a two -fold diYi sa follow s: Fir st, rhara cteri tic s of a nol 1"' man; se cond, cha ract eri tics of an effi cie nt teach er.

Of tlw fir st \ve will at pl' ese nt , say but thi s: No man can be an id eal teacher unl ess he he an id eal man He may, how ever, be an id eal man and yet not be an id eal t eacher.

'l:Pe will hav e :tnore to say of thi s div i sion n fru·th 1' on. vVhat, then, are the chara cterisof' ' (L r.> al teac he l' ? an 1 . .

Tl 1.e a 1·e 1w e Prlneir) a] on es· and a larg e 1.e n '11 llllmb er that We w1 13 lJeak of the ones m th e order of F t h their importanc e. n: s .' owevel', let me say that we ar e n ot d esc nbmg a XIX h b t 'd 1 eentury id e al teac er, u an 1 eal teac 1er f 01 any and all :.'h ere i s. ?n e id e.al teacher and that IS Chnst F10m hun we Ief 'l l' ''II ' 'd l all our notions o lC ea 1ty . us 1 ea lS fix ed and will always re mam s o. 1 Proc ee dino· then , ·w1th our out m e, we may - o'

a pr oper amount of lor e for mankind in g neral. Th e ideal t eacher aim s to mak e ideal m n and wo men; and an id eal man' s lo ve is a far exte nd ed as the human famil y and as de ep as hum an n ee ds. So with th e id al t acher he cannot be conte nt with loYing hi s own littl e flock , nor eve n those in th e vicinity of hi s sc hool; but he ·mu st look beyond th ese even to the end s of the earth , knowing that with what m eas ure he m etes it shall be m eas ured to him again . But he who would l ove mankind with a perfect l ove mu st be fill ed with the Chri sti an spirit. Non e have ever lov ed as Chri st lov e d, but th e mor e we hav e of th e divin e natur e th e mor e perfect will be our lov e.

Th e second characteristic is nativ e or natural ability in th e direc tion of th e te acher 's profess ion

'l'his is sometimes call ed tact. Some may claim that a l ove for a. certain profess ion pr esupposes th e natural ability n ecess ary to e nt er that profess ion. In many ca ses this i s, doubtl ess, true; but yet thete are man y ' in stanc es in whi ch per s on s hav e e ntered a given profess ion, be ing greatly attached to it , but who have fail ed in after years becan e of a la ck of natural ability in that line. So we eannot say that b ecau se a per son incJin s strongly toward a certa.in worl<. Jw ba R

THE NORMAL COURIER .

abiliti e that pe culiarly fit him for that work· nor can w s ay that b ec au he ha th e abi li ti e th erefor e h will l ov e th work, wh en nc fuJly into it. Familiarity oft n br d eont mpt in tead of lov . vV e hall now tak e th e thil·d chara cteri ti c, :dz. , a k.n wle dg e of human nat1u e. A knowl edo·e of thi bran ch will not only aiel th e t a ch er in judging of th natm· ·· of hi pupil but will as ist him in g ov erning th at n atlu e.

Many teach er·s hav e Lard work to gov rn their ·chool b cau e th ey do not und r tancl th eir pupil well enou gh to apply th e pr·oper form of manag ement. From what l1as ·aiel it \Till b see n th at thi topic mclnd e th e tucly of P syc hol ogy and Pe dagogy . A tea ·h "r who ha s rna tere cl th e s ubj ec ts n eel not e xp e rim e nt with m thocl s b ut may know from th e beg inning ju t method s are prop er and righ t.

Ha dng all th e abov e requisit es , a te ach er mu t add to th em a thorough acad e mic or co ll ege educ a tion Th e t ea ch er hould not only know th e subj ects he is to teach, but many oth ers a well. No subj ec t is disconHected from a ll oth er s ubj ec ts; but a ll ubj ec t ar e joined togeth er, and what we k no w of on e aid s u in und erstanding other ·. It seem s\s if many pers ons take up teac hin o· after failing of success in eve ry oth er taking. ,

Th en to o th ere ar e too our s ch ool . , at 1)l·ese nt-too many mak e rt a ra se of and fata l re sort, taking upon t1t em. e h- es t1n s work before ever fini sh in o· th e common bran ch es 0

A wid er and lllor: thor ou gh scholar ship wo u ld not only make 1t po ss ibl e for th e teach"1' to a cc ompli sh more, but he will f eel bett , 111ea. ed with what he ·do es acco mpli s h. :r a ll profe io11 S a b eo-r· · · · 11 · o .L o ruun o- rs certarnly a d esi ra bl e t hin B t .. 0 • g. u sncce s 1s not dete rnun ed hy a o·ood b eo-in · . b b .

• 0 .0 mn g, ut Y a g ood heg tnnJno- COUpled Wi th COnti.:JlUOU fl rr d z· 'J'l . · ao o procee u t.ng lat t hl O'OO d prO CeP cli.n O' Tna'\· l .

• • c J .) e contlnuous

1t 1' n res ary th at we p os. ess s ome .h of tl · ; v; at o w ge mn · of ha rd wo rk and r a eless effort. V\rP ad d fr es h fuPl jf we would ke ep

th ' fir burnii JO" 1 ri l1 tly. ail - mn !'t Wt tr 1wtl n :t for th w rl l1 fo re u, . In additi n to a ]] t l1 •. 11 i 1 ·al t ach r

_ mu ·t br a.n i dc:a l ma.n. JI,. l >,. • 1 d. with all hi ·o ul min 1 an 1 . tn•Jwt lt, n lti =' n i crhb or a him .· .. Jf otl 1 '1'. · a h · would th at h - ·ho ul nn t hb 1 makin!..

u ·eful r lti hr h r ma.y .·tumi1 t ·h •w ·mol- •, d rink a . tr wn. lkl' r 11 r u. hi · ·pan '! mcnn •11 t in r in nH • li tc. JOll , rin qui l' .·t.

Th e and man kin dr

np th . id al man ·wi th hav an id al t"a('h

THE LD RED ' 'H LII

I r em e mb e1· th e lei red ch llt us c

' On th e o the r s id e , of th e stre am, Wher e we we nt to sc hool toge th er, \Viii, t )

Wh eu lif e was lik e a dre am. ,,

Wher e we pl ayed "u igh s py " or "t onch th O' on l

With Ben and Jam es aud Lou,

And jump ed the rope of joy and h ope; Do you r ememb e r, to o?

I we nt to the dear o ld sch oo l-b oti se

Only the ot her day

.And I sat on th e slope where we jnmp cd th o r ope

But I did not ca re to stay -

Th e blinds were cl osed; tlJe glass was gone

And, wonld you belie ve it, Will, d 1 •vits were Th ey were turning ro un , w wrc ou r •

gro und,

The wh ee ls of a cide r mill.

• 1 e r ope

I sat on th e slop e where we JUmp ed t J •

But I did n ot want to stay; ] ll rn trn.c \: ,

.My thoughts went back on n. we -w o

And I went to sc ho ol that day. .

Old Grimes was th er e. Hi s bush Y h mr

Stood up , and hi s piercing eyes b d to e, Gaze d down on me, from the u se

With a so rt of daz ed surprise. . h enger hand

Th en I seemed to stand w1t aJJ.

. . I ll·ng cl ass; For a whde m t 1e spe 1 d

Th ey we re c hoo s in g me; I was prou ' may be, . 1 s ' To be doing so well, but, a a ·

I hal tini h 1 b ugu ·· nud .• p hthi i ,. and de,.,

ud " bu in ., and au dyn ..

1 h n I fail u, aud 1 ill b i- doiu rr it till )

To k th I Ia th at wa · hi rr h r than min

Th II 1 ' lo pirJO' ai

'\>V e w re ' r adin o- iu conce r t, ' now soft and I w, Now roariug at Liah st pitch, '' 'ha r O' , h st r, ' bm·ge ! Ou, Stan le.), n ! ' At t·b wHv of the rna ter s witch.

11 , ,. , Jul. ' c b en ''cha r O'ino- on ' W ill

• .• 0 0 ' S ill ce th n, in th battl e of lif e;

Aud som hn\ c go ne clown where th e gr asses br OWll

J:Iav llidd c ll the field of stri fe '

A 11d o ul y a few of th e band arc le ft '

Addie and Na n cy a ud Phil, Aud you and I, to ta lk of yo ur yo uth

A ud th e sc hoo l-h ouse und er the hill. You h ave yo nr tr eas m·es in ea rth and heaven, And m in e, they are all on hi g h, Bnt we both ha ve a beautifu l work to do

} or th e feet th at m·c passing by; Fo r th e st e ps that tit·e; then higher, hi ghe r,

Let us climb, old schoo lm ate ! t ill ·we have reached the top . ' Twill be sweet to stop

Ou the ot her s id e of the hill. - JuLrA H. lvi a. y in Ed'lt c ation,.

ST A1'E EXAMINATIONS.

DRPA.&TMEN'l' OF PUBLIC l.NSTRUCTIO:N.}

Lin co ln, lVe bra s ka., Oct. 1 8, 189 2. Th e 0 _x:a.m ination comm itt ee , cons i sting of Supt. w. 11. Skinner, of C1·ete, Supt. Mary E. Rosf01·d, of North Plat te, and Supt. H. R. Cor·be tt , of York, wi ll hold the ne xt exam in ati on for professional c m·tifi cates in th e city of Lin co Jn, at this o ffi ce, b 'g inning Monday, Dece mb er 26th, and continuing in acCOTdanc e ,vi.th the follo ·wing program: 1:30 P.IIL, Rhetoric.

0:00 P.'llr. 1 Engli sh Lit e ratur e.

P.M ., :r nera.l Hi tory.

: 0 P.M Inte rmi i n.

7:' U Phy i al G ograpb -.

9:00 Adj m·nmt:mt.

< :00 \. M. e olooT · 9:30 \ .M., iJle mi try 11 :00 ,\. -;1!. Zo 1 o· -. • 12:30 \ .M. Intenn i ion.

2:00 P. AL In ell.ectnal Philo ophy. :-3 :30 P.M. T1·igonom -'tJT.

Th com mitt " will ha,-e a.s m the pa , t. h entire cb aro-e of the e xamination }Jl' E'P<Hino· th e qu · (:::;nbj Ec t to tiP of thi offic e) ing upon ment ..., of th pap O> r pr "par e cl by the app li cant and r·eport in O' upon th 0> am . .

Ca n didates for prof"s i onal cert1fi cat s pTe e ut to th O> c omm i tte fir t grade co un t) i u d in this state befor profe i onal ce rtifica t es will be is u e.d th e mitte having no authority. to in :1ny of the s"?-bJe cts re qmred for a county fir t gr ade cert1fi cate

Th coun ty certifi cate may be before or after the examination at the optron of th e candidate.; hut no re port of th e tion wi ll be made un til th e certificate 1s presente d. . ..

Th" c andidat e f or profe sswnal certrfwate may take the ent ir e or any part of it at one time; but no ee rtrficate 'v1ll he i s:sued until th e exam in ati on is compl ete d.

As soon as conveni e nt after the exam in ation the candidate \Vill a report of the res ul t of the same .

On th e subj ect of th e standing required, as indi cated hy a system of numerical grad es, a llow me to say that th e eo mmittee not deal in pe rcentages; if, on the of th e pap ers pr e pared, the commi ttee IS of opinion that the cM1d idate is qualifi e cl1t wrll he so re porte d. If, on the oth er hand. th e co mmitte e is not sa ti sfi ed the r esult w rll be re ported as un s atisfactory. . .

, This is beli eved to be mor e 111 acrord w1th the di.o·nity of a '' professional" paper, whid1 is s uppo sed to put its holder l1'pon equal footieg, so faT as such a credential ean do, with nil oth er hold ers of the sam e sort of cr edentials.

Oth er informatio n w ill be furnish ed che Pr.on appli c ati on to this offie e.

County sup erinte nde nts are requ es t d to grve the inform ation con tai ned in this circular such eunency amono· their teachers as they may be ahle to do. .? A. K. GouDY, ';.z 121 t. Pub. budruction

THE THE OR MAL CO NORMA L COURIER. RIER.

BUS INEssn :=======

ADVE:RTISJ

Per in ch, s in gle col RATEs . S . l smgl p ec1a r ates furni shed' e m se rt wn, , 7 5 ma n age rs. • on a pplicati on to bu in es

J AS. E. DELZELL JAS. H. HAYES ' ' } Bu s in ess Manage rs.

EsTEU£D AT TH EP oST ========,:O=Fl-'ICE AT p P.:R u AS SE p ' d -= COND·CI.ASS MA TTER rwt e by 0. H. Kent • · ' ')'ob Pr zn ter A , u bu r 1l, JVebr.

STI\T t;

Faeulty

GEO L. F • •

T eache r of P sycho lo E A. M p T each ing gy, U!J Cl;, L ogic, and u'' lll_NCI PA I. , te crencc nnd th e Art of ELIZ

T eacher of L. -A C. MORGAN tte ratu re, Rh et .J: PR £C£P' Ml ESS on e, Genc r·U 1-I ' ' H B DU • >Story a nd Ph vsinl o<ry "CAN "· '

T eac her of Bo tan 0)<, A. B. • y, G eology and Z I · ' -oo ngy A. 1! V Tea cher of C!uo · L EET . nll s try, Ph ysics :tnci As G W E trono my. • ' · LLIS B A 1 eacher of Math em· ;. ., l\1 IC'J; a nd

Teacher of choo i E - USS BE LLE T HO MAS con om y, Methods, and Su MIS M. pe rr ntcndeut of Train in g.

As· t · · E LLIS

IS 'lnt '" Train ing and K ind er .' MISS FL ORENCE g •.trten Depa rtm e nt.

T eacher of Ora l • I WR IG HT, \ Vntte A . MISSJE • 1 n rrthm e ti c.

Teacher B. s. tat es H> sto ry a d G MI S MAR 'n eog rnp hy.

T each.l'r of L TH A ' VINN IE, a.nguag-t: and Gram MI SS A - ma r. ,

T eacher of R ea din g D . :-.;NA K. STR OCK . ' ra.w lng , Civil G ov ernm , i\fl s ::vr e nt and Ro ok- K ceki ng.

' • EVE L YN BIRSS r eac her of 'F'irst p ' re paratory.

E. M. L IPPITT

T eac her oi V ocal and 1 ' • us trumental Mu sic.

* ' IE H OY T, Lrhra rr an nnd Sten ogra ph er.

J OH "' /BL ANKENSHIP, Janito r, I· . 9 oa tr d of Edueation

liON A. K. GO t; ny

H 0!\0 ] E lTU I. · · · Su pt P b 1 4

•

DIT RI L '.

:N T 1 ng a imp r ta nt la w th e s tat f it i a pu ni lea m ing t u i ty ' legi l at ur ur att nti w hi It ha w Y rk. ba bl h

It i t to lo k up n "B oard in g- ch thy to be n ominal!

" niv r i ty . ' t "Ph. r ;B.

s tu dy a ud ca re fu l tr a. i nin e ta b li sh ecl pr c d nt v rJ

l niv r.fr orn h I'

I.' .,

l ng y ars of h M' d li t t hr ou rh n. w cii-

1 al s ·h oo l th nt

se n ds o ut gr ad u at m ll t nd w th m with, nt l eas t, an " . B. '

Pre ti ge ha an in exhan t ibl e amo un t uf pc t utial ener gy; but wh n per on hold i11 g h an oma lous ti'tl cs go ut into th e ''wi<l wi lc world, ' o nl y to fin d the ir A lm a Ma ter 11111' o rrn iz ed ·and unkn ow n, th y rea li z in uo 111 1 · rt niu way th e " wr on gs too long e ud 11r d. '

"Ph . D. ' fr om Har va rd or Ya le, "L. L. fr om A nn Arb or, "M . ' from Jo lm Ho pkin and "A . B." from P rin ceton r o ur O \-VU Stn t Unive rs ity h as a sig nifi can ce whi ch cann ot be mi st aken eve n at the pr ese r1t tim e. \V Iril e ::t il th ese "lo cal sc h oo l " hav e th e ir fun ctions, whi ch, we may sa y, ar e im po rtant fun ct ion s, tb e sUtt in s tituti ons a nd in st itu tions of lon g-es tablished me rit must be made paramo unt to all ot her · Ne w Yo rk ha s given us an o bj ec t Je sso n; a nd should we be t oo n ea r- sigh ted to see it , we mn st co n so le o ur sel ves w ith p ity 1o ar1 ed by o ur co nt e rP ' po rari es In co n so nan ce with t hi s re ce nt m ove· · h '' fall 111 me nt, . we s a ll be gl ad to see N . ] t ons are me " eve n th o ugh th e minor in s titt1 ' 1 f for ce d to s urr e nd er th e "s trip es '' to the mt es o pr oper,' 'r a nk. '·'

Th e mo st esse ntial el em e nt in c har ac ter is th fl t of pa ti e nc e.

Self- co ntl'O l is at th e r oo t of a ll v irtu es J.J et fl. man gi ve th e re in s to :Pi s impul ses and and f L"o rn that mome nt he yie ld s up hl s moJ·H fr ee d om . He is ca rri ed along th e c urr·ent of Jif e,

a11<l b t'c orm• s llt t• ·Ja ,· nf hi trt u g<' t lc ·ir f I' tlt t> t illi C' lw i11 g.

Pat i(' ll <: c. \\'h at I - it n o-I n· J rr ohl

Pa t it•llt't' is t lt c ·t of .:t r ng Irink.·, f H' it ki ll· tltP p; iant D c:-' prtir ,. Thi ,·ir tue of a ll ,·irtup,• i::: ,,•0 rr h tit wo rkin a- f r. nt t it ha bi f h<·irw p at ient i · n ot HI ell il,v f It t ak <'s th at cktc rm in nti on of t he ,,·ill -po \\' r to n ·erc·0m' thC' ur H.:n n tn ll tl r ·sti,· nc's. :i\lan.Y han• 1 n.s t•d th rnu .,.lt vc•at" of Xl ricn ·e, fought t) O' · in t th at 1111 ·on tr oilnl>l t' 1 ir it uu ti l tl te.' had o\· q ower d it, a nd at last kn w ho w t \\'::li t, whic h, 0111 )JH.' l la> sa id i the ·ret of sn ·c

Th :unou nt >f pat i' nc tb ::t t on po d C'l H'u d. npoJ > hi' pow er t o ntr ol elf. It i, human natur e to want th in o·s on r u \Tny, to b ha t.Y n.nd imp nl iY c in <Ju t· word' and ac tio n J ut tii i' ma,v b • cha ng cl to th·1t mor h lp f nl habit, 1 :tti en cc .

Jlc· '' ho not s lf-eo ntr l wi ll l ack patience. 'e lf -control i oul,' co nr: w nncl r nn ot her fo r m. It Ji tn. y almc be r cgn r dc J tv the sene of ·lwrnct t' t" m1d j 11 dc tl th cr ·an b uo tr no ma 11 h oo d witlt o nt it.

It i b: pnti •n ee an d sc l f-co n.trol tl1at the t rnl, , horoic ch arac..t- cr i perf ct ccl wa h in gton, who sta ml t; o ut in Listo ry as the Yery i mp 'r ou at ion 0f <lig11ity, b rnx cry pn rit; a nd per o na l ox cello n cc , wa a ma n of se lf- contro l. I-Ii om ru auJ ov er ]ti ' fe> olings, nm in momen ts of gr eat Jil±i cnl t;r a11Ll da ngc·r, ·wa s sne ll as to co nvey th e im pr ession, to th o. c who tl it1 not know bim bt i01atcl y, th at It o was a. mau o£ i nb o rn ca l mn ess a nd alm ost in1pa ss1,·cJi ess of dis vo itio n. Y t '\.VaR IJ in gton by natn rc wa. ar dcr1t tmd iJnp tuons; ]ti s mildn ess, ge nt len ess , po li tenc s and ·nn .- icl r at ion for ot hers, w as th e r · ult of rig id s !'lE -cout ro l, aml nn woa riod se lf -d iscipl in e ,,,],ir lt ]10 eli!i ge rtt ly pra ct ice d even fr om hi s b oy h oo d. T lti . v ir tnc, then, i t; within the reach of a ll.

Ov sn cc css of wom.en 's co ll eg es no on e don ht s. Th ey h ave been tri ed tw enty -fi \·c ye ar s, qnit lon g l' llOll gh to soc the fault and mer it of tho f> ys te m wh ich, at w as ne arl y id entical w it h .t hat of me n 's co ll eg es. Dnri ng thos' twen tyfiv e vca rs the 1wlit ical a nd soc ial co nditions of ,, ' wom en hrw e mu ch cba nge cl, and ther e mn t b a, con qne11 t e1w.n ge iu t1w ir tr a in in g.

\ 11 im p rtuut lta n o- th wide pen ing· f r

w m u w hi h lr,1 b n ma d iu tlre field of ptlblic

li fe : and nu gually i n:1p r tant u i that by which

w nr n mn .o: t b au of the m cl rn i de a f ma rnag b rti r\0' and i ncl pe nd nt. Tb r q nir mo nt of th ci Hm o· in w orn n · fi of w ork h::n· b on p :utia ll:' Ul by th g ra dual intJ · dnc ti ou c f t lt bi't r ic al and po lit ical cie n ce in to th · !l eo· c ur ricul um n ot b cau-·e a ne d "·n f0 lt f r th m b nt b ca u th ir i mp o rt ance p ine d t hem tb r Bnt \Yh at •·or the ca n e fo r th eir pr e nc mnr haY b n t lr ey HJ.' t he r . and th y arc me an a libe ral ul tnre. It would e cm then nnn ar y t m ak e ot her change , f or if n.' \rolll.an "i bcs t en ter a n.r f th e lrigbe r pr ofe si n the re a.r p cia] bool wb 're her tnin iuo- i' m t tbo ron b.

01 1 ,. r ' i m1 or ta nt ex c pt iou must be made to th tat rn nt t ha t no ch an g i r equ ir d iu the collco- fo r wom en an d th at r lu tes to tbe tr ainin ·of t Thi pr ofes io n, eeru i ng ly by geu r al con ent, ha s b ee n, fo r the ru t part reio- u d to w om en. .A nd it i aid th at to keep fi lled a ll Ya ca ncie in the rank of the teache r. '' ultl r eq uire a l east tw e nty-thousand comp e tent w orn n 'eyery , ca r. Of co ur se it is impo si ble f or the o rmal Schools to m ee t thi s de mand Co mp a ra t iv ely li ttle .o£ th eir t im e ca n be de,·oted to r ofe io na l trnin i ng, be ca n e ma ny of tlle ir s tud ent haYe n ot a kn ow l edge of hi g h- sch ool s tudi e s, wh il e ot her do npt kn ow e,·en th e el eme ntary br,au ch es . Th e va lu able ti me of m an y of the in t rnct ors is taken up in te achi ng the e eleme nta ry branch es w hi ch th e st ud e nt sho ul d hay e co m pl et ed in th e e igh th gr ade. Ancl, natur a ll y, a ll time spe nt i11 th is k·in cl of work is time t rrkeu nwu y from prof ess io nal tr a inin g. th ere Jnu st be so me ot he r pr ov i ion mad e £or normal in s tr uct ion a ud tr ai ni11g of w omen. T hi s de pa r tm ent of pnblic work naturall y belon gs to her, and it is of the grea test impo r ta n ce tn a ll th at ho t· pr of ess ional tr ain in g ii. ould be f th e co mp letest. Is not the develo pm ent nud gl'O wt b of th e c hi ld as i mpo rta nt as that of pla nt ::-; an.rl a ni mal s: Now, is there an y be tter pla ce for tlu l:l tt·ain ing tl u.tn in the co ll eges ·for women?

Psycho1ogy a nd th e order f cl evel l) pm cut of the hu ma n mind should be made th e s ubj ects of mo::;t th orough iu vest igati on th ere. No t only the

THE l ORMA L CO R! ER .

th eo t·y, but the art of te achin g, sl LO ul d be t udi ed a nd pr ac ti ced

Th e devo tion of a part of th e t im e of th fa c nlty and stud e nt s to wo rk of t hi s kind wo ul d n t int erf ere with th e e du ca ti onal char acte r of t lt e st ude nt' wo rk. Th e u ual fo ur yea t· 's co tu- e of th e co ll ege gi ves tim e for bo th profes ional and educational acq uir ements. A nd no one c au quetion that the tr a inin g thus r eceive d wo ul d fi t the grad uate of wo men 's coll eges for the b est wo rk of th e teac her TL ey wo ul d not o nl y h av e the prof es sional tra ini ng of the N Or J?la l Sch oo l gr ad nat e, but their br oader sc ho lars hip and c ul t ur e tit th em for gr ea ter usefuln e ss , not alone m th e choo l-r oom, but in all w alk s of li fe.

ITE M OF INTERE ST.

N w Zeal an d has plac d h er lf by th ide of -wyom ing in confening uni versal , uffi·ag e upon her ci ti zen .

Am ong the "\Vo rld 's Fair ex hi bit. will b" a, libr ary of 5,00 0 volum es , el cted by flfty of th e le ad in g librari an· of th coun try .

Th e n ew repub li c of Bm zil is a lr eady ca ned upon to exerci se the p ow er of the central g oY ernment , in u ppr essi ng the revolt whie h ha a ri. en in the pr ov i nce of San del Estero

Gen. Lew Wall a ce has fi nished his new hi sn ov el whi ch he will soo n give to the pu bhc. He beli eve th at t his work po ssesses more merit than "Ben H tu-" a nd expe ct.· th at it will be r ece i ved with gr eat favo r.

" Mor than ni ne tenths of th e teac hers in the 1mbli c ch ool ar e women, a nd more than one. of th e p upil are girl s," i. · the re aso n owen by th , Al umn re of Nonnal Co ll eo·e N.Y for as kin o· t1 ] b , 0 ' ., tat t 1e nurn e1 of wom en on the Rr h oo l b oard b increa se d.

•' i:nr e up on tl1. ye ar's sch ool wo rk , the ra nk of the wo rld'· O'r at le ad f' e> c c eTs o thonght b an' be en . en. ihly t hinn ed. Amono· thP hc·Ht kn ow n are th <> nam es of

T nny n '1n· i.. 'wi nt m li ) \\ ·huHl, and Uhilcl wi th otl1 r: l·:s J1' 0 llt it w ll t.

Th ffL r· of L<t tu·<·< IP IPft \' <t <·;m t th d ath uf T •n tty : on lta. : lwP H off ·n· l r<

W illi Gln £ nj l H' l1 w n• r l1 as th · h onor . Thi · ffi t• l 1:t: lJ t 11 <·mtli lt li OII ,' in En r:r]and f r 1warJ - ltr c·<·11t ur iP s. ft '£ nny :on wi :h rlta t i\ fonis : It ulrl ll C'C' 1 hi m.

Amon O' he st u c.l •n t: iTt th 1na nu a,l tra inilt !d pa rtme nt f th" ' og: \\· •1.1 Po l .r tee] mi c ·cl w<l l of Ca.lifomia , i. a lady •ngao· t1 in th .) bla, ·k·mith tr aclt• . Mi s: Ray] P\·Prid !!1 ' tak sup the hamm e l' :ow 1 an ,·il along wi th mod"lin g, dr aw in o·, and tl e ·i•rn iu o· j nt 'nd in1 to 1i t her ·elf f or c1 ino· omamen tal. ·work i•1 ir on.

Th e s tr ike at Ho m "St a.d j ,- e:tiln tLt "d ttl hav e cost the Cant g:i _, company t:lO m S2 00°· 00 0. Mo r than r ' 10 0,000 w 1' con tr i1n:Lt"d ai el the t l'ik er · by l abo r Lmi ons f t·om a ll the world. Inclu d in g the Jo · · in 11.'. icUen es. , the xp on se of living fm · th t dk a nc.l th ir f am ili es , th go ve rum ut out Ja.y 11 1 ma in tainin g l aw and orcl m·, it. i f:i pr obalJ l -' t.ltt't. a ,·erv moderate e tirn at c wo u ld pl a.e (; t!t j: tl total co st of t hi s u nfo rt;nn atP atfa u. not fr om two au cl a half milli on l'i .

L es s t han for ty yeal'S ao·o the 1'1 • 1 ., · 1 . 1\ JT • 1 S<·lto ol of t t< co ar se In t le leach n o· OI'ill [L · .• r oun t l'y req uired tl1e 1·e.ading o:f Pag t, l rr -' •:t, C h' l1 o· " t I "'fh eory a nd Pr act ice of t c ' a' · · 11 d t v,ro we <',. hste mng to a fe vv le ctur es, fL o·t ' d S ] 1 'T dl'Lv otn· ayp J'I.Ir 111 the .nio el e 100 o c ·' ' •.,. ] ·no· of the ]Ji uW No rm al Sc ho ols, to s ay not 11 o ". l f .1 • 1 . •t t' s 1 0 q1.L1 l'e the stu d' peu ao·oo·1ca 1nst1 l1 lO ll· , . · r' · o o 1 ct1ce , the Jns to · p sy <.: hol oO'y theory anc J.H cL , ,L 0 ' • • b es 1d .) s pl "tct ll <:: a.nd phil os op hy of e dueatw n, · · ' ... "·o1·k, in a ll on •I' c t wo Y"'11 s. ·

TH E L EGE D OF G ILPI

G LC H.

I lik e th em well -the u ri ou preci en · • nd a ll-p ret e nd ed gravi ty of tho e

Th at cc k to ba ni sh h en e th e·e hn rml es po n s, 11 a vo: thru ·t away much an ie nl h ne ty.

!a lin e! '-<'l', h ai n t y n rr l1 m t urk e. -s Pi ·k(•l -j t? It s ,111 · orf nl ]O\Y. I o· u s Yo u'd hP ttN l )l'in g ll l h. r m· an 1 111 _, ii ui slt

l'111, ka . it' ll b . J<L l' a.fo re pap ' Jl o- i an' I n·ekon -o u·n Jw" ·o o·it th e s lt •e1 u1 tl1v l'Or ntl an' loth f <:' din '. ''1 t l'1L yo u h r' a he ap o wol'l\: ab u

l11a ·-fi x- in" ' co nt inue dl\ Ir ,. ' iii in a h t ok t lt <' h \'0 la.rg • wil d t ru ·l'\ P)' \\·b ic h 1\I a.lin dy p<nti a.JJ y Ii tked. \\ '"" b in a-ih:: iu ' l'n:r sen(' e a hJ y t hi m or nin an'it p "' a.r lik \Y' ,-e ·h n. rcH, - got ·o mm n ee d. Th --r ' ::s th ·<· nt11b in th bakin ' an a h aJ o' other t hing· ter tenl to a.fo r" w e' r =- re ·Ldy f nr th .. l· omp' ny No w be p ry l\llalin dy k c.1. se i wa nt you l' dre ::; · e:1.fo re the com p' ny o·it hyarth nth <:: r' ll h' t;h eb'ds ter ta k" down in the f' wn t ro om, .·o · ter give th " h oys a chance tel' R'l'iak _. the1· f ep t.. L -> t me see-wh at w ar I ao clo ? v\ e ll I ll make the doug hnu ts an 'gi t the <l t·_. · in ' l' e acly fur th" ttuk ey s w hil y on go an 'g it the slPeJ> np . N ow fl y aro un ', Maliucl y, an 'o·i t ver work done. I hea rn th et 0 ·' BiJl war a eomin ' ow-•1· an 'a-go in ' te r ft tl'h hi s ole fi d dle; an' ef fo lk s kn ows h e' s a · comin ' ll ·•r' ll be a crow d of'em, s1u·e. I v.·onl dn t wond e1·'n we 'd hev a hul hou se fLll an' too.

No w, :Malincly pf BJizz a rcl Bill , es folk s (·n.J ls ' iln -tlt on gh I do n't SPe but wh at h e's 'hout es a l ad es any of' em b ac k ast, an 'a. 1no rc cl "' ·er ft-:! ll er never nmv, JYlaJind y, ef he does co m e, I vY ant y ou t t:l' put 0 11 ye r bes t primp 's. Th ey s ay es l 1o,Y 't lw' g ot a fin e ran ch . up th e Ri o C+n 1.ndP, au' ht 's the best ncl er 1n the hnl kent1-y 1 otm' · an' l aw ·sakes, he'd give hi s b ·t doll ar es 'fr ee es a ni ckl e' ef he thouo·ht n f ll er ne cled it. Th er 's no u se a-talkin ' l\Jal il1 dy , g irl f:i kin git til er heads too high. I k i.u r< nu·m1') rr wh en folk s laughed et me fur

olm o· law - r th

iidn · :1.111 1111 r bu ck . Bu I ha in 't h d

n im t r · a- t aki n bac k w ba.t I'l ,...-ed t

th t im war th ri o·h t hin a- to d . N o• th n <'limb up r th 1 f, i\Ia lind.r an · han' m

d "' H a bu nc h 'th I picked up n lack M nn ti n o- ka oTub th u pl n Y o

·- a n in lwi n t fit f nr hri ma -tim e· th n I k in o·it al ] }0' t ill yo u o·it th f din ' d n · r

1-'r h tr fit ha in 't art r undown an' '" ham t ni !!'h th r uo·h fi.x i.n yit. You ll hev te r b

pry , i\Ia.l in d y. " . ' ·I do n' e wh a make ma he,- 1rh a. f, 11 thought i\Ia lindy a

h un t Pd out o th f oot of th bu tte '"h 1' -' th onal wa situ ated. ' ·Ka e he

a ran ch up th r on th" Ri o Gran d lt a iu ' no rea 0 11 '" hr a gallik m houlcl b -' a want in ' r tak hi m in t iel o'o·oin bac.k a><t

an' gi ttin ' an e cli cation lik => e pap say I kin git back th r. I he,· h a rn 'bo ut Bill umm in ' ' bi o· ranch, hi tin e rjdin ' an' hi s one re el mi n trait in holp in the s uffer in ' t ill I h ' ni O'h m ad e mv elf b' li e,·e he w n.r s up ro • n at 'ra l. I h v s"e n omb rer os an high -toppPcl boo ts au'la ri at s, an' s pur s, an' quert , an' b ro n co s an sh ep a-\}' go at , an' b1ur os an' Ing in , an' Gr ea ser , an' moun ti ng s, an' mi n s, an' g ul ches t ill I hev o·ot t ir ed o's eein ' 'em. 0 Th e ch ap lin cl own ter Black Mo tm t ing say It a il' wr ong fnr us ter h ate o ur s un oundin 's, bu t I h ev got my m in' sot on go in ' b ac k e ast an' b <: in ' lik e folk s es pap talk s :bo ut. It 'pears tel' me ther ha in 't no n ee d o'ma be in ' so sot in her ways; an' ef 'tw arn't fm· ta kin ' k eer o't hings hy ar on the ra nch I'd be m os' sart in ter run away . Bu t pap say es h ow't ef he ha pp en ter strik e a le ad d own in ole B roken B ow m in e t hing s' ll t urn out a ll right yit ."

Aft er doin o· the 'fee din ' " w hi ch wa s s imp0 l ly to house the he rd s again st th e m aTauding roy ot es a nd the m Ol' e formi dable l1 e ast s th at OC' c a. iona lly ventured fr om the a dj oinin g monn tain s, Malin dy do se d th t' eo rr al gate a nd w alk ed slowl y towards home.

It was Chri stmas eve a nd th re was to he a "shake -d ow n'· at Cy G ilpin 's cab in ; an cl t hi was tlw ra.nse of the nnn . ual ti r a.nd at t "mpt R

TH E OR \ AL CO RI ER

at dom • ti indu ·t , witne · d at t lli ry thi lay of thLy · h ad j u:t btou O'ht .Pa rtr ulaJ· ta nc h. Old Cy tutk ey · a nd ve · 111 a goo dly upply of wil t1m on a nc11 the neare t tra din o· ' 1 vv a. · now cro ne to "Old Rye'' 1 -po t to CUP a j urr of . an u 'lt oth . d . . . proclio·al dam th er h ·a ·p · a· 111 .· . ou o-ht n . oc ea 1011 one f c · · ary t m ak' tlw o .·uc

At thi pattic ulat i n()' w. re not nf n ' w lJ n ,' uC'h gatherthl · .·par eh- n 1 tlequ nt the in h ah ita n , of J .l.'opu at d r· .· l the o ·ca ·ion 1 oron ook ed n] on · a t len 0 1 tue; an d the goo d hou } our(' e of 1 l eason another in e \o\ Jv ·ofte n ,·i ·d witJ1 1 a "rn o·a 'U}) fi .] d' t H!Ir h ·pi tali t 'r C'l a u;pJar of y an d a' ·' r· 'l· o t l . <"C'Onomy . Th .,- n o com • ·tH· of fami li ·h popHlation on i. ·ted dli <>tl j' o ha.d and in , .P nt mo. t of th0 ir t jme J WO tk1n ' l) t }Jro ·p ctin' 'tl e 'H:lCL-O ut min . an' lout h- vin ' had end tned a ll tl . any luck. " TlHT lt' ll' d . . ·ettle down at la t in "Xpcnenc ·.· to out the r n1 a 111 1 a, httle ca,hin and ek c e r· of th · -. · on ou. rroat-tan eh W _u hv ·· em a mon otl ona· ·inre d s . · 1 hrle the f athel' · 1Jad pau·ec of tindi ,, . <Tet" whi ch · · no- tl1 et b1g nl wm 10tme 1· d h could be pick ed u J b . , ay ·, t ey b liev ecl ed in r eachina· th 1 R} one who suc·cee clth e mother ·ho d t oc kle ·, n ot infr eq u ently t _. ·h 1 pe 0 m any their clau o-h te1· · o l u: I anc "'Ild tJ ·-' '" 1 eteb . selvc for a ll Y exon erate thempre vwu bad it ,·erT" oft m anao·eme nt. And J en ha pp ened th·t J . thouO"h appar d. t 1-' malden., reel i'n the I 1 entl y coy a nd ha ,• hf nl c·oncm·1 an of th l th< •r raps'' 111 tJ · · e Jnot 1-t. , a nd .·o ".'et le o·o d ld f . imd Rm i lPd a nd 0 0 0 - as lu oned · styl , al tbono·h a w:Lltecl \ Vhile the youth .·, o ' o-ar n :-; t a ll tl dent to ''L'f. b ' le clmwers me ll e on the Bo rel ,. ' b again. ·t th e eucha t ei were po wr-1-le. s 'n rn ent of · 1 , InclPed earh one 1 m arc en · sm i J ·s. OUo-pcl fm · be nd o·ht al an op pol'tum ty tion. and b.k l . 1 l l egian ce and proter- ' P us acly to h" natt'din ·om L' ow n h ome :si. th · terf'd 1 · t P I 1 · noo { up amon g: maiclPn. ' c 0 not Pl'ofl'r-;. · to kn o t\·]ww s u:;; 11 •'I11'1llO'E'l'\'ille at 1 .' lla Y won· but in r . ' l'tt t t1 ' maidPn th<· mm-p 1 ' ntOl'e h al'lhfnl tlw th <' l)oldPI' th<J Youth wa.- the Youth an cl maidl'n. · t l<: mm·' has11f'ul t J1 P :Jlr:4. Gilpin \rns 11

C'a l'ef' . tnw to lu r kiud. :-:hP wa . 11 with o11t a moth ·r·:-:] rid<• . I• ot·. <1:-: siH • < ft• . aid, '·MaJjudy war tltt' Jik <·li,·:-:1 in tl Jt ul k(•ntr.r I'O llll' and f' ould l tc·\· lt t ·t· pic k • th l1 tl · it a11cl kin •f slH· \\';ll'll .t :-:o ]HI\\'t•l>f hac·k ai'Cl. t hi s a th anf:tg l' it wa:-: that .·lu• shou ld lw ,,·or:-: It i J>t><l hy n the• Hwa iu.' who btnit·cl in tltar Yi <"iuity l<•t• 1 th c•y not only rind <d Olt•·anot h<•J' ht nn it •d in om .'OIPJIIJI oath to lt·a l a snd pt• ti on t(.) :.my w l1 <1 pn •su 1111'<1 to lllill' t i1 P <' tu·ot11 wh id1 tltf Pnt<·rhtitw <l ·in ,. 1111 111 hu t l >y r ir t 11 • of whi<"ll <•a(' It ft·llow <"ongntl h tted hi tll. '<'lf upon ha ,. i1 1 ,. t lt c• lito:-:( 'l ay-c)llf '. '1 hP I'l' \\'a s onP, lt<l\\' 1' \' <'1', "h(l ;L] ] n ral'u<'<l with an <'qlla] t!Pp:r'l' h at rPtl ancl admi mtic n. Thi s fe ll ow . no1 11i· a ll y as J l b:zm·d Jill was i1:· ·ibl c•, lro ad-:l i01 ilCI< •r ' CL t]lt 1'- b '<ttPll ,yj!.. wh o \n L: an c xpr rt jn all tlt · <H·c rHul1i::d lnw•1 ' of cow-h oy l if<', atH L who l wd s c·c·1·dl.r worh• into the n·oo<lrri'<L('(>,' of Mr.· (' ilr)ilt rh rc ll!b '? an UlllL 'ual of pi'OCl igaJ <'X nLn tp-11 111 an d Ol d 'y the f ar JII ·l·, wa.- on' of t it<:·. d ) tl1• u 1rl u] o· 'n t. llt PJl ,.,.·he, :1:-1 1\ ' ftC' H t-l i "t hou n·ht th t wo m t' ll cLll gi l'l H a il- sot in th'' ' .. t '] . "1 ·cr w ayR, a. n the' lw st way tP J' gJ on p: \\'1• 1 is gi st tt•r n ot ( 'J' f).'.' ,.m iH not·hiH '. ' \V hil • t hi s 1)1LLHt< r in,u· <' C"._Jn 'i war:; a"vay on bi .· nLn cJ I up jH Color ntlo ]I • • 1 • (\ ('Jil l• c·on te mp m·an es e nt •r ttLlD '( Yal ·tou f' ti on · ju r •gm cl to one gnLII tl a ttem pt t.n <' 01', pl ct hi.· overthr my; lm t, v.-1,en ]1 <1 g ain p ca.red, tJ te re st sc a,l ll}l en:d 1,'.d }JJ'a iri e clog: wh en an Pagl<• is · 1 · ·r 1 ·.. · 01

Dcs p1. te Ls: w 1<'H 1 •· ·• L m·on · \Y as a .l ol ly fell. .v, and JLO 111 • 1 >SS "\\' HJ \l ma l\:.m g w as to 10 a ::-: tH'< 't • · 1 11 b (':'\:(' (.') I lns pr esence. 13l't:dcl es, h 1J v> n.S :Ln.. ]it.' · ·t 1 ] 1 1 · ·h .,; to ll1;-;p ti c CL.<-' r, anc H-' kHe W mm· ' t.rH "' ' ·it'. 1 ·1 d · f J · . con t.enJ}J(ll'£1 1 -n·· n e a ncu 1o· than any o: 11 s . - jll l ] o . . Lw1 11g· a sn r< ' -t w a rc om1)h sh nw JJ t · . l best of -·pr1 · tr oduc t JOH to the J'Jeh est a n( , 1 11 ']') 1 tn tt c1 t el( ht Pl'Vl e SO C' Jety ns un caL lf' 1 ' _ · 1 , · · i "l ha - t 1<.: bn l mo· t lat 'a goo c1 b egHllllllP, ' f •it\ b, 1 o-1 t n -" q llen c eontu n1e cllu s amonrs t 1° 1 o , 11t: . . 'J . , nd l')T Sll.l a lJ Jl'C8 l 0 11 'Nh r-; l\Ialmdy a nc1 ) e;n · 1 to .r G'l . l 111 '-' J nt IJC'I' , l est ::-: he• ;.:;110 ll \ ·n·s. 1. p tn; a,nc "' . . , l1e tho t1 n·ht ckY o i.c1 of a ll thnt '''ht (• 0

a 111 t l1 c·1· 1 f' • · 11 l 1 t f• . las 01' lJPI' lllOI IT J:l O'l <l l ' <l ll g' I l'l':::

0 tP n 1 n rlt 1 l · 1 f 1 · 1 1 ·· t g"P< Ill tronc l c l' - as non •c < <llll' , a, f"l lc' • :. , 1 Xp l·l·.·spd it . .. f 111' purpo ' <= l keep111 Ill ·t I' · 1 . 1 l J 1 ·' t' ll•n lJ yfP1in ' ln l'll'IQ;l r 10oc . " )lalill <l.'· i: ·a qr wr 1l'al.. . '1 hi: wlwt (' \'('}'\"( '1 · lllp thot iQ; It t an1 w 11 at t ,·e1y ll 'snH . Ill h'<''ll t' ' ] '1 • c :--c• o(' 11 1 t· ; 1\· •r ·ioH t t ll_, lOJTH app nnho ns tllc lti <lt'O tL S sonncl :::, nn d all tlu• . lll) •rso 1 n rn.mo uJlt to th' umn itt ' ll hi st l')ot · ])J'l ltgp 1Ti lll', l! er thon ,o·h ts \YI? l' 'l o kl•cl upon tl 10 l l1 < st ::;;;tpi •JLt <tS ::i <1 Ynt 'iJi o· of in spirati on . llJt' old lll< 'Jt wortl l :l wJ" ' tl ll' i l' he ad · nn cl ' 't lw gnl kn '" to rnn<' h. I'm fe an• 1 •'lt" ltain 't Jonp: f nr t hi bya r w orl d. I d rJ ar

s<'PnJ.H m on • l ike an a.no·pl, in n.ll h l'r t alk <tn way ., thin u g a,l tl wt 'y 'i lp in m .n o·ht c·l ;t i 11 1 t\:'1 ' ht tlw fn,t.h -•r of Ol cl ,- hilm:; elf \\'Oillrl n' t <lew go tl'l' e ilpin Gu l rh ::i llll1 •' t cn nt · \.net t' \' -'n Olcl ., ,_ oftur i nl ul o· •d in " 0 tt gnt.n• <·o unt ( nnm · an 1 a luhi. ous sh ak e f t l1 · lH •acl Por. a lth on o·h a. fron ti r. m a.n of t·he ry pe h e, t oo, "\Ya ru 't ur ". but tlte lll\ ' t• a ly a 1w ·l :-; h eel om hin · t !:'r 'l.o y•;i h rl w st J·un( .: , o' thl' o·a.l''. Then there l"'> 'Yn.s a ma n ]i\·i 1 w a fe w mil Ps lown tb, Yall •j:.. .., ''·ho, wl wn Jh in ' ln wk ea t, ronld rt:•acl writin '' ' a.ncl , b sowe methoc1 unkn o wn to hi s 'l ·io u:-; ll Pi o·hh o rs conld t 11 l lo\\- mnch gold ther "·ar iu a. hundr ed poun 1 o ore ef it went a. thous :cm' c1ol ht1·s ter the ton' '. Whe n asked a,bont Jt e " VOIV (1 tw ar t:> om thin' qn ar ", a. nd }H't'cli ·tE cl 'th et :Ma llndy G ilpin wonJd dis 'p t-' m· f.t: om th es hy ar cligo·in · some o tlws c1a,ys an ' wouldn t ·be s urp ri se d ef 'twa,L' in a don c1 e1· omthin' o' thet ki nd. Bn pyPl 'Yhod, •'lo"Te cl tllf't Mal in cly inher 't- •d '0 1lH' o' l u·1· <)lUll' no ti ons. ' .Acc ording to 1J.i ::; O\Y ll Cy G i.l pi n' s car eer hrtc1 bt.1 11 a.n intPre tm.g. on E'. It w·a.s one v.·hich L11at1y of his fri v_u hm t eered to au th ent i('a t<> , <Jxc e pt a; }Jc·ro.ra tlOn , wlli ch w as ne v!:'r to ld hde<• nlik P l>nt ,du rh o ld Cy a dd ed "fnr tlu-• ,'' lw sai d, "o ' ma ki n' it 'p "ar l11ort• ir: t<-•r c•st in ' <-Lll ' hnm-lik<J.'' A 11 cl bt eau ' <" of a J ittle f ear th at his good wif<-' 111i ght th ink Jli.n1 fm·o·etfnl of ]H' l' im}10I't in fr am in g hi s inva.ri ably r fene cl to his mania ge to 'Mi • so11l lJ'ona. Van lyek a nd the n da te d J1i :,;; <'Xlwr i< 'll<'L'.' h a(·k t o'lti. 11irt1L I shall n ot

a tte mpt t .,..;i ,-' it w rd fo r"- rd a h r lat d it t m ': for it <'am · b.r pi C' "-m Hl and n t a' n t·onn!:' ct>d whol -' . I can on i:- g_·h- tl1 <·]tro n olo o·i a} rd er f t lt p ri nri} a I' ' nt a ht> t 11 th 'Ill

\\h 'n uta l ad f uin t t: n fo rt un fay 1· <.l him wi tlt a o· l \Yif. a.nd a bri g;ht fu tu re ""' -"twu o' th riclll:' 't bl s·i. n' which ail· in tbe han · ,... · pr dd 'nc _, te r bt: ·tow.' ' H ' "'L b m a nd r •·:t red in n' of pa ri u .- a ll ·y ::: am mw th bip; " ·oocl and dar of PL·nn;;;ylnl nia . o nfid ent in tht:i r 0 1Yn ont' t>} tion M of th far '" t. ' hortl;- a.ft r their

J1H1rrin o· . ht J\I r . :r i.lpin t ok their f '" mthl)- t1 ea LU'L'S a nd tart"d for the o·oldtiells 'alif rni.a.. Th \r had noth ing -n-h n th ·.r arrin•cl <Lt h •ir cl •stina.ti on, and , ·ery i 1w tmcnt brono·ht bu t m:1 ll retmnR. ft 1' a f \Y r cU' t hey l' " ('J'OM eel th e Roc ki M in arch f the ' inexhn.u tible tr E.a lll'es" a '' aiti.n o· th pi on eer pro pector in tbe Black H ill Her they foun d plent) of gold, but bar ely ··seaped \Y ith th eir li ,-e fro m the bloo d- t hirsty i on. - n ot d ari ng to r ·t nr n for th ir hardea r ne d \Y"alth. A gain th y cr osse d the 'Gr e<.'Lt Di \id pro p cting fir tin one l ocality an 1 the1 in an oth "r. In one ca.mp, w hich for conv nienc sh all b n a.mele , they "str uck a payi n ·tr eak ," but i nv sted all they made in a p etE' r cl- out mine ' ,,·hi eh as f ar as I know rema in "petered -o u t" to the present d ay . Bein' out o' l uck in all ther minin' ve nt nr s ,' the} drift ed at la t to sou thern Ariz on a. to adopt th p1·o.v inci. al oc cup ation of he rdi ng a fe,,· sh eep and goats

EXCH NGES.

Am ong our ex chan ges this month we take pl eas ure in a nnou nc ing th e foll o·wing E clncat i. on al Jo urnal s:

Tho \;'\ e. te rn 'r eaclur , Fr mont, N ebra ka. Sch ool Advi ser ,· Fremo n t, Nebr.

ThP Normal R Egis ter, Salimt, Kan t)a.H.

Th e U nive r. i ty Star , O maha, Nt b ra Rka.

'rhe S. vV. K. Oo1kgt Ron nd 'ra ble, "\Vinfi eld, K an sas.

The Ne1was kan Lin eoln Nd11'a.:-<lu'L. '

THE NORMAL CO URI ER . LOST IN THE SNOW. A TR UE ST ORY.

BY PENELOPE M. SMl TH •.

On e co ld winter's day, n e_a r C hris tm as, the sh ep he rd s of th e Gr am pi an hiJi s of Scot land strok ed their sh aggy do gs , and 1ooked anxious ly at t he t hr eatenin g hea ve n s.

T he mi niste r l oo ked out of hi s stud y wind ow, and t ho ug ht of hi s lo ng cold rid es to th e h omes of his sca tte red fl oc k. He had come, in hi s yout h, fr om th e m ild er so uth , a nd , if tho se Hi g hland winte rs we re te rribl e, he was yo ung an d s tr o ng. Now he was g wwing old , and, as he f urn ed away from the wmd ow , th e wint er li ght r eve al ed the ma rks of a f at al di se ase a lr e ad y far a dvan ce d.

In the kitc hen, M ar y, th e sturd y m ai d of a ll wo rk, washed her di sh es w ith more than usual hurr y and no ise . Th e bake r's br ea d wa s a ll ea ten. She h ad thr ow n o ut th e cru mbs of the last I piece , whe n she swep t the cloth af te r dinn er. It was th e sta bl e b oy's bu s in ess to brin g a fr esl1 supp ly fr om the sto re about .a m il e di stant ; bu t th e bo y was n owhe re to be see n, a nd th ose sho rt puff s of wind corni ng up th e glen told of th e co ming tempest . "I' ll go m yse lf, " sa id the girl. "The sto rm is comi ng , there w ill be no br ea d, and it 's all the m ini ste r eats n ow P oo r man , it 's not l ong he' ll n ee d it !'' she add ed, .as th e t ears ru she d to her eyes a nd fe ll on her ro ugh

T akin g a ta bl ecloth , in whi ch to put th e brea d, if th e storm sho uld co me on, sli e star te d acr oss the hill s to the store. Very much ag ain st her will , she was foll owe d by th e sh ee p-d og, a pr e tty black cre atur e with a white rin g ar o und hi s n eck :Mary cared n ot hin g for hi s- g oo d l oo k s; be was l ik e a ll ot her dog s, al ways stepping on her cl ean fl oo r with hi s d ir ty p aws, a lways in her way, , ·ti ckin g hi s ugly n ose into eve ry thing , pr o wling undm· th e tab le a nd fri g ht e nin g her out of It er wits in the dar·k.

" Yo u di rty , ugly bru te," she was h eard to say, " if I h ad my way, yo ur hi de wo uld h ave b ee n a 10 at long e'er this!" And to em phas iz e. her se nt im r 11 t she adm in istered a kick w hi ch sent th e . prett y, harml ess an i ma l yelp in g fr om her side.

Aft er vain ly try in g to se nd th e d og ho1ne , she procre.d ed on her wa y, n.nd reached the sto1·e abo nt

two o cl ck in the aft rn oo n. int o the tab l cl th h ti d th and bu ng it ar n nd h r n ·k came on her h uld r a nd h r h an 1 w he ,va lk d r ap id! a nd w as a llll h om , when tb to rm ca 111 u. Tl• a huni ·au th sn w fe ll iu w hi ' sh 't on the dat·kn e f ni ght am d wn ov •· th hi ll · F01· a w hil e Mary tr ugg l d a a in t th t rru f ea rin g, y et n t dar in t c nf ss c,· n t h r If th e exte nt of b r fea r.

That sbe h ad 1 t her wa ' wa p at h or sign of auy track '"'a ab ove, bel ow, and a ll aro un d but wi nd an and dar kne ss . T a dd t h r di tr e , n b ea \ y, 1 w shoes cam e ff . n 1t r ulll11 fin gers succee ded in se curi ng i t, sh f un d tl: the snow had d rif ted aro und h r in uc h a w n.r to ma ke it impo sible to move . Her kn wl d of the bill s q ui ck ly led her to th c nc ln iou th she b ad wan dered in to one ·of th op 11 :Ir a ill ' 1 d . 1 • d f tl 11' t tc 1e , tha t forme a S,Y stem o ·ew r ag 111 par t' of th e co un try. Ma ry fnll y r a)iz ed th dan ge r of her po ·ition. She knew th at JJl 011• d ••• li ves we t·e l ost in snch a sto r m, an d sh ha h ope of r esc ue.

d

H alf co n sc iously as in a dr e am, she wo n ° ' Jl if any one wo ul d come to he lp bet·,-n ot tb .;. · · ·f d h no \\ mg m im ster-not hi s wt e or au g te r.m an co uld s tay o ut in the te mp est.

'' Th et•e is no one to co me ," D espa ir whi sper. I •JI dJ into her h ea rt. "Yon ar e ost, and yo u WI here iu th e storm !" ·11 I I btll

No t far fr om wh ere Mary ay, w as a ow - 1..1 Jl comfo rtabl e farm hou se . Th e gr eat p eat Jd · ] (J bl azed pl eas antl y on th e h ea rth of tL e · ar ge , 11Jitl f as hi oned ki t ch e n. TJ1e fa ces of th o me JJ · 0 ( 'women wo re an anxi ous l oo k. Mau y fl oc l<S.d; sh ee p wo uld pe ri sh in thi s sto rm, many were o ut wh o mi g ht n eve r come hom e. Th e d 1111 c rou ched at th e ir f ee t, . and lo ok e tilt'

l tl e Jm pot·t of as th ough. th ey und ers to oc 1 te mp es t. · 1 d , s !li1 · at t 1e oor '

'' l th o ught I be ard a nOi se ' ' 1 . to li ste n. th e farm er as .h e went c ose r 0 , l · aaa mst the ho t1 6

" It 's th e tr ee s crat c nn g 0 · r ema rk ed th e childr e n. 1 d cl t h\.

· 1 nd w as •e ar , an -

Ag ain th e scratc un g so u . .d t l c d oo r· and m c am e n time th 3 fann er op enc 1 '

c ld

n whak tt ff I t ' t 1 black ·h en did n t un a '1•I .}' 1 k r at ur wh u h had how d h im lf t b ap r t-

Th warm mf r tab l ki t hati f , hi m f •· h ran ab ut th e m 11 and '' bin d a 'f 1 h wa nt d s m t hin orun t th r; and ont I ao- 1'1 ) in to t 1 doot· Jo d than th CJ atc hin g w as heard aga in· and wh ll the l oo r wa aua in op en ed in cam e the

ouer '''a the 'an1 1 d a nd bega n th e sam e WI d o-, · u a ·tion ov r aga in.

' I t hink t !J e d og h as somet hi ng to te ll , ' a id th fa nn r th oug htfull y. "lt s the m ini ter' do a nd it docs n ot se em po s ibl e th at a ny of hi f lk wo ull be out, but we mu st go a ud s e. '

Q ui ckly as poss ib l e, . th e farmer and hi s men pr epar d to fa ce the t euip est Th e d og und erst o od every moveme n t, and en co uraged the li ttle pa r ty by hi s short, sharp bat·k as he ran on ahea d. Th .Y h ad go n e, in rea li t y, a short di sta nce; but a long jo urn ey it see med to th e men, st rong as th ey were the d og stood s til l in th e d ee p clt·ifted wh ere, a lm o t btui ed fr om sight, l ay th e ex hauste d a nd m• con s-cio us lvla ry.

Slowly th ey ret urn e d, th e ir burde n; a ud wh eu th ey re acl1ed h om e, th ey found eve r yt hin g r ea dy for tbem; for th e fa nn er·s l1ad pr epared for her e xp ecte d gues t. Very qm et it wa s, in th e soc ia bl e o ld kit chen, un til Mary sl ow ly opened her e yes a nd whi spered so me thin g to th e m ot he rl y f ace be ndin g over her; th en th e c hildr en's li ttle, un con sc ious si ghs mig ht have b ee n he ard as th ey sm il ed slyly at ea ch ot her behind th e ir m ot he r' s b ac k. \Vh en at l ast had so far adv an ce d as to all ow th e pa ti e nt to be se at ed in gra ndm oth er's cha ir with her f ee t 0 11 a Wu 1·m f oots t oo l, th ere wa s so mu ch ta lk and so ha ppin e ss and. bri g htn ess wi t hin , th at th e fan ne r w as not sur pn se d, wh en· he lo ok ed out , to se e that th e sto nn wa s be ginn ing to l esse n. ·w t not fo rg et o ur fri e nd s .at th e. man se. e mn s 1'h e ir di st r ess rn a.}' be imagin ed, when Mary did tl. ot re turn. Wi th gr eat diffi c ul ty , th ey succee ded in co mmuni ca tiu g wi th their n ea t·est neig hb ors, wb 0 · t ·n l1 ad go ne to th eir ne ighb ors to ask , tn ut . , ' .it lt em to a ss ist in th e se ar ch and th ere had fo und J'vla r y, s it t in g as we left he r, .i n g randm other 's c hair befo re the gr ea t pe at tir e. _ Th at ve ry eve -

nino- th torm had so far ce as ed and hlarJ "'a 0 anxi 11 t 0'0 hom , th at th men cl ar d a rough pat h a nd too k he r afe ly to the man e. Th r al h ro f o ur to ry we bM no t menti ned s.ince we fo und Mary; bu t do n t do u bt tha t he rec ive d hi f ull hare of prai e and adm ir atio n. MaT 11 , r Ji.k ed to h ave he r preYious un kin d r mru: k r fe n·ed to· a nd the sta b! boy told a 11 i o-.b bor, confi dentia ll y, that got hi h ri stma di nner-choice s li ces of ch teken and la 01 b-on one of the be t ch ina pl ate . . He d es not seem lik e the sa me dog, atd Ma r he n ev r do es uny of the me an t hin gs th at he u se d to do. I ju st Io...-e to Lave h im in the ki tc he n. I t hi nk he must ha ,·e b ee n changed th at ni o- ht in th e sto rm.'

.A nd the d oO'-W 11, -it is hard to te ll wh at he th ought. So:eti mes be l oo ked at Mary with a puzzl ed e xpr ess ion in hi s soft , brow n ey e as though there wa s somet hin g about her th at he d id n ot qui te under stan d.

E LE MENTARY BOT ANY IN THE PUBLIC SC HOOL S.

BY CHA H LE S E. BESSEY

CuiNrsity of N•hraslm.

I.

I sho uld lik e to talk a li ttle fro m t im e to t im e wi th those 'vho are to be the te ac hers in our publi c scho ols, up on the work in El em en tar y B otan y, a nd I therefore gla dl y avail myse lf of the courteo us inv itation of the edi tors of the Co uRIE R to u se it s columns f or t hi s purpo se. A nd l et me as k at the out et th at an e:s:perien ee in t eachi ng w hi ch be gan ne arly t hir ty years ago , more than two-t hir ds of 'v hi ch h av e b een de vo t"d al mo st e :s: clu i.- ely to Botany m ay giv e· additional weight to w hat I m ay h ave to say . Reme mb er that B otany to d ay is a. sc-i en ce , and mu st be pur sued jn a s r.i ent ifi c sp iri t. It is no lon ge 1· an ea sy , pleasant, semi -pof'ti.cal p astim e, s ui ted to the inte ll ectu al a.b iliti es of sha ll ow s entiTn en tali sts. There is a cu rr ent . fi cti on, still fondly che ri shed by ma ny sch oo l pi-in c ip als a nd supe rin te nd ent s, th at a ll t l1 at one n ee ds in o rd er to be a. botaJlist t L.<' ability to gh e the names of t 1H '

THE NORMAL CO RI ER . form of 1 a-ve t part , and to inm ' root. and th tlo ...-\· '1' nam . of th a manual th e 1 ·i n ific hood b 7 e common plant. of on ', neig lJb o l'.) an xam · · · is . till not a · c Ulatlon of th flow r .'. lt beo·in n unu ·ual thing fol· a vi ··it r t o ung to m h poeti cal crra f 1 a out the and pre· i on that hu of flow .r ·, nnd 1· th i.mwith th p e 1 th 1· by ''talking J otany l' OJ. · OJ' " A menta] po -'h· b · ·· well quote ntitronomr Y. a out the mo n, a nd call it asJ • Cl D · while it lta 1 of t mer .·tuff, and at Nature t:o qnanel with tho e who ] ok in i. t with ro ·y g la · · of it YOtari · I a J.' that they aP n ot h 'l'

yo u ar to t ach . . th public . cltoo] Botai ) ' w wi ll ·a.r l.1l do? ' Fir. ·t of 1l' and you ask " what ·hall I yon know a '. <lo n ot attempt it unl · · om tluno· of tl · dared to t 11 T le ,' C1 nc . I wi. ·h I l ) OU hO'\>Y ffi' tc·h . . ·) t t inow r ,-.--:, 1 · ) ou oug 1 o ·• .u. , how eYer 1· ·t lf . in(]' out a 1 . ' un1 mys · to pomtt:> l ew t uncr , of 1 . b he i crnOl'ant · · o' w ne · yoi..1 honld no t

You hould not b . . 1 e unacquamt "d ,.,. ith th -' geneJ a .•c·ope of tl ·l . (loes not 10 w 10le · c1ence Thi. hare a th:a n ece ary that yon hotlld of th of all d partm 11ts e Ru .J f' ('t, but at the 1 a't 1 1P ignon.mt of tl f yo u s 1oul<l not 111'-'llt. le act there are , nelL c1 pa rt· · 1 <ruai11tancE' . 1 yon · loulcl hav e a r eal acfa(·t or fm Vii: 1 one or two J·eprese n tu.tl\·p . m 111 ea ·lt department

The htel'ature of B t . ·. m 'nse 111-op t' 0 any ha' r eac h ed Im, or IOns T b hl(']nde n early v; o ooks ?n my tabl e and · · Y thousand t1tle13 of bool's < Important pamphl t je tf-l. T th e s on sn bt hfJ'(l an lo ese we m u. t add at 1east fiv e · c mor ''-'h. ·l · th<:> publication of t haYe in ce OlW wiU a ·1, t ble catalogues . Now HO · "' yon o e ·:teq · t :) ' fix ,· tltc>\1f'ancl b k l< uam 8CL IVith twen.tyoo s. ) llt rert 1 no to b. ent· . 1. . am y yo n ought n <: .) Io-nor·tnt f two ("lem nta 1·y t < 0 all but one or • <:>xt hooks It · t 1 a tead1.,1 < 4· 1 · 1 no on g- ll )otau . . "('hool.· aR. 111 • . 1Y 111 one of our lu gh · ·wltl qn ·t · hall all the . tan lar<l 1 1 an an th at she th 1otarura.l wo1·k . d PH ,' howt>d llle- sel'en l 7 s, an )OOn;. ! B otanv not Nom('th t·1 1 11 1 ·

ml'n "' J10 h ax a 11d patic nc· . iH\'P:St iga t1• d wi !lJ gT I'at em J)o ?f O" know who son tt' of rht ntPn a J·p? 'an ?J071 gi n• oru· pupils any i<k:t of th p<•r. ·on ll •J of hotmli1·ctl fo; f·ipw·t• \ -h , an• tlt • <'tlliJH'll t Jj,·ing hut :tni :-;t. · of' .\ llll'l'ic·; ::LlHl bm·o1w and ,drat h<.t\·c· t!J"y dnrw to p-h·

th 11J t l1 i. c•min 'lH ' I' \V JJat' <t l'l ' of tl11 g l' ''1t nam(, iH tl11' Of t lt l'S" 111\'11 nnt h0i1· work · lU .·lwnld not h1 wholl ,. i u·n mtnl I i. f it <' n ti s l'ortruw of' nrany t th;t f h y an" una ptaintc·cl. witl 1 tl 11' llll'tllocl:-< ,,f stu dy iH th '\·ari ou.· of I· Jt owl t>cl!!t 'lh y w I'L t·w. rht 1 ' tho. '!' wlro \\"<'1'<' lik e"·i,, I"n ·i -'nt. o ?;IJn ]- uow t"lw llldlJ<l( ls of ;-;tutl.' jn Butan y? llcl\'1 7/0if ma<lP an · 'Hurt r•

] 'aJ'Il \ <" IHL nJeth J I. ' al'P fo lJ OWPCl ,;,. Ott !' gr 'fll ,t achu· ·, r lm \'!-' y mt a l t hat y (ltl know w<·"ll (' nou o-lt hy jn.·tin c-t l 1ow 1·o tl'ncl

Botany ? Io·n null' ]1 Pl'l-' ·j :-; fatal.

' H :f L

Qu i to a munb r spend Titanic g i, in g. ,f OTE '. ·tu Ien ts w 'llt 11 1 111

Sc , ·eral of t lt o tnd nt L ·r tho Sta te T eac her ' I•

A few st ud n ts whu liv e so me di tfLJICC' fr u• here expect to r ema in in Pe ru chtJ in g 1'] 1c J]oli d ays

i[ •ss rs. O ste rh ou t, l\{u rrill ' Rn ·b fLttc n t1c'' 1 th o State Convention of t !J e ·Y .. (, \. ,,t

H ast in gs, Nov . 18-2 1. ' b '8 ,.,. :LVI isses Myc r, lVl'Cn ro Cl' al' tl ·tt, n.11 d Brn' 1 f ' t' '( of Omalta, fo rm er tuclcnts o th eN ol'ln:tl vit' 1 fr ie nd s here durin g Tltn.nkHgivin g vacatin 1l. 1 eJ'

Pr of Jo r to n of O swego, Ne w York , t as be el ecte d t(J fill th e vacr. n cy cau se d b.Y th o r cs igl11 r tion of Prof. Farn h am . 1''

Skating affo rd s cons id er ab le f-Lll1U· cut nt f or t 1

s tud en ts at present . rt' . Prof. G urn ey of Coll ege Mic h. gn : · 1 11..T 0 v. 22 .' .A.l 1 ,vel an mt er estmg Jc •tu rc 101e J.' . pl eased . A r eccpt iOll was gnren afte r l octu;·,e RO that Rll mi ght an up portnn ity to m eet 1 r0 f. (-h11'11.ey.

'\fi .·,· \Jill:\ K. 'tw t'k. n g;radu<tr<' of ' <' -J. ]w;-; 1'l•. ·ig-n< •<1 h<'l' po;-;i titm IH·n' and lla; ar · 'pt<'tl n ]lO .·iti on in tiH· . 't ar e· Xornwl o f' \\Ta-:hin g'tmt.

1 't J'nt ·k IPa\'1' 1'\ Jll:tll)' f!'it•nds ltt'l'l' who \\'j1o;h IJt'l' \\"l'll ill lwr Ill' \\" pn:-:iti m. l'ntil h J' i;-; dt•c ·tt>d · C<li'}H'lltl'l ' will h'n('h <IJ·nwj 11 !!.·. 1\ lr. \- e:-:t php-i(' ; tl tntiuing . )Ii:-::-: ].jlllt•J·;-;1: 11 r<•;td ing in 1 ' c•1· )fl U Eknt t' JJtary ).Ji.:-;:-> \\ '\- np l'l''l linn· ill First] r l•panttuJy.

• c n

Pnt!l \. l <•xantlvr .Jo ltn stont' tht' w orld ' ,.: ('llt.i 11 1, 111 :Lnrl min_<l l'l'a<ll'l' p:an• <l]l inft> r l':-:t ili J.!.' ('11tl'l'tH llll11 PI1t lll t hP l'llH}W] !)!"( ·. 1-l. ,\ ;\JOl\(7 TilE f Ct Zl l\E '.

1'h \. mc• ri cn.n magazi ne is b. , HO mea n a11 tmimpo r ta nt factor in Am ri cn n ed tt ·ntio n.

The •mb •t' and D ecemllc r ntmtb e n; of o nr l end iug mn o-azitt l' nr c uun sna ll, ' full of cxe llc nt: arti<·lc ·.

'l'he dcsc ri pti ,· nrc invaluab le to th H1'1ld ' ltt of ge 0 g raph y nnd hi tm ·.

\\ e le arn 11 1orr of the act ual appea r an ce and e ll ·t , of 1 C<J ltlt trv t ltr ou o·h· on e 1iYe mn.gazine :; tJIJ I :S ' ·' d 0 'et·ii tion tl tan fr om many png c of old-fa binned te xt - book 111nt ter. -::· ·..·

In the ovemll cr Jl l1 111 U C' r of Har pex 's is an nrti ·lc by Cbn t·lcs Dncl ley \V nm er on "'T he llo ly P la c•l:i o[ J ::; l alll, " wh ich d es 'l' ib.es :Mo ltnmm eda p

01 1 tOlllS nnJ ar ch it ect ur e. In th e saU1C unm bor Theoc1u re C hild s give:;; lJin c lt it1formnt ion as to Fr en ·h cu s tom Hll d cha ra cte r, in au article e nti"A lon g t lt c PaJ·i::;iaH Bonl evar ds '' In the l) L ,-, t' Jlllltl bcr 11f Sc ri bne r's is another dccc:en tuc . c• • • <Jj! fnns nr·t, on tit led "lVInra l Paiutine: s " 'l'lp tl O ll 1 , • , , uf the Pnnt]Jc on •11 1\! Hot el de Vlll e ofPan •. () l rtt ('olumbmn e xp osit ion , F. D. 1illc r n t lC' gr •, . . I t c· ti no· art10le m th e N ovem Lor n um-l fl.S an JJ I et ro l f. J.l c l·'s o 11 "T he dc s ig'ne r' s of the l' i' () ' , c.• \ ,,7 1 l' · ,, n, ud anoth er 111 'e ribncr' s for v 01' c s • fUll' ' ]) 1 l "D eco rati on nf , tJt e Exeecm bcr en tit cc posit·io n.' ' -::·

Uuo tl po li tical ar ti<; lcs arc n ot lacki ng.

Two 1 ro ,.,r nm , .. in Th l. tlanti · I nthly f r N, -emb •r. ' lllU up p li tical differ u ce -. H n. Jam , U. Blain in th N v mb r N rth me ri -

ea n J: ,·jc ,v ha ' a Ynln abl on · The ' nmpaiu·u f 1 · In tlt f Po litical E · u ) nty, The 1 )p ulnr 'ci n l\I u thl,y contain g od matter und er th ub j ct. Falla ci e· of 1\I o !ern Eeon o u1i. t- by -\r th nr Kit on

Ynlnnbl hist rica ] nrti I ar fou nd in tlte

NO \" mb r utnrr 11titl d · \i\ !tat I Saw of the . , P;l ri' ' mmtm , .. in tit D ec mb er numb er of c·t·ibner · 011 " Tr.ntmplwl Eutry i 11 t B rlin

ThC' Popular ' ·icn c, lonthl. · fo t· D ·o ntnin ' man. · int r c-tino· sci >utific artie] Amo ng them ' Pr t cti ,· Ino for Cbolcrn ,, Rcc '\ nt (i-ln ial Di 0' ric in Englan d , nnd "H CC' nt App1i at ion of Pn.p r ,

l mw ed u cat iona l li11 es, Dr. Rice's cr ies of ar ticle' on "Pnbl ic Scho ols of Americ!l," are pe rl,rn p · th e most int r est i ng. In the D ecember Hnmb r of th e Fo rnm the c lt ool s of StLo uis aml lnclimtnp o lis me discns eel.

DEP •r OF UPER\ I SION.

OFFICIAL.

. A. K. GOlDY , S PEHT TENDEN'I'.

D ecisions.

1. A ,-al'aney in a scl10o1· hoard occ ur s, as pl·o,·id e c1 in See. 10) Snhtl 5, "by death, l'PS· ignation, o1· rt>moYal front the district of tlw incumbent, or by lti s a,bsenr e from the c1ishicli fOl' a, rontinuo ns p( ri od of si xt) <l ays a.t one time." In t]H abse n ce of any f\nth •r st a,tu tory pro dsi on on t his point, it " nul cl seP m tJ1a.t a.' ntcaJJ cy '' <'onlcl ocrm· in no other way Bnt Ser 0, Snhd. 3, provide.· tJ1at ''dL·h·iet officP r appo int t'd to till ntr.aneiet; sha.ll ho ld thPir offiet>s uu t i1 the lwg1 nning of · t]p H<-•:-.:J &c1 10ol So I a.m of the opin1on t.llELt I Pc. 9 :.:;houlll lw as s np}>l emPnht,ty to SN·. Hl, l' efl' J'l' cd to a bern-, nn<l tlmt an a,}Jpoinb:'("':.:; tPn u t• xpiring at tJw 1wg innin g of t1H' S(' ho ol yrnr, and no l'l<>r tion L

THE ORMA L CO IE

having tak n pla ce to fill hi plac , a va an r 1·e ult .

2. .Sec ·. 4152-4146 of th e · n oli cla.te cl tatute pro-vide fo r th -' i uanc • of s ·hool di trict bond in pa) m nt of ind bt e ln e. ·. that ha b n comprom i se d in· ac ·ord a nc e with th pTon ion· of . aiel ·e ti on s. 'aid ' compromi e bonds ar i ued by th e di. t l'i t board on p titian of two-third . of t]r> r .·id 11 t ta::s: -pay 1\' of aid eli tri ct.

3. c. 10, ubd 3, permit· two memb r · f the bo a tel in a p1·im a1-y dis tri ct, upon p tition of tw o-th ird of th e YOt el' s of the di .- t ri ct, to ·employ th e t hird memb 1' of , u. ·h boa1·d a· teac her for the sch oo l of th e eli stl'i ·t.

4. It i th e duty of th e c unty s1.1p l·inte nd nt to app oi nt th e offi ce rs of a high.· ·hool l)oa rd in a ·e of th fai lu re of the boa1·d to el <"ct it own offi cer with in tw ent y clay s a ft th e a nnual m eeting.

5. A h oy of sevente n yem·s, ,,·ho · par "nt s re id e in a noth er stat , is by th e penni · i ou of hi pai·ent s ma king his hom e in thi. · tat fo r th purp ose of r ma ining with an ac q uaintan cP un til he a tt a in hi s majorit y, and wh o i , in th meantim e, to le arn th " tTacl e of earpe nter, i to a ll i nt ent. and pmpo se · a res id ent of .N ebr a k a, and so i e ntitled to fl' ee tu i ti on in th e eli t ri ct in w hi ch here ·id<" s.

"E BRAS KA STATE TEACHERS' .ASSOCIATIO.N

Tl-I ANN(.! AL MEET ING, LIN COL N, NE B. PRO GRA 11f.

TU}"j8 DAY, DE C. 27 , 3 P. nf. Round Ta bl e Conf renc es: -

Th <" T t:>ac hin g of En g li sh, C. Lewis.

Litera tun in the Pnh Ji r S cho olR, \'V. H. ' kinn er.

B otany in the In gh rhoo l, G. D. 8\n:'ezr.

P rima ry Tea C'hin o·, M1 ·s. E. T. Tuc k Pr .

Th f> P rog r am f'm· Rural School s, .A K. Go n cly

1' E,'D AY EVE I NG, 8 O'C J,O CK.

U J\TJON 1l:EETI NG S.

R<: pmt of E:s: e x: ut i.v ' Co mmi tt ee

.d d dn'H 8. Pr e. i de nt J. L. Mc Bri n.

R<'r< pU on . :'I IOIC'IX <;, !) 0 ' f.

\.. dd t'(', .' l? h ·sintl ul t 11 n ," ('n rl J tt. . KanHa.- 'i t, ·, ro.

'y n•r o ·i um J. ur al · 'C' h c)) l. .". , . (rt ) 'om 1trT , ' c-lr JOb I'- '· •, ly • cl roo l ·. •· \\. , ' a;1 1p .·on. T <• c·tllll s<• lt J. I•.

\ llhU l' Jl.

(b) Jcl. · of th · ot ml 1')' . 'c it( ol s, 'l'n 'l llli Or '<•dar ] l11 ffs.

·) \.i m of tl t<' 'o u nt r,,· . '< ·l iO<l ls, Jnli :J 'ann od ·, 'J'n•1r tO Jl.

rl ) Rel at i' • Im po r taJH'P of ti l(' ( 'c nHn i OI1 , 'e h ool Bran C' Jws, .f. 'J ..Mon·,, -, l{<'<ll' IH')··

G neral j, c·u .-. i n. :Mi .- ce llmw ou .- B1t. im •s. ·.

Lectm·c

E\'E. fNO, L \ .'\: , J ll OU ." E. " .A hrah am Li nc ln ' l Ton. () ('" ,Jo l111 i\1 'rh m :.- ton. ma ll a.

T JTl H, JJA Y MOK'H Nc+ !) 0' M:OJ.'al Eclnr at ion · •c·Ps .-ary to h · J >p rpet• •.· ity of R" ptthlk J. L B<' a.t t.) J l't ]t a 11.' j Am •r iean Hi .· tory. Pa} WJ' H. \ . 'aJ :t ,n•l

Lin co l n.

Di ·c·u ·,ion, .J. R. Thornt on Bhw Hill. Two Chm·act<:: rs in Amt>r i c an Politi <' .'( a) 'J'h om a. · Jeffers on , John 1 tew·t, rfj \ (:' , t••: - ·1 - I' d tn.fl (b) AJexaHcl ·•J· Ha 1111 t n, '1'<'

Lin coln.

Treasm·e1·' R 11nT t and Otll -'J' Bn ·ilt<.' ·s. 'l'l ruH 'DAy 2 0 'c.r,or J- · . . . ' . tl

'J. he Pnrpo :-; e au cl S co1, · of th c Uol un 11Jl:t •· 't S t 1' \ B··tr toJ Ed n catio nal :E:xh ibl , 1111 • 1. G ., , · ··l r• ·1 an<l l\fl · Repm:t from }.dncatwn ..L vO nnc1 " · ce 1J aneons Bns in ess . • , r:; o' r r o< THUI{RO;\.Y J•,VE NING , c •

Le ctur e, ' 'S eh oo l Romn - unw 1· ·

J,A NS TNG OPERA II OURB. 1,· II " IH :'i pel 1'l

Ja ·. L. Hugh es , 'l'oro nto, Ou t. . .· 1!J· . . t C <) unt)· HavLl · Pr es en tat10 n of .c ag · 0 · t· • 1 n _, c h\ TSP n• s t1 J High es t P0n:enta ge of I <::D. , lW TIO N 111J:!:J:!: 'riflGS · · TooN 2 o 0 .r,oC1'' kED 1\'1i:S DA Y Al!'TBH-1" '

J:>UJ3LT C SC HOO l, RJ<]O TIO N. I :Mnsic ih the Pnblic Schoo l· L .·J-. -<( · . 1 -t eacu::•r ' 1 Is 11··1 i<..; an E ss ent ub ' ' • L . D . . ·e Hnm.l> oldt , l'l e · m mor ' · Whe 1· 1\1n :::; ic

2 B" -'ti t, Ol me r ve c1 , . ene 8 B Hno·]H:'R Sch nyl< J • Tan ght. Ll"' acl er, A. . ' . ..

0 'I 1 • 11_ tl1

·>· ,, -' U:-; ic Pr ad ic' a1>1

T o rlwtt Y rk. \) \\' 11 :-; 1A ·n t1e r, H. .J. . hi I s:·db l· in t ]t ural ch 1:-: ?

L va d •1 •. \\ 0 b1(' . PJ n tt::; m n h.

IT. 'l'lw 1 e:-:; t· Db;cip li m.

J · - J i \'1' -'\lin ut ·

\. , · Leadt•r, 't '\ l.

L. ' a:-:t •1· R<•d 'loud.

\.. n• 'it ,r an l 'I o"·n eh o · . r 1\J 'o nk hn

E,· lu tion of th ' Loup Rh·er "-Dl· L. E-

Hi ck ::; . ·· · ot n th Fring illid of Nebra -

1-., · D .I - • ..t. "l... of Ne bra ka"-F. "1 h" oda

Kvn. ·on. Th -' au yon Flor a. f :N rt lnY e t N b Ta -

2. ;J, LPnd l' r D. Y. t 'Y en· Frem nt.

t' l )lh l l\' cl Le n.d ·r, · · ·. · ·

\. . ] 1 1 O (ll 'l1l1 to 1 ellHll' 'nt I' ·• ll l'ct C' L

.... \ t'l ' 't ri t't H, nJ · · 'one A tt cn da net'

4 Bh nwJL t:-; of Di sc i p] i u '. L •ad tT , I\I;.nn·11 e ri t <..htl1 n.gh •1·, \> dar R apid '. ;;r N'I'Y SU P J•: JU N' l'Kl\' DE N T· SE TTO N.

app o intm e nt o:f '<' h oo l Fnnd :; Ba sEd

I. 1 tpon 'l..t t; ' llda1wt• Cha ·. 'one.-, ta nt on.

·ii'i (' li RH iOll :r ,0 , \\ Ffi]] Om a.hn. R. H.

.. \\ ah oo .

:r l 'C ll •d lation.

'o un ty , .s . Dis trict Ta.x ati on, J. B. H n-

JII. ]) 1. cn ::;swn · · .

dP l ', Blair. 'N. 1 ,'{ '!". I:[ "{ D lJ -' Y 0 ] (:' '' . . ·io n, -. '' · lll t. ' ' Ho \\'a,rd, elm y1e r. ' . , '{ ·]- D M. Hun te r, Re el lonc1 . Jn st1 nt ,., OJ • • . . H H Hia.tt Br oken Bo'',

1\fi. ·R Mat ti e McGe Slcllw)·. ]I t o Co nduct

Pnt r·on. ·' 1\f e ti n gs ; 0 \\' Th f'm. L L R ee d, B eatn ce. · C ll''l ·l ott c 11 f \\ hite.

Di RC ll f':l Hi on :M1ss u • • · • ' . E· F Braden Kim ball. 'Va:r nt Miss • va, · · · '

bEM'Y o:F SC IEN CES.

I NG OF TIIB ?! [ FOR 'l Tm \ NU A r, MEET T

] >R O G-H TH IR MO NT !L

so r Oha l·le E. B esRc ,r , }Jres i. cl ent , and :t.ll \ l ep t of Pe l'll , ecret a.r y. a nd 1-[ \ ( :J · r f' S018ll C- .r\: · f the N eln·a. s1m AcacLe ln) o.

tr ea.s nr er ?., ·ned the fo ll ow ing p1·og ram me for ] nye ) CJ · ] (', ', t'" et iJlg in L in co n: 1'1 e a nn al p·n)ng Decr:m um· 26, 'l::J O P. 11£. ]}!fon cl ct ?J _.A. nn ou nc <:: me nt s.

R,.o1l 'aU· , ·ret::try tl n·1·. :R, Ppo1·t of Se t ·

-oe}) OJ't. of Qns todUtll: :J t .r•, 1 Pr efUCL(\]1 · .Ad c1r csH of 1 S . o' D l' D R D nn o·a n. · c1en c.- - · · · <-.

Ps yc hology :Uf• • t , 0 Pr e-morai.ni e Gl ac i al

"I'">nden ce s o . '' C D Swcz e3·.

jnn •nll'llt , ''- Pr ofc, · 01 :1' •

k :.t"-.A.. li' . \V od . f "Note on th Fl m of th e Bl a,ck Hill o onth Dak ta ''-P. L Ridb el'g. 'l ·uesda.y Dec mbf'7· ' 9 A. !li. of om mitt f' <-' · El t:' ctiou of Offic ers.

I ote::; on e bra ka Pho ·pha. te - H. E.

Pnlm cr.

. om N otE' on Iin ral Water from Odell , N <: h. '- R. o, <:L Bon ton.

Systems of No ta.tion in N ru nh r s" - Dr . H. E. Hitchc oc k. .

·1'l.t Fl ora. of Long Pin e Ca nyon"- Julms Co nldi.n . "The Flora, of the Sa nd Hi ll "-Ro cow Pound.

" 'l n w Mi oce ne Rod ent "- Profe ss or E. H. Barbo nr.

.

" Th Fi -h es of Nebr as ka"- 1. E. O' Bn n. "De,·cl·ipti on of Som e New Nebr as ka Orthopt era "- L. Brnn er. . :r .• , '·Cat a,l ogue of the Orthop te ra of N bra l:,a - L. Br uner.

' N 0 e on th Compo siti on of th e Lin coln Ci ty Gas Supply''- Profess or H. H. Nichol so n. Tu e cl ay, D r' ce1n be·r .7, "" P. JJtf. " Th Rela.t ionshi p of th e l" br as ka Pl or a to That of the R egions Fnrther W es t"-H. S Cla on.

n 'rh e ETy siplw re of Cr ete"-vV. L Skinn er. The h-W ate r .A.1g::e of Kearn ey County Ne bra ska" -Dr. H. Hap eman .

. ' Som e Lichen s''- Profess or T. A. \ Vill jams.

U nfi nished Bn. ·i1ws ·.

..A.dj on nnn en t. Anr pa})er l' ece iT <:' d the 1 nbJjca,t ion of t hi s lJ l' O?Tamm e 'ivill lx' r l:' f'l'n·cd to th e commi tte e on pTo g rarnnw, wh o will a ign it a time for r eadin g.

'.Che m eti.ngs ·will be h in r oo m lf · NPl wn 1m Hall , of the Sta.t.t 1 nix ' I' f·lity.

TO

THE ORMA L CO RIE R.

OLIVER WE DELL HOLME '.

(T his birthday t ribute is t ho se es pecia l I\• prized from the un ique way in whi ch ti tles of many of Dr. 1 l"olmc::s' poemS are i ntc r wn\ cn. )

Dear po et of oar y outhfu l lay ,

T hy flowbg ver e, thy gr ac ef ul lay ,

So mu ic al in round ed rhy me,

Th ey charm u til l in ma uh ood' s t iw ; ror th o ugh oar lock be ti nged wi th fro st of th y magic p ow er is In t.

Wtth re tro p ec ti ve glance, the sight .

Look · ba ck to year wheu b arts were l1 g ht ·

To cho o lboy da ys dear memo ry g lid e , Wh en rang th g mnd "O ld Ir on ide s,'

Fr om tongue w ho e pa tri ot ic fir e

Wok e at th e fervor of th y lyre.

"T he Sp e -tr e I ig, ., the ta ll

Wh o wa lk ed unb id to Comm n · Ha ll.

Aunt , ' unma rri ed an I alon ,

Th e giant and the pndd ing st on u;

An d h ow in me rry meas ur e ran

Bal lad of the Oy t >r man, '' ow di co rd g mte s ou nerve and car :

"The Mu i<: Gr ind er s'' . t ill arc l1 cr ',

Bu t yiel d to lau g hter loud aud long,

Th at gt·cet th e tr·amp in g " Tr e ad mill 8o ng. ''

T hy wit a ntl humc,r ra ttlin g pace

To ld "How th e Old H or e Wo n tbe Race .. ,

Wh o' ll e'er fo rg et th at' s re ad it pray,

' 'T he Sto ry of th e One Ho r e l tay '( '

From.gay to c]e, ·cr, glo ri ous ver se ,

Floa ts forth "The Chawbercd N au t il us. ''

with m emo r y' t ear eac h ch ee k is we t,

A nd thoug ht s of sacl ne o r· regret

Mi ng l ed \vit h je t' s o'er s park ling wine,

When m ee ts "Th e Cla ss of T went y -niu e, ., (T he few t hat time ha ::; s pa r ed ) and po i e

Th e ir glas. e to thi s t oas t-' ' Tl te Boy s .. ,

Wh at though th e fonr sco re ye ar s l1a vc ft ow 11

T hy sway , d ear "A ut oc rat" we ow 11 ; Th y torch, tri u mp h ant, st ill s l1 a ll b urJl , Th ough Dea th th y life' "La st Le af' m ay t ur11. l\Iay man y "H u ndr ed D ay s" go 1 ast

E re comes th e one tl10u countc t las t. -C' n<TI. Gn r.n, in B ostou Jo l(rn al.

EY ERE'rT SOCIE TY.

A::< th <' att C' nd a nc e at th e N orma l in crea.· pcl . p•ar hy t lt e de mand fm· a ln oach,r 1i e1c1 fm U tf-' ra ry wo 1·k h ca me ; n:fti. cient to f1 1e orga niz a. bon of a or·idy fm· t l1 at ptU}JO. <'. It wa f4 t l.t is tha t <' an tw <l a n nmbe 1· of th e most <,lwrp:dic an d of the Eh-·mt'ntmT Co u rse to fo nn t hc ·msd\·<'S in -

lJot }l t ll P pa :-: t Hfl( II ' • 1· f

!Hl Pn •s

'

I'

:-i ' It .· I' Ol]l .' of offi<- I'J' S an' · l' ' 1 '• J1 Tl· , ] t, J (' (' 0 1' Ill "' ' lll ( '- Pf•O ll cl \ i(' (' -PI'('.' I I' ll S, r> • • t ' , 'I' J'I "I Sttr <' r, L 1l> rn n <\l · 1-i po ncltllg • <·c·n·t<tl'I P S, 1 t

,. ']'I ') I'( ' ( I'( ' ('( I C ri tic·. a 11cl T ru st <· c· =-- 11 ·' 1' 1 t.. 111 <.! 1 1)1 f I ,..;c· ! OO < 11)1 , , l<'rid av <'\'PJJi nn· o mL<· 1 · 1 1, · l . · •II . · n . 1 •:-l l'(' ()] l( ' I'I C Cl.\ ('\1 i11 o'ffi.cc • nnt lll t !< · , iJ w of t l1 e NILC' I' <'< ' cli n n· t-c-rn1. · n, , . , . "".. <•· n' ll to <l <'hal ln g. a lit G. ] C' ctal atk u tw n 1 , I· . tl . . lw r c·an J( •n .l.\ an wo r kn tg HI 111 • , ' ]' ht ·1 ' ill tlw f ut tll l · \ f un c1 a.tion for ,·oo cl w 01 '- 1• 1lot. l 1 C' i \' i I < nt t h f . to c ct.) , . <]tU.-J.· I< Il K Pore 11 11 .di s c·u s.ov t l. J) rl ] lo lith·a.] t lJ CJ I'O tLp; 1 Y . t' · , clvf•] Hill d• I( )] } S l og u •.-, vamo nnm ·s, ... 'hJT a.l .-; o 1 .,. '3 .: -' • • • l ( p l, I;J JI M 10() '>. -] E H, d,Jl( J t >l't' J1 1HII! ' l1 t . f } Ull ( < 1n·octu ·tt on s, ,. 01· t, H. of t;]H En•rt' tl an.' ,, nwm bHs. llw .. n.ndl'N}' c.:·c ia ll)- t.o th way H to "L SI tm ' lo Wl' <' - -t<' JH1 a mw l' C' aders of tlw Cm I-nJ•j l. l c·o1·dicL1 ju d tat im 1. ___.,.._ , . - ::-:::-:::-:-:::=-:-:-:::-:-:-----(1 jj L! C t 1 S Th U " flo

STATE DEPARTMEN T f p Lin ·uperinte nd e nt. A. K. Gn ll Y,

·• E ) G t'l'' ' De pu t v, (Mrs.) ALI CE ·. l. n ! i" EH S:

I \V ] J. ' t-; 1 1'>:-: ER, • • No rt ]l J' ' 1-l R. Co RBET T, • • ST\.rE'l"E· AC I-l ERS' AS ·oCir\ l', '

<- • (>c ·i eh - for })]'aC't.ic·<· a 11 d a<lnt n f' en• cu.t in }(> cL • · • t "J1<1 l)aJ·li amP ll ta,n- nan 1in !! i.t ('nuy •< • •.> " ·t li h- l "ll'\' 1111 ' 11 >f th. aftP r on · of tlw gn•a.tP:-o ' ] t 1· 1 , 11 -cl En·n•t t. a <' · ll C' I·at10n c.c ' • · ·t . f 11' lw c·oJl:-'idC'l'l'<l " :-; cwlt ·' I lt a.· co nw

J L M H ., l\

1lh ]'' Presi de nt, C R ll- ,.

, ec re tar y, (M iss) MARY E. H o:; HJI<n,

NEBRASKA ST ATE N OR MA L SC H OOL.

rA B LI li EU A ' ll M NTIJLY BY TTIE

· \. l\ \' LEf.T,

it r. \1 A·\: W\' NE

Edit

H :' II J U UA v\ RT. \Ll E \\". LLACE.

1\i \ D \'I £5,

J A E. DELZELL, JA 1-1

ccrNary.

B UGHl\lAN , · Trea su rer.

TE RMS OF SUBSCRI P TIO N: ne copy , per sc h oo l

co pi es , ea ch

SOCIETY D IR E CTORY.

PHILO •IA THAEN.

St .oo

I 5

PR.Ol'. GE O. L. F \..RNH M.

Prof. Ci-eo . L. FaJ·nham wh for the pa t nhw Y ar -. i as p1in ipal of th · tah N rmal rhool 'Ti th uch ('}' (:' lit to him If and to th ed ucational inttre of the tat" retir e the first of .rann:.try to e nj oy the l ei ur so \Y ell ea rn ed by a lif nn e lfi hly de, ·oted to th adYancP11lt nt of Jdneation.

f·'chy evening du ri n g- .chool tet·ms, at 7:30. · 1 to de ba tin g and o ri g in al wo rk in ora to ry. - p cc 1al a ttcnuon g E. Dt, I. ZEI.I. Presid e nt.

E\ ERETT SOCIETY.

·d· · "d urin o- sc h oo l te rm s. New st ud e nt s a rc

1• frt t) e\ c ntn 0 r:- • I :sc ry v it e tl to ·oin us in o ur llte ra ry wor '· csp :: cta lly tn 1 fRA:-11;: MAJ <IRS, Prestde nt.

CORPUS ELITUM.

v fridav evcn in rr during Ho lid ays and spr in g "?-cati o n. E,•c r. · "' J Pres ide nt.

Pl-IILLIP PIA SOC I ETY. ·er friday e,·ening du rin g th e su rr. n:c r. fspecta ll_Y for Ev Y de nt s and m c. rn bers of th e A lumnt us tn g th e ltbra ry J os EI' II Gti.I.II .A I( , dc trtn g' _ Ti-lE NO RMAL M TL!TlA. [-] n. D li <' 'i\l' S ON .•..• ..•••. .•. • y 1yET

T. · · · · ·...

Captatn Co. A. A. Qc iVI·:Y·

-

In e lncational cirrle he L kn o,Yn a tbe author of Th e e ntenc e M et hod of T eac hing R ad-Eng, and a ]p o-reater part of hi ::::c h oo l life ha been de,·oted o the promulgation a nd 1 ractira.l app l icati on of th e principles nnd e rlyi ng t hi;:: nt '-'thod, a uri f revi '" of hi s ,\·ork \\' ill he of int e re s t.

·.·.· Captain Co. B. Nt·:\ 1. .·. TH£ NO IZMA.L l'v!IUTARY · \' FFT d> H 1•

lea er.

P Ro F. A· ·Of( I' · Pres ide nt. B•\ RT S II I·:I.I I-1TH E ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION. TZ

In 18 70 ,,.hile s np e rint e nd ent of sc h ooL of Bingbamptou , N. Y., he be came conYinc e d, a· h t' e xpr e. it t hat there w as so m ethin g '' fnndn.m en ta ll y \Yron o· in the ordinmT • 0 • m ethod s of teac hin g r ea ding writin g and spellino·.' Aftel' tr y ing the Ya l'iou · th en in Yoo·ne (including the Phon eti c, Phonic. Graphic, and \Vord Methods) ann findin g the results un. atisfactory, he began a mon· thorough i.nY e tigation in the lin e of p syr hology , tl1e .action of the mind , and relatio n of lan g uage to th oug ht Knowing that th e unit of thinkin g is a thought, and tb erefm e th e unit of e xpr es ·ion a se nt e nc e, he co nelnd ed that the St'nte nc e ought to b E> mad e the 1>a Hi:-< of r eachng.

Pres id e nt. R. D. •nR :r· ·_·_·....

Secretary.

V\T(( I. D.\V I·. t\ 1 . VO UNG MEN'S CH RISTIA1N AS:oN;TA.TIONB d' anrl B ib le c asses 111 o rma l UJI 1ng. D evo ti ona l m ee tings T. F. Sec'y. C. S. Pres.

WO 'VlE '5 CI -IRIS TIAN ASSOC I AT I ON. YOUNG : 1 d Bibl e clas s es in 1\onnal Building. Devo tional m ee tmgs an A'\ N.-\ McCoY Sec 'v ARR II·: Pres. · ' - ·

Fully conYinced of the so nndn 0s :;; of l1i. ::< de duct i ons he lw gan, in Bin O'han111ton, in 1870 a series of to put hif'l theory to a prarticnl teH t. Th e 1·esult R ?<='yo nd hi · mo ct xp e ctationR, am1 m 1811 , a.fter a trial of se Yeral thL' th st formal s tat ement nf hi · m ethod wa.::; pr ese nt ed in a papn t Ja d at a m t'eting of 'T il t>

THE ORMA L CO IE

X. _Y · 't at A. o dat ion of <' lto ol Offi. c Tlu..: pap -'1" w a. pri nted in f nll in tl rr-1 ·.

II • r_ r l U& l ( !, Jh or?&U" rJ D.e ra ld: for :May 12 th, J 7 1. \\ (' n •o-r t that ·pac e will not p ,1 111 it tl . ,. . f 1 Le p nn iJ.ut no t w e ntu·p pav er fOl' it 1 · 'h l , ' ·· nn p osf'n <-' to oh tmn a. ·on ct noti on o f't lt e .· 1 ., · t 1 rem s1:t fwth f1 om t lt n t t' , ' .L uo a 1011 \\'lti t· lt lllH}' be gn ·en.

Thv ti.tl ' of th · , Js, "I Ed n ·rLtwu , and 1t lw o- in . . .. f 11 • M; o ow. ·: ·'BaroH 'Ji n nc-hau s n 111 one of 111 · c· • d . . ,, ,., a ' ·., 1:; l1·ft on th e m oon . Io e. <.:ape h tw i t. 'L • • c.· l'ILt stra w a nd let .· ] . . .. G ] or>.' .>f nm elf Cl.o w11 to w1 t.hm l an·ue ' of th 1 1 • e t a.rt 1, '\·hen h ' find .· ]H

l al8f' hi .· cli stan ee . To S C:.LH! hil1l'-' e 1e a · f' Ol o 1' ascP nd iHg to tl , hP the in g·eniot Lc ntoo n

1 · 1 e xp e dt e nt of len J-t lH •JJby holdi wr fa t with 0 11

J,1J H. " n P tlt' oth c: J· hr up ·tnd

off ] t he n ow us l es.· }>Ot t-i on ' ti it

o Le OIV<"r en c1 ·mel . .L ' , · . ' Ro l e (' pn l. to tL f·on tpa rat l\-el:r afp eli fnnn tl1 tl . .,0 . e ea1· 1.

· nly a httl f Jes. 1 1 bl • ' :-; ·mar \:.a e an · tlw sta tPments of .·ome of o m· POI"lt]· ··t ' d. J \\ J 1 e J' .· 1-vll o atP

ak·ttrd and am u, in g· wh P Ji tll d . .' 1

• • <-'81 o· n to )e 111.'tl' ll dl\·C'.' t"

\f tcr dis ras Rin o· 0 f tl o n If, o m ore ons fa u] t::; m l:.' dncatiow:tl } ,. t. 1e ay w ··CJnld hoo d is Go cl 's he ·t o- t' ft to "'<-:t Tl • • ma n. " l< 'n oi iJ ' \vo ulll op en t tl . o u ::; 1e of h ean> n he too]· , 1' ttl 1 'l d ,. •' _ 'L 1 e e 11 an<l ,tHl, Ex r ep t Ye 1w ronle ·• tl . ]' 1 . • <•· ns 1tt .o d nl d nmn ot Sf't th e Kin o- 1 , L · co m. Pt us th n tm·n to thP clnlcl a. ud l l'a m ft om J·Ll.l th 1 n e <:>.s ons of Wl F<d om an d t nl t lt he h rin o·s f't·L, ·l 1 . f 1 I:'> • '-'s 1 anc pn re ro m tL :.-4 lw aYPnl .r L t t 1 1 1 e us a t te l,tJ: ds of tl l<-' h tt lP on ps a nd hm nb ly fo ll ow t lt i:' lr l ea d. ,.. -::· ,, -:< :; '·'

"T nJ·nilJo· to tl1 rl 'ld 1 · "" u as Ll' Pnt er :-; tl1 , n :mn fo r thp ti nw, \ \'t ' m ust le ar n f J·om l nn t th' ] PS SO JI ' t]l"t · · · ;:, ,. are to he on1· o· m clp i1 1 <ll'lh at r l b (; me l mpo r tan t wo rk nf hi::; Pcl n f'ano n. Il L· ll1 _ ,· 1 .. , 1) :->I C' n H<·' <'<·'f-\!" ltl e:-; ar e the fh .-t tl Jrlt <1 <ma nu 0\lr tt t' r a en wn. Tlw firf-\t rha nwt(' l'l RtH · \\' P n oti <·<· · · . ·t· .· .1> • \ :;; lllt<:•n sp au c1 Il!1c-cas in o· .u n l t} .>lit t ht s U.< ·th· i. _. , .o -1 11 ) 1s ,L c·mK\.1t1Oh of ]u s lt 'I ll <r l · pi'O]ll.' )' 1 . · "" · P 1 nn ra.l nn c1 me nta.l <l t:•YP lopment a.n, d<:>}h"n d<• nt npo .t \ "" 1 I . 111 .L .lHStJtt lt (;' Hl( \- }Ill 'R t] ' t l ' • > 1 · · It s pn·J l{'<·ontt's :-;tup i r1. 1-len>

then. i.n t lt c \'<' t·y fir:-:t sl !'Jl of rJt tr i 11 \' f•:-:t i5n1 "' "' ti11fl oiL ]\· •.· ]u·lg-c•d i 11 hy a Ia "' ·I hv ,1,' C'lTaiH' <' of \\' ]t i c-lt i :-: 11< ' 1'<':-:sary to \.. u. .·y .·tent of }l l' i lllary i 11 tnll't ic 11 tit at dul's n tak<· t lli .· f'CJit <li ti oll of til(' "hild ' :-: h !' i ltg' i nt

ac ·c nn a11 d pro,· id<· alll]>l <· I!U ' <tlt =-' f'q r it-.. l'X0H·i st·, lta s fai lt l n' \\T i tt!·ll tq HI II it f'rom th ,. ·r y s t·art. " -:: -:: -::· -::

'If

WI' f' >I l tl ll'l t<'f ' wi ( It l t•t l \' !' :-:. <•ac· lt I<• ( I '1' 1 t•c·on H'H a .' <'lJa l·att• ohj Pd o f' at t!' nt ion. atl< l tim i :-: to i 11 o1· htti l cl I I] > tlH w n· l

fr o lll till• <' 1< m 'ltl s. l' nt i I tiH· ,,·o n I i :-: thn -.. c· on. t rn d ·d no icl t• a. is f'o r11 wd , ;111d t·lt<' d o-ln ,g- r is t lt at tlw n.c·tin· n ti nd t<· rn t il t nt <· :-; wit·lt c·al) . in o· tlH wonl H' it lt out i t:-; <'<lil ilt g' II]> tltt' i D \Yl1at is tnt <' wi th i :-; <' <j ll <tll y ti'I H' '" ' lt 'J It y 1 <· ing ti n.; t fa tt g lt t. lu•<· JI!W h · prim ary n hJ ed of o-t f'tPJttio ll , <Lltd an of t in l<' l' lcL])S<';-; bPfon· tlw l'I ' <' Og' Jtiti oH of th e• IH '. ·t wo rcl. T f it i11l;· T Jll ay s afl• ly th <:Lt c'IJild n' ll tau gl1t 1>.\' (' if·JI\'1 ' of m Ptlt o <l :-;, 1 rono tuw t• ,,·onb o 11 ly <I l td <·ach \\' Ol' d with ah ont tlw fo t'f ' <' ft is by dr i 11 nn d i mi taJ i on ::Ll o1w t lt at t lt <'.'- :11'1' lli <H 1( to gi ,., p1·o1 01· " Xpn ;;;-; i ons to t]t (• i r l' f•ad i n g. 1 h ·1 \. ,. ll Ot t ltt • t ime to cli sC'l l =-'S t11<' lll f' l'i t:-; Cl l' of a meth o<l t lt at is 11 ow 1J<' i ll g ('-1) ' J'illl<'1l h'l wit h. I'"o r w :m t of a lwt fl'.J' Will '"<' \\·ill c·nll it the "S en t r> nr r> llfd !t od ," or if }' OH p le as ( tlw ' Th ought JV£d h od.' '

.Tant <:'S .J o.!J o Jil wt, ,nJ1 kn o wll tea cl tl' l' ancl author· of te xt hook s, ill c·Utll1 ll l' 11 iJtg u po n tlu · p apP I' s ai rl: '"Pi ti s i :-> th e 'Jl iO RT depalt Ul '(' i 11 ed uc at io nal Jllf• th u<1 · s_1tH'U t inw, of .1\ ft c·r a h ri d' ch s< ·tu:l.' tun tlw p ap er \\ as ado})te c1 as t l1<• f·W ll ti lll ('ll t of tl w

a.s so (' i n.ti n n.

l 1l J 87 B, aftPr <L m ln·c fltm·nu p; l.t tP oJ !'Il l' pntdirah ili ty of t hi s lll< t lt od , a mo n·_t' la.1w ;th' . ·· t f' ' t. 1 !'i ttf' l}J lL's a nd and d Pta ll<"cl o l ' , J • [ c,•n. dtt 'l';:: r es nl ts was 1n ·p ·eut e<1 lx · OJ c t 1 <. r . . . t . ]"1Jnn ·;t., N. 'Y .. a. nd As ··ori a.t.JO n, w ln ch me Ill "· , 1 , . . • .•.• · a·;.; o1 t H was })]'lll t.<:' cl lll tl H' p1 o< tiou. .• ('}wo ls of In 1 88 ] \Nhil <--' )' tJ'lUCtpnl of "' · tl 1 . ' . . l I- (-' ll t L l' ( ' ..-1 Bl fi' · I ·· >oo .._ , <l H 0 \\,1 , 1\Ie tlt oc1 of 'J't• a rlun g 1· 1 ' {"' ' 1 tl llll" r J'lt l' \Y 1·i t· ;;:.: '. . " ,.,..1. s pu h ti fl te< · 111 )2: tt lld p_•lhng, o· .' • 11 i ,.; 11 U <' l':" S l.l l'i! y ,•dO \\ •

A ll }H:'l' ll l<t ll<'llt rl <rw t

rlw n ad d ::> "'l'IH'Y t·<:> ad t tlw ' f'E n tc'm' t metho d. ·

l>mi n Q· Pr o f. co nn ec tion w ith th' •'t a te rh oo L its OTO \Y th Ita ::; be H r ;t pi l The H <'W \Ti ng of th' nta in hnil ling. 1he additi on to th e dcn·mit r .'·· tlu· li hnu T b nil d in g. the ng in e -r oom an d \\' Ol'k :::l lO p th' Ob t'l T:-1t rr a.ncl eq ni pnw nt ::: . w at ·r-wo rhs. ,.;t •am lw<1 ting apr a rn tns. an C!. 'le l'tr ic Ji. g-1t t. plant haY' c1 ll hPP n ndd ed d nri.ng hi· adm ini ::: tr aJ ion. Ki nl' Yl.' m·s ·w t 1' bn ild in g;::; oc en pied <L <: 1'ar ill ,_: in th p of a cr es of "·oo dlatl<l. \\·ltil <' at tlw pr tc' ·ent t im th f' eam }Hl :::; n nd :-;mTo nn d in gs are a uhj •ct of ·:t dm i ratiou by all "·l1o Yis it th ·ch ol.

Bll t it is i ll hi·· P 'l".oonal(\' a, - an dn cato r that Prof. F a.rnlw.m . ho ,,·s hi gT ' at :N o one ('an b' ns " oc ia tc cl "·ith him in hi ;;; " ·ork. and not b' in ::; p ir ed by his bi o·h id e al s of 1i. fl.'. an d of th t' te ache r' s pr fe-sion. Hi s o·ene ra l cnlt ure a nd 1·ead ,,. kJL o"·ledgc i:-: m mT elon · and he c on :::;tali tl·, brin g·s to he <H t hi :::; <Ha il ab l k no\\' l ·dg<:' to· e :x pJaln and "nfm ee the rt•al ob .i >c t ofh is li fe- tnt £> t ear llill {l· He emp ha ::; izes the d oc tr in e t lt a. t tlH' sc h oo l li fe of the c hil d shoul d be 'a conc e ntnLt ion a. nd cont inu n.t ion of the re a. l li fe of the r hi. ld on ts id e of the :sr h ool. ' \ ltil c nt D r. s ch oo l of pe c1 agog ,'- la st s nmm c•r at Wor<' he :; ter. l\I ass ., he be ra.nw inSI1 il·ec1 ••;i th ::; t ill nT <:> ater zeal in his wo rk , a nd n· th at in leis ur e \Yhi!'h is no \Y at han d, ,..,- e shall roeeiYe a. n <:> w Rta te mf nt of hi-· m tthod , in e1 mlin o· hi .- 1·irh e::: t a 11 d la.t <:> :-: t thought npon t hi R, nh ,i t• rt. A. H. V.

