1893-1894 Normal Courier issues 1-10

NEBRJ'\.SKA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. PER.U , NEBR., SEPTEMBER, 18Q_3.

BY Til E OF ' 94 .

I. A! .::' CL ARA GILIH: RT , w. DELZELL

KFORI '·

TIIOS. F D AilS 0 J s . ' • Tt\ ' DL E Y.

MERRl l.l,

Terrms of Subsc-ri!ption : .

•o py ; per school year .. ....

1 co pi es , eac h

,uhscrip ti on · :1rc cousich:red

• ecretary:

Tre asurer.

1

oo

15

.c ar:a. .rcs paid. :all rommu 111 c· 1.t until ordered di scontinu ed to the i':OIC\1AL C OUK1 KH.

:t: • at t llo post Vffic e at Poru, Nebr ., a 8 8

• econ d Glas s Mail Matter.

SCHOOL DI:R.ECTORY

-. . PI III. Oi\!ATJ [E A;.;:

·l , c,·cn' Friday duri.ng- s chnol t • corcli:tlly 111\ltcc.Lto )oin usnl ou c l!11S at 7 o'clock. All .,. Hight:r Cour:-;e. work, cs pec.iaHy · • , · Prestdent.

EVERETT SOCI E Ty

Fri<hv c vcnim:r durin!! srhool terms. 1\' t .t ·

' · ou 1:- Jitcr'\f V w ork \VM p · ude nts an especially n JOUI u::o m ·

· AkH.tOTT, Pres tdent. oRPLlS ELITUM.

' v Fridav cY c nin o- during' Holidays and Spring Ya c • • M ANNA Coy , Presirlcnt PHI LLIPPlAN SOCIETY. 1 · Friclny c,·eninQ' durin" thl! snm_mer. for 1 · mhcrs (if the A17unni the hhn"lll unng "·ac tt' ltg hcr students ,., JOSEPH G . lOll , 11 1.lLAN, President. THE MILl riA.

1 I. D. DL'NC AN SO N, 2d l-ie utenant, of Cndets. ST .t\ FF' ·•.:h, and acting- Atljntant · Jd, Lieute nant and ac.: ling Sergeant l\tl aJor 3eedlt·. ] n·:;t Serg eant and acling Q. i\1.

• fN FA NT Ry -COMP-\:0:\' A cal, C:tpt :11n : \ Y,n o,,Jze ll est r te nte nant: j. li'L l1i ch· I . ' ·lT( s, 2d Lit'll l. D tV CilJl c;> rt C CO "PA:oi\' B. l. L. · ' a ptai 11 : G. C. i\{crri ll, JSt C 1ten:tnt ' · S. N orto rr, : ATHL E TIC AS OCIATI ON •nt , Di e!< Ne al ; :i t·cretary , \\'ill I... J)avc npo rt. 11 t, Thos. f. Dohh s; \'. c. /1 Co rres ponding Sccrctnry, Geo. C. Mc·rrill. v. \\' : c.. :nt, \ ina Ca non; Secretary, l\tfary Ru chauan , M II.I'I'ARY BA :-1]). R obert Sergea nt. \V F. Tl obcrts.

SAL

As we ruake our bo w to the many r ea ders of the OURIER, in o ur new position, it is . with no li tt le mi givings, on our pa rt as to our ability to conduct this department of o ur chool as its importance de mands, meet sati factory expectations of all concerned and attend to other duties enjo in ed up on u .

As an ed ucationa l jo um al th e Co u RIER will continue it s onwa rd co ur se The most prominent featmes w hich ha ve be en so widely r ecogniz fl d w ill be continued, but we shall hope to make new fri e nd s by means of n ew thought and suggestions. We s hall attempt to mak e the Co LR.IER newsy and instru ctive . Nor do we exp e ct to m ;wpoliz o this space. We :urge studente, a ln mn i and friends to contribute such articl es as are of ge neral int er es t. Discussions, if conducte!l in a friendly spirit, will not be prohibited. The institution that cannot successf ull y combat tl.Je friendly criticisms it may r eceive from our eo ntribut or s, must suffer the r es ult. We will uot try to defe nd unw o rth y things for relations s ake, and if we fail to please yo u we ask you to remember th e div e rsity of p eop le's wants a nd wi hes , and th e consequent n ecess it y of some one b in g displeased. Bea1· with us. Do n ot di sco u rage us by seve re criticism unl ess th e mistake to be criti cise d is so flagrant that it ca nn ot be allowed to pass unn o ticed. If thi s he lp is forthcoming we feel that the battl e is already half fough t. If we fa il to make sc h ed ul e time, or in any way to e nhan ce the int er ests of the Compnuy and gene ral publi c, we s hall claim the ri ght to thr ow a portion of the blame upon the Company , fe ll ow students, and interest ed read e rs gene rall y-- to the CouRIER Company as be in g r esponsi bl e for presuming too mu ch

THE NOR MAL C OUR IER.

upon our capabilities, to fellow-student 8 • tea c her s and alumm for lack of proper support in th · f d e matter o sen mg lD commumcations T I · o th ese and not to us, shall be ong the chief cred · f ' It or th e good results we hope for.

EDI'J.10RIAL

Students, read our adverti s ing column s, see who hae patronized your paper and tl'ad e accor dingly. Thos e who support your institut· L IOns ar e entitled to yo ur trad e. et th em have 't invest mo ney in s pac e to ask for it and 1 : 11 Tb ey · WI make inducements to re tam yo ur fn en ds hip I . d · t stand to reason that Jf th ey o not ask for yo n t d ; 1 • r ra e it is not appreciate d, and no effort will be d . . ma e to accommodate you m pri ces. Trad e .. .. • Witn yo ur friend s.

The Columbian Fair is the grande st 8 h 1 c oo the world bas ever kn o wn. It re pres ents at . on ce th e Progress and th e produc t of c ivilizati on . Blll Ce civilization bega n. It -s hows th e highest acJ11·e d k veme nts of human in ustry, a 111 and genius· . f . , It refl e cts the ad vance ment o mankmd in all tl ' 1e ar ts and professi?n s; It po rtrays m miniature the life of e ve ry natwn and of An inte lli ge nt, inspec:tion of its wonders IS In Itse lf a lib e ral educ ati olL

T insure our s uccess in competitiv e

o . 1 g am f's Jet have regular time for practi ce and be' 1a r at practiCe. re gu

A bove all Jet us be tru e ath1 e tes ; Jet each 1 . . . d 1 . ' p ay e l· 'nk his iudl v lduahty an pay m th e te alll a s1 h' s a part of a human m.ac me .. Today team work

. Then let us smk our Je alontly g' · WinS. d ' IV e Up OUr . s timulants an late hou1·s N · n arcotiCS, · o one is 1 to be te rm ed at hl ete until he en tlt eu IS wlllin ok ac rifi ces and to und e rgo dep . . to ma e 8< rtvati on for I ak e of a cle ar b ead, pure body atl c·' t te s 1 ' 1 orga ns . . 1 by indo ge n ce · u nu n pa ire<

t reat o nr athl e ti CS not mere! .

Let 118 1 Y as a co nb te fo r ce a nd bru ta Ity again·at b test of ru · rute for ce

d b t a li ty b ut as a sc ien ce , a co nte st f . an ru ' · d 0 rn111d g th aga in st mm aud s treng th and strc u

t he n ew de partures of th e N 8 , Among . . . · · . N. S.

1 No r mal Athl e tiC Ass ocmt 1o n. W !8 t 1e e ha ve

d Year's expe nen ce , l et us pl'Ofit 1 ha one )y th at

expe ri ence and ·orr ·t o ur fuult aiHI nr we ak place

If we ar e go in t Ita ve ath I ti ·. th em with a pnrpo c and a wi II. \\ th folly of gr 11 1111 kill ·d 111 •n fie ld v n again n t atn f i nf,•ri are dr illed fLnd kill ·d tr It t \Ill h .h ,.

\\ e m et wit h OJ po s iti on b · nww nf th • f • th nt o n1· atbl ti · wo nld 1 tnwt fr(,JJI

A an arn st of ou r in n tio n let u .· n1 k n eces,.a ry for an UJ pli 'f.lll t for 111 m •r hip brin g fr m the fa c nl tv a . rtifi ·atiou th 1t I 1s up with Ilia cia -w rk and i a fi t Af.JJ li out

FH.(EBE r_. AT

TH FAfl.

One of the rn o t ll otab l font nr of th ( Inn _ bian Expo itio n i. the c 11 1 icu<> ll !4 huno ,. b ,· pa id to moder n m •n of ge u in ::; wlw in th ir _ .,__ eral ways, have bl;! en · •sp ec ial lJ '11 •fa t ri! mank in d. The v •ry arch it e tll i' C is n fi r mtHllt tudd ed t hi ck \Vith these stars of fir st Illao-nitllll In thi s ex pos ition ai system ('o l ru n bu s i · iudl'.,. th e ce ntJ ·al su u, hil t so fnr fr om pal i ng in t he staJ·s seem to eta nd out in n I th plain er re li e f.