T HE SE 1 T EN CE ME T OD OF TEAC'HI " (.;..

To THE EotTO R: D r. F a rJJh tt lll , pr in c ipa l of t l1 o Stn to N o nna l Schoo1 oE N cb ras ka, i ngaiu recog niz e 1 as a le nd er oE thmw ht. Th is r ccogn itiOJl 0 is c·harac tC' risti<' - hi ;; na me not be in g· a ssoc iatC' d '' w ith t lt c ackn nw l •do· mc nt of p ri n 'tp1 cs prom nl ga tC' d by hi m f nll twPnty ago.

The Fo rn m for D ca mb er co n ta in :-; tlw t hi r tl of a so rios of artic le in tho fo rm of a re port on "O ur 1 uhli c School Sys tem. .. Th C'SC' artirh 'H ar C' w rit t011 hy Dr ..T. 1. · l{icP a gra cln ntC' nf th (•

New York co ll ege of physicians a nd s urgeon ·, and a tudent of psychology and pedagogy in t il e universitie of J en a and Leipzig. Before undertaking to study om· own s choo l system he vi ited the schools of va ri ou Eurooean connt ri e. ·. lu t1e se rvi ce of tb · Fo rum Dr. Rice ba · this year vi ited thirty- ix cities and twenty instit uti us for the training of te ach er , obse r vi ng more than 1, 200 te ache rs at their wor k. Tb us far he bas re ported Balt i more, C in cinn ati, Buffalo, St. Loui s and Indianapoli s. Th e fir t four c iti es are following the o ld "drill, '' and producing the o ld res ult s -a repe tition of wo rd wi thout tLongh t-- but when he re ach es Indianapolis be finds th e wo rk of the cla s -r o om so diff er ent th at he says, "On e wo nld scarc ely beli e ve th es e instituti o ns have an y thin g in co mmon. He comm e nd highly tl10 wo rk of Indianapolis, and mention s in particulat· th e re ad in g, w hi ch be says is taught by the " e nten ce me thod. " He i delighted to find th e c hi l dren happy in writing a nd r eading th e it· own little ·tori e which th ey have made about th e i1· cat or oth er pets. If Dr Rice !t ad com e to Council Bl uffs in 1 2 he wou ld have found the " se nten ce me tlwd " working in it own natural way for happ y ch il dr en, under th e direction of it s ant hor, G eo rlJ'e L. Farnham , who was th en s uperint e nd e nt of th e city schoo l s.

In 1 ) 1 Mr. Fambam publi sh ed a bo o k, "Th e Se nt en ce :Me thod of Teaching, Re ading , W riti !lg and Sp e lliug, ., and faithfu ll y has be watc h ed th e pr ac ti ce of hi s th e or v, wl1i cb bas succeeded wh erever hi · teachers could comp r eh e nd a nd use it. Th e He rbar t ian p ·,yc ho l ogy, the l ate st and highest anth o rity, c onfirm s the princ ipl es an n ou nced by Mr. Farnh am ue arl y a qua rter of a ce ntury ago, a nd now hi s little book com es fo r ward anew, pr e enting th e on ly so und ba s is for th e true method of teaching re adin g.

For ten yea rs th e grad nat es of the State "o rlllal Sc h oo l of Nebras ka ha ve rece ived the wbol eHo me stim uln of a sc ie ntific e xam in ation of each rnc nt al co ndition in th e se ri es that es tab li shes t l1 o t ruth of th ese prin ci pl e s, tog e tb er wi th th e fr cs lJ , progr e iv e th onght that eYer s pring s fr om a fount a in h caJ. Tbn is th e se ed a lr e ady sown, w hi ch ha ll frui t in an e ar ly emancipation of the sc h oo L of .N e hr a ka from the lam e ntabl e bondage pi ctur ed in th e Fnrnrn. -M W

RE OL OF TH E 1 ( \l I OF (' Tf< -··

At a r oc nt m •ti n , of th · B 1a rd of Ecilt <·ation t lt e foll win "' 1· :o lu ti< 1J l. ' w r n d< ,p tL· d: · G or · L. Fa rnllll ln , 1 ri11 ·i1 al of th i cl tO ol m th =- 2.-t h da y Jf .Jntl <', \.D. :? .

f 1· I' a 0 11 ntir h· p '1 \'0 llal to ltitn . elf t • nd r d to t lti Be ard hi r :ignat ion () f 11 ·It pri11 ·i pal , hij to tak ff ·t im1n ' li nt c I · <J r nt .' tl ·lt a t im n,

lt ould be t ·on IT t lt c b st int er •st::-: of th e school : and W b 1· as nt a he ld on th 1 tl1 da , of of th' Bonrd twn ·t· L, U , in d wa · a ·'<'If d ence to l.Ji s wi : lJ It i ,' I' by th Bo ard but tc1 tak ·If <.: t Ill th e fi n.; t dn.'' of .J a 11n ary, A. D. 1 fJ !-3 <1r at ·u ·h t·i1n e as a : uitab le p ' I' on 1111 ht be o n1r ag ·cl t() lti H ph l': and Wb t' as it be ·o1n •R o ur privil • tn <Yi ,· cxp re ion to ou r fri c lld .· ltip fp r ltiut and fc•l l ow s ltip witl1 him a a ma n a ·itiz o 11 , :tnd :111 0 d1t ·n tc r nf gr eat worth, e p ·ially in hi n·lat ic m t(l t lti ::; HC'l tn nl and th e ed uc at ional int er :ts of the· s tat e•:

Be 'it Resol Pd, That in parti11 g lt • will cn nr witlt him t lt , end urin cr fri e nd s hip and cost e nt of the Boa rd ; that hi profunnd c rndi ti on , lti k coe n per cept ion, and lti la 1·cr ex pcrien ·c pla ·c ltim in r""l the for e mo. t rank iu pe daa o gic !3 ·i nee:

Tha t hi admin i tratio n of the · ·hoo l ltn s horn sat isfactoq re su lt s in tho e du c at ion mal fi tt in g i ts gr ad u at e. a. teachers in tho aclti c \' •n t 'llt·s of suc h gm clu atcs :

Th at hi s u sef uln es s h as n ot been li mi ted tn thP gand wo rk accomp li sh ed iu sc hool, bn is re ·ogltiz cd by tlte be st e du cators of tlto s tat e n.ncl c ount; ".

Resol ve d, That t lt os e rc so lnti on l:l and pr·eam1)1c b d f l B rcl a nd nce r- e sp 1·ca upon tlt e recor ds o- t 1e Ofl· ' · · 1 I:> .0 {. Fa rnham. ttfiec cop y tLcrc of pr ese n ted to 1

bs 110 t l arg r th n. H

A bnnd.l e of sp ld t: r we , than one-ha lf a bnck shot, and 've i.gh i.n o· le ss 1 ., 11·11e ] '· ] :r - ono· a dram , would , if untang eeL, 111 G1 . , to Bo t '=" Pl . 1 1 lp 1 ' ,on euongh to 1·each fr om n ac e· and ba('k ngai.n.

P1 OF'.

It ha r b N' Il for ma lly l ll1 11( unc·ecl that r f. \ r to n, of 0 w erro, N" . Y. i · to u ce d Pro t. f th b ra lm

in , a bri f sk t ])!'in ipl o l' hi w r k, a t nk 11 fn m th w J>o il y 7' i m , .-;.

ft is with r ·at r o- r t tha ,,.. r rd th fa t th at Pruf. \. vV. Nurton l1n. · f rma lly i au ifi d hi a·· ptan ' >f th po it ion ff r c1 him a' prin ip al of the N o nn nl hnol n. t P. t·u bra kn Thi 111 e an s that Osw gn i l:l t no f th ab le t du ·atm· nf t it s tat , n wh o r, ng in al nuLl a<.lvan c I id a nf du ca ti n mark him a th , pione I' of a 11 0 \\ t·n and n who pin ·e it will b rll os t di fti nl fi ll.

Th fa nl ty of th Os,, eg o ormal 'cho 1, H w •11 a· his f ri e nd nt. id th IJ oo l 1, depl r his ue pa rt nr · w hil e at the sa m tim tb v ar try iu g to un lfi hly in th pro p ec t f inc •·cas d u. ef nl n ss opened to h im H w ill b gre at ly mi ro d in oc ial and in hnr ch c ir 1 as well a in ·dncat iona l wo rk ; and in mu'ical c ir cles al l:l O h wi ll o ft en be wi· hed ba ck aaa in amona n . He ha do nc mn ch to tim nl at e and ele va te th ta ste fo r mu sic in ou r c ity, sp c ia ll y iu tho 8ch oo l where of n ecess it , th e gr eater pa rt of Ill s wOJ·k h as b ee n do ne. His "UIJO r n. l ( nion" has cl e mon str at 1 1· l 'l' f l • • c ec us a )1 1ty as a su ccess n m ns teu l cl u·ec to 1•• •

In view of Pr f l\.1 • • d t . . o . .l..'Or to n·sp r osp ec ttve pa rur e, a bn f sketch of b is lif e of the educ at ional i.]e'as p ec ul ia !' to hi tn se lf aud of the schoo l to which he is go in g, w ill be timely.

He was bo rn at Grovelan d, Living s ton Co ., :r ): . , in 1845. His ea rl y educ at ion w as obta in ed a M t. Mo rri s a nd Ne wa rk Acad emies. A.. tc r gr acl n at in g from the l att er in 18 64, he tnnght as pr in c ip al of the se ni or depa rt me nt of the "N ew nrk Ac ad e my In 1873 he wa s g •·ad nated ft·om R oc h es tet· l ni vers it.r, re ce iv in g in 18 76 the ll eg r ce of A. M. Afte r te ac hin g in Ne wa rk 1\ c nd e my, he wa's fo r <' l eve n yeur s p rin ci pa l. of sch oo l No. 4 at Elmi ra; d nnn g tb· time be in a eng ag ed al so in in s tit u te IS ,.., '] 'd f a 11 d s ummer sch oo l work. Wht e a r es 1 e nt o he took a t ri p to Er< ro p·J, ma ki 17g a sp e_c ial t-ndy of th e tin e a rt s and metlJ\) dR of mst rn cho JL

ution and mu i b ba b ad in tru ·tion from t ma ter . From El mi ra be c am e to Os\Tego , ,...,. b r h hn b n np ri nt nd nt f th e cb oo l of pra ·ti in th :r r mal f r ) ar .

Thn .:: it w ill b n th At hi du cat ion And ex· p ri en e l;twe b n f th br oad t And mo,t lib eral kind· and thAt b i mine nt ly fitt d f0 r hi,

n w \\ Ork.

1t i m wh at diffi cut o de (' ri be in ma ll ' pa ce tb id a hara ct r izing Pro f. No rton' \Yo rk. He a ffirm tha t th \\ rk of a t acber i to a i t th e hild t d ,. lop him If i nt o a in oci ty , p irit n::\11 ) a w 11 a· in tc ll and phy i:a ll. · to aid tb child to di place low Jdeal by btgh r 11 Th hild i ta twht that th e on ly proper - mb dim nt fan th ic al id ea i a !if , no ta th e ory Th e pup il i ta uaht If- o nt rol· and an ff o rt is mAd e t d velop in hi m th e pow1:l r to do. al way th ria ht th i ng. Tb i fo u ndat ion p ri nc iple is o tw ht t b firm ! e ta bli sh ed in tb e pup il' s mi ud; and au i mp e tu i th u a i,·en to hi moral a w ]] a to hi in telle ct ual n at ur . Thi i hel pi na th b il d to 's k fi rst the kin adom of God.' '

Wh il e th is ma k c ha racter th e nd, knowle dg e th mean s, y t, said one of th e Jor ma l teacher s, c0 mment in g on Pr f NO r ton' s wo1·k "l kn o" of 11 0 ot h r plan by w hi ch o much kn ow le ?ge c an be a otten into a boy s head in a given spa ce of timb ." Th e r es ult of Pro f. Norton 's work here hns pnwe cl the t rn th of hi s th eo ri es

Th e :r on na l Sc ho o.! to wh ich Pro f. N nr ton 1s go in g is the o nl y one in the s tate. It is beautif ull y situ ate d, i ti grou nds co mp ri s in g sixty acres of wo od lan d, ov e rl ook i ng the Mi ss o ur i ri ve 1· and va lley fo r mi les . The b uil d in gs , fo ur in nu mb e r. arc li ghted by elec tri city and he at ed by ste a111 Eve ry de pa r tm e nt of the sc h oo l is we ll e qu i pp ed with the yery best and m os t mod e rn app l iance

Th e library is un u na ll y fin e, conta ining mo r <' than 7 000 vo lumes, selected with g •·e at ca r <' be in o- UJlso su pp li ed with a ll th e le ad ing ::::> t f 'l l cals. Th ere are wo com pam e o nu itia c omp os ed of th e stude nt s, led by the N on na) N' l 't · 1 · · · 1.1 1 a t·y

Ba nd of t 11rte en p1eces Au ex cel1 e nt m tl ( JOur na l, '•Th e N o_n ua l Co ur ier," is pnbl }: the s tud en ts; and m ma ny other way s tl · . 5 · · f 11 f · · d · 10 m tttu - tw n 1s n o sp 1n t an enterp ri se Tl d 1P le be tw ee n 400 an 5 00 pup il s.

The T·i?nes joins with oth er frien ds in w· 1 · f · I=>· f N ·t I IS lluo· 01 1 o . 01 on a ong and snc cessf ul ca . . !"> I · . · < 1 00 1' I ll 11 s 11 0w po s Jt LO u. ·

• I

LATI

- BY G. W. ELL! Jl.'dl1'askn Sta te No 1'!nat'Srhool.

"Learn i ng by Do ing" is the most potent edncatio ual method of t he day . It i n atn ral a nd hence r ender the ubject attr acti ve and . It I d .Y 1S an h ence in acco r·d with t il e pi rit of tlt e tirue · I nde d, i1: thc r·e be one wo rd w hi ch mo r:e tha_n any ot her act a pr omi neut pa rt in the vanon fie ld. of Ame ri ca n en er gy and nte rpr isc th at won! i · trvrac t-;c z A · ' fi . ' 1n a . s1g ut ca nt te rm 1t ce rtam ly J. It i commo n enough an <.l tJ·ong and almost good enoug h to be But 1t 1 not. It is Gr eek aJJd f 0 't , . r m 1 • Cten vatwn me an pertai ni r1g t ] · k' o c omg, rna m g, or ns m g. The pr acti cal le ·son then may be re garcl cd as the r:n e is_learn ed by app ly in g and u ing the .ti uth s wlucb tt con ta in s. The pr act ica l teac her I be who ass igns pmctica l lesso ns. The tudent i he who l earn f:l pr actica l l esso n . That tlu f:l cl ement in th is three-fo ld ch aracter ruay be broug ht ont in any sbject of study tli ere hould be no doubt Ev en Lat in , a o-ca llc <.l d ead languag e, is begi nn ing to sh ow un mi takable e vid e nces of li fe nn de 1· th e gr ate fnl influence of thi s pr i ncip le, and co n ve r satio nal tat in wh ich is grad ually comi ng into u e in the cla ss- room at tltt· pre se nt time, is one of the h opefnl signs' of tlte time for the adva n cem e nt of thi s sub j ect.

e b eg inning to see tb at we lea rn Latm from th e grammar as th ey tried to do in olc!en tim es, no r CYen by tr ans lation a d

•

• • c 11 compottwn as IS t oo often attempted now We . t · lrl US go farther vV e mu t even speak it. No bet ter proof of the n eccs ity of the case is Heeded than the fact that th e mode rn Ind uc tive Met h od, wh i ·h ·n tlioro nghl,Y c ang ht the favor of t lt c pi'Og r essJn· Iati11 te acher , and wh ich waH brought aho nt that I.atin mig ht ho ld its pla ce in the cou r ses r,f · tnly, give ,· a pr omine nt place to th o speakinoof lang uage' ,..,

W0 sho n\d 1 · 'tl tl 1 )e gm WI 1 10 ang n ago , 1wt tho cl<? m cnt of the lano·11ag·n " 1' · · fl '-) ul1( gr·nw JJ! t(J tlJC knowledge of 1t 1.rv us in o- 1·t t· 11 tl ·' n 1e on e way m wlnc h, abo ,·e all otbct·,, tl te Yery n at me f 1

• • c o angnage r eq mrcs that 1t 1e n. e d. .r ot that tr·ansl ntion and composition and the grammar ar·' t b 0 " 0 e 1gno1· •d: hnt t 1at convcr at inn is to be lltacl0 a

pro rnin >nt f atur J • ltould I <'gill with tlr 11 It .·It 11111 h. alrno. t ·nti r0 ly abo ut 11 tit, t a ·h ·r l oi 1w rt lC >st <1f tltt• tnlld ng:

th fi r t f '' c.Jay that t lt t· pupil rnay g(•t hi · know! dg f th pronu11 ·i ati <>ll hy It ·nl'ine: : a nd 111 a. ' b gi n to npJ ly th r ul 'H fo r pro rllnH:i tion aft r he Ita .· b o- un pre 11 11111 ·iJtg. \I I rl ·· ru l may b bro u ght Clnt I,:· <j tJP,' tinw.; in T.:u' frorn th t ·a ·h r.

T it fin;t :-:l tn u ld l, c s i•n1 I ·honl d c ontain tho · ' ord wl •i c: h it i.· I pupils sit ulc! fi r. t I am. and a.· f<'w ()thNS P • , ibl Th e •nt 'IIC'C'H tlHIY l J<• t lt c• <lll('H iu t pupi l ' b ook" if o qu should be uta d fr om th wo rds they ·<Jntai n. If tho I II] i\ f:lih to 1111 lcr stand th j ll •. tion, t it <' ''· pla in it in Lat i n. FcH' xan tpl <' t lt e t •;H•!tP r ,, \.;"est1 1ep ns nm h orlir- lMirJ i t?n rrh /Jn' t'r' ' .t I n ot n nd r stoo d Hh • ox pl a in .: ' JJ ('. an r1 li !d(J?dji·rtt I "pP1 !8 11tJ I. 'L I·:..·oN, •J? od i 1>,' ' 'f ll '· lon{/J f/1 !1, ' r.uN o, •·on,' ' or<, , ("· r-Tr>," -u ,. es tJ I P.JH'JI 8 /f 1,1 lwrlir' l ollf/ 1 ' on b1 eu '? Tlte pup il w ill uncl 11 htC'll.' gi ve an i nte lli gent nn Wl' r·.

T lt e a11 swe rs slwn !J a .· a gc 11 cral tl ti n g·. lw comp lete rpn ten os 'hrlnld th , pu pi l rep ly yes or 1 o the r ec1n cs t, " Te .sp oncZr> 8c>·itte ntia f, . • si tibi plaret,' w ill p1 ·obab \y b rin cr t lt c 1 an swe r. The lafit clan se, hnw cvcr 103 y no t ' . u nde r stood, and the cxp la1Hl.t ic, 11 , 's i tibi pl (t< a'n,qli ce :·df17l _'tficat_w YOL 'B' u;ul .)' be dft·l i vc . A few i d1o ms hk 'the aL 0 ,., lnay ,001 e in, n if th ey do th ey sho ul d be exl) l ::t il! cd in ti10 s: r way, an<.l not by gi vi ng the mc an i n<Y of the rate wo rcls.

· Jt is of eo nrs , that the pn pils w ill .: swe r in Eng l1 sh fo r a few d ays ::t ll (l it ma y thr ee or fon r w eek s. Tt wi ll II C> t he l ong , h•''' ever, befo re so 111 c >vill e vi u co n. des ir e lu r t>p ly ·, L atin , an<i th ey sl wu ld n nw l 1e encn nr ag ed to so . Soon ot hers w ill ·h ow th e s ame c] e Hi r0, : (' re long a ma jo ril .Y of th(! c la st; w ill be rP n. dy d ec lare that they wn nl d r athe r ta lk Lnt in t lt a ,l 1 g !i s lt dur in g th e Lati n .rec ita ti o n. We 11 at a pl ea si ng and ve ry lmpo ,·tant stage of th" p ceed in gs. Th e t hat is now felt and 1 a ' 4!c st d } tl t u lo n o- e nthn si Hsll1 now m rn. e , s 10w 1:1 , :::-, Rl h as b<w n take n to wa rd n snc·c·<'s sf nl :wtl pl 0ns: of the snhjert

Tl1 t'Npt c ·t after the qu st i n :; ·lwuld JHH b "L rtfiJ if' r e.:pond :· ' lt u lJ th pupi l b m1abl to c:ornply th rcqn t · An ,qlice r r> pond e .s-i tibi ]Jlo r·d'' It ul l be mn 1 ( 'n ppo ' ing nf mtr th at lt C' unci r ta n ds th gu ·t io11, whi ·h 11til.'t b ·xplai n •d if dn . n t) fo r exam pi Hill 1 0 hi s nn .· wN to the l att er reCJ UC t to be. · b t tit eco nd dc cl en - ' Tl1 e le' l:iO ll to-day I' a on · t socnr the Latiu au- Hi o n. ,. T it ' xplanu t •o n o wcr nHty b, a:; fol l ow.·: "th I · n' i,qnijiea.t · · ,.t· ah u t," d , seco nd f) P /181{11(, "IS, f'·' ' , sec 11 nda , clc clension, d t>c ltn atwn e. 'L a ti n . "' 7' 1· ti!Ji j'Jla r> t. ·' And th an w r will ' t .;p o }( r ,., , ·· . . c-o 11 w "l tnd if.• r-st pr> nswn de deeM natwnc>

' 7 · Hnt it ma \ ue th at only one or two sr'r''' nr. a. ··. . of t it . w 01·J:; in th e Lat r11 Hl tswe1· ar C' u nkn o wn . fn that ca:;c th mea nin g of only th ose \v o rcl s ltnnld bo give n. It is m ost al "ay b tter to o, th at t he men. ni11 g of the wor ds b bro ug ht ont by the ciass than that the tea cher give t he m. For ex:cunp l e, ·tile question may be, ' Glas. i. ·

LaNn e, 1nglic?.tm, 1 erb um, ABOUT ' Th o ,:c ·pon u 111 ay be, "Angilc1tm oe1 b1.r?n AB OUT l " 1-rdinr>'si,r;nijicat (uP, l:> • ·n <Y th e• co nv er at10nal process each :>,)' COil ttOllt o I. f II aJ1l··l in a j)r ue: r esstve Jna n ue r, 1 tHY'H I'C ll J,< '-'

• 1 11 b, 111 ol'C tlwn thr ee 01' fo nr mo nths J! CO I SO ( Ol!l C l, o fo t·o the _r ecitation ma,v be conducted and given entire\ y in th e> Lat in Vv th e pn pi l co m es to the study of h is ti r t el nssica l a nt hn r, Ca esa r fo r in stance, he certain ly be ab le to go sn ccessfnli,Y th r oug h th e wh ole r ec i tatio n pe rio d with tbc us e of th e Latin l aug 11 age alone. He sho ul d be abl e to pr ese nt in nil the fa cts in th e leRso n, in , reply to we!1 se l ected Latin by the tc n.chc r. He sh onlcl be abl e to co mp ly vvi th th e ''l. ilJ e raUteJ · and "Ut ent li t f' r tr ctns• ,,11uth" r m ade with reference to the whol e ft ' /'}'P '" · ' ·t of th e lesso n ass ign e d. He · should or· ·tn v pa l I ' cl to give in L ati n the gramm atical deJC' preparr. . 'tJ1cr jn full or i11 ])a rt, of auv wo rd ill Hl' I'I ]Jti Ol t Cl ,/ ' 1 t '1. te rrclwr may ec tit to se l ect. Fo r t tC' e xt t LlO ' · I I t e n.cbcr and pu pi l mfl.y ta lk us foll ows cxamp o, t te ' · I tt l "ssa ue, "Qno rl pltb'l'ilnt.s pra.e sentilm s n JOll 1e p" r-a. re .s· f rw trwi 11nld)([ t, relr>rder c011Cihu,m rlimdNt,· Li.scum r f.t i.nel:''

T. Qna e constnrrUo t> st 'l>e?·bo Quon?

J>.- {'()1f_il([jff 1.n ·bum ]1li MTTT IT et NOLFJB.\T.

T.-Jn quo ,r;md·u e. t ad}ec th•twl J>L ·RJBL", ?

P. - ompar ath o ,qradu, st .

T. -E tn e 'f rbwn NOLEBAT ·regula1· e an -no nP

P. - T(' ruurn NOLEBAT irr eg'lblar e t .

T. - E.uplica ynta r.rem, nominis LJ

I .-In ca. 11, ac lt a.ti/.10 ob}ec b.on dtr ectum

'l n ·bi HETI ' ET PSf ! 'I ..1 'th pr oo •r

If tb · all w r ar g i,· n reac 1 .Y an u Wl r

c xpr iou it i 0 ,·id €mcc that the student 1 to think in La t in wl!i h i a co nditi on· that 1

hiO'hly d irabl e to r cae h.

Tb, fa t that Lat in ur iW1matical te rms ·lo ely

r . e mbi e in form their En u \ish deri ,·atiY e • co u· b · · to t"e o-ramm at ical t1 tnt no n ous o J ct1on u. <=> ·

d ::! I' i pt ion in Latin of L atin words !J.'h re e mblauc i r athe r pl e asing to the tndent t bnn ?tb r-

" i 't' , uud tho noting of the r tl em I · mtm ti ,· . For i it n ot a part of hi bu sme to tmce th e La t in teros ove r into th e domain of th e Eug li sb. and ther e find wo rd s that arc made np nn them. nd doe he n ot better a ppreciate the word of hi ow n language whos e Latin co unte rpart he ha seen a n<.l tndi ed and used in different r •lat io ns in aetna\ p cech? And again, mu st he n ot u e th e prope r in fl ect io nal form of the words to i ndi ca te th e ir r spective rel atio ns to oth er word and to the tho ught? And is not a practica l appli cat i m of the prineipl es an d idi oms of the l ang n a.g e he is l ea ming?

Aft er th e ad,·ance to Cicero, Vi r gil and th e othe r clas sical authors, very littl e time n eed be g iven to o-rammatical co n t rn ctions and forms, b Iu Cicero the conve r sat ion sho ul d be mainl y np ou the ar gum e nt the author's stv)e hi s rh et oric- al , ·' , figu re , hi s beantJ and for ce of lang uage, and tlw cn sto ms and mann ers of th e Ro mm1s of his time

In V irgi l' aud th.e other poets it may be th e sa me as above, with a <.ldition al discuss ion of ver ifi c at ion, po etic me as mc, qnantit.Y an d othN · nbj ects pe c uliar to Lati n po etry.

The Latin classes may, by t hi s general on tl i.11 c, be led to acgnire the p ower of sp e akin g re asonably good La tin . And it i fouud tha t tlt osc wll o h ave acquired this po we r arc the be st trausl ator ·, t he b ns t g ramm a rians , and han) the gre at E- st ¥:owe r in the u sc of th eir o wn l an g nn ge and in the mas tery of any o tJ1cr language t h0 y may RP C' fit to ta ke n p.

It is pleasing to no te that tit<' lang u age srl 1olars

THE NOR MA L CO URI ER .

of our ti me are getting tog ether on tb i qu es tion t a pupil to el i. .· c-t in cr h11d p tt t II H an i n.: and are a bout read y to declare t hat a l an g ua ge int Li. · w rk D n t : to } with e:t 1 an 1 can not be ·learned wi thout spe ak in g it, no ma tt er num e ra ti n f th • pe: r t. IHH' with <1- 11 <' ua 1h wh e th er it be a mode rn laJ tguage or a o-ca ll d ban n ap 1 li.<- a ioH f t l:' ('h ll i t"a.l nam ' i-i t< th ,·,. de ad l anguag e. And t hi seem rea so nab le. It pa l' tH B a('k f a ll .·t rn l't ura l f'act:-: lit th · is anal agou to th e me th od whi ch is bein g Yi tal qu .· ti OJJ. o to c:LII H(' a nd 1 lll'})Of' < app hed to o th er s ubje cts. A co rr ect ph il oph y any xa n1ina ti on or .· t ud y wllkll th ::- •· _<H: fa ll s by the t es t of practi cal a1 pl i- will b • n l at h ·:. ty if 11 0 al :-: o lll tP

P

c atiOn or mcl tvidua l exp erience. Nat ur al cien Ih·om wh<tt ha .· a ln •:u ly l WP ll :-; aid you w ill iR ind ebted for it pt·ogress a nd the hi gh favo r in f-!:1 il· s ,t tl1:.tt y IL <In ' to p 11 t )-0 11 1' 1; 11 pi l:-: ar which it i held a a· tnd y to th e modern or "L ab- wo rk :tud in phll t :-: nor tPxt-ho ok s. J' fl · . m __ th od" of leaming it. Ma thema tic · m ay n •e d a, e ·t-bnok fo r '1 '0 71 r rlltt' r:7r t /l( ot• -11mam t am · 1ts ' t' d f . . . • o.t ., u 0 P08 1 ron au ulfi ll. Its pnrp se m tho though in th t arlo · .· t<Wt's of thP , ·tud ,. n 111 s tnd y cunic ula wb e ·t · I' 0 co 'tt' ' n 1 ls c 1ve ted of th e rule- /onght to hP . n ffiC'i \-' ntly ma . t( r of tlw f-l ll hjt•d mmt mg exp l . . b 1 . . . P ·o f' .- amwg, OO \-r ec itll1 g t oe n ab ley on t kt <'lJ )'() Hl'llll]> il i-i at }n· rfitah k r cese o o ld· and t d' .1 • • • ha ve f d b ' . 1s u Ieu by puptl. wh o "' ork \-Vl tho ut 1 "a mn g on :t ho ok. Do not. kt < o rm e t e hab 1t of d d · f 1 1 it l:l meth od of 0 . e o t· v •s beg of y ll ' put 0\·our I ll])i l. · to mo nlllr i:d u;.r tabli sh'n do peratt_o rl, _and of mdopen 9e ntly s- pa.g s of of 1'11ill g:-; whi c·h th er has' 1 gan app lymg tt s trut h sand 1rinoip lcs ·e · 1 ''o· (''l-1 1 · 11 ° • 1 And so 't l . UC\ J • e 1.. II d. >OHs l ) Y ·uocoOJII}1h" 1 I r wtt 1 Latm It ·11 1 ° ' < iu D' d d f . . wt m eet t1 e e xa ct- r-; om e h ill "' ,,·oncl rf ul in thv \\ n_ ,- of 111 ' 111 0no em an 8 o th e pr ove rbmll t' 1 A · 1 · 1 h 0 ea n onl 1 Y J r ae wa me l'l - dri llin g hy t n.· I an ut t lll 'l 'l' i.· Bo tllll' ' y w 1en lt 18 so 8tuched a d 1 :1 • • 1 fo . "' -. t hat 't t . 1 n 1:10 ear·nec 111 1t to 1 ea, <. o . .1. <HI ·mi ght 01. , ·\\' e) 1 trY 1,, < r s vo an es s 1all be ab le t · t 1 b ' ' · · to t' f 1 ° pom to r es u ts, t Pac h Ch-•mi:try y re Lnirin o- n>m· 1 1111 11· f•' sa t acton y an swer th e. qu e t' ' I ' II fi r-. 0 • ..J • IOns, 'W1at WI 1TI "l11 0 l'iz e th U > Til t'IOJl S of •t,l] tJ •) 1 ,' Ji tt uo for vo n" and " wh t d . . <' • II ' ( I l tl l· " a ca ny on owtth tt. " terms inth "'e ntu ry Dieti on ::u -y., f:llll)po :e b at yon h··gin wi. t11 a, 1n1d. /r

ELEMENTARY BOTANY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL ..

d oe. · not rrn: cb r w he 1· , ) ou bt> o·i. n. :'t' that y ou b egm 'v1th . onw 1·eal t 1J i.11o ·. _._\:' \ e a.eh pn pil . to get a nmnb e J: of , lmd.. HE' w i1l l arn :o me th in g \•vh 11 h. for his buds, for n ::t tnrall y 11 -• will tl 'Y to O'l 't lu.rge ones, a,1:cl will fincl th at th ·y a l' t: no II. of th P same su;e up on tho l:laYt:' hi HI Fn:)ry . . fo l · r onr sl:' ll1 El emPntalT Botany how- ma ke a car t: u cu·awmg of th e ·•x te 1·ior of :1 :' ai.m to rnlth·at e a bnd; th is wi ll romp ell hi m· to c> xam in -' jc p:n t of m ves tig ati on and ob en ati on p t r.l ose ly. Han.• hi!n m ak e oa ton<') ::,e rll·f·Wri pt i (lll t h1 s ob' t b f · n ( ) 1 (2) • • 3 E'C e me yon, and wmk for 't ineln cling 1 _s lapc•, • _s lz t-- , (_:-3 ) co l or. (4) tmnall _ D' . . - 1 c on- ., } J. s tm gmRh be tw ee n idl e dawc11ino· fa.C"e , ( .> ) J> OfntiOn on ste m, Pt <" . Hav ·e llill ' or mml es" f'' 'll'l.OSl. t"" d · · 5 f Jl 1'c] o ff tb e h tl cl ' • " L · 0' , an an mte lb o-e n t sp iTH n Y P · <. • :S 1:a.l t>s oJll:' by ont'. of mquir· 'I'h " f' 5 1 1 · t] · Y· e orm er· do es nothi n o· hut ] ay i. ng t 1em c own 111 le Ol' cl e l' in vi hi eh uttp1 o\· t' b • l tl ] ) l not l . J 1t g iv es no train ing and leav f!R wc• re wn Ja \' e li nt make e nl ar gt•t of Yalne in th e mi nd of th e IJ ll }) ll. It draw in gs of se veral of the s cal es Ha. Ye J\i '' fo1· " bu sy work" in th e ha nds of mak e a s mo oth Jongit nclilla l se ct. j on of on '· tI t )a t> d tea C'h t:> r h ,)t td and a cTn ss -se cti Oll of an other, and l'l Mt kill f' r ,, b. t 't w o mu st have a "time- ' ' u 1 can ;'pn· f z e xam ine both, 1.11a_king caref ul clrawiJ 1r tlw : rh ooL I nt lJ i a- " u Pllrpo sr in J nt mquny on tl anc1 co nci se cles enptlOTIR N O'V' ask hi' ' l1and is the. phit ·whi ch eel ' 1 le oth el· a_n cl , do not. a ns11.. e1 · lh mn yo •u.i-s 1. 1' 1 . l ' \: Sto U10 Wt hi no·s 'lc w ll f' 1 Ke f' k: find on t what are, at least n ot unt il he ha s l) n zzl e cl ov er th t'n \ 11 tlw <·aw.:; eH wlurh })r ochw ,-,.. rl1 e1, b d -1 'l '- "' c you D oes a u co n t:un eav es

DY CHARLE S E. BESS EY, of Nebra s ka

THE OR I \

L

CO

RIER.

3 1 _ 1., 1) 1 ' C. _, 111 d r ot eel al most Y JW " -} "'l'Ht i;·c]y ' tu tll' p ]jt icalqn twn f the · ' or lit 'ratt u· ' ar t. t.c .. th r: a dc r tn rn t ,, a nd o th er p enodH ab _ ,dp· aud t "-hat e;...-t nt. " houlcl thr " • , • 1' l I t ] l clt1l'l l' '' - -])Hl) r· and Jlt:: no te-a "· l':J l' l(' l' ]'(' • Fir.·t th >::-' Tt nld hl' Tea d

. _ ]-l lt) ,-lc• cl o·e aml in struction at fir :t <rt , -(' 111.-' ThN , a cll:'r p iu_ kn ow· , 1. ]1i sto n·J'for m·

j no· tl t<ll' w e] 1 111 a tu n<: '' ll n ·_ " . 1 · o· How often i ll !l'-w lt en t) n ng;:; ar" 1:1J1J> t' llll1o·

·loe . t lte .::tncl l' nt of hi to r_,-, 'Yh en he f :-;n mc mom n tou.,: ·n'nt . "O m, .t hr-ill ing nr t?iT of in sti i' C and Ji Jwrt_,: pn.u-e. h t> n. ,:e a long mg ;:; i; h. :md , dsh t bn t m i.g·ht lt'' t hronQ.·h

.• tH' t a ::-;, l . e • ,..,

0 ] 'ltct It i o.:: O' J"t ti fd no· to k no ,,- t lu t

W l' Hl'L' Jiyin g in a tiiH l' wlll' ll gr ett t8J' lJfOb l em ,;; ar, ; ]\·ed t lwn any of th( \. o·ai ll o ,· nl'h n• c.1i.in g k ad;:; ,to cn.reful obserYn ti on a. n clr ,fl_ ec ion; nnd t.h .s e are the p al '"nts of all .- ci e nc e and m:t \Yhik <111 tru e nntl a rt. in t nrn , ar e lmt l)l'anch e of t he G'l: a. t Trun k L 'ilJ.C' of 'J'rn th. 'Tl'llth honld be lo,·ed and n for it' ·own s ak wh t->l't'H'r f n nd . 'T rnth is the n ltimat<' - ncl of a 11 inYesti o·a,t i oll.

'jO ,,.h< 1'<' are tlwr \\' h at an thP l3<"a l l'. \Y ll<lt i .· ..-I hc> or' tilt' \\'tlX Oll ti t!' Ollkl' :O: I' alt•s \\ ht•n did 1lw j) 1u1 fo rlll Do<-'s th hu d r nta 1n a .· t<'lll .1 Lo w "-ill th' hu cl gro - in th :-;p l·illg 1 f' \ 'O il :.ll'l' j ll g'l' lli ) -O ll 1' <111 ask 1110 11,_ 'y 011 "-ill 1i nd that yo 1u· pnpils Wtl l ht> :-1 1 It' to :111;-:\\'l' l' qllt'st i un.· li kt• il' t it <·:· ;t rt' 1,] 1oWt>tl The ,,- \\'ill al so as]- a mH)d ll l <Lil .\ ' l ll <'::C: tl u l! :-\ liK\\'t'l' of il' <" ll l. l·l'f'pJ· sonw of h:wk t·o fj J(' d<l :" ·. 1 ,. "'t n cl ie cl YO 1. · lt t> n yu ll 111 · · 111 ' ln;t hud }ll '<'t t:- < n oth eJ· nnd mn k, 1' () 111par is oJt S 1Jl' t,,·een_ lt· nn d t lt l' lil- st mHl ' go u11 ti I 1JH1nl s ;n·: pr 'tt,, - \Yt']] acqu:ll ll t •d w1tb bud,·. No", lf .- m kno 'Y th, :-; u b_ j <' (' t 1re tt'y \\-t·Jl. p,-1,.' .rom · cht, a e ll d t:>l-' lect m·' 01 1 hn cl s in gt' lH l'al , but if yon do 11 0 f t> el ah l. to clo s'o (fo r w lli c·] l. yon rc :ll ly ought tu lw as l 1nnwtl. of yo ur st' lfaft ·1· hadn · nn t> _- , minatinn in Bot un.- l wf r tltt:.' county Rl l)l t> l'int ·mlt'llt ( f _sch:o nl s) o·hC' yo ur P ll l no s tll l' ehapte J· on lH "· om <.' tt x t- ho ok. It \\·i 11 n:• ry <l·T >Y ork fo r tll<-' lll no w. ou llli;J.lt t. l1;1H' :.;t m "t l•l "·ith o 1· ,.... f] <nn•t K, en· r on ts. · Jn an - <'<Lse th e n1 et]10d sh ould be th e sanw Al wa. p,o th e th ing Do not aJ] o,-., the PHlJi] to tli s eon' l' b i- f:tc ts a.bn nt a bnd . tl. o \YPr , ] efl f etc ·. in a book. l{ c\ lllU st l !:' <.Ll' ll to C' Ol111JI.' ] th e t·J1in g i t:·w]f to teJllli m it ::; fac t,. · -----

TOPI CS .,

Curren 'rop ic ;:.; mca.ri R }n·est•nt l1i::;tor y .' It js ] 1is tur Y in fo nn ati cm. Th e <' H' l' 'JIO'LO i. :.;, it ' ":e re, a g n'at f ou ncll-y w lt eTC' th, J·a.w , uns'ct:Yire a. ble. m a.te;' ial from the bo som pf the dnYl'- frtt nre JR ta.k ·n np by t] 1e g] O\dug 'l. nbt•r ::; of tl1 e pr esP nt ann mol c1 e c1 and f a. lli on•' ' f'1 t d 1' cl into n•::: sels o wa nT an , en·il' e. . Sm ne ()] 1 l' }Ul 0 dejin a hi st or y to bo '])ast }Jn lit iC' R." Tf 1>'o th th ese dc-fini'tion R.lW tru ea nd we bc•1i e,·t' tlwy nt <' n Pa r1 y eol' rect-t1wn hy ti imp ]l.', p}a.ill l og ic Wf' fu i.VPll tu th e ('UHC' lnsi on tlwt t1 n:o Clll TCnt top irs of th l' thy <.11'1 ' poli tic. t lti :-'1 is li tN::t.lJy Om

No"-to '"lw.t ext ent tSh on ld the te a cher read the da ily pa pP rS, m a.ga.:t. ine , and ic a.l s? T hi s i::; hut an other of as km g. "-11at slmll I Th e· an. thi' (111E'Sti on is fou nd in t he dis e11ssfon n.b oYe, or in t.l1 ' que tion, \Y h,r do a.t. a.ll? We r ec. som·d to the ·an s,Yer th p,t w s110nld r ea d the }) fi.}Jel' S fur s ak <; ·o:( kno •ving th t> t_rnt h, and g l:'tting it at fir st . o th en, ' "" ::; hould Teacl that whie1t · wi ll l oad ns ou t into '' !rl't'l' ll pa,s tn rP s, ' by ''und er th · d ea r bl ne Rk }', nnd. in tlw. s nnlight of 1mn• Wnt li : Nb t prh1te<l in o1u pa}H:'l'B ··i'8 'p1·oiier f oo d for th e sonL Bnt -t lw q ne ·tion \1ia.r .'till ari se, How am I to ·kn ow w lw.t to l'l'ttd m;cl w1w.t tol eav um·c·ad?

n ot all fa ct tl'llths ? A nt\ is 0 11<' fad not a l::l •ro o cl as m1o th er , Uf"t'c t as a. fa ct or in f ll <' tot al p·odue t of k no w1 Pclo·p? T.he n ll s·wp r n 1::: no . 'N ot f'nd i ;· t ni th . T ru th in i t:.; fu l1 , :.maY ::th,·a ..-s lw b .J di s hn g ni ·hPcl fr om it s op}.<).:i tl' , cnm. Trn tlt tl tP c1 ri n.'l' of} ift• dt> ar. and Rp arld i ng:

ancl sweet. Error is a dark , tm·bid, tygian stTeam, and its e nd is de ath. All fa cts are brooklets , or inl e ts, to on e of the e stre am .

By their properti es we may lmow th e m. Some of the se fact s are clear, s parkling littl e brooklets, with here and th ere a glassy pool of cool, re fi·e ·hing water, in whi ch we see ourselves reflected as in a mirror; and all natur paints herself there in lov e lin ess Following on down th e streamlet from amoung th e Del ec table Mountain s and Hill s of Delight , with ever varied scenery on e ith er hand, amid t th mu sic of bird. , the ru s tling of th e l eaves on the tr ees, and th e gurgling of th e wate r, we come to scenes ;"'!till more and more ecs tatic, until at last th e e nraptur ed soul ii.nd s it se lf ove rlooking th e broad valley of TTuth-and it is hu shed in r everen ce; for it know s it js nPar God.

At anoth er time we co me up to a fa ct, and what is it? A dirty, muddy , filthy pool , with an outlet turbid and s luggish, with bank s s hiny and treacherou s-and wo e to those who , charm ed by the voices of th e Sirens inhabiting it s dark for est s, follow it down to it s mouth! B ecau se these thing s ex ist , we call them facts . Nothing 'd eepe r; nothing mor e real.

'l_lh erefore r ead what is el ev ating, pure, and h·ue. Th e mor e choi ce, and th e mor e of it, the better.

But now , we come to th e re ai point to b made in thi s article, v iz, How and when should th e t eacher us e th ese current topi cs in hi s sc hool work?

First, then, we would say, Teach current topics in conn ec tion with hi s tory-both Am e rican and General Hi s tory; also in c onn ection with civil government. Compare pa st history with present pas s ing events. Ob serve e au ses of co ntra st, and exampl es of r esemblance. U:->e un ent topics on lite rat1.u e and th e scien ces in conn ec tion with these bran ch es B ut this is for more advanced work; and the average district ·chool teacher may aro·ue - and rightly, too-that but little of work i. practicable in hi s or her school. 'l'here i a way, howev er, for eve ry t eacltel' of onr ln.nd who knowR of pasR in g to

t a ·h valnabl ] n. t t lt rmpil. und l' h r care. E,· n h primary ' g ra 1<'.· ma. r l _,,. 011 ' int r t in h". 1 :o n.· wh ·n b prop rl cr h· n. 11 tc.'a <" lt< 'l' l ar ful to t c ·l1 l1 ( t rtt t11. Impr . ion. ar l a. tin . l in r ntlt, in f'hil h d. a ·h 1· ·ho ulc1 oft-'ll 1' f •r ba k to r h r ow n xp l'i '"' ne e. childh ood da) , a nd a1 pl t lw Ya.lua.hl

•on that rna . u crw"'· h -' m. E,· i$ mor r 1 , · pr ".judie· d t war l..' hn. h l earn d in f'hilclh o d. How im th en that th indh i dval be in c lin truth and rig ht.

Allow m tor fer t a bit of m p ri enc by way of illu .· rati n. ma ll hoy, I r m mb I' t hat durincr xde ntial campai gn 1 o li i wax d 'X<' dinn1y warm. 'rhat awful cl nd of, min o-J ed Rtll and du . t fl'Om the mar ch and mu sk" ry of tht' late Civil vV ar had th 11 SCU.J'(' •ly )ift :. d den ,·e blac:kn e s from off om· land and mau.l ' thing·. wer s pok en pro a.nd con bJ t Ju_. parti· sa n s, ·whi ch were ne ith er polite nor clifyinf! to th e youth of the land.

Th e presid e ntial candidat ·· w r U ly sr,: S. C·hant a.nd Horace Gr ee l ey · I clo not 1·e· me mb er of he aring many bad things s pok e J\· about General Grant, except that he hnd bnt chered more men than all th e oth r gener· als taken toO' e th e r. But I c an still h "ar rinp:· ing in my ;ars some of the o pith t.· n ed ao·ainst H 01·ace Greel ey Among ha rd o " TJ . nam es was "Old Greasy. t es" ea.l'ly u11 · pres s ion s so clung to me that wh e n, iu after years, I s tudi ed th e of our c onntrY: and there r ea d of the ab1hty and open eand01 of Horace Gr eel ey, I .could not be li eve it. would think of him as "Old Gr e as y·'' It too\'" · years for me to ov e rcom e t!1.i s PI' e judiC0 which I had learn ed during a single tial campaign and to look upon. Horac e Gree · ' d tl " o·tftecl •:tbl " cl· l ey as an hon es t man, an le o ' ._ e <:; itor that he was. · r part · d)

Teach e rs, a few words on yon · Will t · . our pnpi s see t]tt>. much towards ]l e lpmg Y .· l all pa ssing eve nts. bnght s1de of pollt1cs anc . . tl

B . er is me ant fOl . le PH-} se n nt tlu s pap fi d sonH-}thmg in it for time. UnleRs w0 can 11 • I

thco t <t(•h 1' Of' t 1 wi th ll . toda ·- :-;om thino· ,,.. e m a}- a r 'd cl.nd 11 , e 11."''-t w k-i mu b c n- 1 1' -'d ·"1 73 . a f'aihnl-'. 'J'hi 1 A. D. 1 93 and n ot

F 19th da) of 0 t b r. th World_ a. I r "'a f' CJ P d t lie rrnally p n d at 11 ago. r 1n a ni ·on "a to hav b n th r to tak J)ar on tl · Al o Cl v la.t imp rt:1J'I t oc ·a Ion. · lana wa ct d on t h. gro und But n ed that :M:r Rant on wa taken · Ick In th m a uwhil n nd the Pr e id t> nt eonld n ot po ibly attend th op ninO' of th "' Col nm bian Expo s ition. He r main d at home and ·ar fully and tenderly wait d upon hi. d ar wif Mr. Cl v land , knowing the fa ct , at one de ·lin d th e opportunity of beinO' p1· s nt on the o'l'ol.mds that hi pr n · wonld O'iv him undu e advanta()'e o,·er hi op- 0 pon e nt In the ra ce for the pres id e ntial chair.

Nanate this in ·ide nt to yom pupil , and they will always ch ri sh and r etain a high id eal of In eu in authority. Th ey will l earn to ]ook f01· honot and worth in position. They will l earn to O'i ve hand and ballot to those who <:ll·e d and look down on aU m ean and de basin()' adYantag es . 0 .1

Here is another story for yo ur pup1 s: About one w eek later than th e abov e in c ident, Mrs. Hani so n di e d. Thi s wa s a se ve re blow to our Pr es ide nt. :For thirty-nin e hi s o·ood wife s tood b)r him through . diffi pul0 • l ti es and trials, through hard t1m es, anc through more prosp e rous tim es . He had l earn ed to look to her for comfort, e ncourageme nt, and he lp s in hi s arduous duti es . And now in th e midst of an e xciting campaign wh en it seemed that he need ed th e good cheer of hi s be lov ed wife mor e than e''e r, pro v id e nc e <'alled her s udde nly hom e. Th e c hord s. of sy mpath y for ?ur in his me nt at onre v1brated m thousands of he al t.s all ov er our land.

Th e De mocrati c Party had a campaign banner floating over Penns} lvania in the ei ty of Wa s hington; and through thi s av e nu e th e re mains of Mrs. Harri s on was to eondu cte d to the railway station, wh e nc e It to be 1iaken to Indianapolis for interm e nt. Th e De moerat s of \Vashington immediate ly

ook down the ir amp a iO'n ba nner o that it miO'ht no catch th y of Pr es id e nt Harri so n whil th pro c ion '""a solemnly moving do wu th aY Hn

ld · · le urh cmT nt e\e nts to m a unp · t rai()'ht-forw a rd mann r will be rememb ered al wa) and will h lp to form the child :-.; tandard of pat rioti m and citiz hip. And thi is mu ch b tter than to call elther of our political pa rti s nicknam s, or to. the l ea t hadow ' of mi trust or suspiCIOn upon th promin e nt men of our land.

"'V' ithin th last three months hav e pa sed away two of the gr atest and nobl est po ets tha.t En <Tla.nd- or Am rica ever kn e w. What a. fi e ld for teacher and ptl.pil along th e iin of lite ratur e and biograph y. Giv e y.o ur "1 a s1- tch of th liv e of the e po ets: and pup1 < '1'1 · , r "ad to th em some of th e shorter poem s .. . us cannot but do . hem good. Th ese pupils of o urs will be th e vote rs in twenty years from. now. 'iVhat an opportunity in th e of our teaoh e rs, by these simple lessons of nght and wrong that cannot eas ily be shaken off, to mak e nobl e c itiz e ns of our young people. And thi s after all is the ultimate end and a im of public. school system. let .us s how our children the bright and nght Sid e of humanity , and eve r watchword and "mark of our high IS c itizen .<Jll.ip.

ZOOLOGICAL COI LECTING.

BY GEORGE A. CO LEMAN, C LA SS OF I.

The subject of ZooloO'ical collecting is one difficult to write no amount of talk can equal th e actual field work, as there are many · 1 t on a collecting problems whtcb anse w 1en ou tour that, from the nature of your will require a different solution ft·om s1m1lar case whi ch may be d esc ribed by the J wnters on this subject. The most t·hat a writer can hop e to do, th erefore, is to offer a few suggestions that may be helpful, and leave the balance to th e common se nse of th e collector. And ind ee d a liberal supply and use of the latter article is th e k ey to most of the problems be will me et. I

'8"'

wou ld ad ·vt ·e an-.:·oue l . h J w 10 1 at al.l inter t ·cl in t e co ll ection and anv kind t . PI er vatw u of animal fCJrm . of J o ptoc ur e I. W T II on Tax· d . L · o rn ad y H w<JJ·k

l er my a nd z I . l 0 contaiu ma n illu ogwa 'o il cting, as it the late t dyb ti atwn and ch cus es in fl •tai I an e t metL d f can be obtained f ' 0 wo rk. Th book York. ha ·. ·nbner' 'on N w

In preparin f f h or· a co ll ect in g tri p it!.c r· fc 1 r a ew ou r ot· f c lecto or everal mont h , du r atio n th r mu t kno 1 , and th w w tat Le is. go in g to c lie -t en prepa re 1 . l character a d nm e f acco rd i11 gly. 'I c 0 exte nt of 1· fi the nature of th . 1 out t wd l d op ncl upou e co l1 ec tin tl J country and . . g, 1C c 1ara cte r of the , tt dt tancefro . 'I ' . .Perbap d . . m Cl VJ 1zatwn. a e cnptton f fj montl! .· ccl l' ct' . 0 my out t fo1· a fi.\·. J e mg t1·1p tb l · the coli ·t· , . ' e 0 >J Cct nf whi ·h was ec mg of' mam 1 . . . batrach ian · · , 1 . · rna s, bud s, r ept il e. and may· be f .' 1e Southern aud cn tral tatcs o mte re t.

It con. i ted of the f II . . che t oc! · 1 ° owmg artte l cs, vi z: a ]J in c .., :Jvlll cmg 1 . . with iron-boo d .'· m. "":1 d , a nd Hin. de 1 , 'lltd Ieath n corner. and edges, a st rong l ock '" er trunk -h a dJ · · ·- ' tray of f .n e a Dd c ntaiu ing ti ve . ' rom one to f · · 1 thi ·b our lJJ_c Jes , m d ept h. In c: e. t I can ca rry 1 · siz ed ' aJout one, huncl rccl sm a-ll mammals •and bi rl k' . d P ac I f f r 8 ms, an ha\re so me e e-t orto ol s I t. b l - I can e c Icc ked a, reg nl ar Jaggage, tU ' traYeling b ., ·1 ._, . ll l . .Y lar, and can stnnc1 conIuera) lard handling.

.For collecting mam 1 I . tv -U\'0' tr"'o th < mas earned about seve n• a ' e most of tl Cyclone mou e-t. I om were C liru ax 'a nd mal op to the for tmpping al l m am, For tl 1 S iz e of a_sma ll grOlllld- sq nin <· l 18 argcr mammal I us tw T ; ( • • o Sl7. cs of " o s, J and l.

For co ll ecting bird I ca rri d l.ll'eec:b- l oad ing 12 b e. a double-ba ne], illiar ore sLotg nh, with an au x. . .Y bane], se ve n tll ch e. ill l eno- tl d fi m id e the sbotg·u n batT eit and . "" I, an ttlllg C:< 1 .· · . ' u sm p: e xtra long 3:6

1. • .• cartrJd ges . Tb ns e cart r iclo- e I b u the tl l <=' ny " 1 ' Jon, ano, pn me l but not lo 'td od as I . f to o a.d thern . l < ' 1 Ie er T . _wit 1 woocl . powdcr and ... 0 l:d 1 · be auxJ1\rary barrel is the . s tot <Jf the gnn from tt most valu:1b Je p art , ll ' c-ollector's st · d mall charge of hot 1 ·. an P 0 mt, as th ( 1><'s not in' . ·1 aud is nffic-icnt ' 'f or all 1 t 1e p lu mage 1 rna l and m"u i )trd I think about tbr f llrn AIZ cl cc ourtlt. of the ll g mav b8 done with it Tl .. . co llectle r ma ll Hng ha rr cl

i kept lo ad •d w it h a h (':l '' ." c·l•a r g- · of . lwt : Jar r Lird .· O l' ()th I' By a Ul bot in tl w auxilliary c·art ri dw · insf<·:ld <•f :;ht found ilu efu l in · 111 l! ll lll .· 11 ·I <JpjH >.' HII I II" ·t ·. \\I !tad IH.:L·n ·nu;.r ht in tr aps . Bkin ll ill {( bird s an1l IJI<tl ll lll al.· I c·ul'l'i l mall pc ck ·t <: as • tll r Pl' gno d .·c ,tl tt · on pnir of ' l'i F. or s, a nd a pa ir qf f <11 c· ps_ Th · with the add itiiJU of a po e·k c•t h 1i !' <.', I fc to an w ·r Ill' p111'J10 H<.: ,- t·r.'· w ell.

1 nh; 'lliTi cd n .· upply of c·ott <>ll a 11 1 <'x e ll · fo r Htuffing s kin H, and F<',·{'ral 1-lJlnuh; 0 · wir ditfon•Jit size s for th lc·gs n.nd tnil,-.

Fl)r pre e n·ing lJOth bird and rna 11111111 t • ·i

J us ed pur e: ar. Olli e wet with al ;ohol a: 1d 11 ppli•' w ith a b rn . h. If th e we nth !I' \' ' I'Y w ·t. :IIi t\ p owd rod alu lll will J, c lp to dry th ·,.;kin

All 'n ak cs , Lizar tlH, Toad ti , an 1 Pat,.; r n·vd in nleohol wh ic ll rr1.1.' ht· <.: tt l'l'i <. cl in It .pi ·mon gla ss fr11i t- jnr witl1 ·nhr · sn. l' et y. 11 I find th em ja r· ar c l1:wcli <• r th n 11 tb · 1· crlll 1 can a y ou can. ce h ow . '0 111' spL ·i nt (' JI , ar k((pill;.. Witl 1 tlt c nrl <1 ition of scv0 ral ln1 11dn·d pr inT l ab I. a nd tn g n. Ieath r- l >OI II Hl jo ut'n :1.l nnl · blank book for · po <.:i rne ns th fit was cr>mp l etc

As to ' th e m::ttt.cr of cl oth in g t·hc · >ll C"tor s !J (l ll C liO OSO tO s nit hi1n s 1f . f f<>ll!H] a o·o d ]Jll ll in g-cont w ith abo 11 t _n d(Jz ll po ck ts, and a p · of l aced h u11 t in g- bo ots, t' be 11ll c tw o lllo t ind i1 en sa blc articles ify w ]J()I c ll t-fit in thi s li • w as ca rri e d' in a s ma ll vttli so .

As thi · pn.pv r is al r ea dy too Je Jig·t J. , I ,1·1 clcfc·r n. di scn Rsion of :fi e] 1-work nu ti l stl' 1 fu tn r . tim e.

CJ VIU3' NO TE BOOK.

Goocl c itiz ens hip is on e gr eat aim of li he sc h0( 1 Patr iot ic ar do r is an ossOJ Jtial el Kn ow le dg e th e cs :JJ1 tial pr ino ipl o · nf g 0 ,-er1• me nt is i nd ispeu s:.t bl e. _ Th o won·wr i zill g of ,th o ()ons tt t nh oJ'1 is of imp o rt[1nc c than an in it, appt·0c i atio :• 1 it a llcl dc\·otio n to it ..

A few se nt en ces an d so me arb ·1 's o[ t l' ( 11 1 "' 'ITI In()i'!/; ><] - ;y.- L'f /t(- )flnstit ll tiO ll sl 1on.. ' J" '' · · -L ¥CW ..L' ; la:nct Jo 1?'1 1 rtl of Rdltc\ltion. ·

'I HE NORM AL COUR I ER.

BUSINESS DEPARTMENT

ADVERTISING RATES

ino-l o lumn in l in rtion ntt fnrni h d u ::tppli ati n to bu me

1anag r .

J"! TE:H i!O 1\T

.Prin ted by 0. 1:1. K rn t, Pri nter, .rl uburu _,\ ,-eb r.

STflT& NO RMf\L SGHOOL .

Faeulty.

J\ \V "0RTO:-<, A. i\f. , Pnt ><C II'.\ L, 1 at·hcr of P syc holngy, E thi cs, T. og- il', and th e dcncc :tnd .J.\rt of Tcauhing-.

;\ f l. S E LIZA C. MOR GAN, Pn ECET'TI< ESS, T eac her of Lite ratu re, Hh ctor ic, Gc nc.rall li s tory a nd Physiolog-y

I f. B. DUN C A:-< 30 :'>1, R. S.

T L': H:h L·r of Bo tany , Geo logy an d Z oo logy.

A.].[. VAN VLE ET, 'l\:ac hcr of Chc nli s try , Phy sics and Ast ronomy.

G. \V. EL LIS, B. A ., Tea c he r of 1ath c matic.t> aocl f. utin.

;\IT · · !-'LOll E NCE M. \\' RIGliT, Tcaclu;r of Ora l and \ Vrittcn Arit hmetic

MISS .J ENN IE Me L. 1:--i , Tc:< chcr of l!nitcd Stales Hi s to ry and Geograp hy.

J\'IJSS MARTHA \\'IN1\'IE,

LILLI AN H. KELLO GG, T cac hcr of Readin g, 1Jraw1ng, C ivil Go,·ernm ent a nd H ook-K ecking.

MI SS BELLE THO:\J AS. ·reacher of Prin cip les of In s tructi o n, a nd Su pe rintendent of Prnc ticc.

MISS M. EVE LYN BfR SS, First C ritic: 'l'cachcr in.Prn c ti<..·c Sch oo l.

MISS MATH E E LLI S. :-;c cn nd C1·itk Tea ch er in Pra ct ice Scho o l. E. M. LIPPITT, Teacher of \" ne al a nd Ins tr um e ntal l"vlu ::; ic.

!>'II SJ EN 'IE HOYT, Librarian anci Stc n ogra phcL )Oil ?>; nr.Al\'K ENS li iP , j a11itor.

aoattd of Edueation.

ll ON. A K GO l py Sup t. Pu b. In s t. , e. r· o.qirio Lin col n T-:1 ON .J O E'P J! s. Ri\IlTl; EY · · · · · · ··State Tr ea $urcr , e.r·n.iJicio:

EDITORI ALS.

THE " \Y pino· Immi oTation Bill 1 introdu · d by nator hanclier a w ee k inc e i r rtainl an a.n malou on . ' As soon a it::; "nd r m nt b, the joint ommitt e on immi ()" ration " ·a reported remon tra nc wer ent in from. nw:iou 1uc aying that it i at t hi time to pr ent uch a radical o imm e diat ely concerning our Fair . In con onance wi h th e mon tranc "nator Chandler r ecomm nded that h tim be nd ed from one year to fiT e Ye ar . ,. Th Ol'io'inal bill s n.id to suspe nd and prohibit for io·n immi ()" ra t ion into the Unit d State , 0 .: x cept from rountri in North and outh Am ri ca for one ye a1· from th fir st of ne xt March.

Th e qu stion at onre ari e ·, is thi " a ju . t and feasible me asure ? Durin g th e pa t eig ht e n month authorized committee from th e differe nt foreign nations haY e b een active in eoll ctin g and pr e paring uitab] e articles as th eir r esp ectiv e l oans to onr vVol'ld' Fair in '93 . Since we hav e obtained th e ir promi ses to se nd th e ir b est and r ich est offerings, there is a question as to th e f eas ibilit y of a law which . ays that non e but visitors shall come to Ameriea during the yea r, or, pe rhap s, fi \·e ye ars .

Systematic. r es tri ction in regard to o ur 11orts of e ntry is but a national n eces& ity . But ·w hat eYer m eas nr s ar e pa se d by the pr e ·<:>nt Congr ess to e ffect thi , ther mu st be a prop er r ec ognition of th e popul ar dignity. and our diplomat1ic relation s with for eign pow ers. On one hand, we beli eve it would be di s lo yal to onr own national interest to say that th e United State is bound to prote ct the r es iduum of for e ign land s. But on the other hand ju st ic e de mands that v.re do not re fn to. 1' eeogniz e th e ne Pds and asl) iration s of tht." hou e ;;;t hom e-see kin g immi grant \vho se m n tal moral a d 1 . 1 a· . . ' , c n p lJ Slca co n ltl on-· a.re 11\l s trie t O? J: son:xn ce with our ow n id ea of Amerira.n nt1z nship .

On e of th _, adYanta,ges of thi: s bill , as p 1·o-

claim d by its ad,ocate , i th at it will cu r. o ur l and from th e raYag · of · cho l ra chuin oth e World' Fa ir . Th op1 on nt• of thi b ill an ·wer thi by s ay ing that th • i mmioTant who want to c om e to this co untry >vi lll and in : 'outh .Am rica or Canada and then cro . OY er :nto nited 'tat es ; and th at it will 1), mtp o. l?l forth United State to plac ampl qu aTantm e r trictio n on both bo rde1· '

The ir ' nb tittlte for thi s b ill provid<" for an mer ea of onr National Board of He alth and ·ay. t hat it dnty hall be coop erat e tl Marm eR? pi tal e rvi c to pl ac er stTiction. on tb:P ste Prag.e pa s. enge r and to reje tall tho e With qu es tionable i nt nti on ·. Th ey al ,0 a .' k that a be pa sse d pr ov idi ng for a ten clay q on board s hip b for le aving tho foreign port; and th at the Nati onal Board of demand each pa s en ger to pre nt a certifi cat e of admi si on from ou r r e. ·per:ti ron ul abwacl '

Tl · · le outrom e w rll be anxi ou sly wa te h PCl b both sides. Y

Trrn recr ea tions of mind a nd l>ody nece 'aJT t? . tud ent life may tak e very dir ecac.cording to th e j ncl i nati on .· of enbe gmg ll1 th em. Th ere ar e cer tai n to h tho 'P to w ho · . m oc 1ety w ork aff01·d · th e n ee ded eli ve r:lO n. wh o al' mu si caJ ly incli ned ar e to for get tlw ro ut ine of tlle cla. s -ro om t Htat t' d f · a

•. < Jm e. 111 th e ir fa Yorit e art. Athl et· Hp ort s al . . 1c chill 80 clu e atte ntion , while m i.li tai·y Wlth It s happ y co mh i nai on of th an d h · 1 e me n tal P J f:nra l1l a form to its · lWo·lec tecL e ' 1. n9t

\d"Vltil e t ru e to th e ir funcHon of I' e cJ··eat' an f · " 1011 o Jmprm.. eme nt mlin es outside tb . 1 ' f' OJ] po·e , .· . e r eg u m· o rmn c ul nm , th E>s e ora-a m zation s .1 ld hr 1 o s 1ou

·- PP eme ntary to the co ll eo·e work. In th' . \Va y o · lS . · ' not onl y IS the d eve lo}Jme nt jn rl , 1 no n1 aR , • • as.

N Hl Rted by th e out 1cl e e xe rci ses but th ' }) Ott. Ot t1 . ·k f' " . ' e h 1e wo1 o the . on Pt.)' may r ece1 · ene fit fr om t · c .v e ·l· . ne acc nrar y and meth odR of tl

r ,1.R s -r oo m ·r1 "' 1e otlwr on . ' mutua]] y a ss isting ea'(' }J

' e Pn< OUl a<l'ln o·

t · t- < aclVl S ll1 o· tb " t} ;;; tmu] a tJ.n o· a nd 1 1 o' eo 1er ' . n 0) a OTe at o·ood . < 0111 ph s]JPd and fri c tion i o1 t 1 18 a<'- lll lllu. . . ne ec o t le m ini-

' Th t-> qn es ti on of -vv hat out ·ide worlr fo. '"' 1 wo rk

' it h u] l lP. ma lw r :: k n up wjt h 1 r fi. nnd wi thou t le trinw11 t t t lt , ,. in t 'l "Pst :-; i ;-; m· whi ·b m ·ri t .· rare ful f' ons iclc •rnJio ll 1 · 1.,. rr stnd ' 11 .• a rul <· tl ws c :·-dwttl <l l >l" . e lt for wbir·IL has a 1iki tw, i·. wl t •1·c di ffir nl t, tho. P wltidt wi ll lwtwfi t J ti nt 111 'L 'J'lwr .' h tLl l1 P a ,·,ui c t y· :wd lt <' l" <' tlH· n·g ul:H w rk sh uld l1 ! t· n. i er d a .· to ·h,u:wt ' l' and th pl a nr<· i.t affhr cl· in JH' J·fo rn 1ant·e. pl"a un ·. · c,f' li t u·m'Y and mu. jr1tl ' rhara ·t r the t ud "JL t is o hl i gNl t > f r' rro ] . r 1: 1y. 1;·al. ·i. .·he u lcl aJway .· lw }1J·nd kd fo r. rh I. • h OUl c1 lw 1'1-"g LLl ar : 111 d t IJ • 1'111 p ;,; for it , Ob SEJT :t11f•' l ll<' XO J'HJJh Th e . t nd nt · tal nt s lP;t.< l str on rr] · ill an y one d ir c- t ion i :-> t ma ke• :tn 1 mf 1;rtu· nate (' Ombin a.tion of l' e cn :Lt i on s. H ]J, for in · · t;:mC' e a id an ]H• i. c- ke <l to·fill a, n. perh.ap s .m t )t ... '. 11 •o·... an<l · lt o a c·f'c;ptf-i t lti :O: and m t lu . cap ac tt lti . · a h il i.t . t(l in the 'lt m·ll · ' Ja .· . Tlw.·c· in t lt ir. turn mtr oduc e ) ti. m to t lt " musi <' co mn titt·t·t· f' ti t(' 0 soc1 •ty anl th e g lP u (' lll1. \.. n .r ,.,-] 10 lnt'·c :fill ed a ll Ol' t wo OJ ' th r " of t lt Sf po. ·iti OJ tfl ;tt onr "' f' an t" tify as to the r e.- ult, w] 1<:' n n th •' s uborcl i nat • orga niz ations of t lll • ;tl'1 ' .'trainin g v -•ry n -' L'Y to c e:wl 1 o tll i:' J' in do sing exercis >s. No . udent, aft er ]li :-l fi l' st yem· of • li f e, i. · a.pt t;o fo 1·o· ·t t hi.::; fent · nr e in arm11ging hi s.wo rlc. It is tbn.t tlt( ' cho ice is rendered mn eh easi ·1· by d th e l:le p oi n ts of ptefere nc(·' be fOl' l aYi no· holll c <1-nd adh e l' jn g s tri. ntly to th at f!.e d i.o n.

D EPART MEN T OF SU PERV ISI ON OFFICIAL.

A. 1{. GOUDY, STATE DECISIONS.

I. A s tt p !'! ri nt ende nt a legal ri gh t. to renew 0 r tO exte nd a ce ru fi cate th at has cx p 1re d.

2. A dist ri ct b oa rd m ay ma ke such rul es and ,_-eg ul at ion s th e gove rn me nt of th e sc h oo l as are for th e b es t Jnten. t of th pupi ls.; board may fo rb id indulgence in be l) a vwr and 111 imp roper langu age on th e pan of pu pil S 11 a tt endan ce r

3· Ch ild ren who ent er th e dis t ri ct merelY for th e '' a tt en di ng sch ool do no t th ereby ac qu ire any sc hool ri Rht s. 1

4· A nig ht school or gan ized and conducted u nd er the c onP"J,t of th e b oa rd of edu catio'n wou ld be g ui ded by such rul es ,,,, reg ul ati ons, not in co nsiste nt with th e sta tu t e. as th e i;lua rd J1 111 ' adopt. ' (! s. A di st ri ct bo ard has no legal ri ght 1d• s rict \ 'd d h >Oa l eo- I 111 excess of fu nd s proV I c , nor as sue . f <>a a uth D ; to mak e co ntrac ts in vol\•in g the 0 mon ey th at 1111 not been lega ll y prov id ed fo r. . . 6. There seems to be no st at ut o ry prov iswn fu r re e-i ste ri !l & sch oo l di stri ct b

THE LEGE D OF G IL PI S G LCH.

HY .T. \H L- Jml':.

ht lt·o lwptP'l'S .- Ji (lpt r II.

On th " ·n._)

b •tw 11 ant and T il th

rnou t lt of a tl r an n, ju ·t " )J I' to bt· ad 11 int o a lon g, Jt fUTOW Ynll e: o il n tin in g- alllp of rv ill

t hr ou o- h 111 r than th e n unl xp ri nc nt on to w " te rn m inin g- c am ] nnd bad un co llsc ion ly nri ch >J it e lf an hi t 01 ·icnl pr tig ·o 1• li nat with the fa,md y r cords of it Ide

· 1 · t I::f.av ill g witn d m I' tha11 tl1

Ill I Ub l tU ll S. .11 uul tllllnb r of "monno n-fia- ht , lu<Y in- c ar s

}lO r: _ t n lin ' thie f- hang in 's, ta t· Yin -tim nn ' ·ow-boy raids, it h nd r t ir ed from it "b in st rin ' tim s, ' and there it re ma in ed i ol ated fr om th 1 ns. • wo rl d, an] de vo id of nll i ts former enterp ri e .

Co nc lu ding that the min e. h ad be n exhan ted, th more e nt e l'] ri in g in h abi ta nt Lad so ught th e ir fo rtun es e l. ewhere. The few who re ma in d were th o e who e exp ec ta ti o ns bad long s iu ce di s app eaTe<l b ec anse of repe at ed fa il ure . Not rea ll y d esp <;nd ut , and ye t not perf ec tly co nt ente d, ci rc u ms ta nces b ad for ce d them u po n the r eso ur ce s of t\p rin gerv ill e; and so wit h r an ch ing aud bun ti ng th ey \vere pr om ise d man y of the simp le l ux uri e , as we ll as the har ds hip s, by the ea rl y se tt lers in th e wes t. Th ough at time s, when th e ir fi n ·tuati ng amb iti o.ns we t·e at hi gh tide, th ey eYen wo rk ed s om e of t lt e old mi n es . It is re po rted thn t in six mo nths s om·e h ad made an ex c avat ion Jnr go ouong lt to co uceal a week 's ra ti ons for a m in er 's b nrr o. These st 6 ri es we re vonched fo r by the rn os t e st ee med inh abita n ts of Sp ringervill e; a nd we lt a vc go od r eason to be li eve th at po st e ri ty w ill ha ve no oc cas ion to qu es tion the good inten tions of the ir pred ec e sso rs. ·

The inha bita nt s were of th at cl ass w hi ch fos te red a be li ef iu ho bgob lin s, witc hes and wizards, and snch unc ann y fo l k; and eve ry l eg end advocat in g t ha t s 1Jrin gervill e was un der the influ ence of the prete rn a tnr al fo1mcl favo r with the m.

Tho sn dd en q ni etn ess w hi ch per vad ed the e nirons of the old c amp on ly ad ded to the snpers tition s which th e i 11h nbit a nt s h ad a lr Pacl y lea rn ed

L CO RIER. ;6

t r p t. ar nntn1 · wa rd inaril of th e prairi -d g th t he p or th e cr oa k fn raY·na 1 a il ·claln g ni t. wa yt r o t. Th e maj tic mounta in tit imp o ing li ff th mnrm ur of th e l itt le wat r- f all. tit th e o-np pin g mo nth of th de ert d min , and th clud d ,·nile} b low, a ll po rt nd d th e diref ul tal f w . . Ev r mine h ad it" gh o t of a d c n d miner wh e mot h rin g cri co uld be h ard at vnri on in te r va l . Th ere wer haunted ·1bi n and h aunted cl iff and ev ry ,·alley an d gnlt:b bor a n am e "ngg e t in g a Je acnd whi ch cln ·ifie d it n l on o· a a trace of th pr es nt inh abitant f pr ing er vi ll r main ed.

TL ali ut p ir it which inhabited t lti bnun ted · r oO' ion, an 1 e m r1 to be the ommand er -i n-chicf of a ll th gho tly cl an, \vas the fig ur e of a man on h ba ck of a black charger. It was said to be the gJ1 o t of a front ier aptain who lost his lif e at th e ha nd· of the In dian s, and th e bl<tck charger wa noue othe r th an th e fam ou wa rw hi ch wa s the favor ite of ehe 2nd Ca Ya lry, an l whi ch was we ll kn own by the nam e of Bla ck Diam nd. Th i appa r it ion i nh abited th e chasm kn o wn as G il pi n s Gu lch and r ece i> ed the app e ll ation of the T ir eless Rider. He was oft en t> ce n on clear nights ga ll oping up and down · the 'a ll y, wnv ing hi s s·wo rd and s purrin g his st ee d as if to lay or tr amp le unde rfo ot an y who ye nt ur ed to cross the bounda ri es of hi s e nc h ant ed rlomai n.

On sto rmy nights , wh en the wind bl ew , the folks co ul d hear th e cl atte r of h is hor se's hoof s the , clank in g of his sp Hrs, and his sho ut s to his men, and co nl d see th e fl as h of hi s sab er as he r od e up and down be tw ee n the flan ks of hi i mag ineu •army. Som e e ven d eclared th at th ey co ul d he ar the wa r- wh oop , th e crash of th e rifl es , and th e bu gle call. F ur thermore, the Tirel ess Rid er lt acl the enchant in g power of co mp e ll ing an y l ad whom he in one of hi s Hight1y r id es to en li st ip hi s batta1i on; and of enti ci ng th e fai t· ma iden s to his l uxur ious h om e, wh ich wa s so mewhere in the h aun te d g nl ch, but co n ce aled frotn a ll hu ma n ey es. Anyone thus en li sted n eve r r ece iv ed a f url ough and h ad no c ommmti c ati o11 w it h the world there aft e r.

N nmerons st o ri es con ce rnin g the Ti rel es s Rid <' t' were ri fe a.mm tg th o inh ab ita uts of that l oc a li ty.

And ma ny a l ad who wo uld h ave thought it fun to m eet a huge cinnamo n or a mo re formidab le g riz zl y, wh o wo uld ha ve laugh ed at a pa r ty f bandit Grea se r s, a nd who wo uld h ave v nt ur ed to ou twit th e w hol e trib e of Na vaj os t ook th e tra il t l1 at l ed him a long di stan ce aro un d the mou n tain to avoid pa s in g t hr ou gh Gilp in 's G ul ch, when jo urn ey in g after ni ght. And th e maid en , although a cc u stomed to t he da sh and danger of fr ont ier lif e, hardly dared to l ook in to G il p in s G ul ch after sundown for f ea r th ey sho uld m ee t th e ga ze of th e Tir ele ss Rider a nd be e nti c away.

Fa in wo uld I d we ll on thi s po rtion of the to r y, for t he re is a f asc in a ti on about th e fo lk-l ore of the gre at, r ough, ho s pi ta bl e West w hi ch one cannot at onc e fo rs ak e.

It wa , a I hav e s aid , C hri stmas e ve; and th ere wa s to be a "s hake -dow n" at Oy G il p iu 's ranch. on e of th ose co ld , moon li g ht eve nmg s when natme, e nw r app ed in wi nter's ga r b, 1is st ri ct co n onanc e w ith the j oyo usn es s a nd Simp le pleas ur e so be fi t ting C hri stm a s-tid e. E ve ry bod y wa th e re, not except in g Bli zzard B ill. Th e pe op le fr om far and near h ad cont ri buted th e ir pt·ese n ce to the me rry- mak in g. Th e o ld pion ee r pr osp e ctors sho ul dered the ir r ifl es and pl odd ed t hr o ugh th e de ep snow ov er th e cr os stra il , tak i ng adv antage of the o ppo r tp ni.ty to k ill ' a few d ee r or a bea r· to add to the ir own stock of wint er's provision s. W hil e the o ld r anc hers wh o, perchance, h ad wive s an d daug ht ers depe ndin g up o.n th em for a mode of co nve yance , hit ched th etr half-b roken b rocos to bu ck-b oards a nd· r attled away ov er the we ll -de fin ed, bu t danger ou s ro ad. Th e yo ung r an cher s, h oweve r, rode th e u· t · · mos nc10 us, un ta ma bl e broncos a nd fo llow ed th e In di an tr a il s. -E ve r a nd anon they br oke the st ill n ess of the ni g ht w ith the ir mimic wa r -who op· a nd bo isterous songs. Now a nd th en th ey am u ed th e ms el ves by l asso in g eac h ot he r o ft en brin g· b 1 d . ' . 1ng pt 1 pon y an n de r to th e gro und; Ol by a vo1l cv f l · · h J rom t 1e u· s1x-s ooters a nd a br eakn ec k ra ce ove r tb k I c roc s an c s tump s and ''saga s ."

In ti ns ma nn er thev ga ll a d f . 1 ·' pe or m1 es ove r mo nnt am and clo wn thr ugl d 1 canons an g ul ch es a nd va ll ey unt il tb ev hr o no-bt t 0 , a· . 1 • '=' up a J ll pm's r anc J W1 th a stop so sudden th at a "t d f en er- oot" wo nl d have l ande d ove r hi s br onc o' s he ad . After

all th ' b oy ·· h ad a rTi v d an I ha I x ·lt nn d th ir ru de g•· tin bt· n · w r • un a Jell d an d h obb led or lr iv 11 p 11- rn ll in to th ·t•nal. Th boy th en pr · l d to th h 11 id f lk a nd maid n a r ce pt i n. Th h< n. · "a. r of d old adob e w hi ·h wa f >l'ln rl y by th rn 1n 111 g ng in · ·r wit n ol I Br< k 11 wa s yielding h r t!J u. an d th utsid 1 k ] ld and 111 an fr shly w hi te-wa b d wa ll and lar o- it app ear d ul>l invit in g wi t hi n. 11 hioned with b ar a nd bu ff alo r l e l io n kin , h ad b en ar ran d for were so n cc u pi d by tb and the fu n b eg a n.

B lizz ard B ill t ok bi n oal pla · 11 th fl r, a nd tL fir t str k of bi b w s um n 1on d to th ' d anc e. Ev ery bod y n ow wa iv d a ll 11 ndu r · s tr aj nt and wa v uch af ed a g J d ti ll'l . fa th ers h ndd l u in Jt e ·om r· of t lt kitch Jl a lld paid due r es p ects to ' Old. ..ye '. Th moth r· we re bus il y engag ed in anmtg in cr th tab l · ov e t·-b m·dened with the su mpt uous , np 1 or, ver . 'f and a ll on p ee ri ng in to the f t· nt r c, om to ·c 1 · · d co the ir bu xom la ses were act mg m t ri ct a ·cor a 11 w ith in str uctw ns, and pi ctu rin g, e ve n 11 ow , the ha ppy old ag e w hi ch t lt ey were to 1: a li ze w it ht h_ e il' grandc hil dren am id the reso ur ces of a 1 d Jl w es te rn ra nch. Th e yo un g ga lan t.:s, dr es se 1 the ir som br er oo , bl ue s hir ts set off wi th ga n dY s ilk h an dkerc hi ef s, a nd co rdur oy tr ousers s tuff ed into tL e tops of hi gh-heel ed boo t s, wer bo w i:• g, and be nd in g a nd pr anc in g anq tw i st in g, w• th eve ry now a nd th en a ji g on the co rn er; whil e th ma id ens a ll s mil es a nd pl'i mne ss , responded wit iJ , d 1 tf r ec ipr ocal po lit en es s: An. so t 1e! we nt, and ro li c kin g, s om eti mes formmg Ill pe rf ect fi g nr a nd so me tim es in see min g Co nfu si on n nt il tJ• C "set" w as en ded. Blizzard Bill sh a. red hi s b t eq na 11 y w ith fiddlin g, danc in g, aJJ d "c alli JJIS a ou ' of t. o ff '' indi ca tin g by a stam p of the and a s . ' l } . ,rei f , T ta ry acc ent w 1en e ac t new ma n en o a llll 1 (1· b . Fo r s eve ral ho ur s the dancmg contmu c t e ga n: d l t mo th ers th en a nn ou nc ed t !Jfll' Th e m u ge n 1ec . d an d the ch mc wg was snspe J1C s upp er was 1 ea .Y, f l\ ,1'" , • • 1·e 1 b t ·take generously o J.nr s. G tlp•' ong enoug o pm . . I jJIly of de lJ cac 1es. say inexhau st ibl e s npp · t · fol' ex haust ibl e for wa nt of a s tr on ge r er m.

I THE ;\/0 R:V\

t lwr c· was ••rntt>< c 1

f · 1 :-. · l ll L'. and b·h>tL' 1 wild-tnrk ." mH

l'lt•< ,- <·n t '< lll 1 ' • . 11 . . . ·lll< h<,il t ·d In d and ·tt''' ·pd mn ttnn ' 111 >l'orlc·d an t -1 ' 1 I · I I · < np \ :llld l'O:I"' t<' d henr . C'<H' I 1 ·'

s asorwd with I 1110 1lnt nin-sa•rc• awl all to ) C'atc n

\\'Jtlr l>h• nt ,. nf , . "" . ] l

"'l'l 'C · lll,tca 10111 and elulr•. rH t te re nnd fr uit- ak s. 1111 cl j<'ll y(·akt•s ·tn<l · 1 I ' ' pnddin•r ami doua milt::: : Ill l.ll llnpkin ]'i t's . a nd pic• ·-:1 nd tht• wh nl fa n tily of pies - not to ll H'nti 11 th • pr e.C'J'n• ·, and pi r· kl ns , an d M oc1ui pe n t' h c•s , an d tht• appl C'-b ll tte t· Hlld c·iclt: t· wl ti ·It hnd b t' e ll se nt a ll th C' w:1v fr nm ' thp :-;tate · fo 1· thi · p art ic 11lar nec- :1 inn . .

Tht' t"• i. a ol io ]ltinl c·xp n :::; inn which origi11 :1t ed in :o m · of t it en l' l' ll tat<'s th ilt it i · no t Hho\\'i cn 11 r tu .Y to t h It o ·tess to it. at a <.'h r i:; tl ll <t.· dinn 'I' nn I 11o t parta k0 of :1c h oi .;: Jt on the t :tGk·. And we• hn , -c <'Cj ll al au thorit Y f r ,ay in g t hat in ·p.r in gt' l'\·ilk•, at l t'n t, the. pr·inc ipl i·

t rll <', en 11 to r n C'h, ·i ·t m:1s supper·. fl er :upp C' r the ·o11 np; fo lk r et ir r1 to th e fr 01 lt rc•o n1 Hll d t'P, tt mt•d the Th e fat ltN s. nn1nin df nl of a ll 1llin or j}l'O C'C• d in g::: songht t it ir nec n :,; t or n 'd <·o rn er m td d ut cd 0 11 l'lt eir '· mi1ti11 'sc;n1 p cs · '' ::-- r ' at· ti n cl s, '' nnd "heavy s inl · , and '· he w n tn ·It th y 111 on o· ht lt cv made f" - it h :1 l . ,.. I . . I ll nnt b ee n t·lwn\isc nnt hnd '· tru e;:: Jt n c: • but t·hc w!1 tL'r dr ove tlwm nut be for e they h ad cln g n hHn clr ccl fec•t ; :HH1 sn ll) c had loc ut d '•ri ch finrls" hut 11 cg le ·t·pc} t·o blaze• t·he "·ay, and so co rtld 11 , ,·c• r .find the l'.·:1 ·t loeat ion en• th ir rct uru : whil e nt h Nt4, t hr ough w :m t of ex pe ri ence, had so l<l o ut fnr a J>-1 lt ry Jo>n tt.l wh en wit hin a we ek's digg ing of •·] 1c :l\·y l ca d t-> .'

Tltl' mnth L' r ·. c on c.:ln cling t·hat the ir pnr t of the l of t _kul hoen SlH:.c <.'f:l, fnlly ca rried ont, . their clnn gbt·er. n. cha rg e::; cl' and i·cll to ta lki ng o, ·cr th neigh borh oo d goss ip and auth ('11 tic atf' c1 ghost st or ies. .A ucl , of " "' st nries were r cs1)o tfu lh' e 11 te r trun ell, 1n a. rn ll v ,, , ] · ,, ·1'1 • tc 1J cl asse d wit h th o o th ers. 11 w d 1 1 1.. t () £ o·hn st sto t·i es wn s broug bt np an W l >. e 1:,; r> , . 1 · tt 'd bv rece nt ex1writ' n -·es vo ncbed for r ca nt H..: lltt c: ·• l \' tl 11 'rwcsent. Eac.: h s tn rv, acc urnp a ni c1 , te perso · · tl 1 t l)V w lti spc1.· , em ph a. t lC 11 O ll g 10 11 J • b 11 1, 1 t 111., 8 an cl scmt e nc; C'S sp ok 0n ll t snOl ,., :1 111 J C'S · \cltw c1 nnd ertont' ::;, with "l v ow" o•· "1 }] 1 , 1 1 l w it h •I t' A f' S t ru e cs go spe l. "

l 'C nr nn e enc e< · , h C' r C' O ld )\.[ ot h er Da y ,., ho , on !.. a few ov C'1 1 c·t•!" ll\' "' 11 Blnek Di amond nnd

Jngs :'<Ill<' t- , l:"i r n ·" ,, '-

L CO RIER. f'

hi:; gnllant r ide r dash b twe n tw ·l iff s and 'l lt ". (' ··l j•t' tl n nl .Y th ,·cning I e for ·. disapp<':ll' . n '·h<'d hen m :;: nl(lth cr in' ri e lo wn th mo nth of 1 ( )l l R xican Lone Tr "e min . .. \n ( " c 0 H. . f _J · t. 0 ,. r in- Bn t rlt

cwk hncl b ;1rc.l cn c' ur • ::; . t d bv tit a. rr iYal of nn 'O ll , ·cr ·ation was 111te rrn p ' I , 11 th w aY fr om the old m in t' wh o !Ht c me· n . <.' ar izzo \\7h n near in g th h nd of fac to f:1c · -tnlelt he · heel om ' l lik Mn lintl ! · th at lo ke el ll ng 1 · ll·wart 'r bi ,dyin' (T il } in t er he her gh wt: <111 wo u t Jny thct it ·h d "·ing an · war in g in . lik . an I. The ll Cws ·oon ." pr nd , a nd th e t' ; ·cd. Th mot h<.'t" l no k Prl at en ·h oth er Ill ,.,...] e f·1 tlt ' t' "' for ot alm o :t ·1 c c ltl .- ho rr o r. .l 1 · ' . . ::-th ir . rn inill rnpc • in th imme di ate rt. ' Th man "·ho c nld read wr it in '' anth enti c at ed 1' t' 01 l },j nther D't IJ' :l.\' her he ad an ]u. 1 r et 1c 1 n : l ' ,. xt rn lt nke: nn d C\' ry bt dy lnt't ne rl to make a 1. . . t c 1.1. lbor atc on e whi ch !tad · pr l't 1 tt n ot o P n.lr <l y b'ee u mad e. · b ·l t 0 1t ., 11-1 l 1·1 tilv ' add led . Brou cn ,· were ro no 1 1 " u ' ·md the boY dn hed tow ard t"lle fa tal gulch to Mn l in"ch if j) OSf:l ib le, fr om th e nti cem en ts v< " l l t J pf th e Ti rel ss I ider. th ey rn cec O>' r te . f tll enl clc cl ar' 1 th at he sa w the n1onn tm n one o " fi f • ·len hr down in the e11 C' hm1t cc1 g nr o o n lll l't1L , g n1 ch.

'\Vith an o:cth, B li zza rd B il l da. shcd fo rward , di a pp eared over th e c liff n od was see D no more. Th 11 ext mom ing th e horse wa fo un d stone dead wh ere it had f all en f rnm a c liff a hn nd re cl fc t al o,·e. Th e a ciJ lc a. ud b ri el le were fonnd a few miles fu rther np th e c:111 011. Th e f at.e of B ill C nmm irws wa th. n a uth enti cat ed by a ll S prin gerv ill e. he el g on e tor jn in .t!JC Tir ele: R id ci' ,. T rn e, his s11 cce . or up on th e Rio Gra nd e re po rted that Bi.ll wa st ill a li ve, nnu owned a tin e ranch n p· in W yom i ng. .B ut when the co l<l . l 1. ' tl" tlt l '() I! O' h the C' flU O ll S tho g oo d Jt O ll HP - W lll ( W ul 8 l.'f:l ::-- ' ' · 1 · ' t< l dnt.w th e ir chairs cln •.e to the ir WI \' eP S 11 Yer [b ' ti'r es; an d the old men sig h, shake th eir hoa<lR nnd • It 'R th o Tireles, 1\, id ·rnn' B li zza rd Bill.'' . ,

Old Cy noYer ' st rnck a loa d clow u i 11 ()l c B rok en Bow,: b ut ialm dy, ha s long s i11 cc rc c:c i'' e(l a 1lb 0ral ed nc:.i.ti nJl. A wl when she hears menti o llcxl tl 1c I..,cgcml of Gi lpin ·s (iulch a k nowi ng sm il 0 o n' r her f ace .

OUR WORLD.

Our world is a mote in the sunbeam it circles a nd wheel in its pl;y W tth numbe rl e boonful compan ions It_ me et on it · my tical way; It dtve and it ddie among them, By the breath of Omnip te nce whid cd Or .the boundless aby m, ' Tht s mfimte imal world. ·

Our world is a mote in the nnb eam s a ll it s boastful display ' Of rambows aurot·as and t ' , · sunse s An.d mounta in s in r egal array; '

Despite all its great roaring ocean s And thunder- to. ' . ' , . I rns menacmg O'l ar e

Tt on ly a t · t:> ' mo e m the sunbeam s Adrift in ob s cm·itv the , • l' C.

Our wo r ld · · • t a mote m the s unbeam

And we th f ·1 ' , . ' e dw ell ers th ere on, Catch hard ly a g limps e of it s wonde r.

Er e th e li ght of our being is gone At th e few s hining spe cks that flit by n

We Jevel our gla.s scs w.ith o-l ee . And fo olishly fancy we've · l11tinitnde' va t mystery.

Our world is a mote in the s unb e ams r J u t on e of the mi lli ons unknown ' rhat sw ee p throuo-h the fi L'k t> m mt e spaces 0 l e chaff fron a t hreshing floor blowJ1 ne mot 'b · e. m t e maz e of creatio u r

And in · h ·

S t. cc m t e on e we can se c ucu ord er and b Wh eauty and grande ur at mu st th e univ e rs e be! , - N. W Rm!d in J ounwl of Ed'ncation

FEL;DALISM,-A MONOGRAPH

HOW AHD R ..JONES.

F' . 1- Tlz e Oermanic T-rib es. 01 m:-my se ar > •• Ailrianopl e th e s pr e>wu s to th e battle of · · ' north ern l' t f' E mhahtt e cl hy a fi . . • 1Jar o • nrop e wa:::; f' ll e 1'<'\r e of b b . tm g· of manv t ··b ar anan s conG • 11 cliff • ) politiral ·tn"no-th J ;=nng in o , an ct llav in o· d'ff g'll:l ge:::; a nd hL\\S o 1 rent l an-

Eaeh of th e.·p tri l>l' · 'n l.' g-o ,·1·rn<> d 1. · ' chi •f or kin g fr m1 t l1 · 11 )l >i.l it,- of th · .-t· t, hn in n: t-y <'<UW ell :-w 11 f 1' i1 i l"' abi 1i ty a. a wan·ior m· . ta t<'S illan. 'lh 1 pl .., .· i mpt•ll<·<l }>ar t: l.r h.en toac ltnwnt .· f !1 iit>n·t r north• rn h·jh -. an} rar ly t JH ll' )\\'11 0 \' ' l"lJO}>lli at ion, J1 )\( m rg in o· fr m l H' man ·d1 y · f tlH ir nati.v · w il d. .· , •nc mmt<•rt • l t l11 • l 111 an cidl · iza ion.

I on th " 1 aHk . of tl ll · a nuh " ot·<·u lT C' 1 of th' gr at .· .· trn ggl<• .· in h1• :t.llna.l t: of ·t 'T· Roman h• 0 i 11 s ·wPl't' lPf< Ih e harbal'lan lw. ·t. adn1111< 'i J JO' lik< <L might.' t.O L'I' nt OV 1t ltf \\·hol ' C'Ollll t J· -. J ut \\'1' · ,e tl 1a · t l1 o. <' wl1o u 1·• a.ppa r ,ut l.f 0\ are th ·m st\]V( t lw vi (·tc 1 :-; · , 111 d \\ t' notH' 111 th i .- in .·t, nc · tha t iJP 1'1 a l'i atl:: · infln nee l 1 th :> I mctn civ iliz atio n bt ulllt' penn ail nt r f' .·id nt . f tlJ e ml(pw 1·p 1 ( rri t r,,·· n.nd a fu. ion of int n •sts l>dw<·<·n t il , m "·a.;-; till' re .-u l t.

It wa . n Hh ' I' t l1 ' Roman <"h-ilLr.a..tio n 11 or 1'11 that proclur e cl the ff u dali. 111 of m1ddlP ag s: h1tt a. bl e1 Hli11 p; a mocli ·Jic at i nt' of butl1.

!tir,; in t hi s c·iv ili:.mUo n, fountl •cl up on tlJI' nnn :'3 of the anciE- nt Roman Em I he. tlJa,t ,,·l' , are mt •1· Rted; fo:r the cnstomR a.nd Jaw of jt:= t.h c·ouTse of EL11·opcan cidl · 1zat10n fo r mo1·e tha n a. thonF; n,Jtd ve ·n . For ce nttui e:o; the Rom[J;TL bet>l' til e oT e at e. t c i\'ilb:in g pm.ver , i.n th e ,..., 0 r]dHer law s have b en st ndi ea. by th e f.\C'JloJ<1r:= of every civ iliz ed land, nnd Wt;1·e fl'aJn c1 ,dtll but on e e nd in vi e w-th e we lf'al:-' of thA s tn.tcTh er e were no thoug ht .' of ]> e1· ·onal l'j o· t1tS· Th e cit iz en was 'im11ly a fa c t01· of tlt ::t: rtt' ' ::; and must SU]Jport th e 111 eve 1·y eme 1·o·enc)'·

In conseque nc e of t ]J e pn :) ]iC' s phi t of tl1t> ]Jeop le Rome was remarkabl e fol' her pubJi. e WOl'k S, which haY e bt en the Wonclt>l' Oj' the world. ..

In ;:L]m ost dir e ct oppositi on to th is c· oJ' ' dition of things, 'Yn.s that of th e pe opl e ,dro had so un ce remoniously becom e th e "o·n es c:'l'' of th0 Romans.

'l'h e great diff'erence betw e en these pe ople:-:. n.s eidl Jaw, is in tlte f'aC't that ill

,

H. 111t' all law w;'l S dt•le g at •d to the stat while • 111on o- ti 11 · (i- <'l'l1l<l.lli<' trib .. th incliYi iual ;-. .·p]f wa;-; tll P ha:-:i .· of all la '"' In 1 om if n. ('l'ill1 <:' \\·vn· <·omlJJittt>d it wa t l1 ' clnty of th • to c·on ,·ict a.ncl p tmi :-:h the \..111 n o- til e' ·'prnum wh "ll su<:h cr i m wa <·on nni t tt' cl it 1 cam tlw :Lb lnty f th of t11e injur 'd Jl r;:; n t a.nn o· th \\' J·on o·

It (' GI:O: il r ·epn, tlu-' Jl , that th "' t'leme nt::; f hi. 111 '" ·cidli:r.a t.ion " ·hi eh \Yas to b. t'ounl •<.1 , , .n, rf' in. a tat of alm st ·on tant ('Onftict, and jt 1s. al o appar ent thn.t tlH •'h ·ono·er nltl St s lli'YlH r>ligion of th Roman wa. fost er "' cl br ht ·;-; of the s t::t;t e. Fr om the mona. t \vc 11 t for h J)1' and teachino·. \Yhich ram, to h<' rl'o·ar le 1 as ln.'' by tli' pe opk . Tlw rEJio·ion of th e Ge nnn.n ·, mu tn r ed by a 11 0 ov le wh · liy 'S vve re pa · ed in th e hade of th fow t, ancl who W(' :re n bject to n.ll tllf' Rltp l'n; ition s of th " aYag e, gr aclna.ll y, in the light of ch.- iliilntion, 1Jecame np pln.nted by the Uhristht1L

1 pu n th , otlwr Jmncl , we :fi.n cl tJra.t. laws \vl 1i_eh are 11ai't c1 n po n tlw welfare of t.he jnc1iddr= 1al .- of n, ;-;tate, rn.ther th n. n for the of a. taue whos e adm.inistration l1acl bt ,en vroYecl H\1'.)' cmTnpt, wonlcl he rechecl by the veople ,.,i. t,h fa.Yor. Hen<.' " we notiel:' t.b at tllP ln,v,rs of the Gt:•r mans l)egan to ,' ll}1plant of the

TJ1 o we n, of course 1 modifi ed by tllf' Roman c-ivilization, bnt that dividing elemen t. of p rsonnl re mn.in e d. 'rh Germa ni c t.t:ib e. beli e ved in th e indiviclnn.lity of la w. As t1 1 , laws of the s'tate we1·e incliddual, "' h •n•yel' n,n indi\ iclnal we nt h carried his Jaw with ]lint. He might res id e in a foreign •t:tt.e a,ncl 1W gover ned by th e l aw·s of tha.t Rta.t e' yet if ]11:' was br:ong ht into their co m t" he the Jtight to lw j ndgPcl by tht. law s of hL· ltativf' st at e. Tn thl' hi torY of the m.e di e Yn.l pe oples "·e ifi.nd t hi s principle rani "cl in to Pffect, tlw Ro11mn ,· ·finally l' e cogn.izing it. l ntil thP a.ge of Chal'l eu11 ao ·w' jt was nniver s ::tl a. nd an im<.:> portallt l' le ment in fenc1a.l hi s tory . j, 4 ' •• l' ,t,;tiJ; . •, . '·

' el-IE 11 ''NT 0J IDE OF 11fU I A.L INrrERPRET \..TIO N.

BY .E. )[. LIPPI'l'T 'I' \ TE :r oRlL\L HOOJJ ,

The ,- th :u· th mind in th ir r cti ,. :rela:tion to ton , f rm the ba k 0 T uncl to all mn icn.l under tanding. To ·ee _ a not e l oc nt din the f nrth ;,;I ace of the trebl taft' f r th "Pa · b "l the :fir t long lin i called · :fir t . pact' by l ate t authority) and :.ty it stand , for a i on thino" but to a quickly he ar in th min 1 th xact pit h that not i quite a.notb r

A ton i indi ddt:tal and immntabl . \Yh en w t: on that ach ton ('! in the Chrom a tic ca le v- ari ::; in th 1·ate f vibn1.ti on, it fnrnindisputabl proof that the tat em .nt i trn

\Vh ther "e th ink in p1·ogr ession as whole step and half step , or in skips, as ma:jor t hird, pe rfe ct :fifth perfe ct fomth (c, g c), th e i nclhid na li t., of ton e i suggested .

E,·err ton e is individual be cause it occur . but onc e in the whol e Tonal Syst em. The same to ne mar be n e el in an almo t en.dl e ss Yariet.y of m lodic progr e sion s; but only its is changed Hence, we s ay : EYery tone i. , in i tself, immutabl e.

The pe rc n tage of pers ons who ar e de af to a ll m nsi cal effe ct, and thos e whos e sense of tone-di scrim in ation i. ver) aeeurate stand about on an eqna lity .

To illustrate: vYe say the person who can de teet no differenc e ee n th e melody of Yank ee Doodl e, and the Long Metre D oxol ooT o. i · mu s ically de af' . Again, the musical director , who, with a cho ru s of two hundred Yoices singing at th eir b es t in a sel eC'ti on from Handel's Mes ·iah, is n.ble to dete ct n. mi s tn,ke of a single ,.·oice in the eA.!Jress i on of a tone n.n octa,·e lo,n:-:r tha n \Yd tt.e n, n.nd to call [L hanlt , (at the am e time reb uki..n o· him for i m}WOYi s ing on :Mr. Hand el) is wide awak<' in his pOWl:'l'S of tone-('O ll C ptiOT\..

Th e ave r a.ge Htnde nt 1 whi ('n co m1Jri s es al1ont fonr -Ji.fth r:; of th <: mn , ·ic al popul ace, l1 a. s to W01'k ha rd. for wh at he gets; a.ncl wh en onr e l1e l1 as arqnir ed. th e ahilit y t.o tl1ink in nmRical

THE t OR M L CO RIER .

p ltra. ·c· ha., J·u 't fJ t l

1 . ' n Pl'<' C n. n allu \V lt t Iw

H "' a.ut f' 1 · · l t1 lll mu lC beo·jll , t ·1 't , l f' 1 rc•

l · , • • t.OW I c-. tz e ,· ltow inc·c 1 t . _ • mtp <.:' , 1 ncl N• l, I m. · lwc •n all

.1 0\ ,L,' }P th1w· t · ' r · ' 0 nm su·. J lw t }H'rs n11 dor =--

not hY P wl 1o Pan tl · 1 _ 1 nn '- ton e a tlll n ot, : c•c· t1 H·

) E! U.t LtH '. • in 1 . .· 1 f P ua . 111 g more· <·<Jfrt]JktP lr tl1· tn

H' O l' " )t · · ' Tl ·· 1 . <<LllH lllt o of tlti. a.hilit r. llll \.lll rr mn ·i ] t . .

r , ' ' cl OllP S ln tl H ll' l'<'la t io ll to

u fJ(fto. , o.·t Jt7 do t' '] l cot ff ' ' ll' 1111. c and q tt i('] c , 't ru·f'o l' <.:' d., thinking in JJ;Ielodi c Phm sf! witlt

1 c• et·enc· p to R Jr " epo a.nd Motion Prt.r.; s fttrf :w cl 1tlatory to . 1 . . . · . . . ne8, t lmkm (j· 1n C:lt ordzJJ'o o,· s-

ut · lll l' l'l tani(·;tl aud llll'llfnl l'dtH ·af io1 1 mll' hP n_ ·u tr al H' , uf ''"''''""· tJJ ,. l'dtwat inn of oil p11}1iJ s \\' j]J lu' OIH' l"idPtl.

' ll"' .·ante tin w '1 r· 1

1l t . . c nc le :u· one part pn' -<'11 1i-

To ,' <'<' ( tr•r hui(·a lly .'}W:tkill..!,"l I ht·dtl<rlJ t 1 <' aJ· Jll< 'all:-> to hJ'(·atlll' t]lt' '<' I'Y J i<l<•; t. witll forru atul l'olttl·litwss · . 11 \1'1 ' ly wit It till' twtt t t·al •. ,."· lll!'<lll' }l lw tl' I'O"'I'JH'Oil.' Ill I S' of' 110 f'; \\'if I!: Bythlllit· form. hnt \' fli d of' an,\ · <'fl'<•('t nuk , llPctl'<l hy tht• ai el of all iu:--'1 !'IIlli 'Ill <Jt· \' oi<·l' 1 It t• f'O il l 'l'}>t C' ('llll'<'.' ;t:-; lH'I'tai II' t 1 -J-t' • · II lUI · at·•· ,. <· r.'· Hc·n.-itin· to iull•tT l l}ll ii)JJ. s wn a;-; }> ert·Li . t l o J ( ] r n. •0 t le l' ;-; o) nn 0' tnnd c·w·}· of llH! (' lOl ·d tO 'l. I ] n , tlt <:' ahili t . ' aml anotlt f' l' a.])(l so oll , '' o lrlttc-lt Ho t lta l tlr ' lWI'.'<>ll <'II <I< ;l\-o rin!! t w ri t l' llllLSic· II lli.'( h;.t.n• )H'I'f<'rt q IIJt•t. •i'h i' 1· lc•;.u ly dl' mo nstntl< ri hy ntt in li fe •. ·t t t 1 J to 1 an y Se \·01·a] parts in f!H• nr iJJ<1

Ul ct:-> t ]J p Jn do(.h- t ., .·f 1·om . . . "' l,L(Jil g ·1t as 1t c·l!an o·t•K one 1>C 1S1twn tc . tl T. . . . > •.tHo W l' hy Itnitrt{iuJt allCl l(t11 -S p o. ·lt zo J1 f . . 1n·inr·ipl cJ . 1 .' 01111 Ho · mall part ·in tlto se · '' 11<-h o' o t om 1 - lllUI'i c· 1 ,.1 n a'-<' 11 p a Wt> ll -J·o ttJ dc •d a < un <'a tlon

RobPrt ,' ehum a .I ] . , ·1 ·Id 1111 w l f> \·r·cl tnat ]riartist .·

:,; lO ll lU g· \Vh '1., · · 1 0 V<:-Jy fe,•: Pi alto .r\1 -t::-; b-1

n i<: g ood s tn o·er h, 1 1 - 1 - 0 ·' e no c C1rt )t }Jl'f'<'Oll!' •in"' cl tlH·

1< <-' a th at tJu-' ]>it ch of t , .. .. 1- -1 011< s 1::-; lllOJ'<' )h• b)· th 1 P C'OOJ> r ration of t1t ' mind a .-

H·oug lJ t on t in sin o· in o· \ \.ln- is it tl t b are all . , . la . ma ny ·o-('a1J c•d mu .·iciaJJ s

'L ) (-' f: o })t'l'f0 1'li1 We lJ , Ullt W] !(-' 11 ]!a.Hdf' cl ' p I E'('P 0 11111-!-;i(' } J · 'nn e "-nt tO ut tl tc• ·:tia of ·tn m :-: tn mwnt an :! asl -, 1 .. ' c it , at P Ull' tb J t '1· '-l c. to pa.:-;s .JH clgm e nt on < P 0 ( 0 fl O' It . . 1 1 th v u· <-·rlu cati 1 ' . 1. 1-l tmp Y k c'alt se

T •· l a:-> h< •t-• JL om:> -.-id< •cl

. eae lwr :- . lf-! it not . .. to tl H· he t tJ , t tl )lW f Ol llS to wak e 11}! c l,t \\'(' ar< · '("1 ol . 1 lf' . Ol!t·w01 -]- 1·t· l · • 1 < 1 } la clm.n o· '- W<-' a lr w tl , . ,..., pt ohltJl t ' Ll: ment al s1 ck of t ld ;-; 11 o pa ·:-; b,- 1 t' 1 R oot .,,, n '. • lllno lC' e( vV s. ] he aw ,. 1 · w ill 1 a12t mute 1;-; :ntc i 10 m ore m a kf · - · ' it tl e:XP 1 twn not n' cp un cl of 1cl ll \Vl ll t l1 m 1 tlt c• . · P 118 " t' H of onr ho di f' :-> tin:' 111-- t-•h-<' t 'f' ,1 : 0 11 1 not fo rc·<·c1 to c1o .-;o ·h•·· ·'} . tlJ <.l.p})ly t cL (. U :-; eLl 0\\- t ]ns •·t;LtP 111P ll t • () I Tf \Y-' • ' t hi .' mo. t 1 x.- It· · <: a 1< to lw ]Pncl erH in · •t Pd ·ut Jet 1 tl . ' ' ts c·oll:-:;i clPI· 1JH' 1'<'- l ett 1'h-<t , (Jf a.ll th <· .11" n po nn s, a nd :.t\·c.d l Ofl 1·_t <·l·a ttt l'<' h -' ·'l.rin o· t· 11 Pon <11U· }Jm·ti c· ]· . . ' .-. c II'Pcth11 <1 1 It ll P of' w ·l· :-;ppk to C'OilH' in c·on t at·t .· I Ol "-· L <·t ll H "l t l th of'E:' Who ,., 1 1, om· " H<' "·:w ,. t• twa c··c•d i 11 ,, ., ,-,,- 11 1)1 (I" ·t r; W lt <' ll ffll' hll t CJt 'I' (' :llll<' :ll' UIIIl<} \\'l·t·JI;-. ] '. , 1' II. ' Jil l • l>i II. Iri s wif" :tll s, n• n•ct tlt P ''<lil ., t t·t 1 11 ' ll' ( ( I{ • <l.lld i 11 to t il t• t·<·q ll! •st tu 'f ..11 { •' ( -;., :aiel It <' w;t .· np st ui t·..: \\Ti t it tg a lld di d not l· now wll< 't hc· r sh e> t ·otllcl " '<' 1 111 • • "t t' 111 ;-, S <l I l 'll II o1 · no t. Til l' l>t t h·lwr w as \ '< 'IT n 11 .,. 1 • • 11cl · ·" O ll :..: tl \fr H. Moz:ur t 'n·at tL] ) to !ti s dor )] · 'l ll<L 11 ,- • c rnpv' No n •H pnn .- c•. , !1< · nq >] W<l <l.p;< tlll, 1 nt 1111 r :-- ac·c·c•sl'l fa] i 11 g aiJ tin g aclllli ss inn . ha,<·k tc•ll i1tg m<Lil '·<HLlct hax, 11• 'l'I H> l)llt<- lwr n•) li t•cl · "l · 1 11 ·• H-lll .,. I r to 1w manl<<L to morr ow a nrl wan t 111 \" nt7,l H' ": ld me p; o an d S<' · U 1 <·a·u c·nll h t1 11. ., · · - fozm;t ) t<-' <H<l hi 111 ('(JJ1 1ill g , ;t l} t] 11 , tir n'' \\ 'tit in g as fn fl t a.s l tis p< n c· o1tld. p;o an <l fo r f <• ar h t> \Yonlcl c·tft> <· t an <' ll t n-tn nc' , h J·n<'t•d ]JiJII se lf tlw do or nnt ll he.· f'01!1]l l <'t P<l Jdi\{, 'f::l li<-' th en op cuNL t lw <l oo t· n Jt \1 ,,·i fl t <Ill <'·' pn·ssi nn of c-•x t rc •nte deli g ht t ol< l t lt v hu t <'J 1<· r 't·lmt l1 nii he oh lig-<-'cl to 1H:fon• n]Jil ' plPti. ll g thong 1Jt; j t wotJl (t a ll ha. ' <.' bc l.' ll lm;t. l'vloza,rt t lt ou })lnye<1 -,,,, ,LHz fo r ] ti :-' an::dons riHitcn · '\\·lto wa.s t-; O hi g·hly pl c•n t' <' d v\·itlt it th at toW Wo lll cl pi n.' it at '\' f•<lrlin p.; It< ' wo tth1 k\\ him. a Jlr<" Fwnt of hi ::; hill. :Moz; art c:h <.•(-•.J·fnll)::wd. ;:;a i.cl 1w would ·w ri t<! n nwl' cl J mtd d<'dicllfl ' it to hi m, \v ltich lw c.Iicl N'fon· th <• l t1o1·rnw.

This, an c1 ot.lwr "-Jii cJ 1 " ·<' nti o·ht r<--' la.t<', onlY go t·o tlH.Lt t ltP llln ::-d<'<ll .filwr of th< ! min cl i :-; n• ry <l 1• 1i cn.t;• [Lll<l <' .· tn'H' ·,.

n ·iti,· to th s li o- ltt est eli tnrban '·'.

\\ uld y u b eom _, a ma •r f the' a rt ? 1\[a.k t l1 , -tic tu 1- f mu ic a. p cialty 'J hi. · will a. i.-t tl 1 _, m 'ntn.l d ' '" lo pm nt of nntl , wi th tb e tnt, z a] "·hi h ,.;h nll chu. t act t'r iz uch an "tfort , " .> may a.- n. did tho,- n wh en n hi dyin o· b cl "I f :. d as lf 111y mn ·i ·al care r ha ' jn .. b o· mJ.'.

Lll' H"X pap er ,dll b :_ Th " '·ndy Hnr1n on • il.R a f ea n to H1gh 1· Educa.t10n iJ 1 . [ l1 ' i ('. -------

NORMAL NOTE·.

-Th iufm·nul.l r eception o·l\· n b:r the f'a ·ult -, 'l'uo.,da) eY .> ning, De c. 20 to I 1· 1f u.nd fr . Farnham a.nd the memb er·· of th l' Board of Eclucn.tion, wa one of he m o:·t plea ·ant oc in.l eY >nt of th :> y ar.

Th e o·n ·ts "ere r ec >i \·eel in th ]Jarlor at. Mt. \ e rnon Hall B oth the pa.r] or and th " nn.1 s i. c-r oom adjoining w er e tast full y clecorat cl.

At •i o·ht o' ulol'k ·npper wa announ ce d ancl allt e pa.irl:'d o th e clining -1·oom, Prof. Farnham and Mi. ·s ·Morg an , Hon . B. E. B. Ke nn e dy an _L Mr . Farnh am le ading the wa.y. Upon en te ring the Luge, well li g ht ed clini.ng-room, the al'ti.-tic effect of the tables wa s at one " n otil' eabh·. In t<=J th" customary china and <lrap er y, a F; pri.g of holl and a card bearing tlw nam e of a. gueHt,, were at e <:l.C h plate.

Th e r pa ·t which choic e, ;mel inYiting wa s daintil y a.ncl s ki lfu ll y serv ed in nv e cour s es . Prof. G. \l.,T_ Elli s, toastmaster for th e en' Iung, pr opo ed "N e bra. s1m" as tlle ::,; nbj :.ct of a toast to l-Ion. B. E. B. Ke nn edy who at once responded h1 a pTOl11})t a.nd int er-... t"': t.ing; waY·

Ho'D . J. T. Spencer r espo nd ed to the toa st ' Th e p 0 Jitical Outlook " in a Ahort , cri sp ::>pee ·h and was follo•v e cl by Mi ss Morgan in 1·es pon sc: to t l1 e toast "A1·e Seott, Dif'ken s a.nd Thn. ckery Obsolete? ' Her re mark s "'Ter E' bri<-·f n.ncl impr<• SI3 i, e. 'rhe t(mst n1a, ster s hm' eel mn dt ta ct m pro}> O ·i.ng tlw fi11n.l toas t. By spe eial reques t Prof. Farnha.m fl pok<-J at leng th upon · Th e Ednra.tional outlook." He. with gr eat a.ncl enthusiasm, takhg a ·hop eful

of t.h si tua.tion . and s)Jmdn o· the li1P · alono· whi ch ad \·a nc 111 nt ha b en made , and 1 intino· ut lin for pre e nt and future work . \Y" r eoTet t XC' ed ingly that hi s r>mal'kl" rn.nn ot be o·i\· n in fnlJ. \\ e ha v- ea.ll d t4,t final t but mu t n ot OY the r es pon o·hen hy \Yinu e "·Ito "·;;1, un >xp l't ell)- e:t11ed up on tu .·p ak up on "'l' h l=ti.ghtt: of \•\' om n.' w·hkh

. he Hcl " ·ith mnc lt r eadin s · and hum or. "mbl ed on c-e mon• in th parl r. mu i(' and co nY r sat ion oec upi ed the time until tlw honr for the d -' pa.rtur e of tll" gusts_ arri\-: cl. "h 11 eat'h ouo ht ]J j ::; bom e With him }' m .> m h ntne t:> of a. Yer) · })lea , ant e\·enin o·.

- Mi Lillic.Ln R. Ke 1J o.g·g of F:.uil'port. N.Y. ha. s been ele ct ed to 1ill th e nL ca.nc_r ca.nF<<:'d tll <: r esio·na.tion of l\li , Str oc k. ·, 1\iis · K llo o·o· is a o·radua.te of tbe Fulton 00 0 \. ca.de my , N. Y .. also a g.raduate of the N e"· York tat.e N onmtl Sc- ho el of Oswego, '' b "re sh took a po st g raduate co ur se of two y ears, makin g a. p ec ialty of th e s ci en ce . . . For seve ral year ·he ha s bt-·en teachmg m the Fairport Aca cl my in New York.

Mi. s Ke llo o·o· c mes to u hi ghly r eco moo me nde d, a.nd both tndents and teacher;-:; tender her a cm·clial greeting in her new pof;ition.

- Satmday L'Yeuing, De e. 17, a re ceptio11 wa held in th Normal Bnilding in honor of Prof a.ncl Mrs FaTnham rrh t eac her :s a.ml stude nt s m et at th e Donnitor y at 7:HO n.ncl mar ched oYer to the Normal Bnilcling in a body to s urpri se Pr of. and Mrs. Farnham . Th e s m·prise wa.s comp1Pte a.ncl a. s oeittl ti.nw W<:L-' e nj oy ecl by all'. \. fin <" stee l en gra dn g etchino· wa s pr <" ent.ed to Pr of. and Mrs Fm·nham C. S. Jon es in belutlf of th<-' stnclent:::. Afterward R01ne excellent mn Ri<· wa R l' Pncl<-' l' c-' (1 by Prof. Lippi.tt and otll<--'l'K.

- Th e b es t phH' <' in Nelwa. ka to ge t a pl·e}1n.ration foT lrn :s ine :s . tha,t wt> han· :t'L' n, is at the 13 snm:-:;R Co LLEHK 1t teaches s hmt- hn.n<1 tY}W- wri till o·, an (l telt•o·. - ' 0 i""'l raph y :"tnd lm s in Prof. onL' of the tin es t penm en in th o world. '·"

THt NEBRftSKf\ STt\Tt NOR SGH

THIS IS THE ONLY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL FOR THE TR AINI NG OF TEAC HER S IN NEBRASKA

THE LOCATIO:-.r.

which comp · IS 10 the m 1dst of a thri vi ng community, s urro unded by influ<.: n ccs f t he m()!;L \\ holc.s rr.c rl The g roun f· nse Sixty acres of b ·f 1 · · · ·1 eaut1 u , natu ral wood land, overlook the :0.1 1ssoun n\·er and valley for many m1 t:S

THE BU ILDI :\G <t nd basement " \•' are large, pleasan t, and comm o di ous, four in numbe r, consisting of the main scho I building, ' -•Lt. e rn on Hal l ad · f 1 · )"b d b "I · d ·' h ' workshop an 1 d • o rm1tory or ad 1es , a two-story 1 rary, an a 01 e r, c:ngm<: an vynam ousc wit h 3 1 ac Je All t he b "Jd" · · Ul 1ngs are li gh ted by elec trici l y, a nd wa rm ed uy st eam, except the do rrnn o ry .

EVERY DEPA.RT:VIEI\"T · of the sc hool is well equipped w it h a rpl ia nc(:S for givi ng the best in s tru uon 1n ea h r cspc th· Jy.

The CHEM I CAL : pe rforms b" and PHV I CAL Laboratories are well f urni shed wi th ap paratus , so th at eac h mc:mhcr f th e c\· raJ c1 · LS 0 " n expenmen ts · · · h · • acqu mng facil ity in manipulati o n, a nd a pr.act ica l knowledge of the subJeCt c purs ues.

The BIOLOGICAL L · I'. etc . and . h . abo ratory IS su ppli ed wi-th cab inets of the several depa rtme nts of 'atural ·I ry, G eology, . ' inernl "· . ' Wit mi cro copes and other in st rum ents for ac tual work

An ASTRO :-.r0:\1ICAL 0 · · b er vatory is furn ished wi th a g ood equatorially mo unted telescope.

Th e ELE:\1ENTARY , and REVIEW classes have access to th e cabinet s, the labo rato n cs , and th '" oL>S cr va t ,ry , and u rc .·uf • piled with all necess ary h J f · · · I f · · -11 e ps or en abling them to ga in a co mplete ma stery of s ubjects· and for g"IV In g' t1 c: m acllny and ' 1< 1 ·u itl

•UStrat1on '

The LIBRARY · have h conta111s more th an seven th ousand vol um es a nd pamphlet s, a ll se lec ted w ith the grea t es t ca re. Th e s tud e nt .1f/ t e frecst acces t h b , · S · · · I J·ou 1 s 0 t ese ooks. fh e Readin g Room is f urni shed with al l the leadin g :\lagaz1n cs , · Cll.: nt lft a nd Profes io11J ro a s, and IVJt h a 1 b . arge nu m er of da 1! y and wee kl y papers.

E of TUDY There arc two co urses of s tudy -an Elem e ntary and a Hi gher co urse On co mpl e tin g the Elemc ntl'lrf course, wh1 ch comprises h h · · · h · · .I . . at oroug re v1ew of the comm on Engli sh bra nch es toge th er wll h a co urse 111 t e pnncl p.Les f a nd practice 10 t cachin d • ' d d f g un er t eac hers sk dl ed 1n th e art of c ri ticism the s tude nts are g ranted a sccon gra e suate ce rtifi ca te g O" or t wo years. Gr ad u ' . d . · , and t ake tb from an accred1ted H1 gh Sc h ool- and o rd in arily t eac he rs h o] dll1 g second g 1a e <"C rtlfi cares c an revic'' e trainin g In o ne yea r.

On compl e ting the H" ah · 1 c.: te Ce rtifi cat ' years· d . L,., er co urs e:, th t;: s tud ent is granted a Dipl o ma, whi ch is a Profess iOi la · ta . e, goo d for thret: 'a n upon ev1den ce of · · d d for l1fe unl e · · · o la p e h su cc:ess as a teac her for t wo vears, an a dditi o nal dipl o ma IS gr an te goo . ' ss lt IS all owed t Y reason of lea vtna tb f · · d c 11 g1ve n f 11 · ·r a tt · "' e pro ess1on Gradua tes fr om accred ited Hi n-h Sch oob an o eges are u cre da for thel but th · "' · • e} are expected to take the Professional co urse

Tbe PRACTI CE SC IJOOL ·. · ·. d d ad d P · · wb" h ' · Th1s IS th e o nly Ins tituti on of the sta te with a carefully orgamze an gr< c r act1cc School, 1fl IC every one rrradu t" f · · · nd er th e · · · J · "' a lng rom e tther course mu st take prac ti ce in the ac tu al wo rk of Jn s tru c tJOn, u s upe rv1s1 on of eJ-' 1 en enced and skilled c riti c teac hers. ·

TbBOAR_D in p rivate fa mili es, jn clubs, is mode rate in cost, ra nging from t wo to three a nd a- half do ll ars per week. e 13· R. R. passes through t he t ow n, making the sch ool co nve ni e nt of a ccess fr om m ost p ar ts of the state.

F GI RADU ATES There is a muc h grea ter dema nd for the o-1:ad uat es fr om the school th an we are able s up ply. P_rin cipa l :t fld acu tv are n-J d "' · d t ho are seelon ,.c· "'a to correspo nd Wtt h Sch ool Boa rd s and to put them in co mmun ica ti on with tb e gra ua es w " g e ngile- ment to teach. •

"CE <: • 1 · fee of five dollar · rc· q · 1 · 'tuden ts can en ter at any time but th e best t im e in Septe mber. A ma tn cu an on . . s IS , U1rec on en tenn g forth. 11 • • • • '

- • ·h e wo rlon g tn L· borJ lo · . " wst tim e. T h1 s IS a ll th at is re qUJ red exce pt th at st ude nts of the h1 g er cours ' a nes , are reqmred to pa\" f . ' ' or matc:nals a nd brcal·age

Graduates re turn fo r a po t , ' · - . . h · t or need s de mand

Th • f course , compl ete or pat·tial, purs uing such s tudies as t e lr tas es e spnng ttrm o the sch co l will begin April 5, L8g3 . Cat al ogue and informati on on a pph ca tw n.

T. · VA MAy \IvY LEET,

E

'..

Edito r.

Assist ant Edito r.

ASSOCIATI': EDITOR CHAS 10 ES, JU LIA WORT, ALICE \ ALLACE

MAY DA\ ! ES,

Sec reta ry

DU !NE 'S MA NA G ERS.

J . E. DELZELL, JA . H. HAYS.

S. BAUGHMA ', Treasurer.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPT IO N:

One copy, per sch ool year

Sin gle co pies , eac h

SOCIETY DIRECTORY.

PHILO IATHAEN.

Sr .oo IS

· "d eve nin g during school te rms, at 7:3 0. S c evety fn_ to debating a nd o ri g in al work in or atory P Cia] a tten ti on g1ve 0. J. ST:\NDLEY, President.

EV E RETT SOCIETY.

E F ·d · d r"1ng sc'h ool term s. New stude nts are ve ry · n ay evenmg u . . especi a ll y in v ited to J"oin us tn o ur hterary wo t k. P "d '

· MAY WATKi l'S, rest ent. -

CORPUS E,UTUM.

.E ve ry Fridav evening d uring Holid ays and spri ng · HAYS, Pres1de nt.

PHILLIPPIAN SOCIETY

Eve ry Frid ay evening durin g the summer. for hi gher s tu den ts and m en1bers of the A lu mni us in g hbrary. during vacati on. J osEP H G1J.l.l LAl' , THE NO RMAL M ILITI A. PR oF H B. DU!'Ct\1\" SO N.

Capta

Captain Co B. l EAL··

THE NORMAL MILITARY BAND A H. VAN VLILET L7ader

Pres1de

' De sun he look o ut frough de wood,

All on Frid ay mo rn in',

Den he kiver up he face wid a big gray hood ,

All on Friday m ornin';

De lark she ri z up fom de d ew,

A ll on Fr id ay m orn in',

But de jay- bird he got work ter do,

All on friday mo rnin' ; Don' you hear dat bli.Je jay call,

Do n' you hear de dead stic ks fall?-

He totin' do wn firewood fur we all,

AU on Friday mornin ' ."

'• Th ere is a supers t iti on among the o1d negroes of th e south that the jay -bii·ds are pleclged to carry wood to hi s Satan ic Majesty every Friday mornin g, an d that they ne ver fail to fuifill their ob li gations."

( Tlz e Oen t uT y. )

Wh y should the Blue Jay be accu sed of selling hims elf to his Satani c Do es his mor al character warrant th e Let me beg of yo u to be cha ri t ab le in your judgments.

We must admi t that his f am il y connections a re not of the be st, and family trad iti ons are not eas il y o utli ve d. His cousin , the Crow, to put it as mildl y as possible, stands convicted of petty la.trceny, and the Magpie, anothe r n ear r elative, is an inc essant gossip and chattere r.

Th ere is much in his general appear ance that is again st him . Watch him as he moves leisurely among th e branch es or flies from one tree to anoth er, seemingly th e m il dest, most gentle bird of the woods Suddenl y, wi tho ut any apparen t cause, he through the forest, screaming and scr eeching as though possessed . Presently he may be seen sittin g on a limb, chattering and chuckling softly to hims elf, r em inding one of the "Cl'OO!! in g of the old hags;" wl1 il e the next moment, wi th his cry of '' oob le, oob l e, oobl e I" he is dancing from one side of his perch to the other

H. V.A.N VLEET NEBR. TATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

bowing and "' dance of the witches.

THE NORM COURIER.

one think of the

If his cb 'aracter is too truly portrayed . h" ear 1n 18

One of b1s cb1ef dehght s is to pl act10n s. und er and d estroy the home s of other birds, feeding upon their eggs; and the "murder of the innoc e nt , can be truthfully laid at door, th e brains so£ Yo ung bird s being o ne of ht s mo st de li cate k l . mo rse ls. He will even attac c ucken s, and o ne eve ning a y oung Blue..Jay fallmg from th e ne st . b . wa s pounc ed upon, and 1ts rams eat en by on e of th e old bird s I think it was not one of the pa · re nts. I hope not, for I s hould not hk e to think them like Saturn , guilty of de vouring their own re n.

But , "with all his fault s I lov e him s till. , How beautiful he is! . In t!1 e s pt:ing, wh en in "full dress," few of our btrds nval htm in brillian cy of costum e. Th e rich contra st ?f blue, black and white ab ove, th e pal e purpli sh-gray belo w, the bl ac k collar , whitish throat, black frontl et and m agnific e nt cr es t, toge ther with his bo ld, da s hing a ppearan ce , make him one of the mo st conspicuous and attractive birds of th e forest.

Be cau se of his blue dress, crest, bold fr ont and daring spidt, I have called him the so ldi er-bird, but I think bush-whacke1· more appropriat e. His brav ery savors too strongly of bravad o for a true soldier, and his wars are too oft en de clared for the purpose of pi under rath er than for the def ense of home.

. I once witne ss ed a peculiar and very interestmg contest betw een some Blue Jays and a K" B" d tng · Th e latter had tak en his morning bath and a hghted in the top of a tree to s un himself and co mplet e his to ilet. His right to th e pl d" · ace was tsputed by a pair of Blue Ja ys They ap h d h" · proace tm wi th o pen b eaks and er e cted t 8 • cres s, creanung a nd s colding in a manner t t "k te r o s n e . ror to the heart of a larger bird than th K"

Bud Th . d I . e mg · e tr ec arat10n of war was treated . h utte r c t w1t on erupt. The e nem y d"d pluming hi s feat · 1 not even stop hers. Thts wa s an insult wh" h no we ll regulated Bl ue J d ' tc ay cou brook for a mome nt. Th ey ru shed up h" h on 1m as t ou h th wo uld ann i hilate him R . g ey d . . e ar ose In the air odge d them. ea s1l y, and alighted in the sa '

Tl."urs was re p eate d seve ral tim es The c · f. · r1 es o the Bl ue Jays soo n br o ught other J ay s. They

cam e fr om eve r·y dir ect i n. Th fi bt wa :varrn and th e Ki ug B ir·d wa n w n tb lY e. Th e J ays attacked hi rn fr m th e fr nt a nd fr om th e re ar fr om the ri ght flank and fr m tb le ft flank. ew r ec rui t cont iuu d t a rri\· until th e tr e wa . blo with tb m. A f w uthat ch es and W 0 d-pec k rs am t loo k 11 but t ook n pa rt in the · nte t. The Kin g B ir Wasted n tren gt h in pr mi s "U 0 \1 ' fi rh t in g but a Blu e J ay app r ac h d t o cl ly ir tly ln front , h wo ul d ru h up n hi m with all th vindi c tiv ene s f hi na t ur e. Tb J ay tn tl pe rfec tly pani c s td ck n, an d made fr ·anti c ff rts to esc ap e, but th e blu e feat hers that fl oat d down through th e a ir wer pr oof f tlw e ff e ti \ .. 11 s of th e atta c k.

Th e J ays finall y b ec am e "t oo many for binr. and he darted vcr a building that wa n ar wit h th e Jays in hot pur s uit. I s upp ose d th e wur nt an end, but th e Kin g Bird re turn ed iu a f w minut es, a nd a ss nm ed hi s fo rm er po iti o u. If he th o ught to esca pe th e enemY by thi s man e n' t• r he "r ec kon ed with o ut hi s h os t ," for th e J a vs so oll re turn ed in full for ce Aft er repe atin.a tht' man e uv er with o ut acco mpli s hin g his )l r mad e a da sh for th e wo.ode, th e J ays foli o'' ing. Their cri es grew fawt 1D th e di s tanc e, 1\nd then ce ased. I waited som e tim e for th e ir re turil • and was le aving th e sc e ne of battl e, . wh eu t!J P King Bird came fl y ing leisurel y back, alight ed oil the same limb from whi ch he had be en dri v-e r• and complet ed his toil et in pe ac e. .

For five year s a pair of Jays ha ve built th eir nest in an oak tr ee , ab o ut · thirty feet distfl!lt f laboratory window, and with a :fj eld rom my f o I I ha ve watclr ed tbern care ull y from th e tir11 g ass t"l h rr the nest was commenced un 1 t e young '"I' able to fly· . · del

Tb domestic life of the Blue Jay IS a JJIO e Th d" · ·on of labor is admirably adjusted, one e IVISI , • !{ 1 . t devoted par e nt. Ih begin0 111 and 1e IS a mos . k 1 . h 111. b th b . ds carr y st!C s, p ac mg t e .1 the nest o 1r · 11 t' 1 without an y defimte ar·rangeme nt u of seemmg y, . Th f al e do es mo st d laid e em a fouh atiOn IS • h.. t but the male ca rri es the work in shaping t nefs ' per e tc. which sh e gs btts o pa ' stlCks, strmgs, ra ' . h es t. .H,e d oes not . d eaves mto t e n rece lVes, an w nns neither d oe · g by any rn e.... ' · do all the · , he shap ing ·of she do all the butldmg, hut t

n t i m tly le ft to h 1 wLi h b d oe by ittin g in the ne t, c n t antl turnin g her bo d y, be ating wi th her w in gs a rr ang in g a nd w av in g th e ma te ri al w ith her be nk. h m to d ec id whi ch way sL w ill it on th e n est, and buil d acco rdin gly. e ld om changes her p os ition on th e n t a lm ost in va riabl y lea ve the ne t ' in th e sa m • dir ec ti on, and a ppr oac h es it fr om the op p os i te .

Th fe mal e s it 011 th e egg s m os t of th e tim , bu t the mal e is tir eles s in hi s d evo ti o ns to her c arry in g her f oo d whi ch sh e r ece iv es wi th a p ec uliar w.hiniog noise and ge ntl e flutt e ring of the win gs B. e of te n her, ho vering th e eggs whil e she tak es an arrm g and sec ur·es f oo d and wate r.

Thi s ch an ge of pl aces by th e bird s was a so ur ce of gr eat int er es t to me. I le ar·ned to kn ow fr om th e way th e bird approa ched th e tr ee, wh ether be ca me to t ak e his place on th e n es t, or fo r· 80 10 e oth er purp ose If for th e form er purp ose, he e nt ered th e tree fr om a certain dir ecti o n, ali g ht ed on th e upp er limbs, from which he d esce nd ed to t he n es t by jumping from one limb to ano the r. The mom e nt he re ach ed th e ne s t, th e oth er bird wa s off like a flash, and he took her pla ce so quickl y, on e not know of the cha nge unl ess watching c ar e fully.

.After th e y oung ar e ha t ch e d, both bi1·ds ar e ke pt bu sy supplying de mands. for food.

In cl ea r we ath er th e ta sk 1s ea sy , but on rainy days th e pare nt s are sor e ly tax ed to re gulat e s upply a nd demand. Food is s car ce on s uch days , and on e bird is constantl y on th e

ne;h en the young are abl e to fly, one would . k the cares of th e old birds at an end, b.ut tl11n 1· . f l ve in rea Ity, JUSt be gun For a ew th ey 1a ' b" d d 1 y oung 1r s are as dependent upon the ays tI e d · for foo as th ey were when in the nest, o ld on es d ·!.lg to ke ep them tog e th er in ·prot ectan m tr y !. · ' . tl ·f 0 01 dang e r, nnd in furni s hing th em 1ng 1em r , wi th food, th e par e nt s are,. much of the ttm e, at . "t ' ds Not until th ey a re in app e ar- th e ir WI s en · ' al t fu ll\' gr o wn, and skillful on th e wing, anc e, 1no s .; 1 · l tl ey dep e nd e ntir e ly upon th e ms e lv es fo1 t 1e 1r

• I hav e s ee n following th e il: pat·ents, crying for and n, ce ivmg food, wh en Immatur e was about th e only means by wln ch I could di s tingui sh th e young from the old . .

Th ja i not a favorit e s ongster, but in v al"i et • of note he is ex ce ll d by few of our birds. His t n are u ua ll y bar h and unmu s ical, but he h as a low warbl e that is ve ry pleasing. I think t hi warbl e is hi l ove s ong , and if lo> e can tun e the ja -bird s lute to such swe et strains then is it power not less than even po ets wo uld pi c tur e it.

"Don' y ou h ea r dat Ja y-bird ?-Dar!

Dis am Frida y mo rnin '. Oh l hit jes kinder cree ps up frough de ha'r, All on Frid ay mornin'.

. W en he he ar de Jay-bird ca ll, W' en he h ea r de dead sticks fall, Hit make de darkey solemn, hit ma ke' im mighty small, Ever Friday mornin '."

ELEl\IENTARY BOTANY IN 'rRE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

CH AR.LES E. BE S EY , U NIVERSITY OF NEBR A SK A. ... III

If y ou hav e gi ve n atte ntion to th e prece ding arti cl es y ou c annot fa il to see what y ou are to do You are, in short, to ta ke up every plant y ou m ee t and by exa mining it tind out all y ou can abou·t its struc ture. You ar e not to tak e up your plant in ord er to find ou t what s om e on e ha s written about it. Th e latt er .c our se might o·ive y ou a gre at man y infact s, but th e r ea ding of a wh ole hbrary full of book s c ould not prop e rl y be c all ed the s tudy of Botany. What would th e teacher of math e mati cs say to th e propo s al that th e pupil s s hould re ad or even s tudy and re cite, s om e alre ad y book whicl1 told about arithm e ti c al ae bra o·eome tr v f . ' b ' 0 ·', ract10ns, pe rce ntag e, squar e and c ub e roo t, etc., whil e it did not c omp el th e s oluti on of probl e ms ? Ju st as the pupil le arn s how to know arithme ti c by th e s olution of probl ems, s.o he mu st le arn Botan y by th e dir e ct , p t> rs onal s tudJ of plants.

d" As s aid be for e, it do es not mak e mu ch wh ere y ou be gin. It makes more differen ce .....J1e r·e d • n y ou en ' and what y ou ha ve mcluded in y our s tud y. If c omp e ll ed to formulate an answ er to th e qu es tion , " Wh ere . ha ll we be gin , and what s hall w in c lud in El ementary Botan y1" I s honld a y, "B euin any-

THE NORMAL coURIER.

wh ere and include everythin g" . You are at lib erty to b egin with bud , lea ve , fl ow rs etc ., but befor e you top y ou mu st in clud the s imple gr ee n slim es, pond cum s and th ir lowly relation s. F9r my self I pref I' to b D" in with th e form , a nd from th to pa to tho se whi ch ar mor e com pl ex. 'rh. r for I hould pr ent th e gr een lim es fil' t, a nu gra du a lly pa up to th e flo we ring plant ; but there are t ho e who pr efer to ·tudy their :r lant probl ems b ack ward ·, and w ho in i ·t up on bg inn ing wi th th e higher an d more diffi cul t form s, taking th e s impl er on es late r. Wh re a man in i t up on such a se qu n ee of t udy for him . elf I do n ot kn ow that we n d to waste ti me arg uing with him H is th only s ufferer fr om hi eccent ri city. But when h prop o es uch an ord er f or hi s pupil · w may certainly e nt er a pr otes t in their name.

Take a li ttle tim e so me d ay a nd mak a ge n eral plan of the w mk for th e year. It might be som ething lik e thi s: G1·een Slime. , Y eas t s, Pond Scum s, Blaclt Mould s, Gr een Fel ts, D owny Mild ews, Powd ery M ild ews, Cup Fungi, Blac k Fungi, Ru st , Smuts, Puff Ba ll s, 'T oad stool s, Live r wo r ts, Mo s. es, F erns, Joint Ru sh es, Pin es, Lili es, Se d ges, Gra ses, Or chid s, Butte rcmps, R oses, Oak , W iD ows, Mornin g Gl ori es, Ma pl s and Sunfl owers. ..A wee k could be g iv en to each, and in t hi s t im e a gre at de al could be le arn ed of the ir gr oss ana tom y.

Or the li st mig ht be like thi s: Gr ee n A qu a tics (non fl owering), plants of all sorts w hi ch are not gr ee n (non flo wering), and whi ch ar e par as iti c in habi t, s imilar pl a nt s whi ch ar e s aproph y ti c, th e lea ,ves of m osses, th e stems of m osses, the r oots of m osses, th e fruit s of mosses the lea ves of fe rn s, th e stems of fe rn s ' ' the r oots of f er n s, the spore -dots (" fruit ") of fern the l eaves of "eve r green s, '' the stems of "evergr en ," the roots of "evergr ee n s," th e con es of "evexgreens," the l eaves of fl owe rin o· b pl ants, the budB of fl ower ing pl a nt s, th e stems of flower i ng plant ' the roots of fl owe rin o· plants, the flowe r s, the seed s, and th e youn; plant grow i ng from the see d. To th ese mig ht be given 110 l ess tha n a wee k a nc1 a ha lf api ece . ..

•REK

HY 'f lr0) [A,. J:: B. 1'A'l'E n 'I hi tr i ng t• ua li i'ic·a i n.· . un _ npt, ba c n. tit ut· .· a o- i c\i :-- -

ip l' nal'ian rna y 1 n qn i n. ld 1· rJi?n e th , c hil d ,,.a tnk ·. fr om th dom f h 111 :.> . Ji. f an l ]wrri in to an atmo ph r train· fah l r b nri , un d r a l oad of rnl · an L ' >n 1'. llh a tiv body h ad g n fr 1 11 m orning ill ni !!ht. n ev r t irin b au. al wa chan in · inJ)l ' '- · ti on and oc upa io n· hi . b tl . 11an a ii. ju st a th a tiv 1 r ain di1· ·t 1; hi · y )it h a rd talki ncr, in cr i ncr or whi lin o· a im} nb di ctat d but a ll th i.· activit wa ' when h nt r d th ol l-fa :I rio n cl <' ho 1. Po ·ibly som of th '<" train·h -jack sch ool· hav n t bee n obs 1 te ] n cr b1 th at "'Orne of my you ng read r hav attend c1 th min the iT -'arly 'rh ey m ay be a bl e to re ·all th Cl' ac k in th t flo or up on w hi ch the ir to s T ste d, th at w hi ch the Tea din g boo k was he ld th lo1. ha lf ho ur s when h y had to ·it at th ir d ,.. }:.with eyes fi xe d up on a bo ok, h ow th ey re quir ed to t ip -toe acr oss th e 1·oom wi th hand s be hind the m; yes, an d the tim es had to v.-rr·it e a hun ched w ord s on th e ir slnt1 a ft er scho ol b ecau. e th ey whi sp ere d. H::1d · not b ee n for th e " bu oyan cy an d r esi tanct' l childhood ," such c hildre n wo uld c ru shed und er thi s lo a d. As it i s, do ub tl' all th e ir s ub se qu e nt sc hool-life ha s HH te riall y injur ed by thi s tT eatu'lt> nt

With the ad ve nt of th e cam a n ew order of things for p nmn.Ty Edu ca tor s saw in th e prin cipl es o f_Fr ce bel rh . f b tt er thin a-s f or tlre c hildre n en prom1 se o e b 1 1 r·e a Kind ero·arten wa s a lnXl11' In scho o s w Ie " t> • A . · to be hop ed fo l. s a re Tth too ex pe nlsl ve b een ac compli shed w hi ch h ;, a ref orm 1as " t ·a · · me pl aces alrn os I eal sc h oo1-. g lV en us In so 1 . · · I · . · e of these sobo O s y ou w1ll fi 1 n VISJ.ting on · ·

NORMA L COUR I ER.

t il e t <u ·ll vr h co mil wly ill: - a ea y a:1d cr ra t· f nl in lli <L iln er her ,. i q ui "t and pl ain o" in fad, t'nltnr e a.nd refin "nl nt ta m:r d u po n a ll ,·he :-;ay· a ml d O"' . Th childr n ...; "t'm t haY e ct fr d nt th .r mo\· abo ut from p lane to } h tce lik ld r pupil in a Jal 1 at 1y, h .cau sP h ·r i :::; a purp o e in 1ih t=> i1· d Ea ·h c hild m to take ca r of hin1 Plf. H I' i ·group a th b la ck board (' O\·erinn· th" p ace a ll ot te i wi th iut rpr tation, of th . to1·:v whi h th e t to ld a a })al·t of the op nin g ex I' ·ise no th r oToup · i at a ta,bl , ea ·h one as int nt up on hi bnildin o· }t. thon o·h h <" were a re al wo1·kman r eal ruat ri als. So m" at h ir d" k wi th . ci .:o r a nd paper ap form of obj ct s. \.n otlwr set ·a. r w atc hino· om fi h in a pan of w ate r, a nd th e oc c rt ·iona.l xcl a.m ation of d =- li o·ht or s nrpri e ·whi ch e cap s th ese b u. :5 o b e rv ers does n ot -·ee m to a tt ract th at te ntion of o th er s, nor di nrb th en n · of tbe teacher. Th e ir ob sei·ving see ms to have b ee n cl one to s om e purpo ·e for at th e :L]Jpro ach of th e teac her each on is eag r to t ,ll her wh at he Jut· ee n a nd as w 1iste n to t.heir anim ate d no m e i·sa tion we wo nd er '"hY Ro me teachers tind it so diffi cult to ge t th e dti.ldr en to "u se lang uage .'

\. fa int s ound fl'Ont a call bell on th e d es k is for a ll t.o h ear. No we ll drill ed corpp a ny of s oldi ers could fall into line more promptl y [l)l1d ord e rl y at th e bugle c all than th ese littl e p eo pl e have ob eye d that one s ilv er n ote . No w a ll a,re in th eir se at s, a tte ntiv ely w at chi.no· th e teaehe r; a s on g is ch ose n, and th e air is flll ed with the 111.u sic of th e ir g lad v oi ces as th ey te ll yo n, with a ll . th e e xpr ess ion of a train ed th e Pansi es Say," of " ]' lli o· R a;In , or th e "Plow ers at E as ter ··a 110 Tim , _Not e how pe rfec tly th e s ong is adapteel se as on of th e ye ar, how well it see nu 1 to ue nnd ers tood a nd felt by th e y oun gPst pnpj.l , eve n. . Th e ent hu si as ti C visi to r or I:ePor te r lea ves t hi s sc h oo l, and in th e n ex t i of th e' dail Y pap er or monthl y e du cati o na1 journal, we re acl a g lowin g d esc ription of Mi ss Joy' s scho ol; , of th e e ntir e ab se n ce of rn l es . th e pe1'fee t fr ee dom the do- as -y ou-

pl a e a ir of ea h pupil. But in hi d esc ript.i on h ha omitt d th main pring of all tbi;:; fT e el om. Yon are·no t told th e ecr t of a ll t hi min a· la k. of r tra int on th e part of th c bildr n.

o uld ·ou b com per onall y acquaint ed "·ith hi t a h =>r yon wo uld find hat he h as · a will a tro na· a th t ac h r wh o kept yo u ·traight -j a' k t othat h·r ne r-.;·es are qui te a n ith· th at h i ve ry sy tem at ic , a nd hat t hi ho ol i as p rfec ly und r her the on yo u a tte nd ed rul d by c ro lo ok a nd stern command .

L t u vi it thi t eacher earl y in th cho ol yea r· p rhap we may l earn th e ec r et of her ab ili ty to k ep h ool wi th eac h child at ease, no xa ·ting rul a nd no re tra int imp ose d. We find her wi th a ro om full of b eg inn er s, th e) haYe be n th ere long enough to f ee l so me wh at at hom e, th e of awe writte n on the ir f ace at fir t, is f as t di sapp earin o·. a nd th ey are no lon ger c onte nt to s it still by th e ha lf-hour ab orb ed in th e ne wn e ·s of t e ir lli'roundings

rrhi s wi se teacher r ealiz s th e s ituati on, and her l esso ns in di sciplin e n ow b egin in earn est. 'fh ese fort y re pr ese ntativ es of a man y hom es mu st le arn to ob ey t.he on e l eader; mu st kn ow what it m eans to ob ey in sta ntl y; each mu st l earn that he is on e of man y and c an no lon ge r b.av e every whim h ee de d; le arn that th ere i f:l a tim e wh en he ma y ha ve th e teacher 's e ar , and to wait for that tim e; th at' I can't a nd I don 't wa nt to ," knig ht s-e rrant th at did him go od se rvic e in c on trolling th e hom e cir cl e, are absolute ly pow e rl ess with thi s new

We li sten clo sely to he ar sp ec ial rul es of e ondu ct giv e n, such as we h ave b ee n ac cu stom ed to he aring earl y in the scho ol -y ear , bn t she s ee ms to have no mor e u ·e for th ese than th e usual thr at s we had le arn ed to look for. We find her fr e qu e ntly l eav in g cla ss -woT k. and spe ndin g fi ve or te n minutes in ha vin g th e whol e sch ool foll ow heT in a so rt of fr ee gy mn as tic s. Th e dir ection s for all such wo rk ar e g iv en in qui et voi ce; s till " on e th at gi ve. forth no un ce rt a in s ound,' ' a nd whil e th ey follow her as willingly a th ey did th e ir l ea der on th e play g round a ha.lf hm.u ago, th ef-H"

pupil are le arning mo t e ffecti vely th ir l es on attention and prompt ob di n We_notic e that he give no general dir cti n unt1l she ha s th attention of each individual bef o-re her, th en hold each one re pon Probabl y, he h as l earn ed that many o- alled carele s or di ob di ent childr n. ar uch .b ec au e th ey h ave n eve r l earn ed to li st n with attention. •

In th e g roup at the blackboard , two hav not l earn ed to wol'lt for them. l ve their talking di turb the othe1· work of ·ch ol. Th ere is no ,colding; no dh ection s for tay ing after chool; th ey are imply to ld that they cannot draw np on th e board any lo ng er becau se they are di s turbing th e otheTs . In this case the de priving th em of a much-cov ted privil ege is a ll th puni shm e nt n eces.·ary. Pl ease remember, thi puni shm e nt wa not promi se d them be for e their antic ipated pl ea.ure b egan, nor do es the teacher in tenupt her work several tim es to say, " If' the talki ng at the blackboard is not topped, you will hav .. to go to yo ur seats ." Th e child ha s don t hat wh ich inte rrupts t each er and scholar s, and the puni s hm e nt co m es sw ift and s ur e. She mak es no promi ses, no thre at , do<·s not waste h er strength and th e tim e of fort y pupils in " nagg ing" , seems al ways r ea dy with a look or word of approval, still yo u hear no unwhol eso me flatt ery or prais e, n one of the s ugar-coated talk which so many p eo ple, not t eache rs al one, co nsid er n ecess ary in O'aining the good-will of childr en. Young· 0 r ch ildren are qmck to see through hypocrisy; 'sound th em sel ves,'' th ey ar e quick to discover def ects . Th ey are not to be d eceiv ed by having a weakness in th e teacher 's discipline bol ste red up with coaxing and hon eye d

They are k ee n in their se n se of jus tic e and soo n willing to ha ve it meted out to th em wh en they see that no on e escap es und er lik e ci rcum stanceEl . It is th e weak, vaci ll ating teac h er, making note of _ s li g htes t di sc re pancy one day and perm1tt1tg grave error s to pa 8 unnoticed the n ext, who ha s th e nnclisciplined schoo l.

Pupils in such hand s are al ways k ep t busy

t udy in o· he moo I. ,f tll ' tt' a.cll <'l', al way ' in a tat f un · ,rtai11ty. h n<·< n•st1 · ' <tn d un a v r-indulg n · anl 'Y<'l'- Yary in •· 1·nlt:>. HH' ft n i ta.lc 11 f 1· d . i r ' 1 fr <·ec1o m, lu t. ::-; ul'h man ag m nt r .· tl ":.· llllll a.l)PY ·h il d· ft en r". u1t : in h •ir taldn th t' ·ontr o1 in t tht>ir ( ,,.n ll <cLHcl R thtn co nfli t yo un rr tt>ad11•r fr II fiatt 1· It m .·"]Y · ]J <:t. <:L (' l' l' tai l! t.li. ·o l'cl l' in the ir .· ·h 1 · j th " ·t 11· ,f ha h kin · · d r gart n ·piri i h •rc·· inu<' P l wi] I intr lnr l' som of tb ee np a. ion · a. 11d gift. ·. and th n att mp to ·ov r vt-> ry W"'Lkn <.'.. in t lwir work by u ·in n- a. kind , Tgar en f' l oak. lfow mut'h lon ge r i · t hi . lo ri ons work of tlw tnw kin · der garten to b ma.cl · a. .' ('<LJ ·-goa t; fm · Vl'ltll'

t a ·hing?

"Lib rty i. · lano- ro u .· nnl ·sit h as i.n .'t rll t t iou for a 'Ollll t l'}) i. '' 'o 111 ay fr t'd m it1 the prim ary choolv r ov tho bt <cL11l'll tl for the yo ung t :. acll 1· unl .·.· it t>xi.. t. ,,irh an xp "Yi nc t ha,t h a' sh ow n hr>1· o be i\ trict di ciplin a ri an when OO('aRion d ma11M· and po ·.-e. ·in g a ·kill su ffi cie nt to l t'ad th t' c hild to clo as . he wills until lw wi ll s to dll the best f01: him .· lf

ENGLISH CO JVl POSITIO:N.

BY W. H. SK INNER, CRE TE, NEBR

It is no l onge r necessary to ar gue that chil d b . . . ,! ren must l ea rn l ang nage Y usmg 1t 10 connec t<' di sco ur se. Th e drills in g rammar form bnt 11 small part. We find, th er efo re, n. tw ofo ld E f I til ion of ou r work. 1. ° t lougLt 0 conn ected di sco ur se . 2. Dnlls upon fot·m !\1 : idiom s. Mor eove r, th ese must proc ee d h and ttl hand but the drills in (2) are by tl1', work' in (1). Th e composition b eco m es , then, tiJ ', l d . ·k Th e drills in fo•·ms arc coJI1 ea mg wo1 . . .• 1 N the tea cher b efo re connnenclll": Pleme nt a rv. ow 1 ,t ( ". "t' n '171/Lt-S t know t le la ws c th1s work m cornposl 10 · ·,J . . d be able to app ly thetn in crJ tl compos 1tt on , an b" ver · f . . l . I . . . ber work wtll e y ln e rJOI , ctsm; ot 1m wtse . The val f . b ]m ost a fatlnre. ne o mtg t say , a d not npon th e nmubr !' co tnp ositi.on dep en s,

of wonfR , nor nh ,. a ll iu th t t11 It rna · b in g ranuu ati al c miuab l a a c ll1 J 0 ition. mu t pr p rin c ipal ob j t · or p< in t · nn co nfu s d b · nb r di na t.

on ; mu t 11 ·> th m mp l t I · mu t pre nt th e111 in ·neh rei r1 urr ano-cmeut th at th m in d wi ll most · gra p th languao- pi t ar · rn n t g iv > ea ·It po in t its dn' pr oportion of labo r ation

1with r m 1• u or 1 s; a nd fina ll y, th s o bj t mn t be o ca rri d out that uni t wi ll

) .1 . tJ1e whole compo ition H nc ,, e )I' \ 'fl. l Ill

J1a,·e th fo ll owiug of compo iti o n:

1 Th l aw of se lec hon.

9. · The law of co mpl eten ess .

;: The law of m et h od.

+. Th e law of j mn wt ry.

;, Th e law of uni ty .

See Day's "R h eto ri cal Pr ax is," Powe ll s "H ()w to '¥ rit e. ')

To illn st rat e th ese law. we se lect the pi ct ur e found on pag e G9 of Bal'l1 es' Second R ea der.

In d sc ribin g thi s pictur e th e law of se lec tion r eq uir es 11 to se lec t th e. principal object in it. Th e e are the boy, the gu·l, the doll. The law of co mpl ete n ess requir es ns to

II I b · ts 11 ecessa r}' to this pictnre. Some a t 1e o Jec · of th ese may be snbo rdina te; as th e cra dl e

I. · 1e b "o- we mn st n ot unite 1n ec Jell - "o· tr.L n ecess ar y po int s in dis cribin g th ese se ve ral obj ects .

Th e law of m et h od or o rd er re quires ns to d esc rib e th ese ob j ec ts in that or de r which wi ll b est e nabl e th e r ea der OJ' li st ener to re pr odu ce th e pictur e in his imagination. In t hi s pi c tur e for in stance, with w hi ch sha ll we b egin , the or the g ir H Some tim es it is bett er to begm . 1 . e of th e prin c ipal obj ects whi ch is not the w1 t 1 on n Jo r tant in the gr oup . (Se e pictur e on pag e lost lrDl 13 . P e ll 's "How to Ta lk. ") Thi s is r eqmr ed 1n ow b . clescriptwn, yo u can often pass more eca u se 1n · eas ily from object B to ob j ec t A, than fr on A to B.

Th e law of symmet ry r eq uir es ns to g iv e eac h obj ec t its dne of attm:ti o n.

Us ually yo u would find t l: at If yo n d esc rib ed th e dr ess of one of th e prmc1pal pe rson s, yo n ·would n ee d to d esc rib e th e dr ess of anoth e r. If yo u d id not ·yon wo nld h ave a lang naO' e pi c tm e

a nn s mm t ri cal a pi ctur e wo nld be if we h uld in cr ea e the sca le up on wh ich the boy is drawn and lea \ e the cale of the girl and of th r o bj ct as it n o.w stand In this pictm e, h ow ,·er th bo s dre s is very impo r ta nt, the g id i n t. mmetry r equire a di scription of th on · but not of the otb r' s dre s. tnd in ()' the othe 1· law of thi · pictme we find b th Jaw f uuity. We ee that la 'Y exp resse d in thi nbj ct, ' Play in g Doctor. ' Now the pic t ur e bould b o describ ed th at the r ea der or li tener will cle ady s e that the ch ildr en are playin {)' doctor Thi eff ct is a resultant, following b a prop er coo rd inati on of other laws

Now, the law of composition which gove,rned th e artest in mak in g th is pictur e govern us also in d esc ribin g it. Mor eover, the e same laws gove rn us in any compos ition whet her description or narr at ion, co mpari so n or co ntrast. No r do es it matter whethe r the subject be abstract or conc rete .

L et me s ug ges t n ow that yo u take up a few pi ctur es having d esc rib ed a point in each case , a nd st ud y them by these laws. ·write the description, if you ch oose, and crit icise yo m compos1t10n. Wat ch es p ec iall y the laws of com pl etenes s and of ·meth od. App ly this system of cri ticism to any out lin es, es says or cl ass r ec itati ons yo u may be p1·e paring.

Th e next article wi ll d ea l with o ral composition, comme ncing with childr en before they h ave lea rn ed to writ e. Thr ougho ut we shall in sist t ha t a composition is not wo1·ds , woTds, wo1 ·ds; but is e.conom ic pr ese ntation a nd arti stic a rran gemen t of thought in co nn ec ted discours e; as true in its unity as an animal or pl a nt, and in l ogical arrang eme nt approximating a th eo r em in geomet r,v.

GLIMPSES OF SWITZERLAND.

BY JENNIE NEB. STJ\TE NOR!\1AL SCHOOL

I. -

Th e mann ers and cus tom s of Switze rl a nd , though sh owing mu ch of a national char ac t er , b ear the impr ess of th e Ge rman and French nation s.

E ach 'anton has a differe nt dial ect. In the s at of th e nni ven.; iti es 1mtny Gern1an fami-

•

THE NORMAL C URIER. go

lies reside; while in Gen va, Pal'isian Fr n h i the tongu of the trade peopl ". In th so uthern canton the language i. a tep fr m the Italian. A knowledge of G rman may aid one in unde rstanding the ·e dialect. , thougl1 a German may find himself as much at a lo .· in Bern or Lucern a an Englishman.

On aiTiving in a city one is impr ed by tn magniiicent proportions, beauty in th fini h· ing and furni shing of th railroad Rtation p eculiar in fir t, econd and third la divrsrons. The e are used by. the pa "ng r traveling in the clas d esignated by the placard above. Pa on to th street, turn and look at thi imp os in g adorned with car-v ing. and tatual'y .

The statwn stands at the entranc to a bl'oad avenue whi ch i p1ved with briQks or pebble , and covered \vith asphalt on which the h avy wheels of the cab Toll almost noi seles ly. The street aTe walled with large tone buildings at which the stranger will look again

d · r atP l an 1 a :-;t ut . t> rn n irl with llli C v r, l hvct l, hr ad IH 'C\. \' ,\' .· lt c p,• anti a laJ·cr ha. l·e f ,. (1'( tal>l<':-l on •ac·1 <Wrll at th ·h lJ no.' "lti< .· 11 - lr t1 o· ntl man v. ith a. ·lull 1 .r !11 :-< 1 a ' :4 }I , ha. a ·nLI f' 1 a;n ·l ar tlH· t'rown of hi:-: hat· 1 P r·l1i1d a Hh· 1. aml >f t q· i d' on tht> .·l·'v :.of llel·lnss o r('] aJc nP d <w. uot

1 ok for a familiar fn.c·v tlw f '" ign impr ·:::o; n a ·h c·otl11 nan<·c• i:-; .- () 1n·nkPcl tha it

p 1 th u O'ht of fami1 ty · \ , WOt ·kman pa :> y n n ric him.' for hlH I Pt·uliar r :'· t.um of many ·ol<r .· HI. Hllln '1' mnll pi . . and l1L · woo i n · lw •s. that •' t"'nd :1 clanking ro " sag.. n h' .·tone· .·)(h,wa.lk.

A .· rvant g irl with a h1.rcr" ba. k · l')alaJH't>cl

Here are Grecian columns s upporting the arched e ntrance over which a goddess 1J1 a most gr·aceful attitude, though leaning again. t an er ect pillar. There is a cluster of Edelweis and Alpine roses adorning the casing or, perhaps, an Apollo in his ma:jesty, a ll relieving a bare wall and blending in one hannonious whole. Artistic dPcorations al'e not confined to the public buildino·s alo n e. Th e buildings adjoin the sidewalks. · No court is left in fron t of a home to re ·t the eye of the observer, but if he turn the other way, in the middle . of the avenue will stand a bronze statue of Zwingli, P estaloz zi , or s ome oth er r evered countryman, surrounded by grass and flow ers g rowing in ar-tistic forms. This makes a beautiful contrast with

cupi d by eart and ol wagon · In ft·on of th.. . li e a larg dog w1 th a m a . . rt (If rop e harnB." , and " blanl<. t c·ov 1'· 01· it be a faithful eow that ]Ja · drawn t.h ' eart or a donkey that look. a. if h h ad 1 'Ull hi. Aronnd th e c·art . stantl pea ant::. Men, wom en, and childr n auct ion el·iHo· tlu .,. fal'm pl'oduct ·. Truly tho. · " p e? pl... lo \... tl: if th :>y had known the car...... of lif are poorly elad but models of c.l an}i. n .• anti seemin g to h av bnt one purpo of selling their products at the ... ate 't proiit· The passers aTe Slll' e to be. a a.1 l d by a Jinlf dozen calling "Bitt e f:he etma.· meint Dame" ( Please buy sometlnng Lady ). .

GEOLOGY AND BOT.f.\NY OF NEBRASKA·

UY C. s.

on a cu hion whi h fi th .. t P of h, h ,ad i · m:>t. Soon th-' way i thr ucrh a laJ·o·p ·quar' ot'· the snow-capped Alps in the distan ce . • The carriage turns and the scene chano-es . . !fhi s is a.narrow street scarcely wide en°ough for a carnage-way and s idew alk on either ide .' The and third stori es are over the s rdewalk whrch is enclosed by pill · ars supportmg the outer wall of the upper ,

y . f th e Carborllfcrons wa r The vegetatwn ° d ··t · ]uxuriance an 1 s antique forJJL markable for 1ts '- b 1 w the uigh, modern In or·ganization it was e 0

D.uring the long ages of the Eozoic t im e, !t11rl until the Carb on if erous 1\ge, Nebraska lay quieti)' beneath the tossing wav es of ,an 'alm ost bonndlc P ocean. Even during the great e r· part of thL' C ·b 'f ·ous Age an arm of th e sea occnp i d m om e1 't' d 1 . t sites of o nr popul o us c• res an comfor . presen 1 t th e waters r etr eated ond able hom es . At as the dr land appea re d. · h h 1 story. on, t e w o e stTeet is en closed at the · top by buildings. It seems like a gate-way you pas through. The shop window are

THE NORMAL COURIER.

type b ' ut nran y of it form w re exceedingly beautif 1

A .u and comp lex . . . ntiqu ated forms of ammallLfe were abundant aud their r mains may be found in many parts of state, a at Rock Bluffs, T ecum eh South Bend, and Platt m uth.

F Ot· various reasons pec uli ar to that age, the climate was almost tropi ca l far into the Arcti c regions.

During the Mcsor.oic tim es .N eb ra ka was inhabited by several kinds of slow-moving animal , but prin cipa ll y by gigantic reptiles which had a form somewhat resembling that of the lizard. As some of these settlers are said to have been one hundred feet long and thi rty feet high, we shall do the smaller ones no injustice if we 8 peak of these as ''prominent citizens.' '

The Te rtiar y Period pr od uced immense trees and beautiful flowers, whil e large anim als , such a"' the mastod on, elephant, r:hin oce ros, camel and borse, frequented the shores of the great Plioceno lake which covered a portion of ou r present state.

Next followed the Quarte rn ary Period, inaugurated by the G lacial Epoch. The contin e nt sank at the so uth while the north end rose. The .,Arctic snows crept southward and ages of winter succee ded the mild climate of the Tertiary Period. Life almost disappearerl. In the r ocks of Nebraska may still be found evidences of glacial 1.,ction during this epoch.

The chamcter and proportion, as given by one fl.uthority, of the material s laid down during the Qnarternary Period are shown by the following section of 69 feet, taken in Lancaster county:

Black surface Soil,

4 ft.

Loess, .•......................... 21 ft.

Calcareous Sand,.

Gravel, Sand, and Drift Boulders,

7 ft.

5 ft.

Black soi l with Silicified Wood, , z ft.

Gravel and Boulders, .

!Vfod. Drift, Gravel and Clay, .• ,

4 ft.

. 9 ft.

Blue Clay, I7 ft.

The agricultural value of the Loess deposit 1s d ed anywhere. Its thickness is from not excee hundred fifty feet. It forms also a five to one 1 . . 'l d t f or the 1eav1est bu1 ing s. 8 ec11re r es · 1 ·

Tl I · of gond qua}ity but lies m tun 1e coa 1B ·

Peat is ab undant but is n ot much used , ;B uilding stone a.bo unds in many co unti es. Brick and potter's clay, gypsum, ochre, and salt exist in lai·ge q uantities

The surface of the state its gently r olling, three four t hs of its area suddenly petrified waves of the ocean. The hills and rolling la'nds are formed almost entirely by erosion. Bottom lands contStitute the most' conspicuous modifying feature of the landscape It is stated that they contain one fourth of the area of the state.

The flora represents both that of the Mississippi B asin and that of the Rocky Mountains, which fact often causes difficulty in dete rmmmg pecies . The number of species an d varieties reported in the catalog ue of plants for the state is 1 2, of whi ch 244 are comp ositae and 128 are grasses.

Wild fruits are a prominent feature. The plum , strawberry, blackberry, grape, mulberry, and, last but not least, the papaw, may be had in their season, fo r the gathering.

OBJECT OF THE Y. :M. C. A.

BY A. W. OSTERHO UT , CL.ASS OF '9 3.

There is no work that is more commendable than that of laboring to better the condition of om· fellow man. A man's worth, m· true value, is measured by his ability to assist his fellow creattues in the great battle of life.

Christ says, "I am not come to call the righteous lmt sinners to repentance;"·again, He says , "The Son of man is come to se ek and sav e that which was lost'" . From t his we see that Clni st's mission was to better the co ndi t ion of man. Man was lost in darkness of sin which he him self had created; and, in his darkest hour, when there was no eye to pity, no hand to save, God, in His boundless l ove and mercy so valued the world that He sent His only begotten Son among men, incarnating Him to s uffer and die for the .sins of man.

Now , if we abide in Christ, and Christ in us, we ought to partake of his nature. w·hat. His purpos es were the n, o ught to be ours now. What He did then ought to be a type of what we are- to do n ow. The story of His. labor" ought to be a incentive for us to lab or as dili gently as did He for the sake of onr fell ow num.

THE NORMAL COURIE R.

The Young fen's Christian an organization wbi £ sociatiOn IS · · ch · eek · to b tt r th condition of young men Its . . tual benefit of it · ob.Je t I th mucially mentally - phy. i cally, o' ' a y and 1 aim i. to reach all 0 o· Pintua ly. under the infl.ue y uno men and bring th m . n e of the O'Osp l· d, 'f' po s1ble win their ul o e , an 1 ' 0 s for Christ

As an organization it · · men whose cheek Is compo ed of young s are all ao'lo ·th 1 beauty of health wh . o w WI t P

· · . ' 0 e hmb. are full of a·- tiVIty, and m whose arteri th ·red blood puls t . es e pure, bnght, fi , . a es .with .a steadi n es and rmne s so charactenstic of vi , l:Iaving then th . ·· VItahty. . ' e po ess1o n of tl · · 1 g em h ealth it beh 1'1 pnce es ' ' ooves u as childr f G d to see that our b d' ·en o o 0 le retain the · . . robu st condition. n pi e se nt

Thus, in conformity with th . ] S e teac hm()' of t 1e cnptures, we find that th y M · 't 1 1 e · .r • C .A.. m 1 s oca OTganizations lla h . · ' s, w en It can afford rt, a place fOl' athletic . . exerc1ses and bath rooms, for the purpose of ca . f' ' h' • £ I'Illg 01' t IS invaluable grft of God, the body.

But the body and SP,irit must be developed together. Where the one is the oth . 1 · ' . er must be.a o.. Man .,Gan not get away from him self. IS true there are no limit s to the range of lus thought but they mu st an be relat ed to the elf. ·

Man is related to all with whi h h .. ' bl f · . c e IS capae o Ill contact, r egar dl ess of .the manner of co ntact. Man is a s . 1 . . 001a creatur e. :N othlllg can make hrm mor e m· .. bl h · rsera e t an absolute rsolatwn from society th . . . . · " · ' or e total anmh1latwn of hi s social nature. D . · h 1 h estray t Is prmCip e m t e nat1ue of man d an you have rendereda d eath blow to the reli · f Ch . gwn o riSt.

It remains now to speak bri efly of the aim of the that of r eac hing all young men, bnnging them under the influ en ce of the gospel. Perhaps the best way that I can present my thoughts on t.ijis subject is in the of an old aying "Take care of the p·enmes and the dollars will tak . f . e care o themelves. Improve each moment and the 1 • , 'll t b 1 t" N 'f lours WI e ?S · ow. 1 we take care of all the little thmgs the greater ones will u i eec

v ry li ttl at f'J1 ion· if w" h '. -. ftp <' mmand., f • d tl1i . art of thP w rl· wJ] L lar o· l) - t· t nd t it Jf. ).[ "1 wil l .·Pek l'o1 l an l find Htm hf•ca-lt. f, of th e ir 1 \' (' a]l(l faith in Him.

BY U

11. - Lancl ed p,·op rt,t;.

m ng th . man 1 r" pl x iu g ]ll .·t ion .· wid •h pres nt d t l1 m lv 1:1 for so lu tio n wh n th Her· manic trib es nt r· d th · ·ouqn r cl t nit r,r of the Roman · wa · th n w subj t, - L nrl d property.

As the c nqu •r I' f a va t and spa r ttl d territory tb w rc n atu ra ll y · nfn nt •<1 ' . necessity of so lvin g this pr bl tn.

It was natural that the c hi e fs h rnlu iruitnt a far as po iblc, tbe xam1l l:l of th 1r f l'l'fathel· in tbis matter, app ly th methods for di sposi ng of the land whicb th used . Th e ir· ancestors bad liv ed in v illa ge , th11 adjacent land peing at the disp - al th e chiefs and wh o, eac h year t•r certain tracts of l aud to tLe individual s \'d ill were to cultivate it. Besides, these sett l eme nt s were· n ot pe rman e nt. At th e directio11 of the chief the whole of the village wonltl to some other part of th e tt·ibal domaiu. In manner they prevented th e. est ablisLm of trade. among .them, . whielr would hav e eve nt· ua.lly led to. class· distinction. ·.

· As the la nd of the tribe h::td alway s been cow s ider ed . common property' he ld 111 h d ' osal of tbe chief in authonty, Jt had bee '' t e tsp } . 1 h 1 . h · '1 e to d eterm in e w nc 1 s on d li e i cW· 1s pn vt eg Howev e r, we find hc.re a:u . e l_ei.ncnt fr o• •' the first te nded toward of German tribes; and, blit for .thts eJe·

· eut we do not see why, tn a mOle m ··t' than that from which they had com£1· tern ory b · 1 h Id riot continued in t t nr old triblll t 1ey s on b 0 flhence -· . . .· This element was t e I . e:xercH• relatwns. 0 .c tl1e te . : d · habitants L . l'l'ltorr · d b th Romamz e m · · • ,e wy e. h' tive wilds th e chtef had r eta in ed lule 111 IS na " ans of -· h' 1 by me pres nt , hi s follower s about m h . · ll b f tlits of the chflse ot t e spoils of pnnctpa y t e r bo t;J of

'H. \. H.

F '.H

war·. ll c ti ll d iPd th ir a ll o-ianc and as nnrin rr a hi s rio-ht the ab. oint cont r I f a ll tJ·ibal la 11d s, b D"an o- ivin g them g ran t of land up n c ond iti01 1 of tb ir faitlrfulne to him.

At th point ,, e 11 o nn te r a d ifticul t. hi to r·ian tak i11 g the O'I'Onnd th at the b n w 1· 1· vok d at th plea nr of th don r whil ot lJ I' a se rt that th ey w r at fir t xt end d f 1· a sp c ifi ed tim, a nd finall. ' b eca me h r ed itar '· G uiz ot, in hi · "H i tor·_y f ivilizati on, ' o l. III, ays; •M t G rman ho ld that the wo 1·d i of on gm and c.ome ft·om two unci •nt words, of whLCh one ha dtsappeared fr- om th German languag es, while the othe r still cxi ·t in many, particularly in the English form the w rd fe, fee, r ewa rd , r ccomp n e, a nd from the radi ca l od, property good po e ion . ·so that .feocl-n?n m ea ns a property given in r compen e, by way of pay or r eward. ' While other hi torian tell ns that the Latin word benejicinm u sed in te rchangabl y with . .feochMn in the period emb 1·ac ing the fifth to th.e te nth cent uri e ·. It see rns probable, therefore, that these ·benfi ces were exte nd ed for a ce r ta in peroid of tim e; but we CI'J, nn ot agree with those that hold that they were exte nd ed und e.r the old method of a ll otform e rly pract.ic ed by the Germans. lJ nd er the old 1·egime the tribe was bound more c lo se ly tog e th er by these allotments, i1.1 this case the t nd ency was toward the disp e rsiOn of the tribe, dividing it we may say into ' three distin ct c la sses; the first, consisting of the better class of Germans, who . desir ed upon rec e iving the it· land s to l eave their ·chi e f, the secon.d co nsisting of (a) such individuals as we re too indol e nt or into take advantage of th e opportunity offered aud (b) of those whose service to the chi ef wa s of so slight importance that these oppo rtuniti es were wit:hheld; and the thi'J'd cl.ass co 11 • t' (1' of thos e who, through a knowledge SIS Jl1tl , of th e ir leader, saw m the future .a prospect of e nri c hing their chief, and thereby th em se lv es, by lnea f 'llage and bloodshed < ns o p1 ·

Besides this German population, the original inhabi ta nt s, or c iviliz ed Gau1s, form <::d an imbo rtant factor in tbis problem Fo1-, as we hav e their presence tended toward the breaking up t;J the old German cnstom of t he annual allotm e nt of land. Tl1e Gauls had liv ed np on th e ir alodial

\ .

· · mau ' ea rs theJ had

laud wb re by · ' · and now l ooked w1tb built permanent home s who could hold their contempt npon the land on ly f 1: a s hort tune. . Th G

A tnf imm ed iat e! followed. . e h ()'rants destred to enJoy who had r' ceived t ese tl < 'db tl · G II' that freedom whi h was e njoye y leir ha tc h . fs in turn, song t to ne io-bb ors while the c 1e ' . . h. . German subJects, to reduce r·etam co ntrol of t th and to 1 G I de endence upon em, t 1e au to a P d · 1 t' beneficiary c bauO' their lauds from alo Ia 0 tl ()'rants. h ·

All German ociety was thns affected t IS f t} e re stless, a.mb1t10us, • civilizino- element· rom 1 • 1 t f·om his Kmg to Baron, who recetved 1' gran 1 ' the pea ant in his n e\v cottage hom e.

THE RECITATION.

RY S. :BA.UQHi\fAN.

. Th e id eal r ec itation is one which is in the h an d of the pupils , under the and control of th teaclier; i. e. the pupils are reponsible for the recitation, the for the direction. Th e first qu estion ask ed about ::i. school should .b e, HO\.Y -are the recitations co ndu cte dq Th e fir st tiuestion asked by many of *e patron s of our public is , kind of order is ke pt? While "goo d order is esse ntial to a "good r ec itation " it is by no ineans sy nonymous with in , even if the o1w does p.resuppose the other. 'l'h e teacher sho uld k eep. in mind that the object of the r ec itation is not alone to test the pupil 's knowl e dge; but to direc t his futur e study.

R ecitation is deriv ed from the Latin word 1·ecitaTe 1·e ao·ain and citaTe to call , and m eans ' b to rep eat something already prepared or committecl Now many of our recitations are partial or total failure s because pupil s arE' asked to l'ec it e what they hav e n ever prepared. A pupil's study seldom l'i es above the l'equireme nts ofthe r ec itation; therefore if the teacher dtuing the recitation , can ran th e pupil's powers into activity he l1a s laid the foundation for future study.

Th e should prepare the'l sso n ra.refnlly so that he ma.y us e thE' text-book m ere ly

THE NORMAL CO UR I ER.

as a guide. It is a book of texts and hould be u se d as such. Ofte n we see a te acher a k a question fr om a b ook, then ch ase ov er the page for the an swer to see if it will ag1·ee wi th the one th e pupil is giving. " Printed qn t ions should n ever be u sed" is an ad age old r t han the present gene ration. Why they ar place d in our text-books to d ay is more than I can tell , unless it is to help s om e of the old type teachers who can teach in no oth ei' way W hite says, "there has n ever b een ·a more stupid practice in our sch ools than 'the asking of questions fr om the b ook ,' now happ ily

• di ss appe aring. 'fhe author 's questions may be models in form and a rrangemen t, but their u se in the r ecitation degt·ades the teacher to a mere machin e, a nd re duces his te aching to a m echanical and lifel ess rout in e. Th e only p roper u se of such questions is to assi st the teacher and pupils in prepa ring for the recitation, the teacher in incr easing hi s skill in qu estioning, and the pupil in tes tin g his kn owledge.''

If the pupil is re quired ·to answer a cer tain qu estion, t he I'esult is that he s tudi es m echa ni cally, neve r stopping to ask him self why is this so, is thei·e any I·esem blan ce b etween this and an ythin g I have l earned befor e, d oes my author make t hi s point cl ear, is there a reason for t hi s, a nd s imilar ways th at ser ve to d evelop independent thoug ht

The:e are two methods of calling on pupils t? reci te; a nd each h as i ts advantages a nd dis_ad vantages . F ir st , the t opic method, u se d qm te extensi vely in the bigheT grade s; secon d, the_socr atic method , u sed in all g rad es . For a smgle method the last is undoubte dly the best, but a bina tion of the two is preferred. The topic m ethod a llows the pupil gr eater fr ee dom, sa ves tim e, is less w ork for the teacher, a nd can often be u sed to gre at advantaO' Th '1 t .,e . e ev1 s o be avoided are fir st the nu 'l . ' ' .r pl 18 apt to make his stateme nts too

(J'eneral · se d o ' , he m ay know but lit tl e a bout the top1c and still t lk .t . 11

xa t. 'Ill

·la ·. and to pi c u nd r 1u ti n. Wh il h he should not b in rrupt d by .th of h ad s or h l'ai ing of hand .

tend n cy to mak him hn.n rre t h.. t at m o he is makin g. Aft r h i at d a nd n t ti the n, should h and s b d or e rr ti n made. Cle ar xpr s ion h ould ahYflj b in si ted upon , b au e it is th . k ) to \ li under stand ing, hi kn owl dg , a nd hi pow•

WE TAKE pl eas u re in annou n ci ng t ou r r ,3 Li t that, b eg inn in g with the Ma rch Numb er ( th e CourieT, th ere wi ll be ·a se ri es of article:! Pro f. A. W. No rto n. T he int r od u cto ry nrt ic w hich w ill a pp ea r in the ne xt i ss ue, is e nt ir1 1 " Prof ess io nal Prepar ation ." Th is ar ticle w i11 1 of sp ec ial int er est and he lp. to Yo un g te a chl' and teachers of limi ted e xp enen ce

Th e other articl es e mbrac e the prin c ipl es c lass man age men t, sch ool man age m en t, th e gr ing a nd s up e rvi sion of sc h oo ls, a nd the scicl' and ar t of te ac hin g.

Th ose who h ave h ea rd Pro f. NO rton 's loct!l on the se a nd o th er snbj ects- kn ow in part 1_ value of th ese articl es to th e t eac hers of Y b k a Th e t ime h as a rriv ed wh en none l''' ra s . . 0 pro fe ssional teachers can s atisf y th e d ernauri" . th e paren ts and sch oo l a nd our be: d cators in s ist u pon th e pl'Of esswnal tra init\g ' e u . I e'' teachers. We hop e th ese art iC es m ay be r · by every teacher in th e s tate.

---------------d f ,,,

AN EXPE RIM E N'l' wa s rn a e a . ew Jll cttll "th the fou r- f oot search hg ht ftt aO'O Wl 'fb . til' W ld' s Fair grounds. e power of 1 d th . a qu1 e 1nte l gentYi an trd, he may wand t f f h . er oo ar rom t e subJ ect. The Socr atic method bri cr th e '1 a· 1 n os p up1 uect y und er the gui dan ce of · the teacher, a llows him to a dhere stric tly to th e or . d t al th at of 1 600 0 l' ht is e stlJmate 0 equ ' ' lg dl '.Db e la mp cas ts so s trong a li g can es . b ad b 't th t news pap er can e re c: Y I at d a a . Tl'a; tan ce of fift een miles .-P ·

TH E NORM AL COURIER.

ADVERTISING RATES

iu D"l ol nmn inD"l in 1:t i u 75 fnrni sh d on appli cation to bu in s

E. DELZ ELL, } Bus in es H. HAY fa ua g rs.

P rinted by 0. ff runt, :Job Pr in te r, Aubur n, \ eb r.

NOKMf\L SGHOOL.

Faeulty.

"\. \\".. "OHTOC\ , A. i\ 1. , Pt<I " ll'AI.

""fcac hcr nf l ':) Fo. yc hology, Ethi cs, L ogic, an d th e . c! cncc :uul Art n£ T eac hing.

:0.1ISS E LIZA C. :O.fO RGA -, P rt ECEPTK ESS, 'fcachcr of Li ter at ur e, R hetoric, Ge neral Hi sto ry and Phys iolog-y

1£. B. DV :\' CA N SO :"< , B. -. 'T c:achcr of Bo tan y, Geolog-y and Zoology.

A. H. Vr\ •. VLEET, T ea cher of Clu .:.111i st ry , Phy ics and stronomy.

G. W. E LLIS, B. A., Teacher of 1\Iathcmatit·s a nd

MI SS FLOR EN CE M. \V RI <? H T, Teach er of Oral and 'Vrittcn An thm ctlc.

MI S JE NN IE M cL AIN, Teach er of l ni tcd States History :md Geo gra p hy

MISS MAR TH A \ VINNI E r eacher of L:l ng ua gc an d Gra mmar

LILLI AN R. K ELLOGG , _ T cnch cr nf R ca tlin g, Draw ing , Civ il Governm e nt :tnd Ro ok·Kecktng.

MI SS B ELLE TH O MA S. Teacher of Pr inel pl cs of Instruction, nnd Su pe rinte nd ent of Pra cta ::c.

MISS M. EVELYN RIRSS, First Critic T eacher in Pr acti ce Sch ool.

MIS i\'IA-rriE EL LIS, Second Cr itic Teacher in Prac ti ce Schoo l.

• E. M. LIP PITT, 1'e:lcher of V ocal a nd Ins trum en ta l 1\tlu s ic

MISSJE NN IE HOYT, Li brarian and S te nographe r.

J OHN BL ANKENS HIP, Janito r.

goattd of Edueation.

1 GO V DY

.· .S upt Pub. Inst., ex -officio,

IO N. A. K. S ]3ARTL E"Y Sta te Tr easure r. ex- ojjicio , Lmcoln

HO N. JO SEPH · y 0 1

·O >89- -EN NED ·

·.... 1ll.lt n. ; term e xp.ucs 1

liO N. B. E. B. KR d Cl 1 • p> res •89 •

, [ -qy

e O U( ; tt: l')ll t: X • .J

l·ION. C. KA D k

ED ITORI ALS.

PR F. HAR LE A. B riggs, of the Uni on Th e loD" ical e min ary, :N ew Yo rk, bas been prono un ced orthodox b the :N ew York pr es byte ry. To the uu biased ob server th ere is an am u sing as w ll as. a erious side, to the pr ocee dings of t his tria l. With the cha ng i ng o.f two or three votes Dr. Br iggs wo uld h ave been pronounced a heretic. T he qu es tion at on ce suggests itself Do vo tes make her ti c A cco rdiuO" to th e la te decision this 0 wo uld s ee m to be true. The d ecis ion of the presbyter 7 h owever all o ws Dr. B riggs prac ti ce and pt·eac h the high er cri tic isms wi t htn the pale of hi s c hurch. . D nri ng tbe 20 da, s of his t ri al the re we re SlX prin ci pal c ha rg es pr efe rr ed, and o ne hundred twe nty- nine ministe rs at the fina l di vision. It is a signifi cant fac t that a lar ge numbe r of the fore most fe ll ow cler O"y men failed to co mmit th em- c. sel ves wh en th e t ri al came. A mong the se may be Dr H,a ll , Parkhur st, Pa xton a nd Sh e dd Wheth er or n ot th ese gent lem en were ' P. a ired ' may never be kn o wn . But th e ir a bs e nce from the division ce r tai nly was n ot the r es ult of pass ive in d ifference.

One of th e sa li ent feat ur es of the t ri al was th e abi lity and for ce w ith which Dr . B ri gg s mad e h is ow n defe ns e. Wbile th e l eader in th e prosec ution, Co l. John J. McC ook, of Princton Coll ege, m ay h ave pr oved the better th eol ogian, Dr. Briggs w as un que stionabl y tbe su peri or l aw yer.

To th os e n ot imme diately in te re sted, the whole con trove rsy wo uld seem to be th e o utc ome of the sp i ri t of pro gr es sive thou gh t w hich ch aracter iz es t he p t·esent d ecade. The pr osecuters did n ot a sk if D r. Briggs expo unded to his vast audienc es t_he e te rn al p rin ci pl es of t ru th; but the y asked if the in terpr etat ions w hi ch. he had espo used in stri ct acco rd ance with th e chm·ished d octrin es of ce r tain of his clerical cont emporaries a nd pr ede cesso rs. Fo r, says th e Courr ant, " He re is a C hri stian mi ni ster who has come to th e ti rne of gr ay hai rs with out a visible sta in on h is Chris tian char ac te r. He has gi ven hi s life to the se rv ice of his church'. Re su bsc r ib es to her cr eed, al th ou gh his i nterpr etation of it d iff er m so me })a t·ti cul ars fr om th e in te r pretations of hi s

•

THE OR \AL C I ER

He hold and teache s the .-• doetrin e f gr ac a e arn es tl y a any of hi pr osec utor . He i not accu ed of any fa ilur e in that l ove fo r GoJ a nd for hi ne ighbor on w hi ch, ac ·ordiug to th' l' o nnde 1· of ' hri tan ity, hang a ll the law t il pr o ph et . He i n ot arraign ed for any failur in t hat pra cti ca l bene Yol en ce a nd th at 1 er ·onal ri ght living which ' hr' t' ar ostle d eclared to b th. e se nc e of pur e and und efi led reli gion."

With ut e nt e rin g fa1·th er int o tl1 e ruCJ·its or dmerit of either id e, we are fore d to bcli v th at th e pr e e nt cl ec i ion in thi s tri al will ta nd as a fundamental preced nt in tho ad van ce m •n t of e thi ca l sc ience.

TH AT tlPre i a g rmYino- n ee d in ur pnhlic· •·chool · fm indu t1·ial teacl1ing i vi. :l en purpo e of th e publi · · ·hool L· the tmillmg of itiz en , a nd thos branl'he.· ·hould b0 tauo-ht which wi ll do thi s mo .'t effe ·tiv Jy. That cith en is not at l1i s best who h a. nly m ental abili ty. He may n(we r n ·e a trad , b_ut he i. more cal ab le if he oml1 in es, w i. th Ju accomp li lun nt s of th e m ind , th. pow1 1· to u ·e hi.- ha nd .·1d.llfully. training is not manual train ing. 1< or not only is th e h an d e ducat e d, but th e eye b comes mor e correct, a nd th e intell ee t i · quickened. Th e. hand ha oee n caUed th e .'en-ant of the eye . It is no t th . ervant, -it 1 ::; th co -wor ker, and .sh ou ld be tra in ed as uch 1'" · · ·

· · · . of this kind i · th.e b es t possil)l e auxll:i,ary to th e usual wor k of the ch oo lroom. In th k' e lll CLer garten a nd pnmary de-

the childr en are taught e nt . y thro ugh objects,-as th ey sh o'ltld be aught But 1 · · · on eavmg th ese g rad es th ey are Iequned only to ft d fi . . ' 0 0 en, to l earn me aninrrl es e mt1011 c1 .· . o t • h. an pllnelpl es If a pupil can o·o a: to? l s, and, thro ugh the ir u se, mak e. :n .1:' ll l catio n of the nil e h h · bettel' . t'll d e as JU St le arn e d, or, ] 1 , duc e the rul e from hi s 1 1a o-am ed . 1 woi .... , 1 ested in hi culabl y. He becomes int e r" 01·k and sees · · . trenothe ned nh J lt s \1 , e. He lS 5 ·S In o rd er that tl· y. 11 Wot1 - b . our public sch ool '- lnay e taught in · w rrru ·t hav e · t ach er Very f w tramed ' .ven thos w1to a. r t1 hP t worker at th · t . · 1 e en la.d ' al·e capahl e of

tPadtin p; tlu nt • ' u<"h a is tl1 •r 1 twe •n knowi11 g andl w in g- ahl(· to i11q art k11 w) ·lg(·l ro1 C'l'] _\·. \\- t• nal untlly l oo k ' hf , 'c lu ol · to Hll}>ply I I. ' wi tl1 tl a ·b for tlw ord i ll<.n)· :·w h oo l wo l'l\.: th "-hy u ot lo ,k to tlwtll fo r I r:t i JH <l i lHln tti t 'I ] 1 , ti Jll <' is .· un 1_,. c·on1i ng,

Hot Y ·r.r far cli s t< ut wll ·11 01 11' l'llhl i c· ::-;c ht' 'ill n ot h · t ll o 1t g ltt t· otllp l( h· ,, it 11 11 t 1.:'.,. ,. tt ly . Tilt' oqll :d · ' cho< 1:'> m t. · t1o a,ll i11 rh ' ll' powl'l' f t) ll H'< 'l t iJ,. 1 t"L('hP r .' ·w hi rlt wi.ll f'ollo" ·· 11 o • tht t !J i:-; d ":PGt l' tl H' ll f· trai ll i tl g Wol'l - <Hll •tf I o nt . • 'o nll' of tts 111i g l• t n ,,. •t· ll t', rh : in t1t c: _o n1i11 a. ry : c·ll oo ] -r()on •, l> nt th 1• in {'rc:1ht ph r .' ical aJlcl Ill >JJ t:tl }l0\\'1'1 ' t·h liS n- nitH' will 1 "Ht Ji t ll .' for th e wo l'l ' 111 t it , 1\ r oon t of lifP.

AMON+ 0 111' J'l' (' (' llf; PX t·h :: ]ICI' l' • \ M \- (.' pl a,s ure in ::L nnollndn g tl1 p l' P (· t>ipt of foll o wing Educational JottmalH: 'Ph e Jl!l11.s-i cicw, .·(·nt o nt f 1 tl • '0111

N hra ·ka Co n .· n atn ry of I nsi c· ] 1 • 1 1 ' -' l<' II. rFh e 71form{l,l E'ytr', se nt. fron 1 th (\ l(l'' ' Sate .NoJ·n1al r.hoo J, 't clat Rapill.·.

Th e I nclus t 1·ial c ho ol 001.61 '-i r> r I 1.1 1 t 1 h · ' . I t

· the ho y ..· of the Incln. tnal eltnol at [ l' ' "' l . Ne br a ·luL.

Th e Pipe of P eace p rin tt·cl by th bo ys of th e Indi.an Tr a ining Se ho ul at Ne bra.·ka.

Th e In 'clian I-Ielp e1·, print c l by th" Incli1 boy s of the Tndning · al'lL.:le, Pe 11 1·. Th e 'R ei£ Jl![an, the int ere ..:t <,1 Indi an Educati on. 'flu s 18 cl_eYot ec1 e 11 dnll.' to t ll e in te1 ests of tJ1 e ln chan a.l] 0 _. _.. r til <' Un ited States, aiH.l is publi ·he el Ttnd -·r t1\t' diJ: ect ion of Capt Pratt, wl1 0 ha s he " 11 s uper1JI te nd e nt of th e Training f?dwo l at C m·li :'Y · Pe nn sy lvania. f or mlcLllY ye m·: . - '

Se nd 50 ren ts and obtain . the Cou 1uER th e r es t of th e\ y ear, In e1 ndhw th'' f \_\iVN valu ab le articl es by Pro · 1 · · Ol·tou.

Within th e J<,-t st eig htee n y "al·s ooo 000 h ave b een g iv en fol' e dneahona.l 1,ur . a· . l p0 13ef> 11 y :private m 11.: • ·

'I'll <Tl l{EK'I' I :r HI 'T RY.

FOH .\ lff STOl Y · Tl DE 'r.-; _" \. gl a. l u· · a .t" t h<• <'Xi ti 11 o· p Ji.ti cal ;-;i t uati n n:-; of th t· fon·mo.-t t•n 1111 tri es of tltt· \\·orld. 1 ·ads to _ thl· t·on ,·it"t.ion thn t th 1• pn s t•n t .n: ar will '''tt n<·s.-; <',·<'nts and <'hano·efi hi . torica lly of \' ,.., . <1 st illll)()l'btllt' •. B nt ho nH. w e. Pt' th l' po w(·r.- of th e l'X ·<·ntin "' an cl kg i l atin· 1>J ·aw·lH •:-; of o ut · o·oq·mnH.: nt: fo r t lJl• iir t ti1 1w t l11.:' Ci dl \\ :Lr H' t cl in th e Dtm or n Lt ic l1 ctJ t. ·. lH ". will ha ' ·" to wi t l1 1n onwn ton · pnblil' quL·st i n of lmw :·tanding; t lt L' m o:-;t a.h s orbiu g of "·hiC'lt \\·ill h; Wif'IJ all its.tlh·i antl f.; Uhclid :.:: ion ;:;, pmtP(·tiun or fl- ee tra.d '. \.n otl1 ' I' qu es tion of gJ·f>at \vlli (' lt it-. '"ill 1> • nlll ed np on to lS \\' ll l't lt 1' t 1t <> Hikcl 't at c: s can aft'ord to ntaill ta.in <L 1'0 la ti mt l wt \\' e !:' n t]H• <'Xt:llcwge <t hlt• of g:o ld and ;,; ih e l'. Otlwr work for the Clen··land admini.-tration i. · :i n ::;t n•\'i. ion of h at in ·n'''L ino· llp olt om· tr '<:l..'l1l'y , tb.e pe n:.::i on .li t. \.ncl l n.:-;t pmvidino· i.t i .- no t .-ettle l bd'ore th" e nd of Mr . Ha. ni:;;o n 's tPrm art' tlt e vital of National quara.nt.i n0 tLliCl tlw r es rietion of fo1·<'ig11 ilmni g nL t ion.

Turnin g to Gr eat Britin.n it i. ohdon s that :-;ine(' J 886, no .) Par )w ::; b ee n of snr h · co nRc:gu-' nc e in i.t. · hi st or y a will lw th e I 1· Rt:' nt. \ r Pce nt.J y eh ., (·t<'.cl Hon se of Comm ons mn st <>on a ·'l" l'l i on upon whi ch han g· the ±_a t( o:f i;he better gove rnm t:• n t of Ir eland , <"L hill fn1· he ing no"v in <'Ol ll' S<' of <' On··trllrtion l>.r a eolnmit teP of t1t E' Cab in et In France th e e xi stin g political inten'st is Jikely to of oTea.t ig nifira.n ce; a,nd t lwr e 1s <-'xcitemP nt. ancl f t:: ve ri sh :t11:xi · ty oYer th e ihl e r es nlt s of the gen(' l·c.t.l d en ti on, · whi<"h will take pla. c.e in (J<. to lwL

Ue n na ny too h as it s di stnr b jn o· politi<'n.l ( 1 • • 1 . I? . 't-'U1en t.s wht C' 1 Ctl.Lnn g 1 B98 mn.y e on tribut e 1 ll1tp o na.nt e n,nt s t<;) it s hi sto r y. De:U··a.ted in •t a0·, th · yo lln.o· K aiser's pet hill for t lJ p a rm y i.- now in tlw hands of a ('0111m i tt r"e, thB nwjorit) of who st' memb e1·s a.re >l li)P ·eel t.o i.t unl ess i.t i · s nbj e rtecl to rno rliti(' <Ltions with . i ts e. A 1 '

tl e a.dl oe k in tbe 't>rmnn i;:: , t!J,·refon . Jikl:' l)- to n <:::ne. Ho\,- th e emp e ror i. to H\'Oid thi <:: mbarrn. :-; in o· prt"(lit•anHnt js thf' qu s hon ont f '''hi eh eriou ebano· ma.y c-om to 1 a :. To ''i thdra.w th e a rmy hi1l nftt:> r h ::w in ,; C'laim c1 it e - ntia.l to the weifate of thP peo ph:, \\' On1 c1 be da.n o·.er ou to the _ fntnn• of th Kab r' intln en ce a nd pr tigt:: 'rmYnrcl .' pain tl1-' Am erica.n look \\ith th (: pecFliaT in t n· t of th . mon . d man 1' '-'ad_, - to bu.' hi n i o·bb or plum . pain ha n ba to a nd ncl e am ha th mon ;: to bn) it. 'rh e mn of 83 000.000 i >< sngg<-':-; t >d n ::; th e 1)1·ire· t'L larg ·um, to b, sm c.\ , but th H Cn b;L i Dnd n.m ' ch i f purn yor of sn o·ar a nd fin ' tobacco b ide::; be in o· of grpat n t1n t for tr ategic r ea::;o n , a nd the r _ fore pc.n tieul a rly d s ira ble for annexation a.ncl as the sum of 83 000,000 me an re li ef th pr ese nt y ,ar m ay nb a chang hand .

A for Ru s::; ia. , the ae tion of the Czar depe nd lar o·=>ly upon the tr e nd of e' 'eilts in w stern Eur pe, h at her pl ar e in the hi tory of 1 89:-3 C'a.n o nl y be ronj eetur e cl. •

In Arab ia a nd Per ·ia the re are thr eate ned l' t:' \·olnt. ion . In P rs ia., ow in_?· to th e att mp t of th Sha h to intr odu ce hit s of ei\'ilizn.t.ion in th e s ha.pe of ba nk s. ra1lwa) ' and the te l graph the emnity of the ·rvro slems i t: ac ti n•, a ncl th e it nn.t iml. lWerarifms.

In South C hili and Brazil haw form ed an a lhanr e, Peru and th e A 1·o'e t' R · . a n ep nbhC' h a.Ye_ rombm e d, th ere is tl·oub] oYer tlw treaty w hi rh e nd ed tlH wa1.' b et• c v\ Pl:'ll Chili a ncl P ru, ancl •th o·1 ,. t • • • ...., b ea e1: 1:n.rt of So uth Ame n ca chning thi s 3 ear i hk ely to he eom uls e cl by a fratrieiclal \Y a . c . l. onnng ba ek to North Americ a, we l oo k to Canada as Unc le Sam's bricl eJert . Pop 1 ' 11 :1 t Se ntnn e nt fa,vo lS th0n Ulll Oll. VVh eth , . s hall lw in 189 3 or in a m orP cli sta ut f 'Cl lt · · · l · ntu n-. .'ll ch 1 bounc to b the eventful fnt f ' <L e o on nortlwn1 1wig hbm·. Cn ?' rent L ·t . . r l e?rtt wre

N ORMAL NOTES.

Prnf. No rt ou h as in an o· nr ated a of , f I . ' . 0 ' ll CC'OSf;n l11U s1c 1esso us m cl tup e l. B es id e. the ln ll stc

NORMAL

gained the hints in school manageme nt ar e invaiuable to young teacher s. -::·

·At the suggestion of .Prof. Norton th e seniors have formed a class organization and have elected the nece ssary officers .

The practice department ha s a large corp s of teachers this y ear. The training clas con sis ts of seve nty members and the senior cla ss tw e nty six, while there are onl y on e hundred and twenty fiv e children in the practice group s. The problem is a difficult one, but by efficien ma nagement it is at last solved, and th e work is progre s. ing sm oo thly.

Owing to the unu sual size of the cla ss th e seniors have decided to devote two ev e ning s to their Th eses. One half will be given Saturday eve ning, March 25, and the remainder the following Mo nday March 27.

PROGRAM.

For the Ninth Annual Session of the SouthEastern Nebraska Educational Association, Beatrice, March 26th-31 st, 1893. Subject to change in th e March Number.

WEDNE SDAY, MAR CH 29th, 3 P. M. Round Tabl e Conferences.

County Superintendents-"Record s and Reports ,'' A. Goudy, Lincoln. Rural Teachers-"Course of Study for Rural J. L. McBrien, Tecumseh. Pnmary Teachers-"Avenues of Expression in th e Primary S h 1 " M' M E c 00 ' rs s · velyn Birss, Peru. Sch ool Office '' Kee n· . IS- Ping 1stnct Accounts " Wm. J. Miller, Holmesvill e. '

WED NESUA.Y, MA RCH 29th, 7:30P.M.

A ddress of Welco me L M p b t · ' · . em er ou Presid en t B oard of Education B t . ' , ea nee . R esponse, C. R. Atkin son Fairbu ' ry. Pres id e nt 's A ddre ss • Re cep ti on.

COURIER.

TR K DAY M AK'll 30T ll A. :.r.

cho 1-r oom l mp r ,. •ru nt nnd U · r at i 11 w.

F. r nm b Endi tt.

Ec n m) f Ti m in tl e Ba r L in · In: J il ia Ra 1 ' I I ' J. '. • 100 -ro tn , r l' nw n

Th e Rc lati n f Ru r n. l · h Is t(l hi gh 1· In tit u ti ns of L a rnin .

1. To th pr , .nt Hi gh l:;t rlin g· '. I. J. Ba rk t"

2. T a H. f h I ,\. ,

3. 0 1·t n P ru.

4. niv 1· iti s a nd 'o il g s Ln wr nc1 .F oss ler, Lin co ln.

TH RSDAV M 11 H 11 2 0 -nr 1:. P. l\t.

MQd el la ss in Prim a ry Re adin g .M i Lnlr Leger Be atl'i c

Di scu s ion, Mr E. F. Tu cke r, L in ·oln.

Th e Imp o rtanc e of g od lit era tur e, J. B Be thany.

A Ple a for mor e Eugli h in th e G 1·a mm r Grad 5: (a Gramm e r, Mr M. E. Ru s T c um eh(b) Lit eratur e, E. E. Phillip s, Wyrn or . Apparatus:

1. For El eme ntMy Work in Rur al Sch . J S V E D ·id

2. For High Sc ho ol s, an at on, l\ 1 C ity.

Its U se and Abn se , M. D. Hb rham, Adam s.

TH U RSDAY, MAR CH 30RH, 7:30 P. l\1:. ' AT THE PJ\ 1 ,. no cK 0J> E RA Hou sE.

Lecture by a promin e nt platform omtor.

1 FRTDA Y 1 MAR CfJ 31ST, 9 A. M.

How to att e nd the Columbian Exp o sition, C. 0 Pearse, . Beatrice; Mr s. Alice E. Goudy coin.

Administrati on and Sup e rviSion: _r,f.

1 Re lation of Board to Teache r, H. . A . M c dl 1189' Bravto n, Pawnee City; . D. .c an Wy;nore; Miss Vernie Robinson, Fill e y. 2 Relation of Superintendant to · c · Leacl 11 H. R. Corbett, York; Miss arne < 1, bum.

d t to Board., w'. 3 Ri lation of Superinten en · 1 c·t Geo R. Ohatbnr n M. Clary, Nebras m 1 y; · : Wymore.

t Rega ·d · 4: Th 8 e rint e ndent's Dtl y I Ing P · e fulp's Te achers, lJ . O. And e rson , rograms o u Seward. of t• i du and bidd e al n bo ion li b by l' oo ot sc ex lh Laws e ntitl in owns lltitl 1tlau

DhP OF ' PER\ OFFICIAL.

A. K. ,01 DY: , PE RT :r E:XDEN'J'.

.D ci

F1· m t il C' i r f Oma ha r l ath t th of th, b ard l;o ma in tain a tr a.inin o· t•a.c h r .. T hi. · ffi · hold . t ha t wltil th r i · n dmL bt th tLt .· n ·h n. · h ol }Jrop rl - o ndu t c1 mi o·ht h a. ben fi t to th pub li r ch l and whiJ th-'r" i · no tat nte xpr " ly f rbiddin o· th, b ad. of a.uy ci y in th tat to e tab li. ·h and nr n. iutain uch a ·ch oo l, it i al 0 ·1 ar th at th r i no le o·al autho ri ty for n ·h a ·hoo l und er th s np en ision of a cit bo ar d of du c a.tio n. Th ref or it i th opinion of t hi o ffi ce th at the e xp e nlitm ·of publi c ch ool money f or any in g on tS uch a. ch oo l n ot anth oriz · c1 by the statute .

Ans'lo e7· to

1. I am of th e o pini on th at a co ntr ac t mad e b tw en a sc h oo l b oa rd and a re li gious societ y, by vi 1·tue of whi ch ncb socie t.Y ma y o cc up y a l' oom in th e sc h oo l building for re ligi ous and ot her ex ec ises that will not inte rf ere with th e sc h oo l is va lid, pr ov id ed such con t ra ct ex te nd b ey ond th e ne xt annual s ch oo l dt stnct lh eet in g. S ee f oo t-note 3, page 4 0, Scho ol Laws of 1 89 1.

2. It is he ld by this office that a pe rs on can be e ntitl ed to sc hool pri v ileg es onl y in the district in whi ch he resides. Th e mere fa ct th at a man owns prop e rty in each of s ev e ral di stri cts d oes not lltitl e biro to se nd his childr en to s ch o ol in as I 1tlau y districts.

" b 11 a choo l i clo ed by on le r of the board on a cc oun t f nn e pid e mi c th e teacher is nt itl ed t h r pay pt' OI' id d he hold s he1"elf in r au in - at all t im to r nm e her du ties.

±. teac h r 's co ntr act no t in clu de th e jani to r· wo rk ncb a wee ping, kindlin g fi re . ch opp in o- woo d nn l it i so ta ted in th e contra t, and th t ac h r wh o d oes such ext ra wo rk 1 ntitlcd to xtra pa for o doin g.

Th e law i il nt on the s nbj ec t of makin o· up I t tim · it i however, cnstomar; for a t ac h t· to ma ke np lo t t im e by agr ee ment betw n h r If and the boa rd.

6. Th er i no law warranting th e dismi ss al of the cboo l b th e t eac her durin()' the mee ting • 0 of t: h tate T .A. soc iati on withou t th e ·on nt f th b oa rd.

'7. I am in clin ed to think that the affirm a ti ve vote of a maj o rit y of all th e me mb ers of th e b oa rd of trn t ee i n ece ary in ord er to l egall y c han ge th e sal a ry of th e teache r.

Th e sta tut e d oes n ot requir e that a r eco rd of prof ess io nal stat e ce rtifi cates sha ll be mad e in th e offi ce of th e co unty s up e rite nd ent. It does requir e, how eve r, that ce rtifi cat es a nd dipl oma s from th e St ate Normal Scho ol sha ll be so r ec orde d, a nd that th e hold er of su ch normal certific ate or diploma shall pay a r ecord i ee of on e dollar.

9. Thi s offi ce holds that th e dir ec ti on to th e di stri ct bo a rd g iv en at th e annual m eetin g relative to th e am ount of school to be held for the ensuing ye ar is final and that the board ba s left no dis cretion in th e matter but mu st carr y out th e ' will of th e di stri ct so e xpr esse d. It is al so the opini on of thi s offi ce th at th e re is no legal power to chang e this dir e ction at a special m ee ting of th e district.

To the Educators of Nebraska:

In reply to constant i nquirie the f h NORMAL COURIER b eg leav to ·ay tha: •

1. They desire the b t arti 1 : children, E ssay s, Popul ar Articl · on Edu ati n . room and Holiday E xerci ses, M thods for ch ool and la .. · Management, Tech nical Articl , Elem n ar ·it n e( L ess on s,-in short, ever ythi ng of inte1· st to th clu ational world.

2. All such ma nu scri pts offered th m will he art>fully and promp tly examined.

3. For every paper found avail able recogni tion wi ll b made upon i ts a cceptan ce, wi thout wai ting for it pub l ication.

4. A rticle s from memb ers of th e Alumni of our Stat In stitution s and Edu cators of Nebraska will r ec i ve special attent ion.

5. ' Th e Editors esp ecia lly requ est th at th e n ame and addres s of the author should be place d at the h ead of ev e ry manuscript, and not on a separate s lip.

6. The fun ction of the CouRIER is to bring the teachers and students of Nebraska the thoug ht s of our ablest educators on the most popular and practi cal subj ects pertaining to education and to enhan ce the inter ests of om· ' State Institu tions of Le arning.

All business letters and MSS. should be a ddresse d · simply THE NORMAL Cou RIER, Peru , Ne brask a.

P RIN A. W. No RTO N.

NEBRASKA STA TE N ORMA L SCHOOL • --- N o. 6

PERU, NEBR ., MAR CH, 1893 . Vo l. I.

E " I"AB I.J ' II Ell AN IJ 1\r NT H LY BY TO E

T ... V \"L E£1', Edit o r.

l\l A y \V) E · · · · tant Edi tor '. 11SSOCIAT E 1-: I> ITO K><

C !! A .. s. JO E, JULI \·\ORT \LI CE \·\ALL ACE

f AY D VIE-, ··· ec r tar f.

l!I' Sl:\E:' S JA •. E. DE LZELL , JA . H. HAY , Trea urc r.

T ER MS OF S UB SC RIP TIO N:

On e co py, per sc h of year . , . 1. o0 l' S in gle co pies , ea ch :..:._: •

SO CIETY D IRECT O RY.

PHIL Ol\•!A TH EA

So ci ·ty ev . fri day eve nin g . dur in g . terms ,. at 7 :oo

Spe · 1 ·vcn to deba ti ng and ong mal II' OCk 111 oratory. Cta a tt e ntt on ffl 0. J. ST.I NIJ LEY. Pres id e nt.

E\ ERE TT OCI ET Y.

F ri day el·enin g d ur ing sch oo l term . 1ew s tu de n ts are cspcc i;:dlv irw it<:d to join us in o ur lrte ra ry wo rk.

• MAY \V .I TK I ="" · P re 1den t.

cO RP US E LI TU :'I l.

E v: ry f rid ay V:! ll in .,. rl ur ing Ho lidays and sp ring vaca ti o n. n JAiiiES BAYS, Pres ident.

P HI LU PP I AN OC JETY.

E1·ery f ri day even ino- dur in g th e su mm er. F specia ll y for higher ·turl en ts and of th e Al um ni us in g th e libra ry d urin g \·ac:1 ti un. Jn :E I' II G li I.II. At' , Presid e nt.

TH E NO R MA L M ILITI A.

PRo .- H. B. Du:-·c

T. s. \'A I' VLEET

'TALK TO TE CHERS.

I. - Pr ofe s io na l Pr epa'rati on.

BY P HI "' · \. W. NO RTON.

Do yo n in te nd to tea ·h? If o th re a.T e r ta in t hing whi h ou hould settl in yo ur min d befor mm eJ1 c ino·. Th e fir st of th es \\h at i yo ur o bj ct in t a.c hin o·? Is it to mak mon y? ertainl y tha t ought to be one obj c . I i , r. du y in t hi s world to ·work for mon y to work for .as mu ch a b · can o·et. If rou do t hi fr om the right motiv it is th mo t nn elfi h t hin o· yo u ca n do. To am and s a.v mon ey to pr Yent on e's b comin g a b ur de n to fri nd or fell ow m n ar prai. eworth y and eleYat in o· ae tidties . a ril y th er ar e ohj ct t:i other than mon eyg ttin g. Wh at ::n· th e? Do yo n wi sh to t ra.c h for th e impr on'nwnt of 3 our el f? Tha t too is a \Y Orth y mo tiY e. No m an im pro, ·es who i ::.ati ti. ,d wi th hi s pr ese nt. a.ttai.nm Pnt s. n Me n may rise on ste ppin g stones

Of th eir dead sel ves tq higher thin gs ."

Th eFe is no \YOrk lik ely to creat e nev; an d hi gher longings. than doe teac hin g. Th erP i no work b et t er fi tt cl to s ati sfy th e hi gher

Doe tert.ehing Ree m to promi sl"

Co mm ancla nt.

. Adj ut an t. A. Qut VEY .,

Captatn Co. H.

Captai n Co A. Dtr·,, Nr-: ,IL

T HE I\ ORMA L M ILI TA RY B AN D.

'\ H A · \ I. EET . Leader. l> ° p 'd ·l ilT Stt EL I.il OilK ·

THE AT I-11 ETI C AS:OC IA TI O !\.

rest e nt.

l> l\ f OR iT Z ,. . Preside nt.

lt\1 11 1.· •. .• , •. 5ec re tar y.

YO U NG ]'vlf ''S CH lU. Tl AN ASSOC IATI O De,·oti ona l me eti ngs and Bible in No rm al B uildi ng. C. !":. JnNt·s, Pres. T. F. Sec'y

YO Ul\'G CHRIST I AN A. SOC IATI.ON m e( tin gs an bb le clas:: es rn 'orm al P. urldin g. (. II' Rrr ' J\)1!\ !\ Mt'C OY, Sec'y.

Simil y the b est field for ]Jl' OYidin g for yo ur "an ts of hod} a nd mind m do yo u l oo k up on it in yo nr moments of b est thoug ht , as fnrni s h· in g the hi gh es t o pp ortuniti es for fnlln ess to other s? yon setth• tl w se qu e:-; tion s ·o will be y on r fntu rp rar eP r as a t eac her. Should you mak e all th es P obj Pc ts th e t>lllh to hr att a in ed, pla ri. ng tll L' l ast a bO \' e a 1l. o th ers. yon \Yill cl e'.·in to lwro nw n prof ess iona l tt:> aell€.'1".

te al'h in p; n, lWoft-- ,·sion :"Ls la,,·, mc1li ein P n.ncl th Po log_y an" profp ,•:;: ion s? Ct rtainl y in thr <'..\' Pragr mi nd it i. n ot., o w ga n1L· I1 , 1wit1wr it. . o r eg arcl PCl in tlw mimtH' of \Yh o

THE N ORMAL COUR I ER .

to t each. No be tter pr oo f can b g1ven m up port of t hi s tatem ent than tb f act that in l aw, me di cin e and theol gy take ti me , fr om t wo to t hr e y ar s or m pr epare th em lv · for th eir futu re wo rk. gr eat rn a . of teac her eld om do t hi . year at is co n idere d amp l· t iln fo r for teach in g and tb PT pra 1i n 1 1_n UbJ e ct mat te r on ly. :F'reqn ntly m n ft esn: ous of obtai nin g money to p Ul' ne theh· flt ncl ie for their ow n p ro f s ion tea ch a ye ar for th at purpo e malti ng te ac hin g a st: ppmg stone to their chosen pr ofes ion yo u e\'ei· hear of a man p ra cticin g Ci ne : ye ar or two to pr par hi m. elf f Ol'

It would be ju st a sen ible. p ·opl e do n ot ·ee the ab 1udi tv of t( 1 · , ., ae Jmg to pr ep are for an y other I rofe . ion . im ply becau se th ey do not co n id r te ac hin g . f . r a ploess i.on The hi gh est a nd b es t te ac her. r a1Iz e. full y the r es pon sib ility of the wo rk in w·h1ch both sou l a nd bo d y, a nd no t the body al on e, are to be benefi tted or foreve r li m·t. 1 If 1 e(. yo13- rea liz e th at th e opportuni ti es and th at yo u pl ac e bef re yo ur pup1l s will be lik ely to make the differe nce bet.veen str ong , effi cient men a nd women and mere idl ers in life, to a dd yea rs as ·well as the p ow er of usefuln e ss t eachin o· V"l' ll ' · b ·• seem to yo:1 a sac red callin g. Compr ehe ndin g the of wo rk , two or t hree years of prepa ra tiO n not s ee m to yo u tim e t hr ow n Agam, the tim e is rapidly comino· wh :n onl y th ose who h ave had pr of ess ional tra miD g ca n do th e wo rk to be cl one. In ever departme nt of life vast strid es ha 1 e been dy · h ma P m t e l as t ten years Our sch oo lscha f · mu st ;. nge or the be tt er to keep ev en wi th our Th ose w ho do not prep are th emsel vec· W lll b ' ,., e erther cr ow ded fro m th e w ork or co m pelled to t k . <' •. a 1111 en or pl ac es. Th e pr ofes s wnal teach '11 h . hd er WJ al·e t e p ay a nd pres ti O' :. ue to profe' · 1 1 oe · lOna wo r L If, th er efore it ee ms to you th at . <' ' wo ·k 1 pre pa rmg 101' pr ofess ional

I IS a u se ess expenditur e f do not take in to acco un t th e o y ou Th , co mm a· y . in salary whi ch eai tl'armng gi ves one will , in a few yea rR Yeai s than p <' • th t, . · . ·. "• lrl ore ay 101 e I am mg. Th ere IS gr eat sa t-

i fa ti n a l.- in kn win (T t l1 at :r HL <.ll' • ab] to b f . Pr\'i '" t lH' l' ·f 1· jf . ·o 11 an' rr j 11 0' to t a·h Of' ' ll ' arr of _.. i Hal l'! ·a (' ll t' l' Ha\' in g l" id< to 1>< '{ nw a t·Pac·ht•r ti ll' qn ". i n a ri P., II >W an 1 wh< n sha ll I 1 n'J h fin: 1 >i ll t of J>n·ptt rati OJ t t 1 • Jn "(' · nt ·tt · ,. 1 "'t I • , 1. .1. ot nt t l.-, l et \' <' l-i <·h ] aJ · ,] 11 1 · \ lthowrh i: Hot tl t, o- r

I a1·atH.m fo1· yo m· f 11 t Ill'<' wo rk t , ac h fu1· a , , 11 JlHJ', 11 ·' '" 1 n·i\' (• ·o·ll tll te ac h 'I·' t"' tl · s as we ll a t lu yn pil' .· UJWll le No :1 l " " '-· 'v a,. ' 11 .t a g oo ( N 01 111 nl dt oo l· sn h en r . t t· f' . 1 .