Am ong th e s ons of . wh o are p cinl 1 ge m us · • 1onor ed in t hi s ex 1) 08 1·t· . ]<··ie rl !'i h W lh •lr_ 10 11 !A • August wh o 0 11 0 !Jnnclt· •d Jea 1·d tl !!C. was j ust emPrg in g He i honored in the e du cat io na l dop fl rt mc• ut of th,• ]ibei'<t J :H'tR bu ilding d !J HS oee ll IJ. Otlorl'tl it ' au te tw o o th et· d ist i net a nd st i II JJ1n rc u o . wo l't h y ,,·:1,"" • Pers onal_l y he wonld r; hJ'iuk , fo r he Was Ill'''lt in th e e xtreme f. 811 ch h o11n 1·" 1111 t h , I OJTI • "• wonld ex cee din glY that Ill s gi·aud i dt>ll ' cbildre n- c nl t uro !mel nt t ai ned su eh fai r cnt:hi n and d ee p r oote d r ecog ni tion, and :1.- o ove all t it th e gr eat est of w orld 's fai t·s was to be 130 tt•n t ' . . pn me an s of promo ting the K lnd erg art eu svst througho ut the c onntr.y , and pe d 1aps in ·c 01; 11 tri , whi ch had neve r b ea n:! of tho grand old ten , g ·:rlol and hi s met hod of c hil d-cultu r e. '

On e 'e ntire of the congr es s , ·)lin · · ' a ux i vo: as set .apa t·t to th e k in de r ga rten fo r th e ·diSCI.. .s10n of Its rela ti on to pn b li c

A ve ri tab le kind e J·_gru te n is ma intain d ..., - e out th e fa u· season tn th e I II ' ois stat J" 10 e bu· Ill a ve rita ble li ve exhibi t a t I ns nl I fi s ru y " 1y 1n th:

HE NORMA L CO UR IER .

e ri es b uil d in g plnn. ond n ·t d on the roo t approveu

Little cou ld th I . o lnmbu of kinderga r tens Imacrine a •e qu1 th

< ' 0 h / \Vrought out his gr eat i dea, that so soon t e ki1 d · 1 er garten would be a promine nt f ea tm e of th o- reatest exp o itio n e ...·er held.

W.ay NOT'( ru.:, n.

l os t of o ur th i nki n •whY ·' UEDELL. along the line of

"w hy ' is answere d, bu t I must be able to IQake an an swer to the "why not that shall be satisfacto ry to 1\ll im par tial and inflexible conscience

Nature and God lay the tasks upon us. God s ays, '·go work today in my vineyard ." Nature says "go forth to wi n your bre ad from thb re lu ctant soil." So with baud and hea r t, and bra in and mu scle, the task must be perfo r med, un le ss a sufficient "why not can be presented.

••W hy sh I ]t JS ou d I stud v9 Why should I lnb ol.; Why hr)u l·:l 1 J •· '" for ot h ers? , ot her ways th

If this matter sh ould seem ob scure as set f or th in this pap e r, all obscuri ty will disappe ar w·hen we go out to answe r these questions for ourse l ves. Somebody mus t prepare to t each, must cu l ture th br ain and mo uld t he heart fo r the teacber"s Inflll) e qne.,t iou is a ked to be anti l.J v somebod ' k d ' h t' " 19 c.:. b d sw e rc dJ d 1 'J' ot her than ourselves "'Vhy wo r -· an •w y uo : oome o y must co nul o t 1e t ' - · we shO ask set before us ? , Pr evious su rne th e '•midnight oil over moral and scien tifi c ·b indi vidual n 1 · · · f' b ld " d d t ct t •ere is a Ine n tal pr ocess m vest1gat w ns, or t e wor s goo , an why no t 0 ou, Ill uch aft e h I" S b d 'l · b fi ld b O'Qlllg . . r t e Ie of a case in court, om e o y must t01 m t e e or s op, an\J. >in the w dl and · d h I" b d · G d' "here b ]n gm ent hear t he case, as w y not oome o y mnst go out m to o s pr ese ut ed by ou r distaste for exe r tion and gr eat har vest fie ld and nndure hardships, privab . on t e one s1de d h · d tf' · tl t 1 t b d Ju 01, . , an t e claims of pr udence t1ons an su ermgs 1a os men may e save , . I on scie n ce OJ the th d l t l" n ne c . h. b . 0 e r. It is o nl y when th e an w 1 Y uo j udgn1<' 11t us et' n C:f>liYill e<·d and the w ill deter - These- n ow are the forms or some of them, in d that th e br ain tl 1 · 1 h' t' 'll d d min e , k or 1e hand wi ll u ndertake w HC 1 t IS ques wn WI come up an we must o • 11 t te d ta s·. When tl1 'h · · h · o- and 'f ffi · t · f th Its n o · · e ·w .Y ' IS su fficientl y t e answenn 0, 1 no su Cien an swer 1s oru then 1t Itl that th e tas k · d T h' · co rn ing, then must we to the tas k that is a.ssigned St r Ollo• b · IS on e. IS IS "e mea n Y ask in g tl 1e · · t d co nde d t the bar f · wh at · quest 1on "w hy.'· us, or s au rnne a o co ns cience

In

We mn st kn ow th e r easou fo r . f 1 Ah, it would be a great relie f to s ome of us if • our pu ttmg ort 1 exert iOil· th is qu esti on co ul d have been confined'" to the

How q uick ly the clul d r es p onds, wh ei'l bi dden oue word, "why," b ut some how, dislike it as we to do un pl easa nt t as k, W hy must may, we find the stern -faced, pe r sisten t ''w hy I do it'''' n ot"' confronting us wh en a ny weighty and re-

B ut t hi s a 1·ticle bas an oth er qu estio n to pr ese nt sponsible task is to be perf o rmed. We sha ll fi nd an d tllat is, "W hy n ot." "No grea t di ffe r ence o ur li ves shaped fo r go od or ill, by our answer t0 be twee n th em ," do vo n say1 . th is question "w hy no t."

Ah , bu t th ere is the diff er ence of a wh ole moral

It is all the di ff er ence between au h omisp he1·e se lf-i ndulgen t id ler reclining, ignobly, in the l ap

On th e one si de is th e quest ion, " wh y should 1 of Jnxu ry, and the gr and life of the consecrat ed do for some one el se to answe r, and if the toile r in the grea t harvest fields of the world. is not in esist ibly co nvinc ing, I m ay ex cuse

It we re an eas,y task to fill out a long list of mys e lf , b ut wh en th e quest ion co mes np fo r me th ose wh o have bl est the world with their livi ng to answe r, '' wh y not,,, th en ind c•ed it is a very in it, anrl tl1ey are th ey who ha ve, on eve ry occa· diff e r<•Ot m atte 1·. sion, when suitab l e, asked the q uestion that stands

No w in t hi s view of i tJ [ cannot sit as judge at the head of th is art icle, and when th ey have amd we igh the of anothe r. I must see n the path of du ty and have seen no r easo n give to anot her an an swe r at the bar of • •w hy not'' for them, they ha ve responded to the whic h wi ll ac ce pt of no thin g bnt a clea,. answe r ca ll of du ty, and the world has be en glad to do anrl a su ffic ient t·eason, the ques tio n, "why n ot ' {" th em hon or. Th ese have been the martyrs and At trib u nal I ca n uot wait till the questi on heroes of the world, in wha te ver age they may :J

have lived. Nor are the hero!:ls and heroine s all in thei r grav e s. a noble army of them are gladdening the earth by their noble, self-forgetf ul l ives, an d we may be ?f the number.

HOW TO TEACH U. S. HISTORY.

C. F. LEHR

In the teachin"g of history w:e should k ee p in view the object and aim of history, which ar e these: lat. To teach the story of our country from the time of its discovery to the pres e nt tim e. 2nd . To create a deeper love lor political and religious institutions; to strength en th e patriotism of our boys and girls, and keep th e lamps of our s acred liberties ever burning brightl y. 3d. To cultivate that thir st for knowl edge whi ch will come from deeper reading and wid er se ar ch fo r histo r ica l tr uths.

Men of m ea n s, thirsting for kno wle dge, tr ave l in e ve ry clime to become ac quaint ed with th e go v ernm ents of the a nd to le arn s om e thnig of the education, religion, purs uit s, ma nn e rs and cust oms of th e p eo pl e. Can we not deri ve th e sa me or gr ea ter benefit with mu ch le ss time and expe nse by th e s tudy of th e peop le of the past ?

Stud y ing the struggle of th e human race ha s alw ays pro ve d int er es tin g and beneficial we le at:n it fr om r ea ding or from trav el and obser va ti on. Only th e man·of me ane can afford to ga in th is int er es ting kno wledg e by travel, but we ca n all b eco me ac q uainted with the histo ry of the pa st.