D . . } fl nrn u; 1t .· l f'l t ru ·t · , · any fw h uo ] th a,t pro mi P •• to }ll' e]Jtl 1,· yo u 111 a " rv :;; 1 t t. f' A J • lOJ , 1m m· }0 111' o·n·at w Jl'· yo nn g man tltcly in o· to be a }J hy.·ic·hn

Hot <ro whe .. • l . . <· 1 " b l e le <' an j..;('t l:.L t1l p](Jl lla, wit-h t!J t' e a. t amo un t f l ·] do·. ] . e <' c. On th . <'OlltJ"lr ' le wo nld a· ' . ' ' l hu t a . c:hool a 1 v ' J· i ·in o· 11 1• an O])poJ·tt 't t, m1 y. It is ahnty w ..]] . .](' some ub' . 1o t.t b . m atter m a N m·ma l c]JP ' e ca u .. e by t hu .- clo i no· yoH w ill o·et tl tl ocl of • o · · 1 me goocl ms tT u cti on Yo u go to t.h N 01

Sc h oo l to lea rn 11ow to t ac h 'I"I f'o seek 1 · 1e1:e sue 1 a sch oo l as h afl vl'ith it : pr ac ti ce FJc h oo l wh Pr·< yo n w ill ·11.-. •. 1 ·1' - ' · , e 1 o n• s up erv i ·ion of yo ur wo rk by c·onl pct "nt thre: years of yo ur life t hn s int o pro fe ss wnal tr a inin g yo u w ill gain a yn·Ppa rati nl

Whi ch will br in g yo u :m one y, pos iti on n.11t ' opportum ty for great u se fu ln ess . Is it 11 d wo rthy the e ffqrt? Do th es e in stru ctions ser l1 ve ry s impl e? By fo ll ow ing them yo u will kn n'' th e ir v alu e.

Ra pid change of men tal bodi ly ac ti ol 1

IS a law of th e yo ung e hild 's be ing, a nd shonl cl . be accep ted as such in hi s instr uctio n. - Dr. E dwin Ch adtoic k, in Jo t t1'17ft.l of Ecl uca ti ML

z OLOGl · u.J . N T HE G J.,P T.

BY GE O. A. OF 7.

n.

\. bon T··n P. f. p ril 21 1 9- I fo und my. c·lf 1 p it a at a ma ll on _th

Loui ·dll & Na ·ltvill R. R. abo u tfift 1ml

"'a t f · w Orl NW La.. call ed Ba. t.. Loui .

1 · d 1 • nt lv acco t d b' a sma ll .,1' ol \\'a l ll' l lllf-' c• J J 1. d ' ·tl , ·ani age, H ter? Onl) 'fo bit a. , 'v1 1 , A . t ] t '··l 1 11 w wn . · 1t wa.s cl a rk . a nd o any 10 ..:- .

· 1 01)01' I ub mi tt d and wa )I (' h:-L l Jn Ol .r J '· • t t he B a) t. Lom a pl t" a ant li tt] ,' OO ll <-L ' • ]. t l wi th th exc ptw n th at o win o·to r c nt 10 ,"' . . . tl 1 e inter iO r wa ver'r dam 1 , a nd th 1"11 11

J s a. w rate c1 \Yit h moi t nre. I wa:s too tir .. cl "Lil d sl eC:' py to mak e an y rema rk , a t lt e !!.: OO d {) r ole l and lady a. s nr e cl nP th at I ]J<L<l ·:'L "n ir roo m ," and was s oo n nj oy in g m)

. 1 · · . t ·lP<"]) in tlw '' S unn y So ut h. " I a\vo ke at 11 R • - • b I . tl :fli' t d · to fin d t. ttt was ne1 a l <' e Jl1 0 l'lll l1 g, 'tl ld 111 nt'' head, nor1n my bon es , a nd ,vL 1 a <' O ·' · f. 1' 111 ,vhat e xhu bc rant, I star te d out ee 111 o·

• 01

0 ] • li t tln l wf'o l' e I was to <:: xp or e <· ,, .:l 1 1 111ost bea utif ul s1.g·ht. l o the o·n:eteu )y · ·-

E ;;tst N ort l• h ty the ?eantif nl. B ay of t. J., o ni s, w ith scarc e-ly a n pp le on 1ts to the the of the G nlf of Mex ic o, with th e 'vln te s alls of fl cll 001H' l' S ju st vis ib le in the mo rnin g mi st. Yel low and Pi tc h Pin e s, Li\7f:' Oak s, Cy pr ess tr" '· , tre es, a nd s en·ral othel' speci es, thE most be aut iful of whi eh, ar e the gr eat·

MagJ: ol ,ia immen"e whit t" fl owers, .Ju st bnr s tm g mto fn11 bloom, a t]l e pnrple -fi ow el' -cove red C hin a. trees. an • S ub tr op i c.alr os es anc.l other 1 ]ants fi ll e rn y ., 1.a to oveJ·fl o,,·in o·. A l eve l shell r oa d Ct OO l'- 3 L< • • lo)-1o· th0 hP arl1 f or seve ral nnl es , on rnn s a o · , ·t·L· of whll'h sta nd !!I't:•a t Li ve Oaks, e1 11 er !-'1 · • " ' ,v1·tl 1 o· str in gs of Spa ni sh 111 MS lum g in g l 0 11 0 · ' fi' 0 1J1 P\·el'Y b ra nrh m_gr eat l>r ofusioll A o·t' ll tl 1 1 ,e Jnden Wlth dt•hd ons tr op lt' al e )J' e " , od or::; Yit st.leS le av es and si p; Ju5 thr ough the lllOf.l s.' I h ea r Catbird s, F inrh eR, Bnt where a.r, they? Can it b t'? Y 0s! th ere lwv nr(·' "' aozen bird s in on t:• I r at ch n

"' ( (;li !rlimp :;::e of hl a cl< , wl dh· a nc1 R:'l n. m oc k-

in o- b ird with a flir t of hi s tail is up a nd ::t\\ a . I n ow feel the n ee d of s om ething· ubtantial a nd r turning to the ho te l it down to a br a kfa t of fri ed oys ter , fr es h f1·om the Bay f'ri d gg w et- pota toes, such as are r a.i c1 onl in th South br own bread and bla k oft'ee . Spi ce d with cMl e and a littl e of the la ndl ady Creole French it wa s a v ry app tizin g mea l. l m "et here Mr. ern on Ba il ey Chi ef Fi eld \.g nt of the Did sion of Ornithol ogy, U. S. D p. Agl. a nd we are soon talkin g o ve r the work to be done. We d ecid e to start at on ce for th woo d a nd acco rdingly don our hun ting cl o th e a nd are ready for a t ramp , when clown com tbe rain and we are co mp ell ed to wait u ntil a ft. ern oob. At. length we are off for the p in e woo d eac h ar m d wi th g un a nd b ag of trap . A the la nd is Tery l vel th e wate r from th e recent min ha not all run away to ea, and we are comp ll ed to do co nsid era bl e .wadin g in water a nkl e deep. V\ e do n ot min d thi mu ch, as prepared for i t, a nd o ur attenti on is ma inly fix ed on the h·ee-tops a nd thi ckets for a g limp e of a strange b ird vVe jin d the b ird s to be ro n picnonsly ab se nt, "-hich we a cco un t for by re memberin g th at thi s is thM breed in g seaso n, a nd that mi gr atoTy spec ies are on th eir way to their smnn H:' l' ho rn c> s in tlw north. Bv dili o·ent searchin g .J 0 we man a.g e to fincl a ftv>' \ ir eo., Spanmvs, Chic ad ee s, Tan age r s, Fl orid a. Crow l' , Bla ck V ultures , a nd other s11 e m1 most of th e af te rn oo n in Rettin g ont our t.r l'lp :-: for ma mm als , plarin g th em in thi rk d:-:, at hol es in t.lw gro und , on fa ll ei1 tr f'es , and at n.n y pla.<' e lik ely to eo n tain a mamm a l. \Y<• pi ck np a. few Co tto n-m onths, \N ate r Moe eas ins Hart er S:1ak es, a.ml Gl' ound R.at tlers, "·hil l:' mt ev ery log. olll s tnmp , or ::;c nt tlin g haRtil y up a p iw·: tr e P, W (:• iind liz a rd s in n.hmlcla. n ce a. nd \o·a.n ety . At du sk \V l' go on t to a. n o pe n pl arP i11 the w oods to at 11ars ns th ey ji y nb o nt For nhont 1i ft t> t- n 1ni n ntt s the); nr e t.hiC'k . a nd wr sec·m·p sP \' I' ral. \·V f:' 1'1.' h1l n to onr To em :-:: , mak e np onr b ird s l'-i_nR, " vi (' kl e' ' om· Rll ak t..•R liz ar ds m1d b a. tR. wn t<:• up om f<1· 11w an d at a Ja.t t-\ ho ur reth e to em· 1 'a.ntiqn <> h.<'<l s,' ' "draw th e b ar s' ' to k<"t-}1 nnt i11cptisitivt> mof'q uit os. and tl1n f' r1 o:-H-' tlw daY.

GLD\iP E OF 'WITZERJ..JAND.

BY :MCL.AL'If, mB. STATE NORMAL, CHOOI...

II.

The hou e wife pLU·cha , in th e m arl·et . quare, th e v which are cani ed h ome by the servant O'il-1 who orne· a f w par behind with two larg ba k t . V nde1·. f crockery, tub and bask t. ofte n brin g tl1 ir product to the mal'lcet plac .

Furth er on yom progre. s may b r tarcl d by a pro c . ion of clo iie d caniage:. The horse. are d ecora.ted wit L.ri bbon .; th d ri\·er · w ear white ()'love. and : to vc-p ip e hat ·, a11d tJ1 e gay co tum e a nd tlow en:: wlti clt yo 11 in every can:iaD' be token .·om" fe. ti orr a. ion. Th ey :top th e m ao·nifiC'cnt Rtone chnrrh A carp et is ba. t iJ y preacl from thH d oorway, and thf' 1)l·j d esmaid · a nd g wom m<H pa ·s to tL e chmeh. 'l'h e l a_-t canhtge ani \: <• : and tJJe bride i · 1·ecogniz ed by th w hi t s ine or . atin ro s tum e, with a long train. '.l'lt e b ridal veiJ fall from th e Wl'·•ath Of fl ower' 0 11 h " 1' h ead, in fo l ds on the tmin.

'rhere are no qi1 i et weddings in witzPrland. Th ey are he ld in th e church es, and m ·e mado public by t]p announ c me nt of th e en gageme nt and al·o of the we ddin g from the pulpit, . 'everal weeks bef ore the celebr ation of tl li. event. The weekly paper al so m akes the announcement in ·evera.l is ue . The p a sants imitat e this celebration as mnch as th eh m ans will allow.

i.- don •. Ex "Pt th <:. ve1'aJ I C1as th <:· (' Otta,...;. i· plain er than tlH· ot lt -' l' ltou s('s

UonY e J-. ·a.tion<:Ll ]<.'n ow]edn·e of t wn b eside· th Jt ati\·c tonguo is JI E<'Pi->.· aJ· • to 11•' co me ,a nP n·hant m· t' n,teJ of t ht· ' ion s. Th ' Ian o·nages w] 11 nh a1:e n ec ;-; !I dep e nd U}J on t.h ] o( ation of t lt t.: <·i ty w he t1 one is en terin g 1 u in >::;s.

On goi ng in to l:L :-;wi ss home :e"et·y Ol J(' fro11 th e grandmother to the bt"Lby o1· f01 n· )'em·, rn1 clially ·hak "s hand s wit]t yo n.

Th e hou se c1o ef3 n ot seem h<m1 "like. Th cl,. ar e uo ca1'11ets ancl the tl vOJ ·s rn·e Tll ad - <)1 pi eces of differe nt ro)OT·eclw oo d .- n.na.J). o·c·d i 11 geom etri c form . A ll the Jlo01·s U.l'<' wax( •(l ;tJI11 poli shed so th ey an-l v<::ry 'J'h 1:'11• a1·e no arm rhairs or 1 ock ers a nd th o hon ·e"·if• info:rm s yo u J·bat. s nch pi ec <-·s of ftu·ni tn1·e pr• '. mote icllen. E.•ss a nd c·anse round sh ou l dq·N. st ove i.· of c·y Jindrical fo rm ; t:he o ut.: ide Sw J !':S <'le·:tJ 1· ,.:. por ce l ain, whh bras::; door s. · • < l 111< • t o·irl sp f'.;t.> ,· n)' is ptov er blal. .Th e sen .. an -r. ' " J ] 1 · the fi o m·s and br:t hom·s each clay po 1s UJl g • orn am en ts of the fn1·ni ture · rh h ]f in d E' eni·ati n o· lt ' e 1ady prides eTse r.

trangers are approach ed in a pl e adin g manner by tho se offering ci ty vi ews, g uid ebooks and toys Th e baker a pp ears on the · treet in hi s usual white lin en suit. · Th e nur e-g irl wears a lon g w hite apron and white mu lin cap i'irith a l ac fri lL Yon r atte nti on m ay b arrested by strain of mus ic from an approacb.in <l' orche tra which l eads 'a company 0 ! ol dier ·. This is n daily duty durin g their IX we eks mili tary ervir e. Yon pas· num etp::tJ:k · whe re tlH• wanderet may 1· fresh e lf at a founta,in of f'l at, cold water wh1 h comel'l from the mountain torre nt i'3 eral miJe.· di ·tan t, or ret on a cbair or hench nndt'r. orn e la1·o·p tn• es whi ch ca.·t tb e iJ·· l onO' "' .he d ,,. · an o.-. · tlH p.'l't'Pll t 11rf OJ' :.t rti :-; ti (' 1 ' .. of ft agrant azalia .· an I p;•·ran iun.' s: 'l lH l ilt ky nt a.y lw 1· ,tl ·c-t ,d in tlt · • WJti ch l' lllTOU IHls t h1• ' ll <' l',g' t'(l (' f0111t l <1U1· 'IJildr >n }>l ay 1tJJrvs tr i C't t•cl 111 tl 1< l:nnt. 'J'b eli. tant .- 'l'l'at. 1 CT •;.;t of 1 1tt• <tl ]>s . wl1 n wy CO\' ' l'in i.· tiwr<'Cl. with \' <'1' !'ha n- · in li g ]Jt. : ta n<], h k. tl}(' c· ltl11t l n:ttt o 11 ·c ' 11 <'-t lt •, 11 1) l <•n (Jf )H rf!'di(Jl1 mt d 1wanrY· 'lh }H·o11 1 n a 1 _, 1<-a 1. fro 111 t·lt t p l'i 11 ·ip<tl bonl van1 to tlw (·it - w"o ds. '1'1 11 ' i: lun t>ll p::t. in t l1 •it· 'I'IH• l•' n'll<'h th e Ita lia11 l al m ·pr: ti ll' • '\\' i s: <':1\·a,li t"'l' an d 'P rm an .·tu(l !' ttt. pa.·s i11 S ll('('<' :s i lll. .E1tch i: .' )J •a.kil o· hi. · )latin· tongu\' . 11 tl l •:-;( ttt l'l't at the lt. '11a] ·l>hu·(• t lw Bir-1'fJO rl 11 Th ey aro nn d t·he ta.hl l's llJlcl (•l' t]l(' tr '< ·s \\-ltt 'J'P t•nch may 1 1• ·witl 1 (•off'<'<'. h lll Ol tnd P. h '<-> r, win P, dr·. Ju tit<' :·mh11rb s of the r• it .' and in t'lt e r:o mttl'y 1'11 " ' wi :: 1't>( f':1.n· p i .- oftt•ll -='PtJn. Thi .- i .- 0 1w : tor y ]ti n·l t wi tlt 1n·n:tt1 "·ill" l ookin p: out Hp on a Jn tti1·e-' OJ·l - YPt ·n 11 d:1· Th bttiet is .·aic1 to lw th«· 1tH,Jid -w.01 .k fJ' (lil1 t lw moun tain l't·gi om; '\ ltt-' l' P t l1 <· ·,..,.i:-; ,·

k Th h andi wor -.

it in g -room i th h r wn 1 rk of h r own n c1l · UlTa in ar oft '-' n t 1 w . .· If n a 111 A.m 11 a. Th piano 1 a co mm th " . 1 fo ndn for mu 1 I a rhil ha a P Ia r i no att mp t to make i · e nl ivat d but t h.

\- ry eh ild mu i Ian. 11 ir hom a nd thi · eopl l ov t

Tlt ' Wl p ' itz rlan d i great l' l . th ir id a that xp a 1n . , th a.n Am 1'1 a.

GEOGRAPHY

BY JO EP Fl G JLLI LAN 1 C LA SS OF 92

rid travel th e m ountains through: be a. he w•de wo '

"GO in to t d f beauty and pe rception; catch every sun he tan ° b ·1 rttTI in t h soul- so sha lt thou gather all the earn s P' g uli ar to e ac , r av pee hrough th e h earts of me n. n:,c s hin e t e of geoo-raphy is and has been 1 • mpo rt anc o

Th e 1 • t d When viewed· as a collec- de r est tm a e · . sadly un. cted· um elated fa cts, appea hngto f dtsco nn e ' · t t f tion o . . ., aves the mind m a s a e o l one tt e. Jll e mory a ' 1 confus io n. but wh en regarded d h ope ess ' l1 e ipl ess an . . ICe · as "knowledge referr ed . . sttng sc tei ' . . d as an mt et e . 1 up on which It ts based an "' I rin ctp es . . h to g enera P . d " th en 1t bec om es t e ·s den ve ' from which It 1 1 ric If ·thus consic;lered it · ch oo wo · · · 1 Jl ncl e ns of s b st's fo r teachlllg, y ll ent a forms an exce b. ct in the schoo l course g,t le ast, su Je the mate rials for geography

For·pnma ry stu yl ch ildren 's feet, over their I }eSSOnS. are Jet them and On every side of d m t he au· a ou d 1 t b ea s, . first lesso ns ar e mad e re ? en .. path . If th e . d , d. b es th e ll ·f the flow ers btr s an e l the f rag ran ce o ' b" d wit 1 d 1 ·nteres t in th e su JE> Ct an rnea ows, t·1e 1 1 of th e . . t tile work will re mo e all t te ·nt g1ven o . t th e spt f the b ook. It is unfair to expec ess o k. a. mn sttn e i' when he r eads tbat,"a broo ts an I11111 ' 1 d )) t th e b eg of water fl owi ng through the an ' 0 e arn l · I · row str ' of ,th e spark le and babbl e, w HC 1 ts pt t 80 Y finition, ·into it. The c hild may wo rk natnr c 's de rn e nts fo r weeks and still be unable tate · · · h' at such 8 ze th e brook w hi ch he crosses on lS to r ecogJJ 1 1 ·

way to sc boO · h . hand we advantage of I e ot ei ' . . .. If, on t 1 'tv and t urn his natural abthty f g,ctJV I J

• • h s lov e o 1 1 alln els enco urage hmt to c ult1. . . a c 1c '' 1 to educat.IOD to na tu ral objects most lik ely to te attentiO n 'll me to . r egard hi s 8 he w1 co c pttvate his ey '. d library as pl easant and t xt- book teach eJ an )

agreeab le aids in his wo rk. . .

A h is mind expands and hts percep tive facu1ties grow more keen his eyes may be directed to ature in n ob ler forms. He will consider the n mounta ins dis tant, gmnd and high . the City a hiv e of industry fill ed with busy people; and foreio-n lands with their strange customs and bel . f 0 His mind has a foundati on up on whi ch to te s. build, a nd he can deri ve. his inform ation less from t he teacher and more from the many indirect channels. This foundat ion a ids him in acce pting that wh ich is good and rejecting that which is hur tful.

Th e s ubject-matter, a!T angement and general Jan of the text-book put into his hands are of 1mpo r tance; for while a good, skillful teacher may do well with a poor text- book, the wo rk will be much better with a goo d text-book. Geographical te xt-books cannot be burdened with the minutia of the world, and should n et be loaded with pages of questions, which, to a teacher, if obliged_ to us e the m, are torture and bondage, and to a ch ild stones rather than bread . A r easonable number of questio ns are us eful, and perh aps necessar y, but th6y must be such as will suggest lin es of though t rath er than refer to memori zing lo calities. B ooks are powerless to dev elop the subject which they pr esent. The of this scien ce and the well-d efin ed phys ical laws which govern th e civil \zed wor ld r emain th e same, and thes e we must us e as a foundat io n, f or fu tu re wo rk.

Th e memori zing of fi.ve hundred names aii d the l ocation of as man y places may be good gymnastical exe rcises for one fa culty, but t hat kind of discip line is not calculate d to r ouse dormant energies and awaken Ind ependent thought Let the aim be to treat th e ear th as a u nit and the w ay be by showing the mtitual adaptati on of its parts. Its great sl opes are springs of its own life , made by the ir climate and vegetatio n, modifi e d, it is t ru e, by man, but the modifications do not hide or d estr oy the o riginal. A teache r of 18 93 sh ould ' and a ·majority of them do, in a measure f eel ' more satisfaction in working With a class who are str iving to understand t he commer cial an d industrial wo rld , th.e great r outes of travel, and the marked contrasts between r aces and p eoples th an d id the t eacher of our grandfathers who believed the prop er thing to do was to sing or rather

mo an ou t th names of th cap i tal of th...• states of the Un ion in th at on enes of to n w hi ch coul d not but gr ate unfavorably on th nerves of a en iti ve chil d.

Th e stu dy of hi .tory ca nn ot be epar at fr om geogra ph y, b eca u. e a comb in atio n of th two is certainly the be t way of sh ow ing h ow the for ce· of natur·e ar m ade to ob y th min l of ma n. With hi tory a a le ad in g el m nt, the t ext-hoo k is forced to pa rt cO m pany >vith dry state me nt s and b ri ef definiti on s. Viv id word-pai nti ngi:l qui ck n the thoug ht- powei· of th e child and c ulti vate his tas te fm the b aut iful both in language an d a rt .

More pl eas ing to the child tha n tal es of-fi ction are the wo n de r of the earth, sea, and a ir. Ara bi an fab les are not more t hrillin g than descrip tions of r eal life in foreign l and

Stu dy the pupil as a phys ician s tu di es a case wh ic h he is called to tr eat . Som e children ne ed mo re per so nal he l ps than o th ers. Th e li kes and di s lik e· of a child m ay j n st as we ll be co nsi de red in ass ig ni ng a l es so n a · n ot If one c hild is dnll in desc ri b ing ·ce ne ry but qu i ck er in fi gm ·es he w ill be de ligh ted if he may solve so me geogra phi cal p ro bl em or compare st atis ti cs , a nd he w ill gi ve hi s res ult s a color and to ne w hi ch it it,; ha rd to gi ve su ch work . Hi s classm a tes will li ste n an d und erstan d hi m a nd hi s teac her: is the gain er by hi s re cita ti o n. T each s ubj ec ts ra th er th an the opini ons of an y ope a uth o r. See k emanci pati on fr om one t ext -b o ok or m ethod. If no li brary is pro rid ed a nd y ou are limited , as i the ra e in many di stri cts, to one or t wo text-boo ks in geography, th e childr en will , if prop erly en co urage d, br·ing c li p pi ngs from th e news papers or, wh at is 'bette r, oral re pr o du ctio ns gai ned from fri e nd s or re lati ves in r egard to the pl aces of whi ch th ey are s tud y ing. Th e te ac h er cannot depe nd on th e cl ass f or ial and ho uJd al ways be pr ov id ed with wo rk. so th at th e re <' i tatio n ma.y not l ack int er es t .. Som e mo ·t atisf acto ry ge ogra phy Jessons given lD. :ruy roo m we re ta ken e ntirely from rail way guid es and i llu trated pape rs and maga zine . We ne d to u se o ur phys ical eye as we ll a our mental eyes in prepa ring a le · ·on .

Rn kin t ll · u that hunlr talk to Jl who th inl· ·· u d :-; (>f pe o1 1 1 11 and ·nn think to 11 wh can dra win g. anu talk .· '\ ith pi<·t nr · a m _. 11 f', whi ch ti r an di OU l' a rr . th 1·1 t •r· I' J:H lp ll j ' b at .. l. . t

T oo n 11 ·h a. tt ntion f'a u l · cr t,- ·n ° . he and m ap -h a,win r. '' h "'ll t hi ·is he ea. t I· map i · .·tn li1 l 1t ot a .· a ym b ,1 but a.· a r . 3 cr i ty D t lt ntai o nl y a .· a tn ea ll of · · · . 1: lt Z b"yo n da. nli nt -' l'}t '("t in iY lnn gf' y nt 0 } L t th 1 rna 11 l 'f' 'L :l i n•r in ·t ·arl of " D · )1 }II . tu dy Th • 1i a. u rfa <'P mn st o· l ow lc of and mov nH 11 t. Tlt c·hild <"an no ILl fl 1 ut11 f. ·one pt '' lH <' h ney '1' b av 1 evu 111 ln. 1 ., 1• h . . J ('0 (J' \ enee 1t 1 part of tl t" t ac h r '. lU ) tt' WOJ ·d pa in t in cr and hl ar k -b Hud l<i:. tc )t t'

a id th ... chil h n in a inin o- m •nt al po \\ t' l' · 1 . If f' '·' . we ca11 wea ,·e th . c1 ne \ o (.J'P(>:., ·t (I f m to o nr v ry day if .. an make it a pal .rJ h h 1·1 tc t e C' 1ldr n . f' Xp r ie.:t1 ('P, it. i · ' "'e ll cal en • r4• to i nt .ll e ctna1 o- rowth. It p ri ndp h :J so •' Imp] ., o pla in and ·o p1' act'i ·al eir sma Jl e t. ·hilcl in s c·h no l is ch a l'm d wi th :3< 1 h auty, an cl ye t it.· t rn th. an• o g1·and jn wonde rf nl th at the mo t m atm·.. min d finil 111• them d pth s of houg ht w hi ·h cann ot t iJtl l' fat hom ed, and intri cat pr o bl ems whi ch .:: l h . 1 a on ·an so l ve It i a s tu dy w 1eh e tf\· ( d . . l an e nn ob le. the mind , a nd , hk e mu s 1c a mon y, invi tes nni ve r sal pr ais .

LE

GENDA RY ··EVOLUTION N AVAJO

INDIANS.

BY T. S1'ANTO N V' AN

I . · . ''Gre · Pr ess mg. f ar in to t h.e in te n or' of the . Di vid e" a nd int o th e re mo te r par ts of tl '. vall eys and pl at eaus of th e slop e, ', b ·bed b11· m ay yet find In dians who h ave a. s ol h . 1,. little of the civ ilizin g influ ence of the w 1 man who thr ough ignoran ce a nd r, ' ' 1 "d · ·i "ol atm c ili ous beh av ior ha ve su cceec e 111 · ·- 1 , ' si oxial g th e ir fa mili es fr om eve n. a n. ?cca . . t tod a' at civ iliz a ti o n. Suc h co ndi tiO ns · ...1 of Indi ans no,, among the N avaj os; a t il ).e . N 'Y.[ e xi c l' . , ntl Oll Hl ew _. o cc up y 111cr a l aTo·e TeSei b b a nd A riz ona T errit on es.

•r· I· } of 1 . f. 1• tt' f .rJ ir :3< 1 jn 1• l'.:: I · tl '. ', b11· 1,. 1 r, atm , a' · no,, xi c l'

\mo11 o· th Yar iou · i dio

avaj non :n mor i nt 1'

h 1· n t t) t a ri b

c nc tn- t l n rrod w ho

fm m of b a ts or bird · He n ot . . . f t hi d 1 ti c a nc tr th l'Opltl ou m fl n nc f ·a bl . a· 1 a ur e a a 0 1'11.11 a

u r cra rd · the a· 1 P G • h d . lo , any of then ac r d h ould 1 ·i 1 1 \V hit wl Wl l \' ntu <:l!.l) th {, . d l . t . t l c1 tl 011 ofhu na n n spo ny. -" t l t rn c can - 1 11 c1 wh i ch wa inter pret d T l fu ll ww o· 0 1 .u do it wa s!:i,·" 11 by on" of th eir

·o 1· for w or a · · '""

• . 1 ow in pa rt so me of th u JD 1 ln -men 1 , , t t"'l.di tion. :"

·q uc "1 N ;vajos once li v l1 in a wo rld below

The .·1 Th tr ibe h ad tw -' l ve C' hi f a nd the 1 . 3-l t 1. d l . f' )h 1 1 hi ... f had fo ur wiv s. Thi hea ne

-1 9> a rl y in the mo rning a nd co mm a nd <:- 1 e e 0 . h fl.' 0 ' " le to ' o·o to o rk. ne mo rm n g- "

1 i5 P op . Th e thir d mo rnin o· h -' fa il d . "1 a to an e. . . 0 -itt- 1 .· ,"· The fo nrth mo rnin g ma. cl e no u 9>11 0 the fif th mo rmng the N a.. aranre. n ti d h · · tp:P e c: asv and to n t eu " be ca me une J d d 1 8< J. os h "I' el eve n chi efs wo n ere · f Th e ot (:j. d ·11- i · f him , and wh n th ey fvun .. , 11 a.t beC'a me 0 ·a that his ol dest squ aw had th ey lea rn e c h 'rh

11 i 01 · · d 111 a rri ed a n ot er ma n. e 1 ·nt ha '

J ft 11 f" . d ·ery mu ch a nd r efu se d to 0 ]1.ie 0 '1'1 •ve ,, 0. c . 0 ,J f·ort ed ·a

0 -((1 1 t t· the s qu aw came m a nd sal , · ...- 1. a s 1o1· 1n1e d 1 , .J. l ve left yo u b ::.c,au se I h ave ceas e to ove .<( }1ft I make my o wn li vin g_a nd yo u can.

1 o'l'l· our s." So they had a r ow . was c hi ld of he of the

t ·ilJ e· tlle squ aw call ed a ll of, th e w om en J , en '. ' d s" id ''L et us pa rt fr om th e men . ·1 an "" ' · 1 t ).} c 1 1 en said a.ll the men and c ' wo n ' tb.e s" the lar cre rl\'e r. ' B ll rnl ogs out :-i >. c1etO::> o ,. l 1 ) -(1' 5 an can oes a nd st ay there four , J th e ' , 1:r1ake t ., h

,. _. a, rs. 'l•>d a.C' r oss t . large l'i ver, pl ant- ·' t;) sa,l ,. • 'f lJ e men of co rn. ancl ,.rai se cl imm e!l se fi > l clS . f . . tl. lar ge e ·.· ·t year w mu en rai sed a mr 1 , T he fi f'B ' {·r() pS· · . . -> ro un ds" of th e ]\ ava jo Jnd :ans are _, oM! g •· Ha ppy h un · f forests and lakes wh ic h abo un d 1n d fuil 0 f e el as a lan d fi h F Jowing • th n,ug h th e o an · kin ds of game h' h SC(Ja rat e:; the br av es and prett y • W IC nd is a tlUg -: nver of th e tr il.Je an d th e ol d fr cm th e inJcriu r m t. m

d . th y rai sed l ess; the

ro p· th e on year d t hird ar th had ha rdly e nough to eat; an th fo nl'th ar wa a co mplete fa ilure. Th wo men b ecame di sconte n ted, a nd were in a tan in!! co ndition. Some of th em ran in to th ri' r an d w r drowne d. k th to com e b ac

So the wome n b gO'e d e men h to th m. 'rh w oman- hi ef a dmi tte d th at s e h . men could n ot had do n wro no· th at t e wo n ot mak e th ir li vi n rr an d that the men could 0 ma k the ir 1i vin o- ·1 a nd

Then th vo nn o· chi ef ::s held a co un ci • o in four aid ''L et u o·o b ac k to the wome n o . ' So in four day OI' th . w ill di e. a nd had d a) th ey went. back to the women, a f ea t of deer meat . . the

While th "Y w re ha ving a goo d t im e l t of the water Coyot pi ck d a yo mw wh a e on a nd hi d it under hi s bl a. nket On th e fomth . b th e• awo ke th ey 1no rnin 0' af ter t lu w " 11 J ' • o t h·u o· connn o· aw a. la J'o·e b lu " ave of some I o 0 from th Th e old se nt a n)n dladn Th I a· I' e turn ed an to s e wh at. It was . e n Ian · ll a id th at it was wate r. Th ey lo ok :' d to :he n orth a nd saw a big w hi te wave co nnng. e h . f I a· h at it was The c 1e se nt an n tan to w " In .dian r t urn ed a nd said , " It is wate r. " Th ey l ooked to ,vest a nd saw a bl ack w ave con!in o·.. The chi ef se nt an In di an to see -wh at o ·a ''It 1s was. Th e Indi an r et urn ed a nd sal , h. d y;ater. " Th en t hey l ooked to the s out an t'l aw a ll'reen 'NaYe eo min g. Th e chi ef sent an ..... a· re- Indi an to .SeE' what it was . Th e In 1an ttun ed a nd aid '' It is Th en th e chi ef eall e cl th e ' trib e to co nncil a nd s aid , "So met lun o· 1s wron o', we w1ll a ll 1 . . · b ... d ·owne d. " o o . als a.nd At. tha t t ime the N avaj os were a mm c h ad squirr el bl oo d in the m. So th e W_Jn te 1 Gray Sqmrr el Sqmn el pl an te d a pm e tr ee ; t 1e ' d 'I' ·k ey pla nt ed pl ante d a r at to on t ree; an the n1 ' .. . 'rh N · a ll ran mto a p 1! pe-stem r ee d. e avaJU· . . t hi s r ee d and h egan clim bi ng up on tlw m l'n de. re .... cl gr (:w ''ery fas t, e\·en f a. stPr than th ey cliJnhed. Th e wntl-' r b egan ri ::; i.n g higher and hig.her, a nd f\lll owpd 10 t ht:> ir h ee l s. 'l']w B adge r WP nt. up fir st, ma kin g W<ty for th e r e:t. . 1 1 . 'PJ B d the l'l'. ·t w1 t 1 1lS paw .· . ...., H:'. a. ge r <· on so ' f tl '-- ] tO ll o I P by sav lno· •' l am Yt-'rv n ea r t 1e r ·' b' ·' ] · ., ] l'cr ,.: ea rt h. '' In ge tt in g hi s fet t mn ddy 11 9 .)

· THE NORMAL COURIER. and feet have r mained black from that tim The rrurkey came up last, and th e foam from t_he water, touching it s tail, caused it s tail· to be tipped with white from that tim e.

Finally they came up through a lak , and they kn ew they had r a ·h d the top of th ' e arth.

. Th e Badg r looked out and said, "I e a big Watt>r Animal and some Big-Men who ar ,- ery m ean ." Then they sent th e L ocu st out to see what kind of an earth this wa A binWhite Bird came from the north, met th " Lo cn t and said, "Things lik e you are not to see n here !" Then the Lo cust re pli ed, "W e Will se about thi s." A Yellow Bir1 cam e from the we t, a Black Bird came from th e outh, and a Blue Bird ca me from the a t, and h ey all aid, " Things lik e you are not to he · ee n h ere ." But th e Locust aid, 'We will see about that. If you will do as I do yo u may· ha ve this land; but if you do not do as I do I will b eat yon.' Th e Lo cust had two arrows. He stuck one of them through hi body and the oth er one down hi s mouth. Th en he took th e two arrows and cro ss d th em through hi s h eart. He n ext threw th e arrows at the White Bird and said, "If you do not do as I hav e don e I will b eat you.'' The Whft e' Bird took the arrows arid pretend ed to do these things , but he only ran the arrow s through his f eath e rs . ·

Th ere was · so much water that the Locu st could not bring his companions up ·out nf the r ee d. So he took a mountain-she ep 's horn and broke th e lana to the north and to the south and to the w es t and to the east, and th e water all ran off. Th e Locu st then ·went back and bronght hi s com pani ons out of th e hol e which the Badger had made. But the water still fol1ow ed th em up thr ough thi s hole.

Th en the chi ef said , "So me. one ha s b ee n playing a trick.'' He sa id to Coyote "You are al ways up to so me ni e ann ess ! hav e yo u und er y'our Th C . · · e oyote ope ned hi s blank e t, l1ow ed the youn 1 1 1 . f d th g w la e fo 'the cue , an en chopped it dow th· h t . . . n IS hol e. T e wa er Imnrediat ely went b · k clown the reed into the river. Th ev all ac J came

ut but -·ould mud. 'rh n h th win l dri d n ,,.,-alk bPC' a.u .. of. mm . chi f}J J' a ·e 1 c th . \Yin . :11 h m ul.

w ,r n w c·ha.n n- d to pe 11 kn w wha.t to J>l. nt. '1'1. and the 1ir t. ti n <-' h r J'l}ll ·· m"' h . ,. nc1 im h d.r pp t somH r · rn· h hir 1 t irnl' h dr 1 p l hh corn ; a nd th fum· h imP h dr }J e 1 a.ll kim · of corn.

1,h Nan'-jo · h nmn d h - rraTt.· ( lwu th w men and ·hildren p la e l 1n th m wln tl1 men w 1·k.e d. . om of th "10 mad -' h in r k.-·.

Th e ehi f th n aid , ''w w il1 . t' • if th•'"' will h d 11 I ,, l. 1] tltf1111 any ath,' in thi. · w t· . a big log into th " wat 1' an if it ink w · wil ach on e hav to He· 1 ut if t.l l oo· fl on t:; 11 will n ve r eli . '

Tl1 h C · l' :1r1t en t oy te tied a stnn cy t a r C' said, "I will t ru·ow thi · into the water tll 1d H ink· we will ach ha vf' to eli , bnt if \ comes up and float , w will n ' r di e.

'l,h e chi ef then said to th e Coyot , " xon tl always doinO' om e me an trick!" b. 1

But the Coyote aid, "I eann ot he lp it· 1 th e Navajo nevee di e we will always b 8 11 same.; but if th e di e, w will differe nt." · ·

On tb e fo nrth 1nornino- one of th e ir nll 1111 dted. Th ey all looked for this one bnt th t. could not find him . Th en th ey M'. thi s hole which th ey oarn e out of a fe "'' di\ be for e aucl th ey saw thi s ma_n down tlll combing hi s hair . This man look ed 1.ip an said : ,

"I am happy down h0r e. In tim e yon 1 will be dow.o. here wh ere I am ." Th en tlw was a famine, and about half of th em cued.

A not e wo1·th ·1 YY'>rr1 e ndabl e undertak i ' y an c is that of a botanica l su rv ey of N ebTaska, to conducted by the botanical seminar of the u.:ui, sity of Nebraska. It is a private e nterpns be paid for by the members of the semi,' who se devotion i.n this respect cannot highly commended.

"' vt]:J.e t '' t1J. e tv

E GLI H ' ITIO .

JlY w. n. l(l ·RETE NEBR

II

L\[PLE DE RIPTION.

· 1 t c1 l'i I ion of a nHh·z tu rmp J 1 er ar br e point nu bj ·c· ". 1ind h<-1.t t

inY oh c1 v iz: . . 1. \\ ho or ,vhat It 1

2 v\ h ni t i . t

o If a nuu a

· . . t wnat 1t I clomg.

OJ. _. 11 , "I£ow to See,' T each r ' Ed .) ( e ... p we . . th hildr en h av l earn d to "rrite

B f 1 d Jtl,r IJ. ·h wo rk in ·impl de rip- lp n l ·'' in r an l bould ·b ta uo·ht Ol'all Tak

tioJJ. 1 a nd 2 to with.

o:o 1 , 1 , John at th nd of yom· c1 k. Y 011r

:Pl ac · h' b " Ob · e ti n i · · vYho t lS oy tam ·t qn , ' fil wer from everal or aU. V\ herm l' I OS· tLll 5 11.0, , v ral t at eme nt s of the arne · le r ·qu sl b . Be , ur e t ha t a ll th " cla take part. t hongh t. " tion is " \:"\There i. You ne xt qu es -'{ olll i t 1. ce i ve seve ral re pli s, "H i by "''·1.·e lik e Y 0 H · n ear the desk. " Neither of v- l "" e1 t]:J.e d <, nts is th ... whole truth. You se sta.teme . . f h' l . t ll e , urate d escnpt10n o Is oratiOn

1 t 1uo1 e ace 1 N 'H

]J. e in front of th e d s {_I h o.. . e Is at

'' J.. 5 d of the d es k. " " s e s1tt mg at th e e en "H . a· t1J. 1 of the d es k ?' ' :N'o. e IS stan mg at e 11 c nd of the d es k. " Now, let pupil s tell e · · · tv "' 0 it is and where h.e I s, re qmnng two senD. Be Sl..ll' e to o·1ve all a chance. Th en 'l e es . o tC 1 t llC' wm·k on th e board wntten 111 your }Jlit 1 ncl. It will re ad so me thing lik e this: - t 1t• '}. •<-'; 1 nt pu\' i t:l John f l (ll • k t ·Lnds at th e e nd of the te acher's d es :£{e s ' . t to tbe words and requi1·e th em to proporn In oth er words, tr e at it now as a l ess on by the se nt en ce method. l!se 0' d ev ices to teach 1·ecog nition of ivt er estlllo tit now as a, t eadiug l esson by the ·ds trea L h -wo1 ' e thocl et t e }J U:pil s go to their sente nc e rn IJ'r on th e ir sl ates. Th ey mu st ts a nd co ·' · 1 · , erY rap1ta a nd pun ctuatwn T produ cNer"' e 1 0' 1 ind ex planation s. It is so ,1 eve maJ. {. . . Fi e i;-; n ot yet reacly to geueral- 1) cause 1t 1s. . . · 1 b d . , · L t 1 " ompo s 1t10n remam on t 1e oar 1 ;r. e t 1e c -.oxr 1

n ::s:t com up 1 t them re ad After a f w 1 on th pupil will see that you reuir t ...,-0 ta.tem nt without the aid of o1u qu tion Mak th m independent as soon po ibl e. . . d

Aft r th an o·ive these two pornts rn eI nd ntly add th 0 thu·d. At fi.rst you ask th qu ;;:tion What is he domg?

omposition \Yould then r ead something like t hi :

That bo:r i H nry. . H i tand.ino· in front of th wmdow. b H , i making a blo k hou se.

You maJ find so m little diffi c ulty m obtainin o· a vari ty of tableaux . Look over the pi tUJ.'0 of you r te::s:t-books or juvenile

The - wi.ll s uggest many to you. Use pictures al o. You will find it b ette r to chang e from one to the oth "r to a.vo id monotony .

Pupils hav e mad mistake in th e forms and idiom s. Corr e t the mistakes in a sympathetic way that will not embarrass them. it is not en ough to co1T ect. Th ey must be drill ed 'in th e of th e co 'rrec t fo7'?n. us illi1strate. When yo u ask ed the qu est10 n, Who is this bo y." 'some pupils standing som eli tance away ma y hav e said, '' Thi s bo y is John. " Here is a call for a l esson on the u e of t hi s and that. You corr ect the expression a nd illu trate th e eorrect u se at th e t im e th e mi stake was made, but the next lano uao·e l esso n Inay be d ev oted entirely to b 0 drill s upon th e us e of this, that, th ese and. thos e. Oom to cla ss })ro vid ed with obj ects which belong to pupil s. Th en l ead them to involve th e us e of those words by asking <QUestions of th em. Ke ep a list of their mi stak es of this kind and give l ess ons as they n ee d th em. But do not be t echnical. ·

Gradually in cr ease the diffi culty

For instan ce, plac e a httle gul in a chair by your d esk. Give her n ee dle and thread, mat e rial for a doll dr ess, ancl place a littl e work-box in her lap. On the d esk b es id e h er place he rdoll Req_uire the class to write the d ese ripti.on .

Such an "action as the abov has sufficient point to allow them to sel ec t a s ubj ec t for it. In fact, ve ry early in the work

THE ORMAL COURIER.

the?r &hould be r quir a to '. 1 t u d ct . for then de_ cription . Cultivate variety a. · mu ·h a I o. ·tbl but r equir them to ·el ct ul ,j 'C't. that at appropriate . Th y may ·all thi. la t Je on I ucr ted "'l'he L1't;tl D ] " . , r . ma<:. Ma1nno- the Doll a Dr .·s:' etc ., tc.

. H re _ i · an illu 'trath-e compo i.tion f1· m a httl o-nl m tb cond g l' a de:

I see :'vi ary sew ing-. MAR\' SF.W J:\('; , he is sitting on a ch · atr n ea r the t each er's t able. ln her lap ts little doll and o rne pieces of cloth.

On the table JS a wo rk b k . n eedle as e t, Wt lh thread, a sc issors and a is making dress ve ry pretty. rt,htnk her mamm a gave her th "' doll for Christmas.

I he o_f ition ap a1mo t p erf ' r·t1:: kept m ex ret. e. Th e child pal'tially saw the umty of the action and took a. h I' .·ub.Jec t "Mary ewing," In her fir sts ut ' 11 't ;.;he expre eel th unity of the action, a .. fd' a h_ aw it. In the eco nd sente n ce h l ocation , but not cl a rly. \Va Mary Bittmg at the end or in front of tlt de ·k3 In teJling what }lary >Yas doing, it wa n ee sary to peak of some thing· of ·ub or linate

Th e piece in Mary'. l ap a nd tlP tlnno-s on the table besid e her al' to be mentioned or the Jaw of compl eteness would be vio l ated. In the fi fth e nte nc e, she how that she _ ha comp le_tely dl s qv reel th e unity of the actwn. 1\Iary I-· not simply sew in o·. She ·

1- • rl, f' 0 ] _a w.·es or the dol l. Th e la st e nte nc·e u; . an mfere nc e, and i, a ve1-y impm tant part of the work. Fr om th e v er'\: beo-inni·n · • J b g tlwm to draw correr t mfere nc es · bu t 1 ·, co not allOI'\- them _t o draw infer ences not wananted hr th e action or the picture Sr1 mrn·• · · •

< <ul'lZing om.( 1 ltl c1sm th e n, we say: ·Th e law s of se]l>rtion, method and Ry mm et ry have b ee n Hlightly violated. AI. o v; e discover an enor in tlw xpres ion , "a scissors .'' '

Lc·t u, gi ve her e a t es t for that Jaw of co mpJeten e. ··· Tb e IJicture b · e so ate Jy_de_scnbed. that an ar;t.i st could take the de cnpt10n and make a picture J'u st l' l 1

· · J ' 'ou m . ne t 1e ong ma. .1. u. t g1ve him 1 . Tl . "' . l . no c lance for nnRtake .. ll v IU e Viill as i Rt b th " 0 t eacher and pupi L

And, now, here is a go ld en t est for the

t a h t .· w 1·k in thi.·c· llll)O. iti c 11. Th p ··ition .· c f h cl ift'<'n'llt }lllJ s llot1ld .·lulw

Yal'i tr of <..'XJl'P: : ioJJ. U hl'_r <tl'<' all ali_k ·

i i 11 or w 1'1<. nj· ur pa rt. - rn 1 an• lwli 11'th m t mu('h or not i'n t ltP ri g ht \\'tt}' . Tal · np h ir c· 1111 .·ition :. f'l 1ow I ll('llt hoW tlH · o nni\. a lik " an '1 th :n tak(' l' a<'h SP Htl'nc· " an • btain h om lh 111 a: nwn y eli n·<' l '( ·11 · wn y: fincr lu am e thin ,g a: t lH ·y <"<tll gin:. U d n . riv. •nou rr h. acltl ot·}ll I' "'" ·s ·ours '1 K ·p l1 i. · t .· ill ·o1n JQiml fr < nt t il e YN. in r. In tl •ir oral wo rJ - -on wil1 wri !• o uly Oll -' f J·m f PXpr : :ion l;u t b nr 1'' obtain many fo rm : horn lw lHLpil ::=; . \\ Jn· th 'Y ·ome t 'Hit ' tl1 mnvo ·i ti.< n · inrl I nt ]y tlt J ::\,}' StiJlli} ) r t 1 'Llll ltpOll bl'i n·ht lHLl>il · 1· llJ m he tea chr•r. \. "OJ'd a· to h' sd ·cion of t al) l ;tlH pietuP :. B . tu·<· thr•y }H v · a le<"i lt ·d puin l. 'orn · 1ht·

• p1 ·tni' : ar · a: I om· co ntl)(): i tion s n-.: . a ve tao- . 0 'l' U. tnmm· ThOO I b 7 '' s:-:a,' Oil · tl!!'itl woul<l b-· with <1u >I' sr ut to h not ·omr . iti on:. Th ey nl' .. jumbl s. Y u cannot ol te:Lin t g ocl. tion of uch eonfu ion. It we Hltl I' t' 111 It mo.· P' pl8 ·H clPc.:nil)tion of a J <>n 1an I. A_uotb ' l' WOl'd a. liO b w to l1 -' l}l tlte pnp dI t lnnk the. nljrwt i. : fal' ' HOH gh a1o 1)o· for ).011 to r ecou·ni.z e thi. fa c·t ,-jz: 'l'h' ]li)c1 leaJ ·n how to ee . It ':is j n f.:it a. in dra,,vill !!· He mak e. a poor dra'"''ing bec.an · · he 11 l 11 see thing · co rr ectly. He nuLk e.- a poor rlt:Sf'l'iption hecaus he do cs not . ee tl 1 pril 1'·1pal thino·s, the s uborclinat th in gs ancl tlH re\i\tion s of on e thing _ to Yo1.n then, s l! onld be in the lin e of 1 acling lt 11 n to see thin gs in the lio·ht of tho l aw of c0 111b 1 . po s ition. Snch help ma} be sno·gl::!sted these qu estion s: ""\V h at does th o })i repr esent?" "\ Vhat nam e may y ou 1t< "What obj ec t will y 0 11 b eg in with1' ' "\ iVl.Htf will you n ex t take2" "\ ¥hat thi ngs wi ll ynn te ll about the boy?; , "vVhat ab o ut th e g jrl (' The pup il s w ill be quick to see . The y notic e that John b egan with the vn:ong that Mar·y "ran all about" ancl that . omethiug out .· · Do not be tec hnic.al. 1: t · can be critic and teacher without J.mpo s iJ technical no1i1 encla·tur e. upon th e m.

' )JE M \.R 'H rn

1']' -,T·fi'.l3l 'L\.TE N li L. A. H. Y \ N ' J,E

It j · 01 1l r f r ll):lll ' tha th

d . . 1 ' -L .Jl to m nth Y'al'l. n·Jc c1 11th H-

. . . t =t on i m r

Vi L 11 lll · " t . J11 ro· prino· 11 , o· loall - "'111 1 -. m\ n 1 a. nd nnun r In t <1U un1n ' . . . t ttnllll el rl !i ])nn o. ' 0 for th e n.lma.n ac "·ho uld t ll

\i'\ n 1f 11 1 1 · and an th r b eo·in . or '1 n \v lt •n n< ' . lett 1' "Febr. · on ev nino· "' d·LtP Olll

wh. · "e " th e ne xt mor1nn o·? 'ur ly th a11d ·'Mar fo 1· t who r kon d t im by f t tC ' • "r lt ill 0 1 110 of tlO\\ ' 1' a nd th fl.i o·h of th 1 om . . th :.> b JOt in::utwnalm th adoption of hi 1 . 1 ' "' ;).8 1 'tl'l

cal ncl;:t,l'. ·h JJ w \\Tit e of March bird we

Tlt e Jl '" · · , rHe of F ebr uar y and \.rril bird J1ll1 .'t aL? 1 "d ar o·oyero d by . fe<:llt 1 1 f r o uJ. . a nd r "'o·a:rd not th d cr e la w·s f thEll' o wn, o of n1 ::L 11 · • 1 11 in o· of Mar ch th re i a.u ac- 1 bl• crll o By t 1 the bird n ot netic ab le be for . ti vi ty 0 o' ourn crs ar e l>ecomino· re tl ::; our -vn nteJ t;J ns ar bein g mad e for the _ 1' p a.ra ,10 . 1 t . and P . . o· On bng 1 mmmng om so ng• 0' t ll t1;111 0 · l f' l d f'l llnn . . 1. ·in o· in nate 1es o me o y, tnn1' " ll10U g b · • stiers a . _ . PS for t.ltc gmnd chor us with l \' O lC in g t 1 • 111 ct')ebrn.t "' the n.nnual re turn of · h the)' ",y]llC 'll' . 1 ome -bui c mg t.J 1e 1 1 n.t meant the h ootin g of th e owls and :B tW" • tl 11·nr re tl ess ne ss of certain hawks durec u ·' . th e P ' t. st month? Search ont their 11 es ts, 1 . 11 cr t b. e 11Jr. eo-o·s which mn. v be found th ere • . t }0 t::O J and tTl ;:t,nswer to the ques tion. th e r why they ne t so ·early in th e 1 th ey of a tr:f, bavmg now lost th e nngratory ;, older ooull t · tHlr etain th e hn.bit, of ne s ting . l1l1 J • • ' iu st1nct, thrd · · in cold a few ago· ' t.hat the Blue 1 was tO . red buds have return e d. 'rhat . d tJ•e t· Bird s an. JJOt men 10uecl m,1st hav e b en • v'\fD,S l . . th e Robl 11 for he, too, las SLnlJ)ly been m 'n·llt f' · · f • an '. the ust 1 noH'n twn o s pnng I·cti.r eme nt .. .. tll t' ir s ht'l tP l' cl v.- int· 'T qnarters, tl1 ey JuLv-e lef t en1·0 , th'-' '1..Ll1 ' ]tine an c1 in. out to · J • • <'l llcl C' ome ·nliste11 that. 11nng 1s h ere . a 1l V\hO ,.\1 , "f .I I

Th Blu Bird and Robin ar not. m· about it. 'Iher ar many mi. in the tt· mu1 u warblin o· f th Blu Bird as h announc from um po tor yard fenc_e h ·think p·ing b her .· and th _ R?bm will no rj k hi r putation b) m a real pring melody.

Th I' i ill a hill in th a.tmo ph r and 1. . b ,_ tell ,.1 tllt1t ba mo·enno·. now all.L\.ti c nfl. of not n til· 1 -ield d to th gentle I 11 nr · t' m to ha·re pl'ino·. He ma ' nat _un r- o-ain d much of hi old tim ngoi" but only tend to xhau t his fas t tr n o"th and in a few day the Ro bm I laim from om tre top t11e supremacy- of pring:.

Bnt th e Cardinal R d Bird ha b een ure n.bont j t all the tim e. He sang of the coming of in F bruary and every suun) ing h ha herald ed her approach with h1 cleat· h ee l'y ' hi tle . He is naturally a hy biid H ha r ason to be, for hi be autiful sona· and bTilliant })lum age instead of securino·for him th prote tion of hi lib erty t en d : to bd priY e hi.m of it His gracefnl form mov em nt s his and plumag e make 1nm b 1' n. ,-orite cage- bird, and in th e early tor of our country man) of th em were earned to tl1e old "mld wh e re th y r eceiv ed the name, \ iro·inia Nightingal e.

Jay ., Nuthatches, \Voodpeckers, Chickad ees, Robin s, Blue Birds and Cardinals make th e wood mu s ical with their notes : 'rheir so ng a1·e not th e l ess wel come because " lik e the poor, th ey ar e always v; ith us ," still , we li sten anxioul?lY for th e note s of the fiT t arrivals from th e south. Th ey seem to bring the \v annth and sunshine with them, and their songs l) roph es y of ge ntl e show ers and eal'ly spring bl ossom s.

As ye t we hav e li stened in vain. It is a warm eve ning early in the month, we h ear· a di sta nt ch1..r.,c lc , ch1..w lc cknck. A. great many birds say ch1.r., ck, but no other one ha s tha.t same quality of ton e. Th ere is no mi staking it. It ce rtainly is not mu si cal, ancl yet how it thrills us. Yon will se a flo ck of birdR tl y in p- S\vift1y in a definite dir ec tion. Th Y seem to kn O\Y exn.ctly wh ere th y are go ing,

and so do we . Have we not spent hours wadin g the wamp, vis itin g them at their h ome If not too distant you r g lass will r eveal the red w in gs of the Mar b Blackbird. And what i pe cul iar, eve ry bird has r ed on hi wing. What has become of the plain littl e bon e-w i ve

If yo u visit the wamp within a few day , you will ee thousands of r ed-w in gs hut n ot a fe mal e in sight. For orne unknown r easo n, • be e ither refu es to accompany her· liege l ord in hi s migrati on , or else i not permitted to do so. Certa in it is that she does not arriv e until a week or two l ater.

Th e Cow -Blackbird arrives about the same ti me as the re d-wing, and his habits of migration ar·c s imilar. He, too, precedes his, shall I say Nay, his mistTess, for f amil y re lations are not recognized among the Cow Birds. He is a ve ritable "free lover ,'' and builds no home. The female steals into some nest during the absen ce of the owne r, deposits an egg, and l eave s her offsprin g to the charities of the cold world. If charity deals as kindly with all unfo rtu!la tes as with thi foundling of th e bird kingdom, then does misfortune become a fortune, fo r the l eE; iti mate off pring of the parents are o ft en sacrificed for tho yo ung imposter

I thi nk, in this l ocality, the T ow he e is imp osed upon ofte ner than any oth er bird. • I seld om find a Towhee's nest wi th o ut a Cow Bird 's egg in it.

It is a little later in the month. Th e we ather is gr owing war mer and th ere is a sli g ht hum of insects in the air. , What is detaining the pion eer of the Do not th ese in sects always foretell h er Do n ot expect her in the evening. Sh e is not a thief, yet sh e.r generally · comes in the night. Look for her early in the morning There she sits in exactly th e sa me place from which she greeted us last spring, and fr om which she bad e us adieu last fall.

Is ske nre that spring is Ho·w can yo u don bt it? Has she uot followed the s un shin e froru the South, and cou)d a bird of her wi sdom make a

There is no doubt exp r essed in her· song. Spring is here, and she proclaims it fr om th e gate-post, the tree s, the barn t·oof, and even fr om the "house-top, " a1 ways in th e same tones.

f an 10oti n al uatur · it in h r v i · Bo t wh at Ja c an th ri al .lr' ll vo lu ti n . •( l m m ov 111 nt b n1

I · 'l y ,•tr·t·,·ltion t< r lt" pa r· n u·•JW il rn ' th e: ,, 11 y f th' m el d.·? 1 oo r· plai n l h

Y<Ju r on t.r i. a: una tr·ac iv • as )'Pll r dr b ou t· g oa hab it an d fri •11(() w a: to wa rd makin aro n d. f J l" th · d fi ·i IIC'i

By th nd of th m nt ll m ost f th soj urn r w ill hav g n . l.l !l n ' n " bir·d · w·: hav e a ni v d-om t 1 nd h umm r· with 11 '. oth rs j nrn nortl. w ard . [auy of nr· r ,. :. de nt bird w ill ben tin g wbi l s m wi ll b with the ca re of a rar idl ' gr w in g fan til) . then orn e Ap ril. Ab . ·wh o ·a11 wri t of ''Th e press of my foot to th e ea rth sprin gs a hundrerl affcc ti( , _ That scorn the bes t 1 ca n do to relate th em ."

ELEMENTARY B T NY IN 'l'IIE P H OL'. LlC

OliA;RLE E. BE,'SEY , U .r TVER,' I TY OF NE Bl K.\

IV .

I wi h to ·pe ak, in thi s ommunicati n (lt some me thod pur ued in the tudy of pl::t llh some of which ar -• good, wh il e ·om ru·- d id· edly bad. ,

1-i'irst, as to making notc!.o s: Bear in miutl that whil e the makino· of notes i a ,g·ood•JthiJJ•Y, 0 it is not the e nd, or all-impOI"tant thing in nrP study. I sometim es, find th<tt Jn th e eff(n-t t 1 sectue note taking, the te ache1· s eem s to lM\•' forgot t t->n tb at the notes ::LTe taken · im pl) fur the help of th e stud ent in the stutly . lie i::> not stu d ying s imply for th e sak e of rnakh,:-· notes. It is u sually best for the pupil hl make care ful n otes, but the teacher must 1w t_ f orget th at some pupils will work better il allow ed to pursue a differe nt cour se:

Second, as to drawings: Every wise tea. ·lwr . . sl"ble wav th e .,." ... 1' w1ll encourao·e 111 every pos J "'U" in o· of of plantr:; and parts of Plant::" . c · b taken t 1 but he1'e, again , care must .e1 " t th not ' make such a requirement as wll lf e tn al' ina- of a draw in o· above the s tudy Its e . "You ' p ;pU do es not ;tq_tcly pla nts in order to drt ..

th ln H ,...-il] 0 • 11 rail , tud - th m. b tt 1 if h I e ncl . om ' tim in makin o· dramno· '

. J . o·c o cl d "Jl f fr dom. L t lum g tv nur a > • h · · 1 ·

l th at t lr t1J:a wiu o· i. an aid to lm ll1

l .· . him to u. t ln md · 7· q ur tud -. \. c \ 1 in u h a ,,-a r ,.l l.Jll. o u,, it. jf ou ·an ·o

L 1 t t i <W aid to ::tnd a t mc.tk -' him f ·l Ht 1

] cZ of t nd r. n ot t 1 rn h u e of bla nk Ma.n rot " ' ·"d oo print d bl ank (' he dul te ach r pr ' 1 . call d) "hi h they plac ITl ..- tlll l8 th "Y ::tre 1 of th e ir pupil t b fill ed ont. in th ' \Y Ond rf'ull.) c omplicated om e of t 1 a,· on e before m now in " hich ft. · · · I Jr f" · · h ll c.. au · · 1 af flow r nut tc wit a t )1.1) G ) • • ro ot ·t . ar atalogu dIn a. ve rti c al c olumn th ir hand margin of th pag · th n on .th t are oth r Un e tr tc hing to th 8>gMD ·u whi ch are plac d at r g ular inte nals J"j o·ht 1 brcviati o ns as ar. lo., br. t x. r. fm. sne ll ab ... tc etc . At th e to p and bo ttom d k tr · ·' · · 1 · d lL· · ·• th es abb r VI::ttlOn are }.."}) am of th e vage_ . - 1 th ere are aste l"i:sk and oth er and in a.clclltl Ol ns o·uid -b oard to th pu2zl ed , t se rv e o .t hin g 0 anoth er on be fOI" e me whiCh

1 I hl'L' e · -, · 1 · f' }JUPl · 1 . fir st mauuy 1n 1av1ng wer f "()111 t JC • - I diff'er 1 Bo th are cop yngh te d! and ·•b hre d<'Ltwn. ·h r ar e Yery widely used i.n th e ,. a th at t ) . . a111 t nl 1 ho e th stateme nt IS not tru e. school s. ld p think of a te acher of Ma th- . t won you ·vvha 1 Il cl delib e rately place m th e t"cs w 10 wo1: · e t1la 1 · f his pupil s skele tons of th e problem , }l a, ncl s Latin t eac her wh o would th e or of t u se imilar skel eton tra nslation ? puPil to teach er of Latin allow hi s pupil s to yVill a ll Y k s" like this: A l. , Ga., i. , diY., in. , use ''bl ttP etc. Doubtles s it would enable tin·. , who kn ows littl e or no Latin to m ::tUY [I! 1 ] ass '' a t <:' rm or two, but of wha.t "] 1ear f:l. c ic1 ttll such study (?) be to the pupil? \raluel won ore valu e in plant s tudv c: - 11l ' J. It is of 110 c1 fin::tlly: A ll ow a good de al of ]i'ott dlL in th e work of your inclividna.l th elll wh at they are to accomp li sh, Indi c ate to ·e to a nd then a llow each on e, wlutt th eY tt'l ch on e, to work out his de scrip- ·7-e ea Yes requ·z 1 way. Of cont se you are to ' . · 0 -wi .tions IJl hl S ·r ections a nd sn gges tw n s, but help hhn b! Do not b ins1 him t •Jtrourag e l'Llcl

int 11 t uall to an rack-like et of blank L him f l that h i a fTee student no t a ied follow r.

p· BLI HOOL GYl\IIN.ASTICS. OR PHY ICAL TR UNING v; . ITY.

BY H. B. DUNCANSON

I.

•M ntal a t iYi ti. d pe nd on bodilT co ndition . E,·ery a tivi t.) e ith er bo dil or mental i ac compan ied wi th a lo s of ener gy Th lo in ene rg. i dire ctly as the ener gy e.s:p nd d and equal to it; but t he am o unt of wo rk ac c ompli hel by a gi ve n am?unt . of en rgy may n ot be con sta nt, if t he be mad upon the bas is of r esul ts obtam ed.

Re ne , you cann ot ay an indi vid ual is cap a ble ofdoino· a o·iv n amountof.m en tal work s impl, 0 0 b ecan e h ha ea ten th e re quired am ount of food· neither can you say th e same the individual has the prop er me ntal ca pac1ty · Hm" ev er, under normal eirc um stanc e s, tht> re may be orn e a pproximate ratio e xi s ting betwe en th e nouri hm e nt r eceil ed and th e work a ccomplish e d. If this be t rue then th e re ults obta in ed will depe nd largely up on om· a.bili ty to adj nst the conditi ons.

It i, th e s ph ere of g ymnas ti cs and c.alith ni cs to n1a intain the bodily c miditions s nitable for th e me ntal ac ti vi ty . We cann ot e ducat e th e mind wi thou t also e ducatin g th e body . Among the many gy mna s ia ju thjs e ountJ;y th ere are few be in a dire cted in such . ' 0 a manner as to devel op even the body. Th e pTe vailing inc ent iv e is th e de sire to e xc el in fe ats .of stren gth• and e ndumn ce . Such exercises dwarf th intellectual capaci ti es in stead of aiding in the ir deve lopm ent. Our publi c schools go to t ]).e o ther e xtreme. rrhe a' er age sehool-master f eels it his fir st du ty to suppress a11 y and all bo dil y exerci se during the hours of the dUJily sch ool s es sion Thu s th e t aeher utiliz es hi s own 0ner gy in s uppr essing th at of his p upil s. rrh en th e pupil, in tm·n, find relief from his comatos e stu por l1y boring n. -

THE NORMAL COURIER.

bole through his desk with his jack-knife; anything, everything which will furnish t emporary relief from the galling ordeal of inactivity to which he is being subjected. The only humane remedy is either permit the pupil to go to sleep or give him physical exercise. Do not expect the mind to be active for any great length of time unless the body also may be active.

Of late years public attention has been directcd to the increasing deterioration in the physique of the population of England. This is occasioned largely by confinement in school and labor outside of school. Some parts of the b ody are dwarfed, while possibly other parts are overdeveloped, such as we find in the case of a person with a large hand and a sruall arm. H ence, we must have s uch exercise as will call into action all parts of the body.

The value of a well r eg ulated system of gymnastics in school can scarcely be estimated. In this limited space ;we can mention only ;a few of the more important features.

1. .Effec t on th e I/ungs.-Every muscular· exerti on is in vol untarily preceded by an increased inhalation, Nature thus providing an increased upply of oxygen to replace that which is utiliz ed by the muscular contraction; in other words, exercise induces r es piration. If a man at r est inhales 480 cubic inches of air per minute, while walking four miles an hour be inhal es 2400 cubic inches, and while running six miles an hour, 3360 cubic inches. Unless the carbon di ox id e be removed and oxygen supplied the muscles refuse to do their work. Like the stove fill<:,d with ashes and without fuel, we cannot expect any mark ed degree of activity.

2. .Effect on the Nerves -Ex perience ha s proved that inactive motor nerves grow weaker and finally lose all irritability so that it b ecomes . ' . Impossible even to think in the direction of movements to which those nerves s hould give the impulse. At the same time the sens itory ner ves become high\ 't' d 'dl . . Y se nsr rv e an even morbi y UTItable. Thus exe rcise becomes effici ent in strengthening and dev el oping th 9 e nervous sys t em . "· Effec t on th e Mind - As tbu ge 1 · · nera cu·and the quality of the blood the bram becom es better nourished, and its of action in creased. It is on ly in a healthy body

to eof e bl

age, c nfid nc

TI WARD Jr. ,J 1\"'"E F

III. - Economy of fi', u dalisn& •

On e of the imp rtant fa ct r in the up -b ni11 ttof the pres nt civi liz ati n in Eu r p" wa tb h: r onial ca tl e, wh ich, th ugh it u e fu l n ba l• come a thing of tlte pa t, ba 1 ft n Ia tino- irnJ rt upon the subseq uent hi tor y of mankind.

Th e erman clan, in it s wand rin D". ub large ly up on the fruits of th c ba e. uch n ! if tended toward limiti11 g th e pr od u ti n f tb' cl: · to the bare of lif e. In fnct te lls us that this constant moving from pin' t• place was des igned to prevent the peopl b C.l>rn · ing attached to any p acefu l pm uit which nught lead them to ne glect th e more hon o rabl e occu pation of war. ·

In such a lif e there was no desire to !U1111"' property of any kind , and so each individnal duced as n earl y as possible enough to satisfy own personal wants f or the time being , and Jl l' more.

Now, however, with the building of perronuc:•r castles and r es idences the clan ceased its waJider' 1. ·h ing. Th e castle becain e the eenter about '' 11c "the band was clustered, and to which it lo oked ft'r protection from foreign enemies or from the iucur , sions of neighboring Barons.

As the -inhabitants of the territory were origi t' t ally members of the Gm·man c1an-not the t 11 d r•' German tribe- the people were accnstorne look to the chief in all matters, both social 0 11d political. The relations ex isting between t b• chief and his' band were pmely a personal Each person upon entering th e clan, pledg ed h :· own service to the chief, a nd might, ·•. any tim e, sever his connection with this particu lband and j oin himself to another. We have f' that tho question of land ed p roper ty had mueh

do \ Vi h clt::mg in g the r la tiou exi t ing betw ee n the uzerain and hi v.a al and while the obligati 0 \v ere £ r a t im e purely p r onal, aud soci ty wa f utJ d d up n that !em n alone, et the vasal cou ld n t I ave the ch ief with ut al o l eav ing hi gnmt f laud behind biro.

T 1• • 1 nt n we h ave before said, formed ul ' e JD ' '· b 1 b which · erman societ ' wa more the anc Y cl 1 bound togethe r. With the exten ion of ri ghts for a period of yea t· the per onal . f f dalislll pa sed away, aud the va al srd o en . f l .. . d 'th bis clue on t 1e condttton of r eceivr ema rue wJ h' 1 ·ty in fief, w rc 1 was extended upon roper mg of vassalage. nd 1tro o 1 h' co find from socra tstory• that the memb rs Wo t' I' b nd of w batever na wmt rty, or of any pe rf ll a ' 0 f utiqui ty however r emote, upon r ema ini ng ·ado a . 1 1tJ y in any oue locality, will s gregate, er 1nane l · 1 . . d. . into well-defined classes. The more indtVl nnd fnlO'aJ of the inhabitants, seeing the d tno us " o ns of th eir permanent l ocation, began to advantagle ex<>mple of their alqdial neighbors · te t 1e , "' i o:nta . their permanent property, a nd by . creas mg by 10 . tho prod uctiou of as great a variety as poss ibl e. With a dive r sity of J)lOCtttteS ,. 0f coDl . d 'vi sion of lab or graduall y sprang.up ccupatron a ' 0 the people. ·oblell1. noW' presented itself for imm e..A- new pr . o lnti on . This questron rel ated to the nondta.te s. <Y Bar·on and his immediate followers. roduCIDo U 'l b' P honld they be ma mt ame nt1 t ts t rm e s eJJlber of the clan h ad b een ex pected to everY :Ue in th e inte rests of the commun ity. Now, ct rv be . the c hief claimed that the lands of the qeve l' h' . b hov ·e und er 1s entrre control, and ence, as tribe we r ns held the occupied l ands as be neficiary n.. tbe u e J1l tbe ch tef, tt became th e ir duty to supg ran ts fr 0 d his as a kind of re nt for !11 port bt 'fbe p eo ple, on the other· hand, exerted the land· . tO gain their own enti re freedom from ff ot t · h ·. · every e d to retam t eu land as a·gift from . f flil1 the ch re ' b eJJlselves as members . of th e clan, th e c lan to. t the co ndition of vassalage to the unon biB spirit of freedom, disregarding chief. w.::h .tbe chi ef, the inh abitants organthe au th or Y of commerce among themselves . d . de systcl)) ' .1ze a I 11 • ]an. Barter of on e commodity d f . clan to c < a-:1 1 om the first step in the process. 1 for ano th er was

DEPARTMENT OF SUPERVISION.

OFFICIAL.

K.• GO DY , STATE SUPERINTENDENT. Decision.

S tion 3 subdiYision 14, of the chapter on ' hool re quire that in cities of the firs t class the board of e ducation shall consist of nin e m mb i· It also provides for the el ection of m mb l' S of said boru:d of education. B eatrice be ing all· ady organiz d {!.nder the act governin a· s h ool in cities should elect at the como ' ing city el ection (the first city election under the act governing the c iti es of the first class ) a , numb er of board members s uffi ci ent to change it pres e nt membership of s ix to a in mbership of nine. Thi"s wilt" make necesary the el ecti on of fiv e memb e rs-assuming that two of the present me mb e rs complete the ir term of service at the close of the curr ent school year.

Ans'wers to

r. The statute prescribes the subj ects that may be taught in the dist r icts of the state, and th is prescription wo uld preclude all other subjects. The language of the statute and of the state is English, a ud this is tht> language .in which it is presumed that all the seh ools of the state are conducted. l am of the opinion, therefore, that a district school conducted in any oth er than t he English language would not be a legal school:

2. When there are no officers left in a district, there is no one empowered by the stat ute to call a special meeting. l am of the opinion, h owever, that a special meeting called for the purpose of the election of trustees , may be provided for by the posting of the prescribed ,n otices for special meeting and that any r esident of the district who is a le gal voter at a school meeting may thus call a meeting. ·

3. This office is of the opinion th at there is no legal authority {or buy ing Christm as presents for the pupils of the schoo l, and that a ny school moneys pai d out fot such purpose may be recovered from the board au thorizing the expenditure

4· This office is of the opini on th at the dis tri ct b,oard is the only legally authorized buildin g committee of the district.

s. It is held that the charts ordered by the members of a board without having called a meeting of the board for the purpo se of transacting business are the property of the men who ordered them, and no doubt the seller may collect from th ose orderin g. I am of the opini on that the company cannot co llect from the di<>tri ct.

6 · .In reply to an inquiry h aving refe rence to the making and enforc tn P" of h reg 1 t" · . "' sue u a ton m r egard to ta rdmess at school as reqmres the presentati on of an excuse for such t ardiness, l have to say that the school board h as full au tho rity to enact such a r egulati on, which is in my opinion, in no wise an unreason able o ne.

ED ITO

BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.

ADVERTISING RATES.

Per inch, single column, single insmtion, S . 7 5

Special rates furni bed on application to bu s in ess managers.

JAS. E. DEL ZELL, } Business anager . JAS. H. HAYS,

Print ed by 0. H. Kent, 'Job Printer, Auburn, Neb1 ·.

Paeulty.

A. "·· NORTON, A.M., PRL">;CII' AL,

T e:tcher of P sychology , Ethi cs, L ogic, ;wd th e cicncc and Art of T eaching.

ELIZA C. MORGAN, PR ECEP"rRESS,

T eacher of Liter.t tur e, Rh etoric, General 'Hi s tory a nO Ph ys iol ogy

H. B. Dtn\CAN 0:>1 , B.S. of Botan y, G eo logy and Zool ogy

A. H. V A"l'i VLEET,

T eacher of Chemi s try, Ph ys ics and Ast ronomy.

G. \\' ELL! , B. A.,

T eacher of Math ema tics and L:otin

MI S FLORE1\CE M. WRIGHT,

T eacher of Oral a nd Written Arithm e ti c.

MISS JEN:>!IE McLAIN, of United States Hi story and Geograph y.

MIS MARTHA WINN I E, T eacher of and Grammar.

LILLIAN U. KELLOGG ,

T eacher of Readin g, Drawi ng, Civil Governm e nt and B oo k-Keeping. fiSS

T eaclicr of Princi ples of In struction, and S ll pc rintcnd ent of Practice.

2\USS M. EVELYN BIRSS , First Critic T eache.r in Prac ti ce Schon l.

MI S M A TTill ELLIS, Secon d Critic T eacher in Pr ac tice Schoo l.

E. M. LIPPITT, T e.1c h er of Vocal a nd I ns truin eota l Mus ic

MI SS JENNIE HOYT, Li b rari an and Sten ograph e r.

JOHN BLA"NKENSHIP, jan itor.

.Boarrd of Edueation.

HON A. K. GO DY : Supt. Pub. In st., Lincoln

HO:\' .j OSTi P11 S. BARTLEY St.1tc Treasu rer, e. r· o.fiiCio, Linco ln HOI\. B. E. B. K E DY Om ah a; te rm exp ires •S<Ji

HON. C. \V. KALE.y Red C l< >ud· term exp ires t SgJ liON. J. T. • PEX CE it·.·:.:

tion

pr . n tim e, h cipl · ncu·niTI school y ·tem: 1 Of t11 exaf't ,·itu :"ttio n b,r nl

"A. know l edgintellig nt dtiz ns, a ll o· nuin e \m ri ea.ll tiv born and naturaliz cl, in ' ry l'eHolving th m lv e, intO a 'OTlllUlt t"C of l\ whol to J. alou ly watcb and l o.ru ·' 1 ' . . 1 . •111{ g uard the e nur se ri of our_· ltrzen 1_1p ' t :J th t' when e ver th y are a a1:1.l. tee on _ Cl!l t1no· ] t b \\ it h def en e without mali ·e, w1t 1o n 1gotry out f ear, wi thout compr(}mi ·e

"An hon st r ecognition of the comm ndnlllt f eat ur es of our ,·chool system , · t• f' l c\l · '"'An . equall y honest re cogm lou o t 1 1 f'e cts, with wi lli ngness to from a ll other ystems, whi c h, 1]). an) of thell' t . . su()'aest n ee de cllmpr ove me nts. 1u es, mn,y oo . 11 tll

"A ad in es t:l to fac e pate nt def ects re 1 cntt to cover but to conrageous y

quer th e m. 1 pt

H'fh e be st and most thorough m strncttol. 11• ·al me ntal indu st.l'11 every de partment, more ' , b .'t ni '' P hysi c al, I)lacing· the systemh Y 1 s

· t mo· app l' O:oJ.C en ce out of th e of any 1::>

general eoJ?:netiljion lu te n ecess i ty of th'

"Ins i st upon the abso !i' tlile Na ti oll :\ t ery 01 ' .: prec e denc e and II,las · .

l anguage. , t. inino· of a ll tl

''R . h careful ra o l"t equue· t e . } fnndam e ntal llO I child ren and youth rn t 1e , ·0111 s and }n·inciph' cal doctrines and moralq.:x.r '

n whi ·h th fr Am ri

nl ad quat m

f 1" th pin i on and h 1" r· adil y in .ul a "d in · h 1 ,.. rha enltt acqun"" 11 andLcl. t .. t i th practi

r for pohtl al pU!pO do ll t nom . "t] l h

· · an c romunrty WI 1 t 1e o 1 (' rum DC 10 d" r

. ,, jd without pro tga ltJ and with lib1 n t _P 1 f' r bo h chool bnilclin cr::; and hool rah tY: f nppol·t· liti cal or L t no po ' . ·y fr on1 what v r ourc . l otlt 1. ' t1 a in trnctwn m th chool J. a-ion h. b. r 1 of bani hmg a 1g morali ty from t.h

r m mb r a ingl word Get the nlarg upon it and then make the applic:a-ion OlU own. Becan e they are so broad m i rrniflcanc and o general in app li cation we ru: I to b li ve that they app ly di.Tectly to our pr nt du ational s stem

TH E o-r at chool that are lo.cated in our cities tnk tl.J ir place a a part of the organization of ncb citi in a leo-a \ alone . Whate> e r: enc nr ag ment i offer d by the municipality, whether in land or money endowment, is carefull y defined with due r e()'a rd to fo rm and acc ur acy of 0 detail. The mo ral iDfluence of the college upon the popu l atio n is a factor not r ecognized according to 1 ga l fo rm but which, it is hoped, will ac1n of th tea her. Th Ameri an id a c b ;.1>l th sc hool hall be a civil ducator to i' o·ood c itiz n , and good citizen mu:st to hav e much in common. ro ak rnoral hara ct r. Th e chool ' vill str angers to those a lr eady the re and take up a po S·. s bl be a re:tl ex ?f the nobl wo rk which requires a ll the i1: ti me and attention. But it is not certain the in ter " t of the t ow:!:! and the choo l will be fo u nd Th e st udents come as

l·ne nta Y . of the ms tru ctor ., "' ··• On the other hand, the occupati q ns of the people 1 har actel s , mol'fL c Jl schoo ls , wh re ar bE>ing cj; the town se ld om lead them wit?in grounds '' Let a. tle performance ofthe1r dnt1 e a o1 the co ll ege. Hence, int ead of bemg helpfu l t l'ain d for 1 the republic, come und er the to each othe r it is not impossible that such infre. us lll 8 overe l e; pervi ion of the ·governmental quency of contac t may result in act ual antagonism. 1 · nt su l b d i 11 te1 a rightful measure of safety, f:3uch a condition of affail-s must ce r tain y e ennth0rttl s, al method of approx im ating that plor ed. The acti ve SJ1Dpathy of ' the citi zens ._., c:: the on y .r..u

M.aN,Y perplexing questions enter a teacher 's mind as she begins her wo rk. Awong these quest ions may be the one, ''When sha ll praise or reproof be given to a pupiW' Thi mn,y be a very s impl e qu es tion, but we are l ed to beli eve that due cons id er at ion has not be en o- iv.en to it.

0

How oHen do we find teachers saying ''this''

fl.rtcl a _.- 1 "form i ty of r es ults esse ntial to sho uld su rely be of benefit to the school, and no unl . 0 f h . . fi ....,n:t.C . ducati on in a re pubhc. ne o t e one will deny that that schoo l which has nom uJ.' 1.1lal e h 1 . . h poP . 1 functions q f1h e common sc oo IS to ence for good which can be extended beyond t e the children of for eign birth or gates of the camp us has forfeited it s claims to r ec - J' lca , .f\.I1l 0 aa·e, and by i ts pro cesses of dig es tion ognit ion. nibtion mak e th em a healthy part of The life of the one el ement is distinct from that .t"" ssll f.l!Jla d politic Thu s on ly can the dang e r- of the other in much of it s purpose and conduct, tl1 e 1'> 0 be macl e safely homogen- but sho uld not be separ ated by other Jines than O'L1-s1J · those wh ich a di!fe r ence of occupation must ineveo·tJ S· j\Jl'ledcar_t to float over eve:·! itably draw. Those outs id e shou ld not be l ed to cboo l lll the re public while r ega rd the coll ege as intruding, nor shou ld co ll ege p n b li C- 6 l I'n sesswn, as an o bj eet-lesson lif e be permitted to imagine its elf an intell ectual the : 111 for ch ildh ood and youth, and as oasis in a des ert of ignorance. in patl'1°t\o the world that we consider these a y rn bol }le fortr esses of om· strength, from huildings t th the forces which ar e the b es t which go fqJf nr fre e institutions '' 0 0 ptote ctors rint th e se as a set of rul es; for \¥ e do not pel' admissil)le. Th e valu e of e n ev rules ·ar . 1 to each e ducator is pronor- '. cnp es 1:' :pnnh. . J.dll in ap11 l ying th mn . Do not , t1onal to u; 8

THE NORMNL COURIER. and ''that,'' little thinking what they are saying, or what effect will have upon the pupils. Some have the idea that one should alw ays be praising the pupils; others, that one should never praisethe two extremes hindering good r es ult s from the work of the teacher.

This is not a hopele ss question, but is one, if fully Ul;lderstood, that will aid the teacher in implanting in the pupils a high ideal. Th e right kind of praise, given at the right time, will be of great use to the receiver. A child who ha s spent muph time in drawing a map, and has produced one fairl y good, should receive a f ew words of eb.COUl'agement. The map may not be the best, but those few words will awaken a desire in that child's heart to do better at the ne xt attempt.

Do not "This js the b es t map," if it is not the best, for this would be flattery-a thing which n ever enter into our schoo ls. If it is the best, be not slow in giving the pupil his ju st reward, for "just praise is a debt," and one deser ves to know if hi s work is up to the r equ ired stand ard

So.me may ask, ''What good will thi s praise do the pupil ?" If the pupil works from motives from within, he will labor the more vigorously to be worthy of the prai se. tendered to him, thus lifting him to a higher standard. ·

If the reproving could only b,e left outside the school-room! But there are times when a re pro of is a proper thing., but frequ e ntly it is given without any purpose. If. the work has been carelessly done, let the boy see for him se lf his poor-work, and then show him that l:Je can do be tte r. It is best not to spurn the poor work, but to so repro ve the child .that he will d esire to imp1·ove.

AMONG THE MAGAZINES.

BY JOSIE E. YORK, CLASS OF '93.

.M. Paul Topin ar d 's "Man in Nature," contams some favorable points for the evo lutionists, but the s id e of that great question is well di cusse d also. Believers in Darwinism wi ll find it to their interest to ·r ead this article, which will be found in the Febrnary Popular Sci ence Monthly. ·

'•ln diligence tb e bee can m as ter th ee, In skillfuln es s a worm th y teacher be: Knowl edge th ou dost with hi gher sp irits wn, Btft art, 0 man, th ou d ost possess alone. '

'l'h F br·o.a1· p p 1 l a1 · ci ne e Mo? tltl,lf al o ha an arti ·l n Agrictllto.r ," and on ntitl d in the filky Way. '

The Iii nde1·garten M agazine ontain hr. articl es of pecial i nt 1· st to t a l;:t r of pr.lmar•y scho ol Th y ar , "Th Kind ro·arten as an Institut e f01· Moral Trainino-," ''R'.i nd cl'garten and Public chool," and "Kind 11 L eg isl ation."

In the .Educational Rc'oi ew we find two articles of practi al value to hool board ' and principal : "El ectiv s in the :S:igh School," an d "T xt-boolts of Geography. Th e latter s how how sha:U.ow and in effic ien t some of'the r ecords are which ar·e placed in the ·hands of the . choo l ·hildren of our l and, and which they a1·e calhicl npori td u se a. geographical t ext-books. ln the s ame magazin e, the subject of ''Adm is s ion to College Certificate" is thoroughly disClissed, and \V lll · be of int eTes t to ahy who ariti ci p :it i3 a co Ueg cou.rse.

In the same magazin e, Prof. Spencer Trotter has an article entitled, " Bird s of Th e Gl'ass r ·tand. r animal ih th u t f 1l wino- fr 11.1

In Goldthwaite's Geographical Magazi1te, the s-u:bj ect' of'"New Stars" is talum up, an ·attempt mad et to· convince tW3·'reade·rs th< 1 all n ew stars are produ cBcl ?:Y c lash f m eteoric swar....... Th e arcrumen ts ar base &uS. . . upon the ph·e:nomeiron' of th'e d . ,,. b . ·ht ess of the n ew co i ance a,? pecn..rlar. ng . k Way." stellatwn Au.nga, ·m·the lVIIl Yn. the "Intro In.th e Fe brnarJ: show du ctl on of the Re wd ee r s to th e unite of how much importanc e It 1 r es should b S . t 1 h roeasn ta es t 1at some sue f' the United Stat taken, that the in t'ei'ests o in Alaska might be protected.

M_J; NO TE .

'·1 · ;, givn 'a holj.da on 01·mal h 0 w '· hin ·. t b- h

Th '· ' f W a g on s n t a unrv r al 0 fh 101 pok at Om aha in xW Norton . hd . .

Prof. · Wa hin o·ton but a .m

·t1·0 n J::Iall n , ,. hurchill, Ron. Mr. po 1 'th :S:on

P an Wl h. M. Thur ton and Chan- com T.Ton. Jo n t 1' J,"l. W b . o-htO '· '

llor Or 10 th!3 Philom ath an Soci ty ·cal by

Th e :N.fu 1 · th pr e sen ce of a crowd d '·enael' a 111 well worthy of that a ugust wa 1 a wa . f h cha el, n the pl asmg o t e dp ft.D1 g Welsh so ng by L enora and bo Y· was a O'l' proo )lngh es

cott and Mt -.; Te rnon o·irl s pas se d a • h ers J. • o

1'he teac t venino· in the r eception room ·y pl asan H 11 the Author ' Carnival, " 1 J:i[ e rnon a ' " of Mt. . 18th. . 1 • -oebl'nalY who has been attendmg th j3 J-' Uhoi n, ' d h. Bart Sh al College, has r es um e 1s Jo e :Me diC :r ·mal for the rest of the year. St. . t the I'JOI . ·.. studle 8 a ' attalion gave an entertamment

The :CS onual :B all on the eve ning of March

he 1'J'orm.al II nd privates we1·e arrayed · t >- ' ffi ers a · · 1n ]3oth o c ty unifmm s, and no effort 4th ·l e ir new and tas 'lt the proo'l'am in that · t 'l rry Oc o IJlas spared to ca ldi ei'ly manner so befitting ""'a· o-JJ.ifi;ed so The band renlo et1quette.1 .. · l h 1 ;IitarY · 11 t music and t re . w o e J1ll · - e exoe en · ' ded one of the scenes not un com.. ' eJJ.ll'fl . f '6 1 ffall 1 · ·ng th e days o · dtll'1

:Ill 0 n Evelyn Birs.s, of. the N 1\lisS :N.f. "The B eo·innino·s of C1ttzenslup ,L>.J- oJJ. o o f l ecttlr e eh on the evening of the 3d o a ,,.,.,s rr ec lll

March· , ·· Conc e rtos wit.h piano accompau. . 1111 ' . . ' .

Th e '\T1° Boucher a.I\d Wife, of bY' · c'la in th e N orlllal Hall on th e liD. Q:;t.ll& ' 1 'f ron tv , -March the 26th and 27t 1, was a e:en ing s of .l' for the Philos. Mr. Boucher n ew His throug,h, .Canne e ds no 1nti 111 Albani and h1 s f1:e qu ent ,apac1a with Mada · Unite(\ ::)tates has wqn for ·n the f' A . " 1 of " Th e .B eethov en o . .. ' him the nam e vatio ns and the VIgorous Th e accorded 0

the appredation of his e ncor s evidenced ma terly renderings.

. 1 and the classes

Th e present semor c ass f exthat follow wiU have the o . . . ·k in th e First Preparatory t nd d pract1 e "or p . tice a a Hio-h School d epartment of the . Iao 5 h · duatinO' fmm S hool In this way t ose gra 5 · · l]v fitted ,for th State Normal will be es pe Cia J • , " mo' ement 1s no:w Hio·h School p <;> 1t10ns. .o- th on foot to add a Po .-Graduate year to e C f h -h the s rono·er students of our e o w 10 o S class will be invited to b ec.ome mem: bers. This COl:u se is intended to fit p ecially for supervision, either as pnnclpa s or superintendents of

Send fifty cents and obtain .the CoTIRIER for the r est of the year, mcludmg the articles so valuable to teachers, by Prof. Norton.

. ... . , )\ ..

Those who anticipate attendingth s Fair will do well to noti ce the advertisement by L. D. Atwater, in this numb er.

' .

RESOLUTIONS

OF . CONDOLENCE.

.• I

.A kind and omnicient. Father has seen fit to visit our classmate.,. :Mtss Eda C. NelsQn; with a sore bereavement in the death of a sister; therefore be it ,., .J!,es,ol'l)ed, .That we, the members -of the· Senior Class of theN. S. N. S. , ex tend ta ·her our heartfelt sympathy and condolence in this her hour of oereavement, and commend to hel' the consolation of a- faith in the wisdom of Him who doeth all things well; and be it : .R esolved, That a copy of these r es olnt10ns be.presep.ted to our classmate·, and that th ey be publish ed m the NoRMAL CouRIER.

T. STANTON v A.N VLEET, MA.Y M. WYNE , H. ALICE wALLACE, JuLIA. M. Wowr, CHA.S. s. JONES , ' ., Committee.

CO N STITUTIO N.

TaE Ar.uMm: T EACHERs' B uREAU 01• T HE NE.BRAlU.. STATE NORMAL Sca ooL.

ARTICLE I. -N ame :

Th e nam e of t hi s org aniz a tion hall b Tk " ' e Al 'IJ/J71in,i Teachers ' B ur eau of tl't e 1Yebras 7c a State N orma l Sc ho ol.

AJ;TioLE IT. - Objec t: . rhe obj ect hall be to promote alike th Inter es t of th e publi c- school s of the tate and the gr ad u ates of th e State Normal ch ool by placin g such gradu ates in pos iti on their wo rk will be m os t effecti ve.

TIOJ,E fi .-Memberskip : ·

Sec t ion I.- Th ose per sons eligibl e to membership in t hi s Bureau sha ll be tho e who h _old unexp ir ed certifi cates of g radu ation fr om ei tb: er th " Hi h · e g er" or the'.: El ementaryCo ur se ," memb ers of the Seni or Ci a s, a nd , on OI' after Jun e the fi rst of each year th e m mbers of th . . ' 8 mc.ommg eui or Ci a ss .

Sectzon 2.-Th e Prin cip al of the sc h oo l and the Sup erintend ent . of PI·acti ce sha ll be memb ers .Ex- Offi ci o of th (-, Bureau a nd of the. Ex ecutive Comm i tt ee.

3.- Th e me mb ers hip fee sha ll be 20 cents for regis tra tion eac h year . Any pers on a position t hr ough the agency of this Bureau sha ll p ay in to th e treas u ry of th: Bureau on e per ce nt of hi s fir st year 's sa1su ch pa yment to be mad e on r ece ipt of his fi r .t month 's salary.

Sect1on. 4 - Th e t f . th ti · ac o papng e r egi str aon fee sha ll · sigm'fy th e ass ent of t hat r egis- tered memb , t . . · . ei o a ll th e prov isions of the co n- stitution

ARTICLE IV D t' ' . .- u us of M em bers :·

Section 1.- It .s hall be th e duty of each ni a·

me mb er to coo t h '1 . . h . . pera e earti y m .carrymg out e_obJect of the organiz a tion by no t ify ing th e of a ll vaca nci es or pr obable vacancies

0 w ll cb. h

comrn d : may be a ppri sed, a nd by su ch en atlo f d'd m b . n. o can 1 ates for p os iti ons as ? JU st wit hin hi s kn ow ledge .

A.;) ec wn %3 - Each

Burea d : d . m mb er sha ll keep the e tte lu a VIhse ffiof hi. P. 0. a dd r es s andn ear-

Section 7. -Tit e an ction of th onpo ndin g cr etary ha ll be n ee . ary to r ncl er any a ·t of the Btu au le.o·a l.

ARTIOLE V I.- Qu'tru ?n : of th memb rs of th Bur -im wh o are 1ne mb ers of the SBni or Cl ass ha ll con.·titu te a quorum of the Bure au, amd t hr ee sha ll be a quorum ·of the Executive Cmn mi tteP

ARTICLE V II. -Ga ll ed . -

A m ee ting -·of th e Bureau, s ha ll be up on the writ ten re qu es t of two me:mb ets :

ARTIC LE .: .

Sect ion I. - Th e fi sc al . year sha ll be o·in Jun e 1. · · · 0

-·

Sect -i on 2 .-Au sur plu s fund s in th e t1·eas nr.r at th e e nd of the fi scal year shall be set 'ap art, as a-fund}oT th e per mane nt decm ation of th chap el. Thi s fun d s hall be ex pe nd ed by tl1 mem bers of the Se nioi: cl ass , wh o are rn embers of th e Bureau w ith the a ppr oval:' of th b ' egrap o ce. ·

A RTICLE V.- Offi cers :

Se ction offi cers of thi s Bureau shan f ac ult y.

Section 3.-No mon ey sha ll be d raw n fT om t he tr eas ur y exce pt up on an or tl.er th Executi ve Cb mmi'tt ee, sign ed by the a nd Co1'r s:p·onclin g Se cre tar y. ·

· o- ar e

Th e fo ll o WW o th e pr ese nt o ffi ce rs of the

B ur ea u: J ]' 1\ rl' Wo rt 11 I ll .J.f.l. •

Pr e ·-1 5 Jas E. D lze ll. ice re .-. S c' -P rin A. W. N t·to !l or Y· K 'tt Tynon. R cc' y- I y . ec. A· W O ste rh out:

Tr as.- · · h 0 r es

f ·tber inf on natiO n appl y to t e orFo r ll i

d · Sec re tar y· pon mg

PRO GRAM.

AN NUA L S ESS IO N OF Tfill N'INT:B' .r

FO R TR E NEBRA SKA ED UCATIO "'A L MAR CIT

Assoc iAT ION ,

1 89 8. . 29 3 p r Y :M:A RCIT TH, . "- · WED NES D .A ' . a 'fable C onferen ces

Roun d t "Rec ord s and Re" Co un ty Sup e rinten en s-. · 1

·t "-A. K. . Goudy' Lm co n. poi s, s e rinte nd e nts . 1 :M ee ti.n a- for County up Sp ec Ht c1 Fr 'l School T eachers-" GovGra mrn :itl' thrg ll.Tio·her Grad es''-W. H. ...n e nt rn e ::1. o e rn , · an er Ne bras ka Crty. l Gar T of Study for Rura Rur al "-J. L. McBri e n, 'f ec um seh. .

Sch 00 'f eache rs-" A ve nu es of Ex pr ess ron PrimarY :primary School" - Mi ss M. Ev elyn · th e Ill 1' I'Ll ·

Bil' ss , eers·- "Kee piug Di s trict A cc ou nts ,'' Scho ol :N.[iller, Holm esv ill e. . -\ i\TJU. \. y MA R CH 29'f H, 7:30 P. 11:1.

D NES P 1 '

WE .r __ L M Pe mb ert on Pr es - . f \ 1\f eloome · . ' o rd of Edu ra tion ,

Icl e nt Boa :&. Atkin s on , Fairbur y. .

R ee pon se - C. , -C C P ool, Sal e m.

PI·esid en t's A ddi ess · ·

TR R DA y' MA RCH 30TH 9 A. V· ho dl-room eme nt and D cora tion sW. F. Crarub Endi cott. Di u ion - Mi s Id a T w.

E onom y of Tim e in the Schoo l- room S. Ba r Lin coln · Dill a Rap er, Pawn ee Ci t . Th Rela tion of Rur al School s to Higher Intitn tio n of L earnin g: · l. To the pr es nt High p. Art t 1 C I J Ba rk er Da VId C1ty· W. no , 1 1ng . . .

V{ . Bon r, Wilb er. .

• 2. To a Coun ty Syste m of High Scho olJ. H.\ e d r N ma ba Ci t . T. J. L oar, Blue

Sprin o· .

3. To Norm al S hool - A. W. Nor to n, p ru· J. F. Say lor Lin coln. -1. To nh·er itie a nd Coll ges-Lawre nce

F ossler, Lin coln ; D. B. Perr y, Cr ete.

T HU RSDAY, MAR CH 30TH 1 :SO P. M.

Mod el Cl ass in Prim ary Readin g- Mi ss Le ah

Le o-er, B eatri ce . E. F. Tn ck:er, Lin coln.

Th e Impor ta n e of Good Lite rature, J. A. Beat ti e, Be th any.

A Plea fOl' Mor e Eng li sh in th e Grammar

Grad es : ( a) Gra mmar-Mi ss M. E. Rus sell , T ecum se h (b) Li teratur e-E. E. Phillip s, Wymor e; Apparatu s: .

1. For El ementary Work m Rural Scho ols. - J. J. And ers on , Hi ckman .

Di seu ss ion- Mis s Angie Erw i n, Graf .

2. For High School s-J. S. Van Eaton , Da vid City. .

Di scu ss i on- M. R. Snod g ra ss, Osce ola.

Scien ces Bel ow th e' Hig h· School vV. H. Skinner, Cr ete.

Di scu ssion- Mi ss L. E. Wrig ht , Nebr aska City.

THURSDAY, 111A RCH 3 0TH , 7: 30 P. M.

L ec tur e- Ron. John J. Inga ll s, of Kan sa s, at th e Paddo ck op era hou se .

FR ID A Y, MARCH 31ST1 8 :30 A.. M.

How to Atte nd th e Col umbi-an E X]?o sition. C. G. Pea tse, Be atri ce; }.!Ir s. Ali ce E. Goudy, Lin c oln.

Adminis tration a nd Sup ervis ion:

1. Relation of B oard to Te aeher- H. M. Braj ton, Pawn ee Oi ·); A. D. 'McCa ndla ss, Rc ... cepti o n.

THE NO RMA L C OUR I ER.

Wymore; Miss Vernie Robinson, Fill y. 2. Re lation of Superintendent to Teach rH. R. Corbett, York; Mi ·s Canie L ach, Auburn.

3. Relation of Superintendent to .BoardW. M. Clary, Nebraska City; G o. R. Chatburn_, Wymore.

4. The Superintendent's Duty R-gaTding the Programs of his T eacher -U .. 0. And 1"son, Seward

Discus ion- D. T. Scoville, Hebron .

PROGRAM

OF THE NoRTH NEBRASKA T EACHERs' AssoCIATION, TO BE HELD AT FREMONT, NEB., MAR CH 29TH, 30TH, 31ST 1 93 .

WEDNESDAY EVENING.

Cornet solo-N . W. Preston, Fr emont No r mal. Invocation-Rev . T. M. Brown. Addr ess of W elcome-Geo S. Loomis. Response- R. G. Mo ss man. Baritone Solo-"Con sider the Li lies"--J . H. . Fisher.

Pres ident's Address-C W. Bige low Indian Club Drill-Fremont High Schoo l.

THURSDAY FORENOON

Vocal Solo, "Santa Maria"-Fause-Miss Ba t es Fremont Normal.

Pmyer-Rev . T ate . Literature in the Public Schoo l:

a. Wh en Shall it Begin1 How T aught in the Primary-Miss Be ll e St Clair , Madison.

b. Influence on Lives of Pup il s-M r s. A. C. Ballou , Columbus

c. English and American Authors What On es Should be Stud ied?-Home r P. L ew is, Omaha.

d. Modern Literatu r e-D . R. Ke r r, D. D., Bellevue P. H. Fr i nfrock, Ne ligh. ·

e. Magazin es and Newspapers in Schoo ]s-D. E. Ree se, Oakland .

f. Culti vation of Sensibi.l ities-W. L. Stephens, l!, ull e rton.

Mnsie--' 'R ing on Y e Bell s, Rh ein beTger - Ladie ' Trio.

ariton

H. Fi hr.

a. wo r th. f Til

b. s a Di tinct Ewing .' hoold

Education .-. El ctiv ur , iwulant

So lo- ''Wher th Lind n Blo m'' - J)udl /1 l3u clc- 1rs. 13at s r m nt o nn a l. '.

Lectur e-( ot y t ngag d.

Mus ic- I£ie Shallop Kuchen-Ladi Qua r tet t unde r direction of Pr f. M. Pa rs u . prano ·.

Mi ss Eva e nn ey Mrs . J. M. 'h iv 1 ' 11!1r •• , .

R. Pa t·so u s; ontral to, Mi har l ott Jar<Yill ; Al to, Mrs. Rob e rt tinson.

FRIDAY FORRNOON •

Mu sie--"Thou Every Wh r , "- achneT- ' oprano Solo, with io li n Obligato- Mr . ].{. Gieh l Parson s.

Pray er- Rev. Ch estnut.

Natu re Study in Pub li c Sch.oo ls-Pr of . C. E. Bessey, State Un ive rsity .

Piano Solo-Mrs. F. W. M ill e r.

Bu siness, el ection of officers, etc

FRIDAY AFTERNOON

Muc ic-- "Cavatina, "- Web er- J\II i ss Bates, Fremont No r mal.

T he T eache r 's Manner in School-Dan' M ill er, Fr emont..

Mora l Oppor t un iti es of T eache r- Cha rl otte }1:. Wh it e, Wayne.

T he Average T eacbeT an d Work Ou ts i de of Sc ri bner

Pos i tio n in Comm unit. ' Scboo l-W. K. Fow le!',

H ow to Atte nd the Wo rl d's Fa ir-Sup t. A.. I(. Go udy.

R epo rt s of Comm i ttees b , Music- " Ann ie Lauri e," a1'1 ·ang ed Y D. Buc'fr. - Ladi es Qua rt ette.

Benedict ion-Rev J3uss y EVENING·

HighS hoo l Or ato ri cal Co n tes t.

P RIN A. W. NowroN

NE BRASKA. ST A TE NOFi'!'vt A. L SCHOOL.

Vo l. I. PE RU , NE BR ., AP RI L, 1893 No .7

E TAHL I ll HJ) A ' f) MoNT H LY ny TnR OF '93

T. S. VA \" LEET E

A

N

C II AS · J 1\ ES:

1\:S 'l ATE EI> IT J ULI A WORT, AUCE \\ L LACE. '/ D VIE , .' ec r t ary

BLT=" INJ;: :-;:-; E. DE L ZEL L, J J AS H.

s. BAVGHMA ·

OF SUBSCRIPTION

SO CIETY DI R EC T OR Y.

PH IL Ol'vf A TH EA

Soc iety cve t·y Friuay eve nin g. du rin g- te rm s,_ at 7 :oo ial a Ll ·nti on given to de ba tin g and ungt na l wo rk tn oratory. Sp c:c · 0. J. ST.\ :\ IJI.EY, Pres iden t.

EVERET T SOC IETY.

r:;vc ry E" vening du rin g sc h oo l te m1 s. New stude ut s are cia lly tn vttr:d to jo in u in our lttcra ry work. . esPc MAY \V .\Tr: I KS , Pres td en t.

CO RPU S E LITU M.

Ev erY F rid ay eve nin (T d urin g Holi dayr a ncl va ca ti on. "' Ar-; N. \ lV! cCo Y. Pre ·1de nt.SOC IE TY.

E verY 1/ rid ay ev e ni ng d urin g th e s umm er.. fsp eC!a lly for . s tud e nt s and men 1bers of th e Al umni us tn g Ll_' e hbrary v ac at ifln G rLI.Il.. \1\, Pre!' td en t. dunn ,TH E NORMAL MI LI TI A.

H. B. Co mm a nd a nt.

PR O I;. \T J.E I•. I Ad Juta nt. T. 5. \' i\i'i , · Capt ai n Co. A. A. Qui VE \

.... . Ca pt a in Co. B. DI CK N EA L THE NOR MA L MILITARY BA ND _,. V M' VLEET Leader.

P RO F- A . h · £' Pres id en t.

BA R'!' SI·H:l.l.l·f(lR TH E ATHLETIC M Z den t. R. D. OR IT vV n.I. D Avr-.:-;poR'I'. · · · ·

c ;-.J 'S C HR I STIA N ASSOC IA TI ON

YO UN G lVf v . · N 1 B ·c1·

D 5 and B1ble classes tn 'o rm a Ull mg. evottonal m eeun g T. F. O OL!BS, S ec' v. C. S. J oN Es, Pr es ·

YOtJ G E •s C HR IS TI AN ASS OCIATI ON D t 1 • 1 n-d Bible cl asoes in No rm al B uildin g. evo lona a ,. 1V' C ' ' c pras. ' 1\ :\ ! .(' 0\ ec y.

TAL K TO T EACHE R

II.- lwol Orr; ani.zation .

BY PRJ • A. W. NOR 'l' O '·

Th e1·e ca n be n b ody wh o fa il to r ec gn ize tl1e n ce ity of y tern in wo rk. 'Wi thout wo rk i' ft- nitl r o nl y produce s chan ce r es ult . Th er f re on c nt ri 11 g a sch oo l w l1i ch yo u are to tea ·h, tb e fi r t ·t p i:; t or ga ni ze the ' h oo l. "Wb at i 'ch oo l or cia or o-an i zat ion? What i nn . .. or ga ni za iou! 11 or rra ni zat iou of men is (1) a b ody of m n (2) un it d fo r a defi n it e, we llkn o\ n p nr po , 3) e ac h part h av in g sp ec ifi c, we ll - kn o wn duties . To or ga ni ze a sc h oo l is, 1. To de te rmin e wh o are its me mb ers, register in g them a such and ass ign in g them to suita bl e classe . Fo r the p nr po e of r eg i st r ati on pa re slips of paper or ca rd -b oar l, fo nr inch e long by two inch es wi de . Di st r ibute them to the sc h oo l. W rit e npon the bl ac kboard your own 11 amo and pr ouo nnce it c ar e fu l'l y a nd dis tiuctl) on ce m t wi ce . Theu as k the pupils to write caref ull y and plai nl y eac h hi s ow n n am e, u nd er it hi s age, a nd u nd er that the n am e of h is pa re nt or gnm·d iau. By a rr ang in g these card yo u will have at on ce au alphabetica l li st of yo nr schoo l. A ll such lis ts s !I ould be arr anged alph ab etic all y not o nl y wi th referen ce to th e fir st b ut the eco ntl l ette r also . Black should pr et;e de Br ow n. Muc h ti me wi ll be saved by such a rr angement whe n it b ecomes n ecessa r,y to re fe r tq th ese 1ists.

2. Th e pur po e for whi ch the sc h oo l is organiz ed is alr eady determined by the p ll h li c se ntiment of the co m muni ty in whi ch tl lC' sch oo l is l oIt is s af e to a ss um e th at the p eo ple l oo k np ou th at ob ,i c <:t as being lmow led ge Yo n mu st of n ccc::::::; i t,Y at t hi .' pni n t, as we 11 a at the ing on co mm en ce with the or ga ni zat ion a lr e ady ex ist in g. :Many t eachers fa il l1er e, for gett ing that theie o wn idenl m JD ot be the ideals of their

pupi ls until uclt pupi l have be n lif ted up to ·u ·It id eal .

3. The spec ifi c dutie · of th e te ach I' in th minds many com Jnun iti es, hav e been, to mrtke the behave and leaT n. Th e pupil th refore tbmk al·e to be made to beh av e an d l ea rn Pract ica ll y th at bas i. of dnti i t ill th e sta rtin g point in many pl aces. A Lll il th se cond and th ir d po in t to be as tat e cl ab vo and when your sc h 1 · · . oo 1 r egis tered yo ur orga n iz at i n

1 •. .. H oweve r l ow yo u may co nsid r t in s organ tzatwn to b e, you mu st be ab le to ·tart here or yo u ca nn ot ta1·t at a ll.

-:r:-:1V in g s tarted with th is organization yo u w ill des1r e to chan ge it v · · • • .1. ou mu st m 'JSt up on li v in g to .lt yo ur se lf and having tbe pupi l li ve np to It nnttl yo n cha n ge it. It i n eve r afe to a ll ow th e c bilch·en to c hang e it for von Jf I , ro n 1av e a s pecific duty to the pup il s, be l orfo rm ed m a ce r tain way, in sist n po n it s l rfo rmanc e exact ly a directed. Fo r e xamp le. if yo u te l I tb ·1 b · · e pnp t to l'lng wo rk up on co mm erc ial accept it up on no o th e r. If yo u do 1 t yo u te ll the c hildr en tb at YfJ Ur or ga niz atio n IS of no va ln e. But th e gre at est d il:li c ul ty is that the teac he r, not the pupil s, un co n sc iou sly changes the or gan iz at ion by te llin g th e cia s that she w ill conduct th e in one way and th en thoughtless ly co ndu cts it in an othe r. For in ta n ce sh e te ll the cia ·s that n one n ee d rai se the h and in token of a desi re to r ec it e and then a ll ows th e fir st one wh ose hand is rai se d, to r ec it e. .Hon or yo m own o rganizati o n.

'f on do not lik e ncb a11 orga nizati on as the one made befo re. Th e fir st wee k yo n wi ll d es ir e to change it into s omet hin g be tt er. H ow thi s rn a be do '11 b 1 · .Y ne WI e c e tad e d, step by step in o ur ne xt ta lk. ' · '

Int o the wo rld fr om far awa y

Wl, ere tl . · . ] . 1e ye a1 1s a way s tun ed to 1\f a y

A11d th · I J f " 0 w mt so un c s so t a a la rk aloft, A CO II J. llr er ca me O li CC 01 1 a clay. Man y a my ti c 11 1 k · " e 10 ·new to turn g t·a ·k' · Y s. 1es to b lu e;

To mak e dull bout·s gr ow b .· h t tg t as flfJw crs, A nd tas ks that arc old tn rn 1. 1 t _ . 1g1 as n ew

J1"l1 e j£. Lippmann i?' ot- 11 r, · Z .--..-- " ,., • .L \ w 1ol as ' M PO .' I Tl ) :'\'.

. ''hnplt: lJt's ·ripl fr"' -( 'on lilllt r' rl. Be fc n \\'C -' 1·1ac·l1 t 111 · }l' ) l. 11 t · 11 I · • I 11 It • \\' J ]' '-

d ' .' C'I'lptHJII. nan at i ,. 1• ,... , 1, 11 1 lcl 1 t l. ' )(' 111 }'()( ll ('t>

In fac , th t• 1ta1Tat ic 11 f II - 0 c,,,... t} l n 1h

d t: '('1'1 pt l() J1 , J) -' . .. · . . . . · c 1 IJJt JOJl . ho uld. ]J w .,. '1. ]!I' r< d . It 1. · a nTa,,· • , _ · ·) · ( IIIJ S f<Lk t• to (' (1 11\Jll Il l '· w1 t nan at10 n. \\ <-' 1 • 1_. t] · · 1 D . 11<1 " 1 no c· o J11 pro nti R' u potn '' ·'('J'l}ltic I nan ation I . 1 . · >n 1 t H· fo 11 ndati >n - · , l( nn t.· c f' ·l . . . tl Jaw .· f 1 1 111 :-;JO' h 1 0111]1' .·i t. io11 it' m am; of alJl)l i 1 ' " 01cl:-; a n t I n I tc 1' t1 ('h il cl '. work in .., 1 .-1 . ' 1 1 Jt,H'l. ' IH < l •, tc l w a'' t I .s tand and d ("trl .) - 1 ·. l, tt l1 p IH ax tLIHl t J'< J 'l'l ' t'l \' t> t·J • .• : II l it i .· a he te 1· tl'a,iniJ •r 11 <' 1'1 n r I 111 1 . \' Th e tf-'nd e nc·y in , 1f.!..' an< th1 n '-H'-• • ' 0111 "· }ll·. vnt h nan at t n· b t . . •t< <·s 1s t·n lw..!lll u " fPa J· · _ . . t iH-' stan clal'C1 by ,,. hi<-IJ tl .. L' lwrn u:- t l . ll l lJ Lll ' 't' 18 !. ' t ll l' 11 1 11 l · C ('0111])() :5 1 101 n 1<·1· f the Jaw of ro ntp o. ·i tio 0 won ts amlll< > .i u dg •d uy flw nmll ue J· a pictu r• in stead. of by th. f'le l P<·t' oh.J e<·t f-; ill t.r otl u c<' tl ancl uni ty of i t. · nw t ho ll sy nllltt' t ry 1 · 1 t.wn' 1- 11 ta <. e up na na ti on . 1 · .-n,t1• r W( \\'1 • '-L ll l tJ '(" t . clP S(' l'l JYt lOll st c p 1>y t _, cl It. a .' fo ]l o will \... I 11 o u1· l ast pape 1· , lJ·1 "" c 1 sc· :te lJ W<" mi o·l1 t ··tv · · · II. :-)( •d tlw '1:' <'0111 ) /::) L J l 1 Jl th (-' cl(' • 1 ' romposi ti on wo1·k.. HI J ' L' o pn l't<Jl t of til t• • • ''' < 1all · one mmn obJ ec t. l\.1 1 llhodtJ<'I c1 bn t lP t , · ] >l'll1<'1 JJ[Ll ob 11wt:-; <> l' • It:-; liJtJ ·ocl t u·e tW t) . . : ac tnl' f'l<L ll tt le a 1i tt. l1 • 1 ll]>pos<·' \\' t.:' Re nt CJ <· Jan · 1 , . a. nc1 l et ll e 1· 1JOlcl lt u1• tl 11 . _ 1l >0 n thP pla.ttor r '11 o l LJ>on .I , it np on p1 o vv if v 1 li'J ·Ja.p n -' _ 1. J0 1L t' l oof..: , ,, It l et anot lll-'I' l tt le o·iJ·} , t _ 'I l · J () )1<-'l' J'lg I c s anr t b . and hold 111 g out a, <' tt p '\·Vi th' _ <!nchn g forwflrd te" SIIOOll be in t11e ' both · J;et "" L" ' • cu p. I . \l • .• , in g th e p.ctiOn-l esso n ·it b ll tltn s eompl1(n.tchan ge th e plan nf tl'" t:'rom es n t' le lllt.l·( cl r )I trod n cto1-y se nt 1'l ll c>P 1 J 11 <'tlo 1t. Th e 1 - S WUlcl ('0 t· -. , _ J· nat.w n of the Rc>e ne. 'rl ll cl.lll an !: Xp ,1 · clc. })v te lJj 11 1 11 8 exp lan at i on is ma ·' g w 10 th _, , , _. . .. 1 . e ac ,tOJ·t-> an·, w hat. t1W." -::ue, wh l:J< t1 ey me n-n cl ·· 1 • ' .L, llJ t<-')'111 ::3 wh at th ey are douw ' f' r: -. - • • 1-:> · .t1. ter t-h1 s J ntrod ll f•tJOil we ta ke thP most l.rnpoHant nf t 1w })l'ind});l l ae-tol's unl ess WP find t lu-· Jaw of me tl10 d be tt e1· by rhanginp; th is cn·rle 1·. Thi ::Jast eond ition se ld om O('{ 'ttrs

THE OR /\

\\.,.. (• t >]] \\-hen• t!J • g i.l'l i:-: in o- anu \Yh H.t h i :-:; <lo ill g. NP x.t "' " t<tk e tht con 1 o·ir] tP ll "·\wn- s it · i ::; l oC'ati n p; l1 r '" ith refe r-

<• nc·<• tn t1H· fir :-;t g irl :md ,-..-h at h 1 doin o·. La .· tl\ ·. w l:' l':q ur <' nclu i 11. i. ., " ·e

state o ur inf ·1· ' 11<' O \\'. h>t 11 8 illu s t-r:'1t( t hi ::; f ur t lt «'r b .'- nit-

ie i. I ll of <L tl e:-w rir ion wri ttl:' n hy a p upil in th' la tt t' 1' p<LI 't of t ]t t' \\ tak f

follm ' in g:

Her .! arc gncs and E rn es t. T• plaving- nc :Jr tb t: sto ve.: . arc : · n •1 l itr le red c hair ho ld ing her do ll in her :\ g- n cs is s1tun g 0 • a rm s.

Th e do ll name is :">1a y. spin nin g a t op 1· e cli ng on th e tl oo1· before he r. I t hink they are ha\·in e11 e 1,; 1 n -

:.l ni c (; (inJ C. 1 1

Fi rst·., tlw t.t>a(· l <' J' uH sp} d a ll actw n

Jes :-1o ll th:Lt· l1.a cl Rnffi<·lent. ]_JOint 'Y

t l• ;J,t tlw p uptl n ot stated h.e.r n?J ert. h

i :-; to 1>1:' 1,. ·clo n l:' d fo r nut domg . 1t. \\ h at ;tp t na me con lc1 bC: .g i,·en it: \Y ]tt•n w<' reach t 11 e hf th a.nd

1 ,.,_. 1 a. d obt.iun of th l:' la" ·s of m et h od.

\\' (-' ( J f; ( (} '- L t 0 s hould < :' X('h<Ln ge plac t:'S 'f]tO S!' \\ '" . 1. _.i n orn 1 SlO H of tl w po - ses ' 1\' -'

\_ 1111 S tH '- t · -' · · ] , o !'enr s. Th e desc np twn 1s n ot a cl e( "L SI:-' a, sO ·: !:' hnt p ro bab ly s nffi cle nt.]y so fur the ta tl PCt 0 11 _, , , , • _. f t] l!:' pup 1I. \. s the "o1k p1 oceHh 'H •),O'(:-' () • t 'l 1,1 ' "" _ . ... n nir <::' 1 nor l:' 111111 tL 1-' c esc npt.1011. 1e ')1'1'1.)' ) t .L

c • -•r of ltO l clin o· tl 1e doll, t.lw nu-1.nn er of the 11L t1.1lll t n , . ]<:n te hn o·-v1 ]wthtr upon nght or le ft ll O)' ::; "" .._

• (ll ' both - a. Hd oth er ma.t.t Pl' S of e xart s tar.e]·w··<-' " t run.)- lw l' l:' q nin:•d . In hi gher gra d es the nell · • 1 . >ss ioJI of fa.('t"s . ]t o ul d lw heel , and (• :'\:}>1 t ·, Ina.nnpt·, etr.. _ t•, (:'J1 (L b , , . 1 - . l ,·el' .)' '"-'l" ('011 l111 e l1C !:.'CL1\'lt l t )0 b

In ..1111 ]!:' se nt en rl:' s. Th ere wa s n ot en:•n a Y >)' \' :;11 d' n 1 J c1 pre t('a.t P. u l' adua ll y the pnpi ls ro ni iJO Ltn 1 . Jed to ma <. e m ore 1n vo lv'::' d se n te n ces nst.ent e t hi s. In t.h e rompo s i1- et ns dl t o se Jlte n(''--'" 11 ....t w '- rnay we . be ma.Ctt' tion th e :fiJ s p · · · · . ·le se nte nc e. la.c P the two se ninto a. s1n g · :1 t 11 1 tl e boar cL ann .e_ t H-' m to sa.y both ttwt C'f' F} on 1 1 · t once, l:m nn g ont llnn ecessa.ry in on, e se n •'-. · wor .l s. It wi11 not. he clrffirult to le ad th rn to say, ' 'H ere ar <-' Ag n PR a ncl E .m est pl ay in g n t>m· the Rt nve. '' Follow t ln s wi th oth Pr drill s 1mtil t hPY ca.n c1u the wo rk l:'a s ily ..A_nc1 , n ow, wl 1at t.he mr'.ltitHdl• of rmds th at

L CO RIER. I-4

ar to be u ed by hildl· n in th eir compos i tion ? Tha t co ndi tion i th fa ni t of t ac hin o·. L t. m illn t ra te Pl ac a picttu e bPfor e th clas . ha Yin o· so me decid ed point. L t th qn ti n be h at do yo n see in thi 1 if'tur ?"' Y u ar a.lmo t s ure to r ece i1 e a "' nt e nr dot ed ,...-i th and . I is a lm o t ur e to be tb" unl e th baY e b ee n lon g· a nd w"ll train d. Bnt. a k ' What do es t hi R pi tnr e sho ,,· u ?" Th ey a1e more a il.'l ed t.o l't>e tht tl 10 ught of th e pic tur e a.nd to .. It i a }Jir tnP of two g irl s pl ay in g that their c1 11 is i ·k... If tlPv do n ot ee t.hi tho ught a ll d ··It is a of two girls a nd a doll and a eup e tc ,' yo n may as k ,' But ''hy tlwn , wa. on g il'l mad e to s it on the stoo l and hold the doll so ca ref ull y upon a pill ow, whil e th oth r o·il-1 b es id e her a nd hold out 0 a cup ,,-i th a, sp oo n a nd probably so methin g el e i.u it?' ' V\ hy not put eac h g irl in a. d iffe re nt part of th e room , the doll in th e midcl.l e of th e fl oo r, the pill ow on a cbail' , and the cup a.ncl th e poo n on th e tabl e?"

Th e pupiL;; mu st fir st be l ed to ,ee t ltf' thong ht before they ran e xpr ess it. And ju st here is th e tr oubl e wi th mu ch of o ur compo s ition work. It is n ot it is s imply a m ed l ey. Thin gs are not see n in re lation, and he nc P ther e is no ord e rly arrangeme nt of thonght in Px pn•ss io n. SPei ng, th inkin g, l:'Xpr es i on, is the ord e r. I-lP mn st see t hin gs in the ir re la.ti on, mu s t. see ac c urat ely, mu st writ\" as he SPes t.hin gs, hnt. be l ed to s ee tlwm corr ec tly.

To le ad th e ehill in t hi s pat.h, th e teadw r mu st iir st tras el it her se lf. If the te a.eher full y co mp n• he nd s the la,vs of rompo sition l wrsP lf, she is· ab le to l Pad the child ar ig ht. , or ratlwr dir e ct him ar ig ht. Th e sl ough of rtncls, e t.e., i. the pr od uct of p oo r tea(' hi.lt g.

Of a ll o ur loving Fat her 's g ift s, Th o b es t, by far, it see ms to me

Is t lt nt w hi ch of it se lf uplift s Tb c so n] to h op es of th in gs to b0

Th e SO tT ow -lud e n, ye arnin g he art Agai u t hr obs j oyo nsly and lig ht,W it e n, if , mirag e -lik e to th e mind, Tb e bea co n Ho pe i ll nm es its ni g ht.

--Annie Sc hl esin g e1 ·, in Jo u1 ·nal of Ecl ?. £.cation .

NAVAJO 1EDICINE-MEN.

II.- Origin of th e Yay-Bi- Chys .'

BY

T. , 'TA

TON VAN VLEET.

Th e fath r of the Yaybichy wa: 1m. 'rh fath er of th Whit" Yaybirhy waf:! th \Yat e r. Th My te1·iou. c n "lV 1 from th un ancl b01·e the Red Yabi hy 'he cone iv d from th e wat rand bor e the Whit Yaybichy

Thi · My teriou Maid en wa . o nt pickinti up wo o d, and wa go in g to 1 ut it on h r back, wh e_n th e ·un cam e up to he 1·, dr ·ed in tm·quol , bead , fe ath e rs and fin e. kin . He told thi. maid en many ·t1·ange thing ·.

Th e {y te riou Maid n went hom, a nd to ld her fath er wh at th e •u n had .. ai d. Th e un ram e and talk cl wit h h er but she did n ot know it; but he heard a n oise go in g out from th hog an house ) whe re s he ·tayed. he aw thi man ( th e s un ) four· days aft 1·ward , and told he 1· fath er this wa s th e ·arne man ..; lu Raw w hil e pi c king up th e 'rvood.

In fo ur day , the e two so ns were born to th e My t ri ous Ma iden, a nd in four days ffiOl'e th e e ons went up to d•it th e il· fat lwr. Th y onng e 1· on had a re dar how, and tlH.' old er •on had a pinon bow . Th ey st arted towarct. th e east to 'ef' their fath e r.

Th e Bl ack Yaybieby met th em ther e and told th em that th ere we1·e oc e an s a nd canons a nd dP er ts and ca c tu s fi e ld s a nd gre at :fires and great woh·Ps and o-reat snakes a nd gr at 0that wou ld d es tr oy th e m, and sa id ' '·Yom· fath e 1· li ves a long way off. "

Th ese boy s ( th e Red a nd Whit e Yabichy.·) we nt by a large OC' ean, and l ooked into t.l1P

tFo d · D of th e NavaJ·o In- r a ;:scnpt iO n of th e Yavbic hy an ce dians see page s 43S-.J.36 of the. A nnu al R epo rt of th e B urea u of E th nology for I 83- '8 4. by Dr. Was hingt on Ma th ews, U.S A .• un de r th e direct io n of M ajor J. W. Powe ll, director of U .S. Geo logi ca l

The Yaybic hy llledic in e -m en are the leading m edic in e-me n of the :\ avaj o t ribf:' , anct play an imp o rtant part in a ll thei r re li gio us ce remo ni es and fe ti ch isti c m ys teries. :·:he,a me m aid en re fe rr<' d to in the Legend of the Mys te ri ous 1\, aul en. In t hi s lege nd the M ysteri ous Maiden is re pre se nt ed as .the mother of a hu ge gia nt , a large bird and va r ious large a ni m als wh ic h t urn ed the ms el ves into ev il s piri ts at will , and eEt royed ma ny of the 'ava jos.

,·all y :: nd :-: aw t lw ·1n >kP c·or ni ng u gt·und. J( pn• Ji n' c1 an >lcl \\,.. oman- li Vlwn th he y:-; c·am IIJ> t ltv • ' pj l •r

' Hall , g rand - dtil Lt -> rt ,, lJ ·r · did j' u fr 1 Pc }l • f yo ur Jt t'\ ' (.' 1' c: 'Ill '1 hi .' pl ac·p is not for yo 11!' Ill' 111( tJlP J" t (> lCl I L, tc j..!;() fl it 1 fa.th t· ·h .·m 1.' • < i L th <> I o: ·=--.

' BLlt yo nr f:-tth er ]in ·. · a l ong w:. y fr. an h, i. · 11 t;; g od llHl..Jt. Jl<· w ill kill y n wi rl .·w at -h on .' -!. · a nd r Nl -lt ot il' O tL · ."

Th en t lti .· old '\\ -ax e ae h a vYltit fpa.tlt r, a 11d told th<'nt i be a. s phit to r uid t> and dd't•tHl l'lt ' Ill. .·he sai cl '·,'top h t'P o ni ,o·lt t wi th ntP."

'1 h bOJ .' .'l:'Llcl . W P ('<.L il li Ot p;l't th l'()llO'h th•l ( hol f> in t ll t> n·t·cnmcl. '

Th n th0 old \ o nu n- •p id .•t· hl -' " int tht' hol e an l it 1: cc amf )a.rg ' r. . 'lw t lwn a,·,· them (the 1 oy .·) th 'ir •n pp< :t-.· .

Th1 , uu wa H OW •traig lt t O\' t- t· tll •ir )1 ad" 1'h boy · to l 1 t lt e o1cl vVo ntan - :-;p i 1 .:. 1· tlw -wanted to gc·t 4-S fm· a. .· tl wy eou lcl bef< t• s nnl own.

Th e old Wonmn - pi lu r a. :piri t; " :-h t' pullt·cl th s un clow n wHh a. net H.Ilcl then tol ' tht> hoy it was now • nnd ow n. Th horstay ed a ll ni.o·ltt,, a.ncl th Py gn :}w to ma.11 ] 10;1 d clndn g th at ni ght.

Th e Blar.k Ya.ybkhy m et the rn again :1 ut1 to ld th em t hat they wo nlcl 1·e a.e h th iT c1 , ::: ti · na tion about n oo n tltat clay, and that thPir fath er w ou ld C'Omf> to tltem at t ha.t pl a.cl': night.

A t- n oo n that clay saw a big hon!;:; nrtil started to go i n. Two big b ears ln et them und '1 " .·nar1 e d, but the boys sa1c, we a 1·e to see o ur Th en the bears hLy n and th e bo ys p asse d over th e m. Th ey m et two large , vicious s nak es . Th e rattl ed and hi ssc-) d, but th e b oys sa id , ' "\\lr' are g oin g to see onr fath e r." Th en the ,s 11 aJ•C 5 lay do wn a nd th e boys pass ed ov -' r Th ey ne xt m et two big li g htnings and tJntJlders. Th ese stop p ed the boys, but the bo)' :'l said, we are go ing to see onr f:'l.th e r. '' Th e r; the lio htnin a· lay down a ncl the boys pa et over it. 1wxt met a. number of little of va riou s kinds . Th e boys said , "W l'

·· '1' 1 nth nak ·

at·e n·o in g ,' (" 1 · l ay 1 wn an 1 th • b pa. ed n:r lt m. 11 h · o· \\'ife. Th e .1. • lt t·xt lll l't thl' .' llll un o b 1 ) .,..,. _. in o· to - o ur

oy · . a1c to IP.r "< a1 e r d. ··\ ha fatltPJ· 'l'h l' vo rm g wlf I ep 1 • · l' k· y nan d pe or l f Vou loinn·l1 o · l .

· ,..., · i h r . Bnt th" Yo ut · <'la ·,· t n no aJlo ' . , " ,, · our fat h -" r. IlPn hoy .· n·r11t Pd . · Ut un 1 ·. b' "d th m np m a w 1t thl' · >l l tt n· ,,., ft> " 1 a pp 1 1 ,...., . t i toward th t: n o1·t 1. 1" c·l<tt l t·J1·1t· 1101 n > c L ••• 1 ud t lw t po in >d towa rd al·o n ta 1<' a bla.tk c · d d , ·ll w cloncl t hat potnt e t.mnu· tll_. 'I.) O d

"' L :-. ·L r< c1 cl oud t.hat pointe .t to w:n tJtp anc cL • ] · • · ' lt .-u:; now I 1·Ptty JH'a t· 1ng u. ( nn- thl· t. "· ·· · '-

clown

. 1 . d wo chi l dr en h r • thi .. onno· Tl• nn HL

1 o·i rl a.n c1 n. bo ·' · WJfl:', ' 1- , . i :tiel "I lwar my father 'fl e boY po ·...<: a.nc '

1 · .• for I lwn.r t.lw w)nt P go urd comlng ]tnnH ' ttl , rn, P. J • ·cl ' ·1\I)- fa,ther rs com- ·l spok t' t1. 11 CL "at , . Th _. gu. · .- . 1'" blu e go ur d ra ttle." Th en inn:. for I h eM t 1 1 f t ll t: l.· is conting home, for . l "lV )" a th <' boy a,l C' < • d . ttl "' ,· Th e o·irl poke

• • •• 0'0 111' .1 a. ' '- • I? • I hear the 1\ OI) 0 ] • is <·omino· do se, for I . 1 ,, 1y fat 1 <:1 , n a11cl · o·o urclra.ttl e.'

h i:' <Ll' t.h<" t nrqn ol o the fathl:'r ea.me, ITtaking \.t that ntoment1 0 tlw ir ons on hi s body.

· · 1 1ois r't. t.t 111 0 ' f' 1 ., fearfn 1 · c >f' ] 1is vo nng· w1 1:' w 10 '" d ( J L

T}l e -·on eman vP rP t hat he saw romP

· ye rm o· rn e n' · t,hose t·wo '"" did not. s.ee go out a.gam. t ·the hou e, but 1 :. tt r in o 1 • , '"\. ' on thin<. you ar e pn , j rife ' .L f

Tll e "' Y · 1 '1 · e that you had no wi 0 .1. on to c nt ' < • lllling: 1a 1·1·n to he vo ur rn ThP SP yo ung lll( n c ' J l)llt n at>

::;o ns., . thP s un he calll <" angi-y and

A t r:h 15 i tl be o·an to trPmblt: , 1_ anc 1e 1:'< o 11•18• o·onrc ::;,.' ,. 1-l a.s lwd t.he be m·s 1·oa red, and ,.., t 1111 ( < , the li£!:h 1 0 ttled a nd hi ssed . Th e nn then v. "lH • tlH s Ji n lze · where th e two yo un g mPn wer:e, '1E"l1Hl..nclt>cl .-.cle no answe r. He de mand ed 1.. · c • , fp )llco h nt the wl t no ans"·e1· H 1:' de mand ed the . b\1 . l tl . ., f . l t thi s aga1 11 , b1l t. stl l wLt e re u sPc . o fonrtlJ t im e, 1 the s nn went to th e cloud l!l a.11 _, , t> r. 'f]l el ·} · erl tha t clown; hu t no one "" 1}'-ll OC \. • east., a.n_c fi e wen t. to tht• rl o nd m t.h< , ft>ll out of 1t-. (eel tha.t down , no one fell "' e. t, knoc •nt t.o t hl' clo ud m so nt h, o ut oflt. He"" e t dow n, lmt no onE' f<-'11 ont of m c1 J;;,nock ed tha ·

to th cloud in th n orth an d it. HI:' '" ut kn oc k d tba do,vn a nd th boJ s f ll out of

1 ancl tood bef r him. . . o·

Ul at one fonr sha rp non co n·e pondino t th f nr cloud , pointed to"ard h

b 'I,b 1 8 ,, a a whi t hon from th north.

O\ ::; e f

• l. . f tlr t a ye llow 1ron r om a hlac '- 1ron r om c , th e ::mel n. r don from the !':t. hrhh . t1. bo- , iol nt.l aga m t t e · llll t 1' €\\ ll " . 1 nol·th on e fir st, th en th" on . 11'0 11 • Lt: ] . ·th one and then the w t one, th " 11 1e ou · ' . 1 1 ·t" f ath "r wluch tb. old Woman- hut, t u · ,,. n " ' ·a . th em wo uld 1 t them dow11 ea.sy, ·pr e1· gn. ' , · th " rema in ,d unhurt.

Th · nn be came a.n gr and sa1d ' I . l t if' , 0 u ar my c hildr en . If yo u Wl th - flnc u J • , T ta. nd my test ) on are my c h1ldren. hen a iri t de c nd d n. nd toad on each of th ir p c1 told the hoy how to answ er the ea r an L • es ti on ::> It. said , "Tell him th at he nn s qn · · father,, 'l'lt en the s un took n. hu ge 1:s your · ttuqnois ha mm er a nd tn ed to the hoy , hnt the f eathers m ade the tnrqu01 s h amm e1· do\\-11 e·-t.R" Th e s nn t. h en ma.de the cm ne · < • J • • • -· • l Ol ·e "'Olne po1 s on rn fir st. a t ur clUOl ::; )0)' S lll ..., · nd econd in an n·or·y p1pe. He did }Hp e a ' · t hi s the s eco nd tim e, a nd st1ll th e boys \'ve1·e unhurt.

Th e un sa.id to hi senant s, 'Ma.ke a ""t-hou e a nd put four ir ons in i , on e of S \\ t::-< o · t.he ir ons s hall be white, one blu e, on e yen 0 ,,., and one black, and mn.k e the hou se boili.ng hot."

Ju st as th e boys start ed to go into thP . ,,vea.t -ho use a Gop her cam e up tl1l'ough tlw oTonnd and told .the hoys to naw l in to hiR hole. Th e hole was in s id e t il e sw e at-house ..; Th e Gopher said , "If you st.a.! in ther e th e s nn will throw water . on th e ,uo ns, a nd il' ons will br e ak a nd lull yo n. . So the boy s --

Indi ans h ave swea t-h ouses at th e prese nt I .>T he NavaJO · C <L) made in a he m1sph e nc al form. It s fir 5 t r oo f

Th e house ts ·' con. f olcs th e seco nd o ne IS st ones, and th e third one 1s d' t SlStS 0 p ' Ir . left in one si de for tn gress a nd eg r ess Tll h A hole 1S • • e ouse Is us ually lo cat ed in clos e prox im it y to some s tre am or po nd , and is used fo r me dica l Ro cks are heat ed and t hro wn into th e sw e at- house a nd wat er is on heated rocks, c au in g ste am to fi ll th e ap a rtm e nt. lh e pa ti e nt now goes int o th e sweat-h ouse and covers th e door wi th a blanket. After a tim e he co mes o ut and th e a dj o inin g lake or riY e r. Thi s process is o ft en repeated In Winter.

w nt into the Gop h r' · Lol" GoJJ h r ·aid , 'If yom· fath 1· a. k. · yo u if yo n are >varm yon o-o out of t]P hole n,ml ·ay, y •.· .

You can t hu f ool him. HP will t ]n·ow the y;a.te r, bnt ycJil v.-ill h <: .·afe in t.hi s holt•. Ht • w ill t lwu h _. t ln ouo·h with ,-on ' 'l'l ·' le s un pl ac "U a blank ··t on·r th e mnntl1 f the w eat-hon e and did as the 'opher lmd \VItt•n t ht· SILH lo okC' ll in lw tl tt• ll(Jp; :-;ittinu· t iL f-' l' f' nnhmt. 'l' li t·'ll liP ki. He1 l th t' boy. a.u(L told th em t l1a t tht r Wl'J"P 1Ji ,· and that th y had go ne tlu·ongh \d t l1 a ll the fo rm. that co uld kill th en1. Th • s nn t ltcm took boy· hom e with him ancl hi !-i other ·on and daughtPl' .·hak P han Ls- "·ith th em.

Th e you ng wife wa · th n in a goocl ltUlllOJ' and ill·es. ·eel up h el' ste p- so ns. On of tlwm .·h . painted 1' d, w ith white. tl'eak · clown hi s hack, repre · "ntin g the lig htnin g-; tb e otlwr one .·he paintPd whit e. -

Th e sun the n a ·ked th e boys what they ' wanted a a g ift. Th e 'pirit · on tl 1e il' -'an; .·aid, ' ·Do not ans wl:'r him un t il he ask .· ycru another que ·tio n. '' · 'J'h e father took the m thro ngh a l arge ir on gate to en, ·t aHC1 .·howed them fin e hor es of a ll rolors. 'l'h " father sai d, "Boys 1 do yo u want th ese? '' 'l' lH. Spirit said , "Tell him no." 'l' lteu }J e ope ned a larg e iron -gate to th e north and .·how ed th ·m :-:ome fin e h ee p, a nd said , "Do Yon wn.n t Th e Sp iri t , aid, " '1\• ll Jdm. no. " HP ne xt ope n ed a lar ge hon gate to th e \v est a nd s how ed them so me fin A goats, a nd said, '' Do you wa. nt Th E' Sp irit said , "Tell him no .. , HI:' then ope n ed a l arge ir on ga te to the and showed th em d eE' r, bnffalo , a nt e lop r-> n,nd a ll ki nds of gam e, and ·aid, "Do you 'ntnt the e?" Th e s aid, '' Te ll him no ." Th_P fath er the n hronght the bo} s hom e, anc1 :mil. ·'M:r C'hildren, wh at ca n I do for yo u ?'?

Tlw bo •·, l l d ] : 1 t . J' OO{P<'L an saw fmu lD'l mn o· ::tJTO w · 1ncl n b r' ' <. • a. hug E' bow h ang in o· on the wa ll. 1111:' Sp 1n t Rai.a "T . "' , e ll htm that :ro n want tlw se : that orn ., 11 - 1 II · , · " llna s, a, -n ge Gtan t 'IwPlY e a. Hltn·e B' d A . ' , o n , an 111mal \\11o e Hau· GI'ew Pa ·t to th R 1 . . or z, are catmg all the Na, aJos. Tho se arrows will kill thf'm."

Tlw Htlli n •pl i 1·cl. --'1 hv Uiant 1 i :-; my :-; n an }- ur 1 r ot l1 et· hut if' h1· i ;-; l' at in g tl1v a\ ·ajo yo u h a., t· my tCl ki ll ltirJJ. ·1L< hih

J HJ ri rr11 t t l i n •. ] \\' i ll t a k 1' y n ll all cl r!: l t o. lll () l '}' 1\\' lll()l'lllll g .•. ll t11 P f'o ll o\\'i JJ O" III OJ llill ,!..; tlJ <',\' :-;t; IJ 'tt tl, :lll d t' <L lll l" to. '•tnnJatt •o .\L o lli I ta i 11 ' it l>ou t ll H 11. Th t· · un .·a id , 'B '.'·H. "·llt'l'l' did ynll ;o-; t;u·t fr om(' TIH·.']Jit·it .·:.l id ." T <·II lliltttltat· it w: 1:-: fr 1111 hl-'1'1', <Lll l th at ht• J'l' w lt 1•n• t ht• 1 i o· t l- in nt waf':i. • Tlu•11 lt <· :-: n11 l l' t· t lit' li. g- IL t nin t!· d H' IJ, <Ln cl tltP hoy s clilll l wcl down li o·ht nin g In a hi o· spl'in )·at lH · f oo t· o f' ti t<'

TIJp Hi a.nt dn nk tl1P \\' <th-1' front thl' .·pring. tlH·n b L_r (l o\\' JJ 011 a nwk t·u t' <• st. H<• di d t hi. · tl1v .·pc·n ncl t ir1 w ;wcl. tlw tl1ir<l tim, and t ilt· f'ntu·tiJ ti Ill <'. \ s ]J <' tttl'lti'<L 'Iri s fa 'l' towa r·d tl11• no rth Jw 1 O.) .· sa,w hi I ll 1 -in n· till th l 'l)(' k. TltP t t I l l 1 . . \ J. an tl . ' '< ll :-; facp t W<ll t]H• Past <L II C1 h <•y C'Olll<l H t•p )Ji :-,; :·dtoltl h•r;:. H<· t nnu •<l hi .· fac·e to ·ont.lt a nd t hL'.' co ul<-1 s (' hi R wai. ·t. Hl' (jm ·ne cl IL i fur· to th:·, w es t, a ncl t l1 ·y co ul1 s Who] bollv . I l1 e Gia 11t n ow .·aw the bo \- ,• .. 1 l s"."·1ti n.xr·ll .1 d.l vv 1 not th ev nmk<=· 'fin · ('atino·"'' TJ · · . · ·. 1 -. pH il .'a lcl , 'TJ ll him t hat he \d ll nt a kp fir t' ·· 'l' J G · tP ea. ,1 n!!. le ·ta nt th " ll j·J .. w ill a rao·1• ''Jll tJ ' • •' <. L ( 1 Jl'l' \\• :1 11 Ir on boo mLmng at th <: h ad of th e oll •r t 01 'l' he 'pi 1·it ·aiel, ''• ' toop low, fo1 · L· thro \\ i r; J: at .ro n1 · h en. cl " Giant thPn t1 1 ·, ] · · ll'( \\ 01H' l Inld cllw tl 1e S11i dt saul, '' ·r11 . tl . ' · • 111p to 1\ n ght o t· ho will hit yo u. " . ne :"o(t t ht·t \\' Ollt ' vc·r-.r 1.0\•;, ancl the S pirit sa l cl. ",J nrr. 1 ·o·l f 1 ] . ,, ·•1.) li b 1, te IS going to t hrow it 1OV''.

Tl1e s un th en nppeared and Naid "'1:. ( _. 1 r 1 , r <:. lS ll so n anc.1 I will hn. ve the n·st <'h·-. 11c t 1 · ., "" e a ll 111. Tlwn the s nn s tl'll<'k ]lim with l1 ] ·

Th e Giant fe ll to the ea.rt'.l1 ana h era u.·e he had }o:-;t hi s bl ood.

'l' he .black rocks (ign eo ns 1·oek ) arp lt if' hloncl , and the petrified wood if< 'h iH

(fh e sa me gia nt refer r ed to in th e Le gend of· th e 1 ys ter iou> Maiden

5Sanmateo Mountain or Mo unt Tayl o r, Is about fot·tv mile=' fr om Fo rt Win gate , N'ew • Mexico. Jt seero to be sea t ci a ll th e gods and de mons of whi ch , avajo. rn yt hol 1s so re plete. Dr. Mathews refers to 1t se \ e ra] llrn es in Ill'

"Mo unt ai n Chant •• fo und in th e annual repo rt <D f th e Bur au

Ethn ology, J. vV. Powell, Dir ectO r. l' \

hih

Tl1 p irit tlwn s ail "D n t l t>t hi hl o lr un to<Y( t it • J', or }I (' \\·ill .o· •t up no·ain. HL hl >d n:111 do wn t·ht ! ltill.

Tlt P l>oys tlwn him '"i th tJP fom· aJT O\\'

I · 1 t.l · · f' 1 tlt"l ' ll'L CJ n·i\· ll and kill l W ll!' I l ('l l' l. '- < .L o l .. ' l'l , ·o nn o·t'J' hoy pick ed up t lH il' n 1111 I. l( 1'1 1 't11 c1 t them. 1 • - n11 u·t'l' < • ' • 1 '·.. the tarqno1::: g·onrcl from h1 ::; )(1 \- \\' rl:-l £!: 1 \· I'll · . . fntltt'l'. _ .. q,· tlw :::c UJ iim:-1l. ·- tlt ·· Brdfa,lo. 'l'hl'll till') 0 IU • • , · ·\llt< ·l( }H'· t.h -' B ncl. and tllP t·ht • 'I \\'t •l n· Hajr C+r e \\ Fast to t lH Rod'-S, 11 ,_)·· Til<• .\· .·l1oo k this t ur qu ois ' · 1i t) l' \ <L "' • • )11 cl th<'· (·' annna) :': awl l'li P :l.lllll1H}R a.Jl (•·n tt rd "t n cL it'd. , ,P)·::: th en went to anon Ll t> 'J'1tl' u.

1 _. nnll \\·t•llt mto mw of tlw dift'-d\Y e ll' 11<'1 ,\.11 as tl 10 "\ Yl1it How:t',' and dis• (I' \..ll () t il l""' '. . , 1 fm·e,·<:·t· t r t' ll\<1.lll as Ya.ybirh y ( c ,

It is a b ea utiful litt le ca non itu at ed fr om Fort D efiance, A ri zo na Territory It co nau o ut fif ty !l in gs among whi ch is th e one kn ow n as th e , c ll ft- we ' 'ta in S 111any , of it s whit en ed wa ll s) whi ch is ,·isited

" Whit e Ho use , rers eve ry s umm e r. Most of th e wa lls

adve ntu

l nu111 e rou s da)'· Th ere are now tw e nty-s 1x Yaybi- JY 1 Jrt:se nt

Tlain at t 1 e 1 'b includin g the s un and th ese tw o b oys re' Nava jo tfl e. _______ h s in th ey <NTARl BOTANY IN THE P1 BLIC ELE iE . sc HOOLS.v.

ove r s top to examin e the l ittl e fl owers . 'd yo n J)t f o nr forest trees? If yo n h ave not done (11 0 ° . l ,f sO 11 t. e surp rise d I am s ure wh en yo u \\'1 u ' ' so )' 0 11 l 0 ..,., ca r cfullv for t lt e fir st tim e. During , t I "' ,. lo olz flt ]tS of Apt·il and ]\'la y many of onr tr ees o Jlt d f l · t lt c Jl'1 blossom, an some o t 1em eve n np en ·n tO I . . , corne 1 1 in t us tnne. Then the common · see(. 5 I · A ·1 d · · 1 th o !l' 01fl s ea r.)' 111 pn an t ts npo seec s j oSS ' JVhtple b d in the latt er pa rt. of May. Th e ·n ,a." l> c f 0 1111 nnd Rod, blo sso m a litti e l at er ,I I ' tO ,, , El nl S, vV 11 see ds ea rli e t·, eve n, thall the Maple. thetl bnt np cn c otto nw oods and sn mo vV'ill ows mu ch c1r are the · 1• nn cl Elms. Map L. < bcltincl tho is i11 bl osso m (t ho u ocs ·will When th e ·f ). 0 11 ca nn ot) co llect a few twi gs · toll yo n w lt en, r . 1' h · · ils at "" o rk fiuc mg o ut t e,s tru c-

·:.t nd set yo nr pnp

G 1 l 'tt l fl owers. You mu st not mak e th e tnrc of t te 1 e

I th e t ru c-

mistak of lect urin o- your pnpi up on tn r : th at i to b f ound ou,t by l ooking . Ar the flo'" f' ' a ll alike. Ge t some sha rp- eyed boy or o·irl to w atc hing the fl owe rs of so me particnlar tre to e h ,..,. fl w r pr od nee fruit and seed · F o ll '" all th i "o rk yo ur self , a nd if Jo ur d n ot mak fair drawino-s make some yo ur e lf o ' I' I in yom not -boo k. The) will b he lpful a •tt c later.

M ak s imilar t udi c' of th e Elm fl owers, ami wa t ·h th ir deY lo pm 11t int o fruit and seed ·

Co mpar their fruit Di s ect o ut the see d of e aeh Th en comp lete o nr t;tudy by pl anting the fruit and \\at ltino· tlt gr wth of the l itt l.e plantlet-.

\\ It en t lt e ' bios om rem em ber that no W i I low t1· e p t·od nee b ot h s tam ens aud pistils. Yon mu t th find two t'r ee s for e,·ery kiud of Willow, oue b ea ring stamin ate and the other pistillate fl owe r s. Cotto nw oo d tree ha ve th e a u10 peculiarity. You n,nd yo ur pupil s will ha ve littl e diffi cul ty in making o ut the s tru ctur e of \Vi ll ow or Cotto nwood fl owe r s, for th ey are Ye t'_)'

As thei r fruit s grow watch th em fr om w ee k to wee k, a nd at la st lo ok at their curi ous seeds

A BIT OF GEOGRAPHY.

M. EYELYN Ull{SS, JV dn·aska Stat e Normal Stlu> rJ !.

To man y r eade rs of th e CouRIER the 1Vl i sso nr1 river LS an o ld fri e nd, a nd is it n ot of Q UI' o ld frie11ds that we l ove to h ea r?

. H ow vivid ly we r eca ll the l andscape s tr etc h ed o ut before o 11 e looking north fr om th e Normal School! Th e bl utf s st r etc hin g away to the ri g ht and to tho loft, tbe latter en ci rc lin g bott om la nd as l eve l as a flo u t·, th e mi g ht y riv er winding for mi l es in it s ow n maj e's ti c ·w;:ty, b eyo ucl it more low land s, aga in, yet ot her blnffs sh ow in o· the sa me c han g in g ligh ts nnd s had es w hi ch such e harm to mo nut a in sce nery.

But the uam e, I f ear, co njur es np "m udd y water," and uoth ing moJ·e, to th e minds of man v wh ose only a.eq naiu ta n ce with it comes thr ough the geog r aphies Trn e, the pebb les at th e bottom ar e not cl ea rl y see n, ne ith er does th e g 1·as.

grow dow n to it edges, I, ·fo r n , co nf es to h aving a gr eat fondn es for i t. "·

I fo rmed my -fir t •a cq uaint ance with it in co nr nection w ith t he o th er f ea tures of the-l and cape as seen fr om the ormal Sc h ool, wher e, no doubt, distan ce lend· enchan tme nt to the vi w. 't ill , othe r a soci at ion gi ve me a fri endl y fc li ng towa rd it. It is to th e r-i ve 1· th at we go in rd 1· to start up the delight ful ra v i11 es , o 11u merous and ·o fu ll of urp ri e at eve ry , tcp Th er is 110 telling wha t may be fo und in one of them-a b ird's ne t, a ba nk of fe rn s, a b d of vi lets, n cl uster of co lumb in e, a new or chid, to say nothing of th e charm in g n ooks which abo und thr ongho ut the r av ine . Or, if one ente rs the r av in e at the top, t he Ia t thing be sees as he ta rt s dow 11 i · the rive r, tr etc hin g a way through the vall ey , and wli n he r eaches the m outh Qf the r av in e, why , there bef re him is th e

"To t he r iver we go in search of fo s il s, sn abu n dant in the r ed aud th e b lu e clays . He r e, al o, we fin d ce r ta in spec im ens f Ol' usc in t iJ e biolog ical la bor ato ry- lu ck less fr ogs, cr ay -fish and butte rfl i es . So mu ch for "p er so nal r em ini sce n ces. "

Wh at pos i tion does t hi ri ver· ho ld in the gr eat fam ily of ri ve rs ly in g b etwee n the R ocky and the Appalachian

Fo r a time the re was ·much di sc uss ion as to wh et her or not th e so ur ce of the .Mi sso uri sho ul d be cons i dered as the tru e beg in nin g of th e main river in til e Mi ss issippi system, b ut e min ent autho r itie n ow agr ee th at in t his ty pi cal ri ve r bas i n, the Missi ipp i rive r occ upies the pos iti on of th e main rive r, and has i ts so ur ce in a n et-work of lakes ly ing in the great pl atea u of w!Ji ch the stat e of Minn esota fo r ms a par t; so that the Missou ri is the chi ef tr i butal'y of the Miss iss ip p i. It is fo rmed by the un ion of thr oe ri ve r s, tll e Mad ison, Je ffe r son and Gall atin ·o nam ed iu honor of , James Madiso n, Sec r eta ry of State, Tb ornas J e ffe rson, Pre id en t of the Un ite d States, a nd Albert Gallatin, 'ccr eta ry of Trea su r y, wh o he ld th ese re ·pecti ve offices at the time wben L ew is and Clar ke mad e their ju tly ren owned to ur of cli scov_ ery and exploration, wl{ic h incl ud ed as we kn ow the Mi sso mi r iv er and ma ny of its t 1ri b ut ari es . ' Th e Ma(Ji on is r eg ard ed as the chief of th ese three rive r s, and h as i ts ·our ce in Lake Mad ison a small lak e ly ino- a s1ot·t di. tance west of Rtone Lake.

It is n th pu r po.·' ,f tl i :u'l i ·L t cl al th ri v r ba:i n but ra th •r Lt ' uot · ·oul n m naof what Bc·llj :unilll'. Ta ylo J· eha ra ·t nzl I - t I a 'th , c r ·t r iY r to lrow n fr<..' 1gra1 11 I -::· ·..- -··. l t o· t up nn 'V 1· w nt anyw 1 r <• . 1.1 1 cJI't 'JL<·r rltau nn ,- th clown iu a n •w p a<· · ft c·ll"lt ,'rc .· l I$ likt I' Unni n wa ·r in 111 1'1 ·a. " '"' - I t 1t 1·." , ·t ,,, a fi dg ' t.Y Jna11 in a .· ul try 11 1g 1 · I t ht •. fo r a bou11dan• Ji 11 , a.· a c·loth <•H -l in b n kn own tc sl i · ( ut <lit Low a coun ty- PH t. fll le ave it within th • li1nit . Clf • 'v bra .· ka . a· n 1 of la wy 1··s lun ·h, to b • wr:tl lg" l<·d o,- •r. ., ee ing t hi r i\- ·r at Orn ab:l Pla tt .' ll !OUth braska ' it- P ·rn or Bro\ "'·ill · w' lt av li ttl u$! tion of fa ll · and ra1 id · cx c- ·pt· wl1a t i. g iv n uth l:l il t in th • wat ·r. Y wo ar t> t·nld tltnt n :1 1' • B n ton abont 4-00 mil TJ'(J itl i tH ()UI' ·e, nf t few 1 J·c li minn r, rapid s th e ri,· r c nt •r n • of fa 'il ancl ·atarn ct. · lntoWJl fL th e "(..;. r •nt Fn l· of th • Mi so u J· i, · and ·Ia 'd a .· ::tin< ng t ht cr t·an dc.t on tl1c ·oJJ t ill nt. T lli ·<..·ri '• i Ct 11 ' 1po ed of fh prin ci pa l casc aclt'l:l, th • ti r ·t nf ty- fi. v feet fa ll ; th e· scco' J1d, 11 a rl. ' tlt r e nttll below t hi s, of five f eet, -1 ·v in <.; l1 c ·; an I d iate ly bc lov, it the thi r d, wh ich d •s e 1· v t I . 1 r, mcnti0 11. I-1 'I' bc tw 0 11 v ry !J o· 1 bnnl..: , n ma r kab ly tr a. ight I dgc of ro r nn 8 bliq n 1_, ac 1·os. · the r ive r, and ove r this 1 dg c the wnt r" fall fo r ty-tw o feet in one co nt inu on' she t of four lmu dr <:: d seve n ty ya rds in widt h. The fo nrt h fnJI. a , ma ll i JToo- ul a,r ca. cadc of abo ut twelve fr t descent a l1alf mile be l cJw th is po in t. I I L as h ed anrl c hnrn cd by nn mcrons rapid t 1 st re am hurr ies for wa rd fo r a dista ll ce of abou t ii' "t 1£ l' m il ns, wlwn it pr ec ipitates 1 :se over a pr oc ip1r eigh tv -scvml feet in height. Here tbc ba11k ,· nrt'· " 'd B f II ' hi gh and abr up t 011 bot h SJ es . cl ow the 11 ' there is a s.u cce s :::;i on of r apids, becom ing l es rtllli l ess frequent as the ri ver app r oad te · tho mo11 th '' a tri but ar y, k 11 ow n as Hig h wood Cr eek t

One hu ndred for ty -five miles above the Fall s, the ri ve r p asses tb ro ng lt a. 11 :11T OW go r f!l .'.. t 1.1 tl 0 fa 11005 " Ir on Gate of the Dan no un 1 <O 1 c 1 . . 1,1 . 11 d tho , •Gates of the Roc k.' li S go r ge, ca e , 1 . cY 1\ ,r · ,, ·, fi -e an d thr eo -f o ur t 1s mt l os lonr .lv.t. Onn tm ns, IS v ' - ·· 1 · - ·I• . nils of r ock, rts1n g d ir eet ) an d tbe pe r pe n diC u ell w. 1 , 1 I eio·ht of tw el ve hu ndr ct fr om the wat er to t 1e 1 o . d d fif t)' foot apa rt F or fee t, at·e bnt fo ur It nn re · · l1 fi l -l s th ere is bnt one spot \·Vl!c n' 11 t 0 I'Ht t ll'Ce ! Ti l C·

L C OURI ER.

f ot - hold ou lcl b obta in d b-tw n th _, w ater and th rn ·k. p ru ugo- e t to u

Tit' f w i ·lands I in <Y n ar

· 1 d in mor r em t parts

n di tau ce of thu·t en Th. ft -o co n ta i ned .e,--

t h e[ r bn l il it of oth r i an 1 f 1111 d · xp orers of th ri ve 1·. Ou c mpa u' ·. · and t n i 'l and in going thr · •-f urth mil

· 1 th pro - h x rcb es :- Fust et e tmg UJ? .UC.: - - - o-row out of the chool-w or koTam 1m auabl:y exc e pt a you o oid mu d progia.m::s,oncl .a' d ,-ariet . th ird, make th e.s:n mu lC to adl H all the pupils tak o· r1 e1·a a>e '· er 'l · · ll

m par t no by l etting t h" L t -11l arn w 1a G F . e- me e xr f the sc hool \Y ork . or '" I' 1 OTO W OUt 0 ]· ·'- e,-81...,1 classes . ' - ·]a s or a·

ph nomeno n of driftar 1 th wind from tho num erd •a uo·ht II]J ).}

· · d

i no- au • . nu 1-bm·s wlnc h arc fonn

' d X t II I\ S• tl

.l!l - tl of this nYer . Tl u au I

. . <Y h ut th l enO" I • I th t ou f' th at it fl oats fo1· mi l in t te 1-I t ·:uld so .1 11 l .d. o Jg I l Jt of t hi ck moke, often ll mg l 'k a co um ai r, 1 1.11 o ppos 1te bank. It o ,-i w I froJ11 . a- t hat u oth ino- lyir1cr in it pat I tr at JJJ ' · -L ew i -p •Jl b k pt fr ee f J·om J.t. ._ c:o.!l d .-the Lewts and C liu ke exp ech r ts th at mmg 1 r ei 0 f I _ ·t" we r afrl! c tcd w1t 1 a sci. nnv o t lC D :1 1 " • ··f tJOll tn< ' I •es ·:tttnbutc rl to thts d ii t-. ·'t ntJnn of t lC .. , c • j ons Jill Tl atc!J es were diso r dered by Jt; d 1011' We , . ., jug san . . 1- aud br eath d tt co pJOnsl ,)- 1 ' '•ate dr nn ,, c • • l . 1 11 1d t H? .) '. . 1 ) 1ect to two pe n ods of 11g 1 c OU r! IS s ll

The nss 1 b, the me lting of the snow on ·1c cansec 5 · · M · · tl e . te l" 01 d occn r nn o· n1 1 av, 1 ,, a ' .. s :1 11 1!:> •• 1 e a llu vial plmn ' e lt iu o- of tho sn ow on til e t 1 b th e m o

I er ca u sed .Y •· o- in J nne It 1 · after ot I • d occ nrtl nb , ' 1011 u ta m , an , that the aptness of Ta ylor :; rr · tb csc '•tlonds one of -. f llv app r ccw.tecl . -j pt tOil IS 11 ,1 t1csC J

1,,1\.T'fERTA INME NT S. SCHOOL p.L'

' J'Y"Of' 01\L\TIA NEll .11:. K -:J ""' Jl'-l r

'a· "-Cllo ol e nte rt a in nwn t- l or man " · :fo r t. le -t t- ·s and dial ogu es, '"'·holl)' • 0• reel .a lO ll l 1 ] no·lllo' l . ] ar wm ·k of tw SClOO , f'l o fr onl t 1e 1·egn · z.:1 b - pla(' e at l east, th ere sho?.f, u e no fL.t" sno c:. f'l t1 )·e 1 h -.. aJ·e uwr t harm u Ian th0 Sue I:'Xe lCl '- ' c , • 7 •

]::LC0 · 1 Tlw y are harm ful 111 that th e) 111 - f ene :fi c 1B- •• ke ti me an<l strength fr om the 1 1.ia11l :Y t. whid1 is needed for good va ' c1 t,, - d

IJ il S fL 11 s wo rk Th ey do f ur th er am - vu f' d

tl t,i o·li t . -nti no· an n 11dne dpg r ee o 1Wl l-l ,..; (; 0. lt l' '" 0 't · hv en p il s who perh aps e or feW pu in ... . th fLll ·th e otlw rs.

1n· lwt.h 1 ]l 't H-' no t"n tPr ta in rn e nt.s in Sll 11l'll ' • · C' )I a ll .\'Ve t . . nskPd bv doze ns of \01('(:'8 ' 7 1 h e:u '"'- ·' 01 n· sc h ooL ll0 nl c1 , hn t thret-' th mgs shou1fl. vw s ·1n cip1P:-' to g cm-'tn in getb(-' Jai it cl mn1 P1

I ll tanc e a <. ' th . a,· Lo no·- . p om au 01, o been w or '\.ln o n . tlll- ,,-oi·k e..., a\S ha>e Of' 1n · · 1 fe llO\Y <.: " ' 1 b' ect natural Y · 1 evera u · been wn t 01 n·fell m'lr and hi::s work . Inu o·geRt d b)_ Lono . pnpils to do th eir best. pir and _ corr ec t the comp o si-' and then a ) tJuee of t he most in tere t- t - -el ct t wo OI . b c1 wn d h e them laid aside to e rea in g Lo ng and . sh o rt quoat ou t haY e been committed som e tatwn Intloi Jn ake o·ood r ecit.a,tion and l on o· nouo l 0 d 1· b t 0 fs:> d out those 'vho e n-er e ·. ll have oun b a· ) . <>f' tlielon o-erp oems hav een 1- The tones ' o f h c1 ·haps reproduced- some o t e se en ed an pe1 " , b l·c ly us ed "N ow arrange yom al o can e n f · d addi no· a. f w pie ce s o mu Ie, an program, I'l. you will find that you ha,-e t ·our surp · 0 ·h t ake a m ost in tere sting afternoo n, enou o om 1. t The .. d o ll frorn s chool oo. n?t a. al-e a valuable par t of the exe r- Clu otatlon L'- k tl us i no· them you can rn a e .le enCIS '.fOI byt ins tead of havin g it eonas is usually . h l ·l1 l.bl. tl ' ons . Bv an un nn x ed plo

1 11 sc oo ex ' ·' 1 a I mean , if yo u plan to h ave a ttemi·y ::. 1at1111 t,... 1 - 11111ent l et it be that a ll thr ough , an d en e · ' · · 1 d part t art literary. pm-t lnstonca an " t11 at. is, comi('a1 r ec i tati ons an' w or e tban no thing, fm tak e hme a nd o·iye no ,-ahiable retu rns , e ither to th e one r eeites or to those ,.,-ho l isten. . .

Histmical e nt t- rainm e nts :ne VPTJ" t01T - They may be np fr om l!mt ed States his tory work, -or In more .ach oTa.des, from perio ds m general 0 f E ·11811 lll . storv Aft Pr usin g Lamb :-; ron1 n ° ·' · 1 T l f.o Sllal,.. espear e" for 1:0upplem e nta " ·a es ro n1 ,_ . . o· .t js an asy ma tte r to gf't up n ot on ]) r eaCLi no 1 · t. · p1'o o·1·arns l t llltt'l't'S .111g o · ', n .l one 111 st. ' . 1 ,, ·u Lono'fe ll ow it IS n ot JW eessary to lP re as 1 o ' f . . 't 1-d .... of the author eYen or tbe mus1r, o·o ou 1 for ::; ongs :ue a ln nf'.t af'. fam o nR as hiR play:;;. . . . . _

P an:•nts , yo n wtll find, w11l en.JOY tlns Rm t:•nt.ertn.inm e nt t oo, ancl be proud to ,·ee a l)lt of the ir c·llildren's wmk so n.dvan t ageonRly di.·p1a.y t->d-a <.'hoic e bit to be sure, n. p;:nt. nf your ev E'l'y -clay work: l.o?· Ecl ucrd o'r.

THE I OR AL c IE

BLA 'KHAvVK , · RB\\ hLL 'PEE <' l r_

On Augus t 2 7th, 1 3 2 , a ft er th e u ppre. sion of an I nd ian c meut c ncar th · Four L ak e ,. f,y dk nitcdJ

States_army, t _he great Indi an c hi e f, Bl ack h aw k, losi ng all h ope sur re ndered at Prair i · du hi ·n.

On thi s occasion he de li ve red a rema rk able s peech, a fu ll reco rd of wh i h is in the · volum"' of Dr. ha ffn e r' s /fist on• of A llh'1·i ca. The fo llowi ng is a mc t ri al ver,.,inn of his cl o qu<:nl ou 'v ca t: d tl1 I a· 1

c n Ian ag \ c· I'P ll t Ili s lor dl r wi11 g-:-:

\.ud he .h all . oa1· no 1 ng "I' o ·1· t.lH-' l1HHI1Itai w.; ··l, ·lt·,·<L ri11 !!.':-: :

But while I'm · · d b

r • • lJlnl One y YOUt · "J \ (" ,' Ill_\" O ltl _\" g l' i Pf w ill 1 I'

I dld not pay ba.('k to y u t lll·! YO II cl r alt tc . l)IC'.

fou ht you to tlt " ve ry la. t, and hold] t·ae!• t () f a<·c·.

.Fror we th child1·"n of th ;;ne tii l a Yal ian t 1·aec •:

bull t fl e w, like an g ry hh·d f:::L .·t flut 1·in o- in o ur ParR. hk th bre z es , ·wift and k "n, that '\ p t lt ha npn wm·:·ior fe ll-y es , on l1y m , b n "ath ) o u1· n.LkilJ f!.' s ii >t

Y f' t whil e th la ·t of th ru urv iv d, Bl ae kl1 a wk .·un Pn l c• J·c·l ll ()t !

·My v il day had om t han 1. 'l'h un t ll:"tt da wn ro 'P li 111 ri{;d

wh An ev "ning haclow s fe ll , th .·kiP ,' 1olwcl n•cl a 1t cl p; ri111; nn t hk e a ball of iil' , 1 fi- om i t.· ly il1 g lwd-

Oh, 'tw as th l as t of all t.h un .· to ]tin -• 01 1 Bl ac- khawk 's liP<.Hl!

F 1· 1 ·

,o 1· no w: liS 1ea1t 1.· ble ak and cold , all lo nt anl Jmw is lH •-

Ilt c white hi s rn a. ·ter "·, and ]u 's Jl o ] on g(•r fr1'<"!

Oh , now th e ir el:am s an.. on my lirnb. , th0ir fa 11 g. · a 1·t· at 111_r tl •ro[l t.

Bnt th e 1·ed Indian , who would f a l', i. · RC'<-LJT ely worth a. g- r oa t!

(' Oward I-I swe ar it hc l'e, by th e g 1·e at s piri t-g d,

For r rav en f' OUl s n YPJ· took root wi t hin 0111 fon... ·t 80 ]!

Th e wh ite man 's thon gs mig ht la lln'l.y fram e till c1Pat l1's ]a .· t rlirg1 ' sha ll to ll-

He ha s no to ,, hip or mairll my .·t ill nn 1•011 qw:. 1·pd l"ln nl !

_S piJ:it: we :lid I?ray to th PL'·-: to t l1 ec.. we (•J·i <" cl fo r y <:' a I' :-< },o t'.)n e ns _llft' Wi th h1wrty, and W l}'H-.: awc-ty 0111 h•al's! rou nc-11 and nrg e cl nt-J o n, to fi ght f<)]· lan(l an <l sq 11a.w. rrn sh With a ll ou1· mig l1 t a nrlmain t lw whit P man 's odiou s ]aw; ;3nt WP faiJc.. d, 0 ,o-od of god s. fm · al l o m· tlP<lTlnong hont the land 1·eigned, alas! th t" :-; il!•nc·• of :;?,ur c:IT/';ta.J as chls t, onr n aws st.ai·v< ·c1 <-'\' P l':V v.-hl'l '(' .l wa. s th en tlw s p1nt of onr sue· to ao a nd d an•! .Armmd th e conncil fir e ' "' e st ood , and l f>av ilw fo ols to ta lk.

\Ve rai e el th e :ti e 1·ce w at-w ll oop onc e mor e, cJntch e cl the t ornalmwk!

Our kni ves pro ud ly bri g ht that day, a nd Bl a ckhawk' s he art high

A nd fr om Jns hps th e vow we nt f'Ol'th to conqu er or to di e!

Oh if he died, he kn ew hi s s ou l ivou ld pass thron _g·h el e an s in g fi r es, And 1·each th e s pir it-la nd abo ve and gr ee t Jli s wanim· s ires ! :P ea th wo nld be g lad if he had no t. a wife to lea ve behincl-

HP car d. no for him self al on e, but o nl v for hi s kfiJd !

An d, oh, be fe ·n· h' . . . .. . . T' · ' 1s c onntryme n, whipp ed hk e 1a- nob1 e sJ av Ps. '' 11l . pe nd the h· day · · .. ·t . 0 . :S In sen1 ,11d e, a nd hllnnhol y g-rav es , FOI' th e whit es •calp not the heacl t · tl·t .., ·l '1 ' t, Yt' w1 "" c e v1 !'i a1/ , Tlwy do far wor. p01u tl 1e d f' ath of poL on on the h. e a1·t!

U lli tp :->no n til. red :-: n- ill h, "' hi h. -)· n l·ann t tn1s therac" 1"'' 1· o·ni], "·i] 1 st·<t in t>a(' h In l:ia n ul. an d nuni h e,· ry face! 'l'h - h an ancl mi n 1 will b el i\' lT d, anl lip n m re wi ll hrink

1< l' <lll J ntt' rin o· ,, rl a nd ·l k th". ·do 11 t r 1• yo 11r tri d tor nd :v u_r

ll d J'i o·] 1t -0 nr nnd bl ood y \ \J'Ong • but . oh, h tn ed 111 \ 'CUU. lT p dnw l· th e btoo 1 of mnny a whit e- oh. \T uld he u lcl ne e mo r e! 1 ll t tt' ha s wHl ! c1 it o tl1 hi::; eh-' l lH''l' "d n re i· er 'ITi. · <' lHl i :-; 11 ,n. r, h is snn ha:-; :"; et- 11 n-·Y 1· m re to ri :::;e-t llcl l p:cw :-: "'ith l w::ny hunt to th tc-uT,,. lne ! -E ug ne D n1. is. M'aga zi ne of Am rican Hi. to1 ·y .

.A RIL, i. D AP RIL BIRD '.

\.• J( - 'AN YLEBT, N E.l3R . • TA TE TO H.:HA L HOOL .

:0M'h moa th has i t· :::; pe ri al at.tra tion. and

• 11 j. s tliffienl t to sa-' whi c l1 nno is b st In

1 1tr 1atitu dv, A pril !'<"r ta.inly fnm'i h its (J • • l . 1 .j'J( ll'l-' of pl (-•a. n 1 1 I hke 1t )C' <:au ·' 1t m ar'-

:-;) e b eo·innin o· of so m ;;Lny things , and promt l b "t XT I . b ' }' t. . ·o n 1 ltl'h for t,he fnt nr e. vv 1a.t I 1 1 1es

I· ]I l.llt 1 f · tl tt' r ain c.tnd s unf'11ln (! \\ lt a.t

•(-' ( ( () Ill '

a, tin e or he :-; tnt i h" i 11 ot abl e to f ully n.ppreriate the mu ic, yet the g ner nl i on of enj oy m n t. .

J3n t compa.n th feeling of suc- h a one 'Ti th tlHke of the eo ndn rt0r of the orchest1·a To him \·en· in tru ment j a pa rt of the mu ic . .N ot a fa. i n ot e but that his k ee n e ar d-'tects it. He is in pt: rf "c·t sym pathy with earh instnun ent., an d from th •se Repa r ate pm·ts lH b ni Ws up a grand harm on ) that tlnilJs hi:-: t< o nl to it.s ,,. ' ry depths .

ll .l · t' w wi t ll tl1e swt ll in g b uds and

• 1..:pn·a Io ns C" n ll · -

J 1 • • ] 1 How nn e h an nt s th e w ooded pan ts 1

1 ·a 1 1 ,11 o. to ca tch a g- hmr)se of t H: ·1 ''11 (-'8 'loll< o· < " ' ' )II · ) ci I :-> "-" Tll<1t nl ptl.ll't' Wh en t.b P jiJ- st

c;t YH J C:' ,_ V\ < li 1 • ' • • • (ti 't'tn'I'T<: d am ono· the . rle f-'pnt of b ]lw lS t:>

)l t · 1 1 q\· _, , 1 "\r 11 .,t a \\·on clerfnl earth1 n. t t \ co <- · t ha t ( t ,fo rm th;Lt b hLek m ou ld of .,ir.) <. ·an r an f·. rt ll in to the de licate h ltw of :::lky! e:-t \ i\Tlwn }n·im itiv _, m<Lil aSfT ilw 1 .nn to n n:tnre 1·,.<:... n.nclmadl' t ht.:' ohil' <'t:-; \nth w h1 rh ll<-l () \. ' . . \ TOllll fl<:•d <1 Hl l:.'H ll S of C' OllllU i lll lC'H.tlOll t:-i ;-.lll • · o·ocls a.1 Jd 111 en vva::; hP n ot. n ear th (J \\'t' t' ll 0 ' ' ..:J • • 1J0 ? For tr n h· n a.tnr t.:' ha a voi ct\ an n It h' t rntlJ. o·]l tlH plw.n o llleJJ<'L of nat m·e t ha t God to nuLn. [tis t.hrough th (,' in te r preta1 ... t hn t. learn to r ead thl" t of t. l c C 1; 101 f' t he re a.t or. l 0 n o·h ts 0 tl · t 1 "" wha t <L ooct o.f so ng rom es "''i th And th en,

A p ri 1: "An d all th e throng od h ave the gift of song· sts a . ' That dwell 1 n ne ds are songs 1n many keys d wor · ' Whose hous ::: h ol 0 t of m an e'er caugh t; S th an 1nst h e-to ps even "'h 11 t e tre v• ose h ab •t auons 1 • • " t h a 1·en " on the r oau o e · · Are half- way h ouses L :f 11 - t>ng 1' 010.

'l'o on e wh o is not a mu si cian tiLe mn si of

Th ere is . om ethi ng anal ogous t.o tbi s in li te ning to bi rd- mu 'ic. \Ve a ll e nj oy th e b ird.· in a m a. nn n, but to those \Th o kno w th e bh ds as indiv idu a.lR who r ecogn]ze in the b ir c1 -rhont. the part of the s eparate son gM l" r._·, tlw rP is a pl e asu re nn kn ov\ n to other s. Bird-life ca n not be tndied in th a 11 y m or" t.ha n ran :s oc i ology be turlied in the eli , se.cti ng roo m. 'l' he study of anato my ha.s it · l 0g it.imate pl ace, bu t th e sca lp el does n ot l ay hare the m oth ·e '" ·hi ch pr ompt th e a.< t h-itie · of mank ind n or the law·s that govern human ac tion.

In ordt•r to und erstand th b iro we must Yi ew li fe from their standpo in t. I han• no pa ti ence with the docb ·inP th at they are me 1·ely a ''bu ndl e of ins t in cts. '' Th ey an• so :mnch morP t han t hi s. If\vp can juc1 o·E' from the ir acti o ns, th 1·eason , adapt them ·e]v 0 to circnmstances , and kn ow rause and e ffe('t to a li mited ex te nt. In fart , the differenrp b etween their men tal n rtivi.ti es and t1l0se of' ma,n appear to bP otw of rn ther th a.H kin d. Th ey the pass i on , loYt , hat< · j ealou ,;y in a 1na,r}.;: pcl 01w · hn t to w atc h th em dnring· tlw HH ting mHl \.... \_

1.,., ..),)

''•

THE NORMAL CO RIER.

ne sting e a. on to be eony inced of thi. . W find among bird. th e. arne div er ity of ?haracter a. among 'rhe noi. y, thi vtsh Blue Jay, the cruel, murde rou · Butche l' Bird; the Robin , jolly but quick-t ern! e l'ed, one of a country s hool- boy; the amorou ' lovmg Blu e Bit·d, who .·e har .·h . t note. ar e mu ·Leal; th e shy, i.ndiffer nt Cn ·k thepugnaciou little "Wren; the vVoocl Thru 11' the loY r of s olitude; th a tin·, bn. y wh o work s and hammer.· front montmo- tl_ll eYP as though hi s life dP.p nde d. on it - as It really do e ; th Mourning Dov · which te lls of ''hope too long deferred;" th e' atHT hop eful_, conte nted Jittl e Chickadet:!'; th e e na t i,c,

Crus, Bill; th. mimi cking, f'lownlS!l Cat Bu·cl; t1t e iJor e.·pon ihJ 'ow Bu·d, and the pas. ionate, mu ·ic•al Thra ·]a·!' are a fP\V of thld vn,l'ion. chanwt eJ·s st>ntecl

Am?n_g om· on gs tei· ·, th e Brown Thrashe r. Ill bnlhancy and vari ety , i. · ea=--ily tin;t.. Oth er biJ·cls haH• we« -' ter ;Jote.·. 'fh ere is nothing in hi s song that eqnal s th 0 li<J.nid not es of th e Wood Thrn ·lt. ' om1·· f'on:-;id f' r

Cat Bird a riYal , and l'annot di .·t mguish hi-' tw ee n tlw ir .'0110' ·. Bnt wl 1.,t . 1'ff' 0 ,. rl ( .l e1·e nc«_.! It is th e a, pp1·• jonne 1· and a mn::df'ian Th e ·1 1 ' ff'e · 1 u. Jetw e E:'n a..rnu u:-b ox. and an in s trument tonch ed hy th e fing er fl of a masteJ· mu s ician.

.· laughing when a Cat Bird It eem. l_Ike a joke, a mere play upon 'oc.:tl dtorll s· 'L d 1 pl . f' b .1 · · '." · ay o n hant te chni ue Wi th th e mn s Jc left out. • q

Bnt li ste n! - ,l'h e Thrash er is s1'no-1 ' ]'] · r- ng It is .L th e gus hing of pen t- up ·. It ( ome. as though lntp elled by a force within that rann ot be conttoll e d. It is the embodiuwnt f' · · T o p ass wnate , rapturou s song. ·

Thra sh er arri\·es arl.r in April a.n cl be o·1n n · · ' o · e .. tntg a.hont th e 1hst of May. H' . m echamcal kill · · FI _. b 'l ts not ve ry hig hly de velopl-' cl. Ill f.t;-; a 1 ] . h l h . -, loug 1 n f'st, pl aeino· it in 'l ( )\\ ll fi l, eCtO'e 0\' y • l 0 C· ' en 1n a c untp of b · 1 un tlw oTo und. He 1 f . . ns ws o· ._. .·1::'. • e e nd s ln s home with Fg o t. On e pan which I . 't VlSl e1t r eo·n lady cltning th e ir n e. tin o- at fit·st '''e ·1 •· · • M: ' • ., re R IY and c·o ld l-' c1 ft ·oma eli A "' t·t1 (•v h · ' • ., .1

ll l':l d tr , my pn .'«J ill' -' " fa llliliari t ,\-" .'(•f'm a ' hr -' d c· m ·n!] t ... fc t· t lt t·.'· 1! 1·\\ i nt fat· h )V r -' tl aht u t ll H' o nl l' ri ll J.!: 1111 awa)· ton ·. th:- eo uld n ut 1 , 1ni !' tak« 11. ll <' l' \Yh I }>lar d nt ha nd \'( ,. till' n 0 11 f rh. bid at t ac ked i with .' tll'h YJ n·m·C'l blocd flo w ] jllltl· fn·P l) · ft·o nl t lt P ,, nn l:o i1 tl if·t<" d. 'rhelatt r1u.r , ill

ani v al of a 11 u 111 h •1· ( Jf o ut· 111 o :-: t. l1i.l'l s. '\\ " 11n\· .· a.c;1• t·o i11 tr '<lllf• bu t f·n t.hem to out • l' f' adPt·s, 1 11 t go i 11 to t h > w ann on th ll'airi J, " in to t·lrc• Ji«'lcl i'i a.u d· l! l' \" and t lwy will int1·o<luc·«· tltP nL · •lvP:-;. If .n han• no ah·t•afh· do tw .·o. mnk1• fdPtl(:lf' wi tl

tl te hii'Cl. · a nd 1:l<nn-'1'H and \' Oil "·ill find : plea ·m·p of ""lti!'lt you 1WY.I'L' lrPant L l

kP ps em« in tonclt t il hi s c hiltllt JOel !hi ' 'l' lto se who tt·ul y Jo n· the hi l'(l s an d ttow; nm 111 , 1. grow ol1l in svi ri t..

P( BLlC 'C HOOL C1 Y Ml'\ A .'TIC '' 0 1{ PHY '1 ' AL TRAINl G 1, ('TT V JTY.

BY 11 B. I> 'NC AN ON , NJ<J UIL · TATI< : NCIHl\! A J. rr.

Having di se n ss<·d, bri e fl y, th e in1 porwnct• • physic al tr a in i ng, I d es ir e to c al) at te nt inll t Horn e l:l irn plc me tho Is, s uitab)(' fn 1• 5 . rnt ex ercise lt is po ss ibl e for n. to dt·i)] our bndit nntil we are abl e to pe rf o ruJ W01Jd e ,·ful • · s tr e ugth and still not ndd on e iota 1·0 our 111t•' ' pow e rs . Th e large majo t·ity of t lt e ch itdr··· l it the pr ese nt day are we ak, and ar·e t ill' who n ee d he lp. Hen ce , a ny syst e nt w hi ch fin\l:' to me et th e de mand s of til e weak sho ul d be d's card e d.

EXER C ISES.

Posit-io n .-H eels 011 th e s am e lin e, ge th er as tlte conformatiou of th e admit. F ee t tnrned out equal ly and fo rnl ll with each ·otlt e 1• all aH_gl e of abont sixt y Kne es s trai g ht, without s tiffnes s. Body ere ct 1 hi ps, in c linillg a Jitti e forwai'Cl. Shonlcl <;> rs s (jll:l to the front and :falli1tg c qnn.T l y. Anns n hanl2: itJg naturall y. ba ek of_ hand s o ntw:ll l ittl e fhtg er r esting 1ightl,y th e tin cltJ c•w ll 0.3. r the lJody

th fr 11 t. hin 'l i ht l ' lr awn in wi bou on. tra in t ::;trai It t t th fr nt

1. Ann: ,,.

t th c mmand ·er i. rai d

hand b ri ld t th br a ·t pAlm r ting ao-aiu t ri ltt an d l ft br a ts r P ti ly . Fr ont: Ext ncl th ri It t ann ]1'1 :1 1' to_ th . fr nt. Br <U t: 'll7· l•tc in o- cl111 ·It d ha nd ao-a in t tv rtl• dr aw ar m, P < I Af t il co mm and haY n e be 11

:> r· a t. t ·r

• . 1 pruce 's 1 ' c nn t in o- thu : gtve n c nt 111U t 1

•

d t 0 and tkree and, up to eight. Th e on e an 1.0

• • 1 0 1 Jd be I ll th same mea ured mt rval connt tu rr 1 l • in mar clu ng. At th e fi r t tw o count of ttn1 a "t arm i ex te nd ed a nd withd rawn· at th tho r 1g u • I I

·d nnd fo urth cou n ts t te eft arm 1s ex te ud d tlnr 1 fir 1 . d wit hdra w n; at ttlO t 1 count tb rw ht arm :xt nd eJ and with drawn, t lt e l ft arm b ino1 d d .18 the ri o-h t is withd ra\\ n; at the ix tlt

Jo,: tO ll < n c n nt the 1 ft ar m i wtt bdrawn and the n ght ann

J cJ and with dr a wn ; at the eve nth count is oxte n oe .1 • ·e ex te nd ed and wi th draw n at the b tb a rm s ai 0 t toe ei o· htb co u nt open the cl enched 111 e tun c· a 0 • s::r. d' .. 1. the palm s t ogether m fr ont of 1 !dS a'l tri -.. c tal ' · ·no- clcucb ed hands to th e br east the br east r etu rni o , , SE O ND EX ERUJ SE

J. i?'m/ .ExeTci s fl · 3. R·i .r;ht Left )/ ,4-

h as fir st exercise, ex cept the 'l'l •tS 1S t c amc , . ·t d d to t he nght and le ft on a lev el 111 s ar e ex en e fli 'tlt tlt e sh o uld er . " VI 'l'BIR D EXERCI SE.

J. i?·?n,· 93 Ex eTciSf'/ .'J. Up_; 4· BTeast

h 8 ex ec u ted the same as firs t an d seco nd 1' IS l . s ex cep t the arrn s ar·e ex tende d ve rti cally exerci se th e s bonl dc rs. n boVC FO UR TH EX EROIS E. , E xe1·ci.s e: 3. Do wn)· l. B1·enst

• A tj'77 u ' • 'f 1. f J. • ·ecn.ted the same as firs t, seco nd aud Tl · 1s e :x · liS es ex cep t the ar ms are ex te n ded per- . d ercLS tl11r ex . the sho ul de r·. P en cl ic nlM ft O ill FJFT H EX ERCISE

. ,. . E xeTc is e ;" 3. F1_·ont; ,4- R ee,r. 1. Al ?n) and exeTC'ise , r atse t he arm l atter

At th e eo m 11l . bt of th e shou ld e r, palms to the fl. ll y to the he1<1 f · t fi i? ,-ten de d. F·ront : Sww g the ron , n ge rs e,, .' d J horizo n tall y, to the fr on t, palms fl.l ms , ex te n eo to uc hin g, h eels on th e gr ound . Rear :. Swing the a rm s ex t ended to t ll c r ear of bo dy · · m clining

th m lio-btl. , dow n ward at the same tim rai e th b d up on tb to . · onti nne the exer ci e b.' r p nting .front 1· aT '1XTH EXERCISE

1. Ann f orwaTd palm

.. R ar . t th comma n l.f?·ont r ai e the arm ex tended ho riz n tall,' in fron t, pa lm clown, weight of b ] r on b oth b 1 and to R ea? ·: Draw F.

the arm back un til the hand re t laterall y a o-ain 't th icl of the che t; at tlte ame tim cleu ch the hand , turning palm s upw ar d, and rai e th body on the to s. ont inue the ex r ei e by r p atino- front, ·ear

LITER. \. TVRE IN 0 R. P UBLIC SCHOOL

BY H.AS . ,E, AUBU HN NEB .

Not un til recently h as lit erature found a pl ace in th cu7 Ticula of our pub li c s chool:::: ; its in troduc t ion, fr om its ini t ial ste p, has h en slo w and attended by oppositi on D urin g th e 1' ig n of R.i chard II Engli 'h wa:-; jn trodtte e d, 'vith m uch difficulty, a a tearhing m dinm in the schools of Englan d; n ot unt il a mu ch l ater da te did th e '8 people deem the branch snffiei n tly imJ>O rta.nt to me ri t special tn d3 ; during the last tt'n )·ear' onl y, have \. me ri can e du cators lo ok ed up on the subj ect wi th tha t. degr eE' of interest that i.t sho ul d comman d.

T he intro ducti on into our rhools of th mast er-pieces in OUJt n atiYe ·tong ue is as y<:>t sea l' cely aft' cte d; n01·, witlt the indift'en:•ncP m auife ted by ma ny of our }Wo plP, is it lilu 1)· to be for s everal year to <'ome It i · a matte1· of seri ous r egre t th at many of our edneatm·R regard wi th ,so li ttle interest n ·nbj e ct fraught wi th snch ben efi ts ancl a bmn.ch the neglert. of whi ch is atten ded wi th such pe rni ei ouR rPs ul ts

No facul ty of th e chil d's Tni. nd is cl velop ed ea rli El' nm is a ny more SUS(• epti hl e of cultm·p than tn.st e; } et n in e te n ths of the pupils of om· sch ools m· l eft to makP their own anc1 to fe •d the ir min c1s up on wba teveT ma. chan ee to fall in th eir wn.y, an d owing to t1w

pr e ponde ran ce of th e worthl and tTa s hy H i.· to be pr urn d that th ta te f our fntur citi.z n will be mould d by thi kind flit ·ratur

Inv e tig ation le ad s to con clu ·ivP d l 11 c · that man y of our wayward boy s hav e b ll induc ed to f'Ol'bidd en path .· by moth· arou •d by s uch a ta, te a. i · form c1 by readin g th pr val ntblood- a nd-thl..mdc r- tOJ·j .·. Tlw h1cl y of our ina t 1·-pi ec e. · in ou l' . ·l1 ol s i.· lo in o- mu ch toward forming a ta t f' fm· put and an aY J' ion fo r tht- unwhol e.·on 1e in lit mtur e, yet w ar an imm a m:ab]" eli.tan ce th e attainm e nt of th po .·sibl e in t lli . clh ct ion; o ur fb:.'t diffi c ulty wh n th e .· tud y of lit eJ·atun• wa. I la e" d in o ul' cho ols wa . in th e fol'm of ill adapt ed t 'Xtbo ok..

Om· fir .·t te xt-boo ]u; on lit PJ'atLu·p wPr< : merely abhr e vil'l.t ed c yclop . dia .· of biography· th ey nam c1 th principal auth01 ·s, t]wi1' lit e mry me rit and def ec t s, t l1 le ad in g vv l'k H of th e auth or s, e tr .; but towanl tht de ired e nd , v i;,-; , th e deve lopm Pnt of <L ta .. te f Ol' goo d lit e ratur e. Th e pupil s l1ad no int r est in th e s tudy of tl1 e dry fart. of th eHe boo ks, and it wa s ptobably no di '<T dit to the ir goo d en. P that th ey Roon fOTgot tl 1e hiogra phir al ba h with which th ey W"H" fill -' <.1.

Our bo ok men sp ee d ily re pond d to a r<Lll for bett er adapt ed to our ne ed s; th ey, art:ng on th e phy s iologi cal prin ci pal a additional fo od to giv e bu lk n:1 xecl With a conr e ntrat e r1 an d ot h erw i se inre nd ers it mor e ea sy of d1ge tl on, fm·m he el biog raphy wjth n, ro n1pa ni on book which e1nbrar e cl f'hoiC' e Rel f'c ti ons from th e. vari ou s anthon;; t hi s wa,f:i a. loJJ o' s trid e in a c1,7 anc e, but th e se se le rt.i ons :'·ere s napp y a nd fa il ed to aron se a in th e aut]] Ol'.

T1 te h ook men WPI' e onc e more ra il ed upon a nd no w b t f' th l. . . d f _ 1 eacL n e c 1 J om e tFi fm:tb. at least on e compl ete work of a f f'w of ear h of tl\p O' t t tl b. . . . . , Pa. au lOl' s; t 1s Inn ovatiOn wa. ·· ha ll ed IVlth <lel1 g ht by om mor e thouo·htf nl edu cato r s; but a new diffif'nlt y no\ _? f . v an ser:; rom tlw fact tha t many of OllJ · t 12 acheJ·F> c1o not. k now how to u l' th e En g li ·h rla f; ir s )n 11 rh

wa. ' aH to gi n• that c·ult11 n· :tJ Hl lJ1 =-'} il·a r· ha in <' ,·ita,l ly f ll ow t h<'iJ · rip; ltt u .- ('.

a f' mm datin g pttl >li :-:lwr ;-; <' OJ JH' ag ain

l' C.' <·n ' t Lllcl : upl >l.r tIt book =-- wi t it wha

t a c- h ·r •· Ill ." to l ac ·k · t lJ <' Hlt ll (lt :t t( d da ,,.. i for .· ·It t< ·ll th • pu pil at t it · be tt 1111 f 1m o· · tlw d\' ri n.tt' io n. nH ·an in g- aJ Hl }H' nu u a,tiu iJ r a.ll \\' ll Jt iII hi :-; I i Ill i tc ·cl y H '' 11l a1 ·y· t ht ·. · t i'J1 i 11 w l1a. t I iII!' to l o( k f 1' 1 r th 11 g l1 t wlwt tho 11 g ht is. w tlw aut lJ OJ' c1J d ll { t PX )IL' N ;S it ·ill w·.

wllttt \.. J t hi11k alHJJJ t t lll '

In .' hm -t, t'\'P r yt lJ i 11 g h,r way o l' pn }la ril _ th ( l e.".' 0 11 i. · l Ill IJ ,V h< • CJhli g ill g" (-'(lit I I'tha a ll t·lJC-' tc·ac·h <1· t·o <l o i ;-;; tn c·r 1 n•rt tl <·drill int o <L mill t·hr c ,, - th t• li tl•nu·_, . o-ri s into tlH · ho ppl'r. t.tJJ'JI thP f·t·;tnk ;\1\

Jook for tlw ntcont '. ,, l1ich i :-; incl •:-; Tihcth

Tn o ur 1wx , W< ' :-dJ;t,l] :-; ltggv .· t. ntet lJ Hl of J' llllHil w tlw mill.

\V II AT ' JJ AIL 1

ITns tlli Hcp ws ti('n over ·on ft·<mt e ll .'ou( If.' ' ha ve VO l' a ·o mpli r:; h ] [l.Tl ·thilt g it t·cr tni nJy h: If it ha s never s tar -' cl . on in t·h fu ·e (:n : · we ak and in e xpe ri ence d. M ·t in (.)' q11 st i q na relv nu der a ll ci r cnrn st au ee.· hi·h 1 o- oT< \\ ,; e st t·eng th of charact r, and pow c t·. To n.vo i I r· · Wl' OUgl v b1·. qu es tLOn, or to nn sw r ·' tn gs w de cay and \v oe . .

But the qn es tion w ill co nh- ont 11 • To com es se ve ral tim es in Ji.fe .. T(J n. ]l w ho · ,. r ea ch ed th e ag e of it '·viii O' '' '' n least onc e. It c om es as a breez e to sc parnt ' th wh e at from tlt e c haff; or as a 1'' fi ni11 g fi 1:e tt.l\) \lt' ify go ld of its dross. . :My p ttpil s, wh ethm· bo,Y ,o r g irl , st rn gg li 11 g· a,, _. ,. iu the 'public sc h oo l, am id st hards hip s, a ud r h ap s am id st p:)V e rt y and wfl.nt, .l ms it c om e t .' ' 1 St nde nt, yo u who nre oldc 1· e nga ged in Jli:-h

S ·] 1 ] f• II ge wo rk am1dst te mptntionB un c 100 anc vO e ' . l thers - many clark days cn' ll 1 '-now n to many o · · tl M I J e of life, as yon st l'ng glo on, 111 10 ay anc nn · '- " ] · 1 tll e next 1 ilo nth 's tmtton and bnm {ll0WU 1g W 1CI'e ' ., t · 1 f I ne ed n ot yon- it hn ron · L-, 0 C 0ll1 •3 I' OJTl- · ,.r 1 1 ho w iH it ill yo nr case ?· ' to , .)'on. eac 1e ,

h a.v C:C' rtai ul · m t it ' (' \' ral

Bn t th J ll '. ti< u iu •nt aud !J a,· a I

yo ur l est i ny iu li f

THE OR AL CO UR IER.

II r <1r a f w

r n.fa ilur e. . f

p r 11 who h nv ! rn •t 1

t l qn t1 n ac

t h r b · e a. I d.

an d tl1 'ir d C' ·t in · w:t s ·

• }L ·h of t!J an

c an rl t •r11t in · how que ·tio n.

E ·au .J os ph

.F n th E lij ah .M c.·

II rN inh, E

p t; r Pau l ' It ris t, .T ud n. , ' re ar,

o nid a. I x n. II dcr, , I I. I -o ln

tO ll J'JIOI C ..,LI • ' 11 00 11 n wer It

I Jt>W WI • n . 1 b fo r vou( g:'IC'l lll1. 10.' "

Lntb e t· o at I on

Ill' !i f . nt pr mill I id hall b <1. nam of t fn.

"It 11 t lt c qu tion

Let me t II ) on . m· fa ith.

<·0 111 • I lc tbin<Y will ucpe nd on Wl O

Th · . , . o-ranl law ju ·t h r runnin g cl ar

T J e r. l a 1 (' I' , nu i vcrs" from th e phy s wa l th rough

t l rou o- lt ,o . . I

1 l ·al a,nd on iut o th e p 1n tua , ll ' m ·n ta l an 111 01' . . . 1 1 ·c , ., c·OJ.n c at ·It :1. o' ltm p of rt. . I .II h c p II lL ·y c 0 ,r ll1 · 1 ·wt " ·tz "A c o rdino- to tl I a w. ]u f.1 sa/ 1. e. o .Here IS 10 ' : to th ee ., Yon reme mb er f . 'tl o be 1t ttn

t b.' at 1 tl e ..1a il or who as ked: " 1e n a nd

l ' \"C l' t 0 I pan ::; mi.' 1· do to be saved€ " II an-

I 71 a.t JUtl At br t te rn \\ 1 ' . . 1 the Lord Jesns C hri st and 1 "B lle' c OI 8wer ec · 1 nd thy honse." The law rs L • lt be sa v ee a · · t lt on S•1•1 01.f\ ] · me nt nl a nd physical. · th e m ' ' tho a.m e 111 d nud u ee p. Fa ith Sfi \ es d Jaw :i i·e broil '

Go s ' (]'fa ith That is, :-;on must t it wn st be a sa.V1 11 :::- • Hu . 1 . heart in th e good, m the ]j ove w1t 1 a ll vo n1 . . 1 be 1• 1 1 " And von must co nf es s wit 1 ·c 111 tue toy. " l p UI ' 1 D , l·cCj) sti ll He lp th e trut 1 · . mont 1. on t · yo ni . And your fai th mu st be str o ng as a r ock . ft iOJi g. . I .· ·b , . I )CJ'l Sh pOL IS '•If l t' . have you s av ing fait h. tlt c q ne tou 1s, o w, JJ c li cve .Do you be li eYe in_ tb_e Do .Y 011 p'" re th e Do yo n ee li e ve lD lt · t lt O "' ' · . . · · .. goo d, . ron r heart? Dn you beheve that t ru th IS with all ) er ror a ud th at it will ultim at e ly · th[LD ' . . , t:it ro Jt ge 1 ,¥ 0 rlcl ? Do .}' OU behe,·e with a ll . , t lt C v • co u qn et t it is always saf to be on the s tel e . 1 t ]t il :yot11 son st i ce even tltongh yo n stand al on e?

. I cl ] 11 ' . of ng 1 t all , ·ouo· and g t·ouod ed? If so, yo u f 'th ::;tl 0 Is yo nr al I, a 11 cl s ur ely t hr ough lif e, ev en wi ll wa lk s af e) b I' · ar unt o men to e wa 1'-ln g up on th on g lt yo n a]JP 0 B l l 't . tre acbcro ns se fl . nt wa.t c 1, e t:! th o billow s of a. , · · 1 ;v a\ else Peter s e xp enen ce wrl g1v cs '' J' yo nr faith . . be y om·s.

Bn t 3·u t b r y m· faith .may be weak. ll I f t hin o- baY th ir begiuning in " -eakn e s. " nr fai th in th t ru th i w ak it mu t be in. rea e el . H r i anoth r law runni ng par a llel t? tb on ,,.. hav e ref rr ed to t hr ough the ph ' ical , m ntal m raJ and pi ri tna l ulli erse of God. Groz th cL v lop nzen t a.nd po wer co me by ·wa y of ex r i e ct nd e. flort. o if you r mall trad with it exer i·e i t. Do not h 1d e rt away i11 a nap ki n. L t it xpand. Yon rem mb er ' Lord e our faith.' And he tid in 'I' a th it· faith by tay iu g wi th th em tbr e y ar and walking and ta lki ng th em .. . . H. me mb r ,, are now sp ea kin g of faLth 111 truth and right. How may we e xer cise our faith and tb n it. Hi to ry and biograph y we alway Lav e with us. Fir t, then, drink d eep from th ir pag e . Study the scienc es and art Get down to de ep p rin ciple and e ve r top nn il yo n see the thr e ad of continu ity and unity of th ese l aws . Take an hour's wa lk all a. lon euch da and think about God 's goodn e s a nd th e t riu mph of ri ght ove r wr ong, of t ru th' ov I' e rr o r. ' Onc e a we ek , on som e cle ar , be aut iful eve ni u g, go ont fr om a ll nois e and co n· fu ion and try to grasp th e i nfin ity s pr e ad out over he t1.c1. Tr) to comp r eh e nd the ma gnitud e of a s ingl e star; then th e vast spac e be tw ee n two of th em· ne xt th e immeasurabl e i mm ens ity of a univ er se ; and fina ll y try to conc e ive th e fa ct that th is ve rse, if vi ew ed from yond er distant, hazy spot in the h eavens whi ch we ca ll a ne bul fll ; would look as small and in si gn ifi cant-a uni ver se of univer ses \Vit b va s tn e s p il ed be tw ee n!

Th en when th e w in gs of you r imagination fall we ary and faint to ycfnr s id e, come back to e arth and reme mber , that th e Cre ato r iEgre at er thau Hi s ha ndiw or k, and th at He is on th e sid e of ri ght, and wh il e a sing le sta r remain s He is ruling in th e he av ens. and on ear th, and will s ee that tmth hall co nquer a nd pr e vai l.

At l east once a month spe nd an h our or two in som e bea utiful favor ed s pot and thi nk of God 's goodn e ss and love. After l ooking at th e bright side of thin gs for an ho nr or two do as G eo rg e McDonaid advi se s y on to d o- "Stop pi ty i11g yo nr se \f and let God l ov e yo u. " And w be li eve that all th e oth er l aws of God 's nniv er e of univers es nm in to a nd cent er in th e l aw that '' (-i-od

i l ove .··

These exe rci se of yo u l' be tter natnr w ilL :an e yo ur faith in g od ness to g t·ow an d give yon po wer ove l· ev il an d sh am Q uit lo 1 - 1: f · nng at t 1

ace of thin gs· l oo k at th e sub. taHc -' Faith 1 s ub tance of thin g h ole d fo r; th evid n. of thmg not e " w·d e n. 1 en yo m kn ow l d ge of truth. and de ep en yo ur se n e of ri gh t, and th questl n, ''Wha t ha ll I w ill Hot long a w· 't an w .,. . I cU e er. eit 1er \Vill yo ur deeds pe r-i h, for t ru t lt

te rn al, and yo nr tr e as ur es are la id ur whe t·c moth a nd ru t do n ot co rrn p t.

TH E S PIRIT OF T HE NIG HT.

S r. om e thing wi id I eve r sta rtf e th e co ln mned wood I ente r·

Wlft a In dian a rr ows dartle , see ks th e c .11 t r!

It throws i ts glan ces keen

But Itse lf rema in s un see n. '

If I li nger, hu shed w ith wonder

Back re tu rn s the native Pre And th e Qo aghs it she lt ers un der '

T Plea su r ed, make a. bowery pl ea an ce :

L pw ard with an impul se fon u

L ook e ach Jow Jy fl owet· and fr o nd .

in t he p in e tree

Is It s ce ll , or swing ing a:J r-!e, -

Pera dv en tu re Pa n's dl"vin c tr ee

, Solely for its f ootst e ps cJ 1ary pr e ad a carp et ou th e gro nncJ Fmber -warp ed, and f< ,e to so nn'd ..

In the w oo dbi rd 's fa i nt est fl uti ng

I Pe rad ve nt nr e p art it be ars · n t lt e sle nde r , d t ' .

D . oo -s re am sho otm g p ow n It mo ssed and ledgy sta ir s t l1 ere it '

J.\1[ Id st a ron nd of fi q ui d be Ir s.

D' d IT.

1 st tlJO n 111 t f1 e o ld t irn e fo lT ow () :ah ea 's c)lariot, draw n by 1 ha dy l1 if1 and ho JJ ow

D Jd st thou fl ee t, -a ny mplt of Dian ;,lay , tf any wo rd con ld ;la me th ee .1. lat '\\1 ld f . ' on et te r thee a nd t ame tb ee !

A ll of w·1d Dw nl e_st an d of swe ete st e 'W ith th Ob f Thou th at wo'l c e e, ore st h au nt e r!

T hou and re treat es t, vV ood land Sile n:e nt a nd encha nt e r, Gl .d , woo dlan ds d I e rn y wo od l and d. onn ' . - Edith )J!£. T7J. " · I eam ar ound. of E du ca t ion ..om. aJt, New En gl a ncl J o7.lrna l

THE NORMAL COURIER

THE ORMAL COURIER.

EDITORIALS. '

QNE. f h_ man) h_" n odu at wnal a ffau in th hi h ndu t of ma rk th pr · nt d ·ad i th n.di ting y t m. 'l'b di u ion whi ·h ar ta kin o· pl ac: at th pr nt t im in 1· ->gar·d to t hi r t m w ill mak" for th di min atin g of id a "hi ch ha ll b a p w r in th ha nd of o ur ab lest

e du at r Th ld-fa hi on d ntran e exa min a ti on wh· h thou o·h u e fnl wh n a ll ow d o nl y it ;;: lC , o t . pr o r fun ct ion mus . gn pl ac to th cert ifi of a dmi io n. c r tainl y i b ut ·ondi tion und r wh iCh an ntranc xon ·llation in one of our Stat In s ti t uti on can ainl . b pr o fi tabl , Vl Z. , v;rhen s tud nt a pply in g f r a dmi ion h as been Ju s ow n t utor and h as 0 0 p os iti ve me an s of co nv incing th e f ac ul t)- n of .·a id In st itution th at he is r eady for th e 1- wJ1 ich he mu st acc ompli sh dm·in o· the \ VO l'"- '

·n o· ter·rn or se me ::st e r· , a nd even in rhi s ens ui o -. . . . t c a few pomt ed qu es twn s eo n ce rnm g 1n s an . 1 -nc ipl es upon whi ch th e wmk depe nd s t 1e pn . 11 11 ·, n 1 or e weig ht th an th e chenshed w1 a . . a1 1·ea" exa nnnati o n. "cut an -l • • • We be li eve th at eYery ln gh ::.·chool m th e

t S ·twnlcl have a cour se of s tud y t hat would s ta e · c;

allow it s gra duat es to co ntinu e th e ir s tudi es ·n o ur State In s tituti ons un e mbarra sse d by 0 on:tli ct be tw een th e work acc ompli shed a.nd th e wo rk c onte mplat e d. It is g ratify ing to k 0 -w th at the on es who ar e at th e he ad of 11 • • a' 1 se rn s t1tutwn s ar e s parin g no e uOl't to t le h' r t f' b 0 • a bout t IS end. Th e o-r a dna es rom nul? 1::' r of th e High Sc hool s go to our Stat e maD} fi a· U niv ers itY to nd that th ey ar e gi ve n cr: 1t f 11 tb e v.'ork w hi ch th e'r have b ee n dom g; or a J d tl eY c om e to our State Norm al Scho ol 1o an 1 . . a find that th e n· pr e vi ous work is a ccre d1 te Th e s trong er on es th e se nior ye ar , by in c ludin o·.the work m th e De par1r me nt , ai;d go out into th e tBtCe that th ey ar e we ll e quipp ec1 f, r th e ir f ess ion. It is n ee dl es o say that on e find s ampl e in s piration fr · e xt e nd ed and e ffec ti ve work und er th es rbondition s. 'rh ere is 110 r as on wh y e ve ry Hi gh School in Ne bra ska hav e -a; co ur se of s tud)

vY hi h haU mak it an acc re dited sc hool with b oth th ta t No rm al a nd State nh· rsi ty . W ar 1 d to b li e' e th at a State s stem of du ca ti on wo uld b a s timulatin g influ en ce amono· b oth t ud en ts and e du c ators. By t p.i ;_ th s tud nt i o·uara nt ee d a s uffi cient 0 o pp ort uni ty to d T" e lop him self into a co nions he lp er a nd the t ea her is re li eve d of an imm u e amo un t of w earin e s and th a nkle s dl·ud g ry. With a defini te e nd in Yi w b oth t ud ent a nd t eacher w ork with that community of in t r ests w hi ch never fa il to brin g uce ess to a.ch und ert akin g.

IN thi l oca lity April is a very imp o rtant mo nth for th e bo tani s t. It is at t hi s t ime th at he carefull y wa tc h es th e putting fo rth of leav_es and the d eve lo pm e nt of bud s. Pn s hwg as1d e the co ve rin gs whi ch sec ur ed th em fr om th e in sects or th e co ld wint er bla sts th e bud s and le av es make th e ir del ntt int o th e o ut s id e wo rld.

Sprin g is her e, for all Natur e sa ys so. Wh o will a gr ee to e stimate th e v as t amount of potential ener g,J whi ch is tran sfo rm ed in to ac ti ve lif e durin g th e few w ee ks to Wh o is willing to mak e a contra ct to furni sh th e violets for a s ingl e hill s id b or th e lea ves for a sin gle Hav e yo u never fe lt th at thrill of r es tl essn ess whieh c har acte riz es a gr e at e nte rpri se just Th e tr ees and plant s ha ve fe lt thi s for seve ral w eeks. Wh at gr e at r es pons ibility is that which Na tur e has vo luntaril y a ss um e d!

We shall not ask yo u to tak e th e co ntra cts ab ove nam ed, for th e re is o th er wo rk for y ou to do. Don .)1 o nr o utin o- u-aJ'tn e nts sec ur e yo ur f eet fr om b b ' • th e dampn ess, a nd e quip yo ur se lf wi th a s mall ba sket, a lo ng-blad ed knif e, a sma ll on e, ve ry s harp, a nd a pencil a nd note-b oo k; for there w ill be hill s to climb , damp m eadows to cr oss, dee p roots to di g up , de li cate bud s to di ssec t, a nd yo n will be r eq uir ed to car e full y n ote all yo u see at th e tim e the ob se rvati on is made. S ec ur e a ll th e sp ec im ens yo u find , eve n if yo n kn ow th e ir co mmon nam es, for th e data co nce rnin g th e ir fir st app ea ran ce may be of. gre at va1u e.

.I am s af e in say in g that dnrin g th e mo nth s Bo tan y is more fa sc in at in g th an any o tlt r bran_ch of N atural Sc ien ce If yo u h av e uever studt ed it , begin no w. Yo n n ee d no text-book.

Study plants an d then confirm you r ob er vaticm ' by comparing note with some ono who i w rking on the arne plan. As the ca on advan c press a few pecimene for exchan ge In a few mo nth yo u will find that you know mo re al out the growth of ola nt than many of the -ca ll ·d text-book give; and the t ime spe nt in the wo rk i taken a lmo t who ll y fr om you 1· : hol1l' · for r ecr eati on.''

ONE of th mo t comme ndable .xam})l " · of

Education al enterpri e in th We st L n ow being carri d out by the Univ er ·ity of Nebraska. Th e Bota ni cal , min ar of Nebra ka hav ta ken d fini te tep . toward a,

urvey of th J state . The wo rk ha · b en arefu lly plan n d, and theil· effort · bould rect-iv e tJ1e hearti est cooper at ion of every citiz en of th e state Both thP · ·i entiii.r and commercial vn.lu es of t hi s ent rpri s eannot be ov re tirnated . In th e Ja nu ary nnn J1Jer of the .ETy th ea, a ,journal of botany, g neral and pecial to the we 'tern part of Am Pl'ica, i an e ditorial by Prof. E. L. Gr € n. I11 ·peaking of th e . nr vey he say.·:

'One of th e most l audable xample of ri:ntifi c en terp'ris th at we h ave h eard of l ately IS et by the Botanical .emin ar of bras ka. Prof. ey an d hi· ass i stan ts and o-raclnate b tudent ha,· unclmtaken, on their own respo n j bility, a botani cal s ur vey of the state, the plan of wh ich, as "" 11 as a li st of the offi<·er ' is g ir en in a r ece nt pamph l et Th e e gPntlemen have a most in viti no· fi eld be for e th em, and .we s hall expect interesting r esu l ts . Meanwhil e t:j;le Uni vers ity of Nebras ka is to he c ngratu.lated in i ts ha ving in at l east one of its 9-epartments, a body of men with zeal to undel' take, at th e ir ow n· cost, an important '"ork th.e r espons ib ilities of wh i ch th e state is not read"' t I . . h

• J o ::t s um e. f the ir um ve rs1ty as a numb er f 0 such ene r o·etic departm en ts , It s futur o-teat 5 · r. b Is as ured."

To Botanist

" •• .c; and CollectoTs of Nebntslm : lh e Botamral , ·

1\T b k 1 nnnar of th e Um ver s1 tv of .L' t- J·a a 1as or O' · d ·· · f . an Exf'han()'e Clnb or th pnrpo e f f b o ::t('llit a tin g exchan a·es anwng roJJertor,· in Nebra ka a nl J' e ndeJ·fno· them TilOl'P ,·atis fa ·tmy . t:-

m• mh•r ;-; of r ll <· • 't •Jninar

·t 1 < xt .n .·i ,. ·1y in Yari u:-; }HJJ'ti >n , 'tat a11< l alll · lad. HI!< l t ht· un r •l1·aHka Jl O\\ in }H'ogTl•s:-; nn] r the d ir ·<·ti on of tlw .·<•Jnina r. ha .· l '< •n l·r t> 1 lar "'1 amcunt Jf' lJHI.tPrial l'rom !'tat • a Ynil · abh, for 'XC'han g 1'

n ('O]J c-•f·t 1· r< .· i tl.in g i 11 N vl) 1·a .·ka. ll!Cl " CCJlTI<' a r JT 1-!pon d C' JJ t <•f l"ltP F .- t'llanL·, 'lllb anl 1 " ll tit!P l to_ <'O lJ t ril >ttt-<• and ptHii dJat<> in th -' ]i. ·tril ut·Joll on :t] >p li<·ati ( 11 t" t l1 e Din·etor f tlll' 'I ul1. Co n trilution.· t-.J ti .· .•e a. 1· sho ttll lw 81,nr 1 • th • B t<:i.ni<·al , urn•.)· I' lr · .·11 _ . ,, . n . of N <· l H' tc 1'1' .J ''JJ I r · . ... ttaJ·y . :- · 1 808 w1ll h<· Jnac1 1• l> tl Jl i· '] '' H J'<Jc tor "" soo n a. }J OS. ' 111P tl 1 • [11 • <"n · <' 1'l 'aft 1'. maki11 ,. di.·trihu tiOJL ' to lllt'l1 th 1 ,,_ • ,., cl JHl 1' (}11 1 pond " rt t · th " Dir<>etor."'' Lll 1l< · "'Oy \ hr t amo mt t C'ont n hnt ·d, hut ll l<l · 'Ll · · · ' so take Jl\1 11 eon tlw nLl'lt) ot <'Pt·t·-1 · • ) <·I]) • P< t'i Jll <'ll ' contl'ib nt "d

Only fi r.·t-ela,sR .·ve<'inH-' ns ,, ill 1 , 1 _. lp · L '(' •pill L. contribu tions exc· --pt Ill ea. ' <" of < 1 f 11 ]) · J·n.t·. l)lan ' atthc di '-'r l·< ti.cJJL o H' 11 ·-·c· t .1' ,.., ' OJ· 1 . • fil 'o'f el a.sR 1 ec inH JL iH mPa,nt, 111 .,.l ow , . . · , ]·1 < l 'lno· J)la nt :-. n, complete spec1m en aR ._ tgt·: d sl <:a11 c· nn ·n· ie ntl y be mO'l tn te up on 1 . 1 . ] f' 11..- · Of stalldt1 11 s 1ze (<-']e,·en and one- ·' · l :>..:t , • · o· · ]l n !.. and 011 1 ha lf' lllf'b eR) C' on ta mln n a. 1' <1.1 t l ; . ]· 1· · wh 1.er·(·'s<::o:t.rY 1< 11 d etermin ation 1 nC' uc 1. n g, e rtl) ( J •• d t] _,,1, .(:'.· f::im:tlhn· f r11 11 • lb'o ot an . roo · g n n..n ti ty 111 / <:1 :n sho nl d -· ·ent 1n g(,o · e 1·1t f .· 1 . a.nc1 ] i ell e ns, o 111 ::; • mo · un o l :1 ()'<e, 3 •II" ] b ? bf ' .t or spores WJ. ]l l ,·pP C' l nH S 10WlJlO' l'lll t· ) -> •1 • (Y • e> of' conrse, aJ ·e o be 1 , H.<T <-' pfr ;;_)peC'l/Jnens, a ] f · nt rj bute lOt tl :t ·

A ll pl ants co · · 11 Ct b rlr l b 1 a The ] abe l sh oll eon tel. • Pl'Ol'J I.' .. a e e . . ' bl e the cln. l :n th' sr 'en tifi c nam e If po ss i ' < of ·0 n . ' 1 t ll e nam e of' '-'Oll!::!ct 1 and l ocahty, an c ·t e ll f f . the }los Ol h 1 .o e< I

In ease· o nng1, 1 o-iven a )itat sho nl t al wayt> be !, ;'1 ,r a 1·.

J l l l -f' lll C (L ·' l' t '1 I s lOU c )8 1 c1 1 lowino· t 1< · t ,d al l·1..nth I:' nu mber <:. ' . in Ptericl o phyta mu st be 1' ,.."' 1111 1 1 U.('eordLII P. to Grav'R or· Co nlter 's · aid Lirhens, ancl ·T...0 u <t.l o lw put in on1er sc:paratel Y· · The co n trib ntors ·are to be 1 fpr

TH E 10RMAL C OURIER.

}L "lr lt t"l'11linati o n::; t x 1• pt that palbabl .,. lJ , l •t ]'J1llJ1fitj 11 ' \Yill b C }'l' C c1 b)-r ir t 1·.

xp "I J. t" other than pa.rm nt f I 'tao· r ron }J nd ,,·111 h mr un· " cl by in m bel. · . f th min ar "' ill

entf.i . B tl t as hPm" m beJ. o . · 1 · . 1 ]" . J1•1 n o· " lub th 1'1 ·h g1q t t n tmt 'tot 1 :!JXC ' b . . .l 1 n· . rtor to \Yl th hold n t to J. 1· cn't't to t 1 e 11 . . f .011tr1ln1t10n on b ha.lf 1-' X(' L'l'd h' ll }H'l' C'E'll 0. f . 1 .. ). f N bn1. ka. \\ h no tlte B ota nH ·a un e . . ] 0 ,,.i th h ld clu" cr e dJ. t \Ylll be ,·pr }> an ts ar . · 1 1 11 eli t ri butwn. 1\I 111 ber f o·t, 11 f r .

nt·l · •• will ht pl en s"d to n. s1 ·t e Je 'e nnu a. J 11 dt t rnn lllJH!.' I lant coll ect ed by poncl<" n ts 1 . ' . • t lwm o Jt appheatiOJJ. 'ri e a.. to th e Bxchang Club a nd ap - llJ q LLI • • . r· 11 ,..; of roll e ctors \-Vl lung to beC'ome ] )]ll'::L 10 ' · , 11 lents sho uld be a.cldr e ·s d to th " corn po . t I A Ryclbe r o· B. c. Luther \. ca 1- J hre <· or, · · . b \\r 1 00 N ebr ApplicatiOn fOl' a ·s1 t- c•mY. a1 · ·

. . d t nninin o· pl ants may be mad to 'LlH'" 111 !·' 0 f c. • T of' th e Botanic al urvey o Ntlt t:• ' (:'('1' t,t),)} • · r • • f' · A F Woods, M. A., mv 1·s1ty o l)1·a.·ka, · · N <·hraska. Linc olH.