In the stud y of th e he ro es a nd s age s of our co untr y, we find go od ex ampl es to follow in the building up of chara cter.

We find childr en mu ch int e rested in fair y stori es or lov ing to hear grandm oth er rel a te he r c hildh oo d ex perienc e to t hem . 1'he story of h ow he r pare nts mov ed ac ross th e mountains and rivers to some new had to be cleared and brought und er culttvatlOn befor e th ey, could have com fort abl e bo rn e, of th e te rr ors inspired by ah o the r th e be ar or th e mo r·e' sa vage Indian t e pa • . 1 ·, or pe rha ps, some war that la s sh ake n th e founda. f o ur co untr y in her c hild -hood days 'I'h twn o . e se all form del igh tf ul h1 ston ca l st o1·ies which the c hildren deli ght to bear.

• The teacher shou ld then b eg in the tea e hin g

of oral hi to ry in tb pr i ma ry an gr ades by gi vi ng tb ir 1 up ils iu t r ti n sto ri et1 re lat ing t tb m at im por ta nt hi sto r y, ucb as Tbe ' to r· f o lnm bu u uk r H ill , John mitb Wi lliato 1> un 'ul tn \\ i chcr aft, Bo t n Tea \ Va bin " ton L nf tt '' and oth er . Th ·t ri ca n b mu d ,. • t· • iut r, ea ti ng aud be ne ficia l and m ay b u se d n 1 n u. les sons to a gr at xt nt by IHwi o" th th e st ry in tb ir wn langua sh ould gi ve thent in th ir cln n n ot mo re th an on to ry per , She wo ul d tb u b l ny iug a for bi to ry and in t illin g i nt th pupi1 a t hir st fo r th at Li st ri nl kn

can o nl y be obta in ed by di li ge nt r

In many of om r ead e rs th r i ll sketche wb'ich can b e nl arg d up on t eac her and :be pupils may b re qui r ed du ce th e sub Ject fo r· tho 0 xt r ad i ng I ca r ef ul to wri te it in the ir ow n Jauguag .

We now come to the tudy of hi st r , h 111 thl' t ext -b ook .. Thi sho ul d n t b• put i nt th hand,; of t he pup il un t il the la t ) ear ( th f ur th r ea der. hi'sto r·y th is yea r b ul d b nll'

s impl e, pn ma ry b oo k and sh uld be c rnp lct d in on e yea r.

"" Th e le sso n hould be . d by t op ic · . . ass 1gn · and rn th e pt epar atto n of th e 1 th p u1 il h II k f essons 0 11 l use of the ge og raph y. Wb u a uY port1?n of th e cou utr·y is me oti oPe d th e) ho uld loo k 1t up on th e m ap d be ab le to lo 1 , an nto tIL' pla ce a nd tell all ab o ut ·t Out l iu e map fS l c 1 • k tna y w se cur ed and on th ese sh ould be roa r ed the I . . p aces of disc ove ry, CX J)lora tion s se tt leme nt , Batt-l 1 ' es a• th e ro utes of ma rching armi es. Th e maps sho uld be fiJl td o ut by th e pupil s in th e pr epara ti on f th e ir l esso n and m ay be r ep ro duc ed on - th e bla c kboard at th e tim e of Th e t eac hin g of geography thu s go in ha nd Wit h th te aching of hist o ry. In pr epa ri ng th e hi s tor th e te ach er sho uld en courag e th e pupil 0 s ee k for fn r·ther in for mati on on top ics o uts ide of th e book. Thi s m ay be fo und in th e te xt- b ooks of th e older pupi ls i ii hi story. 'l'h c t eac her wo uld in thi s wuy be teac hin g th em to sP.a rch in •r field s for know led ge . Some pup ils wo uld do in f ormation , but oth ers we ll to l oo k fo r furth e r· wo uld only be abl e to al tJO to on w wb J ]l JL other 11 t·• u ers l·t. Jw th ]11 nn st:'a. J1is r tl wir th h.Y the bio t.hat hn (•l asses in

THE NOR M AL CO U RIER

m a. t r. w l!_a.t i o.qtaio d in th t x -boo k of ra phi es of o ur tates men wa rri ors e xpl orer" a nd di cove rers. t il ld r pnp il in hi

'l' he mE't h d of r ·itat i on ho nl d b ra ri ed .

WJ1il " the top ic me tho 1 i by th .. b ·t fo r th "' ad ,·an d Ia it n1 u. t n ot b. who ll y d p nded n p( 1n in he p ri ma 1-y cla,;;; \\ -' IL d ir ected qnP ·tion will b ri n o- out nw.ny i den." and po in t.· th at the cia. wo ul d Hot ot i1 nvi " h a.v " t l1 ought of'.

· Af te r on e ea r s wo rk in the pri mary hi sto ry th e pu p il s sho uld ta ke up ' Ba rn es Comm on h oo l Hi to ry· or it eq nb-alen t. They , ho nld n ot atte mp t to go farth r than to Ma di on 's Ad mi ni tr ation the fir st year, a nd co mpi "t the b oo k the ne xt year. Thu givi ng two years to co mpl et any eommon ch oo l I h; Lv _. oft n fo u n<l · t 1 an pl an to · haYe th t pu p il s re c- i te tiH::l le ..., -:v 11 with th .hi sto ry. hoo k open. Th at i · h a\' e them 1·ea.d a ·h t ni to dett-> 1'111 in ' I th tl o" 1e er 1 c an pr ono nn ce al l the wo rd s. wh et h th ey un de r ttmd. the of the or a ll ow them to a::; k qn tJO ll abo ut :.t nY t lnn o- the\" •do n ot d t d · o . nn r a.n to <:.na blP the teal' her to m ak , auy· on the l "s ·on t ha.t he m ay th ill!·- 1 't •1 , 1 . \.. ) • 11 w et h od of rPdt at ion s)l() lll cl ( 1 l d · Jn y )e n ·e wb er • th 1'1:' are tw o r ec i ta ti on · · 1 g 1n-\ n to eac 1 Jesso n.

Tlw tP :H' lJu· Rho uld n ot a llo\Y tl . 1 t ; b" 1e pn pl s o th e ll' as a. I·eader, for he ·will ]l el.ther t.l:'ac h ln :-;to ry nor r '"'acl· I. h '" · In g. f s e ha-· JL Ot t im for bo th , her te ach on e or the other fr om the p ro pe r te xt. -ho olVV heu the pnp il s ha,·e fini R]1 " ;) · 1 · " Pet any I ID }10 r11 or ta nt s nb.J er t, or m l-'t vV lth .-Lny 1 t·•·ey sho nlcl he a ll owed to ·notehc u '"•tn e t e n· r ea ders to see If th ey· ra n fiud an ,rt hi b t l t. 1T so th ev shon'lcl. take t ll"'t a , • •· • «· 10r t e u· Jw .X t r ead in g le sso n w_l nl e It i't-; Yet . fr es h in th e ir mind s. They W ill. soo n kn ow of a ll the ] · tcJri c al ·u1d hi ooTa. pln cal · 1 . 11:-l -<· c t:> •:- 111 t d ,.. 1• •1 11 11 vo t'l wi II be te a. e hin o- tl nnt ' ' , ' · · t::o lPin to st:'a. r< :h for inform ation . Tlw p11pil s in both p rim ary_ ad ,·<t;JH' e.d J1is tor y sho nld w ri t. e a c omp os Lti on or bi oo- raa bo nt. on re a v.•ee k. Th e8(:;1 ·hou ]d 1 t::o • r ·' · · · 1e 111 tl wir l a. ngn agt-· a nd .th ey s honld ob ta in th e wh e i·ever t.h y can find it. wn tten ca n nf t l' n be va ri ed h.Y ha vin g tlw hoy 8l write .the bi og ra phi es in the fi rst. pers on , a nd the ,g·irl s m ay writ e the biog raph y of their hn sba nd s. ·hy. cl tll irnin ()' t.hat th e? m ·p MrN. \ Va::; hington. Mr s. hn s or Mrs. ' Jq anklin In th e . ad va n ce d (•l asses we s hou ld make mu ch of h.i og ra phies, in <'e o nr hi story r on ::; iRts mo stly of th e bi og-

Th m ajo ri t of t ac b ers ai m to go t hr ou gh the b oo k in a htu:ry a nd revie \Y . You sho uld l ow ly red ew a yo n go. Co nn eet the whole wo rk go ne over b a sy ' em of r ev i ews . Revi e n· at th e nd of f:\a.c h 'b apte r. R ev iew at th e end of eac h adminL' trat.io n. L et yo ur I'E'dews be c hi e fl y wTitt eiT. '

In the a d, ·anced cla s s the r ec it a ti on from the op en b oo k m ay be di spe n se d wi th Th e pupil bo uld fo rm an out li ne of the l esso n as h (:• s tudi es, a rrang in g th e top i cs in . th e ir c hr onol og ical o rd. e r, us in g the br ace y:stem. Thi s co nsists · in a rr ang in g th e prin ci pal eve n ts of a wa r, settlement of a co lon y, or of an a dm i ni s trati on w ith the ir dates un de r the br ace . 'rh e pu p il sho uld n ot a tt em pt to me mo ri ze too many dates. Th e t im e of the pr in ci pal . • di sco ve ri t:'s, th e set tl eme nt of the co lo ni e .., , t he b eg i nnin g a nd e ndin g of wa rs a nd adm ini str at ions sho uld be Th ey will se rv e as mil e -po sts in hi sto r y, to mark eac h SU l'r ee ding evt' nt. Abo ut th e he t wa.y to I" t:'mem her the ti tne of the eve n ts is to make a eo nlp a t'i so n of ga tes

,We-s hon1d spend much tim e on the p rincipal oa u ses of eren ts a nd th e ir r es u lts Co ntiune the tBpiCa. l r ecit a ti on a nd th e map wor k as b eg rln in th e· prim ary cla ss En co u rage pupil s to br oad <:> n th e ir r ec it at ion s by u se of info r111 a tion gl ea ned fr om o th er a nth o ri ti es . ·Do thi s by as kin g for add iti onal m atte r n ot fo und in the ir t ext- b oo k·.