'(' 01" N 1,;Ro ooE PouND P. A. RYDTmR G, NJV J•,. •·· Fmm CLRMENTS.

JlR \ I{ A' . ] D•-•ro 91 1891 . LtllCOl1 , C:ommJtt ee . ·

ORMAL NOTES . -

veH oo·o· f' the No r mal, le ft Th m:sday 'Niu·; S J.'l... bo , o 1 C : o· 23 cl in::; t to n.ttend t 1e onnty lll OJ'Jl lllo' ., Cl l h . , l11Stitnte held at Reo ou c, w ere '1' -'' cll <:' l s , ' . d·. to pr e. ent the s nhj eets of d rawmg and s1t e lS tarY Sc1enee. ' · . . .

J3'rss and Mi s :blh s, of t he State NmMisS 1 pr of. Kina· of Hamburg, Iowa, '"" ere l(L bl ,. lnn.], n,l uo·es in the declamat ory contest sJU o (·hose u fl. • s l\. a Ci t.)r Hhrh School held in r _,bra· ' ' of the b }louse ·Mo n day even ing, Mn.reh 20. the Opera. ten co ntestan ts and n.ll 1,here ·were ··th ho nor. Miss Ve le da M cClelt .l 1 · s wl ·· · : :. o· th<-' hig h est per e:nt w11l reprel nn l Gen 1111? City at the Distt·ict Contes t fiU]l t 1\.T 1 1"1 ' }( f\, ' r .' 1 ._ April 7. rhe p erson rew1ndt is to be n· . . . . .11e st I:>eT cent n.t the l ,' tru:t <' t'I n ng the lng · ( 1 • 11 to the State Cont est, n.nd th e J OlltP::;jj Wl go ' · , . , -, .. . tl . 11 b <:-' ...,11 t to the \:V m1d . au , VlCtO l' J. t' l' e Wl \, ·

aU

b ing paid

Tb la of the No rmal b ing so ce ary to t a part lar a· t]n ear 1t wa ne · . . b a· o· f th 11' ex l'Cl es wo ,. fo r th hol me> o 'atm:dn. Ma.r h and Monday h 27 H r tof .r th The e ha,·e b een dehv er c1 on ' nino· before the closing of the '\Vi n ter T rm on '' clue cl ay .

A ·am of fo ot-ball b et>ve n the Norm al l v n and th e Omn.ha High Scho ol .to be pla-d n, N b ra ka Ci Satu rday, Apnl15th, ha - be u a.rran o·ed. Th e B. & 1\1 : Ry. has on n ted to rnn a pe cial, fr om Pel' n at <.: a. m. and re turning at 6 P· m.

Prof. . W. Norton w nt to Tecums eh the 17th, and deli\ er d th e l ast of a ours e of l ect ur fmni hed by the B oard. From eh he \Y Jnt t.o Red Cloud whe re he sup ennt => ncl ecl t.he County Ins ti tnt fo r four . d ay s. W11ile th r he delivered a le ctm· e, m the Bapti t chur ch,. on ''Th e Lacking Eleme nt in oJ.u Pnbli r ch ool s.'

Prof. James Ho i r, Pri n cip al ofthe A.u hnTn High eh ool, a nd memb er of the class of ' 91 , accompani d by hi s Se ni or Cln. ss, wa presen t to wit n ess he exe rcis es of the class of 93.

\V e were plt:asecl to welc ome the of Georo·e Porter, Chas . 'N e aJ , Hutchms onf J es ie Me tc a lf a nd Maud Plnlllp , mem be rs o the clas of '9 2, also Miss Cl ark, clas s of '8 9, Mi ss Mae Van Vl eet and Wm. McKay, fo rmer stud ent>< .

Ow in o· to the illne ss of Mr. C. S . .Ton es , h is b th esis was de live red by· L W. Oster ho ut.

All students of tlw Normal S chool and citiz ens of Plwn wh o tak advantage of t he exem· ·ion to Nebraska City to wi tne ss foot -ball o·ame S.tn.te Normal v s. Om aha Ihgh School, Aprll 1 5th, w ill be furnish ed dinner at th e 'Gr a nd Paciti c" or "Hotel vVa tson. ' Ronnel hi}) ti ck et s only iifty eent R. '

Attentiou i · r all ed to t.11 e e arcl of Dr. Hue st is c1en ti t, of NPbraska City, wh o conH.'R witl1 thir tt-e n y ears' ex pe l'i enee ancl mo t C"ll ent cr edent ict.ls, and who i n, na.cle r of th e

NEBRASKA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

Vol.1. PERU, NEBR. lVIAY, 1893. No.8

)• \.."I) 1� I.If.I rm,[ NTHLY llY TIIE ','TAI LI.'!I1,:n • " '1, ,"� OF "});.

\; �1 \'LEET,.

··d'.tor. T. S. ·" A l Ed L . J.-\\' ,v,· 1r:;

SSISLan • I or. ' • ,,s�O 'I.\TI� 1\UITOR�. 11 \.. J LIA W RT LICE \\ALLACE.

TALK

III-Cltang • in ckool Organization.

\vrE ,...... .-••••• •.. ...... .Seer tary. :'IIt\V D ,ws1;,;1.:s� ,1ANAGERs. 1 E. DELZELL, BU H:'II� ........

,-eRMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: chool year........

One copy per s inglc copies. cnch...

socrETYDIRECTORY.

.Trca urcr.

PlllL I Tl EA,. $1.00 rs

. ,evening during school term , al 7:oo. ociety every fn_d::t) co debating andoriginal work inoratory. ·p·ccial attention given _ f. H. BEEDLE President.

E ERETT SOCIETY. duringschool terms. New studentsare E T'l·idav evening • �our 1· 1rc1·�rv w rk vcrv • • 11 \lSin a.,

• 11v invited to JOI C11\I\LF' \V VE�T President cspcc.1:i .. '

CORPU ELITUM.

. • j c,·cnin,. during Holidays and sprin "'.'-cation £very fric ay g ANNA McCO\', Pres1denc. -

PI-llLLIPPJAN SOCIETY.

_ . , evening during the ummer. Especially for Ever}' I·ncl�and mcri1bers of the Alumni using the library h• her 5cude�t JosEl'H G11.1.11.AN, Pre�1dent. ig atl ,n. d • ., vacl[ -- urin: Tl-IE NORJ'l'IAL MILITIA. ·; Dt:-=c:,,KS0N .. .•• . . .•....CoIDma�1dant.

PRJ;_ [-J• . ]3.J.Ef.'l'.... ....... . .. ........., '."-dJuta1X.

T s V,\'!" ...•••• ..••• ... .....Captam Co. • A· c;f·rv1:,·•••• ... . •••• ..••• •....... ..Captain Co B 01< K ,:,\I- • r. oRMAL HLITARY BA, D ,n--11� • . \/Lf.El.. ........ .... . ....Leader. \IP' ••• p 'd PiwF A. H. . •••••••••••••••...••.. .... res, ent. l' S · I1101<· • --,ART 1!1-.!,. THLETJC A- OCIATION. ·fi--lE /\ . ... .••••.. .. .. . President

R D MORITZ···• • .. ... .. .... ..... ....Secretary· Wru. D1\VF.NJ'Cl111•••••• --1•5 CHRlSTIA 1 1\ SOCIATIO YOUNG M� 5 and Bible classes in Normal Building. Devotion:\] meeting Gi-:o C. IERRILL ec'y. T. F. Do,ms, Pres. ,5 CHRI TIAN ASSOCIAT£0N VOUNG W�ME nd Bible classes in 1ormal Building. Devo110nal mceungsa y1;,;,1 M C1-N(N, Pres

llY P HI A. W. NORTO ' Iu OUl' la t< chooloro·anizd withth::tt-tain do·aitpurp�",thdu r bino- omak cl1ilh-n a.l'Jl anclthduy chillr O bha.rand1arn. vhall,, < ·a.nizationinto onmatifat e.,of1 , on� imilGhfollo,\iugo-ivnoutlls·ond orthfra r fhool.'Ihi1son i l' 1)1'0t1udasithas1Jengfrnbformany in tit,nt f,; torhilru·"ntotall-unknwutothf> wrirwhichhowit•aycluract 1·:

T�ah 1· ' hilclrnIhoulcllikto1arn ,omehingofyour-hool.Howma.nyv,il]be kindenoughh"lpm?

The.?chillrnwillio·nifb- t-11 uplifted handthit "·rnuo·1p tohlp.B.a "'l qutionthfllowino·factorone, ry imilar·willbebrouo•htouanclmabe plcC"cl nhbla.kbard.

1.am"·of 0Tale.orcla Band 3.1a1�bytheah 1'.

Madfromwritt"n.xami.nations.

4.Medaon".

ri. rapupiliinoftle� la" 1 he,austo,·ta.in.

G. la!-:•s a1· foundi·hoolonly. T � lHLt th•r1, < rethti.n thissrho1,.vhichuhav 11ot y t mnt-illPd?Th"hilclruwill-athi..})Ointtakf-' nwint•theque,tion,.Iclonotlrno, ahntthe·e ]·relrntinvry•hool in"hichIlt,,bnthrehaehnothr rlas••Ia.mm·lie..la�arE'hen•.'

rrn.ll,= 1·"1 • a . r eY u nam•\vi]lbment1oneai::

THE NORMAL COURfER.

the dishonest class, etc., but all names will finally be includ ed in·

1 J" '. '

· Names- Good and bad ·

T eacher, "Who makes these cia. ses1"

A pupil, "We mak e them."

T each er "H ' ow many agree that you mak them?"

AU agree.

T eac he r, " Will all of those who are in the good cla ss pleas ri se?"

Children sm ilingly look at eac h oth r and at the teacher.

T eacher, "Wh at do you mean by that Do you mean that you would allri er' Nods of affirmation.

T eacher, "Well I am glad that all, for th moment, at l east, d es ire to be in the good cla ss But how am I to know in which cla ·s you belong?"

A pupil, " By our actions." All agr e.

Teach er, " If your actions say one thing and Y.onr words -another, from which s hall I deCide?"

All, " Our actions."

Teacher, "Does one bad act make a bad Children are h ere about equa lly diVIded, some thinking it do es, so me that it doe not how one to be a bad man.

Teacher, "I trust that I am not a bad man and yet I do some things that are bad ever; day. I am sorry that I do them . I think e.ach even th e be st knows that he so metimes do es wrong If, th en, a bad action does not necessarily s how a bad man how do we show that we are bad ?''

A pupil , " By k ee ping: at it. " All aO'r ee

T b each er, "Yes, 'keeping at it' mak es a bad man, but 'keeping at it, ' if we do right, makes a good man. How do es bein g in one of these classes affect our wanting to be in it. What ' hall I say, ' Th e longer a per so n is in on e of th e e classes

A little girl , r ea ding the fourth answer of the first Sel·ie " Th e l ess he wants t t . t, Th o s ay m 1 · e teacher waits tbouD"htfully F' 11 1 ma y a Ittl e boy says, "W hen I stay out of , h 1 d 1 sc 00 an p ay Wi th the boys who are runnin I lik e to stay with them mor e and g awaY, rrh £ mor e. e pupils he1·e discuss until the boy brings

all t hi way f hinl · inn- an l ac · )rclina tl1 t"ach r \\Tit n Jt b ard th, aft r th n xt qu : tion a. • follow ·:

r. am es- A, Ba nd C. 2. i\'1 ad e by t eac he r. J. M ad c fro m writt en examination

4· Mad e at on c e.

s. The lon ge r a pupil t ays in on e of th ese cl asses th e less he wants to st ay in it.

6. Th ese classes arc f und in school only.

1. 1' am es- G ood nd bad.

2. ;\ !a lc by pup il s. J. i\l ade fr m ac ti un

4· lad e gra dn a lly, "by k ee p in g at it. "

5· Th e I n ge r a pe -On tay s in ne of th sc cia th more he want s to sta ' in it.

6. Th ese clas ·s are fo und e ve rywhere.

0 R PATRIOTIC

BY C. S. ,TONE

A writer who had o b e rv ed the PO'" r that music exert· ov r 111an, e:x pr e c1 l1i conclu s ion thus : "Let JJ18 write the ong of a nation and I care not who mak es it s la\\ · or not this idea is ea;nied t;oo far, the influ en ce of national ::drs is unmi stakabl . Not only among om·selves, but in other conutries and at other tiJn es great (-n:ents ]HL'' · b ee n cele brated and great eve nt s de plored throu o·h th e instrum e ntality of so ng, while love of' fr ee dom' and devotion to nativ e land ar e inspir ed an .d cultivated by th e me an s. As the civilization of nation s d1ffe1· so th eir songs differ, each people l1aving it ' ruling characteristics shown in its most popular melodi es But it is of th e so ng:s of onr own land that we wish to spe al{. If we examine carefully th e sentlment of I ] ar we shall tho se we co mmon Y 1e" ' · notic e that they were ne arlY all conJ.pOsPd d . · t mmotion that ·shook tht' urmg so me grea co , ]lat. t 't 1 t ei· 'l'hat thiS shou ld b tiO Ion o 1 s ce1 do e.· not sp,em strange when we consicl -1· th<..'

\'i iPn I urp · f r whi ' m of t l1 em ". ' n' wri tt n t o mm mora.t . m f m p r 1 imp rt an

:.t l 'L' b . t unc1 •r ·t o 1 , th w·b "·. r pr

J t t 01- f tln la tl' eY n "

n ay 111< ' 11 ti n ' h rman " h

TIH .n o-h r

. \.rm ·. om

. 1 _. ., 1.d exc pt around th '11'' ' ld 1ll H: Gl ' . f ,. t nw but h r a.t hP l' P lll11011 0 " 'than antma.tiOn that reh ar .l wJ\ , en th u ia m or th t·n a wak 11 t .· d m n so 11 , tlt a.t Il · tlw tnn 1 pi t nr es no t a in o·] nt

J (..> I' cL l

11 t 1 ·pt: ri " II • of a.ny ] a rti nla.r individ11 0 1' t h':l t whi "h mi ght b in b tiLOught tra.l. 1JtL ,]to in th ] at 'var or f aJL) '\ o . · 1 so n1 etim es eage rl y, om tim s de·]) within 'onth e rn pri vn "all for JJ'JOO , • sp H n· of the boy in blue .' Of thi th eCOJ11 lll o ·,]'· T· 'I' · 1111v not1 ce, 1 amp, 1amp, I amp, ] s "v e 1 ·' d ' J B f h

c n. B. o)r ar fl 1'.1arC'bing,' an ' U"'t e ore t t;lte

Battl e .'' 1 i o·h r order in thos compo i-.x find a 1 n d h v' e llnemorate an ev e nt an at t h. h con t;ions lC make t;]la.t eve nt an occasiOn for th ame tli.n ' f the mo st in sp iTing thought. In 0 11 the parti cular circtunstan ·e 1i'e 1eca ' tt d . e ·tch ,. 1 1 so n o· was wn en, an Its " t1e o nnd tl l' v • • 1 88ses the l esso n that fol- . d coiormg 1mp · , d\1 ' This class co ntains such as ' Qur Flag ]oW S· , and "The Star Spangled Banner. " is T]l el ef t;he most inspiring of them all seems on e 0 l one not as writtf'n to commemorate nd tt ' · · · to sttt but to fulfill a distmct missiOn. ve11t, R b l ·wy e ino· th e darkest days of the e e - ' dtll' b It wn.S Confede rat e armies had b ee n suelion. 'l'h ed t;he Uniob troops, though fighting ('P ss ftll ttl1 1.e being driven ba. ck. Fr es h men ,,re · h1 ·a,·elJ' 1 d to tak e the places made wer e ne eC e. and continued losses in o;:lC -.. vacant bJ t the party at the North had battle. J3t ,.., .,1' a fallur e and too many, who 1 e d ec lared t; 1 b et ter than th ey lov ed th eir l oved p eace Vi e re r ea dy to believe the fetY• · co1.mtry's sa ' came 1n far too a.ssert.ion tru·e r the demand. In this exs lowl y to sat1sf) b' · . t .· t-Pf,et took up Is pen ancl t.re nnty a pa no · , It ::t lly Ro, 1n(1 the 1.· ag seemect to wrot e a , ·

pr ad m· r tb countl· all at once. illage r p "a d i o dllag e the ea to the ba.ck'"O d the· plain to the bighland , until the nation ra.n o· with:

"The Union forever! Hurrah , boys Hurra h! Down with the tra itor and up with th e star!

\ 'bile we r ally 'round the flag , boys, rally once again, ho utin g the battle-cry of 'Freedo m.' '

The ft' t wa an outburst of loyalt . The Conf c1 rat ad•·an "as checked a.nd the tide of war roll d outhward again.

On more la lai.m::; de cription and in it w find but one song. Referring to no parti ular fact of history except he patl·iotism of th pa s r· not writt en to in pir e in any pa ino· eme rg n y, but for all futur e time, ' tmeri a ' tands alone, preeminent. Th e pur e t d evotion to the ca u e of liberty the c1 epe t gratitude for the m eans by wh ich that lib rty wa won, and the most willing r ecognition of the Giver of th e bl ess ings of lib e rty find ion in its lines.

Th ere are many b eautiful pi eces which we have not me ntion ed but these are sufficient for om purpo se . We hav e a country and that country has its songs. Whil e these ong& liv e th e country C'annot fall. L et u in g them.

THE STATE AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. FRED E. MORROW, CLASS OF '90 .

In this article I shall not e nter upon a discussion of th e terms "state'' and "school,:' but shall attempt to give a few thouo·bts as to the b relations that exist be tw ee n the two. .

Th e p eo ple within certain territorial limits organiz ed for th e purpos e of government constitute a state All state right s are delegat ed all absolute rights are with the p eop le.

Just what rights and powers to place with a government is a question not easily determined, a nd one that has caused a oTeat 5 amount of trouble and not a littl e blooti-sb e d.

Th.e should b: educated that th ey may adJust th1s w1sely, and that th ey may cheerfully subm1t to wholesome res traint.

A fr ee Jleople must be educated· an io·nor' 5 ant people cannot be fr ee Th e enlightenment of any people should be in advance of their

fr eedo m. Lib e rty is a lik e all th in gs of gr ea t valu e, r quir · ontaut and arefu l guardi ng. Knowl dg no only ecur es thi fr ee dom a nd the lib , but it al. o pmtects u. · in the enjoym nt of them .

Ev e ry man and woman sh uld b ·at d o that th y may co ntribute as much a.· po . ·ibl e to the sta-bility of th e gove mm On th e othe1· hand, th e , h ou ld h av1-! the pow er to co mp l children to attend s d1 1l .·o that th y may be ab le t o. tndy cun ent ev nt Fi and to di cu s them be fol'e bein g; call ed u po n to r eg i -ter t.heh op inion s by ballot. But if th e :tate ha s th e right to comp l ·bildr en to attend ·chool it houlcl h ave the ri o-ht to pr ·cribe a com·" e of study to b pur su d. Thi ,· .·hould bP J one im med i atel y.

Ev ery appli cant for a po. iti on to t eac h hould hav e to pa ·s a rigid exa-mination in th hi tory and civil government of our n ation and state .A. l arge pc-!r ce nt of the teach 1·r-; of our publi c schools have no id ea as w h ow our national, state; county, or sc hool c1Lt1·ict affa ir s are manag e d, and, wh at is far wor se, ar , 0 upr emely happy in th ir ig noran ee of such th ings I am of th e op ini on th at onefourth of th e of co unty co uld not pass a fau exa mmation in th e hbtory and ci vics of the Thi may ee m to be a bad state of affau s, but here is a worse one :

One of the t eac h eTs of Nebras ka canno t pass a f aiT exa-mination in th e histo?·y an d civics of JVe b?' as lc a.

And now I see a l arge ber of .Co unty 8 uperintendents th e ir f ee t re ad y to "s tand up " for th en But be seated, <Yentl eme n. Let us e:xamm e th ese s up e dnfendents in these snbj ec t. s see 11ow well they stand the t es t. vV e will ten qu est ion on civi cs and ten on the hi s tory of braska. HeTe is the res n]t as. fo und on s ix papers R.e l erted by lo t: · .·uPT.

I.· th" pic-tun• c

n

(i!> 7.>

1 oo win n· hat Hlll'lr t il (' 1'<1. ' <'. can ·1 11 n

a the 11 ' of ha\·ing l"ll <•sc• ;-; u hj ·d.' in(' 1'J Ol' GLLd in ;L stat<• (' !Hl l':'-it' of' ' l'h ' 11, too the <' ·ub_j eC't.' .- lr o 11l 1l lw t ::wght in th Bncrl i, h l a, n crttag <'. ] f c l1 i liln •rt of fon i cr n 11lll:-lt att <> JHI panwlr i;LI :·wlroflb i 11 ordPr to t:O itllJl yw it lt tl w l' P<Jllif'<'llii'Jtt ;-; of' tlH l' illr l'ell. th .· ·. ('ho ol .- lllll .'t gi n• ill Stntl'ti o ll in En_·li h da. il y or ·lu. e up t·lt ·i r :dfa it ·;-; a nr1 go 0 11 t Jf t lt ·un ;-; in HH

Our pr e.· nt l'omp ul sc, •y <'<lll<"nti on ];1 \\ ' J' ·q uin H all c·l,il h-•n l'tW<'P ll t lr1 · <l gl's of 1 i o· ht a nd four · en, in to af"tv n cl so 111 • pub lit· or privat f• .·ehoo l u•· : <"h >ol H for a. tt•rn• of twj]V' WJe ks tlnl'i l !O' '<L('h .' <· l! o ol )'!'C;\1'.

Nothi1w i.· .·a iel a· to "' l1<1.t la n.gu a.g·p to h n.·eu in th .-e p l'i vat., 1whoo ls. Ill' t<Ltt'' np e rint en dHnt wo nl cl do nbtl 1e ci it t lr at the Engli sh l ano·rmcre m'n.·t hr-l USt a. as th at i lang- n ag· in wlti rh a lll!' g<Ll bn :-< in ':-; is tr an. a•·ted . U th erL i.- a,n i !L sl;it nti cm of Jeamin g in t hi .- t:on ntry that ign n .. ,. t he En g li sh lan o· uag , th at in:tituti on , l• onhl he de rl arccl a public nni. <.'1 111 ' 1-' F1u· thPr, if i ,o a man in tbis t·o un try who i gno t·e-.: t ]J bngli sh beca n e it i not hi s nativ e lang na o·e ddarino· that he ca n o·e t ::Ll ong withom, it. to t:> su ch a, the s t<Lt e ::; ho uld sn.y, ' v\r have no u. e for yo u in o nr political c ouncil.·.''

I think the da y w ill corne wh eu eve1·) vot er will be I'equir e cl to hold a certifi ca te o f' qna1ificat.ion s howin g th at he ean J'<'} ad and write in Eno·lis h, and tha.t he h as pa sse d a at.i F;factorv : xamination in national a ncl s tfLt e lli st.orj,, ci vie s, po1iti :a l e <·.on omy and t l?ve nt s. Th ese snb ,] ects sho ul cl he t.a,ught 111 th e publi c sch oo ls to all pe rsons of prop er ag e, a nd the ir st ncl y s hou1c1 be nmde eornpnls ory, not opt ion a l.

In all ways pos s ible the ·tate sbo uld s ·ek t'J en co ur age eel uca tion amon g the peop] e so that th e p eo pl e in tu rn may l ove and df f t' ncl the s tat e.

·

Some of th e of andent tim es so nght to mak e of it s c itiz; ens a 1; at1on of •:aniors. To thi s e nd v;·er tak (. n from theu: ames

t t ucl y 11 art of wa,r. Hn and 't\'t•n -'d fr m tht'i r and fatb r th lc' ir t" hi l c1n• Jl to s J l'\' _. the tat . Ull h Ill'" an 1 sh \\'

\\'if"h a 11 ir on l1an d. Tl• \.nrt •rint. ar h in n· pn'pa r d t UttJes f" han tllL' <Llld i:' Dt l' :lr:.a,m ->d f. · 1 hi s is not n1 y ru ly , bn li te ra ll -. 11H-' ;-;o ldi cr :-; of m qd rn tmw -. ha \· h 0\n1 t 1)] 1\. 1.• a nd e nduran rc: tha n th o- r pa •r <·

• • 11 cl Roman l3 e\· r kn e ''"· 'lh h ro :x l' (' 'l<Lll s a of m od I'll t illl t':::i fou o· ht n ot tLl 11-' for nati nal

'b 1 ,. 1 · ·t->n t,, hnt for home hur lw .

r t r1 a. '" '

1 1 1. nd Our CltlZ -' 11 ar 'l' 100 ' f' t'f' l . ] . Th e)- ::'Ll' " or 1 1ec Wi t nn astl

·old1 J :;:,. •

' 1 a nd ::L rm ed "ith " nli_crhte n d on ci nc trnt 1• · -1·1> ·• t"tl l'- <'J') i s' ::ro d, Hom_. and N at iv 'J'llf J <U • 'd " "' he re were th ese oldie 1· t rain ed?

LfLn · l tl _, ]t o 1ne the s ·ltool an c th e church . All

In · 1 ' • 111 1e nt · nm st be l)rot cted f1·om ilwa s ion o·O \ elI d . .

0 l · rr <: ct.io n. Thi 1 on 1n vanous

·LJl ( Jll S 11 • '.. ·::; He wh o see ks th e w of other s, ,., <t) · ]f'· . wi11 be ·o ug ht by others. He

1 .I S \V 0 ell ' l . '[']

1 •· Jd Jo e hi. lif e wll saY 1t. 1e '' ltO woul · tl we ] far e of it d tize n s, th citt P " 1e .

s ta e ]· tl own we lfar e, that I s, th ey ·e " te

1ZL n · 1 lcl the s tnte. A tat e is bo th s_ee k to 10 t So ar e th e p eo ple. .A. state . d 3- no pa1 n . chtl " t. f the }Je opl e a nd m ay be sa1d ere•• n1 e o i::; the c hild of the pe opl e. Wh en the to l>:·e :-;: e rci ses it s authority o,·er th e pe o1Jle sr,at e le it is tll en th e parent. vVhen th e peop · :;t,S [L 1:' nre ]Ht.ppy an cl prospProns th e state eo pl , " 1 f'. IJ tbril o J oy. f ee lS lL te must 1)r otect it s c itiz ens m the 1 sta f 'f Je t of theh lib eTti es and in the u se o J11 0 11 l . ·e nj oY ·ope rty . In thi s co nn e ction not ung th e ir than th e expe nditur es for th e pays b<::: 1100 )s. In general an e nli gh te ned b] .,, sc · 1 b'd' · I pu lv ·t is. a a,w-a 1 mg com mumty. n a!Hs c. i tizens th e s tat e mu st protec t prot e? t:tno Th ere be no di stin ction on ... ]1 ahke. c1·al p' ositiOn, wealth, c ultur e, r e"" f so • · •. coo nn t o <>l OI' or c · ]igion, r ace of th e public. sc hool s sho uld T1w bene fit S . h · ' · 1 as ,to co me Wit most for ce to l > so ar ran o·ec <: r • )e c d them mo st. Tlu s may be t hos e who ne e ' d t 110 di scrimination be aj)par e nt. 'lOTI , an ye · loner as the co ntrol of t •e r_schools IS non-

ctaria n a ud n on-politi ca1lit.t1 if a ny fa rwill b m t with: It ''" r b tter ur publi c choo l :s political than c_tari a n. o 1 t a.ll ect k ep th e ir hand s off Th pub li ch ols ar goo d e nou gh for all b ut ru· not mplet enough for any In umming up w will a that th public h oo ls mn t b go • rn d xclu s i1 ely b) th e ta te. Th e tat ho uld in i st upon a co m se f t ud y \'i hi ch ·would in clud e t.bo e ubj ec ts r l at in g to itiz n hip a nd political sc ie nce. No child h ould be pr e\-e nt ed by p ar nt s or othe r from atte nding schoo l an d thos e refu sino· to atte nd s hould be d ealt with in s uch a t:> mann r th at th y w_otlld be glad to comply wi th th law in :s uch cases.

WRY SHO U LD DECORATIO

J. F. HOSJC, C LASS OF '9 1. DAY BE

Am eri ca find s her s ur e defence in th e pat ri ot ism of h r so ns. Her hop e li es in the uns e lfi sh d evotion of her cit iz e ns, a nd not in standing a rmi es, nor in cost ly fo rtifi cat ions . Let Europe sq uan der her millions for the e ngin ery of war, while her s tarvin g thousands raise th eit· want-pinched fa ces toward he av en and c 1·y for he lp . L et king s and prin ces la vish the wealth of their subj ects in the va in attempt to outstrip all competitors in th e ra ce for gl ory. Am eric a ne ed do non e oEth ese thing s. We hav e no king s to honor; no s mall-souled tyrants whose pe tty ambitions must be sat isfi ed; no bloody campa ign s to wage for the accession of te rrit o ry .

Mor e than once o ur fa ir land has be en bath ed in bl oo d, 't is tru e; ye t how different ha ve b ee n th e motives that hav e actu ated ns, fwm those for centuri es have emb ro il ed the Old Wo rld in th e ho rr ors of wa r. Our s hav e b een struggles for l ibm·ty; theirs for co nqu est We have fought against war; th ey to ue rp etuate it. Jus tice has b ee n o ur g uid e; avarice th eir s. Our soldier ha s ch ee rfull y torn him self fr om home and l oved ones to battl e for th e ri<Yht · th eirs ha s be en b ' for ce d to take up arms in th e se rvi ce of hi s king, on ly to waste th e years of hi s yo ung manh oo d among scenes of carnag e and rapin e, in a u sel ess

and merc il ess wa r. Ou r is the cit iz en-ol di r wlio ret urn when th e str if e i o,·er to th p 'ac 'fu l pur ui t of hi cu to mn ry -,; cat ion. Th ir i the pr ofe s ional so ldi er wh o mak s w ar a lm ine s and 1 a rn to find en joy ment only a mi l th m ke an d din of batt le-the p lun d ·r allCl li e n of vi c to ry.

Trul y o ur o ldi crs de se r ve' o nr l ov a nd r at itud e. Th ey w ho so Jtobly, ge ne l'Ou ·ly, ga v the ir li ve fo r the ir co nntr y, ar wo rthy of lilt ' te nd ere t ,. mem bra11 ce a nd wa ru1 es t xp r s· ion of re ga rd On a hu ndr ed ba tt! -fi elds t lt ey f, ll fi g hti ng li ke her oes for their fla g. Today, man y of th e br av e t of tl 10 m lie in unk ll O\VI1 gra ve wait in g the ca ll of th e Gre at Co mm a nd er, " 'o m np highe r. ' W e, th e he ir s of fr ee do iJ1 , mu st not be low to honor th ose wlt s cc lll' ed fo r us thi e pr lce le · le gac'}' A we pr iz e li bert y, so let us che ri h the memory of th ose wh o fe ll fi ght in (J' in her train.

To b t w honor where houor is du e, is no lc 8 a d uty to ot hers than a bl ess in g to o ur se lv es . It awak ens in us the co mm e nd able a mbiti on to be o ur ·e]ve wo rth y of suclt pr ai c. } lowe rs stre wn up on tlJc pa tri ot 's gr ave are bu t o ff e rin gs upo n our cou ntr y' s alta r. We honor Am eri.ca w l1 en we h ono r her citizens, for oure is a go vcTnm e ut ' 'of the pe op le.''

Our n at ional ar c fr ui t fn l ed u cators. Th ey rem in u us th at no bl e sac rifi ce · and heroic de ed ha ,·e bee n n ceess ary for the pr ese rv at ion and we ll -b e in g of our na ti on. Th ey teach u that gmnd gov ernme nt s are bu il t up by gr ea t un se lfi hne s on the pa rt of th ose who co mp ose th em . Lik e th e f es tiva ls of th e aucie nt s, tl1ese days are bo nd s of un io ll , weld in g us in'to a united p eo ple with oue Go d, one flag , one

The olemn cer emo ni es of De co ra tion D ay c an not fa il to l ea Ye la t itJg impr e ion up on the minds an d hear ts of a ll who pa rti ci pa te in tho rn

A· we stand w ith un cove red h ea ds by the of th e boy in blu e, th e even ts of th at me mo r ab le tr ugg le in w hi ch th ey l ost the ir l iv es, are ca ll ed up u_ . At no ot hel' ti me, pe rh aps, do we rea hz e, w ith equal cl ea rn ess th e ""· ] t' ' ,. tg 1 me ss of th at con thc t a nd th ex t•· d' mar y tmp or tance of th e pr mc ii)l es invo lved Tl · · 1e re 1s ome tlnn g wo nd erf ull y grand and i mp r" · <lSs tv e 1n the thought tbat thou sand of on e' s co · nut rymen

ha,· 1> l! ll to di <' f or a pr in (' ip le. It wa -=

11 0 · llllll O II fJil (':'t ion 1hat wa .· tq 1) <' :-< (' fl ll'd L ·

·u It mon 11 • T lw t no Hlniill wlli ·I wa pai I f or tlw l> la <- k 111:1 11 \ nd wlwn D ·or at i 11 U a\· we honor th (':-: e li lH'r ator ::> ra · • of our h<·a rl :- [!. r ow wit hilt ami we wi.;h that we 111ight han• lH'<' II o 11 <.· of th Vh 11 r ightly in t< •r pr tc•d. I kc·nrarin n I t n h s tru · p at ri Ptis Jt l. l .y I I'll ' pat riot iHIII J 11 t 1n •a n th at f • wh ic·h at'tua tcs II H' ll to lnu· , of wi ld an l •xt r avaga nt of o ur wh il

th y hav · 11< a l <><j lHtte 'fltt<· ·pt ion o t' I ho.'P t•lment.· f ·harac·tcr w hi c·IJ Jttu st ·xist in tlH · i11 liv idu als f a tr uly gr ut nati on. l\1an.' lnt \' h u the 11 atio ns whi ·h h ave at ta im·d to Il l'.', t y th ffo rtH of a. ingle um n 11111. · tCl s ink in to insig ni fi ·an ·c at hi s d •ath. Great :ll'' II ,. •1· bn il t m i 11 ran c or c ri11 1C. Dy tr ll , I :tt'l'i c ti ..:1 n I d lll cau th at lo ve wl ti ·h w · b ·:u· {pr <•t u· 1int:be '<HI it s ta nd f >t' a nat io 11 of fr 11w 11 - tn n I f f l .t. I I 1 :tnd do, 11 w 10 ar • r · I' O lll p 1 ., ·a c s ott :-: ll ' . ti c ser vitud Y a, an 1 fr •' fr ont th e 1 w·ll cur ·c nf iguoraueJ U ll t su1 •r ·tttJon a· ·

Thi s th ·u is th' j) ro v inc" of on1· ln.· cia ·• t<.

' ' in sp ir e u to atta in to the highc t, tr u fr lont 1 os ib l to man- fr c: edo rn fr o111 ig ll o rn n ·c f1·< JH pa ss i n, from av ari c e, fro u1 jua lon sy, fro nt al l un rig bt eou ncs ·. 'o slta ll we .b n tt·nly gre at p eo ple, nt o t lloHorcd Jlat•o ns 0 11 the ear th . T hu s ha ll we sw ud With no Ea ·t, no West, no orth, no S untl t; on u ni ted Oll lt llnHwealth, be qnc at lti ttg to po stc 1·i ty as t l1 c ir n 10 t pr ec ious in lw t'i ta n cc, " Lib er ty and ( u io n, ll ( "' and for eve r, o'no in se pa rable."

AN A NNIVER SA RY.

'Tw as th e Con_eo n1 plYi lo s oph er

'l'h at the um ve r se ha s hnt one so uJI - .'

Th at onr da ys n. re bnt min ors rC'tlt:'C tlll g"_ tht o'l ow Of taper tlwy cin ·lA ar o nn d·f't . 1 th <-' l' L Oft W l'l

Yet as t.nrns th e sw1 ctre <:', · .,

a pp ear c c he art ·

A re fl ec ti on rn ore de ar to th e : F 01 in markin o· th e dial that J1letL S lH es th e J' r

An niv ers ar; clays s tand ap al't

-A ne tt a JJf. Qsbonw: in Jo u -'r na l of Edu cation .

HO PE' FEU '.

The A da m an t in e laws { hol d

On a ll th ei r ope rati on a :; of old.

I.

1 . '1'1' 1·: 1> ,·TATE :-< I th nu <Y ht I 'H\ th tand

L ik e a ak 11 pc u rhi · 11 ti n nt;

I 11 tl 1y 1 r ot ' ·ting :s h;1d \\' dw I ·on te nt

TIH• It• ·r 11 ;ttion s,- t11l unbt· )k 11 I a 11 I.

F1 · c ·h il dr n of it m ig ht,· mo th crh nd :

()" ' I' n]] t il e :lll ·i nt \\' lr [d th_y f am \\' :1 8' nt

Tit \r nu h •ard it in his I :'lt> rt ten t,

\ 11 <1 th' fnr Mn c vi t (;n ul I und er tnn d.

\nd a ll t lt .) tre ll g th \\'a gi ,· 11 li b rty, \lid n il t il )' g;i\ - 11 llll t pH', \ nd all thy f nm wa -. pn1· Ill m iu g Ii o·bt

J\ " ·n kc nin g t il e i.· land' of the 'ca

Fa r in the l:lll ll th ami ::tn ci nt war li d en

To trou bl e e at th for pow t· ma i ntnin i th ri gh t.

n.

Ah, has th e Yi l:l ion c lt an o· cl ? D a dd r yes

See fo nn . and ·badows riHill O' fr om tit en

W lt cr, l ab M trn gg lc · d wn in p nu r:?

Il ar th, fi er ce alas ! a suq ri e

S lt nk 'H nil o nr pro_ph c c10 s

Of :i 11 ti(;C and nn d ,'.JU g II betty, J ll nm inating earth fr om sea to sea.

Whnt w il l the daw n in g be, 0 gre at and \\t se,

Of yo 11 on co ming ce ntu r y? What li ght

Of il t te ll cc t, or wh at new s tar w ill be am

l pon the sto rrn? Wh at \' Oi cc or da i11 a pea r.e j\.nl id the troubled w at ers. of the_night 1 it be t l'llC th at we fo ll ow Ill the gle am

Th at s an k th e au cic nt world in gl oo m:>' se a s? Ill.

t l imit bi nds tL cc n11 d or dain s "No vVh fl. ' rica Am enc a, to thee

A lll c , , . . · , 0 rl cl o et th e old Co lu mb tan se a,

The '' ·s lost look fo r a pea ce fu l shore.

A- s l1d oJ 1 . ' ·ld th e watc ·n ng pat ri ot W b ' ;,; \t Oll . . ) 6 0 ·er the sun. The maJ esty

A mtst 1 ] · 1 o'e rshac owe th the hber ty

Of poW8 j 1t yon th . A fo rrr1 is at the d oo r

Of thy b rt g · . . ·. ,oro fi er ce and w tl cl th an ever cast

W1t.b e yes n

Tl .· 1 11ces fr om a d ese rt's gr ot 1e 1r g a OJ • •

0 d l ·er of so me fa r ca r avan . n wan e

A vo i ce is h ea rd. The wi s dom of th e pa st

an ·wer 11-1,1t th e d9qb t· / ., \.n d man 1· m ain a m· te rv to ma n ,_, , .,. -J 1Jlal k r 'in 0 ·erla nd Mo·nt ll ly

IN REGARD TO OF TEA HIN

:r

LM E RI XN HI TORY ::-: I.

Th t du ca.t io nal chano·e of th la t. t hirt. y ·ar are "-e ll illn ·tm ted in th, topi c a ig rr ed f r hi::; m rn in o··:s p a.p r. 'l'b.ir ty . ear s ago the c1L ·ln -sion of hi torical topi c- and hi tori calm th od · wa · pr a. ('ti<: a.llr . if n ot e ntirely. unkn o \\'n in th Tni te d tate··. :N o"- the co nr1'; s of t ud y in n eaJ:l.f a ll th e hi o·her e duca ti onal in em b1·ac a 1a t group of - tu lit of a.n hi sto ric al cLara ter. ln a ddi tion to pur e hi torr poli ti cal co nom y, oc iol ogy , ad mini -tr at ion, fin an ce , t ati sti cs a nd a ho t of ot.ber nbj ec ts all pur su ed fr om the hi s tmi cal standp oin t, are gra du a lly cro,,· lin g on li oth r to pi cs to make r oo m for them se h e . Tw en ty yem·s ago e,·en su ch a. paper as th is b rega r led as a.n at t m pt t pr o \' " tha t hi to r, had a rig ht to a s in the ehanned circle \Yh ere e du c atiom1.l ubj cts w re eel 'r en yea.rs ag o, or pe rh aps e,-e n le s, the writ er would pr oba bl y have fe lt comp e ll ed to deYote hi s e ntir e trengt.h to proY e tha t .Am erican hi story w as not an o utcast, and that it had a ri g ht to s it at th e fir e side with '1·ea din ', writin ' a nd ' ri t hm etie .'

Now it is unn ec es ary to argue for th e right either of hi sto ry in genm·al, or of Ame ri can hi s tm y, o1· of any of the ir all i es . to appem· up on t hi s pl atfom1. Thi s me a. ns, of cour se, t ha,t the histm ic<"Ll st.udi es h av e won f or th e msel s a pla ee in the e du cational field It me an s that the ir v aln e a.s a me an s of men tal c ult ure is no lon ge r seri ously di. s pnted. It m ea. ns above a.ll that th e ir pra cti cal v alu e in ])ro duein g good citizens hi}), in advancin g l'iYilizati on by me an s of ma kin g men more tole ra nt , mor e hu man e, mor e true to the ir fell ow men, wi ser in :pl annin g n. nd more s killful in

:+ A paper read before th e State T ea chers' Asso cia ti on, Dec ., 1892, by H. W. Ca ldw ell , of th e U ni vers it y of Nebra ka

ex cuting, i acce pt ed by tho se wh o mak ducational cuni cula It i no long er ne e. a ry to pro ve that hi tory may be o t an ght ·a.· t mak e it a valuabl e m ntal eli ·ciplin ; for it i admitt ed that few s tudie wh en pr operl y pr ee nted , afford a be tter trainin g for m mot y, ,judgm nt and imagination, whil r ea on it ·elf i not left und evelop ed. n·· infln nc in br oacll:}nin cr and ele vatino· th e moral b 0 i not seco nd to that of any oth er s tud y pursued in our ·chool . It s pra ctical valu in fittin g men to fill a bly and wi s ly aU th o rdinary v oc ation s of life, e p ec ia lly tho of a publi c nature, is now admitt ed on a ll ha nd .·. Thu:; th e fir st conqu es t i. won. Th e fa t th at hi story in it s variou i to he with us in our du cational work , mak e· it ne ·e ··ary that we s hould advan ce to the ne xt qu e tion conn ecte d with th e ubj ec t, VIz , how it is to be pr esent ed o th at th e greate ·t po s ibl e benefit may be ec med with th e least po ss ibl e wa ste of energy. In a dmitting that hi s tori cal s tud y in our s ·hool is of r ece nt gr owth , it is n ece ss aril y impli ed that pr ece de nt has as yet don e littl e to es tabli sh me th ods that may, without qu es tion , be adopted in teaching hi story. It ba s th e ad:a ntage , h owe ve r, that it is not hamp ered in 1ts d evelopm e nt by traditi on and tim e-honOl' ed, yet fal se me th ods. Lik e all new s ubj ec t s, it is only ju st now pa ss in g out of th e st age into on e wh ere ce ttainti es In me thod prev ail. Thu s we ar e ju ·t at th e mome nt that mak es it all-important that we adopt, whi le we may eas ily, con ec t me th ods.

r es t of thi s pap er will be an a tt e mpt to con t l'lbute my littl e mite to the tru e s olution o_f pr obl em; to g iv e t:iOm e plain su gges111 a very s impl e and unambiti ous style

r egard to m ethods of t ea ehing Am e ri ean h1 tory.

Fh· t, we mu st be ce rtain that we agr ee in r egard to th e obj ec t we ha ve in vi ew in th e s tud y and teachin g of hi story in our public ·'cho ol , as well as in our coll ea-es and un·

•• • t=- · Iv e rltl es It ee ms to me th at th e aim should be the · a rn e, the meth ods s imilar· that tl On} r • • ' c le J d1ffeten ce should be m d egr ee, not in

kind. 'J'h ·n \\' (' 11my d a. ·. ·ify o ru· ai111 s 1111 1-' r thr '"' lwa l ·:

1. 'l' o }JJ' Jll O tl' int •Jl N·t ual dC'\ ' l' lCl}lllU.. 'IIt.

2. T f;! ('lll' • m m·:d i nrpro\·l' nH·nt

3. To r in· info t·ma ti r II tl t :Lf lll:ty ll( • of pm ·tical H. tt in Jife . Pr _, i l :> nt Elli ot n•(· <.mt l .r fo l'lll ttl a t<· d und r f m·l1 -·a s lw c hi ef aim .· t hat. :-; lwull h' k pt in vi w in }J pular -' cl li ('<Lt iOJt. I shn11 ad pt th -' tn i11 t hi · } JaP('I' and :L t t<' lll} t t pr v that th -' t ]Jt' '-' o lj ed ::> to ue h·pt in vi w in th ·t ud of hi tor - ('<W a ll lw l t. g ain din £L(' C0l'C1 a. II C' wi th tlw prineiplt' as f'onnul at l b 1 w. He ·a ys t lt e IH' I'c1 · in}) pular duc·ati on ar <" to a.<" q nir<> (")w 1 0\\'1' 1' 1 >f'

Ob ' f' l'Vin g (.!,(' 'Ul'a te ] , 2 of J'(' (:() l"cli no· '01 'l'e tl y, (3) f C0 111I H.l'iJ1 ,fr O' l'(Jllj)iJ I,O' a.Jicl inf'(•l·l'in g jn tl y, a ni (4 of ... -I r •,' , i1w (' og entl. ' tlte r .· ul t of t l1 e.·1 b ·

Now ]wv. m ay lti ·tory h -> ta.u g lt t. ·o a _to 1 J D.· t · 1st l)e ::;aid acco mph h t l ese "' 11 .1 • 1 t 1111 • · _, ve r.)' t. ho 1·ve ry mph a tiCall y, a.nd apppc·Ia.t(-' u . J 'L f·nl'lon g hly , that th t ea ·her 111 11 ·t HLY e ' . wid e acquaintanc e \vith th " fa ct· and pnn '1pl es of lti tor3 , a nd that th e · 1· whi ch th e poli ti eal, ·o ·ia.l , . eon o rnw and 111te ll ec tnal lif ·of th <: U nit ed S tat e lia s vol \ <: d b d 'th p 1··-·t·ty finn han 1 mu st e g ra ·pe WI a · : . · Th e teacher n(-Je d not be a SJ e ('Iah ·t, but tl 1 '

ne ar er he ·an co me to it th e be tte r. Sec on dly . s om e orio inal do e um <:.nt s mu st 1)e s emn ed n<.l b • 1 . il s Here I thlnk mad e a cces . 1bl e to t 1e pnp · · · 1 me of von sa y, bnt I he ar man y, or at east so · ·' 1 _ 1 d Ti e ]l j. s I atu 1app,- we cannot get sue 1 oc nl •·· J f' 1 s on s that t.h e to be abl e to m orm su e 1 per . • • } J lt S 111 CO)l_ tim e is pa st wh en Ol'lglnal ve ni e nt form cannot be eel d A- Lo, e )l

Hart and Channing ar e ed1tmg, _ a.Jl of An1e l·i & Co . ar e printing, und er th e t1tl e e nts f'l':fi 1 d cnl11 om can et s,·.sel ec tee . o · 'fh ese little th e h1story of th e Umt ed State::;. ei· nt s p · · y -> ar le afl e ts may be had at thuty ce tl e t. s" ar _, d S tl r.ea • c.: for th e se ri es . Th e "01 on 1 e nt s I ll · P , "D c 111n , u s- al so good. Also r es t.on s o ll'ttle b 1- H' t ,, a oo 'trat.iv e of Am e r1 can 1s ory ' l' _ t _, 1 cos tin cr about $1 . 50, I am sure all! ll v_e ler o 1 1111 us sc oolc an find som e way to get p ac ec . , '' Am c nean Ora- room Profess or John s ton s t .. · · 1 c on a 111S Inan)'

tion s" i · not e xp e nsiV e, anc · .

1 'JJ r at <.1 or at i l ll · f ur tat m n.

o ll e ct ion ;-; of 1 r e:-: i I Jnt ial i\f ' 'ag may 1 I , Thi ' l i. t mi o·h b :• ·un·d al 1tt · v:qen :-.t

l L . 1 _ lJt·rt ,.1 ·h tt a h I' wlll find a

Xt l' lll • Pa;:; t ,\ 1 ' 't d t } . ' 11 0 ·t " tll u.

\\'ay to s •c ur tlt t m at t 1 I

. · t . . >llt ·' 111 u b h ad : wh at an d

HlH'l' ' t t R 11

I · t - 1111 p r an a r

1'\' ' II ll o \\' llllH L J.' no :

• , -(' 11 ' f' for an)- tP:l ·h r wh 1

tlwr, J :i 11 0 \\' 11 > x . l ' II ,tnt ,, ma tt r t muk' Wi t·IJO ut t' ll un· I 1 L1

ll f tll P n \\ ei "n ti fi c m tlt d f m; fa irl y wt > t •;.H·lri 1w ]ti tor. ·. :J

r J1ow we ean u · tlti .1 e n- "' J t ll •f.l

l\ow ., V\ ha\· for ":xampl· . · ma tt 1. lll ' 11 tal) n· : Ex tr af' t · fr ffi cial ] •·dl •t cout auttn o , . so ft lt e l.. mt cl ta.t·trin, 17ti 0- l 0 1. ' En twh copi

l\I c b ' L'll }To c·urPd. at fin:. 01· t( n c"nt ac h

] 1a' tl ., whol e d a: at wo rk. Ea ·h m mb er t set; H 0 1., '" 1::; to r acl a nd tn dy tt · h mu st

f t II -' (' tL .:J • • 0 ] 1 1 t :t re th e pr o v1 1on s, h m n t nofi nd out \\ ' ' h' 1 . . Sll e ll a nd th e cirrum t a.n ce w IC 1 dl ·n 1 ' tt ee \ . -'o r tlt · he mu t :find ont what it m ean t; n tll ed Lti t 1 · uu t il h -' ha, eli C' OY"l' d t 1· 'l' }J a.. ]J e )Jill · \. ra a O'J' a dual OTOwtlt th e l or tnn t. \\ :::. t 11 at t ll ., c v ciTrmn ta.nc ., , ttnd many . ·t of wa n., . . pr odtLl ·t ]l e mu st try to 1md out E' Y ry. l .. 111 : hoJ ' t f' tl ·s 111Ut , .. 1 be clra'' n on o 1e pa_P ei t11inn· t ]J<L t c a.J f' 111 ut.e s tnd , if wi se ly clu ct('8 ::; 0 111

Thi. ' P1 tll edev"lopm ent of th e power ·11 r es nlt 111 ·

• ed wt. . . d eoTee a.ppr o xlln atmg at 1 ·eJ'v a tt on to c:"L b f of 0 1 ' 1 a th e r es ult o ::l. t]H' 1·es u t::; o '" ]ea st 1 1 follow ed in s tndpn g a j1 sh ']tLl' p cL11 W ten 'IJ11L f \ o·" SS lZ or a pl a nt uncle1 . pro e or fl. ,..,< • ., nnd "1 Be sey Th en tlt e ne xt step, after o:O l • •. 011 this s tud y until th e te a.cher ca rr. LI t th e pupil ha s St>e n a.ll th ere IS _m s nr e a,t t.ha.t. tim e for him , is to haY e lum t ll e tOP 1 ., 11 d co nci se lano·uao-e th e r es ult s .] e t1l '" · o :::. }Jnt ° )Jse J'\ a.t ions. Ac c uracy be of lu s 0 pow er of e xpr ess wn game d. r lll tha te. d, ltS ran of conr se only be realized Th ese 1·esn c,}l er ha s th e topi c fahl y well in .I tea l . . wh en t 1e 5 enong 1 m ge nm ty to k ef'p up d d h 9 ·t 1 tl , an . An opp or nmty to cl eve op 1e th e in ter As t. ri s on is offered in thi s pro bf n1P a.power o no il s ma y se t to work to dete r]Pru , for th e pllP of \Va shincrt on of Jef. .' nS LLc <• • o ' nnn e th e vano 5 ofMomo e and of oth ers in · ·son <' Acla111 ' D · · ' 1 ral1 ed N[onroP octnn e. H1 s t H' so - ' '

ju icr ment may b tr ng th n d b weig hin g th" m ti \' tb a. t influ ence d each in pronoundu o· f r th e \\'h l or a paJ 't of thi d octrin e. F inall ,-. "-h n th topi c ha::s b n compl eted far a · tim and material "-ill permi t, th e cla ma_) be a ke el t.o pu their lru o \'i·ledo· in \Yl'i tt n fol'm with h id a of curin g a preenta ti n mark d by og nc of ar o· tm1 nt fini h in yl a u11it rary ta te. It mar be r mark c1 in pa. tha t in tud. - of t hi · li t1.l 1 a.tl et, n ot onl y will th e t nd ent o·ain a clit· l't lmow] do·€ of thi s to pi c but aLo a YiYicl impr sion 'vill b l ft of many of th 1 a din o· charac te r in hi to ry. :Momo a nd lam e ll ially will her a ft er b lidno· realiti e::s U xand er of Ru s ia a nd

Prin •.t M tt e rni ch of Au ·tri a a nd th Holy Ulian ce \dllm an ome thing to him, for he \Yill th at th y w r intimat ly co nn cte d wi th an impor tan t eYe nt, in our own co untry ' hi s tory. Th e tuq n t a nd ·th e teac h r will b oth be workin g for orn e definit e e nd ; Yiz. , trv ino· to olv e a probl em calling for ori g in al ·' 0 t hinkin g; a nd a far as the pupil, at l e<L·t, i con cemed, he will be s tru ggling to writ e hitorJ , a nd in a miniatm e wa y doin g all that Bancroft or Von Hol st h as don e.

In thi s whi ch we will supp ose to ha.v e b ee n go ing on for so me days, perh apR for week s, it go es without. say in o· t}l at th e pupil will p -' I'h aps be us ing all th e textbook s that he can l ay hi s hand s on that m ay thr ow s id e -lig ht on th e men, the times , th e id eas th en do minant , and th e ge ne ral cour se of eve nt s. If he 1·e all y ge ts into th e pii·it of inY es ti g ation , th ere is no dang er in thi s, for he .will be read y to criti ci se, rath er than cop y an y of th e authoriti es he may ron s nlt. Thu hi s indepe nden ce ma y ac tuall y be streng thened in thi s way Again, we ma y noti ce in pass in g, th at th e inv es tig ation of a s in gle J) rohl em lik e thi s will a rou se an inter es t in a thou s and ancl on e oth er i ss u es, and will l ea ve a va st amount of inf orm a tion for u ·e in olving oth er qu es tion s r,ha,t ar e to be att a.cke cl

If we wi sh to s tndy th e sl av er y qu e ti on about 1835, we mig ht tak e th e l eafl et. c-o n tainin g th e m ess a ge of Gove rnor :M Duffi e of South Carolina , on the "Slav ery Qtl :ti on."

THE NORMAL COURIER

This topic may be tTeated in a mann r imilar to the one just d escribed, vari d nough in ca e to ecure and pr . erve th int 1· t of teacher and pupil. Another exceedin gly int eresting tudy might be made of th d bate between Webs ter and Clay in 1824 Y r th doctrine of a protective tariff. The.· two peech · sum a ll that was said m· ould bf' said on th ubject at that Let the ·tuden t tudy as before, l et th em om par, arg um ents; l et th rn see how ·far their pr elitions have been fulfilled . Be sure that th e pupil see tbe real argument, that h tat s it cl early and accurately; that hi s comp a ri ·on. are just and his inferences based on a car ful ·tudy of the argument.

ELEME TARY BOTANY I THE P BLIC SCHOOLS .

0BART"ES E. BESSEY, UN I VERSITY OF NEBRASJ<A.

VI.

I may close this se ri es of talks by some su ggestions to both teachers and pupils. Remember that the study of plants is not a th i ng wh ich you can complete. You may begin in suc h· st ud y, but there is no e nd to i t. Of co ur se yo u may drop the wo rk , but you cannot complete it. 0 teacher should present the subj ect in s uch a way that his pupils think of it as somet hing to be "gone through" in a certain tim e. If the pupil f eels that he may dismi ss the subject from hi s mind upon the comp l etion of a year's wo rk, his time has been large ly misspent .

To the t eacher, th en , I would say thi s final word : So plan the work of plant study that whethe r yo ur pupil goes to the fore st or the prairie, to the mountains or the va ll eys , to the plains or the seas i de, to the fertile fi el ds of the or the dusty s treets of th e city, he may an mtelligent observe r of the vege ta ti on about hm1 . And m()re th an this you must do for him . You must so teach him that the inte lli gen t observatioo of plants will be a habit with him th r ou hout lif e. Just as you try to build up in h · gl h b' f b 1m t 1e a 1t o co rrect speec , of gentleman ly d . m t f d . . ep01 ten ' o goo w ntmg, etc .' so yo ur aim sh ld be t b 'f · ou '_mus e, 1 _yon are doing yo ur full dut y,

to d v l op in hi111 th habit (,f 1 Iant . t ud. ·. If y u ac om 1 Ii h tlli .· ·ou Jw,· don' w II h.\ y ur pupi l· if ·ou ha,· • 1H1t a ·eo tnpli h ·d tlti · y 11

h av wa t d • J ill' t iJJl and, w ha t i · wor !->t' hi tim al

For th puJ il J ]Jax · W11 rd: H lit 11 b r alway that • u cio n ot ·tu I ' i11 ord t s tnff you r 111ind wi th a uta .· <>f fa ·t ·. Y nr ttl in I i 11 t n ba t u fill d with 111 kin I of i11t 1lcct ual fo ld r, n Jl' i t:> it au ttl]Jt. ' v •t:> .' I t I fill d with what y ur t a ·It r po ur · in to it. Yom· m in d i r ath I' 1ik th b d. of a.n nthl •t wlli ·h i11 er eas s in I olk and u. ' the! r wth wbi cb com · fr m and j n t n hi arm in c rea 1n and )1111 • ·uln1· st r enoth b) ca r fu l 1ra ·ti · ·o you r min l ga in s in inte ll ct unl st r JJ gth by 'th w 1·k it doc·. Th e w in g in g of dnmb b II · nud Jn di nn clnbs i n t an e nd, it i tho rn can t hro tw h whi h the gymna st ga in s mu e nl ar st r n O"t h; th I d . 1 1 · · en s llln wor < yo n o m co e y cxammmg · tood-stool , Jilli es and bnttcr -c np s, i · bnt 0 mu ·h trainin g of you r mind in ot· l or th at it ma) be str onge r and more a ·tive. Sec to it , th ou, that yon mak e t hi s s tudy th means t hr o ugh which yo n obta in inte ll ct nal c ultm·c

ZOOLOGICAL 0 THE GSs ' '-'9 _ GEORGE A. CO LEMAN, OLA OF 0

III.

We spend a few tla ys in the vi ci ni ty of th e ' t f B St Lo uis and secu re a number o wn o ay · , ' th d ·a to exp1o ,. birds and mammals . We en ec1 e e the pine bill s on the uor th si de of the bay' and . t t . cross th e ba" P rocunnO' a boat we set on o 1ow a J, b fi' 1nforrns a di stan ce which th e Cr eole ns . b t '•fo' mi l e.,, But we find that a Creo le IS a OU d' . 1 · d'nO'or 1mmish- m1le JS r emark ably e as t lC, e xp an 1 b . . d d d we r ece1ve mg as the occasw n eman s, an . f · in nav1o-atiou cons id er able amo 'unt o tramwg o 1 to be tak en i'l be for e we ;:tre fortunat e enoug 1 •') d taken mto por t t ow by a passing sal ' an so old I . . We find that we have l anded on ai.I P antatiOJ 1 contai nin g about three thousand acres,_ which was f lt . t' 0 n as ts shown b'' once in a hi gh state o cu ' . · · pear· t r·ees pecan tJ ee some re mmnmg .'

151

h t Of t he old bouse; numb I' of in t e garre 1 fun befo re but we are de t in ed to 1ave some ca tchinO' tb m for although the tra ps are nice) ba it d :itb ro lled oats and pla ced in th e mo t

t . . la ce these rats are evident] ''too o ld D IC lll 0' p c · , < • • t b c mwbt with c haff , and r espectfo ll . declmo to nter a nd they e ven di play their cmi nin g so ' th t' k d cover fa r a to pri.ng the t raps w1 s 1c s an .. the m de p m1Cler the deb'ris This state of does not Ia t lo ng, howeve r, as , after a few mghts of i , re as on triup1phs over instin ct and. by placing the traps in their run ways, and covenn g them o ur eh7es with deb'ris, we are able to secure sevral o·ood specimens. Th ese W ood -rats are larger tha n common rat, and are dis t inguished fr om them by their la rg e ea rs.

Th e.) mak e large hou ses of sticks and leaves, placin g tb em in ol d buildings, thickets, and I have even seen them in to ps of small trees.

We also capture se ve ral 'Possums and 'C oons, wh ich are found cu rl ed up in a hollow tree, or in a hol e und er the r oots of a great Beach or Gum The well-knowu weakness of the Col o'd Brothe fo r r oasted ' Possum and 'Coon have somewhat diminished their numbers, and we fea r that sometime they t oo will be numb er ed amo ng the extinct s pecies:

We find a numbe r of Wood-nnce , whiCh h ve in old fields and fence:::

Th e gr ey Timbe r- squi rrel is rat h er common, and we capture one sp e cimen of the Great Marsh Har e, which is abo ut the size of the prairie JackRf!,bb it. T he Cotton-T ail r abbit is common here. Bats of three speci es are abundant We find them in the day-time, snugly stowed away in th e leaves; or under the l oose bark of a dead pine: c li ng i ng to the of an old ho u se or barn, in an old chimney and in variou s o the r nooks and ' corne rs.

A list of the mammals of this region would not · be compl e te were we to ornit t he }.ilississippi '•R azo r-B ack ." This is a swine ''fearfull y and wonderfull y made," a being which I cannot find words to d escrib e, and which mus t be seen to be app r eci ated. An encounter in the rnarsh with a genuine specimen is something to r emember for . year s.

NAVA JO MEDI CINE-MEN.

III.- The Mi ssio n of th e Ycty-Bi - Chy s.

.BY '.{' - S TA TTO N v A

A ma n wa once t rn ck by lio-ll t nio r an c1 kno ked a ll to piec 'rh Yaybieb y. eanw and ·ang ov e1· him and brought hi m to li fe ao·ain. Th e ·V\TJ1 it. e Yayhichy wa.· th f' iit -. ·t one who came Thi onP went on"r hi s bo dy from ea ·t to W<" t, from we.·t to •a.'t, front north to ·out.h , and from ."O u th to n orth, an cl had fo m· ·ong . T hi s one pi cked up hi m a t.

Th e Bl ac k Yaybichy did the sam • a· the wh ite on e_ ·

Th e Red Yayb i chy cam , and wh n t lt tman cam e partly to li fe he cam e fr om the ea t and had a gour d in hi han.d, a nd mad e a no i se like lig htn ing. He cam h om the ·outh and mad e anoth e1· qu "er uoi e. Th " 11 he ram(' f1·om th e we t, and th en from the no r th, a 11 d hook th e go urd' ov er the dead man' . he ad.

Th e g ourd rem·ese nt · thA noi se of ] i O'ht ni no· .J.- 0 h when it trik es a p t: l' o n.

Th e Wh ite Yaybieh y too k th e rna u h om e after he g ot a li ve, and h ow ed lti m a ll th e m dicin e t hin gs , and h ow he wo rs hi pp ed them.

'rhi '\ aybi chy hi m to ' a.nmat eo and to ld him thes th in o·s. I-I, tO ld him that a thou sand year s from t hi ti me th e pe op le wou l cl fo ll (Jw the te ac hi ng th e Yaybic hy , hi · s on and hi· son's so n through a period of a thou sand ye ars wo ul d be ab le to br in g people ba ck to li fe. -

Then th e R ed Yab ichy too k t hi s man to Sanmateo Mo u ntain and sh oo k the gourd ov e1· him and to ld him ho w to wav·e the gou rd ov e 1· tlw de n.d man, from east to we st (fro m to un se t ), and fr om north to south '.rhen t hi s man cam e ba ck into th e Navajo t1·ibe and showed th em h ow to u :::; e the me di cin e t hin gs • and he wa a gre at medicin e-ma n.

ITh e turquois gour d. referred to in the Or igi n of-t-he-Y-av-b-ic--h--Th d }S. e me tctne-m en of today seem to ha ve u nl imited fai th in th e tu rq u ms go u rd.

,

• Th e "m edi c in e thin gs" referred to are th e thing· wh· h tc are used by th e Yayb tchy m edt c tn e-m tn at the prese nt d ay Th . f ' f · ' · ey CO ll SISt o five pteces, eac h one o w ht ch pe rf o rm s a speci fi c d . · · f h · uty m re- the hea lth o t e pa ti e nt. The medi cine-m en 1 . th " d' · h' ·· h be c at m th at cse me tct ne t tngs · a ve en ha nd ed do wn fro m generati on to ge nerat ion s ince the orig in nf the Y ayb ichys.

Bu wlwn hi .· m an c·am<· ha ('k <Lnd th H. th< ·ir arn t. · ancl lt•w;, th t·n tht> ,\"

u. -' d It . p . a. n u· mr li (· i IH' fIt i ng ;-;, aud t h •y

g ot w ll .. · ha,t ma c!. the a.nt;jns ha ,.<. C'o n iid ne in tl t • 1 11 • llciH<'-Itu·n a 11 cl th t· ltll'<li in • thin cr ,·.

\ lwn a11. - .·i(·k W<' ratf l l· tlw g Htnl

onn· hi Ill and h t• :rvt..; wv ll '1 he .· p two Ya rhi<" ll ·. · t' lw n·d

Ya- na -a.-zan a.ncl tl11· on< wazh-zh u - f' hi -ni W< ' l' tu ad(• 0 11 a nma t-• J.\I oun ta i11 . nn -, nd I • l ca ll t><1 'I ot lw tov t r

T lt re w r .·onw animal :-: t ha t tlt <· Nttvn: jo at that tinP v iz . :L <' ar, a iJ ·]

Hu crc. Gian and a Fi en·c• \.nitn ;d "' h •' <"'

Hair Gr w ]:;'::u·t c tl1 . H. ..J.c:-; a lll whi eh eoax th0 p 'O pl c• to pa ·,· t.l mt wa y. w ill' ll lH· wo11l c1 ki ck do wn OY<• t· t hv r Hllt th n cr() lown and ::Lt th em up_

Tl1 n was an nt] Jtl' fir> r eP a. uinta.l w lti c·lt C' ha ·eel the .· , ld ll N1 h m a. n el clP \'Otll '<'d them.

Th e R cl l:ayh il ·h .r kill ed n.Jl of t lt< '. '(' animal J off'.

'l'h bre wa a ·i ·t r wlw had tw he l)r nt ]J e r::;_ Th i. si ·te1· b eea lll e a hem· an 1 kill t• 1 rhe tw elve br oth•rs.. 'rh Pn the Yay hi C' ll y kill ed t hi s i. te r. 'rh e f at her of the R _. d tlw s un. The fat h of W hi t.P Yaybich .) wa . the water

LITERATURE IN P" BL IC CH OO I" BY cHAS. AU B. UH.N, Nl .; lL II.

Th e meth od d esc ribed in o ur· }at0 a.rticlp i I) the Co u RIE H is to be avo id ed ma inlY it di ve s ts the s tud y of i ts grea tes t di ;'3t:lph n a.l· r vi rt ue, viz. , th at 0f a ffo rdin g th e pupil th t-• means of developin g th e ab ili ty to do for hintself. It the of the school . ·o mn ch to po ur in for m at ion in to th'; pn Pll. a. ,_t() te ach him h ow to acquire in it. methodi r· al way the in fo r mat ion fm· hi ms el f·

h h 1 to whjc h th e '" ste ri ous M' ai cien." g: JT ese are t e am ma s 1 • '" b irth . They seem to h ave a sig ni ficant pl ace In N_m aJo rn y th· t 1- e of th_tr o!ogy, and fi. nd the tr way tn o a ar ntu

\11 \' tPxt- hook or t<' acl tt• J· d i 11" for th t udt•tt t It t• t'<tll llO f)r him ·lf l JT Jt · th e f un Nim1 of (• clu<"ati >11 .

Ld r·lt (' t 1·ach •r pla ce h for f' th -' cbil i th

pr o Jl J 1 k i 11c1 :t ll cl <t r a.· tlil bl • a·nttm n t of w 01·k. dit ·t •(' t hi nt <1 :-; to t il l' b l' - tm ea o fla ri ng·h ld f. ·t l . 11 it' e au i hi m·

0 I • t !I ' ll ill' li"' L' 1

1 . 'J. clll' J' Ita· don al l 111 hi t II;-; don <>, th t-> t• ' .· Jn t in g· to hi s c ul t m· ::o . pow•J·t \\' 't nl ·ontt •'. '.

• , , '. < 1 t lt·J t tl t' w nt "t· w u ld ma. ke

1 ll t• flJ' .·t P IC'·<tl, ,,:ork of th e anth r tudil'd; 1 • 1or ;1. <' >ll l }J t t 1 .' c • • • f 1it ra n re t u t i- 'IY Orth.- of ·fn l' l '\'> J' - (l All f · _ · ··L ni c w.h ol . lt pa rt·

• 1 ' ;L IL Ol u. J'

· " . d to on·· leacrlno· part. n.nd ·=tll

.. , . 1J r d. LII l:'L t C: ' '

<ll ( H II , ·=t J'e 11111 t na lJ,\· cl ep nde 11t a JH emt)w (J ii 'J:'l l • Tltcr•i·l)l' pt rl rbu to n" f o lll: t te llt t: ·'

h <• rs 0 tl , st nt ct ur e for "·hich a par] ·1 c , Ill ll ' 1 1. . . ··f f't•cl ,a nd a ll t. t -' Cl\' ll ons ar "ne·ettr ttl ctJ 1 n· 'lho nt thn. t ch a.1·min o· di .-tri but ion tu b rtll o • .·ar,Y 1 ·hade to o·i'l·e re li ef to of 1jg·ll t. a lt C 18 1 t a J·onn cl w hi ch a.ll oth ers l tl Oll g' l < t.h • ce n11 <1 ·-: s vV ec ann o m m· enJ·o, . . · . . ·' (' ] u. te r ,t s < • • , • 0 11 of a ter- pu:ce In li teT. l t<·ll c1t nsi . . J • n 11 t i-:iO a 11 an 1 ·olatt Ct po r twn of n, J " ·e en < at 111 · t nw go ml p:1. in ti ng. 1 . s :fn ct a. well as n gge .. t a

To illn ·traJ e t 11 1 t 11 • take l\Ii lt n' c om- t' l lt l't lt od of.. anclll Pense?·oso_. pa tt i.olt p ot.m s, , are i nte nded to be 1·ea.d t· \\'0 po PJ1Hi d 'J' l1 e f'l' ' 1 e •t ch other an neither ctlO ll '.VlL 1 ' i 11 r· onHe 1 ,.t e c1 '1\i thont the othe r. f nJl y a pp r ee «· · ('<Ill be 1 ,1d t1 wno·ll tfu1l y the t wo the L: as s l't'<, o

T-I<11 t- j t 1 th on 0n·ht of e ac h po em T w cen ra p oe·ttJS. _ 1 it se l f. \ V'] 1i ch thong·lt t do es 111_1w i]) re' l'•L tl A more d ddl y? \Vh n.t do es tlns t 1 1'1:.' lto n plC ' 1 'e rnin o· :Mil ton' s ch a.r act erl \Vas . . t cone o rl t ]· · o· in the n.g e ll1 Whi ch 1'.J.l tO ll ·t Jlll o . . . . . .. re ;t tl ) 1 t wo ul d 1n chne lus d1 po s1t 10n . c1 t U'L • • , 1ioun she )l' e va1hn g of one of th ese towa n :l t ll <.: t.han tho se of . the other? At l1oerns r::Lt e th e cla ss bn efh:r s tudy t.he }J'1J v ,} t. hi po in t, < of the Pu rita n a.g e of the 1 • ·tlCS } . b (· 1<1Htctt l'l :::> 9. nd t 1en gt ve t e ir op in io n Eng li sh auth or .qu es ti on refl ects :1s to whet ll t .I. fl nen ees of ln s ag e. tlw clom iw Lnt 111 each er, who' is so apt to tell Here let the t } fLSS sh ou ld tell , sh ow th at mu ch that the C " • l • 1 . . 11·1to n 111 t us re gal'C 1s equa ll y W ULtl H ft ' ll PO L • ..n ·: l\ Rl}-\ 1. er, Sb ak es peare anc1 a.11

h of onr hi tory. th O' J· at an tb rs each e!JOC. f th e autho r Ha ,·in O' bri fl y t ndi d th e biOgia phy 0 th ,.., . re ad y to s a) whi ch p oe m d PI_c th .h . ear lv lif e and whJC th aut OI s · 1 th I'f Let th e c la s now Ioo c of bi la te r t e. b 1 · int th I • ti ons in th eir parts. It . is y t 11 b t of th e mean that th e mor de li c at e e au Ie th is pha se of tb e pn m ar I' ·en. led; It IS lll stul · that mo t st nd e nt s fai l; for roo t p eo ple are · bl · ·e" ions tha t th e co ute nt wit h th pleas twn e 1mp t :, . . .. ' . -·eld b tnO' unUV>ill e uo lcl tr ok 8 of t it pt ct ur e j l l tha t tho re nl charms lie in the le s co ns piC uons f don( \- b' a cl ose lwht nnd w ln cu are onn J J • e xam in at ion of th e d ta il s; th e pnp il mu st 1 h' t .· al m'th ol oo·tca lnm e lf w1th th e per o nn , IS ou c, , J II ,· , He mu st be taught a nd val' tOn, lt terary a u::. tou · to n the lic ti o na t·y, the mythol ogy and th e e n1 d . d tl "t we mav kn ow th at the e eye op ta , an <·J • I d I Ye as a dm ly b oo ks ha ,.e been proper y , 1a · L . . £ h 1 la ce up on the black- exercl e a few o t e c a ss p bo ard th e in such fo rm th at th e th ou ght of th e author may be clothe cl .in th e language of th e pnp il. The fo u nd no cl ass dri ll h tl t of re qu u'l ll O' with more fr ui tf ul r es ults t an 1a o ncb a dai ly a na l ys is of th e work c an>a sse d. In t hi s ph a e work, the error of · h t COIDDJ Oll i nto W lC 1es on too long ts t e mo s the teacher fa ll s. In m os t po rti on s of the se l ections now un der co u id e rat ion, a l esso n of tw e nt y li nes is ab un da ntly long.

Th o tw o p oe ms ha vi ng b ee ii st udi ed in tl :ls wa y, the class ar e uow ready for the m os t profi tab le exercise co nn ec ted with the study of li ter atmc, viz., th o rec ap it ul ati on of the ma in f eatur es of the sc l ec tio u; not uu ti l th e cla ss hav e s tud ied the in a way s om ewh at s imil ar to th e one out lin e d, arc t lt uy ab le to c omp rehe nd in the f ull es t se n se the o bj ect of th e n. ntho r.

T hi s reproduction should be ne at ly wr itten 0 11 ess ay pap er, an d sh ou ld be a sp ec imen of the b es t En g li sh the pup il co mmand s.

As r eg ards the cha racter of th is pr o du ctio u, the ·wr it er bel im es i t' sho ul d be le ft to th e dic ta t es of the pup il. If hi s pr epar ato ry h as b ee n we ll done he w ill give a repr od nction in which hi s pe culiar style w ill app ear; as to th e tw o p oe ms u nd er co nsiderat ion, the repro du ction w ill ex h ibit th e co ntr a et in g f eat ur es of the two po em , sho win g w lt y M il to n in tr od u ces each p oe m with the p ecnliar

THE NORMAL CO UR I ER.

fo rm of intr o du ction employed. Why t !Je li\·cr · fo rm s of day-breaking, 'vhy be s ub s titut ed tb "moon" in Il P enseroso for the '' un" in L' Allegro, why th e ni g htin gale for t13e la rk , th curfew bell for the merry bells, th e ce n es of th e clois ter for tl10 e of the soc ial gathering, ni g ht fo r day, why the diverse chara cte r in music, why tw views of Orpheu , a nJ so on thr oug lt many ot h r particul ars that the stud e nt will tr ace o nt fot· him e lf.

On e good elec ti on fr om on e of om ma ter auth ors pur ued in a mann er somew hat s im ilar to the one sugges ted ca nn ot fa il to awak en . uch au int er est a nd f oste r s uch a taste in the pu pil a will le ad him further int o th e delightfnl fi e ld s of lit er at ur e_

ENGLISH COMPOSI'l'ION .

W. n. SK I NNER, ORETJi:,

Simple .Description- Continual .

Thu s far o nl y oictures and tabl ea ux lt ave bee n suggested; but I mentioned nothin g else b eca use l wanted to clearly pr ese nt a f ew funJam ent al prin cipl es It is of great imp o rtanc e that th e composition wo rk in c lud e many different s ubj ects Th e teache r who co nfin es her se lf to pictme work only, or eve n to pi ctur e and tabl ea u work, will find a sad la ck OF abi lity in her pupil s to write any other forms of d esc ripti on flu ent ly.

As earl y as poss ib le introdu ce other kindR of description . Always giv e assistance on th e first of eac h new kind of composition. Thi s is b es t done by r ead ing th em a good d esc ription and requi rin g them to analyze the m et hod or o rd er of it. Th ey te 1! what th e author me ntion ed fir st, what next, etc . Th en they are given a similar subject. First re quir e them to det ermin e, befor e beginning to write, what they will say and the ?rder in which th ey will place th ese point s. Here 1 a clescr1nt' f d b . b fi " 1on o a ay y a little girl m t e r st grade: · ·

To-day is Wednesday lt is dark and cloudy:

The wind blows

I think it is going to snow.

Som etimes the teache r t 11 h

e s t em to l ook at the moon tomght and write about ·t t · 1 omorr ow As

th w rk proc ' 11 will fin d tIt · d ·.·c·ripti 11s b ·owi11g mor • l!linu t '. 'J lti s will 1, .· p ·inll y

t rn c if th r n.din rr wo rk mnd' to do it pa rt.

n tit r go ,d ·xN ·is' i. tit· dC' sc r iption f 1 er·

n In th s ·ond or tl tird grad ·, tit t n h r r ad a I • ·ription of a 1 ' !' '( n, t1 Ll·a 11 fr •m , om g d autb r bu t Jw, in r • i ttq licit ' of t_yl nn I

I ct i n. Tit 3 pupil. · outlit t · tit · poi11t tnk n up a nd th rd r in whi ·It ti t · n1· • tnk •r1. Th tCcl ·h I' th 11 pia· • · a 1 ttpil of d •c: id •d t. 1 b f r· th c ia an I r •qni r th 111 tv w ri t· a d ct·il ti

We Ject n ·h a on fl' Ill th • t hir I gr·ad ·:

Here I see Dora Kind he is s ittin g on a c hair n ca r teach r' desk. he is four feet three in ch <:s ta ll. Her fa ce is lo ng and thin. he has blu e eyes. I lcr n · i · long and turn ed up. H c:: r ha ir is da rk and c ut off. · he h as on a bro wn cJrcss and a blu • apro n. 1 li ke h er ve ry mu c h. •

It wi ll b · notic d t ha t t lt c Inw of rn ·thod uld r eq uir e tho m nti o nin g of hair •a rli r·. Tit <· a cc m acy of th d TiJ ti 11 of th 11 o i lo ubt ful. Thi is so rn • f tit :uli r· wo rk uud r tbi b ad, and yo u ca n e tit lab or cl . ty l, wid ·h d the pupi l's tensio n in the wo rk.

After se lec tin g a f w decided typ . in thi the teach r th en a ll ow eac h ne to d rib auy one of hi s. cl_a . Tb c do c ripti on r ea d at r ec1tat1 n tnn a nd the cia· o- n who is me ant. If tl1 e d c l'iptivn i n ot cl ar r eady wit h sh arp c riti ci rn. Th en tlu3 d esc riJ tiou i. · exte nd ed Th ey may 1 et fro"• ' th e ir sc h oo l ro om , lat er from a ny sc hool r oollt , and fina ll y fr01 h the bn s in c ·s men of tl1e town.

An ot her good class of su bJ. ec ts . 1 . P IS 1ats, n apron s, etc.

An ot he r, the dogs or cats of th e .1 . t d pnp! s. lllay at an ap pom ,e time _ some pupi l h dog and the class d esc nb e 1 · 18 ' . • 1un. world 1s full of subjects, th e t cac bor htl :l on ly to select and re quire proper pr (! lim i nar.\' study of a mod el composition. ·y;

you may find in later work that t ir e pupi ls do not bav e mu ch flu en cy in d esc ribing ce rtair• things It ma y be eyes. Giv e exe r cises of this kind

Bring to r ecitat ion al l th o expressions yo n c a'•' find that apply to eyes.

In th e same way, take up other f ea tur es pupils will be alert ifor such phras es , and even do much q; to._ob tn in .tl:rnH.

T ak d · Tipti oJt ·

Reg uir th 111 to brin · plt ra

'l'h llll

Win l.

Ra in . IO ll

' now fu llin g. ta n

'n \\' li}J O II tit gr un d.

"> • •tt·e a It t f trikin o- 1 , su o-h. Jllll '. t it Jll t Ill< I:> 1 in their r· ndina- b oo k'. ,.. tiv p ltnl · · f 1111 I arn ,. r· · ca re i 11 tlt r· ad 1•8

( n f(Jrt Dn at I · t 1 '

• r • O'J'Ucl ·p ·ially Ill lo" J o ---

I M \. 10NOGRAPR.

FE D tL---

JJY' JfO\\ARD H ..T NE, CLA OF 93.

11 of Feu,dalism.

teln of fr not onl) amono·

Th". ' · · ·

1 a.b ittLnt. of t;he sa.m e bar omal fi f but the ml 1 of diffm·ent barons wa . l. . rn ong va. a . ' . cl 0 a , t to prom OtE. a tranqml Spll'it

11 ot cal c ul cL'. 1 lJ l. tan t. s of c Em ope dur. tl1 111 HL among · 1 . 1 f nda.l penoc

1 n o· t. 1 of ren ee 1 n wea.Hh and pow er Th e o-r E at d e . the f-:t Yorite of the .· t-'d be tw ee n < • wh iC H .xt he ir l ess f: ortunat e ne ighbor s monarch a nc1 t. 1-1pon whi eh the eeo nomi c 1 the ha furnteC ' f 1 pe ri od ·were fo und e d; and . ·pals o t 10 _ · I nnct · f 1 tteropt.ed so lu twn of these nH o t 1e t1 · f.ll e 1 e::; b tl ba,ro nial cla. ss w as to stay . y 1e <

• .P 1 0 o· rc ss of European Cl vthzatwn f01 th1 ee th e pl On ' 1 ·eel yea rs. . hun c 1 ·'-'stri ete d trade fr om one provmce to TJ , nnl e ' · t <- roYed to be ve ry benefi cwl to the <tnot)tel' P _..ople rai s ing th em to a higlwr plain 111 pe ' izELtion than that to t? ey uf c1 V ll 1 . 11 a.nY pe nod of thell' pr e vwu s Iu s.., ttctinecl

tcn·y. _. th e divi s ion of labor Whi ch s prang How eV 81 ' uen ce. of the ability of th e pe op le up in prop e rty prov ed to he to f to the greater ,part of the nobility <.l e tnm e nta Depe nd e nt as th e oTeater part f 1 t' on o 0 t 1e na 1 · 011 the product s of a small of them were nP · · · 1 b' ,, the pra ctiC ally unr e mun e rat ed esta t.e tilleCL J l labor th e vass al, they loo \:.eel upon any t f ,..,-erc e wh ich tended toward the S)'A e1n o comu.

• 1 e...crr ti ty ox. variety ?f prod-

u t "-ithln heir bord er a au infringe men_t upon th ir wn p r ona1rights.

It wa bu t natural that the inhabitants of a h tat . ho uld produc tho ommodities for \\·hi h the oil 'm be t adapted. Th es a1't icl e re tb n barter d to so rn ne igh horin o- ommunit . for tho mo st ea il · produced in th at ectio u. As th se ommunitie could, in t hi way produ commo di tie more eas ily a nd in Jarg r quantities than form e rl y ri ch han ·t and pro perity 'vas th r es ult.

\. di tin ction uow ar ose bet,Yeen tho e baron who h ld larg , a.nd '"' ho he ld s mall e tates 'l'ho upon the small estat in order to ma intain a ufliri ent band of retainer for the pr ot ction of th eir e tates in those tim s of Yi olen ce a nd crim e, were compelled to tak from among th produ ce rs of the country a la.r o·e numb er of the mo st ablebodi d men, who thus ·b ecame a d ead wei()'ht I:> upon soc i ety, and for whose maintena nc e the fruit s of the p eo pl e's l abo r were co nfi scated ' th e ba ron cla iming that any article produ ce d upon the land of a nobl e wa s of right subject to hi s co n su mption .

Under th ese cir c um stan ces no indu ce me nt s were offered to the members of the laborin o· b cla:::;s to exe rt themselves in th e produ ction of co mmoditi es by the old m ethod s of work or to attempt to d ev i se new m ethod s. Only a few articles were produ ce d upon th e sma1ler es tat es, a nd these only in such quantity that by exchan g in g with their ne ighbor s a sufficient s uppl y mi g ht be realized to s ati sfy the imm ediat e wants of the co mmunity. ·

Upon the broad es tat es of the richer nobl es in con seq n :- n ce of the f ac t that a greater pe;· ce nt of theu property b ecam fl their own indu stri es of various kind s sp ran g up and b ecam e prosp erous . Up to this period th ere had b ee n something of a ce ntr al governn1 o. t d l v ll ., to who se h ea t le l1arou aclm owledo·nd ll . t:l "' a eo·lan ce, and from whom he r ece iv ed and 1 ld 1e. 1 fi f 1e us and m e .

Durin.g the n: ign of th e la nd ed poss ess 10n s of a count was limit ed to one co unty , for the pmpo se of pr eventin o· the co unt fr om gaining too mn eh po" Pr. U nd er

Charlemagne's sn ccessor s, how e ve r, thes r -

·tri tion · w re r mov "d, and a c:ou nt mia ht at, any one tim bold a. many a t.hr e rounti 'ome of the rul er wer king nly in nan 1 , whil th ounts anl bar n wer a ll ow"l to rnl overth irdomini n.· ·with a lm o;:;t ab olut " pow e r. . On e of th fir . power.· d l "ga ted t the n ble wa the ri ght to gov m th .. trad • of hi bamny absol utely, to fix th law f:i by whi h trad ha ll b govPrne 1. an 1 to roin money.

The ronflictincr inter t. · of th baron .·, wh w r al mo t alway · ho tHe to ea ·h otb r, w 1·e as se rted in framing th e law s,· and tra 1e from on h h·ict to an the1 c "a ·eel Ea ·h pe tty e. tatt-> was now thr own u pon it own re ·ourc ·. 'l he indu ·trie which h ad be •n found c1 by th e united ffort of th e ]_Jeopl e were rail1 ecl . Th re Go ul d be 11 0 ·peciali t.· in any trad e, n oti eab ly , o in th e man tat e· Th e mon ey co in ed by Ol'der of bat·on · wa · un ati <:J fart ory, a tk tt u se d in on e district might prov e utte rl y wmtb.le ·s h1 on e adjoining v\Tith the . u ·pensi on of tmd e that. ocial int en :o1u:::.e wh ich form one of tl1 e· h·onge. t band of national unity 'vas bro k n. Each baron now made the l aws for the o·ove mm e nt of his p eop l . Th ey were framed to m eet the be ·t intere ·ts of the nobl e to th e exclu ion of a ll thoughts of 1ig ht and ju s tic e. Thes e law wer Pnforc ed by the hin•<lre tainer · of th e nob l es, many of whom eaTed n othin g for human life. Th e puni shers of c1·im e, it L aid, become so hard ened that th ey th e mselve s would not brink fr om crim e. It was so in th e feudal pe1·iocL Every man became the executor of ju s tic e up on n imin al s, a nd b ec am e in the proces so brut a liz ed as to hav e hi. e ns es of ri g ht and w1·ong t:;O du ll ed as to become in capable of goven1ing hi s own action

The b1u c-bird chants from th e elm 's tall branch c ,

A hymn to we l come tb e budding year . Th e south \Nind wande rs fr om fi e ld to for est, And softl y wh i spe r , " Th e Sp rin g is here." - Wm. Cullen Bryant.

R ear! Pres. Jomdon 's article on Science and the Col1ege , in th e April Pop11rlar Science Monthly

THE NORMAL COU R IER.

BUSINESS DEPARTMENT

STf\TE Faeulty.

'l\;a chi n l!';11 ISS Ef. l7. ,\ ·. :O. I OI{G,\ Prt " <":<l' r rnco;s , Tc;w hc r of L it er atu r e, H hct ur ic, (;cn cral ll i l-- L• tr y :tnd 11. H. :\', II. s. '1\.-adl •r of Bo t.any, Ccnlng-y :II lli Zunln:.: "· ,\. 11. ,. :-; \' L EET.

T c:tl lu.: t· of Ch rni st ry, ;uu l .\ !'l t roncn ny.

c; \\' E LLI S, II. ;\ T ea ch er of \I :tthcmatil's : IIH1 La tin. .V1l ·s FLOHEC'\ E \\'IU _" li T, T cachc1· o£ Ora l an d \\",·iu cn ;\ nLh tn ctu ·. .\11. S JEX:\'J E .\1<-LAl:\',

T c: whcr of nit c tl St: atc: s J ;a lid Cco;..:-t·aplt \·.

.\IL<;S ;\1 !\ I tTl! A \\" I:\' ;'\ IE,

T eac h ct ,,f I. :tn g- u: •g- t: :tnd Gr:tJ IItll ;u·. ?> II SS LlLJ.JA"i': H. KEL f. OC ;( ;, T 'cat:hCI" of Heading-, Ci\ il Go\'CI"IIII U.:nt an c.l n ouk - K et.: pjn ;.!'. BEL LE rtl O.\IA S. Teacher of Prin cip le :; of lu.s tnH.:Li on, :tnd Su pc,·int c lld en t ,,f • .\11 SS B lt{SS, Cr i ti •· Tc:u.:hc 1· in Prac.:t ie c St·ho ol.

i\ II SS MA't' ril c E LI .LS, Se co nd c; ,·itic T c: tc·bcr tn Pra tl icc E .\-[. L if'f'1l-r, ' f' c:tc hcr of \ 'ne al and Jn s tnm1 cn l:d .\1I S J E.;'\;-..; II': 11 0 \' r, T,ih r:aria11 and Stcnogra ph c1·

JO li N IH. ,\ :\'KENSIH P, Jan itor.

l3oattd of EdueatioD· -t p .\' ·01/ic io r .

I-ION. A. K. GOUDY _ S upt. Puh. In_:-., :' ,;x -nffiri'

liON. jOS EPH S. R;\BTL.EY State Trcas •" ".''. ten ,., J.r ,co l"

ED ITOR I L

THE.

li r t 11 H" ti n g- f th

l og Jra. I ri at i n wa.

]Jhi a at th e i ty f 'C'. 27-28. Pn-• id •n 11 i,· •r .· ity id

a nd the I ap r 1 r o·

,.aJ·i, y <L ll d f th in. xp rim ntal

]J ')' rho 1 cry wln ch tl1 f th , a rion ro lJ eo·" · M'('l r hlcJno·.-Popu l a/r i. en ce.

lf ontltlV

,1., 1 1· · rr a nd I ro P t of :s:p e rim en ta.l l ) L • • l) 1 o· • in ar p c nli a rl in te r- )T C'h 0, t . . . • th" pre en t11n first b an th t u1!! .1." . 1 f () 111 w lneh t 1e mod e rn y tern of ao· rnt r . . .

M. 1 5 ,- oh· d l · fonnd 1n t hi. · ci nc a nd t lOJl l,"L • • • , d b ca.u th e pnn r 1pl up on wh1ch on , 'bl . b 'l d' 0 • i po 1 e are m vo lv -'d in t hi work. lll 1.11 1. • 1 d

• 0 • o nt. tu 1mp or ta nt ste ps m t 1e eTra ri ll o 1 . . d . t t of t n m oveme nt w 1m 1 ,s pl·o- Ve l opm n . . . 1, 1 o riJW und er d1ffieult1 es of the m ost .h•rt.ors ,1,) 1_. od In aJl hi ·tor"' the qu est ion f ·a· bk "10 · onnt a, ce •s Suty) ent-it-ion P yr hol- ] d C'ten ' · :J_J • la . too . ·t of the hi gher tndi es to be 0 0' • va the la f' b .} ' tl ba is o sc ten ce nt we ar e at hr onght t? ' 11 e to see it take it s pla ce coo rdin] t _, rm 1ttec · . n. h ati cs ht e ratur P and lan o· nage . 'th rnat e rn< I 0 ate wr · 1 t hi s· it is now studi ed by th e N ore t 1an ' 111 ' m et hod and is g iv en ' fnll time" in bboratoJ.Y I d d f h -' ' 1 o·e rurriru1a. n ee , one o t e e nour co l. a id s in the work is th e ''ve ll psyehologieal laborat ory. eq mpP ber that it j.:: only ten years sm ce ,. ·emenl 1 . . ' . ·:e 1 ·t ]aboratory of t kind m 11.menca th e {11 5 d cl we c.an r ealiz e the pr ese nt op- f Ill e ' Was 0 1 85 with mOT e than sat is fa c tion. Portnlllt1 0 • th e first on e, esta,blish ed by G. FolloW'111ll at Johns Hopkins University, Stanley Btl: .'ve rsity of Pe nn sy lvania Colnm. t t.Jnl · · f w· ' Is one a . University o lS c onsin , and a bia College, other in s titutions. vVithin the numb er of ·vard and Yal e ha ve equipp ed past yea r :flal: with n ew and ad e quate a ptheir numb er of hio·her institua.ratus, a.nd a l ttl t:?a.r t. a, fund for this purpo se t 1on s ha ve g,p vidence of a wide int er es t f1.ll of gt ve.s 0 f fie mod e of p-syr holo<Yical 1 n a s trwtly sc1en ·.If! b , ..,, (' d . 1)11 es a vast dlU ere nr e b et w ee n rt>st·n · • an 1m , · -1. t,ll ':-'W psyi'i18or. y.

\ ar l ed to belier e h at rer r tate Normal h oo l n d a p y hological laboratory a · n· 11 a a h 1uical bota ni cal or zoo l ogi ca.l l ab rat ry. No one who ha thoughtful} tndi ed th of e du cation can fa il to th imp or tan of th principles of p sya appli d to methods in e du cation. of thought a.nd the l aws of s piritu al n r gy aJ·e a immu tab le a.nd etern al a. the la" of 0 Tad tation. Our co nd cti ons in thi 1: p ect canno t b too ti·ong. .As a proper tribnt to th caus of ducation Nel;>ra ka can find no mor e fitting de monstration of her appr c iati ou of th e work don e in the State No rm al ch oo l than by tt in g ap art am pl e fund for a psy chological lab orato ry furni sh d with th l atest a nd best apa.ratus. Ah ead mu ch ba s b een but 've sha ll e2..-pect more in t.h e future than we ha' " r ealiz ed in the pa st, for ''" e lh e in a progre i ve age .

TsE ''e ntbu ia sm of hum a nit y'' is the ke.y- note of the t eac her s work tod ay as trul y as in th e d ays of th e dis cipl es of Rou sseau, who, through thi s nobl e in sp irati o n, were led to abandon the tim e- ho nor ed me thod s of th e ag e and to mark out for themse1 ves a n ew and b etter way. Th e hi story of pedag ogy is full of ex am pl es of th e power of the t eac her who is th orou g hl y alive to th e greatness of hi s work, wh ose lif e is char ac teriz ed singl en ess of and an earn es t searching for the truth s winch form the ba sis of hi s prof ession.

Pestalozzi, when ask ed by th e officials of th e Swiss government, whose c aus e he bad espoused what he wo uld b e, be re pli e d, ''l will be a master. " ·when we see the d evotion exh ibited by thi s educational pioneer, we b egin to understand how he came to promulgate id eas in advance of his con te mporari es , and enunciate law s which mak es P esta lozziani sm worthy of s tnd t d 'd f 't t • y o ay ast e rom l s lll Sto ric al int er es t.

te.acher of ability and tal e nt will hardl y find m lns chos en prof ession tl'e t . 1 d • rna ena r ewar s are in other cal1ings. But a highet· us, a firm faith in th e possibilities of hu_ mamt y, and th e re cog nition of his own o-reat privil ege of helping forward the pr og r ess of

lj8

THE ORMAL CO RIER.

kind, is a mo re sub stant ial r eward . Neve r lo in g s ight of the end to be atta in ed, l1i so ur ce of iusp irati on is unfailing. Like that ed n ·ator· of our own ce ntury, Frcebe l, to whom i · large ! · due th e philosophy upon wbicL the pra ct ice of th prog r ess i ve teache r of today is fo nud ed: an I t l1 e lu cidat ion of those principl es wbi ch.are g radnall y findill g exp r ess ion in o nr sc h oo l , th e arn cst teache r wi ll Jeru:n fr·om eve n the tr es and plan ts abo11t him, th e Jaw s of hum an d eve lopme n t; in the cry t aL of th e earth 's rock he will e a suggest iou of th e high er lif e of man.

Th e work of tb e sc ho ol yea r w ill soo n be dr awing to a close . Thi s fact sho uld provo ke every teacher to se ri ous though t. It is no lig ht thin g that anothe r ye ar of oppo rt uniti es will s1 on be past. Th e question to be asked of elf is n t "have I done my best? ' As a ma tt er of cour se every r eall y e arn est teacLer ha . To say th at there have been no mi stak es wou ld be to set np an in s upp o rtabl e claim; to say th at eve ry pl an has been proved enti rely succe ·sful wun ld be to c lai m immunity fr om tbe nui ver sa l cla.·hin g with environme nt s. Bnt a mo re pertinent quest ion may be, "Where h ave b ee n t!J e .wea k point s in th e wo rk? '' Th e whole s umm er may be spe nt in tracing out a f ew of th em llnd in pr ov idin g again st them n ext yea r. wa · not th is de vic e su ccessfnlr' may, pe rhaps, be answered w ith a few ru ome ut s stu dy, but a r easo n for th e fai lur e of some othe r simpl e plan ma y. CO<!t many hours of perplex ity.

In the. cie ;n ce of zoo logy do nb t ml po int s ar e decided by stud y and in vest igation Th e more intri cat e th e problem the more int en se is th e effort put forth and th e more set tl ed is the . tion to so l ve it. Th e text -b ooks of a f ew yea t·s ago are rapidl y re nd er ed usel ess by tu c di sco ve ri es that t·eward close r esea r ch It is b ecoming a r eco nized fact that th ere is a scieoce of Th e methods and dev ices of a f ew yea rs ago are, many of th em, pa ss ing out of u se, n ot b ec au se are not a valu ab le as th ey eve r were, but because we can comma nd b etter on es D t . o no gu into next term's wo rk wit hout pro ce d · e m g, as fa r as po ibl e, again t eve ry obstac le to comp le te sncce s. Tbc be t wa! to ar ri ve at a. co mpl ete of any kmd of wo rk is to be where

th wo rk i · d<m wh r • y1 11 ·:w w:1 t ·11 :tn<l il" j.:t in it. 1 rfonnan ·c. 'l it o nl y way to k 'C'l pa · with th 1 r ogr c · of tire \\(Jrld of thnu<.rht s ta n 1 ·l o .· to it , r ·.·oh·t•c1 th at r1 c, ii.lt-a :-; hall

nnn ot i · •d th at 111:t_Y b · of 11 ;; to vou in ·Ito n pn f '· ion . f) 1 •nd up on it, nt•xt ,. nr w ill Irin g it pn,bl •f11 !-; , a nd only a;; you willl lll\ " su · · lc l in th .·ol u tio n of tho ;; n ow hl•fo r' y 11 wil l you b able to r r:t ·p the on li tion, ( f th n n ew

'IHE YE \.R IN TUb Y. '.

J\ • 1 \L .1!' TILl·; '1'.

To the O.ffi rs and JV.[e?Jtb e · · of the JYien' .· I ·o iat i on : GKN"I' LEM rm :-In r e> J rt.i no· th wo rl .;: of tlw

A . o cia. t ia.n for pa ·t) Ea r· I Jr avP n ut t<> tell of an y .·ndcl en u pri i11g of re li n·i otv fpl· ,·or. nor, on th otlr u· l1a.n cl, of any P Vf n gntdllttl d cl in of it. in CI:} my c·onn ·<·tion wi th tlt« : . ode ty th 1·e h as b en no t im e "·Jr Pn there w as mor e of th at f' " tt h•d , unwa.v< r·ing w lri ch i · . ·o n ee -' s. ary to su ecess th a. n the rl' i · n ow. Thi s ho"' · n ot only tha t thPrP }tfL;; bee n from in t<··rnal cli. ·tlll ·l)mH· t'S in th e past, but that th ere now t.· abnn<J ;rnt promi Re -of harmony for the fnt ttJ ·e Tir e f onnclations of the vYorh: are a n1plc.: a.nd I ntll satis ti e 1 that it stand s mtwh in tfw f'·timation of both fa<"nltY an<] ,·('lwol t l1 a.n it did a yea r ago.

Among other m ea ns that .h av l be 11 ns !> cl to bring th e Assoc ia tion to th e high es t point vvhi eh it is capab l e, I the adoption nf the r eg nl ati on co n .: tition. A yea r ago 1t d ec id ed to ch ange the t im e of the elcwtion nf offi ce rs from th e fall to the s pr:i ng- tPrm , :unc1 the Tes ult ju s tifi ed th e ad:i:on. L at r, ,,-e found much of th e work out. of wit1 1 that whi ch other co ll ege assodat i ons WE:-J p. d O' in o· and co nclud ed to drop 01.1.1" o ld fonn s of t:>' · n · of work a nd adopt. th e consti t.nt 1° 1891, :l ::. propo se d by t.b e· Cornmittce t nlll t1 es of' t · n· We hav e had but few oppo1· th e wi s dom of th e! 1 ange, :p nt tho ·e wlrich hav e presentf' cl thi ves j facto6ly. ' ·

Th · lll l\ at·v ll:1 h tr , f th ... und:1y nJt m n

dt>\ ot i )11''1 111 t. 11 1 , b '• 11 l 11 ;.t \\' <.1 - with " \' (' 111 °' < ;:-> a.· t.lt l' llll <'f 1 1 f t1rl' tw n i at i n Ill )C ,tl • t .t .

nuw Ot'l' ll piv;.; t ill' rn o;;t 1 r nll.ll ! .· 1_, L n of an• in t lH hall an d::: lt P' '·' \l dnc " f h -' ilf n· . 11 ] ]'Ir e rdc e" <lJ' als o \\ c• c· nd ll ctf' -1 • • d • •11 es a r nnn r to d,Jlfl ll11n•cl in t lt (·It ILl c b ll t. '{ 111.1

I , th e n " , t lo .· v w ll< lll"l·'· no ... ce 1 • ·' 11 r n mor .;en (:• l·a t han fh • tnn tat ion th" pe r ::; i tnc th "Y :dwu p; "·en'.} · e · cann ot but h a.Y a. of tlw ·t· , :a ri n · 11 tl<" ·

Jl J

101·" n' <L tJ' r 1 .. " ·ork IL ad a in m

Tltt' 1 i bl e a · . 1 e:·q e ri " 11l' p "c uli ar

<' 1L . o cia. ti0 11 o, c1. 1 • f B"l l ..

0 • • TJ , oro·anit er o 1 1 e tra.un no· to jt:->clf. ll . 1 b di ati 1i. d wi th wo ull pel li.l.

(' ),.·L ::;t ,. n'] ') .•1lln·e f)l f:: nt , but th l't' i )Jl'Ob1)1'(:' ·en I· •• • • d o 11r 1 ·hS · "ho 1 · n ot e riYin n· ll· no on e 111 t. H:' c < a ) . f' th _. ' nppl em n ta ry le so n t 1) •n c·ht rom ' · or ea. <· . d 1der Pr o f. Duncan so n s · ell ·(' 1.1SSP 111 ))() \\' bl' Lll g :-;

l(•tt clt r. J1i}J-. tio n sh ow on E' me an s by trn o· 1· h 'l' lw co11 n JS ar e acco mp Is in o· th e ir 1 \. socHt tl Ol which t l 'r · ·,)1) 8 haY" be n pr o fi tab le '1'1 oc·cn.. h \\·ork. H' St. 1·"' no r easo n \Yh thev th ere "' ·' lllt'· nta.y 11 ot. ·o co nt.ll. CJf tlr e n ro n stit ution l Jnon

Hin ce t lll! ::tL 0 1 ' ·ttees h a.s b een in mor e . - f' 1 _. ·ontllll '' tlJt:> wo1k o t u ·lcl ea1·nes tly n: com me nd . f . I "ou . ta ng1h le · otm. . en es p ec 1a ll ) th e eha ir- lJ ("'ITI11'litt et'- 111 ' l lHLt• c• . ' rovid e tlwmse JYeS '' i th men of comm rt.te "S, ,tftnti on and th oroughly · , of th e cons . . c >]JL t'S 1 . ,s with then s pectal ' Nor k. f T t l! em se 't · :.1.1111 l< tlt t' ao·oTe ga.t e work of the l 1 · n-..n bt don e t:> :- t t 11::; . . ·n . urrwt se 1ts mo st sa nl ] 1\ S O(;lC:LtlO ll vVl

. ·f'ri e nd s. g u1n <-' · t . 11pon whi ch I m ay congr a.t n. mnt er . ;r;_. lt lS a. ciabicm that the pt·esid e nry for l· ::> j'\sSO ,_ Lt<:' t.n e e al· pa sses to one up on whom ) · o· y c t lr e a matter of co ur se If he is thP. c holr e e el th e sn eces's of th e work is We ll s nstft10

<1. s::; tuec1 . . l et me U\·ge everv me mb er l -•J.O ll, J

In c on e n_" for clnti es to be imp osed by n ot . to WtL1t' t e ru:n ·tlv for O])por'1}) t bll ' ,/

< ' ·,. any se r vice that may fo rtnmtl es to 1·e nc1 e1. 1 · , · • r u t 1e seu oo l. Th ere wm·d the e.a:nse c " cle}po·atecl ther e 0 I ) 'hink long a nc1

pr a.ye r fu lJ } b for r yo u v ran '' r' ·I ha ,·en't t im · Th r will b tho in the sociation wh a k n r .. t from the anxi ety of th e work fr m t,he beg innin g to the nd of the y ear. Do 11 fail h m "-h n th y as k h lp. R ;;:p er tfull u bm i tted c. S. JO NES .

NORMAL

Pr of. No rton and hi on Willi e \Y nt to Omaha a lwrt t im e ago a ud whil e the1·e lu-1.d th e pl ea ur e of li st n ing to the fa.mou muici n. n Pad re ,Y sk y.

Ja. . 0. Good l oe h a:s left sch oo l and ha s o·on hom e to help hi s par e nt.s with the farm wo rk.

0\Ying to the old we ath er l atel y, the flow er are so me wh at backw ard in th e ir _ b . h a· . ap pe m·ance, w 1c 1 a 1sapp01ntm.e nt to the botany cla s.

1\Ii s McLai11 h as b ee n sick for a.bou t a. ,-.;-ee k is again ·with us. Th e h arty app lau e whwh greeted her wh en she ca me upon the tag e how ed g1ad th e studentR are to see her back a gam .

Mi ss Ame lia Gi llil an h as again t Ka.n sas She wa s ud cle nl y call ed h ome b the s ickn ess of h er moth er who '" th h) ) YV as QU 0' t to be dang e rou sly 1ll, hut is now 1 h 1 t:> . . . nuc )etter :Nhss Gtllllan e xp ec t.s to be in h 1 · sc 00 ao·a1n ne xt year. 'o" '

S un day e\·enin g, Ap1·il 16, Prof N . li ve red a se rm on in theM E h · orton de. · c urch t 1 nnd att.e ntiv e aud ien ce . He h b 0 a arge 1 r 1 B as ee n: en o·a d to c e tver t 1e acca la ur e at e Acl dr esst:> ·hge t hi s yea r. · · ere

vV e n oti ced a numb er of . Impr over t.h e ca.mp us lately. A mon o· th ., :ne nt s on fl b c1 t:> ese at"' ow e r- e s. ' "' several

Par tial arr-ang eme nt s . h ave b

Fi e ld -day . Tl1 e exe rci s:e" made Tnr "' Q ra. cing, games, hi gh b.ckin o· < • to co nsisr. of l . l · 1 ·U.1n · 11-res t.mg a.nc vanous ' J puw. prooTan1 will ap 1•ea . an1u ement" · Th e t:> .t' d' 111 the Ju n JlHzHb e r.

Th e s tnd en ts ar e 11... . 1 . . • ·l<1 nu o· a.rraJJ teme nt, for ti.tt mg u-p a gtound to b for a h h· ·

THE NORMAL COURIE R.

·port Dr. N al h as don ated a pi c of ground south of hi s hou e for that purpo a nd has enc ourag d th e b oy · in th ir w rk. It i · de ired to ha• e th e g1·otmd pady a" on a po s ibl .

Th e wmk of the Philo rn at.h ean Society ba · tak en a different turn thi te rm . Prof. Nor to n ugg es ted not long ago tha t th e So ci ety tak up om de finit e lin e of work. Th e oci ty adopted hi u gge 6on a nd hav e t ak n up th tudy of cotland. It i. propose d fir t to tudy th e g p, ogra phy, th en the gov e rnm nt., lite1·ature, etc. This chan ge will undoubte dl y improv e the work of the oc i ty and add gre atly to it. utility.

We vi ited th e Ev r ett S oci ty a ·hort time a go, and we re de lig hted with the work done there. Aftel' l'e ce th e me mb er· drill ed th em. elv e in parliam entary work and the c ooln e wi th which th ey addres ed th cha iT s ho we d that th ey w 1·e not new at th e bn s ines ·.