Do n ot d. we ll t.uo lo ner on w n.r s, f or th e gr owth :Llld pr os pe rit y of o ur b ee n dne m ostly to o ur pe riod-s of r at her th an of war.

Sh ow th e pupil · th at ev e ry year adds to the hi sto ry of our eo"untr y, and ncon r a.ge hi m to

THE NORMAL COURIER.

keep posted on curreut history. Have him notice well the development, growth and prosperity of our country from beginning to the present time.

Every teacher should procure one or two advanced works on U. S. history, such as "Ridpath's Complete History of the U. S.," "Barnes' Popular History of the U. S.," or "Henry's Voice of the People."

If you find history a dry subject, it is because you do not know as much about history as you should. Try to improve in it and you will find yourself loving the subject of history. Your class will take a greater intere st in it if you will try to learn as the pupils do.

Keep up your reviews and you will certainly make the teaching of history a su c cess.

MANN, WEBB, FARNHAM.

Within twenty years the attention of intelligent American teachers has been call ed to the history of education in the Old World, and in the live s of the gre at reformers. The names of Comenius, Ratich, Sturm, Ba!'ledow, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Pere Girard, Jacotot and Frrnbel, are fast becoming well known to all teachers worthy of the name. '!'heir lives, principles and methods are studied and ornetimes applied.

This stndy is extremely beneficial to educators, and it should be at all tiufes encouraged. "V\Te cannot know too much of the history of education and of our spiritual We c annot know too much of the rich inheritance that has come down to us. By and by it will come to us that the history of the common sc hool system of America, the outgrowth of all the past and the climax of all school organ- ' izations, is the most profitable study of educational history interpreted and understood in the light of all past educational records. Thi s wonderful history cannot be studied ec onomi cally at present, for the good reason t hat it bas not yet been writte n. · There is a gr eat d ea l of material for sueh a history, but no m an has yet arrived to tell the magnificent story the birth and g1·owth of t'tat mode of , educa tw n whic·h i on e day to dominat e all

oth e rs, if o i .r rrh e rea on why w ade quate hi sto ry f th f notfarto e k. War no wli vin tory ; we are a part f i . 'I h ,h of Aru ri a is v ry y un ne nt men s tillliv wh o w s tre ss of its birth and growth . A ge nuin hi adverse c riti i ms up u rn earne st teach r wh o h ave work in th e ir tim e, but wh not, re cognize the infinit man growth.

There have b en ch ol f d ll ·at i n w ithout a name which hav d . extent, th e du c at· d, to a r at 0 f th tonal th oug ht f h c nu try. ne o ese sc hool f d called tb B . . o nc ati n rn a.. b Bo ston sch o ol , of v nt,y-11\d 1 . os ton sc ho o l, it o ·trin

S mteate os fs: IS fe lt all OY .r t it ' 1om alnt:l t C . , . school bas d . 0 ahfol'ma.. Th B rna e Its e lf t .· b .· opposition t th no OilOll y 1 t me thod8 o of a ll prin ·ipl ' espe c1all h . Amer1·ca's Y t ose e nun ·tat d by· gteate t Its attitud f 8 e dn c atol', Horace Mann. e o opp the Bo s ton ·} OSition to progr s made • c lool and . d . influence all ov ' gav, It a onnnating 'Th er .America ere may b · · fancy from he Young teac her of today who ' t e r \... 1 stowed upon t espect and lov e W J!al C 1 is h . his reform he nam e of Horace :Mann, that s were and that 1 met with general approbation, le was l d the countr . J·eceived by t 1e e of be furth Y Into full fellowship. N othiuo- can er fro....... 1 " 1" o ace M "' t 1e truth. ..c1. t1·ue Ife of Horann w ld which 1 . ou rev e al Immense ob s taeles ay In h' · · f unrel · . 1s path, cons1stmg o a bitteJ· enting · ity of opposltwn on the part of a 1najortea<"hers of the East. The told ful story of heroism has nev er yet he Hn _ not band, as I have already indicated, it to th een told because it would be a rev e lat,ion me e hBoston school, of school ke E>Jling-, of n w 0 are nowlivinz-living men who lt·... , .... uncons · u ,, th . Clonsly - become adherents of the w presented by the thirty-one ma ste rs ho oppos ed Horace Mann. Most of th e a.rgnments in that mo st. instrn c tiv e discus-

,.. :" cee [ the l: alphabet oin New "--l lln le llilent hrofit t )

THE NORMAL COURIER. 7

sion have b een us ed e ver sin ce · they fall so 11 at urally from th e muuth of an ad he re nt of the old B oston scho ol that nm ic es ofte n fancy that th ey are original.

The life of Horace Mann was th e life of Galilio , a nd eve l'.) oth er reform e r, r epeate d. The who bitterly a nd almo st fi er cely oppos ed' him were ex cell ent me n, men eho en from the best te achers of New England to be the masters of the schools. Th ey pour ed out a fl o od of rhetori c and eloqu en ee against th e "fads" of a man wh o dared to propo e an improve me nt in the of c hildre n. As I h ave already said , th e ir logi c ha be en corulim en te d ever sinc e by c onstant use on the art of_e very of e du ca ti o nal progre ss. ''v e ry Item of Improvem e nt that Ho race Mann propos ed is now recog niz ed as entire ly orthotlox by good e du ca tors worthy of the name at no twithstanding t hi s, no his t orian ev er y et dared to wri te a faithful biography of this noble hero.

It rnust not be for a mo me nt that l\K ann was al one In th - o rac e :a.< e great war for t ·onal Jeform. The1·e edttca 1 • · were st.rong men ] tJ pre-c eded htm , and strong n 1e d 1 h. h' nan wom e n. b ..-0 u0 wed 1m , m Is Wot·k H' f ;.,r o .1 ' • Istory o ,..1 re forms in thf> me thods of t<>a 1 d :" 1e '" c nng reaif adequately wn t ten, Would b f . 11g. 1 e o e xdl·no- interest tot le teachers of th" cee o 1s counrv . Horace Mann to aboli sh teac h[ J;O' the alphabet as an Initial step in learnino-

This was the brunt the battl e ar as methods are concerned In Bosto n. Th e ton masters succ eeded, after a 1 o·s ong truggle in puttmg off the 1 eform In te anhinothe first steps in reading, half a l: know of only on e . supermt e ndent in the today who is a strong ad v oC'a te of th e alphabet me thod. Twenty-five years a.go oin ety -nine-hundredr.hs of all th e ehildren in New :England-l think this is a fair estimate "--l e arn ed to re ad by the alphab et method. lln 1869 , approximate ly, Le igh 's phonetic le thod was introduced into Bo ston, which as th e first determined step in th e improvellilent of methods in te aching r ea ding. The hrofita bl e lesson to all te ach e rs, and , indeed t ) all w ho ar e in th e e du ca tion of

children, is th at it takes a very long time to in t roduce. a simple, na t ural , co mmon-sense principl e in to th e scho o ls. It is not my purpose he re to discuss prin c iples, fo r they are to o we ll kno wn, but to bring to the mind s how very much it c osts to he lp our litt le on es to s omething b etter.

The story of We bb ann the word me thod is well known. The work of W ebb was of in e stimablt> value to the sch ools He did not e nun c iate a full do ctrin e or m ethod of t eaching reading , bu t be present ed ve ry strongl y a d ev ice which is in i tself n atuTal an d right.

Another teac her, and on e to wh om , in my opinion , this c oun t ry o wes mu ch more than to any oth e r, is Ge orge L. Fa rnh am , ,who began t eaching in vVater to wn , N.Y ., in 18 41, and has, th ere for e, b een a teacher fo r fifty- two years. He owes his st rong im pul se of e du c ati on and progre ss to that gr eat t eacher of te ac hers , David P. Page, wh o was th e prin c ipal of the St ate Normal scho ol at Albany, N. Y. , in 1844. Und er his inspiration be studi ed care fully th e n eces siti es of the ch ildren in hi s sc hools; he vis it ed oth er sch oo ls a nd e ndeavo·red to find th e b est things. He gave alm os t his e ntire a tt e ntion to prim ary sc ho o ls. At first he used th e phoni c meth od of t eaching, and followed it wi th apparent su cces s. In 1 869 he went to Binghampton , N. Y. , a nd rema ined there as a te ach er and sup e rinten de nt for e lev en years. A11 this tim e he wa s a very dili crent student of p sychol ogy , a nd app li ed wh:t he ga ined fr om p sychol o gy to his wo rk in teaching. He thoroughly co nvin ce d himse lf that th e phoni c and phon etic me th.ods of t eac hing were and al so made up hi s mind th at th e so-call ed wo rd me th od is simply a devi ce , a nd is no t in i tse lf be 0all ed a me th o d. He di sc ov er ed fr om hi s st nd y of psy chology and hi s pra c ti ce in ehildren, that th e sf\nten ce is th e uni t of e xpre ssion , and out of t hi s f unaam en tal princ iple he ev ol ve d what is n ow kn ow n as th e " though t m ethod of teachi ng r eadin g," goes und er the nam e of "se n te n ce method." This wa s the fir st step in goi ng o ver from the wo rk upon d ead fo rms of l angu age, le tte rs , so un ds and words, to th e real

THE ORMA L CO IE

u se of re ading ; th at i s, re ad ing i t hin kin g or it is nothing, a nd f r. Far nh am rna th oug ht th e b as is of t each in g c hil dr n to r a d. He r ecog niz ed t he natural , spo n ta n u pow r of th e to think in oral s nte nc , and to do th e same thin g xa ·tly wi th wr i tt n sen te n ce s. So th littl fo lk . , in t ad f le arnin g th e nam es of the le tt er ilt st acl f go in g thr ough a weari s om e pr epar at ion in pho ni cs, came wi th a ll th e ir fr es h and c nl tiva ted powe r, to the 1 a rnin g of r ad ing in a pe r fec tl y na tura l, ea y and int ere ting way . H ow easy it i to explain the e p rin ip l "S and me th od n ow, to in te lligent t a ·her ! Of co ur e, it is not ge nera ll y ru·og niz d a· tlP b es t me th od, b ut still a ll t"acl1 ers w ill agr ee that the ente nc " me tll od h a. it t ru e fo un dati on in ps ycho l ogy an cl . ou nd p dagogi cs; but that w hi h a ll teac h er . ho nl d le arn to kn ow, to appreni ate and to a1 ply in th t:ir tn cly, is th e f aet th at the pr .opo ·ition w hi ch n ow se em o s im ple a nd pl a in to mo t th ough tful te ac her s, nPt wi th , bi tt er a nd prolon gerl oppo iti on, esp -> cia ll y on th e part of te af' her. Th e n ewspaper , board of e clu('at io n. and p of B in gham pto n we re un::; ti me d in the ir op po ition to th n ew "fad .''

In teacl of wel com in g the di scovery th at wa s to make the childr en' li ve bette r a nd ha pph·r, th ey cl i cl a ll th ey co nld to make tl1 e di sCOYP rer f ee l that he was nt te rl y wron g, th at th e sc h oo ls we re a ll ri g ht as tlPy were, and that th e in te rfer ence of the new me th od wo ul d be hig- hl } d est1:n cti ve to thA e xi st ing rh oo l :vork. One not have the g ift of pr o ph ecy In c?rd>r to te ll ex ac tl y wh at no n-pi·ogr ess iYt . a:- tl an tPacher s w ill ay wh en 1 th ey are cri ti('t ze cl, or are pr ese n te d with id eas of 1·eform: · · Ou r s h oo1 are t lt e be st in · th e co1.1.n tT y;" ' ·We tr ied that me th od long ago a nd it f ail ed .., '\Ve hav e a h, ay:3 n ed th at m ethod ." We don 't beli eY e in n ew fangled no ti ons." vV h at . nch r eall y m ea n is t hi s: " Our sch oo ls are all ri ght a ::; th ey are. is no t hin g· more for u. to lea rn .' ' 'rrnl v, s(:'lf-sa ti sfac- · f . ·' 1. a n rf' sign of me nt al and mo ral deea y. fh e o ppo s it i on to f r. F'a rnh am wa. of the · am e kind a th ;-tt wh ich co nfr 01i ted Hor ace a ::; well as a ll other refo rnier who h av e

gi \' n h ir 1 n f th ,

EV ERY-DAY p OET HY.

K AT I£ A HJ N V. l ,A' NHE IL

P oe t1·y i" '"h f' 1 t '·LJ"l( .ll. · t "· <:' r eco rd o t te ... • f · · t · c1 : 0 b est annlut]J P 1es nnn fS. Tht r(' are no ,·. · · · __ ne of us ,h ow eve r,who h ave not. son 1et im "s · bl es s ed w ith , vis it a.t ioi1s of th.ong i") i::::; anrl f ee hn o·s ·I ' · · l'd d' v· . o' c\. de pa rt ll1 g nn )l t: n, Yet l-\ 1 and de li a: il tf nl be yo nd aU <-'X pi(:.. :::; io Jt. So me tf · 1 · r::> • - · •• 1 •· lTi e:-; t 1 ey are assoclat.eCL "'It 1 pp 1·so n:-; 01: p1aee ·_; uf te n th ey ar e bo_rn wit hin t-he seC! <:'t l't> Ce .• • d d :. of o ur m1n s, an nhn 1) th ey are acco mp a ni ed by Rhad ows a:ncl regret, s ti'n th ey affc>1·cl ns a pl ea.Rnre th at. l,1o thin g el :::;e 'na u g iY (' . 0, if w t:' bn t I pos sPs se·d ·the·}J OWE'l' t,o a r eco rd of th e n• as tlH.. y p asR aw ay fo r evt> r! Fo i·e v t:•r? It

would see m 80 whe ub we dt ry to b rin g them b ac k . tb ey are oun to u• b a gam , yet b. k . s co rd in vis ibl e, be I o en mao- . but n eve r to 1 1 1 ne tt c co rd s that if b d eve r so 1g 1t W'll but tone e A b .' 1 bri no- th em to us I "taut. ea nttf ul th l:> on t 1e . on u-h t ex pr esse d ne else, a pt c tur by so meo d . an ac t- it t k a cene in a pl ay, eve n a wo r ot ·d d a .- es bu t littl e to touch h ha nt ed co t ' an aga tu t e enc . tl We ex pe ri en ce th e d I h f I e rn otwns •at we h e tg t u . ad thou o- bt we re . d . tbe 8 de ut p as t. l:> bun e 1n

'I,t. does th e s plnt of Poe t. . · uu s 'f 1 · 1'Y 11nmo r ta liz e a ll . t b ea uti u 1n ou 1· th at IS b . t th na tur e . thu s d oe s it tr ansfo rm lllt o eabul y t. ekr ea liti es o ur wo rld. ...-xr ·r not be a e o ·eep vv e ma) a r eco 1·d of o ur thoug ht s, but we may do lUnch to d k' f e f ·e wa r ma ·mg the ir vis it s o mor 1 quent occ urr eu A d e bel th "t ce. n w 1 ould a ll r erne m .... eve ry b . s 1 e auttful th o uo-h t every no bl e as pir a tiOn , eve ry exa lt ed t' l:> of · · fl e · emo 1on I e so ul h as tt S tn u n ee In rn I . t 1 ' ou dlll o- o n1· charnc ters aft er th e p at te rn di v in e. T l:> • may p ass aw a he th oug ht OI th e emotwn . · Y-no ma tte r· it b as l'ts wo rk up on us' It ha s ch· ' d one t se led 1· f . b ea uty in o m· so ul s. oue me o g ra ce OI

A sT UDY IN ZOOLO GY .

u. S. J ONEs

At thi s seas on th ose int er es ted . . of in sec t lif e m watching th e io us form s ay find va r and re · much to a ttra ct th e ir att e ntt on l p ay c ar e ful s tud Th e u stud e nt of zoo ogy finds, to . y. y ou g . the gr ass at hi s f hts surpnse, su ch wond er !' tn th ee t, by the ro ad. g amon o- e tr ee sid e or flutt e nn ' l:> • • s, as n eve r be' d hi s mind as p oss lbiliti bs L fore en t el e . . . et us see h 0 ut e exa mm a tton of 'f ft s om ew at IDl one famili ar 1 c t prove at th e same tirn e · in se ct may no Int e resting a ud instructiv e.