L. W. Ev an s, whil e pra cticing foot -ba ll a f ew w eeks ago, brok e his ankl e and ha s b ee n c onfin ed to hi s bed ever s ince . He is gettin g a long ni cel y, and we hope he will oon be in school again.

Dr Clark, in atte mptin g to jump from a tree t c ar in Ne braska City April 15, fe ll and di lo cated hi s arm. He is on th e s treets ag ain and will be all Tig ht s oon.

Ernest P. Carter, while play ing foot-b all Saturday, April 22, di s loc ated l1i s arm. v Ve are info rm ed t hat th e hurt is me nding rapidly.

Mr. N ye had a rib brok en in th e foot-b a ll game at the City April 15. It o cc urred earl y in th e game a nd a sub s titute was oblige d to take hi s place. Mr. N ye wa s in school, ho wever, on Mond ay , anc1 has not mi sse d a day t;ince

Th weathe-r 1s g rowing warm er and lawn t ,nms 1 rev1v1.n g. The i nte r es t is g ro w in g l'a]?idly, a nd it promi es ·to be th e le adin g h ere in the n ea1· fntm e.

n of tlw u nJl Nl.sant fl at ttr P.· >f th f' X·un;ion f p ril 1.'5 w tL · ha ·clint f t lw xf · h 1 '. t 'I Jw)· cur ·ioni t. · \Y t'l'l ] -' 't 1 n · nv ca t .r . w .re t 'Jwn (' mJ Pll f'<l to p:et a t(-' ttlll au <l cl ri \' (' cl wn to P t> nt.

, ' a.t nd. ay \. p1·iJ 10. tl H· < rt nal foot -1 a ll Jl ar•cl th malt a Hicrlt ' ·lloo1 t-'am _ a N b1·a ka it'· 1 h ro wa.· au ·x<·ur. JOn tra in f1· m ru and :OLb nt t·h1·1 'h nn h· 'I P ·rso n took a.dva n fit. 1 h tn·dn ld H.t.

7 30 a l' lt 7:- 0 p.m. iVh il :. a. m. cn " in th ri ty ma n) f th ·tul mt -d : i. tl i t lu:.

J3lin c1 \. y lum , '' h re ;cL ·hort mn pr o<n·am. w a. J' nd r eel to tho d li g ht of a ll. 'Me:Lny _ of th " t u<l en ts had n"Yer vi it •d t hi !:; in i tutiOn of tOlll' e w re hi g hl y }>h: n. pel w ith 'it. :tp}) ara nf' e. 11 11 P ru boys r ach .- a the g mnn 1 a.b u •J. p. m., the Om a ha ) a ni v d a li tt.l" late r. Ed o-ar Ha rm an wi h th tn aha t -'am, a nd as l1e i. · n ot a mem bf,r of the maha Hirrh f'hool the PPru h ys cte d to hi .· }'l ay in g, but finall y, aA th re .·eemed to ·b no ther option , the game wa · ·tar tPd Om ah a'· tearu w as we ll dr illed and the o·am was pl ayecl bard f1·om the fir st. Dul'in g th e co ur se f ]tP a·am e it .l eaked o ut th at a.noth E'T of O mrduL's w as not am e mb er_of th e High cho nl·. Som e even we nt so far as to s ay th at mo re of th e player.· we re no t mem be r· of the Hiab Scho ol. At th e d ose of th e .' "' · 0 • se ore sto od Omah a 26, P(-'l't1 6. . •

Atte ntion is to 1h e card of Dr. Hn i::p: tis de nti st, of Nebras ka C ity , wl1o .c.o n'l , tbirteen ye ar' e xp e ri en ce and m pst'; celle nt credential s, and who {sa CouRTER.

IMr. Atwat er, whos e announc eme nt app ears in anoth er c olumn ; ha s or ganiz ed a Co ll ege C p at the World 's Fa ir , wh ereby go od ] m ay be had in a te nt f ol· only $3 .50 o o o 1 e Po st O fli · per w eek. Ob tain c irc ular s at t l c.e, or write him dir ect. ___ --...._

NTA·nrmat.. at

Vol. I.

E. T ,\ II !.I II E I> 'f_. r\ .· .- . ... .. .... ... ... .... . .. . Ed1t r.

T. -. \. \;\ \'L E£T,. · ssistant Editor.

. '>1 \'' \\'\' E ·

:, ·,:rF FlliTO R:' • • / • W RT. A LICE \V \L LA E. '£., - J I I,\ ecrt'lary

:II -\\' l) \' IE- ·· : ,: ,, • l:l ,., :-; ] }\ 1-1 1-1. )

\: DE LZEL L, J f\ !\ Treasurer.

• HA U GH l\ I \ - F sUBSC R IPT ION: n::R MS 0 $1. o0

'(l ) ', per sch ool r.

·.·. · 15 () nc p ·s each :...-=======

IRE CT OR Y. - LO l'vl \'! HEA . pH I . dur ing sch ool te rm s, at 7 :oo

1 - 'daV eve nlngtin g and or igi nal wo rk in orator y.

. i >L)' c,·cry · n to d eba · f. H. BEEDLE, Presi dent.

:-><1 ti JJI g 1v S n tt cn. L TT SOC IETY.

E\ sc h ool terms . New st udents are . . ,g du f'.ng ur literary \\'O rk.

No .9

NORMAL AND CHOOL

lFTEE mi le onth of ka ity . on p tb _ B. & 1. R. R., and wtthm.

Fv •rV • 1 0 ·oin 11 CH ,\ RIY ' v. E::-1, res1 cot.

f da y·e,enu s"10 "V V··· P 'd

I ,n v lt e' t J

c,_pecl:l Y,p US E.Ll l oM H \'day s and spn r: g v ac au nn.

1 vcni og dUf 10 g 0 1 ;\l cCo Y, President.

t: r:; 1c ay c · · n. ,. ,..' [' _

::.. pi AN SOCTE '·

·-<. pH I LL IP the um me r. f. sp ec1ally fo r

' ' _ Iny , sluin ni usi ng t he library - 1· c rs o "\ p .d ,ve qy · de nts and mcnv e. _. ] osFI'II GILJ.IL!IiS , e nt. • •· ?'.aea tif' !".: , . . - ,. 4 11) '. • " ·T·f·.:,E: i'J'V R MAL MI LIT IA. d

:. ' J).JJ.l'CANSON

H· 1\tt :'8'1'..

' 1 c' :oc "

Com man an

Adju tan t.

Capt ain Co. A.

C ap t ain Co B iG .·

OR iVlf L MI LIT f\R\ BAND

'[I-1G V F F.T Leader.

Secreta ry 10Rl J(:r.·

\V ll l. DA VI·:r'l'(l ' CI-1 RIS TlAN A SSO C IATI ON l r. N S · 1 B 'tl' NG l\' d Bible classes 1n No rm a U! c mg. YOU etings an GEO. C. MERRILL , S ec'y Oe \·oti ooal me eS}'r

1· ,t· ce of th e M. P. R. R., IS f onnd the d nnn cr J::; an . 0 11 of Pern A lthough an ol d nver Jittl vt age · ·.t 1 ·ec ,. red fr om tb "a rr est of de Yelopto wn 1 iUS I , 1 · ·h b·unct n ze s many such t own , and ll1 nt w 11 c c • • • . 1 , 1 · 11 cr enco ur acr mg growth m the er ect10n IS now 10 \v 0 o f t d e lliucrs and ub stantial pub li c buildino· o ta y '' b o · 1 t wn in the tate can boast of a more pl ct nro 0 d' 0 qnc r egion wi thin or s mTOUll mg 1t. E ve ry Ynri ety of laud cape he re meets the eye . 'rh o bol d bluff s, th e n ve r lov; land, s tretchi ng awa, to the ea st, th e hill s of e,· ry. vai·iety of · . no two alike, the windin g v al es between CO il O lll ' the e xp an se of old Mi ssonri in the di tan ce, and far b eyo nd the purpl e b luff s of low!"- an d Miss o ur\ mnr e th an all , ever yw here the groves of mingle d Oak and Elm , enli ve u ed by the R ed -B ud and the li k e, m ake s ce nes on every h and n ot to be forg otte n.

Amid these del igh t fu l snrr o un dings the Nebras-

ka S tate N onnal and T raining Sch ool is loca.ted. Six ty acr es of gr ove and law n ove rl ookino· the

F. D <, ll BS, HDlST.:lA N ASS OC IATI ON r. 'S C '' · N B 'Jd' ' OU:-lG \VOMv 1 B'ble class es m orma u1 tng ' . , t ind5 and 1 ELLA STF.w ART, Sec'y. _,;';. , ·-pr s. .. - • t:> '

tow n a:1cl r iver s cenery, consbtute its " campus.:' Fr om every po int beautiful vi ews present the msel ves in endle ss pr ofusion. In N eb r aska tree s are a pp r eciated, and we find them in ab undan ce . T he son gs of bn·ds fill the air t 11 l , e mg that th ey have found 1ere a congenial rest ing place

..__ T he re a1·e five buildi. nge, the main " b . • e mg for the direct accom modatwn of l d sc lOol an th erefore fitte d '' 7 1th all the d , ences for .1110 · orn s chool wo rlc T he cha-pe \ 0 11 tbe secoud floo r, al tho u gh large and r oorny , is n\l ed every morn ing at ni ne o'elock. A fte r tl,e d evotionul exer cis e . l od by tbe cle rg y or lllembcrs of th e faculty, a bri ef synopsis of t he n ew s of the pr eviou day is

pr ese n te d by so me mcmbu r of the se nior ·Ia ·. tl1r co • IH>il ·r:-; fur 11i s lr stt•arr 1 f<•r h<"atin

Upon occa ·ion th e principal at thi s ho ur '1 ea k we ll as for JH >\\('1' l 11 wi ll i<· r t ll' ('Jwillt' xhnu up on some time ly to pi c. Upo n r pa irin g to th i11 t0 th pipe•;; so tl1at it :-; at:tio 11 is :iutilu r va ri ou c la -r oom th ey a1·e fo und a nql c a nd to tlrat of a low pr :-;:-: ur t• t'lll!ill<' Tl tt' 111 p 1· co n ve ni ent . E p ec ially is thi s tru e of th e labora- sto ry of th J f>W L'r-lrou sc · fu rn isl1v s atnpl . r om to ri es Al l wo rk in th e l:le ieu cel:l i c1 ne uy Jab - for an in lu s trinl apart ii H·nt to tire· sc·lt<l(d. li r orato ry met h d. Eac h s tud •nt of ·h mi s tT y ha al·' in tlr \\: in t •r tht· t hrv · 111 ilitary eorn 1 nni <·: lti de k and re- agents, and b eco m es a pra ct i ·al co n11 · ·t d wrtlr tltl·i s dt<>()l dr ill a 11 d .·tt>l'l' til it· ·It mis t. On the lower fl oo r we tind th at incli .- a rm l:l pensab le adjunct to a o rm al; v iz. , tho tra inin g Fr rn tlr ,·al • n ·a r IJy a :-; t·ea 111 pun 1p lift , tir e .·choo l. Th e t lr eo ry of t eac hin g is hero e mb od ied wat

ill practic e. P wer to d is her J eve l I I I y f a lar g ta 11k in tlte tuw l' r uf the 111 ai11 builddoing All g rad es of wo rk arc here fo und. in , fr o nt wh •n cn it i. l'oll dt1('tt'd to thv 1 ow cr-

Te aclr er are here tau ght to ut ili ze th e exp ri n cc hous ·, Mt. V ·mon JJ a ll , h:ll'll :u 1d g; 1·ou 1His. uf ot her. in thei r ow n wo rk. Ab l teac lr crs f 'ot ltin g can b • 111 (>1' l li g- ltt ful th , ·p ri11p; large cxpe ri en ·e ·np ervis a ll te ac hin g, a nd by a nd aut tiJJtn ra JJr blcs in t it. lw att tif ul u r·o, ·e on Bugge ti ons a ud hel pfu l ri ticism n co nr agc what v r,y side or t it • dri\·c·:-; in .,·c·ry l 0 i good a ncll e adi n O' to the e limin a ti on of w ha t gr eate r va ri t. ' of sc·en c• l' \' <:an b e· fo und 1 lt nu i, i. bad in tb e wo rk of the pra ·ticc t ea ·Ite r. In fnrni It d by t lr is r ·gicnr tlti way not on ly more adva n cem nt is mad e iit Th e ,. ·!too l It a· two '(Jtm:;n::; ::; tnd Tit , a in gle yea r than co nld lJ e mad e wit hout lr c lp iH m •n ta r' CO lli' S' ntitl e::; t lt<>"' l' c·< >l 1 t. · •• J • • u "]J e ltl g tt to t a mnch lo n2: er time, 1 ut ·omethin g is u·ain c tl eu rt1fi ·ate Yallrl Ill tlt e e 11tin• ·t··tt , 1 !:' • '> ' ,H; ,t :::ll' l'OI H w lJi ch co uld be ga in ed in no ot lr er wa.','· gr aJ c t n.t' cert 1h ca tc fo r two )'C'l. r. 'l'l .• "· l l' •() til -

Th e n ext b uildin g in si%:e i Mt. Vc mon Ha ll. 1 I 't ton uf t ir e lll g lt •r c:o nr se i · (' " ·t' li 1 ::; ·d I l! ( 1 \' <l

Built up on tlt e hi gh est gro und, it vvind owf-i co 1n - dt pl J rrta ntl1d Ill t l1 e e ntir e s t:tt l· ·t' ., f' · , , '' « ll' ::;t O'J'Hcll' mand charm in g views in eve rv direct io n. In c:e rttfll: :lt e for t ltr c )'e 'U'-" (· 1 0 11

yc•a r

J • • • !-'H tt ·ta c: tor wh ateve r dir ect ion we ·t nrn , th e eye find r s tand cv rclcn cu of sn ccesH fn l t •ac ltin o· for bl · ,..., · 11

plea. ur e. The sl ee pi ng -ro oms arc large and a irv. befo re or two )'ea rs aft r oTad 11 ati on . 1 . ·. J • • •

Tb c mu ·ic and r ec ·pt in ll r ooms fo r 1.n doubl e pa r- lt ploma wrll be g- ra nt ed n·11 o cl i11 tir o ' ' ,-, U lltll' lor .. ve ry conve ni e nt np on soc ial occas 1 ·on s·. 1'] 1u , ao a tirot grade ce rtifi cate for li ft· A • 1 J · po

dining- r oo m w ill scat eig ht y gu ests . Ba th-room IHlt? co nr so wrll IJc add •cl wlric:.lt will and l aund ry c:om jJle tc a bnildin g adm 11 ab l.v .adapt- 'es p ec ial opportlllllty fo r tr a ini 11 u· 1 11 • .1 • • • • • b ::> llp e '\'t eel to render the l ife nf it s inm ates att r act iv e and Tn thi s yea r, _Hi sto ry nf E du cat ion A< hom e -lik e. The library i · th e onl y buildincr of P syc hol ogy, J\l{.c tltocl s in wood · It s windows a] f · L 1 1 ° tin ct fr om O la s · lYia na cre mc nt (' h · so lli'TII S o ut oo c- n po n o ' .:xu ne nd beautifu l scene ry Hea r and far. A large a nd a nd wrll fo rlll th e t-> ttl>j ec t-matt 11 ] d ]' · · cr wdl not OJthr b. we se ecte ISt of b oo ks are fo und up on the tr a tulD o ·' om I a ce tlt e pra c ti c helve 0 c1· bl · 1 b 1 t wil l be s uppl c rn e llt ed l)y · · · n rea rn g ta es arc fou nd t 1e la te st l VI Sit s to 1.1 mag-azin es and j)npe r· sc h oo ls 10 tho co nn try all ob s . . co • • ' OJ vat 10 11 b - · .:.

Ev ery day for twn ho ur s and a ha lf a ll availabl e lowed by Tlt o c on tinn ed pro .' r. , '\a ce. fill d b b d elr:J.ra cter o th o w<;rk tn th ese co ur ses fnl ·t itil1l' 'l · rs e y usy st u e nts pur s uin g r ea ding far b ette r pr ep arat1un than th o j)., tclJWOJ·]· <, ' • m connec ti on wi th th e ir r eg ulat· st tldt' e•s. T!J e ,. \. c )l11' l'R of so man y tn s t1tntwn s. c • lupp vr. story. forms a lar ge ball for ca li s tlwni cs a 11d Tl ch oo l · · l )a nd prac tt·e 1. f -u - 1€ s lS um qnc ill tlrnt it ra s for i t' . o ntL1 o l v.I.t. Vcl'llou Hall is the avow ed purp ose the deve lopm e nt of th e Pow er t •>1J e rvato rv. H. 're 1 · r!lld e rt ake ng ltt t hin gs f r·om 1• 1cr lrt 1 no tiv c 8 ct ., . . .. c a scs m a st ron omy arc ox- n «II to Cict. ed m th e u e of th t 1 c ' do what one nnd cr talrcs 1-1 1 0 .1 1 mo ral · ,, . e es ·ope. . . . [- , " o . ''•;; <' ntn:o Ihe el cctnc lights fo r th ab tlt ty JS a ways pla ce d aboY e t !J o ac qnt s it· . nge ar c furnished b e f!:rounds and bnild- know'l cd ge. Th e s tnd e nts tlt c ref or e, a-r cr c 1 ] 0 n. of .Y a dynamo of 'JOO 1 1 ' · d ll JJOwe r, rnn by a 30 hor . · "' rg 1t te riz ed by gr ea t offic·i e ncy and 11ow er of ac ],it·, C>powe r eng in e. 'l'b c we nt. A. " .,. "

Pllf:\C 'l l' \L

IIY t' E\ '. IIAL E Y. II. n.

TlJ

ERE a r. a fl' \\ men i.u

\\' re 1 1 ,r 11 tn 1 du at 1 lt f. 1\01 to n 1

11 0 I' tl (' 1Jerri uniu g It hn c' lt wn tit

· ' 1' 0 111 I

lt 'ttt l I 1 ·1·· 111 ·utI fc r ('of !tara t r whi ·h

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• " 11 C' t'L't>:-l <t ry o ·

i II ·t l'l t to r. 1 Jlin gt n No rt on i· a st nt N \\'

:>rof. . \ < • • · I· d L' · C' t · ,. I b 1·n .:r tO\e an t\'lll ,...;.::t n 0 1111 .),

r ( ,. bn , · ' . · ' t'f ul v nll ' II ar th o hi o·h ba11 ks nud

l ll t It > IJ ;lll I , ·f li s f th e Ge n ese R tY Cr. Tlt e ce ncr tit 0' 1' nt .n . . ·t of th s tat er::; ·nb lim n nJ fn. inatiu g of t hi S p:11to 11 bl tlr ngltt by it g rmt de nr , a11d t iiSJ) ll lllg . '''[lr SS IO ll hy Jt uc auty. I ng tit to pnl'tt e t ·' • . b·tllks nf th e tit Tn d 11111 Joyed tlo \\' •r -s o \\ II ' , 1 fer ti le v: dluy of 1\ \\' Yn rk · c hnrnun g ;U I d Ill t 1C · • ' J . A ri c all tine\ so me of t rc m ost

· \' L' r t Jt ' Ill d 11 . . )i ct ur es of - till li h• At th e npp cr an a tt ra ·tl' I Glc ll hi , :mel iu the I .f-l ]I S at d

O\V 1 ' ' f th e Ge n esee , Har ry Fc nn an I o·or crC' 0 grant r-- "" lt avc su eces fullv tran fe n·ed to f 11 ( w ·trtJ st · ltt :-i e 1 ' f ·ublirnity aud bean ty

0 n es o , ·

l·Hll \':I S ::;t; f youn g l'\ o tt on wa s sn sce ptrbl e t 1

Tlt e so nl 0 Nat nr c, uud here in Iri s c hildh o od fl t C('S ()t t it <' in net t 111 a, nif es t that tal e nt for inY es ti -

1 c b co·a!l o 1 d l

lt o tlt e 1 "' 1we fo r t te tru e an th e be a.nttfu

. ·utd that < , ll . l 1 . l

g :1t ron ' ti 1 111 0 ro tn expressiO n anc w nc 1

1 . I w·J tu Il l

'" 11(' .' ·I d ltitn thr ough ltf c.

• tll )CI'tll 10

lr a "' 1 ic ::; tu (li cs wore com pl eted m tlt c

ll ., ·tCit( e JII Hi ' lemY i 11 1 86 4 and lt c at on ce b egrw .1 , .A cal . . ' . . d

N ow<tt l ose n pr·ot css iou bc uw a ssoc rate !ti s c ' , o

wurl;: JJI. 1 J Dorman Stee le at the Academy f J'If1 C ip <t. wtth 1.

l'\.l e \Vfll' ,, 'fi t 1. r s nt ..t '- tat e ce rtl . cu e, nn so n O' ht by u m, .w,t e ·t s · o .. ncr ' 1 im b ec an se of hi s su ccess ful manag ed od 1 ac ·or l·tss of yo un g men. wh o bad for ye ars

•1 c < • m 11t 0L ,. 11ec1 o 11l y by n nth o rit y and for ce trst

r es lJi s sn cc es s !t ore he \Vas o ff er ed a po s lw1ng _to 1)1'· Stee l wh en that ge ntl e man

· twn \Vltlt f E lmir a Fr ee Academy Here ht s prin ci pn. l 0 ·Y :rcccptahle for fo nr ye ar s. Dnring wmk was veL·. a ni zed th e distri ct of A.ddith · l e QLg

\. :l'll. i11 dn o ur · H re he am m co nta ct w ith that n oted and lt ou r ed ducato r Pre id c ut 1\In rt in B. nd r so n, wh o r cogn iz d hi talent and f r aw hi fnt ur n ef nln fte r cr r ncl nati ou :mel · trn\· 1 and tucly ab r oad b one mnr r es um d bi in hi l.to 11 prof "ion. He had c bnr o· f th K "ark Acade my for t hr 'O · ar s. Durin g thi - tim tb Acadmy rea bed th hi gh r n cce· which ba mark ed it hi sto ry. He r ign cl hi s po iti ou for th <.: ha ir f Lati n in th Coo k cademy HaYana N. Y.

Besides his r g nlar ch oo l work be was fo r se , ·eral y ar s oue of the mo t p op ul ar in st ru cto r at the we ll-kn 0 \\11 s umm er sc h oo l at Ronnel Lake Hi abi li ty as an iu t rn cto r had D O\\' bee m wi d '1. · ku O\\ 11 , and he wa s el cted p ri ncipal of Gr am mar S'h o9 l J nmb er Fo ur of the city of E lmi.rn. he met w ith mo t r markabl e,sncces m g:a mw g the re p ct a nd aff ec tion of l · '] d } li S pnp t ""' au t Je sn pport aurl contiden ce f tl o 1e patrons. He now be ga n to put in pract' • • < t ee some of the th eo nes wbteh for yea rs be h ad b f ' ee n or mulntin g. Th e sc h oo l b eca me known far· d 'd an WI c as tho g rn.m.m.a r sc h oo l. Th e sta ndard of s clrolars hrp wa s nns e cl t(l a rema rkabl e deg r ee . G rammar Sc h oo l N nmb er Fonr was on f · e o the unted w st rtu tlO n of E lmir a and wa s o j!te · · 1 < L n Yl Stt ed by teachers fr om ot her c iti es w l1 0 me · ,. re unx10ns to l ea.rn th e sec r et of Prnf e so r 11.1 01.to ' n s sn cce s. A lll o ng th ese Yisi to rs were re pl·e-· t t' J! se n a l\ es 1r om tlt e State No rmal Seh oo l at Osv" . h vego, t e olcl est and lu g lt es t m rank of the se in s t't . . , 1 ut10 ns of \Vlnch th e Emp ll' e State 1s Jn stlv PI' d S . d . J 0 11 · 0 ht o·hh pl ease were th ey wtth th e me t] d f . >'> " 10 s o Pr of es No r ton, a nd the r es ult s of hi s · t . so r . . ms ru c t10n , that he r ece tv cd a nuamm ons el ect io t h . . n o a c air m th at In st1tn t10n, wh ere hi s infl.u anc e wa at once f lt as an tnn g a 11cl r ege ner atinO' e o p owe r. Th Influ en ce \VUS exe rt ed n ot o nl y t:l h at pon t e rn' l bnt th e h eart s of h1 s sc holars. me s,

To ill ns trat e thi s fa ct th e l

C hur ch of Osw eo·o he id re . gooc o 1c1 Bapti t o < nnt on on tl L' I of JVIay la st to ce le bl'at e i ts , . 1e t 1rc M l b · o ro tum t r ee hundr ed 0 .(! • " P 1 lt s m embe r (am ong th e m, N o rtou 1 ·d . ' W LlO ts he u 0 m.tnl s- tim e 1 ·on sch oo l and gn dod it to th e e ntir e s::> u in to a nl11 1 R · d' . . f th e p oo l' ". cs umi1!0' ln s s tu 1es atL•'lfactlO n o · o I l 1tv of ...e r, he was gra duated

ter of thi s c hur ch) r es pon. d ed in per on or bv l ette r, and th e fir st on tl 1- t Mis s Emm· F· te IS • tl. _ • at t 1(' l.llV C l' S J ·., 1873., and hi s A. B. nncl Adam s, for ye ar s a Rn ccessf ul i.n

THE ORMAL C R ILR .

and gr·adna,te of the 0 ·wego No r mal, wr te : "I wa 1 d to CbJ:i t through th inti n n c f Prof , or A. V\ Norton." nch men ar rar , and when they are afforded an opJ ortnnity like that vo u h af d Profe so1· orton, th ir inflne nc a an ducating and upliftin o· p w r can scar cely b ov r ·timat d.

In many of hi· plan for ilL trncti n a nd discipline Profe .. or N m·ton hn.. be n a Colu mbtl to l ead the way into n w world· an d ha b n fo 1lowec1, at iirst with feM and trembling, by tho e who :oon Jt a,·e ace I tetl a. ·ettled hi · th eo ri · and a.· almo. t pnfcc·t hi s p la n . He wa. the pi oneer f a new nL in higher dueation, pointin g to ld f ll owt each r a, be tter way th an that in whi ·h th ey had been wal king, l ac1 ing hi · 1 upil into the light and li be rty of se lf-dir 0etion and s ultrength. Accord ing to Profes Ol' Norton '::-; theori · the . cholar i to have befOJ" him a. a goal of endeavor, truth and ri g ht eo nsn c-) ·s, and to know t.hat if he gain the ·e a ll otl1 r w ill be added unto him. He i · to 1 am rigl1 tliving a we ll as rig ht-thinking; to do as well _a to know; to be a.- well a to say; not ::;imply to exi. t, but to e xi ·t fur a purpo se , and that a, noble purpo. e. Rig ht Ji ving, holy think in g and he lpfuln ess are th oug h ts to be ch eri ·h eel by the scho la r. He is to le arn to govern himself, and not to d epend upon th e pre e nce nor to dread the eye of th e teach e r. He i to l earn because of the love of l earnin g, a:od, lik e the ancient athl ete, to l ook steadily toward th e bri ght cr own of soul- s tre ngth which is to be the r eward of hi s e nd eavor, forgetfu l of the toil and dangers of the way

Professor Norton's m ethod is n ot o nl y attractiYe in theory , hut also s uc ces.·ful in practice. Ev en th youngest schol ar.· l earn to re pe ct tb mse1ve , to take prid e in their work, to accomp li sh their tasks, n ot from a fe elin g of ob ligation , but be cause th ey h ave C0111e to be interested in th e m, and to r ealiz e in part the b neflt to be de riv ed from th em. Th e chools PTofe sor N 01 ton hav< d monstrated th e fa('t tbat it is in o ur public Rchools to p la(' cha r ac ter p1·ior ancl kho wl ugp RN'OJld. In h e.·e sc1 ool. · knowledcrp h ut :we n bf'l itt1Pd bTtt cl1araf'tm·-

tJ1e p w ·r to tiJ Hl <• r t:.!l\.<' ri gl 1t til i 11 g·.-; f' m111 l'i h t mo tiv ·.· anl to do ,,·ha t Ollt' lllld <·rt<tk <·.·- has b • ll prop rl 't·xallt•d. 'I n 11 1g· i11 IIi :--; <'< nd ·tion lJ:-.1- dn g hi gl1 :t =-' J>i ral io ll =-' t'nr It i 111:--; t·l fan f ullc1allllt<·d c-ol tl<l ,!.!.'t' i11 tn·adingundi · · '" r ·d W<L\" :--> ,,-ll t'J'V lw :--:t•t•:--: t IH· tn1 .·u<· '1'." • li' ·, he i .- a }H' r:--: <•11 : trot only a11 1 11 n, e du ·at(JJ' ·, 1H it Iltt'll t· \·,·ry \\"ltvn·. That l1vti tuti on i .- .f'Oltunat·t·-t·ll;tt :-: tat<· is f< rtllllatL'--' .lli r·lt numlwt·.- al ll Uit g i t:--: l'tltll·ato r .·. u ·h m 11 as Princ- i1 al "' m-t oH.

Osw ego , } ilfrt!J "2U /,'-.'.?.; )[. E\ EJ. YN HI I{...;,.;, .1\".-!n·ns /.:a S!tl l <' \',, nna/ Sr i"''' /.

JT is a bri ght May mon1ing , l pt 11:--; tak, ; trip r.o 'rc> Pk . Hav ilt o· d<·c iclc ·1 t·o o·< the qn <tS l'o l11n c·1 1. 1·o utt: ti m· f ret.ll l'Jl, d<' ... 11 111:-;t l>t• sdfl<'c l. . 'h n]l w <:> go dowu the st. n·<·t t() st<Lr ion a ll<l t·lt t• n follow t lt e road \\' estwan1 uwl e t· t l1 1• b) ntf:..; Ko t l1a t v; ma) lo ok ll ]>\\ arcl a lo11 g t·lJ t• 1'<U tk::-np on whieh th e f 'I'll :-) grow s<_) pt·oru ' <: 1)'. tluougl1 th e Tank s of tr e<-'H wl11<"11 <·o\·P1· t1; "' s lop e of the lti n·h lli llr:; . :t.11d th at· \\ <· 11 t .., · · • l a, ,stand p ee rin g in to th wtd< r avin eN wh it ·Jt te iTitina,t e sn pi et m-e.-qne ly 1H·1'e ht Of o·1 ee n Or ·h all W l' o·o b • I? from Mt . ·\ e rnon Hall , d<-' spi te <"<'l'tain in hns . ]>it-ab le ba1:h wi re and the ·e n fl a pa,tlnvay, t urn afte r en te ri 11 g a.] a 1·g <,. we ll-kn own but h ttle he qw.:' 1H ec1 I'" v1 · 111 , ., 1 1 . ...., , \( gr adual ly we nd o nt· wny to the bank s of t cr eel-. ?

Stay, l et us take th e fav01 ·ite r onte, non over Indian H ill, pe rfor ated wi th t,lle n 111ll . f' . 1 ons bnrrowtng .:; o va.n ous ge ner at i ons of 81 11 11 . boy s and gnls, who dnring the ir leiRnre h ave brou ght to li gh.t. man y 1-e]ies of the · Men , whos e ho m e, in th e da ys of a n ot past, t hi s r egio n wa.s Then we th"' litq b1·idge a,ncl cl i.m b the ::;teep s id e. of P eak' ' to the very m·est of thi s_ hi]] wh ere we pause t.o r est to v1ew t.lt e p , }J eC t str etche d out he fon"' 11 like :1. gr Pat l>:tn01·ama.

Rnrl'l_r llan·l>l uft'HI H1 ri,· ·r a nl \\" Ood e •111mino·le<l to f<JI 'Ill a :--:c t' lll' m r' fai r. 'lh ' •xcol o1·i n!.!.· uf tl1 • :--:1 ri ng-t im P l" he l·t• · tilt• ;-;uhdu 'd or thl' wiii 0 \\":0: fr in !.!. ing t·hj ri,· ·r. tlll" !.!.Tel \" <f th • lin tl 'I I. <t lld l,tickoiT . t.l lt' ,..\"l'' t:' n· nn tl p ink:-; of I . . . ]·" tit. !.d -' <lllllll ,g

t I • n uw hlo:--::--: oll l 1np: ,L' · ' .' r'l '11 I in -lwrp _r l't p1Pclsll1!!" <' tll> t I!' \\'] 1' 111 \l . . 1 ])u"l "·h <'1' 1111"- 0 11 bl o ::::t·l·a:-;t \\'I th tl 1,. n •t.. . . . •r thl' . at }ll t :-.. 'nt. l 'n tl · · '-' O ilt · h 1rl ,. <' 0 ' t · · ' ·.1 1 t lt e ,·ari ed uf th e tc ncll:'r ht"lll('llt'' \\ 11 l c • • • , • for lll <L 1w rf •d <·o ntpl t' llH' nt to )'(>1111 '' l <·::t \l,., . 1 l · " · · ., bit of f' Hnt:<·apC' p:ar- tl ti::-; c·h <trlllllln

<l<• llill g' ·_ 11111 li n·ht thP ri\' PI' 1i:v1t e::; and tl tt :--: l\l !l l <:' • In 1 10 it·::; eOtll ':-il'. :tclltnp: mn ch ro 1 ,. ]li S <.I 01 g 1 ,L r·otlld lli :-LI1}' anotll t'l' st n a.111 "·ho · .

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· to 11 ;-; t1 ::-: · ' • m<lll,\ 11clin,•· a p mnt 111 th e b luffs

·. ,- ln· to ll ,., nil I'' 1\' · 1 ,. to tlw n orth ,,·e.-t :tncl clL.;t tl'll II IL t> I ;t bo ll . . .. f'te r e ll l' ll'l 'll no· t' l1 01'a ·lano ··frontlf, ,_t

ap1W<l 1 ,., to tlw so u tl1eas t. Ancl a' t.o t tin-' 1111 (e::; ·1 · b l · ;1hntl , 1 thPyar et·o nt.n Hlt i.:Cl -:-rtne e tit< ' lllll f-(;-; - \\ Cl r' ,,n Mis ouri :.lllcl N eb ra ska 1 • () \ "' st·nt<'S . Ju.tlll e.)' , help lwing pi c tnn' . qne a.ncl . !"Lll t]l t'1 ] so It O'' ' . 1 · 1cl ee cl t wy are f' 1 ',-Ill<' 1 11 1 . . . bt•:Lnt,l tl , .1 , to enJ'm· t n :--; new 1s pa.r t \\"111 ( ' • a 1_ Cr ee l'- n. · a ll wh o jo urn ey · ) to Bn <· '" ' of tl> t- t tl! _ B t we "r esoom and cont.1nne · ther kn O\\ · u 1' tl tl Lhl -. . 1 \ ll t' n :-- a.ys, or 1e pa 1 ·: ·Sarnan t U"t .o · olh "' · 1. 11 . 111 s ··dono· t he cres t of t lt e . 'J \VP 0 OW 11 • ' · o \\' ill<' 1 'II. tlll'orwh which th e Cl't'Pk b.r eak ·, f. Ill !:) 0 1 . li n <' 0 "J' 1w \"i PWS t ln on o·hont t 1e t'lltlre • tllO'llo:> Jl ' ' M tl 11L S g J\ 0 (l i st :tJIC' -j o·ht t.he desc ent is Yery ahrnp t in 'I'O th (-l 1 n • 1 de enly fl11TO\\'e c1 by ra.\"i neS ' lnre c.Lnc ..-so lll <-' P 'f o the ] eft the ..;lope 1s more g1 a.Cl in others-_ .1·assy the smnm it a.nd cover ed ·nog . t1 ' na.l, bel 0 the base. As we n ear 1e wi th tre eS . d two fin e bnn oak 'tl- ees, to whi ch l ·e i, n . b . t' cr ec { "' - }Ja" a tn nte of aclmu a 1011 1 we ·' as us na ' stn.Jt cl, shapel)r, fri Pndly tr ees-a He1:e theY ..nc it:i and Phil emo n. \.t a.noth er ve nt.abl e J3;l·e a. fin e vj ew of "the 1a.k es," a poi:nt we 11<1' · f 1 ' 11 ' devote<:S 0. t le o·nn, (l,S Wl C l\{l:'('t·a to t.hE' 0 · -1 1 es e ar e fo uml ther e 111 gn·at ( nc u; anr1 ge

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tre an l an o·l ''" o l, and t.h cr k i b efon us! y n ,,·ill b >li ,. th at the 'ld a.yin o· .. A cr k · l a nLm ·::-. h rn. a :fiat. as a 1 1at . and all th kin o··s ho r>-: es uld n t pnll it <tppli -'· to thi - .am . n n r to l 1 tlw t it no o n ' l' c m plet e 11 0 l ncl t·ha r it be ,-in ' to f rm an th er He. It li e· in a nry 'ntall ,-,Lll :·. anl c mse qn -ntl:- dra in.-:; a limit ed a.r a ·ct it i. a. 0 T<: at faC't or in th1.: ' n,·e f th o \\"hO oj oum a. p rn. Th hft s] p pn d in ; J, pr tty litt-le pla in CO \' ' l' d \\·ith hln e-oTa.:S nnd ha,·ing :.L f \\" trl:'cS 1wa r the hank ' oft-!1 1:' tre am.

Thi , l ocali ty i a fa,·ori t hau nt f a.nd qnirrels . ll t' re, t oo , t 1w t an-i l' cl long afte r the." h ad 1 ft tlP other pla t·"' wh e1·e th-') wer a.r eu ·tom e cl to f e d. Pl a.nts h1 o _

In sh ort ,i t. m to be a sp ot fay or :.cl b. Dam e N atm ·' h r ., e1f. .A nd la st. but- n ot 1 it i the perf "C'ti on of a pi. c·nic ground, a many hund re ds wi ll t -tH\It is t-o b fear d t.ha t his to ry will not r ec o;Tl th e u ames of the sc o res of fa) qn ee n:s w ho ha,Ye 1)een ero wn ed . u nd er t.h e tr "C' " a. u d. wh o for one f clay, haY e nj oyed the homa.ge pa.icl to ro yalty wi thout b in o· bm cl e necl with th e re spo nsi hiliti t' S which snrh h oma..o·t us uall) brings in i ts t rain. a.

Th e day \Y ears on; th e cr eek is ex 1)l ore cl . the t l' ea.sur es gathered, tlw l nn eh eaten a.n cl tlw h omeward jonm t'y b eg ins. On th e r t'tur n Wt' go firs t to ward the m outh of ''I'L' t • • v '- ,1 _ \.. 0 t lw tnrn 111 the lull s. an d t.h n k eep clo··e d :::; nn er th e l)lnffs, past. the on e h a,Ythorn e t . 1 C'P of wlti ch that ] orality ·boas ts and wt_ · 1' ' H' 1 lS now re splen dent with rl n ste1·s of .11lte bloss om s, pa.st. t.be ln ll ::; icle fmncp· , • • cl :::; fo l· yellow vi ole ts, unt1l " -e re ach .• l'"\. · · '" L" 111(:• 0 either side of whi ch ris e h ills from 1'. n - 1 -1 '' lose app ar ently mex 1a,ns t1 :->le st ores the o·" 1 lf' . l ::, CO Q o·l:::;t s npph es hm1 se w1t 1 lavish h anc1 r 1 ° ·

• • 1 · paus e awh1le to b ecome acqna1n t -'cl :' 8 the 1app earanc e of thin gs s in <'P tl e . h h d d le sprHw rams av e was e own Ut<-' l .1 1 l 1. v oo e s ot ancl broug 1t to 1ght man y fossil '' h' h 11 1

• Q W lC a ve aln buned for 1o! th l:'se nutnv . Lyin o, < J yea.1s. an about, on the very snrf·t, f the o-r ou 11 c1

• • c c e o o , l, mnume rable foss1ls l e·a1in <•· suel1 1 ·

• L o 11Yp1e as henu,pro n lt es m·as u.s 1 8pi1 ·ije1· p lct -

no on vex ,ts, Tync lwnella o ·age·Jusis, myali17Jl me ke?la ·tTiato- ·ostrtta, sv ntn l asma k emip licata , with w hi ·h it i. · wort l1 on e' · wh1'le to 1J. ;.L' ' l · L a , pea un o· :tC'quai11 ta w· '. UP thi l'avi JL ,, - go to t JL - path at t lt top \Yhi.ch w follow d in t lt -' m rnjn o· nl 11 o· tl1 • hillt op. to " Pik e'· P •ak,' fo r <L t]m th play f th e-! uali n·l1 t 11.1 on b n•· rand hl1df, d_. c •n 1 th e 1 eak, ('lillll Incli a 11 Hill, and co mplete th j OLll'H ey I! Jill (' wo nd e ring b ow many mil e. · wc-:) ' \'C; tl·an•lc•t1 and nP vt L' c·om in o· to a ·ati fa c t ury eo n c] us io n.

"THE JOH NNY STORY " FRIEND .'.

Rl<.: LLg THOMA. , NdJrasl: n S tnl£• JV onnrtl Sc ho(l/.

HA ' 1·e ahn of P1:im ary 1. tl wcl · <'v •r b ->e n Invad ed by <:LHY wo rk mrn ·e c·apt n·atino· and more popnl aJ· than th • 'yntl wt i <' Meth od for teac hin g r ea din g? How it l1 as ocWept o·ver ·ome pol't i OllH Of th is and oth -']' sta t eH, ('a,nying 'vith it l JO;:;ts of -> JL tlw ia ·ti e follow-'rs fl'Om the rank s of teacher,· a nd pa1·ent s, t hr atPn in o· in ·ont , plaee , to di sp l ace evet') thin g in o ur primary sehoo lf:; that ltas evPr laid claim to snc <' eRsfnl work .

How ca n this Tapicl gr owth of a new m eth od i ts in creas in g pop nlarity be aceo nn ted Is it the m itse lf i ts e nthn sia ·tic 01' the l'es ults obt;a in ed t lw.t are nspoo ibl:e for mu s hroom, f::O fo rmi dabl e because so fa c in ating- to the ob se rver? \Yhat a1·p om e of tl1e co nditi ons n,tte nclin g tlw biJ-th H.ncl oTowth of t hi ..; m ethod( F i1·st of all, it kL. an inge niou s CJ·eator; He,·er wa::; any pri maty m ethod sent forth \N ith n oTe nter nt:rm bet of_ atttaetive d ev ir e. Next, it co m es '"1.th a sene · of books to a.1.c1 th e tear her a,t 0 " •r-y step.

t () fa =-' I· i l l<l II' I II< l l I \'. lJ l i ( ;II ( • g' j \·( ·II 1 It e, I II

111 1tl' s t d i 1'1 ' r-t i () II =-' f'u I' 1 • <1 c·I t ;-; I 1' p, all d 1 1I<':-: 1• <I I'I, fo 11 o \\'I'd hy lll <Ill .\' cI 1., in·:-; f'()J' ('; ll'JT i 11 0 11 r

t ll <'.·u dir<•ctio ll :-; • \:-; 11·( · ltl l' ll it :-; !'" .!..!.'(:;-; \\:l' an• fo n·< <1 t al'k i iO\\' It ·d.!..! t· it tu h t· tl H· ,111 ,;-; 1 inu , 11 _ ICJI IH lll <Lllllal f()l' Jll'illl<ll'.\' \\'0 1'1\ \\'(' j 1; 1,. ,, ,\_ ltlll'l'i(•d i liL\'itlll:o; :o;l l]H 'I' illlt •ttd <•rtt o 1· p ri Jt<'i pa l c·aJ t pl ; tc·<· tl ti :-; ll lillttJ ; ll i 11 tlH' 1•., 11 I..; ()[' hi .• }Jl'illiC.li'Y l !'ilc· lll •t·:-; H'il lt Ill<' din ' l'l i o11

"l•'oll ow tlt <· \\'oJ ·k la id cl 1111- 11 tiH 1' (' ·· 'l' lt j,

d one · Jt L' rv lit ·\·c·d cd' t(•ctt ·li i 11 g- t lH 'I ll lit>w 1;, kaC' lt r •acl1ng· to lH•gillne•J ·;-; al \\'il ,l-;-; ;t ditlic tll t t;u.;k.

\ua in. til<' h•;Lt·IJc•J·. h (() ll :o; (• tlti ;.; llH' (J JCl d, Jll'f'}J <ll 'a ti()l t. if' ;.; IH· i :-: b ri g-ht ;Lil (l ' Jn g· 111 lll<llllt<'l' It ·• ..; -1 <r t>c el ·I , ' ••·' .- ' :-.; 1< 11'!' o {' l' ll t llll:' l< l. ' lll o rd c•J· '111<l l> tl\' '1 Il l· . . ' . ' <lllllH J. J. ' al ll iO .'f f-' 111'(' oJ s uc ·c·e•s :-; _ o·-1'111 it i . 1 • r--' · :-.; 1 I oJ·oh,j(': ·tJ,'-1' f'cll · reiii'IH ·t· a ltd , ., i i ld ; the .J o lt llll\ · t<n \. Sll ll "'"' }>.J c· t-11 1·(•-' -·( • h ' ·'· ·' ) I I) ] l t·ahle·.·. <tl td l:ot; 1ry all_j <dn lll flk<• It ,'()llll'f: lll l_!.!,' t·o ])( • Sf'l' ll ;l l ld IJ :l ll <{ j (, ;) th e.: of :-; tg- ll t eJI· t·o lt l'l t i ;.; ' lJ 'lH' 'Ll( •d 1 l ' () ., t ev (!l'.Y stt-p. , Nt>Xt ill t lt is ()(' IJ rH>l -::-; i ;.; I j,,. le·. "]31LS}' ·v\Tork for Li f'l'lc · l•' itt o·c ·t·:-; '' 11·(· 1., 1 1· • • 1"'0 f<J ( tlw title }Hl g<· Un 1tld ;w ,-Lillll g' 1) (· ltl cJJ ·011 (' \\ "( ·1('(JJn(' 1'<1 t lw a, \·(·ntg l' prllllH I',\' t·e'ctl' -lt 1 • 1- t ltct ll wh ok lJook 1e· ,·o t(• l to !>1 1:-i\- \\·c11 -]-1 () •t " "-· II jn··t IJ<tO'( 'S WC.: f () ht • dJ "l\ , ) , n _ ' 1 n. tt c•:-: 1 • so c lt os<· n as to lt·nlpt <ttl_, <' IJJ]d to t·, 'r ··r -. - l ·' , ( l'e ' J· :-; 1'() Ute) l ll a <l(• an< L wo re s t( , lJp c·olJi<·<-1· ti t" t· - . l -1 .. , , 11 () l low pages of "' 011 -f 1 Ill s, i t. wel i' u1111 • ll't. . 1.· ·l " · · f' . . ' Ill) (, to H l't.n .)' tl·ae lf 1 ·' 0 1 tl1e·y ·t1fon l ., 1 '. • ·1 > ·]. • c !:io ll l lli' 1 01 ._ e upa t!On tol .t w c lll d, aru1 lit t le • (•ffon l)1·e·rJ "raUon fo r t lll' tt'acl J(•J· 'rl . I . (>J · c• \\'01'( ;.; . (' ] as c• t' {i!'C1 Cl.l l cl are to hu lll''J·]-,., 1 ·l ) . d I ' .C' L< '\. d )\ 1(' ('l iil Thr o 1wh t ]JI S eln ss di ta.t' i on ·t.n t · 1 _. n ' ( 111Hl''- l ll g t·lt'• wo r ds are \VIlilt it m :.t tt( 1· if c'J ·; every page t lt eru an' W(JJ·c11" ti nt n nt h(·l· ll·. 1 , ' ) .L on n· · tP c]ll (L • \'O Ca} JH] C1J·)·I J-( rn JJ f.; b , · - e " · ()lt n d mark and prono nJH' <' t.h e• n, is 11 0 t; th a.t ' ·- - "'I I 11 _ c ie not lt·m·n tlw fo rn 1 n ow in thn be g innin g yea1·::;, th<• l ll PaJtino· ]t t' c• nn g (• t]., t Sl 1"1 ( 'J ' mt? Tn he S UI'f, t.lli s i ::; l't> \-l't··-:il li1: tlll' <''>ll. 0. L 1 kl\ 'l'hP ii u -;t of this_ ·'f>l·ie f.; of bookr::;, " Th e <: r·llPt 'f-: )fanual ,' with it t h d ' WO · lll1 H:'(L he h as :·w:n pm·s mn g he e JJkl'<'<l bnt hP lS 111 ,·('h oo l n ow a.ntl Ititl :.;t <' -pt-'c·t tn 1<-'arn by J JUW m et hoc1s.

l)a;_:,,, :--.o ' tt c t · 1. 11 • ·< • l l' e el·(•t-y detail, can n ot fail Next'f'o llow.· tlw :':s. ' ll t]l( f' {.(•ctdl •l·. _·\ ..:: ,.t>

t lll'l l tlJ <·lval·t·;-; <d' ]H, 11 l.;: ""lind attr;tdi\ ·(• p il'tll n•;--;, go(l({ ' ·' l t' ;tll d :<1 ll ll' :-:t d n< a he,.<' tliC' a\-t•J·ng(• (II' iJ 11 ( 1dinar · Fin.:t Head t• r lirt'latlll'L'. In th (· 1, n•f'a('(' Jlt ·. author " 11H' ]1':-<:--:n JJ:-; of 1IJ i :-< n ad( ' !' <11'1' ;11 r aug t d tn <H't' Olli]> <lll_l' th t• 1\' ord -t lr i II :- nf' tit · :-<]ll' ll t· r: nnd a:-:"-,. t'.'\illlli!)(• tlH· \\' (' find tlH · l l i'Oilll "(' 1 1 ,- ·II k('J )t. C' :111 ,,.(. int:t!dt lt' · 1<1 :-< )(' ('II \ \ • Ol iJ' .; •1 1- · t cl in <1 lwP k t h;lt l tnd h l'<'ll • I Ill t' rt ' ,' t' lll ·t <l 1• I' I 1 nf u:-: i 11!!.' lltl' \\' on ' l) ' t 11 • :-< I l · k al 'llc •d i II ;t "' ilp icl 'I'll ;• e·ltild \\ It t> ll:' t' .· t·lt c• :-;y ntl11't ic- H !• a dl' l'

1 I ! )(>II fou n cl .;t-o tll "·irl1 a11 ll \\'1 i1 1 111 11 =-'t - u·

I · ti t ., 111 d n IJl lll<lr (• d 11101'( ' ('l)ll:lll,,- "·i:-: 1' l ). ' Ill OIL · • I · t 'l'f'" t ill "' :-:to t·l t':-'. \\ t' t'illlli Ot· It •lp ;till Ill ( ' < ' , ,· 111 ,. IIH · C'lti ld 1\' l ltl llltl:-: t 1J,. Je-d : t)('lt :-:tu it 1)(' ]llll'j lll :-'(' ol' f!TOII'in p: to l .. 1 1 .·1t·J(ll l !'ru lll c·tllltl l lll;o-; u1 "_·nnl;-; 111 tltt• ( I (' )';I I:-- ·• r II t 1-i 1,. I'\''Hll ll"' k:-<;o;(>JI. \\ha t nr(' tltt· · )I' (' )' (l -' =--I · l ·1 t · l'o r t·lt i :-; C' l1 i l d l'o 1'111 i 11!.!.' <1 t a:-: t <' fur Jl 11:-' :-; I ) 1 I I( " 01 ,( ! "" I· 1 1 11 in n· 111 <l<' <'ordn JH' l' ll'l th tlw hl' ll=-'1\-ll i'L.-( < " · ·1 b, ,.,.<' '"' l1tt l <· on t· ll'lt o · 1c·Jplt• -r-ol1(l " 1 1 · · Jl l' 11 · _, \\" lw t rn o tltt'l'

I rl l" 'I -:p ok' 11 ,.,, · ' · • t·i lll'r pupil to tl JC• 1\'t lt l i<l eLln' < 011 1 ,- mel t·o t ilt-' ·· \ c·l -:-; ·· tht• I -.' oi l e (_ ' '· ' 'I. - \.t hlllll ·' . . t l )(' \,-(' \'l.;: :-; <1 II d Ill() ll t h <1 t t lli:::; •\ t I l)lll'll l !..!. l' 1

I I ( - · ' . ..: l l u1J( I Jl p; ll ),> t ll' I-0 ('ah11l <11') 1it tit' pntt·t·ln 1'. , 1 n- i< ' t' t·ltro uglJ o ll t life•. lH• t j ;-: to do llll ll · tJ , ,t_ -:in !!· " 11·onl for tlH' 1u e•n • 11(' \'eJl' (';tll g lll 11 ·- ' . . 1;, f' 1 · . t·\J (' II' o n! JJ ;-; t•ll; t lt u 11 gltt con.. ];: () . t'< l I'll I 11 ° I. tt•-'1' '11 11' :1\'S: d('1llnn d :-; I t II ;..; Ill ;L '- ' • • t 1 c> ::> -t. 1 li P u ses it, f (• c•l>l ,\- at Jir:-s t-. p er-! (' \ \' OI'l ,L)Je 1 1 1_ . >II J' (']Wt Jt wn <' (> Ill< ' :' to ctt\1 an d J 1HI soc

Iil jl :-- ,_ . _ lt" i.s 0 r el'C' Ol1lV fm · nll tim e. Er e ry l cLJ tlle· ,, ·' .· . . ... t ll ll () ll J(-' 11 t du11ng t lt OSl' 11\' l' bu:-;,V ) S -·<•i (l l l::> 1 1 1· c 0 11 · 1 , I'll t·en·e1 :-:<· 1oo 1 <"Oll t-r ollect l,)' -r n· l (.,.,, •1' 11 ,-l_, 1.,- SI!oken and el ·t ry ct d. I t· <' ,/ • '11 1011 .!2.' 1 · 1 ·e;·e th e re ::; n1t· of th cnwht- -ex pre ·(• ]l l:'l " 1:" fP.f:-' J' Oi' l t ,rlWJ1 ]lt' t 'llt P l'S St·h on l \H' Ull dl' l':-:ton. Hll· t lJ e ,d wl e ti de in ti1e aft'nirs of take to tl 11 11 - l l) te·1 - tl · t 1 ·· 1 cro " < ' " 11.· spon n ne o t:::; y on th a. nC tin!.!: an<l g idn p; , to lll ake of lJim a 1' h () l1 o·h t c)'(' t • I ' Jl ' .-L' • e· n pano -, \\'1. tng to saY or er ut ll l<'l'l' 11l ul'llll 1 ' .. , l ·. . 1 . letlT t :-:, sotmc <Lll d wonls. ( 1111 1'0 11 t JJII ' _ ,· , lf > ]) I'OJl Ollll tlllg of \\·onls fi ' Olll a t1 1P nwJ 1 · • · -1 ' 11f 1 · 1.., read.lll g aJHt sati :::; ti l'f:: tht• list' ( pa o ·C:' " • w iwt·f.;, 01 n if per fp et mtleu1n t iun the ' \\\ w]J(•n ,,-e :.Lsk our fri c·Hc.1 to to us

tht' tl;!in ty 1> >e 111 o1· th ri lli np: t nl <-> . tl1 '11 t]ll-' • ' \'ll thl'tit· .JJ l t ll od hn -: n't in "' tt)J't more g-lo 1y

t l;;Jil its ;ltli' OC'"l tl' 'I' -' l' dr t>f nnd :-:h Htl <l h; tn' ;l llcH· • i 11 e,- -' IY .:: ('hool -ro 111 in t lt l' l<tnd; <lll nut.<'< niin -> it tn onr prima ry :::<'lt op ];--; ah) llt'. B11 t if r ·ading is !!'t>tt in g

riHHJ g lt t ft- on i prin tc •tl \\'t rl ::-: . an d o ra] r end ing i:-; o ·j, ju o· thi -: tiH>tl"'ft t 80 t ll<lt hl' \\·ho ]j ..;; tl' l18 h:1n' 1n nl·· bnt dwt wh ich

I i l' =-' b;1c:k of t lt t' w r 1s th en l et t hi · p t:rn i l'i m ::-: h;Jbit of mc•clwnical b "' "·ept frolll o tll' L •t ll=-' !tan• in it.; pl an ;-; nm l'tllillg' "·h iclJ "·ill 1 ':H1 the chi.ld t m nk e tlwu n·h t-"·l'tti n o· th <-' O il \-' ·1illl f J' l:' <H.1ing-. and . \""""' t"'l t-> 'a::: wlt L'll h•arn inp; to t alk, ld th<TL'b' nt <:l·er:=-' Olll l' <·u ntmlling ptn''L'I' fr )Jll "·i th in. I.J t't It i=-- oml }'L'a tl i np; lw tlone . not for the m->rP sak e uf l<·:nn i ng tn l't'at-1, btt t· <lo ne hL' CHHS<: he has a tit ngh t t a nd . 1Yi th hL· n uc1iP nc e 1wfon• hi 11 1. ll<ll' t' th , same imp u1s P to g i,tltat th o ngh t n::; "·lwn at pkl y - lll' talkPd b elw l1acl s mt l't hinQ· t1) sa.\ nn c1 s ollll' one ro listt•n . ··Hut all tlli tn.kes.t oo wn(' h t i.lll E' ... ] · •·tlw \\'l' It e ar a 'y n t l1l'ti e ;1(1\·oc a.te exc n 1 111, ,1 oh nn_, and ltclp Pl'S ''i l1 un lock tlw nly:-: tL'l'i l•,· of n·nc1inrr to the cl til d in one year <d:ter lH· l' Oill l' ::: to ;·rhool .. , that thi.s lll l't }l(l C1 IYi lJ g i1·e t·he chil d the nl1i1ity to ca]]

t · 1 t " J • 1 c t ·- dl·,.ti on nr -, a :-il p; 1 l'l'l'l' Y w ont 111 t H:' en u1) "- · '"i ll this }H1 \Yer alnn (' unfolll to h1m the t · 1 · l 1 1 ld "s t hell' l' l'l eS \\' Hl' 1 tll' :'P Y l'l'\' \\' O l'OS 10 <" 1 1 "1 1 t -: en :se of o w1 1. o (' a rn to n' <lL 111 t ll ' rn e · n,n ding i:s a. :-:l ow p1·ocess. \dlt.'1"' , tn" ngth a.nd perm cu a.nc)-. rr his l aw of m ·e ln,·ohecl , <tl 11·n.ys takes tlm e. · 1 thcr it be na tnrc holds tnu-' c,· cl-y 'd l Pre, w 1e · · · t f the Di- th t:' stu n1Y oa 1-: or the c1t'\·elopin en o · Tlwn \\"11)- Yin e 1n man int o trne . . l .· 1 11in o· (lf the tl ns ]a \'; 111 th e ye rv 1ep,n L' · · -1 · tl ·ouo·lt c·hilcl's school 11fe l1y trai mn g nm u "' paten t sltort <"ILts in to hab its that a re to be - ,oJ11 E' 1" lu n1 n rnl'k of st um b lm g f(l1' \' l:'ars to c.;

1 . . . f ' · t leas t. \w n::; p1u·smt 11- I.JL' t . ,. 1: l . . . ]Nl.1'H \1 lg to <tt-i 1 t l' \\'lth t)I\' e1Jil c1 111 n'aL1 M ot lu'l' Na tll\ ' 1..' ,, 11.s wh en l it' k an wd to talk..

BIRD \. ND BIRD '' 1 E 'T

A. H. Y .AN V LEJi: T, Nebraska Stale JV or mal Sr !t tlo l.

IN ou r l atitud , ·f ay is the mo ntll f n tb ui llin g, a nd .Jun e th month of yo un g b ir ds. A I w ri t I glance ont of the win d w and e a pair of B lu e J a,y ad mirin g th ir re e ntly c mp let d n s t, whil e <d' :. mal" Rob in hops fr om cr ot eh to cr ot ch (Jf an oak, tc: t in o· e ac.: h on hy n t lin o· in H, fil· tin one po iti n and th na n th r. Ev idently .·he i. · n t ·il y s atis fi d. What a,n imp or ta nt the ·elec tin g a build in g mu ·t in b ir d 'l"b. ey vft en pend day m · ven after th ey have comm ,ne ed b mld111 g w 1ll lwcom di s.·ati ned and ele ct an w one.

I h av re ad th at the in te lJi ge nc of a b ir l be j udg ed by nest. it If. tlti .· state me nt were mud ifi ed enough 1t wo u1 L1 !Jk cly prove tru e. It se em to me that tb ne ·t..i od ica te pa t r at her pr ese nt lD te l1 Th e JYlou rnmg Dove ev1de ntl y l1 as n ot tgence. b . tb 1. ab it of ma km g It n es w1th a h ott vlll ee n 1n e I l< . I t would indi cate th at it fo rmerly to It. ts n os . . . h ·ound as 1t yet J o01:; so me tim e s, 1 ndt on t e g 1 ' • l .k 1 on tbe r oc ks, where 1t s tm ply o t· mo re 1 ey , _· ' . to keep the egg s from ro ll'lJ g off. It mad e a rnu .. . ' 1 . ·ned how to b udd 1n a tr ee , a nd 1t h ot ye t eat a u on to fi nd the egg u11d er the 11 est i not nn co illm h fa ll eu t hr ough and broke n. wh ere t ey h . .0 . le' ne st 1S the ot et ext1em e. Wha t

The no f d re lopment it rn u t h ave tak en to beco me ye ar o e 'i · e rt weaver. Co mp are it s nest· with s uch an exp J · 8 whi ch is a rough st ru c tur e mad e the B lu e ay ' · ·t .1·ng ..- stick s, au d alm ost an yt hin g P of r ag s s 1 u 'fil l p " Yet few bi rds are more inl t l'll " u ' t 1-a w · b · d Ne ith er is th e nest . 1 the Jay· tr . . t .Ian f the bird 's staud in g as a voc a li st, an wd icatwn ° . b d Th ·asher bndd s a roug n es t, an fo · the Br own 1 · r se -bTeas ted Gr os be ak IS but th e nest of the Ro .h that of the Mo urnm g D ove littl e bett er t an . . . Wh ile n est are nsua.ll y q ut te chaTact eT'"s tw, bil ity uird · show to adapt the ir bn il din g vet th e a . . · s t!:ln ces 111dtcat wha t ch ang es aro p os · c ucnJ1lT" e :ged- win gc d Blackb ir d, fo r in s tan ce 1h\ 11 t · I 1 ' . . liti es n es s In ow JU li es ore . in so me l oca . . ' ven m , lt al so bul]d s ID t\1 ocks of gr ass in low tr ecR. d ·f th . man;lJy gr ou n 1, an I l.! rc lS mn ch wa ter it

up po r t. i ts n <•,.;t aiH,,.' tl1 · wa t< ·r at t ad 1i n p: it t' t!J gr o' :·ec·d.· l 1y ,,. <· n,·ill g I ·a n•s of nn 1 fta .· in a11d :t rnu11 d t-Il(• sh tl 1,·.". '"1'1 1· .:..· ·' ll' < lf 1l'l' II · b tw • 11 t !J • 11 ·st in tht' tr · · :u1d t }I(• "Il l' at ta ·h <1 to th r •d.- i. gr eatt• r tl1 a11 is c ,f tt' ll s<'l' Jl bc•tw 'l 11 th f cli ff •r •nt ki nd · of bi rd .·. T ill' ab ilitY £( t liU a IHJ t th e uuildin glc •th <·!-"l l l'r (J!IJ I( Iill !.!; ('(lll dit i( li S

J. ow s a: 111 11 II in t< llig<' IJ <·<• as t hv al 1ili t ,. ll• oll·onst ru ·t a 11 Or io le• '. ll<·st, <I I HI s lH 1 \\ ,.; ; hat hi•· ilif i uot · c ji.1 :e d in it ' C' apahi l it il' o 111 nn v wo u ld h a.\' • u.- b •li c•H•

But h (JW th o: uird .- do \ h ·cll l \ •·i t of n .- t in th al tnt t, c'r d,i!-" 11 ss th ' Tr an .'mi s i n f Inh c ri tvcl T ' 1Id t· 11 ·i(' :-! wit h all tha t rnu .·i ·ring in g i11 hi s It ha s l H'l' ll t:lo 11 d v

a11d r n. i ll .)' f(J r ve ra! clayt; and the t, inls

b •on a l111 ost s il nt l11 1t 11 •w o11 .,. 111 w;t· ll aYt • nJ·ri vcd in alJ llll d an · · fu r th , 1 • ,,.o H H ar e ,·oc·a l wi h song not II •a ni I f (•r · tl 1i .· p ri 1w \ 1u <, 11 o· tl . I . ::--· ,.., I 'Ill a ll we cl ist in g HI 1 that of t l1 V\ o od Th na;]1_ . I . I' l th m ot mu ·J ·a ,.o, ·co: t IO won d ::; . W ha t d l' JHl . Jl.g ui I rn lod .)'! ·wh at Cl' l: ll l 1. l "l t 1 1 ()f • u < ll )'H il t R tJ]j' · ' ' ) I liti ty. It IS n ot asoh r;. A ll t l1 e f ue lin u· ·utd 1 . I. .-., , )( .a ll t ,. of a song f!CC i rl to 1a,·' I c•o11 eo n ·c 11 t 1·atc•d . t !J OSO f W ll Ot CS . ll c is t·lll' III OHt hl"l ll t' f lltt ' 1 ll ( .. the T hru shes, a nd 0 \'(orv 111 uv enw nt i::; t li (• •t' ·' · Ultll im eut OT gr ac e ful ca se a nd C:O illj) ::; Hr o. )od_From t J. c i.Jr anch es of an c l111 C: O ill U I:> th , . l ( ' c !:-;(I ll er of the Ro se -brca te e TI' Osb ea k. It is 011 0 I () SCI' '11 co n tc 11 tm e nt. He ( oe .· 11ot s in o· to tl I 1e w orld ns d oc s t l1 e 'I'h rn s 1e r. -.11 5 song 11ev 1 · -.· 0 ., • Ul 1111p 1 '::> n. a ndi eu ce . He 1n s to hiu1 su lf 1 n • 11 ·I . ' ::t.rl l 11.1 n tc l 'I.IOW of 11 0 SO ll g 1 lldl IJl'l 'C' ] ' · 1 . 1s ex pr •::;se c wn ch su lf- co n ta ln cl s atl s fa <.; tion '--' I . . . <> l b >OUC 11111 .1 ::> iJ b 0 11 0' t 1e ranc!108 ops !:l iD o ' e attn g- tl1 e see ds of tl _, 1 1-l is song seems to h . t c\ e rn. l 1 ° a 111 cre ·1 c c: on1 P'll

t to }Ji s t 10ng 1tR, a 11 cl 1 • ' ' 11 _ men Ll IU s tn gt:> as he t\ n.t • h sc sm oo t y t1 · ::S· H ow t 0 o wm g, sw ee t s tr a, in N c f·o ro n mouth f1ll e cl · 1 n. 1, 'i

Iss ue I Wit 1 ol rn se ed s 1s a rn .), I:I e has not th e 1 ::;_ tery. . . . . e cga nco of fo rm of th

Vv oo d Thru sh, but lll s sw ee t . . . d bri ll · e d . so no ,t!l ta ·llt

Pl um age ren et· hlln vory attl":tr·t· o 'fh e e as t . b · , tve. e 1·n

bird is d esC J'l ed as a love r of 80 ]i t ud e. l ['

di sp os ition mu st c han go as he " !les w est , ,, .., lR GO I -l. () [•

he is a co mrn on fr e qu e nt er of grov es ne ar d w -}] _

in gs

A flo ck of sma ll bird s a li o-Lt on the gro und sho rt di st an ce a wa y; w ith a gl ass -w e di s tin g lli

th em as JYly rtle W a. rb len:; . y ,. q 0 "" vVarbl c·

bt l ' il y enn·ag •u j 11 o·l ' :w in <T th ir br a kfa t ft >11'1 th tr ('·t p ·. wh il a Bl a<" k -a nd -\Yh it \' a.rb l -' r in ·p ' C't:-i t:h • a ft r th "

11HL11 1l 1' of a, 'n_. 'P ' 1'. th a· ·el rn.ted notP

bird PC i \. ' · it · n a.m '.r hi of 1'0 fi nao\· rit s n' t. o l1i clcl en th · lea '· is d i:ffi nl to fi nd· but tlwn n·h o d \- i'ly on a1 -' d it!clo ] - > 11 ' ·' f thu 0 \\' B1' 1·d n t <! f' a.p · t 1t ' " . " · who., eo·cr it 0 ft; n '' h earal nd ,... 1 1 · t1 • >LD d ru 11 tv the win lO\\' in t im ' 'tt l' \\' II ' :ti L"' h of o ran g _, a. _ <L Baltun r Ori ol _, t , ' ' t:L t.. .J ., 1• \. he ard t hi mo rnin g, i tt:> on (I' Ill "1 PP <• • . f, 1 .-Lnd cher r, hu ta lwa r cl la t=- riu the ]' l' 'lc • 1 re})eat d from mo nnn g t tll n1_0'ht, we 'C 'L l ' · ' ·t C!Jllf __. ·. it oT ow s t ir -'s omely mo 11 oto non ·. 111tt S n 1, tile' cli st a.nt ra nn e f'O me a fa.1n t n ote. • rom . 1 . 11 0 other bird <· o nld pr od uce it , bu t w 111 e ) . . t. 'l'l · te ntl)' fur 1ts re pet 1 ton. 11s t1m e lu.:t<' ll 111 · . _ 10 llli st ak e, and \\' e kn ow th at the th nre 1::. 1 · 7. · Of · · · 1 . as ted Ch at 1s '\ 1th us. a.ll om YP ll_ O\V- )](: < • t t' - o· T e• 11:'\'(:\ th " 111 0 ·t 1n eu:s 111 0 ' 1 · d !:l )l e ts 1 ) 11 • l th e h our wonc e ri.n o· ev "l'Y l <..; >j'\' t' c1 111111 )y ' . . 0 o ). t: -t ?. " It IS 1n the eYe nin n· t ·' vVh at nes mo nt e ll t in o· seaso n th at he is se en at l o· the Ili a 0 • .1 . . C Ulll1 o d -' II fn,l' 111t0 t le rn o·bt }n s so no· eve • nlli h -•st, ' 1 s an acco mpanim ent to the ue ]t earc a ( maY 11 c·ltorn s. vV hu wo uld tr y to -_ · po ur -w t vV Jil]:- 1 S neh a, su ccess ion of g ut__. cn b e. n SO l1 0· • c cb 1 . harsh we 1rd, holl ow, gh os tter loL s, nJlS ancl pl•Li n tiv e c al ls, interspe rs ed ·1· o'l' O<" < < • • ]l .._ e c:- • t<'h es of th e m os t ra vt s 1un g itli s ni.L . . . ,v · ·.,1 e·,·oln twn s and bo d 1lv ro nt o rtwn s! S . ·ll ;-er l<• J • uc ll lon o· reme mb er one of my hr st e :s:p e r1 b , 1 · tll th e Chat s. I he ard one m th e . s ' len ce 11 (1_ w as care fu ll y cr ee.p in o· ne ar er tr y1 · <1 o .tI C '- btain a view of it , wh en an o th er on e ln g to 0 ·cl in almo st th e opp os it e d ir ee tion; wa s he fL ltll t' l' in th e dir ec tion of th e first, bnt th en a,no 1 n.y· th en 111 ot 1er du·ec ti o ns so me f·trth er a W< ' ' L t.hers fa rth er awa y. The th icket n ear and o f 1 · 118 fnll o t-1em, ancl ye t not on e m seemed to 1 . h. 1-a not know w w.t to -111 ke of 1t. Slg t. I (l '" , t I ., g S'L[?' e th at t.he b nd mu st be but .1 s; as W<•few y ard s fr o 1:n m e, a _ncl e xp ected th e ne xt mom e nt to se e 1t c ome mto fu ll vi ew, th e not. es would ag a-in s onnd from th e di s tan ce or from tlw op dir t· .ti o n. Sncld e nl y aJl s ound s

n t gror wi tn ed-u t. rin 0'0 a nd ong a I I wa a fir st too mu ch ath a to r in he n \ bu h had no oon r r ac hed b t hi k t han tb" fir t p art of th e pl a. w- as b ing r _ p at d. I b ga n to fe l th at I ' as be in g imd up n, a ·tua ll d h d. o nld it be ibl th at a ll th ose not en w re utt red by n bir d. It wa th . mo t m ao- nifi ce nt xh ibition of \' ntril oqui ::> m I had eY r lt a rd . We und r tanJ him b tte r no \\· a nd whil h inter ts u veu more than th n, h ca n 110 lon o· r so de eh· u

OB ER\ ATION ON THE FLO \ iV OF THE MI S SO URI Rl\ ER.

lT. B. DUNCANS ON JVebras J:a Stal l! No rmal Sr/10o/

THE

w_hi c h_ has b ee n eroded by th e rn er 1s from fi ve . to te n mil es ll1 Wl dt h. rh e Cha nn el iS from One -fo ur th t t hr ee -fo urth s of a. mil e in width Ta kin o· sec ti on of th e 1·iver thirt y mil es in len :th fr om n ear Ne hr a ka Ci ty to Nema ha no te th e foll o wi ng ph e nom e na: vV ithin th e t hiTt. y mil es th e e ll l t .k . .. ann e s n th e bluff s on th e w ef' t s id e of th . . e nv er at se ven d1tfere nt point s· each t 11 tl h . ' " ne 1e- c ann el re bound::< , nnuung from on e- fo. th t 111 .o th r eefourth s th e w1dth of th e v all e t tl bl ff tl d ·Y o 1e eastern u ' len gra uall y cur ves to tll -· ·1 . . e ng 1t unt1l 1t ag mn cu ts th e w es te rn b lu ff E 1. • · acu t1m e th e e nrr e nt re l)ound s fro111 th e w es t . . . · e rn bluff 1 t IS du ected toward s th e bl tf . . " u . ye t. 111 no ease , do es It c ro ss th e bottom b ' . ' l · n t ln a arge maJ o nt y of th e ca ses notAd tl d t . . ' le c hann el o es no Clo ss to excee d one-h< lf . d, th e d1 s t:w c.e to th e easte rn b lu ff Sin:11 - 1 . · a.r o

made ne ar Omaha furni s1.1 .·a e 1 c on c lu s iv e e11 n ee that th e c ha-nn el ha s a, t o. d f' How tl .. ,n en r.y to o ·1e w es te rn bluffs.

'l'h e amount of ch" t:;ce nt in the ri ve r- bed throu gh thi s sec tion is l ess than tw el ve in ch es

P 1· mil The de ce nb of th PJ att ri\ ·c r

b d i · n f t p 1· m il e. Y t tlJ: n to f

flow i gr at r in th Mi · o uri than in t it '

Platt . He nc e, tw po in t · are p1· ·"n d f 1·

xp lanati on ; (1 th e riv e 1· follow · 'Y ,' G"l'll bluff, (2) the rate of ti ow i. 0'1' '-'at ·1· tlHLil ,· m1:: oth er , t 1· a.m \Vith ix or R v '11 t im e th< · d ec nt of b d.

1. The tufar'c of the art h at r.lt " eqmLt r ha v I· h1· ugh pa <' e at th-· r at f He thou and mil · p r h ur fa . t r t lt an at the pol .· . H nc· , water tl w in o· fr m the ]J Ol<·.· to th e eqnator muRt n 'f'"' a riJ y in cr e::v H .· rat e of . d one t.hou ·c:md mil s p ·r hou1· t th ea twatd . Wat r fi wing hom -br a. ka City outhwaJ·d i · co n. tantly c·ro ill pa r alleL· with gr at er Jen ot h of r ad ii.; th" waU·1· }J a f-) a te nd u ·y to ma intain a11 nnifuJ·m rar.. of I "eel . Re ne , in ·t ad of tli.e wat "I·',· at ·c·"1<' J'atin O' it · p e el it ha · a te nd en ·y to fa n be hin d th e g netal movem e nt f thc:J arbh'. · , nrfac· and thu ' con . tantly wa she · tb we. b l11 ff'.·.

2. A w hav a lr ea dy not ed, t l1 1·ate of flow a compal'c:d w ith tl1ab of the Plat.t e ee rn to be in dil· rt om 0 ·iti on to the d es ent of th e be d. in ce th e J·ivei· i fj ·on.· ta n tly rro ing la1·ger ci1·cle. · of th e atth' · u1 ·it i acting in ha1·mo ny with · ·ntl-iftw al for ce; by tlP rotation of th ea r th on it ax is the water i thrown towa.nls t.he out"l' r'il'C:le ( th equator·) of the f'arth'.· s utfac e. He nc e r·at of flow i. larg ely dne to the dir e(·tion of chann e l.

A VIS IT TO MAMMOTH CAV E.

GEORGE .i. OO L E.\fAN, OLA. SR OF '87.

.thou?ht it rn ig·ht prov e a pl easant

1: chv el' slo n from tht? ord i nary manne r of 0 ) ' 1Yh1 0' tl h f 1e 4t o July to spe nd it nnd e1·- g ronnd. · at

. 1 th" h < th e cave about ll: OO a. m. and c e r . e 1 ,., h. 1 ()f' old buildino·s .lc 1 we find to be a co ll ec ti on o vvhi.C'h . the j-' t 1 o· cahin er·eded on t1 , 1 ItS Oo ll stat!:' p 1

a fairly g0<Jd ' tom :lu s ole , ttllet'·cl - t] 1 li as be en ro n· H'} 1111 t · 0 r·hat c• Qt) l f' lt oOocl eno11o·h to

a.r• pr c•. 'I '\ 't' d iu tli<' iJ· 11atural nnd pr ,· ·nt a. \·1 ry pl <· a ;-; i II_!-!: app '< ll'illll' ('. • ' oon afr

our anintl a gong i .· :-;cnll ld c·d I lap mar a

g ·1· .· !tout :-; ·· - Ul n ·ad.,- f'or IIH· l"ll g l'ou t<· ·· p

nlil a.n<l a p<tl'tj - of a, do ;.:t·JI }ll 'll ]d c·. atn on _

w l1 111 i. I l' Jf. K . fr c, 11 1 1l11' ( of • 't. J>c• t nd ltl'g. nlJ i 11 g- ay :-; pi, .; 1:-: . :-;f <tl't ·v1• c·a\· '. 'l'IJ I'it· ft·i} J wil l t;tl'- '' c·i g· hr !Joul' ·.

Th' \\·ill IJ a\ <·l llnc-1, in til l' '' <l\'l·. a 1;d 11 0 d Htht

<·njCJyit i :-; lir11il l' d to onPdar. WI' d <:e i [,,o n till' .· !Jc JJ'I l'<• ll t 1• 1 11 j 11 1, nJil<• :-:) at; L t ll " .:'\lanun th Dollll' i11 <tddirio 11 ('11 r whic ·h pr i\'i lc•rr(' th1• lll tJd<· .· t .' llllt n•qu '::'t< • L

At ·1:OC!]J. patt.\· of fot1 J· :\ Jr I .• 1. T hnntp-

. on, 01 \\ a .· llln rr toll. D. () ' <L .\"011 " P: l' <t lll'llluau

::L11<L 11 if •, of 'I' ·xa :-;, a1tc l tl1c• wri 1,.,. ·t1·c <> lt ] . • ' I lcl lliC'cl by l i..cl di · Hi.·l, op, lll1 • ht·st g·ttid t• nt rh 1 (·a.\·'·, \\' i 11 d o 11 r "'a y down t I 1c• l J ;, 1 11 ro t iJ c, fcH t of t lt " }Jill , a 11d find o ttl' :·l·l\ 1'-l:-l a lli<-' 1•• 1 \. ' ' (' (\ 11tn.L ll (: •. 'J tl'ltl y :t bi o· l)()lt· 1 · -, II I h n·1· 1m d ·p , ·<.·n t·y i, ·t 1ncl( • <I ll l -tifry· (' 1 ( ( l ( l \ l '1 \,V • s tand :wei f!'< lZ t' at t·l, J. · <' ll tl'< lltt· v f . . · () ) d 111 () - lll en t. It 1 · d •t· or :Jtc·d ,,.1t l1 1iowi'I·:-; j 11 }llll ' }l lt· and o·olcl ; l llfJ ,·se:-;. fl' l'll -; an 1l Jl (' h t' Jh; i 11 b t. \"( 'l' \,·}J acl l-; of ur ee n 1'0\' (T t]l<' !' O ld , f.!' l'<J\ · . · • l (J(' ]- ,.:· b ,t iflll J>l' <L)':-:i of climbin g ]ll<111t :-; <1· '1L· <111 o· e ove r t lw ahys .· -lwl ,,., w!Jll u J of t·y })lJtt ,...., ' ' 1 'I' ll II t,.:: ·utd nt<•·o· •d oak::; " ·uanl I'JH' l' l1tJ ·a·llc·< · 1 ' 0 () ,., ' nt . t rllld <·J·o·J·O llll cl }Ja lac t' h eyc •n<1. \. 1. • • -< Jt. 1 ' st r eam of wat I H8 UE fn;m a c· 1·t·y 1 · • - ( (> 1 11 ,. h •

TOcl\: · abov e t l1 ' ·, and c· 11 n 1 , . 1 , • _ < s sp <t. ·Itina· to the l ut tonl. rll(' b 1J ·d i-; an cl ·t· n , lll tH (. I' lq tl]e tr·1Ja s to s ay "f aJ ·c· \\' c•ll , ' "' "' • ;l.S \ Vl' 1' 11 h•r· t.he r eg ions ot en dle. ·.· 11J 2·ht. Dow n llill <'t) \"'-' o·o and at 0J1C'e 11'11(1 tl l tS Ct' J7 • •n :. 0 _ , , _, • · • (' I' Ill] Jl:' I'CL t ll] · , js OT 8fLtly )Oil ( le Cl, l 8<1. (' ] 1[1l g' ilf f\ ' -f() ))l' dl'O' ]· · '"' at. wl 1i\'l - · '-1 ·. ·. · ,...., above ;t; tl O, tp o ul t aJJ· 'Ill I;IH-' , ._ · · tl 1P )-e ·tr ro 1 ' · · remn tn s '· ,'c. llltc h rn ·h es pa st Hs the ('a, ve , whi ch is St rono· eno ugh to ext in gu i F>h tJ1._. ]i £r 1J t ('a 1 1 :) 0 c ',_ 1 (-> (l by each v1 a 1·e to ld the gT t'rt,t. C'n, \ ·"

hr e nthe s o nh;·aJ'C1 for s ix month s Csn nlll'tt.•J· a ncll' eve r ses tlw f'nnent the otllt'l' s lx lYJont.h. (w hl teJ' ). \ Ve come to an imn g[l,tt, w l,i ell h:qJt sec nr ely l oc ked to p1·eyent nt ,d a nim als ftom wa nd el'in g in nnd 1Jef' ()nnn g Jo s t. Ont grtid e opPns th e gatt' ::t nd ,v e pas into '"' · ' IF•J · c a,, 01· · o ·- " J ltR n se. Th e O"J·otmc1. c ave . Th e fir st nlil•<' of tho t-< 1\ • \·

THl:. :'\l h. :\1 .\L

cl o1·. (1 0 ,,·n "·1Ji 1·1t <I "l' o al'h -:111 1-fo ltr" llli,!dtt h· dr in ·n wit l1 t'<l=-'1' T l11· ro of a nd wal l.-: an· or ]int ef' tu 1: •. plninl · rltt• ctt·ri on o f'

;lw

\\' at ' 1' ll' hi l'll ln 11 g; agv::-: ;lp: ,,·u rk l'Cl ntl thi:-: · 11 '("1\"t' <lild all oi!J(')' J ICI:-'::-' <1!!.'1' ::' Ill )( ' . ' ·' . L· il) ., 1111 <1 whidt

<I ll lll ll IH•t· ( l \\'()()( I' ll p .' l • I · ·r-: Jll Ill II Jak\\ ' ('1'1' ll ::"(•tl 1)\' I' \( ' llllll •. · · 1 tJ 1 , ahnndnnt "] H't r • d1rt. llJ <r .·alllll'tl'l' 1'11 111 , , • · till ' <·a n•. I h<' l ral'k:-: nt thv and ha t ·ua1111. ' 11 ,..., ·u · t ·1 .· tJif•\· ll'l ' l'P llt:llll' t' IQ'h t\·

OX 'II :.LIH l (';t l'f:-' .•J • ' ' • · ,-j 11 g· tl 11' varl·h :1hout, <ll ' t' :-:ttl! '(';tl':' <l "'ll Ill !1 10 , -: I , cl r r !'a n, tl o o I'. \' ):-'I h]c • II I 1 ll ' . · _ ltnlf' ;L ndk 111 1\'t' 1 111'11 tn the np:ht . ... \ ho'll. 11 t<' l' :-; <llllll' n t< •r ··tiothit· \,·'nut· ."· ti t tl'< ' :-, go up . .. L,. 1, r:-;< ' fur a 111il l' <l lllllinc1 \'t •J·y in' ·I ·I \\'C I' .\II< L l 1·!1is an'lllll' \\' \' C' Ollll' to t·lll ' · o· II ' ' 1 1 -·Chi!l lil ll' r, ·, 111' ··(iot hil' Ch;1}1 P 1." " in . p r I<l.t \I t . ' f' .(' .J. • • " 1 . 111 , •·I ritlal . ·t· r. ;t g: r oup o JOllr will< 11 . 1 · ·t·JI td itl' }li iL1r :-: . TIJ l' p:uidl' j)(' ' ' g1gctll l] ll"s 1J H\' (' h 'I' ll lllCllTH'tl 11 t' l '\', llH' •('OI c• t!J;II ' 1111 ' 1 1 Jt· i:-; th at t it' tir:-:t· bl'i<.l1' , "'" '- r • ' fr o111 1 , l hl' l' n JUt h l' l' tl 1;1 t ":-:lt e JH·n• r I r oll l l!'Ct I f flit< 1' 1 )- n1<ll1 ou t·.w <H'L' of tilt• l li C.IIT\" ttl, ' '' •• Woll l< 1 • 1 yOlllll-!.' ''1... OJ'll -C J·aek •J· np.1 '' '" t llll t' L', ', • <•;-11 t. ' · . ,,. dI'd ' n s II ow 1 11 !!.' h 'l' t II <'' I uc( . .. ]ll' (li'C'd. <Ill< ,., ,- ·Lntl in Llit·;Ltt>ll 11 0 \\" tl!L'\ " i' ]WI' \'0\ . '

foi l )" o 1 <>l l '; c<JllL'lt<-cs 0f br t>ak nw i.t · ·I 1 1 • < · • b Ill t ;LI Oil tel lll;ll'l'l t 'd "'L llll t..' J' till' ' ' li t•)'(' ,tl

T lw · r,tll l< . _ •n 11e \\' t' h11 tl t ilt· ··Ohl Ann · ., [n tl 11 :S ;1,\ c e·tr tl t. t . .-1 ltJ IO' t' ::: tnln d tt !:'. It w n:-; _ < •• a se a 1n , " () II <1 11 ' 1 · L 1 · 11 Cl \\' 11 o n' t: •c1 1 ll 1 t lil lt e r 1 bY. -'lll tl e ' . . ])(.Lil LI ( .1 'LV I·' 'I'1t l' O' lll t11' tli ll l' tly tl<'(' , -· yh lt. to . . ·l i·ti r-in -r ock a nd Ho t a ro ck- i n-

·t 1s a< ' · ' .

t ll <Lt 1 l ·J<·t' i tt' R a. n c1 sta ln o· nn ks an· co m• , , 1 (l , r !' !1<.! 11'· 1n· t illll' '' tl1ey m ee t and fo rm a

liiOJL gn ic1 t. s ay s nn· " mi g lJt' y•11

• \\ 1 I 0 l ' • • '11 <1 1 , , 'nnw uf t'. JL' lll a;·e ot 111111\ C!l se s1ze,

• :d:n ·jiJ ;-; ..,ti m[tt:<->cl t ha t one lw en 960,000

•• (\ 1]

\· an(] it .P forlnill g.

J't •an; 111 0 t.o t.he ma in rm·u and go in g Rt rll 111 '" '1 ,. ll ..;t;L n< ·e, ow· gmc (j and tell::; ns a sh mt c1t · _.1 " -e e :> lll<' to a sign ''"ltieh s ay s t n n t.J on to pllt. ont o u1 · Jnmp s a.ncl " t , t-J 1en . . fl 1P, c.nt• l' e \\ ·nnlPcl by tlt e sJg ltt cf l oo l· bnclc l . l ' . ' f' ]11tL s t, '" nc t appt-' <t J·::; to st nncl m 11a u t1 u 'l · 1 t-! ,,1 ' i·.1wu t a,ny n :-; 1 1le s nl:llJOJ-t , nn e 1e pa, ..-·a.o·e ' I • to , of 1 ,yhi g nicl e pr o(lll('<'H it ll\-·]ett in g •s Jt g ht s llllH! th rongh an · 1>: ·, ancl hen ce it is s impl y

tlw li o·l11'. 1t i.::: (';dh'd the ·· tatu d Martha. \Y a:-:h i llg·ro ll.". fr HI! <l f-lnri •tl l'L'::' '111 lan<'e. \. hnM. pr due •tl in likL' mnn-

nvr . i :-: ntllt•d (I • rg- ' '\Y;1shin.!2:t n." " -r m,..; ou "·<· <'O lli e r) a gTe at JHll 1be .r · p il -'s )f r ·1>:. O ll t' fr 1111 t'ildt :::tat' Clltll f >r ign c unt1·.\ -. and for :-: vn·rnl ::-:ul' idi t•s in tlt' Cnir L·d at e .:::.

tlt •] w:-: it au· 1Hl big til • Lll thl' :.. ·l·bra :31.;:n pi.l e. "· hil'h llllllll wr::-: ;1 b Hit OllL' hundr 'd th tht•r llll'lll b ' !':-; of thP p;t rt_,. do likl' \\ i;:e for th -' ir l'l'=-'lH't'tin• s tat e :-;. \\ ' • next m e<:t th -' ·· ,-iant ",.: ofli11 ·· a lt1tgv r lC'k f< rty fet't l lll Q.', t' H'nt y ft·l't w id1·. <I ntl n in · f t't t·h i. ·k. It hn::: f-1ll en fr u1 11 tltt• c· •i li np: H n] WP I < k U}) to P i.f an ot h l' r i::; ab out to fall. Tlw u·nide ··n ne ha 1·' c mw clo \\'ll latvly."· I ;l:3sing beh in c1 the l'n lin. \\ ' l' e nlL'l' th • ·Dt·:-:<.'1-t ed Cha mb L•rs."" a :-:t' J·ie, of larg -' nl n'rn ·, not Y l'l'Y illtcl'\.':::<t ing. On tl i ::-:t·a nee \\" t' <'u mt• to a plnc L' a bout fi, -e ltU11clr e<l :·anl:-:; in diam tt>r :::;i. x fea r fnl pit · a,\\ c.tit th e nm\- <II' _Y. l:'m·l: - all of tht' lll ;n · u ll e hntHlr ed f m· m ore in c1 pth One of thL'lll. ca lk <l the '·Bnttomll-:3s Pit," is :-;pann ·tl b: · ti l l' ·Briclgt• of igh :·· \Y e stand

Oil thl' h rid gt• 11·\till' t )J e o· ui d.c• t)u·o\VS a lHnnill"' tn r rll i11 to th L' hhlck '\Yt-> w ntl'h it it "lH ' vd:::: it way tu tl1 e bottom. ligh t ing up Lh' ,,·all::; as it. p:o<:•s, anc1 we g 't nn i<l en. of a hole o nr• lt nncl l' l't1 aH cl :li ,. ' fv et <.1ec•p ancl twe 11 t r-:lh l-' feet in diam e tn. Right oYel· thi pH i :::; .·' S it el b.\··s D(l ntt•,'' s ixt y f t't•t hi o·l 1. and o rn am t:• n te d with Jt:l t.ural s no11-,,-o l·k, l)<Lll\.'l:s n,lltl ill P\ "t' l')r l' O liC' l-' i Va,b le UI:'Si o·n F ar np in tlJ<" claJ knes;::; \H' h em · th e cl i ck, of t. he "·n,te r. as it c nt s nt the so liclr·ock. Th e lH_•xt o h,i cd uf in t<.•J·cst is a 1·ootless s ton t• Jt nt , ,\'i th,IYhich a sa c1 !-'.tory i. s co mwet 1'd . It is of ·1:2 hnts, not a ll sto ne, bn 1lc in J S-+3 fur :tifte t•n wh o thon g llt t·lmt th v cool , dry a ll· of tb t• cn,\1' w onl<1 f'l.n e tltc•m . Th ey h( •J·e the mo nthK, on e died, 1w fon• the r es t rot tl t} g <· t ont tln·po mol·e

A milt- from the mo uth W(• n' to the , '-- Ul1l e · "Sta r C han11wr. ' n <' l'(' tl\(• ('<W e ·wid ens an d forms a m ng n1ti<' (' llt J'()()l\\, a tcmt fmu hhn c1 n· c1 f pe t lon g, se \-<'1\t.\ · f t'et and si st yf<:et hi gh. \ VP Nlt on ::;Ol llL' hPn<·hP:::; "·lt il v our gn i dt•, ta.kin g all 0 111' )allJll N, h•<I\' L'S us to nj oy t he dark

ness, and such darkness as reio·n su pr m in the cave we hav e no d esire to ;emain in lon er . In a short time we l ook up and lo th r w

e . ' '

e Innum e rable s tars and eve n a comet for the g uid e ha thrown his li ght in uch a 'way a to be re fl ec ted by th e tiny cry ·tal of th roof, and can e them to sparkl . as th . tar .

He th en operates so as to produ ce midnicr lt t thunder-cl ouds, and th en we he ar th bl ati ng of sh ee p, the coc k crvw s th e do o· bark and ' 0 ' th e "first g ray streaks of dawn app a r. " A. the gu id e eme r ge with the lio·hts from hi hiding pla ce, it is "S un rise in Cave ."

Thi s be in g the guide 's '·last act," we proceed to sque eze through " Fat Man' · Mi se ry ," a :t>ack-b re akin g, side -c ru s hin g pa a O' ab.out f orty yards lon g, and th en we r es t in "Gr at Re.lief HalL" We vis it Gorin' Dom e, the Mammoth Dom e, and several oth er int er es ting a nd wond rfu l thing ·. We aT told th at w can get out ooner by go ing up th e "Codescr ew ." It b eg in s with st eps , but we soo n find our el ves climbing around among th e rock s, whe re if we l ook back we can not te ll where we came from, and l ooking ahead we cannot te ll wh ere we· ar e go ing, bnt we ju t k ee p climbing for two hundr ed f orty and ge t up a p er pe ndicular distance of one hundr ed fifty f eet, when we l and on a led ge of ro ck thirty f ee t above th e fl oor . We cl amb er down and find that we are in th e main avenue, having trav eled on fiv e differe nt l eve ls or floors in our trip. We mak e our way to the mouth and pass o ut in to the "Bl esse d Sun light" again .

I have d esc ribed but _ a small part ·of th e wonderful th in gs to be found in " Old Mammoth . Th ere ar e two hundr ed tw e nty-thr ee av e nues, one hundr ed fift y m il es of which have been ex pl ore d, f orty-seven domes, three hundred feet high, tw e nty-thr ee I_>It s, one one hundr ed seve nt y -fi ve f ee t d eep, ei ght cataract , three ri ve rs t wo lak es and on e sea . ' Thirty-eight p ecies of livin g animals inhabit th e cav among are blind c rayti . h and fi h. Bat are found in thousands in thP wint r but uone in tb e s umm er .

Vi it th

yo u want mor a,r fh·' hUJI Cll' " l '<L\ '<J, • 111 E lru rr on un Ken tu rl ·y alon . D ep t. A gl ., Di i ·io n of and ffiammalogy l Va -ld?t !]t on

j ·t fo r yom Ill • ·ti(lns. I tl •rt. acti ,· '. r ad.'· iu i! !u ·tratin n nnd f 11 • yollng ·r lr u •sp •eially . f 11 ll or an • ·lute mor titan 11n, author lw · 11 ul u f r l' \' •ry il tiJ HH ·tant ·tat 111 tit. Ob -

s ·n· \1 It tit •r tit ' \' :P>' r • in t'a ts and in c:oH·1 n ion If tit r ·. ar". anY cli r pnneil',.; look np

t lt ' 1 o i 11 t in c1 i , put "' ig It ·a r ·f ully a II tIt l' •vid 11 • 0 thi nk an d gt•t y ou r pupil:-: t1 t ltink anJ tJ111 , b ·o n• c• n1 nr th an a lllt' r' !tt•ar ·r of a pa rr ot f> H)' •·F ll y wan ts a ·ra ·kc r. n nt lt er pt·in ·ipl in th t •ac hing of histo t·y lt tW d to b. ,·t· r b •fo r' 11 ::1, ,·iz. the• ne · ssity of ('I HIHta nt r .,·j w wo rk. But I belie ,· th e nm·•t hod of r t•Yie ws i: •n ti r •l y 1110 11 ttl •

1 8 ·r; ou ly C ITO II ·o u ·. \\ L' go o,· •r the era an · 1 d . d tn kit JO' C\' CI' )'t Il li g Ill CO II I' St' . a nd th t• JI go ·t n 1 • · . tlt c sa t11 e work -: wa itt in th e , ·c rY ·am or e! •r. < ,·e• · n . 1 1 1 ]1 it ·1 ru,·iuw. Thi s method ,·iulnt e · th l' H J) l '" ) rin c ipk o t' ed tt ·at ton tnt e t·c•s t. c an be sn-

1 . 1 nl )' wh en sn m •t lnn g new 1 · co n ta n tl y tnt n<'t o '·

t d to th e c hil d 's nnnd. It •s co llt pa r at t,·cly 1' rc sc•n e ., ; · b ot h e nd s and wh •r tit t a ·h er h as '<l v· oga tll ., . . . . · " t 0 11 a ma ll l!u nu · ·. •t 1s on of th (•

·H·(·L ss , o e' • . ' . '

' 1 t t·l · 0'" inJ !Lo· tn ab le. u pp o · th era IJ) S llll ,.., o · C

t!ll j b f' 1'7 o9 to tho C l' f\. or O lll' t die( e ro nJ

, H u. · • 1 to r)' prepa r ato ry to the st ru gg le on :> r Jt rtr !I S

C' <' 11 1 ·' ' ] 'II uri c tl y d es ri be the me tll od l WI · sl av ery· fo ll ow ed in my n WJl cia sses as an I nc tu a ll y . I I i' 1 ta' y 1ne aiitng. 11 t 1e li' St pa ce ·. 1 tr at tOll u am . -1.! 11 8 ·.11 acl tnini s trat JOII a :,; a wh ol e, le arnud ce up eac ' . . . · ·1 d 1 ' 11 0' eve 1tt s in 1t. dw c lllll g es p ec wll y .. ".: t it e fl, t"'> ' • • JJl g. f . nt iOll d •ve !OJ) ffi(' ll t and prlii C!pl es of :the oJ.lTI•• ' ' . . · . .., 1. -, ]i tica l pa rti es follnwtn g 111 o ntllll e · · p< ' th e . give 11 to th e newly fo rm E'd t !J O tnt, tl1 , 18 fixin g fairl y we ll in mind the titntt o n, ·.. co ns re nt s pf th f\ time. Th e il for a revteW )o adi nl! e\ ch i.t r'a.ct&l r ont lin e of the lif e aml in''' I vc a · · 'II .w, f an ot her of Je ff er so n, st 1 . t1 ne nr.e 0 'f C la y, a nd so on t i11 c n,c h me •n ber of an ot her 0 th e lif e of so me ·lc ad in o· s tatesman

t lt e cla ss }l fLS · ' ·1 · 1 · b , · t ' ' Tli e pnpt 111 t 11 s work sho nl d a uu o to re vi e w. · · 1 1 · f

1ift• ha,.; h ' l'll Ill -i u ld 'd by it " r Inti m::; tn th r natinns. E ::;p eiall y thr new principl in r gar d t\l tht• rc·lat i nn · nf n :1 tio n · f w w hieh ur stat sm •n ontt•nd d. \\'( uld b > d en.•lt p d and fix Ll in miud T iter • <ll'l' t>tlt ' I' important ph n=- < f L llr hi -·tory thnt llll \' • n::; Yet onl y b •en jn 't tn u eh d np o n, sn 1 ht• r • ar • ·ti.ll Yi t al prin ·ipll' ar nnd w hi It t) Htp fa ct::; fo r till :111 nth r reYi ' \\'. Tit' e ·nnomi · \if • nf tltL' p np le i · yet to b' nul' ld d. \Y L' 11 • x t t r n 'l ' tIt . d " I p m •n t of t h i 1 n < f ·1 rtar iff . and n ot· th ·• ·y ::::t Ul'-' )f t axnti )Jl adopted at di ff •r ' It t tim e· and b .'· th litf r L'llt pa r ti ·. Tit • ft>el in ,.; nf thl' JH:'t)pl in r gard t

taxl · to l.Ht nk ·. to the pu blic d "bt. ar c a ll ron h' I upon ·utd in ,· •st ig nt •I a- fa r <1 ' timl' \Y ill p._t·mir. Fi u nlly w · go o,· •r t it ' p •r i) l 11 ·' n1 re w ith th id ea in o nr mi nd )f t ra ei ug th ri s' ami Jm · •l op m 11 t I' t it npp) ·incr pr im:i plcs of fr•e dv m and Ja,·ery f fr labo r aud -l aY

]cad iu g t( e. a ns chan wtE' r st ood nr, show wh at . to pr ove hi s th es is by means of a nud then tr .Y ju g of t. he fa cts of lif e of the ("lr c fnl gr ouP · NJ · 1 . . stnd y. e xt we review th e penoc s •ioc t of ltt S : : . . . . . · · 1 .· r 'L:! latlOJI to f01 01gn aftmr s. D1p o · a e• ntn .,_ · 11 c· d ·e q \the e ac llJ O' pt·inc il)!e OL mte rJna t·y an 0 1J'l n f· t · 1 1· 10 e .re i oped · I u o·n in g ove r t 1f' 11ft tOn :t · aw i:1 , •.. ·· , t:> , snbje ct th i we try ty soc h ow olll' nati,)!l 'o ,. . ... ..

lab o r. " • f limY the tru gg Jc. - in Co ngr ess , ,, , h)\\' l ittl e co n· ie 11 t it •r' \\ a' 0 11 t ltv sn bj • t: we tra e0 th e• di,·e rg n ee of int re't in tit 11 t·th an d so ut h: w •:;: e how fin:..dly alm o-t .,. qn ·ti ou di ·nsse d t urn ed on its s up po s d eth• ·t 0 11 t hi s in s tit utio n: we note tl t E' law · p<vsc d r Ia ·k 1)f laws: the hli -so nri s tru gg l"; in fi nv , all is ·ues, wh e th er e ·ono mi c, po liti al soc ial or moral, ar e mor e or l ess in tc rw oYen with :; laY er y or fr ec do ut co nt e st in g for the ma st ry. 1\ w in e ac h review cnndnct ecl in this wn,y, th e sn bj ·ct pr ese nt s it se lt' in a, n w li gh t, and the in te r es t is l:e pt at th.o boi lin g po int , if I may so spe ak.. In o rd er tt nn dc r sta. u cl f ull y the me th od I am att e mpting to illn s trn,te, n, n othe r thought mu st be kt•p t in mind ; viz ., that at each tim e o, ·er th e su bj ec t we mn st try to got a li tt le d ee per int o th e matt er, a 11 d that we mu st depend eac h ti me more and more up on the o ri g in al so ur ces . A gene ral view is obta in ed, then we b eg in spec ia 1i z iu g. A ftr r we h ave th e ge neral vie w, we are ab le nnd ers tancl th e co nll ect. il) ll when we re ad, fur e xampl e, <> Hamiltn11\; Hepo rt on· ., "Cn, lh o nn 's Repo rt on Int e rnal Improv eme nt s, ., or <>C la y's Sp eec h es oB the P anam a Co ngr ess .·' Thn s, if l ha\'C' m.ad e my i<1 ea clear, yo n see th at th e id e al nt Ptlwd, us it semns to ro e, is to co mbin e wi se ly an d the s tud y of tex ts ·with th e st ud y of do c um e nt s. Th e t ru e st udy of hi story c m111ot be sec ur ed with out the latt er is iu co rp ot -

ated as a part, at l ea t, of tlrc wo rk. Wi t lt o nt it the work will al mo t certa inl y d cv Io1 int o a nt rc comm i tment of so many pa rngra1 hs or pag H, and w ill secu re none of th re sult that we agr ·c 111u t be attained fr om the s tud y f hi. tory. Th e n. of o rigin al d curne nt wi ll aff rd the b st mean t obta in menta l culture · a wi. c u e f t xt. will fum i h inf or mat i on wi th th e l east wa ste of e ll •ru· r -a pr ope r ·pirit in ei tl1 er me tl tou_ or t lt e t wo ·ntnbincd w ill gi ve the o-r atest mo !·al d cvc lopr nc nt

Perhap · a wo rd here iu r ega rd t t l1 o sp irit i11 w hi ch the tudy of hi to ry sh ould be app roach cl may n t be amiss Th e one aim sh ttl d b to g t at the trut h. Pe rh aps a gr eat •r eJtd st i II i t g t the pnpiJ o in l ove witu th e t rn t !J th at Lo wil I u ati fied witl{ nothing el se No w thi s •nd an n ot be r eached iu the o ld mct lt d of tea hin g and studying hi sto ry a method r q nirin g t it · mmi tment of o many page of and dat e.· to memory In thi method t lt t ca <.:l te t· do cs "fi Ot inve tigate, he ga in s no th oug ht , in fact, hu do '· not dea l wi th thoughts at a ll; be l1 a 11 0 i cl a of principle , no proper co n ce pti on f l1i s to ry. H do es not see that la w pr ev a il · in the hi tory of men a we ll as in the !Ji sto ry f tu in g He ) not appreciate that the re is a cont i11ni ty in hi sto r y, that the pr ese nt is on ly th e s ummin g up of a ll tlw fo eces tlJUt have been at work in th e pa t. Or if he docs understa nd th e, e t l1i ng , lt e ge t !ti s knowl edge not be cau c of _, but in spi te of, hi · teach i ng . A tudent tau g ht in th e >ld way ha s not been led t0 see that s imi l ar ca u ses undQr s imilar ci r cumstances wi ll produce s imilar r es ults. Jf the facts arc proper ly pr esen te d, what b oy or g irl of twe l ve or fiftee n yea r of ao-e eve n, w il l uot be intensely int er es ted in th e di sco very that the princ ipl es or idea in Mag na C harta are not : imi1ar to tho e in ou r Dcdaration of lnd e pend c 11 ce, an ri in the conte t that led to it , wi1l n ot hi s c1 eli Itt be int en ifi ed when he is Jed to see that in the wa r of the Rebe lli o n, th e Emanc ip at io n, a 11 d the 13th, 1-±th and l:"tb Amendmen ts are 01 ll y further deH•1opments of the sa me

Thi s i.ll u tration i crn1y one in a tholl s and that may be u ed to prove thetruth of thcco1Jtinuity of hi s tor y, and the r e1ati<J n of ca u ·o an d •ffect .

But it may be a ktd, if we are on ly to to uch hc·t·e and there, in order that we may hav e time to go dec·per into ome things , (1) on wLat peri od

f \ . I · tc 1 n· ,.;]tCIIIId ,,... lay ..:t n·,.;,.;' \ 11d

·l.lll CI"I (;;tll II:-< · · · · · I I ( t f:u·t,.; :-;ltould wv cl\\" <·11' 11 v. tat · as .· ' · an .' \V 'r tc> the Jir::.t ]H'int, :'av

I 1.t nl' vour tir rH· to 1 Itt• )Jl'l"l.t gt v • t 1 • greatt•r s i11 ·. 1--, T()<' trliWit '"' 1 n·,.;,.; l,y fa1· h, ( / II

I tl •t"'l of .JiHC"II\"1•1"\· 0111.( t'XJllt t·· ] It t lll W ' · rl'latin.: ly .,.<: 11 f <!C J 11111 c-1 1 <•It lit< ' <·oloni·t

p , r i (J d TIt e c.o II:-. t i Lui i (Itt <I I v Ji c'' ·It i,..: I, y a II nit':ll\ I · t tHt illiVI"l",.:Jirt"· I ·t ft•t't t 1 • m ost llli]J(Jr tau , ttl' · r- · t1t1:-. 11 _ f ttl an I I ·ast llltclen;toCid rII a II S\\'V r t () I lt L· '"' t'

O llcl (jll C ·tioll . ( :tiJltUt ], (' J()CI t·llr]dtati . ill :t,.;,.;l'l't -

ill g that the ar ts of pv:t<T an· 11 f f.u· gr·<·ah.Jn CJrno1it tlta 11 titu s< ' of war. \\ ' ar,.; al t ltv h nmk ' Jlll y th e turllin:; poiu ts _: uuly I Itt• lll!>lltt•tl wlt c 11 tlt ·a c·lltrtnlat iug lt <: w td <' a s. swvPp ont <• cx i. tu nc • tlw ()]d 11 r wlt t• Jt tilt' Il l" \\" an.· <:nt,.;lt ·d I])1'0\' rtilin r C"OJI Hl!l"\"clt i\· • rL·(; ·i,. · at tc• ntioJI nnl Y as idva s. \\' Hrs th tlll II<'<• tlto r t•su lt s uf pt·t·t·Pdiu <.;a u ;;es aud tit ·n in t.Hr ll ns ·at t:-:cK of Htt "<·t'P<lil • 1'] 1 t 1 ( r· ]) nttle · tit· tn r,Yerr t 111 ' UX(•Jt t." 10 ( e at S I H 0 · 1 t ],e at t lt e c: ri s i.- <>1" t It t· :tn ni s, xcC'p t It lttt g 1 \Vrtt· .. i gt t(J r •d. Tit. . · 1lta )' Le l H:a rl r or q llt t< t "'"<·ta) · · I ul i rt c.: a I It t · of t ]H , (J<.;Ol!O ilti <.; r el i cr iott H an< ]> Pt '()pl ' I in te t· o,:;t llr g; 1 oH'c·r · :nc lt im p<)J"tant a ll< '· nntl.'rial I tnd nt t<"l' that tl , n.tttl in ·nch vo iLlllliiHJII S <l 11 1 , . t dwu ll o11 tk' <f t·t 1 li tt le 11 ee d mH1 I 'ss ttu tc 0 at s n, • · I\' •nt toll t; { Itt• 1 b att !•·. Th ua dvan c •o 11 · <"t tar p >·, ··. 0 [th a POJ ] c, ..._ catts ed tltc rcby 111 th o lr fc . . ' t lt c> ]t tt fO 01 Il l llt •t • of ucw proc c ssc:s 111 aoT Jt.: 11 . ' l tu fnct ll 1• · 111 ur i11 tran s1 o rt nt J< n; the c Wag l'- r at l .f f th e p eo ple· t lt ,_ I a nd iu th o home- 1 e 0 ' <; HtJ·a<.;tt 1 · 1 · t th e nm s :-; of of t lt e hou ,u- tun ns llll g 0 th' JW o...._ lJlc· a ll t be::;e fa cts rna y be d wu lt n po ll , a nd ' . " s tnd y <>t .· · ter es tin o- and Ji fJ)JO rt aJJ t. · l il t! C·tu 'P JTJ o < "!1 OI)C ::; " and ctl'ec ts of th ose ch ang es WL. 11 tt p n t-r-n ti e ld fo r t!J e fonnclat i on or [L ll t ·i t·i%(')) : hip. Above a ll , pe rh aps, r _Ltc of R" \· ernrn en t, a Jt cl t lt c r is e aud fa ll _ of p:u·t H· s, \V it the ir cau ses, ma y b :; pm·sucd wtth tit ·,n ust Pl· ,fit.