T h ose who h av e watch ed th e bo ld hioh fl' ht l:> tg of th e lar ge , brown Milkw ee.d Butte rfl y tnay h ave a drJJjr ed it s s tr eng th a nd f ea rl essn es s, but still would ha rdly be pr e par ed to me et it e ls e wh e t·e I in .the woods or alo ng th e str e am s wh ere 1·t · t tal1 1s

Posed to spend its lif e. It is a ss e rt ed ho ' ' wth llit it has b ee n lm o wn to ve ntur e o ut up on th e Atl a nti c, and th at it h as b ee n ob se r ve d s tlll 11 ing e:ts tw a rd th ough fifty mil es sh ore.

.Y'f!Ji s ins ec t is fo und ge ne rall y so lit ar y, th ough !So me tim es , 0 11 clo ud y mo min gs, hu·ge numb ers l:lf th CIU m ay be s ee n g ath ered on the br anch es of j

tr ees in the edge of th e wher e th ey m ay be cauo-ht w ith a ne t.

Th e of thi s bu tterfl.J are d epos ited on the und ers id e of th e leaf of m ilk- weed . Th ese, when hatched, pr od u ce th e lar v::e, w hi ch, in the ir turn, p ass int o th e pu pa sta t e. Fr om th e p upa the p e1·f ect bu tte rfl y eme r ges

DE RIPTIO-'.

Th e h ead of th e M il k-wee d Bu tte r fly i t ri an gul ar in shape and abo ut t hr ee -sixt ee nt hs of au in ch in leng th. We not ice t wo hairy palpi on tl.J e a nt e ri or pa rt of the h ead, an q. b etwee n them m ay be see n th e trun k or prob osc is. This or ga n is pec ufi a rl y const ru cted, bei ng com p ose d of ar ate pa rt s a bou t thr ee -fo urt hs of an mch m len o-t h. Each of th ese pa rt s is co n cave a nd co nBy brin g in g th e co n cave s id es of the par ts ve x.

t oge th er th e in sec t fo rm s a tu be thr ough w hi ch by suct ion, it is a bl e to ext r act the f t: om fl el. Wh en not in u se thi s tub e 1 co 1l ed a ow int o sma ll er sp ace for safe k eep ing. Some ti mes the butt e rtl y may be se en co ili ng and thi s tub e as if for pa s tim e. U nd er th e mi cr osco pe eac h half of th e in s tru me nt is see n to be s urr o un ded by _minut e rin gs thr ougho ut it s ex te nt.

Th e eyes ar e com po und , eac h be mg com p ose d f Y h un dreds of f ace ts whi ch, und er th e mio man • · e are see n to be h exago na l. Th e ha ir s crosco p , ·ng on the s urf ace of th e com po und ey es a pp earr ar e s itu ated bet wee n the f ace t s.

Th e ante nn re, t wo in numb ei·, ar e eac h di vid ed' · f m thirt y to fift y point ed pa rt s. Eac h • n- mt o ro . · al so di vid ed int o t hr ee par ts , t he b ase, te una IS

b t lk a nd th e club In th e b ase th e JOmt s ar e t e s a · . str ongly d efi ned and h ave hau·hke sca les. not ve ry In th e sta lk th ey are mo re eas il y see n a nd h ave

h . al e lik e spots In th e club th ey are large r, w Ite sc - · h a nd Sm oo t h Th e h ead 1s cove red w 1th s o rter · · ha ir-like sca les . . . .

An examin at ion of th e th o ra x sh ows 1ts d! vtsions: Th e pr o th or ax, th e a nd the metath or ax . Fr om th e fr o nt po rtw_n of t he pr othora x a se ri es of sca l es for mmg a· so r· t of co ll a r. Th e scaly pi ece whr ch cove rs the b ase of th e fore wi ng c all ed a sho uld er -tuf t.

Th ere at·e thr ee pa ir s of l egs, a pa ir be in g att ac hed to eac h d iv ision of tb e thor ax. Eac h leg be ar s seve ral s pur s. Th e fr on t l egs are abo rti ve a nd app ear to be usel ess.

The four w ings are all so m ewhat tri ang ul ar . T he fr ont on es are r egu lar in fo rm and overl ap the hind on e s. Wh en at r es t a ll fo ur are raised until th ey m eet ab ove th e in sect In examining th e veins of th e wi ng we find t he co ta l vein on the upp er margin; th e n, in o rd er, the subco sta l, the me dian , s ubm ed ian a nd in te rn a l. Be twe en th e subco s tal and the me dian i th e di scal ce ll, c lo se d. The ve in lets are num be red in o rder from ' the fron t of th e wing b ac k. Th e wings are fo r med of me mbran es whi ch are co vered, above and below, with scal es of va riou hape . Th es e scal es are arran ge d l ike s hin gl es on a r oof· abo ut two -third s of tL e leng th of the sca le are ex p ose d.

The a bd omen is brown , shaped li ke a s li ghtly flattened cylind er, and t ap er to the re ar. Th ere ar e nin e seg men ts

The egg is deposited a bo ut J nn e. It is, in J; bap e like an dom e.

Th e larva is ab o ut tw o i nc h es long a nd b as twel ve rin gs . Th e he ad h as sho rt a tt e nn re and th ere are mo uth parts capab le of m ast icat in g f oo d. Th ere are no co mp o und eye&

Th e cr aw ling of th e larva is acco mp lished b.v liftin g tw o hind f eet fr om th e gro und and settin g t he m forward, and th en rep eatin g th e pr ocess w ith th e n ex t pair, a nd so on. Wh en a 11 th e pa ir of f eet have b ee n use d once th e little cr ea tur e has ad van ced abo ut one -e ighth of an i nch . If be is not satisfi ed with his jo um ey the bind f eet take the initiatory step for an oth er gt: neral m oveme nt all along th e lin e.

Th e larva has it s mo uth par ts so arran ge d th at it e ats fr om th e edge of the le af whi ch it mak es it f oo d. T he rela ti ve p os it ion s of th e l arva a nd t he le af are the s ame as th ose of a b oy a.n d th e slice of melon be is e atin g, if, in t he la tt er case , · th e s lice of mel on be held ve rticall y inst ead of ho rizont all y.

W he n th e lar va has e aten enor mo usly of its favo ri te foo d, the milk wee d l eaf, it see ms to Jose its iute rc t in pas in g eve nts and han gs it se lf by a web of its own sp innin g to th e und er urface of some conve ni ent ob j ect. Th ere, a ft er· a f ew ho ur s, we find it changed to a pup a or chr·ysa lis.

The pupa hangs by the sa me supp ort whi ch he ld

the lar va. It i tlt iz hatw a nd tuu ·h b c lo r f a mall . ilv ,. tbitubl •. with : t·t ,.,. I Jid by tb c nt r· f wl ich i . u. pc·ud ·d . of II w m ark it wid purt.

After ab ut t 11 dav ti t· impt·i. n 11 ·d br ak the wall f th nnd fn 1• • i " way ut full r n. J fw· 1 wt.il · wi h it f t t the wr k f · r om whi ·It i ha . ·m d. u ntil ha ,·iu a ·cu t<11n d i If to th lc•Jia h ,;· i ts t ngu tho p os e f win g nn d t h • aLi li t.' t lo k tl..r ugb tlu th u au I y · n trai •htens it crump] d the ir tub , aband

THE PHIL '( ' JET\"

On e of tb 11 l t r n uizati ns ' (Jiltl c·t d wi h th Neb ra ka tate 1 ' 1 r ma e; r I i tho Phil)'oc iety . I ts hi to ry lat •. ba ·k nluw .t t the t nue ' wb n the r auk tlt i tl " >U led in tht wiu d and the wi ld f . d b" 1 1 n X ug I I ' llll d ."!ll" •d !h ough of humbl e · · . . f 01"1g 111 rt IS n uw a t ,. •achi nt.,. tha t goa l wlnch ·t f r I o uu d ,,. h >p I 0111 Jar t? see 1ft occupy . We ko w th at all 11 ·h iu titu·two s 1 th ey r eac } 1 ' It 1 fr nt rmrk ·ott a ll , u af te r long yea rs of ca1· •f n1 11 11 r t ur· • and t {li < u • gro wth . It i with pl ea nr c t h·:r.t we 11 ow anno un ce to the fo r b f mer me mbe rs f t lt .l: b il o tha t ne v,er. e h as it fu tm·e l oo k d o b ri ght 'Iht s socaety h· . h ae at pr ese nt about fo 1·ty 111 • 111 hers t e gt·c·tt . . ' ' er part bcin cr st ud ent or t it , advan ce d c la sses f h 0 w · 1 " 1 . o t c scboo l. lt' sue ta ll an tes t a nd en erg t" · e rc me mb ers hi p as It now h a. I wtth eucb a c a.lll . . Om pete nt co t·ps of fti ce r ' t it (;) Philo Is m a e ond .t. II l ton to do so ro e ex ec ent I it . ' work. ' ',11 j

Th e pl ace of mce tin r.r is in Philo H an , a 1 . a nd com . o . . ar go rn od rus r oo m set apa rt foe th at P Ut by the h sc oo J. T lt e ba ll is elega ntly 11 a nd rl b s leo g ted With el ect n Cl t _y . rh 2 W<tll s a. ad o rned < I o Wt th be autif ul pape r and pO!" tr alts o f' II the le ad " a tng e du c ators a.nd rneu of tl · countr r 1l . J · Th e re is al so in co nn ec troo wi th t! · BOC le t)' , · Jl S · a sma ll but we ll se l ecte d l1br ary. It is a f 1· . so ur ce of r eal pl easu re or t 1e n1em ber of th1 s so Ct·ety and th etr guests to m ee t on F rida y ev e mng of eac h·week an d li ste n to .th e ca re full y pre par ed pr og r·ams th at are re ud m·ed. great a tt ntc ti on for t hi s soc iety is its exce ll e nt

THE OR \AL C OU RIE R. I I

nn1 II l ov r of mu ic M d lighted ith th op port nni - f att ndin o· th I hi l . Parliamen tm-y prac tic i an th T I 1·omin nt f atnr f t hi ·oci t -. bon hr -q uar te r f an ho ur of ach r O'n lar 111 tino· i d YOte 1 0 t lli kin d of ''" ork. It. rn db- a. nti tutio n.' b) -l aw ·, and I ul · fO rd r. F 1·om t ln · lm of wo t"k a. fa.m i lia,1· kn wl dg of the rulin g of d •li b 1·ath " a- e mbli i, o·ained.

The li t"r<.ll"Y wo rk thi, :r "ar will a lifD> r nt a. pect fr om an done b,- tl h ., r tofo re. It will be mncht ll .' 1 1 ·am a t. 1a.t don by the oc 1ety l min o· th · f "p n no· te rm 0 ]a. ·t yea r, bn t. w1ll b m uch 1u 01 1

• 1 • t . corup t . It 1 t 1e 1n en tJO n of t l1 " oc1· ty t · 0 O"l \- \ "1:']"a,} . I r "pa r d pr ogr am d urin . h v a.r 111 th" ch ape l, to "tl l f . d J • • ' our n n are wVIte d t a.tt( nd. v\ e al 0 11 • c ope to ecur

. om .of the .not c1 l ectluer of t ll fj ()Jn t 1me to tun e dn rin o· t11 ,, co nn tr · .... yea.1· Fo r th e wo rk cl one by the ocie t. t hi s · . . year w" owp rn n ch to o ur p nn e1pal for hi w· ' ' · lS co nn el and for·bis a rt1ve syrnpathy and as;R i st l f 11 f anc . Other 111 e111 ber a EO o le ac ult y ha re b . . s; o wn u n ra.nY fav or for wlnc h we are l- f cd1 \. u l.

The doo J· of the P lnl o are 11 1 0 on o-e r op en t a ll per sons. Eac lt me tll bAr f 1 o tl ' O t 18 SOCiety is e nt itled to m v1te a hnnt ed nu 1 b tJ er of p erons to a tte n d. Th e se per sons b co m the o- u "sts of t.h e society an d are t.re ·:tte 01 "' • " Ct accordin gly. Any per so n who 1 de h ·ou.- of attA ndjng rnaY pr ese nt himse lf to son1f' me m be r of th e soc iety and this me mb er w ill ee th at he · 8 aclrnlt te cl in to the ba ll. It is thought the vo rk of the soc i ety wi ll be mn ch l11ore sat l sfa.cto ry if the at.ten dan ce is limi ted to ace ··t ! • · ·I a1 n 1eo·r ee . A ll pe r so ns d es ir ous of joinin o· th . o · c e o r.i etY w1ll P J'ese ll t them. el ves to the :Pr oper , .ut ho r iti es, who· w iJl s ubmi t the ir to lJ e society. We tr n::, t many more w i]} ee · t to en te r t hi s in str·nctiv e and profitabl e lin e f work . vVe- ar e sure th at a ll per so ns who ave eve r be lon ged to th e Phi lo have bee n r eatly ben e1it ted the reby.

D ICK NEAL.

THE E\ BRETT SOCIE T"Y .

Amono· th man attr acth·e- featnres of the t at No r mal i on " -hose Yalue cann ot be Ol" r <;:t i mat ed- namely he ' Liter ary So iti Th se hig hl comm e ndable organ i zaation h a.v for a nu mb er of ar occup i ed a pro mi u place in ch ool \vork and are reo·ard d a ,·e ry h lpf uJ t ing and instr u ct i' "·

Th e n "W te rm ha open d ry au pi i ou ly i nd ed for th E'\· r:>tt ociety, and the memb r l oo k f orward wi th e ag er antici pations to a te rm \Y Ork fr m w hi ch much beue fi t will :lCCl"Ut'.

Th 'ociet v has shown o-ood ju dgment in h 1 cti on of th fo ll owing able and effic ien t. of ex ec utive offic er : V\ m. P a.rrott,

Pr · J. \V. Tayl or and C. E. Ru h, \ i ce Pre i de nt ; Maggie G illilan and Elzada tandle) , ecretari es · May C1·iti c; Fr ank 1\lajor :rr as i\io t of the e haYe h ad e:xpeden ce in 'P arliamen ta ry Work ' and und er the ir l ead ership the out l ook is >ery promisin g in de d. Th is term the Ev er tt, at the suggestion of Professor N orto n, strik e out from th b eate n path and take up an entirely mnv l in e of y-;-o rk. It is en dors ed by a ll as high ly comme n dable, intere sti ng and instruc th·e_

Th e soc i ety is govern ed b.r a ConRti tution

By-L a'vY , and Rober ts'. R ules of Or der. A part of each even ing is sp em in Li terary Work , co nsisting of music, dec l amations, es:says, cli alognes , and d ebate 1'h e re mainder is de' oted to parli ame nty practi ce . Be ne fits accrue fr om t hi s l atter work, wh i ch can be obtain ed in no other way while at sch ool.

It h as be en said, "Va 1·iety is the spi e of life," a nd "Change is r est.'' It is fo un d that th e e eve ni ngs se rve as a very pl ea.sant break in th e da il y r outi ne of school life, and he nc e sho uld be atte n de d and parti cipate d in by all the s tud e nt s. ·

The Eve r ett has for i ts exclusive use a spacious ha ll , nic e ly r.::trp ete d and 'vvell sea,t ed, l io-] rte d by el ectr ic i ty and h eate d 'by steam . The wa ll s are decorat ed wl th taste ful pi ctn re s. It al so b as a handsome up ri ght pian o.

The Soc i ety m ee ts every Friday ni ght ·of the sc h oo l year at seven o'elork in Everett

Ha ll. Vis itors a re al wa ys welcom e, and th e rig ht ha nd of fe llo ws hip is exte n de d to a ll new memb ers, and th os e w ho are des irous of joining in li terary wo rk.

ELIOT C. MARTI

·FACULTY CHANGES.

Th e vacan cies in th e Fac ulty a nn ounced in our l as t i ssue have b een fill ed as fo ll ows:

P rpf. H. H. Brown ell tak es Prof. Van Vlee t 's pl ace Prof. Brow ne ll occupi ed a pl ace with the mo st ad van ce d e du ca to rs in New York.

A ft er ta king a course of in struc ti on in Colgate A cademy, he tau g ht f or eigh t years, during whi ch tim e he ob tain ed a state certi ficate by mean s of examin a ti ons. He g raduated from th e Sta te Norm al Scho ol at O sw ego wHh high honors and th en de voted th e fo ll owin g . year to a sp ecial co ur e in sc ie nc es in the same sch oo l.

Dur in g the p as t two year , w hil e filli ng tb e pos ition .of Princi pal of the Academy at W hit es bor o, N. Y:, he was al so pres ide nt of the T eacher s' As soci ation of the firs t Co mm i ssioner's di tri ct of On ei da county, a nd pre ·ident of th e Edu cational Coun cil composed of Prin ci pals, Com mi s sioners and Ci ty uperin tendents of Schoo ls of th e same c oun t y.

He is author of "Ha nd B ook for Te a ch ers and Tru tees" n ow pu blished as a pa rt of C. ' V. Pardeen 's "Sc h ool L aw ."

Mi ss A nn a B. HmTig tak es Mi ss Th om as' pl aee as Su perinte nde nt of th e Prac tic e Departme nt.

. Mi s He nig t au g ht. two y ears gra du atIng fr om the High Sc h ool at Sagin aw , Mi ch., and al though p re pared to e nter Mi c higan U niv er sity, she cb ose work at Oswego, N.Y.

l.:'pon gTad n ation fr om th e Normal School , he acc epted an in vi tati on from th e fa c ulty to tak e a sp ec ial comse in Tra inin g a nd Criti c wo rk. ·

''he re, i O'ned her po si ti on as Princip aJ of the Training Departm e nt in the State Nor mal at Madi on, S. Dak ota, to a cc ept the 0 ltl on offered her her e.