But I mu st cl ose . Th o fie ld is t oo vat:it t 1 , l . l . •t n d t It or t• . I tl 1au tou c 1 a str ay po1nt wr o ' ' 11 1 t< l I a,·£' <' 11 1 tw e nty min ntc s a] Jutt- ed · 1' ' < <'a \" 11 <l to t>O m plan" tlt nt trt< 1Y b 11!..'l p' : t II th e n ee d 0 -e JeaHt by en mg mt e llt1 ou to , L al be in g on the ale rt fo1· n ew id eas 'I h e.'. 11 b 1 :1J'P Jic tl tton s WJ c more eas 1 .)' c advan ce d el ass s, bnt I f c:) l ,· nr o c ip l es ar c rig ht and tl u:t t. :-;·on c:c u 1 d tt 1 . cco r dn wor"' towar le m, an( 1n a 'D ·

Th' applic ·ntiu 11 <•f any principle• tlltl,t alwa\·:- hv lt>t't to tho:t• w] 111 undl'r:-t:uul tltl· ciiTtlltt,ta t<-v :in wlticlt lltt·y an· plac·c·•l.

One lll <•r <• rat ioll . a11ti I :1111 dci!H· . T itv <•l d tt H.! Ilto 1·itn pl an nn •11· tJt1\t <11"(.: at Ill I Sill i,.;f:H"tnr_v 01" Ill " "lilt ' c·a,t•,... ac·tllal],· ],ad or ]udierott . onl' ·. .\ fl•w y, ar:- a;.!11 in tlti . ·c c, 1111 trv a ]1 . ly :tppli <· lilt fur a t·,•rtifi <.:a tt• to il'<H ."lt :LIIS\\·c·r vd tlt v :Ill nc·c·t1 tllll of tit(• ('\"<•ttl,. t1f I it<· I l' \·olutiolt:II"Y \ Va r,., a,.; ( ·,1 l"IIW:tl li,.: Hn rre nrll'n·d li \\"OI"rl to ."tclltl'\\",111 .1:H·k:-: 1111 • and P f. I ' l'l ' HC·t• wa:-: 11111 dt· at , t.t tll a , .,, , 1 y, IH'1 11 ...: 11·t l hattlt• at < i11 17J; :; ·· on· t(' II ' 'fl. l ],· t'''ilkllth· IH.·c·:ttn t• tlll · t l' :t<"IH•r (If till' ]) 11 y liS ;lC • • I 11 11]il'd a t"Oll]lll' of n·ar:-: ,"or adn1i :-'i 1111 \\" I I l ,1 to tit <' !"nin•ri'\ity :tttd 111 t 11 tltv '4tio·1 •·(; i, ·(• :111 :tc·c·ottlll" 11f tltl' t•:t rl .Y :-: vt ll< '- <luc•. llt :·nls in .\llll'rtc·:t . and 1<•1 1 \ylt:tt nt:tdl' tlt '' lll , t] J(' fo \],1\ri ng : ··Ti tt • fir:-:t· t< l't lh-ttH' Ilt 111 ;tdt· in , · ortlt At ll l'r i c·a wa :-: l tt;tck l>y

1 1 t ft w a:-: llt<tde i tt l +t lt <: l 'lttur y. \ bn \. ,t )II •· I F ly n 1r, 11 tlt ll11 c: ks tll :tdt• :111 l' :lrly ;o; L• ttlvnH'Ilt , >f[" t tl 'I f I l\t l' of 1 lrst· SL'tt L' lll l'llt w as

l l () 11 0 f ::; ]n 11 cl. The l >ut ·h werv IIC'XI" fll llt:l < l' Oil • ' I nu cn t . c ttl ' ttl •n r· wlt cre :\ •w y ork trl :l \e a j) (! 111

11ow stands ."

To th t• q tt !' "l.tPI '

• 1 ·' J)i:-: cu s::; tlr C' pnliti ca l Jl rin -

. . f fJ· ! til ton and .lc•H l't" so tt, ·· til l• fo llowing ("tpk:"l (I ,{1 ' • •

·wc r w rv t·e tut·n t• d: •·T it (• l <•ad tn g d di'e n• n ec•::; : 1 ]'t i c;S U Ct WO '11 lla11 1iJ to)l ,T. i) ;l\·i" \Vl'I' O l llp ot , t II unil t·on b l on o·L·tl tu t·lt e Soutltt•rn p:nt·y t It :L • "' •.

I . H s idin0· wt t.h tlt o S otttlt. .1<'1-H• rson \\·a;; ttl w, L , c . " I )IJ]JOti Cd to tlt t. . ' .A o·.tin '·<.'o nt p;u·c• tl 1u 1 ·tte r y c "" ' Jt . ,.. 11 t ot V ir g ini ;t nn<1 1\fa .·s:te lllt ::> C' tti-l .• , \ tt1-\c ttl c rn ••T it c ol' Vt t·o·in ia w ns nuu 1e by · · wc r: E I l I l . tt-l f Now 'ng Hil l or ::; w 10 1nad e t tCII" s: ' ca IH1 ltd 0 'Tl 1) · 1 f;1Jn e sto wn. 1u m·t ta nR m ad e :t sc tt <.•In Itt :L t ' ) • · 1\ln ss a ·]Jtl sc tts at l lym o nth. W<' ro mc nt Ill "O Ct nm1 w t• rc th iYen frolll th e ir a rcli g iotl fi :; ' . .

J, ot g1v e a few TH oro s allt ]Jl es of <.:o nn try. '

I · f (' 1" 3 tn c mory t c• acl ti1t <'r ''DaP icl \ Vebt· t!S ll t·s 0. Ill .• o tl edttn r oc a a gt·cn t. illtn ort n ut book fltcr was .1 0 ' t II 1 '"l 1 to1·'s cl t c: f·tnna rv un ab rid o-,. 1] Jl e was Ca Of VI 0 )S ·' ;:--, v • or, tM nnd writP I". ., "A . Hami lt on was a De tn oc r nt. '' '' Dt l'p ll Cll A. D ou g bs vvn s n. co lor ed orator wl to did much fo r hi s pe op l e." Fi l tall y, ••Th e c an so <?I the ciYj ] war wa s tho fi she ri es on tbe of No w Fo nn cl l anJ and t l1 c• to r-

rit 11 r.' · clainwd by bntll 111" tlw ,,·ar ::O:.lll"i t an' tht• I"L'::'lllt::-: 1 f till • ki 11 d ,,r k:tchiu!.!.·. ul' rh otht•r I ·r Dr. \. I) II I Ill I :-: I i II ru ... II u :' : E, r·IT\\"h<·n· th • llllThanit·a1. mind killing t<·:--t - J, 1H;k iH:-:Inl< ti< 11 ul" till' old :-:tyl<· i::-: ::-:upplallt , •d 1 ,. a 11<'\\' tll l '\lwd tit" fl';tt·hin_!.!· "· ith tlw pul;-;t• <II" lit"<· i11 it : and tltt• traillill!.!." l"nr :ti Hlllll'tlwdi!'allll·ip:itt;tl ,, <,rk lw,.: t"nllt<' tu \w <"Uil:'idt•rt •d a:-: uiH' tlH· prillt·ipal ta;-;k;-; Hut thl' l"<lllt or 11\1\Titil ·;tl :-:t·l 1"- !.!.·luri li!';tt i<l\1:-' wh id1 i:-: :-:ti II fn·q ltl'lll I lt1• l1;t Ill: of till' :-:t lliiJl. i;:; :-:i it'll('t'd iII I lt1• lllli \ "l.' l':-:ity h·1·tun ·- ltall:-: Till' trllllllH'f tlotll·i :-:lt t •:-: of :-: ltut·t- · ;-;i n·lt! t'tl a11d II:IIT<I\\" - IIlitllit-d nariu11al .\";t\ll t ,. \t;t \"t' lwtt t > Ilia k1' pl;H'l' for tIt · <lt'l'pto\lt '<i. lll'<trt a11d bm iu -:-:l irri nQ· riug ripP lll:tll h<HH I":-: l'<ll"lll'SI p:tt r itl(l:::'lll. );ut h .\ · pn.t\·:-: :-:itlll,.:. hut b _, - holl l ':-: t ,,.\I rk " ·,·11-dt>IH' t1u tltt· hi:-:tPri<';tl <h•p; l rtiiH ' Ilt=-' 11' all th' l t>a li11p: unin·r:-:it i1•:-: pf tltl ' prul'iaittl. ''rbi 1'l orlJi tlw _,. 1·11< w an l httt un<•la "·· ,.;uh.i l •t· ti ng t<) it a l.>."' <>llltl'l.'-· with<IILr any 1"< wha tl' \ .t'r : ·Tn1th. LLIIh t.• tJdin g Tru th .· \\-l t:tr tl ul' :-: t·ha h•:-::-: t ha t thl' H ·pu b liC' i:::; :-;a ft:' . no \\ · nnd in fu tun• . tl t nt· tu yo1 1 ;1 11 a:-:,.;t•r1 th i nk l <'a.n }ll" <)\. <' h_,- a ft' \\ :-;irupl e tl 1n t it i,.; httt a plain, i n<" u ll tl• :-: t ibll· tnt t it.

T lt v ,· ita] pri n l'ip 1P uf a <lt' lH <HTatit· n'}llib1il' is pnhlil · opiu io n. n,.; ;\ publil' opinion is itt a lw;tlt hy con<litiun l1(lthin g i;-; tn lH' f< ·an·t l. 1. "ot t l1a t t' \.l.' l \ ·thi.ng- i ::; n;-; lllll' ::,; ]wlll <l \d ;:,;h i t. t·o lw, ()J" t' \ "l'll <!,;:> it llti n·il t 1H• Ul" ;-. ou p; h t to 1w. Th at i:-; i.mp us:-; ible in any poli tJ(' ;J\ alltl !:iO ("i;ll P.tnil'tu re. 'l'ht.• lnn1u1n lllintl van lh·vi::w, s impl: · hl'C:I.lt :::e in t.'\ ·er _, - oJw tltu an· l11< 'll w it. h tl tl•ir co n tlit"t. i ng i.n tL n·::::ts, passions and i1tt e1ler tn;1l <UHl m on tl s hort -< ·<>lllings. ·\Ylt en I ::;ait.l, nothi11p: i. ;:, to lH• f 1 ·arl'd, I me an t that th t'l"(' mu st be Yi t a,Jit :in th l' co mni onwealth, soo ner \ll" lateJ ·, ftftt' l" mon:\ Ol' l ess nnc1 l):t1 ll tn l to · o\· er cn mp a ll l t:-; ll<lhtl(' il l <lll<l :::: oc i.:-tl ajlm c nt" t;O f<t l" t. hn,t th <c\ ulti. lHatt.:• l"t• s nl t; ,,-ill 11 Iway :::; he n. C'ont inn ons l)J ·ugn•ss l.n the arduons rna1·dt of civ ili z;1t i on. That is n ll ma nkind ean

achi eve, and, th re for e, i all we hav a ri o- Lt to expect a nd demand from any p opl

Th di play of nergetic activi ty in th fi Jd of hi tor i cal re earch, all aglow with tltl: . h l) en thu ia m for truth, i ·, h ow vE .r, ab incompatible wi th an unh althy c ndi ti n f public op ini o n. 'rh e hi ·tory of a ll th 1 a <1ing Europ an n ation abound w ith .'trikin(l· illu s trati on of this hig hly ·u o-o- ·tiv c fa t. And, if the a . rtion hold goo d with nwarcl to monarchie. and ari ·tocracie,., i :;; it n ot ·elfev il nt that it mu t <lo so in an infinH "l Y. hi gh r d gr with 1· o·ard to a dt ·m onati · J·epnbli c? "

FEUDALI. M,-A MONOGRAPH.

RY HO\VATW TT. ;fONER , CL ARR OF 'OH

V. - Th e Church in Fe1tclal IIi. toT?J.

THRO UGH the ce nturi e · which h ad el ap ed in ce th e adv e·nt of C hri s t, while t lw Roman Empir e was c rumblin g be fo J· e the advanc e of the ho st. of th e Barba1·ians, a nd new natio n were int o life, n ew peopl e· in to pow e r, th e influ ence of th e c hur ch in te mporal affair be ga n to be re cog niz ed by th e monar ch of th e wo rld.

Thi · wa s not a steady gr awth ye ar hy yea r, but on e w hich , though the doctJ"ines and teac hings of the primitive church were gre atly pe rverted hy it s a lm ost in cessa nt , str u gg le again ·t the oppos iti on of mo narc:hs and nobles of th 8 sta te, as we ll as with the fana tici sm and jea lou sy of rival pontiffs, ret ain ed t hat po>v er ov er the mind s of men wbieh e nabl ed it to be come an important. faC"t or, in fact th e rulin g f actor, in mec1icevaJ hi s tor y.

It was not, h oweve r, through the intri gu eR and , trataa- e ms of the pow e rful Bi sh ops of Rom e tU.a.t this power was obtain e d. Th e l ow e 1· stratum of so ci e ty, so frequently ig nor ed 1)y tL e ruling -pow er of a nati on, as we ll as by th e hi s torian wlt o <'ln·onides o nl y the achievA· . of thofl e jn. t1) e 'higher walks of life, t hP ge rm s of tr uth which ·weTe s ratt(>t t> d hy th e monk who ca me a mon g them a. n<1 re. J..> Ond e cl to th e (·all.

Tlli::; wot tl cl Jl()t ll l' ("l' s sa ril y lt ;L\"t• tna tc· riaii.\aff ct c1 t it ' p()liti<"al in st ituti ons f t la · 'Oll11tl' lta d not lll Ollk :-:, I l u•111 'l ]\·alln o;.; t a .' i o· tt orant a :-: tlto s1· wltott 1 It ·y \\' I" ·tridng t 1 rin g t·o rlt<· t rttl· li .!..dtt . in orl ·r tc obt::L i.n O\' (' J" tl11· lllittcl s atlll Ji,·-':-< • the p t' CJ]> l <· , intr<J pri tl('i]dt> s of' tl'tllP >ra l go ,·"rmn •n w lti <·lt ]tl;tt•t•d tlt 1• n ol l1, :1 1\t va. .·;.;a] in antag11ni sti 1· tion :-: 1·0 t·:ll'lt ot lt l-'1 '.

Thi · nt <•a .· ttr l' was adolJtt•d l>y tht• to lD ' 't t Ji l' n qt t j 1'\ ' Ill P II t ;-; () (' t,lw (·()Ill 11 I l H pe op l <' wltosl' lin ·s lta<l bt·t> tt hy : s npc J·:;titiotts dt ·<'a d of ;.; 0 1111 . s tq ll' rn at llr al pow er wlt i<"lt gon• rtl t> d <tl I t·h i 1ws- tt •tttl> OI'ct L l n an c w l1 o lt •tnan clt• d a rl'li o·i0 11 \\'lti 1·1t s ltonl d n :-JO lTI P 111a11n -' r rvl i t'\'l ' tlt t> ttt frotll t lt v oppn''f-i ron nfth e n oh ili ty.

In aw:; wPr t t lti f.i l'all tlt(' <"lttttTll <·staltli ·hl··cl s chool s in t lw a1)1 t')'f.i for till' pt U'} HJSl' t f P<ltwa ti ng t lt e l)l op lP. Frotll t:1 1 •f'l' reP:". tltt-> tPa(' lt in gs wl1ieh atta uwcl in t; ltt· nti11 cl:-; of t;lH· )H' upl •. C'hn,nging t.lt •i1 · ;.; ol"ial t·Plati o ns fro111 o t• abj e (·t fe ar of t ltP rPig nin g ·, tn t.lto:-:t • o almo st ;.; up ·t·stitious nnd o1 Pd i t• 1t l'l' t11 th e IH ad of th l' dtllr('h.

'l'lt<' no bl es stil l l'Ptain l:' Ll pnw et· o\.-l'l' tht " liv ·R pr ope1·ty of the vaf-i a ls , hn th e fe ar of tiP swo rd coulcl ltaq• no ::> II c·h tenor s f< r tlt em a::; th _. fe ar uf 011(-' who '"'n, s npp os ed to C'Ollt1 ·ol the into th " sp iritual wm·ld.

Th e ·we ·tern ·lturC'lt \\'a::-, ·o fax as tht-.. of the people W<:•n-' prn.cticaJl y a unit. It wa s n ot tlw person of the P ope which gn. ve hirn pow e 1·, hnt hi s positioh as sn ccesso1· to S t. PeteL tJwng-1• je alou sy and s tl'ift-l ma y h:n e ltt··ld s way n r: Rom e., tlH-l oc·cnpant of papal e]l i:dr at a1 1:,particnlar time moY ec1 the m asRPS of th e at hi s will. · Thll S t.lte Popl' wa. s fl·t thP ]tt>n.rl of a po v.: e l'f'Hl organization ..

Th e c hnr ch was not t.ltt.:> onJ)' opponent ot' the rul e of the nobility. 'l'h e statt" waR divided arnong a ntnnb er of ambitions bru ·o ns with widely diverging int eres t s, <:>aeh n.ttt•mptin g to ga in the s upr e ma cy.

'rh e pow<"'r of the monm·rh l it.tl e s np<'ri or to that of hi s barons. It wn.s Jl t' (' l:'SStLrY

T IE :\ h. \l.\L

1H h·fo r, in 1rcl ·r to t· ontn 1 tlw h ar 11:-: . ,, Jw .,,. •t·1• i t J_, \'i ng l hl'tll·t• l,· 1 f' 11 . 11 t l,· ,,·ith I It t' ntn nar ('h .. ro a :-: i ntl u<· •Llm • t tarr _,-. Th t• t.:' Xl' "l'i ne s of as t> d'1'\'l' ]'l' l't) l' I ;11\ L' lltph:1 Sl:3. · v:-;, an t n·q

n•.·o t· t to :-;t r:.l tt•g·,·· 'l' J 1 1 1· · 1 ·1 tll" bal:u H'' of l HJ \\'\'1' 1 , I(' t' I li lT I I I' ( " tl l(, I . I' t it ('hur c·lt l;;:tn !.! :-: n• tg' llt ' d. autw rttr o : · · ,1 · ·It fr >111 ttllll' tn ttll ll ' do na tv d l1 l' l't' ll t Jl l()ll(\ I ( :-. 1 1 1 11 a to tltt• t·lttttTh 111 t·l't nrn f ur .u g ' tr :td:-: o ,L . l'l •ir s llpp ort 'l · 1 '' 1 11 .,ti n :-; tltt • l'ltun ·h ntl vt l. tht• \' (' 1' thl':-i (. () P . 1 ., as all> .. t' artlth · l> >t t•nt at t• O }l P o·o\T l'll Ll •

I . r l>lt' :-i 111 tl tt•tr <'<1:-· l lt •:-: ntlt d a::: ,,. ni t· t lt c 11 f 1 . 0 11 1r O\\' lltnp: :-: t nct allt ·g·talll't ' to Vll <ln l lor< :-i, • • r1]I t•)' lt ;\ d ll () t. h {)\ (' \. (' I', ;\ 1) 1) llf tl' tltP Pop l' · 1 . •r tltl' 1woplt• a:-: h:ttl th l' h;t ru n:-: COll t l' ll () \l l·l , 1' \t lti'Clt Jnf't •rfnt •d. 'l'h t' }lt ' >p\l • kttl 1w inr e 11 • · • 1 t 11 , lH '< trtn g lwforP <t tn hlllt<t I ot tlt t• ' I, 1'1 o I ' '- n. 1 cl 111 jcl' \tt·. ,.,·,•tt :tpp t•a l to tht• Popt'. t•\t t tl'<' I ;\ 11 n - 1 11 1c tl t :-; of' jlt :-:t ll't' \\'t'l 't' gn•:t t I, tli:-: -

'J'Itl' S<' P l' ' ' . ' l l 1)\- tlw 1>ttt· tlt t• n·stnl't tons

J'( '"'Cl l'l l' l " 1 •li t"i a l. ' l'lwy l t·tl to th l' <1L'Yl' l np 111 l' 11 t \\'L' I'l ' )t' 11 l . _ -l r <k r in t·lt t' ll L'Xt }>l'l'lO 1 <lll t1 1n· 'of \a,,· all< o f' · 1 , for t lw C'O IIll n g· o th t• H\'fonna}H1J'l ' t1 I It \\ cl ,\ ti (l]l. -

' .- ]'l :>Ji\fgN'J' IN MOH. \J.J TH UN C+. AN E:\ P '-' '' ·

r Dl • Y. LEE 1{'\' •. -

. . 1 · from th e i\ 1ay nu mb er of th e [" \I OW IOg a rtiC C IS [rh c. s JtCI ' Jl•f r> llt ld l' for tSl) l. !Jr. l\ l ar y v. Lee , of th e l .J pul ar · "'· · : · · · 1 · ,. ·11 t of Phys1cal 1 nun 1n g 1n t 1c tat e >' 01mal Sch oo l at vcpartrn en y wh o is a mos t criti cal obse n·er in choo l Elhi cs 0 •e •' N , 5 -' "' ' , 1 n•n: ment, g1ves the fo\l owmg as a model IC?s on S h 1 I'· an...., and_.. c. 00 vVe arc glad of thi s opp ortunity to call att enti on to in Eth i CS · , hn of work, beca use it is a solution for on e Norton s p • Prof. . diffi cult probkms wh1 ch educat ors have to co ns1der. of th e 11105 t time it comes to us with th most mark ed sign ili- 5ent - · A.t th :: pre · E d.] ca nce. · d f } O l rJ_)E ,va1t111 g a COlT! . or 0 · 1e s-

J<:, ·ith•nih · tlt }lll )l il,.; >Yen• fo r th • tim unl' tl n sl'i t tts t:h:t t th l' g t'nfl 'lltnn lwf r" th 111 w a.,; wi th a utho rit,\ ·: L' \·it1e n t1 :• i.t ' "a s hi::; puq >O :'l ' tu :::hl '" n) ;luth r lt .\'. but to t <.tlk with tht• c ltil 11n·11 a ;:: \war t t) hPnrt 1::: tnan t man. 1- rt'l'th>n t. t'<11'H t' "tn l' :-::-: n1111 ::: inc -' ri ·hara t'tt'l'i zt •tl th L' int ·rdl'\\': in f:l ·t. tlt l' Sl)hi t f th e r oo m c >nst<l 11 t]_,- ""C omt, 1 't n,.; r -'a -

:-:on tl ..

1 l' ]\l \\ l a fn· · l'l')ll't t1n ct iun nf that

\\'hi<"lt l :-:a \\· nn tl1t Pnn1:

Tea hl' l' ::--; l·n· ral \ \'l't: I h·ft a ) tt t•s -

t ion for Yo tt tt ) think ab nt. \\ ha t \Y a:::

t l':at"lt pt ;p il his hnm1 th u;h tf nl1 _, . and t il L· tL' adwr inli nt •d wh o mi g ht 1' ":3 1 mtl. \

P up il. f n·· ,,-en'

willing t·u lwn· th ose pnpil::; wh o hinclt'l'

t \w \\'ll rk of thL' c] ; s :-:; n•mon' c1 f rcnn i t.

1'Nt her. Y e:3 i I. ow m:t n - han:> ( E<tch. of tht• ll l1t t'tL•e n )ntpil ::: nti s d tlte hand Ho\\' ]mn YO il de l'i h• l, l-Ie nrY ?

• v

He nry I nm "·illi.n g.

T eac he r. Hnw m<my a.rc willin g? lHlt t.\w };u·ge:::;t. lnd sig ni til•c1 the ir willin gn <-'s ::>. \\ hy a.r-• .-ou n ot; willin g John?

.John. 1t1o Hot tlti.uk t \w boy s lmd a fair l' h <L llt'c. (I tlwn 1w ca.m_e n,\\' <1.l't' th at t\\·o boy s l1t:lo ng in g tu th e cla. ss w ert' a.l)s e nt. Dnrin g th of t1 c les on the s l:' lH.>ys, "·h on t \\' t: will call Fnt nk c.wc1 \\Ta.1·d, wen" fn.:'qnen tly n·fcn L·d to l)y na.nH' .)

W I o·o :N o rmal S t'l too l htnldino· forty or ,,· co · '=' ' ' '\,nc11asses from th e rn·actiee sc h oo l Ji.fty h.c1 S ' 1 l c • 1 qnaCL rnp e co umn }1a.st m e. Th ey mareh ed 11 l'f' ob '' "' l.,..... t . · f 1 e, "' " ' <Ln , nnae co n1pan1 eCt wPr e full 0 · 1· bnt at.t t•nc mo· t() th e dnty of th e l.>vt e ar hel, 1 1

• (l,l1 ore er y mann e r. Th e compan y m om e nt 111 ' 1

t < lVl SlOn pn. ·sino· t.o it s ow n Hl'l":u·a oct, • a Af' .)' c\, hnef Int erval I fol1ow e c1 the room. · te ' 1)ancl 111 atJ. e 1LP of boys a nd girls from fomte en

Tenche r. \Vh a.t do yo n me an? Yon kn ow t hat I h a. ,·e s po ken to them 1·ept•a.t ed l y. Th eY kn ow th ey hindu th e prog1·es s of the da. ss by the ir conduct;. How h<we they n ot h n.d a chan ce ?

J ohn . I don't be li cYe any of 'Us lta.Y e talk ed with Frank and \ Va.rcl.

Teach e r. Ho\\' many haYe s pok(•n. to tht n> about th e ir eonduct?. (Not one ·hand ra.i s d.)

How man y h av e don e a nyth1n g to si o·n if)' disap J?l' O\·al of i t? (O nt> of ·th e oldE.r g·irl s, w ith se ri ous a.nd e n•n a nxiou s <:\:S:}-!l'E' ssi on, rnh:;ed her hancl .) \Vlu t, t ll<W e yo n to a}, Mary? to y-e ar s of age. I fonnd th em c.o nver. in n· the ir principal 1n Bneh ma nn er

JJfar y. I h ave not spok en to the boys, bu /

the othe r day when v"V ard w a. d in a· "\VJ' n o· I sho ok my fin g r at him lik thi ·.

F anny I ha v not s poken, 1 u t I ha\' _, s hak en my h ad at Pr a nk.

T eac keT. T wo out of nin et 11 ] 1 a,· _. ex pr ss d di ·ar pr ov al of o ndu ·t wlli 1t inteiTupt th e wo rk of o ur ·la · ·. I am o·la<l t wo h av t ri ed to he lp by th e wa min o· han 1 and th warn.in iY h ad. It i .· a 1u .· ti 11 f t h. re n10 v al of Frank and \¥anl from t hi ·l as.· wh re th ey hind r, t a r om· wb r th 'Y mn,; l earn to b h8lp r s-may l arn by m 1· .·ever me a ·ur th an we u · here to co ntrol th emsel ve On ly on e in thi l a. s ha b'-' (m se nt to that r oo m; he m ay t •11 tt. · if b "i 11 o· in it h l pe d him. (T IL " la d 1· -'fened to ro ·e a nd ·tat d fl-ankl y tha t h lw.d bee n he lp ed by be ing in ther om name d. )

T eac h eT . For who e go od wo ull J:1'm11k a nd Ward be put in th at r oo m?

P upi ls. r:rh ir and o ur·.

Y es . Th en wh y not. vote t pl ace them

Joltn I t hink th e c la ss O[to"ht to tr y to pe t'sua <le th em to do be tt er be for e th ey ar e se nt away

1'eac h eT . o do I. I ·aw a po li(' eman stq) up to a di s ord rl y man on th . ·tr et.t, put hi s ha nd on hi s sho uld e r, and qu i etly say : "You be tt er go on , be tt 1· go h om ; if I find yo n do ing thi s ag ain I hall have to gather yo u in. '' Th e po lict>man wa s gi dn g fri e ndly warnin g to th e man. How m an y of yo n ar e willing to warn Frank a nd

Wa rd·? H ow many are w illi ng to talk to th em abo ut th e ir wron g -doing? (A ll hand s but Jo hn 's rai se d.)

T eac h er How is tl1i s, You ar e not w illin g to l1 ave th e b oys tak en from th e cb s s, an d yo u are not willin g to ta lk to th e m.

John. You Ree, N or t on , I am j nst as bad as tb y ar e, and I co uldn 't spe ak to th e m.

(Said w ith 111\•c h blu s hin g a nd g l' e at op e nn ess .)

T eacker . Iu my sc h oo J in---- were two boys . N ° I nm t not say my sc hool , I· 1nn t f:lay QlbT ·ch oo l f or th ere we bacl g ot on so fu.r that th · pupil u se d to say O'll.r ,·eb.ool. \Ve ll , in o ur school in were tw·.o boy , N e el a nd Ton1. Aft er

·1 ],acl hl·,·n 1 11 t lH · :l y •ar

an 1 )J: L< l gr own to ht· ;t n·l i; Jl>l l· ht 1 and tr n•a t IH•Ip to ll S all. t l1 1' sd t > ,}

1 a rd in \"o ll'd t·,, t <tk l' To ll! !'r om th • : ·h 1 h llt Lc l l w<'ll atl<' llclill ". a11d to Jlll t lli 11 1 ,.., in 0 1u · H It o l. '.1 <ll ll ·s l'atlt t• J· <·;LJIW ro :',( '( ' 11 11'anll I a:k ucl hi m to t(• ll Il l(' ah o 1L t hi s :-; t lT IIi : i .· wlm t th at fat lt l' r- lw \\·a :-; ;1 l;t\\ yv r a nt a ju.l<,·-·-. aid: ·· \Lr. :'\ o rt fl ll , if Ill )" l•o.'· c·an lt l:t \ '0 a lull - cl ,Jg ha w ill c·ll <'\\" II} > ('\.1' 1' ,\" <1 in rhL · tow n; if IH· <' <L n own a ga 1nt·-<· cH·k til at w ill kn > ·k ov ·r ('\"(' I'Y ot 11vr in Gi ty· if h • ·an lta n• a ho l'. ' <' tll il t· \\·iII th r ndtt. ·t in t]w '.)" <':-; of l'\" <' J'} ot ll t' l' l! ors <' i 11 t·(l \\·nhe is h tt ].Jl y. J3 ut , No rto 11 • t ll :lt" lwy n ot a s i1J gl<-' "li t• ral '.)" <L SJ>i l al io 11 ." 1 w:t : ll t }mlti c: 1tl al·Jy anxiou .· to in 011r s (' lt oo l c. 1 oy 1f \ It < Ill hi .· o wn fa thc•r-a nd ]H) a .i t tcl p- gav" . uc·.h an a('('O Llll t, o nt IH' (';t Jll l' n- it·lwn fL per .·onal in vi at ion from n 1 -' }'o r two ·' h beh avod hi III S I·lf, bi tt. t l1 u t ltit· l <1<l,\. lw W ;t:-::. at hi s old tt· i(' ks. \\ J1y lid Jw b lt< L\"(' 111tt t·elfatfir ·t?

Pnp il. Tit• dicln 't know ]J o"· I l1e lH' \'pnJ il s wou ld ta,k · hi 11 1. ](to \\ ·as .i ll St W<Li ti n _.! to :ec v;ha t ·tuff th '.)' wcru nw cl e of. Teac h t?1 ·. ExH('t Jy. Il l' inLrntltl<'t ' tl l1i :-; :tcco·mp li s lull e nt .· o·1·a claal ly. · vv h at c1() yon t hink hi s cln1:1s m at"' .' ought to "lt; L\' <' tlone \\ lu•n b eg an to pe rfun11 ?

Pu.p il . No t lo ok at him .

T eac h er . Goo rl . If wh en hP 1m l s too <l on hi s he acl in one co nJ cT -1 clo not lll t •all to sn that wa s hi s p art ic·td ar fo rt e- an<l h:. tl lo vk e cl up for adm ix in g appro\·ai, lt t' l1; 1 l fou nd all t ll c la s: a.tt<-n·cl in g to s ('h oo l -wol ·if he had th en t n1 ·ru:•cl hi s bE.st s omersc."Ltt1t , h 1t s till co n1cl ratrh no eye ""'a ncl e ring fro m t. ,. re al bu s in ess of t ll t' hour , wh[t.t clo you tlti 1 k he wo nl cl ha ve cl ond

P zbpi ls . Stopp ed l1i s non se nse.

T eac he1· . Yt>s,Ithink so. lo }" at 'I' · · th a cen .. at ..& o c. o nt oc•ra. s 1onalJy wJ <-l1 d '-' 0 'l·ee of' ac·L · · · 1 eY lt ad l '-'o mu·1no· lnt e l' es t; t1 l( gr own al toge th e l' self- c on t.mllt·cl w c> "llJ l be th e e ffe ct of t1 1 is att e nt i on .frotll th e <'hl. s, ·?

Pup ils. Tom wou ld cnt np rr.torP anclrno1 ·

T eac h eT He dicl. On e clay !'l e d, in a tal wi th me, said that he a.ncl T ul. n n "t::•d to l

f ri th tt t t l11·...- 11=-'l'tl to lll:ll'-1' i r ,.,.n · ln t f r th1 •ir ·t1·ad11 •r;-; i 11 I II<• orh1 :1' ;-;(' lJ oo J· w ha t OJH• ('nul l not tiling of 1 ht• t "·o

nt lcl. l ;t:-- l;;_l' d r l'd 11( 1\\" it \\';[:-' IJp had :h a. ng1·cl had =--to p] >l'd m;tkin g it :-;o int l'l'l':-;tiug fo r th t• tt•a<" l u•r , and lt :.l( l h1•conll' n·l h},. :1 ud

att •nrir !' to ;,;< ·h no l hll :-cit l ll'=-':-' li t• :-:aid ··.\1 1•.

·m toll, t·IJ • hoy :-; ditl it. \\-lwn I cut up 1 j 11 .,.

t·alkt ·d to Jill ', <LIId t ill·. · k Ppt on I ;II king- 1 i 11 ·1 .i ltst lt n<l t·o qll it· Ill)" TIH •JI 1 :-:aid toN •cl, " \\ lw is go in g- t·o t<dk tu liP n•pli t•c l q1 Ji ('k a:-: :1 II<J :-: h. 2\ orloll 1

JH '\' (' 1' co 1dcl. for you .· t•v To n1 and 1 u:-;t •tl Ill lw ·j 11 tiJ , sa Ill' bw1.t· ancl if'] :-:l tu ul d t: tl k Ill 'l' uJll

]H ' \\-o 1ti cl J;w g lt at·. n tt• goo d." ] di (l ll()t a :-;k ]Ji l l! to sp l' <Lk ltJ s fr it' lllL h1t t 1 did a :-: k hi nt "\\ It o \\"O itld do Lt an!} lJ L•Ip IJ i 111 <q•t o il tl , <- II 11pgntdt•. To lll <l b! t il l' :-:; trq .\ - :-: lt u l"t, t h l' n utc o Jll •

\\·;t,S t lt aL ,·ol unt·(•(•n·cl t·u ralk to Tum.

Toll ! t· lll'll<' d 1'01 !11 <.1. :llltl i 11 <l yv ar t·ha Ton 1 wl)() lta clH <> L <lC'<· o nlin ,n· t·o lti :-: ll \\' 11 f:lt h l• r':-; ;-;t <t t <•nH•nt , a, I it c nt ry a ·pi r: t ti o 11. dt •l't <. •( l to <' ll kl' th e al'a<lL·my nn c1 go on \\"it·h hi:-: t·<.lll('tL tio n. · 1•t l did <l goo <l work fur Tum. 1' (l llJ \\·ns tlt t• lt :l r c.Lc- .· t bo y I e1·<.·r kn -•w wh o t 11 n wd rig lt t aho 1tt; ancl set l1 L fa( ·e towa rd t lt 1• t' JP of ti lt' hill. I ll; t\ "1' kno\\' 11 \\·urs<.' hny:-i \\'ll<J:-;v ftt<' ( 'S W< ' l'l' tow:.Lnl t"lu · foo t of t it hill. (D 1.rin p; t ll l' pn•c·t•<.ling na.n at i \'L' t) tt ' (' la:-; :-; \\'tL· a ll eng ao·ing sight r g r; t\·<.· at i ir ::i t·, hr o acl(•n e cl. Tltl· l i t tll• l'h<Ll) \\'lt o -ltall g ot o·oOd in 1'0 0•Jn '' l':;oq ::tiiCkd ti}l lt v ('()Yo (• r eel all tltat p ar t of Sl'IJ <n a.t in g llim fro nt nf r. N <..nton; he }mt hi::; lll' all on lt is o utf.!Jl H'acl t"Ll'l.ll S a,l:c1 O!)t' li L·cl e H'l'Y ;t. \·enn e to llt t\ r cceptwn of mfunnation rvp:anlin g the bo 'S ,\ ]l o h acl JlJ a. cle it 11e1 ·y inf cr(' s li ng fu r t.h:\ r ten ehers. S nll pr esse cl ehnekl es slt<.J\n'tl 1li <td nlirn t ion for Mr. Norton 's wnrcl-pirtun•s of hoy::; s milt>tl In l' e l;Lr,ton to l om, John sn.w hi s to \V:n(l Fra.nl'-; th e He ns<:' oh li g h.t ion to t.lwm ·e r ancl finall v lt 1 · gJ·pw ·tron !; · ' . J e sc reweo ns ronen ge np tO vo lnn teenn g to lJ l'o Jni se to do hh; du ty fl.nc1 to the m wh en tlwy dis t.ru·lwcl t. lt e cla ss .)

Terwhe7·. I know it is n ot a lwa ys e as y to Rp' ak to a fri t- ncl who is doing wrong. One ha s to deny qn e's self for oth er s. I ...-i s it ed a

) R l E R. l -

h<lllll' a whilt• t!..!.'< in w hil'h \\"l'l't' fathu· , n;oth<.'l' . 1h n•t• :-:u11;-; ;nHl two tla u!! ltrl'l':' 'llwr' wa,.; a snJ:dl :' ;tlan · ·tml H lir ti' far111 . Thl' l ,·;:; W\'l'l' ro Ill' 1 > n l11•g •-t \\· > ''" l'l'l' tlH."' i·l' . -\ II 1h1· n il'l'st frn it nn tht• f :.t i'Il J. the 1. <.·:-:t H· •tnhlt•s till' t•n• ;nn W l'l'l' ;:; <. hl a n<.l th • f amil .\· li\ 1·d ( 11 th1' p lai nv:-;t fond rh at the b )y::: nti .!.dtt lH' ,·dnl':t tl't l. Till' farht ·r w >1' -' o1<1 l'lol h1·s t' e-: l' l']lt· w lw n Ill' l l'l ' :t l'IH·d . l'hl· lllt)t lt l' l' had Jill 11 il'l· (I n·::: :-: 1' :::. '" >l k · 1 ha n1 . h t> l ha n<l:-: \\" ('l'l' nni pr l'tt .'·. an t1 h1' t· fa 't' \\ n::: full 111' wrinklt ·:-: . Th t• L1 th 1' l' a nd lltotlw r \\' <.' 1' • :II \\":1 .\ " :-' dl 'll,\ " iII.!!." tht• lll:-; (' l\·1':' l' \"l'l' .\" lli Xlll' .\" :\ ll tl

lll:lll _\" t'oJlll\> rt :-: f'ur ih t• ir childn•n. f) > .'· 11 :O:I l Jlpn:-:P tl11·.' · g·ain L' d :tny rhinp: lh ·<.·a n:-; l' th, •y

di•Jl i t• d t ll l' lll :-'1 '1

PltjJI'/.,·. 'l'h l' .\" p_Tl' \\" p_"Ol tl . Tht' :O " P: l'l' \\" _!.!.' 1' 11 -

\'I'Oll :-;. Tl11 ·y wo lll ll kl\ "t' rh<.• ir rt' \\·an l. 'l'<'a cltt 'r. Y •:-;, pa ti l' ll ' t' , fol"t it·udt ·. 1oY <.' ,

go<Hl m• :-::-: :-; hmn•<1 in t·h <.' f;U' L'::i of th at fathL'\' an d nt ot lt 1·r. .·\. I'l'\ \·a,nl c ) 111-' S to nn t' wh ) dl·ni<· :-: him :::t ·lt' th l'llll gh lo n· of an )t h l' r: he i:::: n ut .i n :-: t til l' sn Ill <.' a t't l'r tit · dc ni; \ ]; h <.' i ::: l wt t l' l' <lltd :-:tr on p: <.'l '. th i ::: po int· 1 \\"Cl ;:; callt •<.l from th , nom. lll tt 11 L' <II'll l' ll tl1<1f" l' <ll'h IIJ L> ll1b ' 1' uf t lt p l' l as:-: pr n llli ::: c•<.1 to lin lti ::: (l n ty h .' - and F 1·a nk if t it <. ·.'· n•J n a. im •(} in th t• <"la :::;::: . 1l e arm·d t hat l )(l :·:-; \ \"l'l'l' tul<l :\Ir. Nurton t ha.t th e ir ,·ntt·d to l'l'taiJ\ tlu•m. Tlw prnml::: P <.l to tr _, - to tl.o th l' ir Ll n t.L tn ld th <.' lll t ha. t b y ::; l'('pc)l'tt'<l that tlt<', ha cl a o·noll tinw \\·hen they taJk t•d with in h1 ::: 1I<.• \\" a ::; g lad thl'.' . had a goo tl. ti. n1l' . lw a 1:::o t' ll,j OY t •cl it; Ont llll\V tha t t ll ._,,. o·l·\. tJ.. " • '.1 .u. 0 en It ' ll" \\·on1 of honor to tiT to do tlwir <'lu t-.. -. he thought, he on ght to h aY e e ...-id e nc e that tht-'l'l' lwt-'11 m on-l than a gnoc1 t im e. " \Yha t .s lwJl Wt' do , 1\[r. Nort o n1'' ,, ._\ 11 -.: t1 ·

• • , , • J n n 12: y 0 n llk<·. 1lw bo) -s conft·ned t] ' • ' ' l<.-' ll "\\T Ot (:' an cl ::: 1gne Ll . a prom l RP, whi eh th ev .. 1 . • • ' .J 0 <LVP t ll"'l l' pt·1n c·1p::tl an cl n. sk ed him to 1''-' '' 1 1 . 'nl l tu th e ir m at ts that t ley 1111 g ht know that \ t \. t le' r ,.vere in e arn es r. ft t 'l' th is t lH.'Y .J I \\ l-' 1"\ • l' eturn ed to t te lrr oom , which is in e 1t·, 1 · t "' o of ren IC <-' or pnt.ctic<-l tP<u:1 1p 1·. "' an a.pp

_A fl 'W cla.yN ' \.hl' J' 1 · J Si:{ :J · · ' · the r· a ·- an CL fonncl \ Yard · 1 l' 11 L L <ll)( 'l'H llk cl o ino· ·we . a te r tl1ey l' P1ap s ec..1 s om e wh at. thi s relap.se.

RMAL RIE R.

I m t Mr Norton andreport d i to him. H sm il ed h p fully and ·aiel: "Yo uno· p donotm ve ·t acli l ytowarl th d" ir ll mnm· th ey drift, ad ve rse w ind· sw eep ove r tit em; in fa ·t th e ir i ve ry s imil ar t th at of ad nit . I do not a k h ow fa r on tb e way my pupil ar , but wh ich way they ar e tendin g. Fra nk ::1. 11 1 W urd are te ndin g t ward tbc ha ve n. 1 w ill se the m, a k th em h w t ll ey ar c d in g, n co ur n.ge wh' r I ca n, r emind them of th ir promi s O I')' n t 111 my pocket, wa rn th em if I must. vV are n tlt e up-grad e. Cha ra cte r -bu ildi ng i l::l a :> low pr ·e ·s; h ave you n ot f . und it o in yo ur wn cas ·? ' "Ye ," was my re pl y. "B nt, M r. o rton, why do so hat e to go illto that r om, s !t ate to vote to ha ve th e ir mates go th ere wb eu th 'Y frankly say it is f r the good of th.c pup il s \Vh go, and fo r the c la ss re li eved f r n. tim of t it ir pre

"Becau se they are comi ng to app r ec i ate charact er, to admire th e per so n who can govc rnlti m ·elf

Th ey see a difference.between them u in pri on who do n.ot use w hi skey b ecau se th ey cann ot i t, a nd them n ou tside w ho do n ot u se it b ee an se they wi ll not. Th ey are f ee lin g t il e dig nit y of fr ee dom a 11d the res pons ibili ty that acco m pa nies i t. Th ey l ook upon th e ir class -r oo m as a place whe re th e 1 u.p il is free- free to do hi s ow n ch oos in g. ·w !t en he s hows by persist ent wron g-do in g that he can not be trusted to ch oo se , he goe s to 'that room' wh ere anotbe t· ch oose s for him and e nf or ces hi s choi ce if need be by the u se of th e r od. The , ' . mo re st reng th fo r ri g ht c ll oice th e pupil s get , tlt e mo re re lu ctant th ey are to vot e th e ir m ates des titut e of pow er or dete rm in ation to ch ooee wisel y, wh ich they do when they banis h th em to th at r oom. "

I be li ev e le ssons like the OLJ C r eco rd ed arc unu ual. Th e points which s ee m empha i. are- th e fr eedom and s mce nty of the pupil , th e ir en tir e l ack of antagonism to s nch di scnssiou th e ir clear per ce ption of th e fa c ts iu the <.:a se at the rela tions of ca use a nd effect, the ir ack Bowle dgm.c nt f th ei r duty a nd their reS<l1ve to do it. While tb ' '" wa ref erence to th e c1 •1 duct of Ward a nd Fr ank, th e discuss ion ma inl y rel_a t ed to the ir ow n duties and respons ibilities

Bei ng acquaiLted with th e av e rage yonth of the age , , I thn.t the c n v (} r atio11 I

h ad h a:·d wa.· tit <· la t<·"t 11 !' In any. T h<' fr dolll. th • H •ri ou .· u •:-; .·. thv (; CI!I:-> id <•ratio ll fo r otl1 •1.·. !llld th fi nal d • ·i io n t <> ] 1<·1p iud iC'ntc·d t l1 :1t tlti,.; cln

h a] pa b •y 11 d th e• pr i r11a ry gr ad e· ill no t lt .,. tiiiwr wa :3 i ii i ]Jr t•:-;s i\' ·: T lt t·s t· pupil· w r h •!1 •d to a otT <' ·t <' t!lot i u11 du t;

Lu t th n1att •r l id 11 t c· t•d i ll •rrr ot·io ll ; th v,r w •r iwm ·diat ·ly an I purp J. ' <' IY so C' ir 'l llJI :-> tan ··I 11 to ha v · m ti nu al opp cJi t 1111 ity to d •C"id e· in a ·cord wit lr tlr ir i I a l. of r ig 11t .o r to de (' id t• a ga in ·t it. Fnr t lt r, it wa · ,·id •ntly Mr. ·n rt on·s plan t) s lr ow t l1 puvil lri .· own gfHJd (>111'( u. · w ln'll <' •r he .· ri ll ·I fa il I t1 ex '(; li t • it· :111d to i11:-: pir o lt in l aga in with hof · :1ncl de ·i o ic 11. I 11 0t t lri ·l a Hs in tl 1 • I r ac ti(' e ci P pa rt·rrr e nt of th 0 'W 'g 'orrn al ,'<.: ]l{Ju l gett i11 g III <> l'itl tr aiW ing, ll(J t s in1pl y JJJ Oral in :-> ti'II C' I i< Jil( ,,.• 11 0t i1rdul g • in ·h •e rin u ,.·Hion · of tl1< :it·ir.r' 11: ur ·hools mi rr bt ,. ar w •rc n. ll JUr ·IJil lr n ,rrt · ti ng s imil ar tr n. iu inO'. . (t i,· u a · 11tll l' ,\' < f su ·h wo rk in our l::le lr o() ls and S II Cit an arti C' l m; th n£ on Edu at ion a 11 d C'rin 1e, in til fon tl Jly , wou ld Le a ·urio. i ty.

NIYI'E. -To day, t ove mber 2r ·t., n t: a rly a mo nth after th e ced in g was writt e n, th e p ra c ti ·e t ea cher in c harg-e of th · befo re co nsi de red repo rt s th at Fra nk i da il y improv in g, bu t '' she j' W ard tS s ti ll an a nn o ying lad. "]:lut, ' a gJor • · h d 1 'J' . 1 •ere h ar d at 1\' (>r l· · )' th' th ing appenc toe ay. h e: pup 1 s " '· w 11 .• · · V uble som c IV h ,. 1• •· <"11\ t exce pll on of v ard, who w as very tro . ' · " ,... him a ste rn re buk e a nd th en re tur ned to hi s il:sso n. o you· Frank is grow in g in self- co ntrol a n<.l in d esire to help in ouc littl e co mmunity. "- Popula7· Sc icli <•' Jlfonth/ 1·.

TALKS TO TE.AUHERS.

IV -Ch an ges in Sc hool Org an'i.zat i on.

BY PRIN A. W. NOIJTON.

.[n o ur seco nd t n.l k, the fa ct th at there ar a t hr c•! clements in sc h ool or gn. nization, vi z; .' lll. e mb cr: s hip , pu rpo se , a nd duti es, was set fortlt Ut soi1J<. I Jesso nt 1'1° ]en gt h. · n on r last ta lk we gn.vo n. · . cmc J 1: l tt n nt z ati o tt' tn c li an O'e t 10 ex1s tnw sch oo l oro 11 · · 0 0 er slti ]) of ,,a more dc s n·able ones. The mc 1nb t .•

I I Cla f t .)1 ang e cl tllJ"' sc 1 00 m· ss o cou r se JS uo c J talk bnt the se co nd and t hird yOlJJ ts, Viz., l) UI' p,o se for w hi ch the sc hoo l is org all ized :t nd tl1£ 1' J (' duties of p upil s, ar e c hang e d. .A c.co r( 1l1 g tot 1 se ll ti m n.t o the sc hool a

P f th' ·h nl i:- lt • lll:tk<' the 1 n pil ::> I •am aud to tu nh th <• n1 lw lt an• T h<· pu p il :-: t•t• ::> fi't >I11 thi ::> le' 0 11 th at th 0re i:- :-: <> II H't hi ng an d 111t •n· cnd uriu :" t ha n kn <>wl t• dg v. l1 • al :::: n "l'l' :- that i i::> th duty of the· pupil to pu t hi nr:-:l'lf in lh <· right : ,·iz.. tit<' go" d c·i<1:-::. Ou r :-: <·ltcu.] nl';!:llli za. lion th I'efn r C' Ita: 11 L' ll n ry 1na t vr iall y <·h:t ll gl•d botlt a.· to it :-: pu q Hl li, :utd I h<• dut iP::> pf it::> her 1'1, f I l qrg ani zntion > t t<' li (' I'HI] lu\'iltt:: hvt·n t hn · r l1 an g d in t lr ' n 1i nd of t h' p up i l. t 11t•.ll':u ·hC' I' 111 11:t act in a· onl: IIH' L' wi th t l ti ;; <·ltaJwt ·d urga niz aticnl. E\'l: ry pupil, un til ht• Jll'l >\'t•::> ttl thP <·nntrnry tJlli 't be tn t ·ted. E\' t n pu p il. 11 111 il h l' pn ,·es tn t it • c·o ntT ary, mn, I IH· a:-: ;; 11111 l.d In h l' 111 n ul .•. Jt is ,f .IH n,·ail tlta t tlt t• tt•nl' h<'l' l'i t:l ll "'l' th e orga n iz atio n in t lt u Jl li pil" :; t11i 11 d 1 y lti::; le :-:s li ll ie·.· t lt t<·ac ltc r a ·t in n<·c:o r l:t n c: t• wit It th at or ga ni zation '.flt c pupil Ill ltst ha \'l' a c· han ·t· tu dir ec t him se lf . In ca rry ing out in thL ::- ·htlolr of1 1lt th i: ii r ·t lc :·son, t it tt'a c: lt cr en n ::;a v to t he ·hil tli· 'll that s hu i i':i de' ir ons of k1 Hi w in g :lr. in tl1 • go od a n<.l wh o ar in th • b ad <: la s:; (•,.;. S it • Rli all t il er f (n·c w ni'C'h for goo d :l t:t io n: S it ,,·ill he t;o rr y when s it e o:; bad ac tio n::; 111 n: 11111 c: lt ns one. bad a<.:t io ns do ':> nu t lll:t k, :t h ad mnn, l> nt is Illctclo by "kee pin g at it·, a l'L't·o rd mu st he JJlncl e of th o actions. T lt c g )od <IC' tinn. if r eco rd e d, wo uldiill !Jlan y boo ks, t lt e bad nctio lt .·. wo nld n ot fi ll many b oo k s, tlt crdore the t ac hc r will r eco rd tb o b ad ac ti ons. \V lt cn fr olll th e 11 11 111 _ lJ er of r eco rds tbe pupil app e ar s to be kcc pino· at wrong Jo in g, may t alk to him sona ll y to as ce rtnm tf he be i.n tt•!lti o tt n ll y pu t ti Jt g ]Jimse lf in th e b ad cl nss U sua ll y the talk be snfJ-i cicut. Sho ul d he, l• o we , ·cr, CO ll tinn to do wrong an ot he r co nv er sation ns na ll y effect s [1, It , h ow eve ,·, he pers ists in p nttin g him se lf lit th o bad clas s, tbo teache r m ay 0 th a. t fa ct and o·ive l11'n1 1 r ecog ni Z' '· o. a se para te p ace f.. r th os e who wdh ll 1 et apa rt ·o 1 Y P ace thoms c lv cs in tho bad c la.s s. - -

W] tl -'J' ·paternali sm i. ::; a o·o d t lJ in o· or a 1e 1 1: 1 1 a o o 1)ac1 thino· cle}Jenc s "" 10 the fa ther is. is oa great diffe renc e bt•tween a hot}I e ad ed h nr e- hrmn ed Ge1ma 11 K'ai se r, ,vho ' "I 8ays to an Ger man s, am Y011I" fath er." a nd t.hc -J sixty- f-i ve m illi ons of in te ll ige nt Am e ri cans who ·ay th at t J1 ey are th e ir ow 11 fath f i·.- _R ·v. Dr. H. L.

H RMAL CO URI

B I E DEP

AD V ERTI SI NG RAT ES t'l' inl'lt t'nlumn in s ' rt it n. - ') r:tt t• s furn i :-: ht'd on applie:ninn t) ns in ::: '

111 a 1:1 g·t• r ::> .I \t' K DEL Z ELL l .1 .\ ·. ll. IL\.Yt-; . i--

l' u·, ·t·d 0. II ,,,•f .1:•/o I ti ut·r l:t l> un: \.dn ·-===

Faeulty . .'\. \\', =" 0 1' '( =" · .\. l' IU:O: C" t! '.\1 , Eth i,·:->, L n.! i ·. :tud lh · "'Ul'C

l': T. 1Z.\ ·. l't<H't· t•rtas; ual .\rt of L itl'r: tu n.·. 1-\ hl't p ric. Gl ·nc1 :tl 1\ i:- hH-,. :t:Hl I I. II. !)l' =" l..' .\ =" li t =" H. ,.:, '1\·:tdh.: r of l;nt.tn y. (; \.'nlo:.r y a nd Z uolug·,·. .\.I I. \'. \=" \' l. EET.

\\'. B ..\

"1\::tt: hL" t' nf :\ la tht: lll :llh.·:; :uul l .:•tin. :111,.: s FLO H. E =" E \\ B. J( ; llT. of O r:tl and A rithrnet ic. :I ITS ,; .]1-: ="=" IE :lld \1="

·r.·:H:hcr of l·nitc<l :""i t. !tc:; :tnd ,t..·ogT:tphy. :1 1.\I:T ll.\ \\'1="=" 11 :.

"l'c::tc hL'r of l.:Jng·u:t;.:c :11Hl Gr:u tnn :t r. 1.1 1. 1.1. \ =" 1:. 1'nf J) ra wt n l;!·. :uHl

i\II:';S HELLE TII O\L·\S. "l"c:tc lH'!' nf of and :--i np t..-rint l.' IHlc.!Bl nf Pr :te tic t..: :0.1. J,; \ 'E LY=" 11fl{SS Cr itic Tc:a c ht..:r in Pr:tc l kl'

E. ;\L T.IPl'ITr

II OY T, L ih r: n·iau :t nd 'tcnDg·r:Lp fu; r. J Oll =" !H Janitor I '

l3oatrd of Edoeatior1.

li ON. A. K: ;;ouDY Supt. Pu b. I n"' c •'.\ ·o{irio, Lin <.: In JO El II _s; S ta te Tn.:asu r<·t ·. L in colu TT O !'i. n .E. B. h.I.:-.;:-.; ED Y O · ·res r89.l

ED ITOR I ALS.

INthe . by numb r (,f Educa tion, i1 r mr arli ·I ·

u titled "1'1 e 1\ ,( d . · 1 1 , . I H' 0 111 C 100 l 'U)', llj) '1 '\'IH() I'

U orgc II. 1a rt in , we 11 ti ·e t lr c fo ll ow in r int'J'odu cto ry pa r·ag r a. p h:

ve ry exi t in g

' "o t clr oo l is th nr ocl •rn cb oo l.

Antid ilu viau id a remain und r po tdiluvian C(ludit i n ·, an I the m ·d ireva l HJ irit cl ·fie tho r 11 ai · ·an cc . Th modem · ·h oo l i st ill in pr oce f ev ]uti n. A in a ll u ·lr 1 tho indi v idual pr og re ·s lln cve ul y; S() Jn • • !()w]y ·orn e r ap idl y; so me along 0 11 0 lin e a ncl so 111 c anothe r; ·o tlrat b.)' a pr oce akin tu co uq J." itc I h otog ra1 hy ca u we get ."O me idea of th ty 1 .

Wh en we et thi idea we fi nd that the llt Od •rn cho l lta l> eco me cl iff er CJ rti atecl in fon r· pn rti ·trlar : In pu r pu c, in s1 iri t, in st udies, in m •t hod · f in t racti on."

In tb i hort out li ne M r. brt in c r tai nly ha s includ ed all the p ara mo un t 1 b ase s . of m ode rn educat ion. We re one to w ake a d ir ·t compa ri so u betwee n the sc ho ci l of o nl y fi fty yea rs ago and the mode rn sc h ol, the pr e. ent pl an s nf ope r ation wo uld ind i ca te r evo lu tio n r at her than cvo lu twn But, n ot ic in g tuc pe ri odica l chang ,. alouD' educat io nal li ne s eve n duri ng the pre cnt century, the term "d i ff ere nt iat ed'' ha s a f rciblc ign ificaocc In thi s l art ic ula r case it m eans a deve l opment fr om s ma ll aud el ise nr ag ing b eg inning. to propo r ti on g rand aud pr om is in g. It mean· to ns today that the Am e ri ca n c hi ld h as been emanc i pat ed from a va st num ber of bar ba ric limit at i ons and that he sta nds on a. foot in g w lr ich a ll ow him to be se lf -d ir ec t in g and se lf- dete rminmg

TL e purpose of th e mode rn sc h oo l is not to •' r::h ild with kn ow le dg e, bn t to rem ove )elt e\· t b' t , 80 that be ma y exer ts pow er o act. the e nd and. kn ow led ge is but the 'I. ' ' do"' e e nd Mode rn edu cat ion co nsis ts 1ncan tc, t · · 1 · h · . t . · 0' pupils bnt m rna u 11 g t c ClJ Vlr onuot 1n n1. ·, o ' ts sucb _ \,, t. they m ay tra in th em e lv es. T ir e men • . . Ll t h .

1 ·s n·w- a tuacb me· L 1e eac er 1s n ot a \) U1)1 1 ' , ' ir·1 1 1s u -powe r nn to hi mse lf , 1,· lmnws, dire<:.ts a11 cl exec ut es by ,1 p1,' eptial ity \' 1·· od n ·cbo (ll pr ese n tE< a m ost ('1 li ·i:·.o sec the t ea ·her

nnd pu pil · lta, illg a <·oiJIIIJetll ill1< n·:-:t :11rcl n :-pir of It ·lpfulllv;o,. :nrd 11"1)(' '11llll':-':-. J•<' l'\ ' :111<·:-; th • t>llli !; ·h cHol. \\' l' tlrat it i:- tlw d11ty of (•\' •r. t ·nc·lr 'I' tto lti,.. J>llf>il:-: let "('\' (•!up tlt(•JI!,.. h in t (J ill tl·lli!!('llt IH•II'<'r .-. . :-..1' tlrat . l,y ,·irtuc· of h;l\ ing d <·,· •lopvd tiH• )HI\\'t•r tn dis <·<·rll. t11 grn:-:p . i\11 to a .'sc wiat <· . tiH·\· :-!rail fi11cl 1lr<'lllsvl ,·c·:-: fa111il r \ ith tire• c·<ncluc·t. cof atl';r ir:-:. t ion •a ·h. twft·nt looks 11]1"" lr i:-.. f!'llu\\' · St lld l''

a Ha < I I I I I · >- rc• 1 c•r, <til< II]H•Il 1 ll ' 1t': l!' It'!' a:-: a gn•nt pr ,,. ' I' a ·tin u· i11 tiH• sa 11r c· clin·c·1 it•ll.

Jt lr as II C>t h e<•IJ IIJa ll\' \' Pars ,..,i ll<· <· 1lr <• i11trn du tiOII Of', ·ie Jl( •(•- l(•S:o:OII:" , iJ; tr• <olll' (' 11111111!111 ,..;('JrooJ, It Ira . Hot IJ (' (' Il 111 <1 11\' \' c• :r rs :-; ill !' l' sC JII H' of il lri g lr e."t 1lrt t tlr v st 11d \' (Jf _·,. ural 'c:i 'II C(' h<·lollp;t·d to tlH · 1\ c- ad <· 11 1,.· :111 d 'c l •gu :tll d tlwt putt'i11g a pj ar nt 11 s i11 !rand :; • c·hi ld ren waH a dang<· ruus p as tillrt •. 111 tlrt• 111 ern ·' ·hcH1I w0 find t lr(• k·iJtdr l '(jC II '( f'll f1 II of apJ·•· atl r.", s inrplt· , yet ade(l tlatc, ll l tl c·l 1 0 · it Jwr ill h on bor row ed fr()rrt tl rc• lal>or atc "·ic•:-; of t ht

Acn.l ' '" )'a nd ( 'c ,JI '!!( f ll cl cc· cl tl t" 1-,· l 11·t l' ll • •• ' " '))( (')' 0'1 is vftc n n rni ni at 11r · Ex p<· r i111 ent 8 tatiu 11 ?bs .n a:io n- wo rk in ca lr dep nrtu re nt ft j:" ::u 1 11 1 u·at ron to nn \' Ull er g·"ti . 1t"l <" ll<'l' t· · ·l' tlr • J <1 n ntl< an cl case wi th w lri c: lr c.: lril dr •n grasp 1]J c idcll ::-o of ·ausc a ncl ct! cct Fr o1 n t·lwi r· .,t ttHi i<' ·' <• Il l'

t lr .Y ea l'l y di sc..:U J'I l th ere is an con l0 1· (Jf se(j il cncP a ncl so a tTuo CO il cc ption of nn ttrr al I· . , .t \\' 1:? ally b ui Jt up, a nd is exe llrjlli {j( •cJ irr all tJ J<.',\' 0°: ,

B u t cl nr i 11 g t lr is t i 111 u 11 o s1' 11d .)' 11as lJc·(• 11 b e1 i tt I 'tl. l\1at lr erua ti cnl pro bl crit R (w hich a 1·u pr·ndi ;rl ) t:nrg" -

ge ·t the rn sc h ·us on every lu tnd, aJ rd 011 0 cn n11 nt

i ma g in e a r iclr er field fell' la11 g 11 an·e Wo rk. ex pr css ion nn cl RO ul -e xp aw;iou ue c cnn. o ,,·itnb l <• ..

S in ce i nt r ocl ncing tlt csu st udi es in tco t ll o J''od L' t' ll sc lJoo l 11 ot hin g lr aR b ee n lo st, w lril o 111 n <.: lr lrns · b ee n added a nd m oru wo rk is a cc or,nn li s lr c cl i 11 s am e time.

We shall n ot ta ke sp ac a at t hi s tn di s clitf er .cmt m .:)tlJOds . B tr t wG fl l' ;} CJ rt ai ·n of nb n nclm tr ju s tifi cat ion fo r ex altin g tl rc la b 01·ot 11'.)' urct hntl as exemp l ifi ed in the kind cr gnrt<m; fo r th e· (' ;,j . ver se is o ul y a k in derga rt en in it s fn l !e st <'x p tl llsion and o ur suno nn di ng s a.-u bot tho up pnr nt us with wlJich we at·e cx pe rim cut in g.

T]I

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tP I'lll i ll<' :' llf '('t :-':0: f I' I':Ji ]ll ll ' ;t:-< !))( • l·lll! 4 ll !l' 1 f' I lrl' r••nr·:-: wo rl ;; 'I hi :' idt ;r. it' a t 1'114' n 11 •. }ll '<t!'iil'al l.l· n lit ·,···:-: t il t· I atrtJII:-- or tlrl'ir of' l'l':'}H >Il:-<i hi 1i ,.,,.for t ht · •· nt rd llt'! 41i' tlr 1 • :-:1'! 11111 ]. :t 1 0111 rorl in!.!: t lr o 11 g- lt It> tlru:-:t• \ \ltu ; 11 ,. :-- 11 t' ll .!.!,TO:-<:-:t•d ir; h 11 :-: i llt' :-: :-: 1111 .' · Ita, ·"'' r illll' to tl l t' \u•H ;rn• Ill' tltc •it · t·lri lclrt •tr. (';Jll)lOt, Jlll t lw1 i t• \"t• llf l \\'t '\'f•r tJJ;It !Itt• t•lt •f'tioll of ()fli< ·•·r·:-; i :-: an illlJ h 'l' l anl :tf' f, "· lri!'ll takt •s l;ll rl· "·itlr tlr•· ti r :-:r or nntl }litp i l:-: . !'or 1q 11 , 11 til •·

11 .:-< ttl t o l' t l1at t·lt·c·t i ()ll d t' 1"'1ld:-: tIll· l'lrar : tl'l t•t· t)r t It t• 1ro rk o l' tl tt· ,,·!rol l' .'·<·at·. Til t· : \1 1 i i ud 1• to\\' (11'<1 1·d tlC'at io ll; J1 i ll lt •rc•:-:t :-; ,.(· 1It t· 1111 11 ;-; 1._

l f•d f' d Jll t·n tlll 't·:-: or 1Itt· li11 ;1nl l' vr ta in l,· dt •11 ' I'l l I iII< ':' :r/J l[ III •:-;t·i0 11 ;-; f' Oil <'t 'I'll i ll g' t·Jit • ]llll'<··lt;t :'f' of :·W l'}l] i v;-; ct ll d :l ]) ll<l l' <l 11:-: , 1Jr v jJI ' J'.\' 0)/ Jtd of ti ll' j·1•;)( ' !1 ill g fO IT(' :111a t.lt t• ;t lllOII Il of :'<lh J·it•:-:. lw:-: i (lc ·:-: lllctll_\' ot lr ·r :' "·lt i l' lt }l('J't<t in t·n t lH· gt ' II<'I'Cll l tlCl lt<t p,"t" ll ' L' ll t of :dfa ir ·:-: . lt i :-: illi] Hl l'l:a ll t.

tlH• Il t 01 11,\ · t lr n:-: t· \\' lr u Ir a ,. t. <Ill ;t<'t in· i Ill l \\ 'O l'k l> t' I t I

i<' r n;t· i 11 :-:< ' 100 "' '' '' 1 ' t't

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wl ro c·nl l otlH •I· \' ll ' l'tll •:-: t itan ft·u g;\ li t\ · irt 1,x 1wr)(1i t u1 ·l':"i . Tl wy h· 111l' ll of i 1 ' 1_

·Httt •nc· t· . in a p]'()pt• t· :-<t ' li St', : tiHl :-:lr n ul <l k il o\\· t ill' so t· Jal ns \\ ·t·ll ;t :-: t lt v t•d lli'CI t io ltill

\\'lll'llt' \' t' l' an ,\· l':u·tcn· 1 f thl' ,,·ur k 111 )\' l'=" :::lu ;!.!.·,l.!..i:'hl y. hut ,!.!.'tH d n·:-:u1r:-: :11' • t•a:-:11 .'· appan•nt · "ht•n t lll'n ' i:-: h: ll'lll llll ." al l thl' pn rr:-<

(lr th•· :-:.\·:'tt•n r. lw:-:t w ur k of a t·nmmttnit:• dt·Jn :t nd:-: rlw :t tknt io 11 tlf t lw lw ::: r Pll' nt <.•nr lf

1 hat •· nttlllll ttlit,\·: if t' ud11 rl•d th .>::::l' \\ h)

l't'!.!':trd ir \\'i th h11t :-:1i ghr in tl• n•:-:t 11·lan' tol··r:rt i nt t. it :-' :-:llt ' t't':-<:' 111\1:'! 1w l'tHT l' :'l't :-:nrall.

II E HE m· ,···r \\' :1:' :t tinll' "·h1·n tlt1• wo rh1 ,,-, t::: :' ll of 1 ppnr tuni ti •::; fu r tht..' <.1 ··\' t•l o jllll'llt ol' 111;1 11 :1:-: ;\ t thl' pt'L' ::'l'll t t inH'.

1•::-:pt·C'i:tl l. · 11111,\' thi:-: lH' sn i<.1l' Oil< "t' l'llillg tht• i ••acht'l' a tHl the tk gn• · l)f tle r l' lOl nwnt t1t'}H'ttd:-: n pun lhl' itn pru\'l'llll'll t tf >ppu rt un i :-:.

Tilt' \ \.m hl' :-: Fa ir . th ough us eful in mnlt .di H',•n• nt \\·ny:-:. i::: :1n f ur tht• ;n lll i t' rh i :::; t'-l ir is ri ;l'ht ly

:-:t ltdit•d h ., - hv r. it \\'i ll pron' n·l·_, ·lwnl'1iei;11. .1 n:-: t :1 t th is ti nr t· l)f' tl rl' Y L':H. thl'n· ·n hund t·, •d :-: of :-- ·,lltllg JWn ph• wh o in h•t ul tc lw.!!.·in ,,·o rk i 11 ::-:t· h ool- rn ) Ill tlt is co111ing t::ch tH'1 \' t': ll' . .:O it :::t nf tltc • nt lta H· a spt•ci<tlt:'- " ·h i ch i·ltt •\· ,,.tllll d lik e to fp ll cl\\·. an tl so h aYe aln•nd )h l' l.!.: llll tu t hin k nb ont. t ill' \\·ork \\ hich thl' _\i ntt• trd t·t> du Fn r a SlH' t't:•::: s fnl s!'lrf H) 1. O H'

fricti on

Jll't ' tl s of t lll'i l' ,,·l wt lr t•r in lt >\Yit 01 tl., A clrfhcu] ty ;·n·1 •. 1."' 1Hl\ \·c 1- 1, 1• • ( '(111 11 •· •. ·. ,,,, ' lit il is tr id s, 1 n 11 1d n<'in <>· t lt o :-: t·• w It o 1 · • ll lil ll. . . . "' ' ! l •ten t to 11 11 :"i lt <'1t o ffi cl •. tc 'll'l't '} >t· t·lt • <. 0111 pl . , 1 , ll ll o ffe n·Ll . E.\:p o:-:.11 1' 1' to nn ldm1 n1 t i<'i :-; Jtl , 'Ll lli O\' l:Ll lC' 8 ot a.11d tW '' J • • ng nm on n· mnnv t · for p o;;; 1tl 01 · · • · :t.Jl}l1il' :l n :o. ·- ·• ts t <.·nc lt e:-·r s, an_. Jrot 1 rm en t.' w1u (' h l11 't ll tlit ' <' lit O 1 · ' .) J·<:·garcl ns ln c1I s. trJ th os e• w1ro ho] c..l ·[·f' )(' 11 :-:nl> k · · · 0 l<·t•. T 1n ti rd nc\ ' 1l 'no· Sll !'h 'l }J · · ta n c<' to ]1 l '-' '. os ltlon uf nvct •ss nJ-y 1 he m·t·r<·n n H• . . 1Ttu.;t s 1wll l( · . ·.' •Lll tl t .J n f' c an he cl one onl y n, \\'l l1 tn glW8 s 0 11 pa t·t of l' lt o se w ]t O an· 11 1 c1c•lun n c1 :fc)]· snt•lt tn tst to t1 cv ut <-' :t p nr t of tlw ir and t h<·i. r longRtrlf'tn·in g g ood to t ll <.' gom1 of tlw ge n( ral co Hlllll tll i t.,r · 'r hc wo rk of ccl:Lca. ti on

<'il llii O(· bt: ttHl J1il l'l'i l' Uli\l' ill g ;ttl H' l' il\)2; thP :3llh.it•t·\ -l ll<lth•l'. ;-t, nd in lt; tr iltp: it· fur ll :-il' "·lt t·n lH't ' t':-: :-:i t·.'· t':l 11:-: fo r i t. _\ JHll·lti:-; \\ "o rltl':-: Fa it · is n· ·,c ,. to fn rllish :111 :1 b t!ncl ;tn t· t· tl f' Ill:\ tl' t·i:l1 ·'.I I' tlt P tl' <H·h er . l·: n•ry t·t·n<'ht·'t· \r1w aHt' lltl :-) th t• Fa ir :::.\t nnl tl <" <tny '" i1·1t lt<• 1· a :::; ma ll l\ ll tl'- ho nk nnd }WHtiL ,,·itlt \r1ri t· lt ;:-: lrl' <'< \ ll n nt t-• th nse t hin g::; ,,·Jti. t·h an· no t ::- o re v. H·m l>l ' l'l' d, snc h HS th t' ;:-: i zl-' of tht • bni l<lill g,· nnd of "·hat n; ate J·id llJ<td e, th e l oc ati on of tl lt':::>t• bu il c1i ng:s t1w cliff en• nt f <.Wt' ign p eop le a ll!.t a lt ol't d<·s nip tj on of c [l c·ll , ancl1n any ot1w l' t hin gs not krw \\·n o1w l' t• aclu,•s the C\ ty . Tlwngh ll1 ll tost the "·o1·k i fo ll nd to be pr oti tablt· and in t<:n-' f-' tl1\ \l' n ow is th e bl hm c to make i d on bly su. ·

i. s t1ll-' l' t·· n tt• a. c\ \ 1•1 \\·ho cn nn ot give a d es ni pt.i on of a lak e lH.' tt e J' a fttl' ha.vi n g: s 'f'n tl ta..n hy th e mere l'ea a jn g abo ut t hi. s h tk · lll C'h 1S t.he S t.l' O ll O' E' l' te ac h er the one \V } r 1 ::-- f la s tl'aYell'cl , a nd lt<ts ,g·nht ed po vver 1· Hh '

pe ri e nc , or th one w ho ha btain l h er knowl dg from At thi graud bition th er will b · m thing whi b rna l earn d and which v.-rill br·oa 1 n th kn w 1 w alr ea dy hav in ev r-y lin of . tu ly.

Kno w led · i a good thin o· if put t th ri ght u · , and : if the u.· ful thi.n o·, at th, World Fair a nd tudi e l w 11 w ill 1 many an oppo rtunit y in th 1 ro m where th i knowl dg may b u alvanta.ge .

Among a ll bran ch f . tudy th er p rhap more infOl'mat i on b ear·in g up n raphy than upon any otb -r. Th ·i tuation of Chicacro, th itu ation of th cliff ·r nt bu iJding in r lation to eac h oth e r, th in g of one of th Gr at Lak es, th e s tudy f th _. f rei o-n p op l , their mann ers anu ·u t 10 ·, ar all v ry imp ortant point wh ich may we ll be notic d.

Th n in tb tudy of th e different c r-a1 ·, gra e and forage plant s, _·ug m·, lair·y products and food s, and mm e ra.l waters, th ere w ill be opportumty for many a he lpful I ano-uage le so n.

There w ill be much for th primary te acher t d tudy What primary t eau her o see an · w ill a . tbe Es kimo s top; ·ely not on , for here there 1 · somepmo·. m . h b r·thy of our attentwn t ln o· WO •

The li ttle 1 l ks DJOY h ea nn g about these P eo pl e rh en you know th em only queer h h h books bat n ow yo u ave a c han ce to t roug ' become per onally_ w1tb

The d escr i ptio n of theu hf e, h b't and impl eme nt s can be g rv en mo 1·e la 1 1 8 d the ch ildr en will be almost spe llc ea r y an'·t· they know that you were re aDy a bouncL 1 · h . f tlJ e t hin gs wh1c you hav e told Wi tn ess o them . the high er b ranc h es there are Tlwn a;:nong f. ter es t. Th e co mbinations many l 10ln_t s 0 s in the buildings will be . to thcS3 in G:o me try Tho se ' ry 1 y Geu ·t·u,1 H is tory w 11l tak e pl eas ur e . ho enJ<: 0 • the tu1·e of the building s 1n tnO} Il1o h" fort>i m -p, -pl e ·. , h-'c1 e nun, erate th e t hin gs to be ·.r> on lUI:::> b t plan w ill be to '·va ·t d

\' b t t 1 e "S · · l an : n. u 1. -npor·tnnitJ e by ob e rving whr'l e

lllliH' OVe 0\.U' 0 .L ' -+..l te te

• '( H.\f \L ·oTE. '.

J>r in ·ipal \. \ ·!lrton add n·ss<: d th nnu c _n,· nt ion of Ci t. -, 'upt ·r i nt nd •nt H and J>ri ncip f Jl irh ··II , h; ;\la r :, L,' !J:3 at '< ll um bu bra ka·. ·

J 1·. J otl 'ol'mal in f •w It ut -, wlw was a :-; 1ud ·nt· , ,f - :l' l n ad , t It l t it uti II a nilla y L7 t lw 't. \' i it ()

Th 11 tit ('()\ '<.! !' pa g ' of t it • '(J t; H IL ' nt aj I I. ' t!J • \11 ' II!OIH'. 1Jti

An

Th d t !t c nifi ·an t wlwn it is kltO\\' Jt th nt th ·la s. · fiowc ·r pf 1 he· Clat-; s wa .· ·ontJ·ilJJJ tc cl by the: ' It t· ' r·t J_) p:tr t llt 'II of tit <• '. S. 1\. T. I wi h, thr II h tl1 • ·oltllltli S of dte ('out xp r ·. 1ny t·hc fa ·ult ' st ud nt f t·t nal ' ·!Jo(JI, an I fr i • ud s th ir kiu ln 1::1s i11 111 y r • · ·nt mi sfo rt tJ JJ L \ V. E,-_,N

. By r que t CJf th' soni >I' c la ss, tl w J3a · nt add r o. ·s wi ll b • lc li v •r ed b: Fro f. J\. W ·ort n.

R ev. B. Wri ght But] r of 't. fury' .:; ,-e lln t Co ngr eg ational c hur ·It of Olltaha ha 0 ens •cur et to cl e li v3r tlt 1.0 cia 3 1 c tnr 3

On Jun o J 4, fr om 8 to 0 o' do ·I Peru city ban I wil l fumi ·h mu sic oll tlt cam pu s. th ' ;\L f\orJUtl. }

On Jun e 14, from 7 to 8 o'c lo ·]- J '. l\1 ., th e Battaliou and Band wil l g i,·e n Dr ess Pa r ad e nntl Re view. Ad]uta1 Jt Ge ne ral Jn. s. D. Ga o-c as itJtecl by Li e ut . Gov e rn or T. J. Major s, wi ll act r ev ie wing officer.

Th o ca1c J? d:u· for Corum en come 11t w ee k is n foll ows : Th ur d ay , Jun eS , 7 :Jo o'c loc k P•. C la ss Day ExC'r, cis<>s c: ·. Frid a y, June 9, 7 :]o o 'cl oc k r. ,-la st RC'g ,,J at c: oc iet ies . . Sa tur day .-Jun e Io, 7:30 o'c!r:ck 1'. seSS IOn of Ev et·e tt Soc ie ty. J II , reate Addre·s Sund ay, un e ' 4 o cloc k P. ,- Baccala u · · Mon day, Jun :! 12 • 8 o 'cl oc k A. ,' ;:>J :t 3 · Mon day, June 12 • 7 :30 o'cloc k P. I hi! >-

ma th ea n Soc iety

Tu e3day, Jun e 1 3, Io A. Exerci ses, Tra inin g Cl ass.

Tu es day, Jun e 1 1, 2 o'clock P. Te nni s ;o urn a.lll ent. Tu es day, June 13 ,7 o'cloc k 1'. Re uni on f'ra y .:: rMee ti ng.

Tu es day , Jun e 1 _' \ lumni soc ia ti on. ,; lod> 1. \1 -.-\ nn u.ll :'\ lec tin!-!' of

We dn es day. Jun t• q, I) 0 · doJ <: k '· \1 - L<" lUr.:. \\ e dncstla y, Ju ne l.j , :! .,· ·In<k 1 • \1 .•- Alumni Banqll<' l. \\'e dn e d y. J un .: q, i 0 · do ·k 1•. \I. .-H::ntali ' "' llr c, , 1' 1rade and l<c1 icw.

\\ cd ncsda y, Jun · q. ' 10 • ·lock 1 \t. .- i'r incip. tl':- R t'ccption

Th P ri n ·i1 r . •ptioll t lti: .n•nr ·a ll :-; fo r f urth 1· 11 ti ·c On .r1111 t-+, fr•I JII , · tn I I u' l'lm·k p. Ill. Pr of ' )!'t on "ill a r C'l'l'p ti<m tt t h l' ' nio r Ia · · an] th •ir fri ·n I,.:, in elu din!! I h · lumni and p1·omi11 nt fri nd,.: of edut'ati t •n throng h ut th tat

brn:td ju mp with w .:i ht ;: : t:tnding hi •h ju mp.

R unnin ).:' hr >ad j um p.

Ru nnin).:' hi. h ju mp kicki ng.

h up. ,:kip and j um p.

R unnin!; h op :- kip and j um p.

1-: ic-ki n!-!' f1> u th:lll.

Th ro wi ng- I

Pu tt in ' 1:.! I h. ,:h o t.

Pu tt ing- tl• lh ,:ho t. t l> lh hatnmc r.

l.ig h1. mi.tdk- and h.:a,·y w ·i,•h wr .,; t lin .'.

Rela y ra n ·.

F 11,) \\ in•y nr' rh • ::: 1 prts l

r Jatli0s f r w hi ·h

Tit pr o- r am f 1· ni or (la ss Dny i:- a:- f\l lln w:-: I ns trumental ' ol · A. :'It a" Da,·ic,: la ss ll i!'tory

Pocrn

entril'::i ha ,.; be •n r 'C' •i ,. d:

La wn tt'nni ·. roq ue !.

:'. lay \\' ync

-. :. J onc ;: .

Orati on ··· . T. \' !eel. u::tr l Cl. J uli a Won, :\l ay D:wi cs. II. 11. Ju n ·s :\. lui n:y.

Toa st ... ·········

l<el:itatiu n

.... . ... II. A lie· \\'a ll an:.

1-: iu y Tyn <l ll.

Ora A. F -rg- u so n.

Duct ··· :\l ay Oa\'i c :- II. II. Jo n

W ill ·· Jas. II. l b. ,·« , cnior Custod ian ·. Ed winn a l{ o Ju ni or Cu sto di a n.

Sta te ot·l1 I B

JV[ USIC

1 <\ an d. la n, att on

Es th er Gr D ec< ' cgo ry. Y

Co ra S

< wan so n. -:vju sic.

\' oca l So l ' b tc··-Aflirmattve, Frank Maj or s: N ega ti,·c J 1 o. pe a

: " o 1n!'o n. ,r oas t.·

F bg

Rt" l:t.y r:t t·c. \\' all.:in !-!' ra ·c !1 1' E :-i ;: ii!':<l () :-;. :'l lu i..:- Ou a rt ct- om·. \\'h ere the :'l lurmurin _ Br o k\ct ,:. ...

... .... .. ...... ... . II. /f, ·rm<r

E,-,-a ,·. "Bk,;;:in .-,; <lf F ri ·nls" · · ··Lulu :'\ 1 a ·

T o::t ;t _ :\. \\' \. ;:t rh ut. I'.. :'ll inni c \' an X tran ' C..:::::-l)Ll tl:o:; C

Instrumental Duct -" :'IIi ls u mm r :-\i ght's Dream "-.-/r r. ' idll r' \' 'mit!J la ra :S pe lm:tn . Pr f. E. l\ 1. Lt pp nl . · · · · · I' te lla t·aham R ccllattn n-" Oa tst.:s ·a de

1

.State 1-\ o rm al Ban e. :'llu :-t..:

Or i).:'in of "Y a nk ee Dn o lie ... RE 1\l · · ·r·l ·r- 1· 1 1- 11 -" Pr o f. .-\. \V Xon n. u ·t..:-" 1e w11 g 1t ·a :- · · · · · Dis cu ssio n- ·' R, ,,.,,h ro/: Th at th e Jew is more de strau\e as an Ameri ca n ci ti zen th an th e lt a li :1 n."

AIIirm a ti1·e, Vv. N. Del zell: l\ eg;a ti1 e, \ V. L

I\lusi c-Q uaner-· ' Extra ct of Ope ra '' · .F. II · R ,• o l. Ora ti on -' ·The Grea t Eman c ipati on' ........ Fr a nk H. Beedle. l\l usic State No rm al B:1n d.

Edtth Hutchin so n. :R es ponse

rf ·ic.

Di ck Nea l.

·Ins trumcntal Duet 1\ R ECt·:ss. · I , rd ess Dri II SheP w M 115 ic

Quartet. Inv ec ti ve R. E. Gi fll n.

1::1 ti o fl·

· 1·a we

.. C. Vv' \lest. 5a 11 Address.... R D

'·

h' ontz. Music ······.S tate No rm al Band.

FIELD DAy EXE I{C ISEs. are tho spo r ts fot· gentleme n, for h . l e tl·ies hav e be en r ece ived. w 1C 1 n

Fi ft y yards dash.wo ya rd s dash. -

220 ya rd s d as h.

Miss Eliza C. {o r gan wi ll re main in l:' c rn n 11 ti l abont J nl ,) 12, wh en she wi ll go to C hi cag·o, Yisit the Co lnmbian Exposition and for th e lw rt vacatio n r emain i ng w ill vi sit fri e nd s in :r{e\V Yor k.

Pr of. H. B. Dun ca n so n, as ide from visiting the Expos ition, iut e nd s to do mu ch in the lin e of Sci e ntifi c inv est igation dm·ing the summ er.

Mis s Flore nc e M. Wr ight wi ll re main in Peru a sho rt time . She wi ll tllen vi sit Ch i.cago aud afte r wa rd spend her vacation in New Yo rk.

Miss Jenn ie McLain e xpects to tak e advantage of th e vacation for rev i ewino- the Jaugnag es Rh e >:::> w ill , of cou r se, visit the Columbian Expositiori

Miss Lillian Ke ll o,gg, aft er atteP -·

W rld Fair, will 1::1 p nd liCr v aca t ion in tl1 ·Fa ·t

l' turnin g t Peru for th e op nin of · ·h) , J.

. Ii 1at ti e E ll is wi ll o at n ·c t h 1· lH 1 1 11c

1.n !finn o ta, v.b er s l1 e wi ll sp n l h ·r n1 ·ation

f r th e m · t pa r t. ' l1 wi ll pro ba f ly ,·is it th.

Exp iti on durin cr th o 1no ntl! of ,Jul y.

s Win ne int •nel s to sp nd t iJ

ll•1· f:tiHiliarit, · \\·itll the · 1uattc•r in tilt' libr!ll',\' I

I na I· It ·t· c.-p .; ially IH·lpful. a11d t'\' t:ry on e wh

ha s k now 11 11 ·r will dt·<'J,r." t·vg-1 ' 1'1 t lutt :.ht• t «

ha H 1· • ig 11 ·d (' \' •11 tltoug-l1 il b e· to pn•pm· · h r' l

fo r high er work ill t hi'H<' I i 11c·s.

the Cat ki ll. ·, af t r vi siting ' hi ·;-ttl'fl o· ..\I \f. E\·p]y 11 Bi r;-;:-: lin :-: ;u·c·''!Jl1•d a 1• 1

ti 11 in '() J. ...., ('Ill']':-; (Jr ll ·;u·h p r:-: a:-< ai B llllllll !' i f1 ' '' tPac·l li •J· i11 tl11 · .· ixt 11 grad <· i 11 1 IJP p, ., t<'ti<'.l' I }>a- tt n, ' li t f I lw Co k Cu1111 t ,. •Cll'lll<ll .'t·hot J' . '.dl f!; l l' \\·c,od. ) hie-ago _\f i :-::-: lln:-: lw

Mi Bir s w ill dev tc th e mo nth s ,f Jul.} el i I(! Augu t t th o W riP· Co lu mbian Ex] c, i ti o n.

Pr in . A. W. o rtun w ill spe ak at 'y ra ·us ..May 2 u, at Al ma Jun 1, at Brow nv ill Jun o ::.. li e w ill a ddres the Ul1a utauqn a at :r Pin. ,Ju ly In Jul y he wi ll atte nd th Edu cati<ma l ( 'o ugr e. at ' Li ·ago_, and vi it all d partm n ts of the Ex p os ition. ]Juring th mo nt l1 of ll g 11 ::; t hu

1\l t a ch in th e T ac her ' In s titut 'at T c un1 s •h , and will add r s th at body dnrin g os s ion.

Pr of E L!i · and fami ly will ::; po nd a month witJ 1 friend in Ul!i cago , vi s iti 11 g tL1e Ex 1 J.· i ticJI!. Tl1 r main de r of vaca tion wi ll be spent iu th o East, tr ave lli{€5 a nd Yi s iti ng rel ati ves .

It i wit h d ee p r eg ret that we le arn of th e r esi r natiou of fo ur mom ben:> uf o ur fa c ul ty.

Pr of. A. II . V an Vl ee t, of tL! e de pa r tm e nt of C lJ em i Ph ys ic ancl As tr ono my , wh o has tau()'Lt in t hi s in tituti on for six ye ars, re si gns hi pos ition for th e purpo se of ma ki ng still more c•fficie nt prepara ti on fo r his work. He e xp e cts to take a co ur e at .Niadi ·on U niv er sity next ye ar prepar atory to a co urse at He id e lb er g, Ger man y.

tfiss Be ll e Th o mas, Sup er int e nd e nt of P ract i ce De partm e nt, c ame to tl1 e p os ition four y (•il. r a go , witb a bz oad e xp e ri en ce in Norm al Sc ho ol work and a tbor ough know le dge of the "n o ds of the public sc ho ols. U nd er her s up erYi ion thi s depa rtm e nt Las b ee n pr act i call y re -or'g anized. Th e numb er of pupils en ro ll ed has b een do n1J\ 0 w hil e the work of traiu iu g teac he rs ' h as b ee n so as to b eco me very cffcc ti e. It w ill be dingl_v diffi c ult to fi ll sa ti sfa <·bJJ·ily the po it i () n w hi ch her r es ignation rench r va ·ant

· · .T eHn•.:: Hoy t, who for three years has LJlmuinu , lia: nat ural abili ti es fo r the po s i1 j, • l1cr ,.r ent powe r with tlH; s tu< nt s.

I'C lllt <•f't •d wi t l1 1Ill' :\ JI' IJJ <J I I'() I' t l11• J wst .· i_ )'< 'C.tl '.' 1 ( in cr for t II 1'('1' r i'H 1'1-' t(';(I']JI•J' of th •'c ·c·m• cl Pn •J>aratuJT a1 id tl11• tl! J·c•,• fol] '"'i" "' C'l'i l i1 · in th1· Pr:tC'I il·«·. lh' l ;u·t111 1'llt l11 ::Uldit·ion t·o t·lr i :-: s liP i .:-: \\' 1·11 · kn ""' tln ·cm' dJ t ll 1· st at« · <t H HI! ln :-; tit lll l' in:-:trllt'tnt· and <Ln a.c· ti ,·c· wcJJ ·kc·r i ll I ioi J<tl ;t:o':-:cH'it.tim .·. W l1ilc· nw g iiiz i JI ,!!.' t iJ<t t ii!I H' I' t ill' nJllal] •' •.· 0111' of it .· 'JII OSt t• .fr i C'i <•IJ t l' <.l1'111 ' .'1 :l llc 1' 11 t lJJJ. •i: t:-;tic \\' rkl'-. ·. ·, k11 o win g rJ 1:. 1 r- \\·it ll >11 t<1]>] )if':.L t i()Jl ()II 111 ' 1' )1 <-.L I' l <tlld <t t <Ill nd \';Lll (' l'<l_ .·alary s ]Jc· gcJC'H to a No nwll , ' ('] 100] \\·]Ji rh a :-; cmv of tl11• 111o::; t 1n·o p; n• :-::o; hlll tln .· f'()LLntry , V\(' t' Oil _4'1' atllla. tt- )1<'1' II J>n ' tl Ji. · }riPe·<· of we lJ -d ps c•1·Y<' d goCJ tl f 11 r tli 1JC.

I l esi r • to oxp r Rs lll ,Y lll g" /1 ap]>l 'l' <' ia ti o ll of th con lu c; t and s r> l di orl · be ar iJI 9.' ul' a ll of t l1 orm nl ] dJII ' ill ,!;' pr s nt yea r. I f oo l very gr ;.tt·e fld fo 1• !"1 1 s trtll tk s uppo rt g i,·on by tho ca let·s l)()tl 1 indi,·idually and co ll ec tin;ly: I am undl' r >;p e t·ial ob li g; nt ion .., to J->r of. A. H. Vl eet f (l r t:l 1e otfo 1-t w id ·h he li al:l pll t fo rth iu t l1 c ba 11 d. I d es ire to c :xp r·c·,, lflJ th ank s for tho IJOart y co -op or ati 1111 of n il <.:e rs in t lJ c exec uti on O[ the ir V<LI'i OI IS d11 tics.

11. B_ D uNc ,\ N::;ol'l'· Co nlmall dant or C:• cJ c t::;.

On \ iVe dn es day , J nn e J 4, at 2:00 p. 11H f h. Pl · w ill be a banquet se 1·ved by the A111Hl lll a. (. . . 1 . Mt Ve rnnn Hal l. Toa sts by the j'ol will be givun : "T he C iti"' eJ1 Fa c tor l11 State Edu<'ation ," Hon J3. 1 '· · Ke nn edy; " The Le gi s lat ur e a. s a F'ado l' State Fdueat ion," Hon Chnr<'h flow e; "T State Normal S<'hool as 9

Educati on, " P ri n. A No r mal Uumnj t i. on ," 1rs A 1

a .· a l• ac ·t·oz· in ,'t a l«· W" rig ht Butl1 1·.

T il' t iJ 'Ill •:-; for t l11• ( 'olllllH'llt'P IIII ' Ill 'l ht'::'t' ='

o ·till' 't •ni o J· ('l:t=-- .· ;11.,. a:-: f'ollow:-: :

< ' har111 : 't 1·ikl' 11 1 •• t. t \\ -in:-:

tlt1 • 'uttl · .\1:1\' ;1 ,·jp;-; J ifP ('a nit• i·:nll·r:-:tHI.

cs 'l «'ac·ht·r. )ra 1• t' l',!.!'ll:-'1\11.

\n·;-; i •an .\ lltbi tion, L. ldilla .l c•ll'Pn· .

< 11 1· <t tion al ldc• a, Uran· .Junl' :-:

Tn tth \ Yill Pn·,·;_d I, Li zzit• !\. ,., ., t1·l.

Tlt c P;L ·-ro ll )f h rist i'J Hlulll 2\ t•!li, • L\-1\C'h . .

T l't L' :-: Do \\ '1J<tl· \\ ' · Lyn l'h . \ <J it Pnt'it·n tl .\·, Inti· 1111 1 I dl) ·. . . \.

_,\Lot io n 1\t'l'l l :-i till' l<'Ltllll

Ed a ( '. '"l ,o, ·c· Tl, y:-;,·l r Last ." L. Eclwi JJ il;t H nc k\\'«HH L Lig l1 tH _ \ 111 id tl11• "f I ft,. ( 'i ,.j I \ \' ar K i tt it· '1' .\'lt on.

Th t• l'\\. Ed ui'Mi 11 IT;t nnah _\.. "-allcH· ', '1 h • 1 a;::t an L P n• :-: I'Ht nf Ir •la nd .Tulia \Y rt.

D dt•rJllill:ttin n tiH• E.>:· tn thl• Fn tun-' . .\I a .'· )J. \Y.nll' . l tu1i,·idunlil \' ::)hnp •::-: Ill' Futurl' . .lo 'i l' E. York :--; ctllltll'll aug:h man '«•n :-; ihiliti ' :-: . ,). ] 1'0 \\' t.'l' P rtl!.!.'l'«';:-:i on the 1 P:-: u lt of \_ 1·ti dt.'- . • E. D -'l zell.

Tht• ('ontinp: Citi zt• n. H. li a .'·s. I tlllll ,\" llll' dt·. har1 P t: .T n -"8

Th t• H i, ;ll 't't> '... Howanl lL .Ton :::

Tht• Eh•m t• JJ t :-: o f(_ h:H ;tdt•t· l irh·ud D. )J u ri ti'.

L"nd t.• r l' lll'l'l' ll t ". .U b ·rt \Y. ;:; tt.•rlw ut . " ('; 111 (.' 1 '<Lil::' l' tht• ncl ea n ." \.. rt h m· Qui. H' Y.

Til L' \\ n rfan• of ' l'i t•nc e. T. tant n Y an YlPe t.

CO TE TS TO OL UM E l.

•': 111 tn to r. · :--: , e ial H .. U it'l' 1\'all:tl '( '

Tc lh -<' 1' \\r«'IHll' ll Ho llll vs 1(1 1111 (·ht•t• n lt•af \YIJi tt i•• r, 111 t.• p tc mlll'l' Atla.n ti c

T:w ght· l n<' illl·n t:ll ly . En ·hn Bir :-;:-:

• l t-1'.' on 'u.; i at ic Clw lcz·;L, H. B. l>ut l< ' <1.1 ls"n (, l mnbn s D n.y Pln1J S, :\. 1\. ..Uo H<l\ · t unLl H en tli11 g, H ·lk TIJonJ< t · · 1 Tn1i n in g Ann a 1( Stw d.;:

Though ts Ab out F litt in g J3in ls . I.. _A. H. Yau Y lt•Pt El hoes fr om thP D t:'})ar tl l l1'11 r, E . .i\ L E< it o ri al ·

X No ti:'S

'J' I L' d >ra ·1-:: a uf S l' ipnc e '1'] 0 )__'onn g \I'\Tn men 's C hri stla n As s ci atio n, Cani e Em er son -0 !l ng Chri st ian Asso ci ation. c. s. Jon es Tl e PhiJonta the an S ocit·ty

( 't f r of '!' -• 1 \ 1 r G _ _ +l es , - l:: ::l. C ll-1 s, "- · ::rO il CL) 'I' · 1-l .;; Ah ont In cluw _ h:lu ·ation, I, '1'. S. Vall VJ eet . I >I a wiH g .ti'anp:l lt Incld en ta ]] y, II, ]\f. E,·ely ;1 Birss

'l'l , )rau\n of Gree ce, C. S..Tones

Xa.pol (:•on, .r. F. Ho sie

( 'c lllTihn :, and hi ::; Pr epm·ation for the Voy aa·e, 0. F. Le hr • 0

I.U .!.> <1'1--> of r ove l-y' :May A. :Mark s ' ,e Pi ftee nth Ce n tn r .r , C<1.1Ti e E merso n

Uolumbu Day at th e Normal, 'ra .J on .·

Rambling Th ought about Flittino· Bird. , II., A. lf . an \1 t

Lord T nny on, Kitty T ynon

NOl'mal Not_,

N atm·al Re ading, II., Bell Th o ma .·

Phy i cal Training, II., Anna K. trot'lc

How Hi tory May B Mal e Int re ting .Jo.· ie E. Y ork

Characte1i. tic of an Id al T eacher, Fr d R M n ow 'rh Old Red ' ·hoo l -ho u se puem , .Julia H. May in Erht £·c {f ora tat Exam in ati on , A. K. Gondy

Editorial

L egend of Gilp in ' Gulvh, I. , " Jaltl-ch ee"

El emen tary Botany in the Pub)ic ch ol · I. , ut.rle E. B

Normal Not ·

Amono- the 1ag azin e ·, 'anie

Nebr a. ka 'tate T ach er ·' A· oc iation

Academy of Sc ie nc e

To Oliv " l' We nd 11 Holm es poem , ' ur ti · Gu ill , in B ostrn 1 .Journrtl

Pr of. G o. L. Fa1nham wi th port1·ai t , A. H. Van \ 1 Pt

Ptof. A. W _ NOl'ton (w ith portrait , Osw ego Dai ly Tim -.c;

Con versational Latin, G. W. Elli f:l ·

Eleme ntary Bo tany in th e PtLbli · •'c h ool. · II., ' had e-.· E. B.e :·. ·py

Current 1 op ic , Hem -y fe nk e

Z oo logi cal ()oll ec tino·, I. , Ge01·cre A. 'ol eman

Editorials

'rhe L egend of Gilpin '. Gu lch, II ., " .Ja hl -che "

Om Wodc1 (po em ), N. W. Rand , in J oltrna l of Erb..wrcUon

Feudali ·m- 'rh Germ a ni c Tribe. , I. , Howard H. J oue ·

T11 e Menta l Side f Mn. ica l Inte rpr e tati on, E. M. Liyp ct t

N or rna l Notes

Th e Bl ne J ay ( Cyanocitta CTistrcta), A. H. Va n Vleet

Eleme n ta ry Botany in th e Pnblic Sc h oo ls, III., Cha rl es E. Bessey

Fr eedolil and Disciplin e in th e Pub lic Sc h oo l , Be ll e Th omas

Eng lish Compositio n, I., W. H. S ki nner

G- limp ses of Switzerlan d, I., Je nni e. McLain

Geo logy and B ota ny of Neb.vaska, 0. S. rJon es

Object of th eY M. C. A., A. W. Oste rh o ut

Fe ud ali sm- Landed Proper ty, I I. ) Ho ward H. Jon es

The Rec itation, S. Ba ughman

Ed itorials

The C nrr·e nt yea r in Hi to•·y, CuT1·ent Literature

No rma\ ;r otes

D epa1truent <)f Supervis-ion, A. K. Goudy _ Talk s to TeacherS--ProfessiODfl I Pre paration, L, A. W. N OJ; ton

7; n 1ogica1 Co11c<:tin g 00 the Gar£ Coa st. II. , Geo r ge A. Co le man

· f Switze r-1tlnd? II. , Jen ]l.ie McLain

,J oseph G iliil au

• "m1 1ff th a:vajo Indi an s-, I., T. Sta n to-n Van Vle

ple De W. H. Skinner lc.'Ct

.

m n tn1·y B tany in th J> ulli ·: ('It 1 I' l \" ., (' h ad , E. l t ";'l ,\'

ub li · It o I :.y 1;1 tHl i .. , r.. Jl l. l u H 'i\ ll :'o ll udali nt -E ·on 111 y of ]-' Ill. \J oward H. ,I o m" d it ria l· ·

I n,·i ·in J[aqa::ill{' of' _i'tneri anlfi ·l ory .

ra t ur e in om· J>uhli · ' ·hnrd1-' . hat 'h all I D , H nr · M •uk

J' S- ' han g s in ch ol III., \. \\. :\ () l' t n nt· Patri ot ic So ti<r · ' ' Jon t:l ' • • ta te and the Pu b li · '.] ,ool , Fr •d E. l\[on·ow 'ho uld O cc mti on Day be O btl e rv ·d , ,) F. H os ie F at·s po m) Jc o. walk e r, ill Oce r1and J[u nt hl.lf ggcst ions in R co·ard to Teac hin g \m •ri ·an History . l. . H. Vv. C':llu\\ II tta ry Bota ny in the Pnhli c 'choo l , \ 1. C' lta s. E. Bc':o: y ical Collecti ng on the GnH Co ast, III .. Geo rg \.. C'ol cm:tn o Mcdiciu c- .M eu-T hc Mis io n of the Ya: -Bi-C'Ity ', II L. T. 'tan ton Van \ l eet

ur e in o nr P ubli c Schools, II, C harl es Fo rd y ce

Composit ion Simple Dcoc rip tio n, I\ ., '" . H. ' kinn cr ism - Econo tn.y of Fe uda lis m, IV., Ho \\ a.rd H. Jon es s

ca r in the Y ..M. C. A.. , c. S. J o li os J\" otes

cbraska Sta teN o rmal 'rt·n.ining School ( wit h illn st ra tion!"), A. W. Norton fA. W. No rton (with po l'trait), Hcv. Lew is Hals ey , D. D. Hi ll s and a 1· lVI Ev elyn Birss

uy Sto ry and tts Fne nds, Be ll e Th ornas

Bi rd Nes ts, A; H. Van 'Vl eet

a jo tl · on the F.l ow of the Miss o uri River, H. B. Dun canso n it to Mam mo th Cav e, Geol' o·e A Colema n

Suggestions in R egard to Teachino· Ameri can Hist ory , II., H. w. Caldwell

The Church in Feudal V., Howard H. Jones tin Moral Training, Dr. Mary V. L ee

chc::>-01 Org anization, v., A. Vv .. Nor to n

THE, NEBRf\SI(f\ STf\TE, ORM ftl, SG HO OL.

PERU_, NEBRASK A.

THIS IS THE ONLY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL FOR THE TRAININ G OF TEACHERS IN NEBRAS KA •

TH E L OCAT IO is in th e mid st of a thri \'ipg co mmu ni ty, sur round ed by influ ·nc !< vf th · n·o.t wh o! ·st n. · !<o rt. ·1h wh ic h co mpr ise six ty ac res of bea utiful , na tural wo od land , overlook the :\li ssu uri ri v rand \' all ·y for ma nY miles

· TH E B UIL D! GS are large , pleasa nt , and c umm di ous, four in number, of th e m::Ji n s h oo l and ba sem en t, M t. Ve rn on Ha ll , a dor mit ory for lad ies , a two-story li brary, and a ho ih: r, en g-in c, and clyn :"•n <J workshop at t ac h ed. A ll th e b uil d in gs are l ight ed by cle tricit y, and warmed hy ste am , ·x ·pt th e.: don ni wrv.

EVERY DEPAR T ME:-l T of th e school is we ll quip =: d w it h applian ·cs for g i\ in g- th · l> ..: st in s tru ·tion in ·a ·h r ·sp r.: ti \' t;.

The CHEMICAL and PH YS I CAL L a' orato; ics ar..: w ::: ll fu rni sh ..: d wit h ap p ar a ui ·, so th at each lll ..: mh cr of th e sc v ·r ut perfor ms h is own exP.e rime nt s, acq uiri ng fac ili ty in rna ni pu !a tio n, and a pra c ti al kn owle d ge.; of the s ubj c ·t he pursu · ·.

The BIOL OG IC AL Labo ratory is su pp li ed with c ab in et s of th e scvc ral dc pa1'tm cnts of 1'-: at ural :\ etc ., and wit h m ic r oscop es and o th er in st rum en ts for ac tu al wo rk •

An AS T RO , OM I CA L Obser va tory i's furn is hed with a good cq u :llo:·i ally mount ·d te ks c op :-

The EL EMEN TA RY and R EV IEW clas ses h ave to th e cab in et-, th e lal> o ratorie s, and tlw <> I• =' ·rvatnry, and ? li ed wi th a ll n ecessa ry hel ps for ena blin g th em to ga in a ·omplctc mastery of s ub jcct s; and for giv in g th em fa il ity Illust rat io n.

Th e LI BRARY -co nt ai ns more th an seve n th ou sa nd vol um es and pam ph lets, a ll selcc t <.: d w ith th e care. th e fr eest access to th ese boo ks. The Read in g Ro om is furni sh <.:cl w ith a ll the leading 1\llag-az in cs, ,.cic 11tifi c arc a! ., • JOurnals, and wi th a lar ge nu mbe r of da il y and wee kl y pap ers.

CO UR SES of STUDY Th_re are t wo cour:;es of s tu dy-a n Eleme nt ary and a Higher co urs e. On g co urse, wh ich co rn pr ises a th oro u g- h r ev iew of th e commo n Eng li sh branch es, toge th er w ith a co urse in th e p nn c lp lt!s nf anct practice in t eac hin g un der t eac hers sk ill ed in the art of c rit ic ism, th e.: s tu de nt s arc gra nt <.:cl a se co nd grade sta te ccn i fi c at fo r t wo yea rs. Gr ad u ates from an acc red it ed Hi gh 'chool-a nd ord in a ri ly t eac h ers h olu i ng s ec ond grade \' an and ta ke th e tr ai nin g in one yea r.

On comple tin g th e H igher co urse, th e s tud e nl is g rant ed a Diplom a, wh ic h is a Professional State Ce rtifi ca t e, f('•)o tf fo Yea r s; and u po n evide n ce of as a t eac her for t wo y ea rs, an au di ti onal diploma is gra nt ed, goo d for life, unl e ss •t is a ll hy...rcason o \eav in g the profess io n. Gr ad uat es fro m acc r ed it ed Hi g- h Sc hools and Co ll eges arc gi ve n full Cr l·clit f <>ttainm ems , h ut th ey are expec ted to take th e Profess ional co ur se

Th e PR ACTICE S CH OO L. Thi s is th e o nl y in st ituti on of th e state with a ca r ef uii y orga ni zed a nd gr ad ed Pract Lc S.: Wh:ch eve ry one gr ad ua tin g fr om either co urse mu st take pr ac ti ce in th e ac tu al wo rk of in s tru c ti on, und er th e super ll i io n Pe n enced and ski ll ed cr it ic t eac hers.

ROA RD in p ri va te fa mili es, and in cl u bs , is moderate in cos t, ra ngin g fr om tw o to three and a -h a lf do ll ars per : Th e R. &: M. R. R. p asses through the t ow n, ma kin g th e sc h oo l co nve ni e nt of a ccess f ro m m os t pa rts of th e state. '4J!

GR AD UAT ES. Th ere is a mu ch gr ea ter dema nd for th e g ra duat es fr om th e sc h oo l th an we are ab le to su pp ly. . rin ci Faculty are ·lad to corres po nd wi th Sc h ool Bo ard s, a nd to p ut th em in co mmuni ca ti on with th e gra du at es wh o arc m en ts t 1:; u t"<lch

. E TRAN · Stude nt s ca n e nt er at any tim e, b ut th e best tim e is ir Se pt em ber. A m at ri c ul a ti on fee o f_ five do ll ar ;u l:ed on entering t,,. the firs t tim e. Thi s is a ll th at is r eq uired exce pf th tt s tud e nt s rrf th e hi gher co urse, wo rkw g in 1 ones, are required to '"'Y a l abo rat ory fee of one o lla r a te rm a nd for actual br eaka • ·· Gra duates r eturn for a co urse, complete or pa 1'ti a l, purs uin g such st "'

T e fall term of the sehoul wi ll begi n epte m ber 6, I8 9J · Cat al ogue a nd inf o r