B ing of her oth r a

THE OR 1 \ L COUR I ER. I3

f r f. a nd M ada m De n and· i a ma t r f b oth pian o and oro·a n. li 1·i< b " i i an a t t f th protir i 'nc' h <:' lta -. a rquiJ:· l in her ar t. \. bil e in Otta\Ya., to , wa a m mb er of th Fac ult · of th · a.nadiau oll g of Mn ·ic.

Th ou o- h th Mt. Y "rn on M11 ·it i' not or ga.ni ·a lly •o nn •t ·l \\'i h ]1 ·ch ou l yt->t a ll stnd nt · m ay a. \·an them. l\· .. of th" opp ort uniti t> s fo r p rh at. in t ru ction un d-> r th e a rt i ts. All th e r eo·nlar da wo rk f t ll e ·c:hool in mu ic i, h e a uu ·ond r. c• d by th m.

LUMNI NOTE

Mi ,J e nn ie Bor t of tlt class of 1 ft hom a. few da ys a o-o for Hot p J·i ng· D. wlwr she wi ll ac t. a.· a;- i 't n. n t_ P J·in ipa l.

J ot< Eph -r{!Jil an of 92 h a. 1 t d · d 1'1.1 ·e urn " to Gr -'t> liWO O l'{e br. for an oth r . . . . ' . .) ear a pnn 'I}Ja l. M1ss Fl o. Hu tch m 0 11 of·'("> 1 b A · t p . . u...., 1a "e n el ecte CL sis ant nnmpal a 11d , , ' n l SS e 1\I•ty Wyne and C-r1ac e bo th of ,9 , 1 t d t th " · 3, h a.v e b P. ll e ec e o pn nJ ary and int<"rme dh te de par tme nts at th t. s am e place. < :Mi ss M. E -.·e1yn B il· · nf ' 84 wl d · 1 1 · · · 1 0 ha, b et n co nn ec te ·'-'n t 1 t n ::; In s tlt.nt i0 11 f , 1 . 11 l OI t H pa. s t , 1 · x: years, and 1s we rnown th 1 ·

• • . ongh on t th e St ., te as an act1ve a nd effi cient w 01.k . d '·" 1:: 1· 1 n e n(·ationa cir cl es , b as a cc e pted a po 1.t · p. t. . D ton as ·c·c tt>acher in th t> tar 1ce ep en 1 a1 t rn ent of th e Cook Connty Nvrmal Srh oo ], E:1glew oo d ' Chi c ago_

:Al·thnr Qui vey, ' 93, is l11 e t" t iJ1 n- "" \'Vi th marked as the P l'in<"i pal· of the Coleridge Sch oo ls.

J as . F. Ro sie of '9 1 who has he ld a po .. · S lt10n in Sc ho o ls f or the pa st. tw 0 y a. rs. '.•·J1 renew lus st udi es t hi s year at the Cb · "- l • Ic a.go V viv ers ity. 1

:Mi ss Edw ina R.o dnvoo ci of '9 3 has tl1 e Principal ship at , \ iV et•p in g vVater, and left h t>l' .h om e a few days a go to a ss ume her ne w· dut i es , acc ompan i ed by Mis s Jos ie York of '9 3, who has been elebted A ss i sta nt Pri ncil)al at the s am e pl ac e.

•

1\li ' M attie Gr gg of '92 "'ill te ach a rr th ;) r ear in the 'l'ecum eh S hool .

Pro f. \.. H. \ a. n Yl ee t of 4 \' ho h as had har rr of the Ch mi al La bora to r - in t hi intit nti n for th e pa i.s: years exp e ct to ta k ;;t two y ar ' co ur at Ma dL on ni verit.) pr epara torr to a our e at H idelberg, :r >rm a. ny.

H nr r .Me nk e of '90 '''ill pur!': ue hi:s t udi at the hla. di on U ni\· rs ity.

hl i s Juli a Wort and Ora. F urgu so n, bo th of ·93 •ha Ye taken up the work at Ulianc e, :N eb r. , the fo rmer a Pr in ci pal a nd the l att er :r A i tant Prin cipa l.

J as. E. D el ze ll a nd fa mi l} left Pe n1 a few week ago for the ir new home at Be nkl e man Neb r. , wh ere be bas a lre ad y as sumed his duti s a Prin cipa l.

Ii Be si e Majors of 91 is ta kin g a Pos tGr adu ate co urse at th e N on nu.l t bil:! ye u.r.

Ja . H. R ays of 93 h as a po 'itiou as Prinpal of th e Maso n Ci t.} Sch ools.

Ge o. E. HO\'\'Ta rd of '70, on e of the fir st grad of t hi s in stitutio n, after ma ny ye an< of tudy tr avel, and exp e ri en ce in tea ch in g, wa , ch ose n Profe ssor of Hi t ory in the Lela nd Stanfo rd Un i ve1·sity la st year, a nd will co nt inue his wo rk the rom i ll g year

Ai ss Ki tti e Tynon of 93 is te achin g at Ce dar Ra.picl s.

Cb a.s . Pi er so n of '88, a ft er taking a Po tGrad nate Course at th is pl ac e in ' 92 , entered th e Lel and Stanford U ni ve rsity. He cont in ne hi s stndies at th at pl ace thi · co min g ye ar .

Miss E da C. Nelson, for wh om goo d sucee Rs ·, predic te d t hr ongb th e genial i nflu ence which her swe et di s po s iti on every wh ere ex erts, is ha ppil y occupied in th e Grarn ma1·D epartment of the L yons , Ne br. , Scho ols

:Marri e d, at Au bn n1 , N eb r ., Aug. 30, 1 93, Prof. H. B. Dn nc an so n of Per u, and Miss My rtle Orcl of Auh um , :N eb r.

Thi s c'o nple n "e el no i nt1·odnction to th e sc ho ol.

Dun ca n on grad u ated from

THE ORMA L CO Rl

the ..N_ormal Sch oo l in '86. one year f' t achm a he pu . d h' · 1 , , o. 1 ue 1 tudt e. fur ther at t 1 tate Umv ers lty gra dua t in g in 90 . La ·t f-Lll he wa s el ected to th e Departm nt of Botany, Zo ology and Ge 1 · h' · ·t t' ' o ogy 1n t 1 m t1 u wn he_continu es thi s year.

Th e bnd e was on e of th trona t an 1 mo t earn e.., t tnd e nt of th cla of 90 and . ·i nc e her gra du ation ha tauo·h t in 'l' oron t , Canada a· n ' an In th e Indu t ri al ch ool at ' nev a, Ne br.

'l'h e co upl e are l ocated in their bea nti fll l home Pe ru , and th e Co RIE R extend it mu t Sin ce re w1 · h t· h . h · e or t en futur e app ln es and pros pe rity.

A m ee tina of th ex cutiv ·ommi tt of the.So_uthw es te rn Ne bra ·ka Edu cational Aswa held at the o:ffi c of u nn ty 'upe nnt7nd e nt B ae r in thi dty la ·t eve nin g. Tho se pre.' '"nt · " t , "' were t !l.t , 'np e nn teno n (n ot a m rnb er of th e commit tee), upe nnte nde nt Atkin on of Fahb nry, Sup t: rinte nd e nt B ae r of Lin coln. a nd ML·s Mattie Gr egg, of 'l'l-l um ·eh. ·

. Ttti. As od ation i · th e lar ae t a n<l mo t of it· ki nd in the t:te and th a rtw n of th co ' tt · . rrtn 11 ee 1n ma kmg; ea rl y pr 0.pafot th e ir Ma rch m eet in a at B eatri ce 0'l ves prom 1 · • f 0 • o · e o a mo t su cce · fu l ses wn.

A ft er dis · h . eu t;S ln g matteJ·s of import an ce t e ? OJmm ttt>e a dj o urn ed to m ee t at Be atr i ce durma th e .· · . 1 c: g1vtng holi day::;, wh en th e ( etalls of th e proD·I·a . 11 b d ' . ,.., · mm e Vi'l e a rran ge .Linco ln J O?.trna l.

Mi · es Ma ud Phill ips anrl ,Tessie M etcalf, bo th of '9 2 "t·e te 1 · · h' year. , <• ac nn g 111 Sy racu ::;e t 1 /

T HE YODNG \VOME N'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIA1' ION.

V I:-l' A M. CANON. fonn datio n of th eY. vV . C. A. i:s, " No t by. m1gh t, n or by p ower, bu t by n1y Sp iri t, altb the Lo rd of H os t ."

anrl aga il t <l oes the t ruth of t his famlh ar tex:t rome t ' d · . . o u , an m oi.1r weakn ess wear dnven to o ur knees seeking aid an d IJO '. ·pr fn:n th ' 0 ,, · tl ne ·who cn.r eth for us."

\. nd ,, ·ac·lt y ·ar and thi

Y that oliJ' pra_\ ·r. hn · w' \\' ·kolllt' t ht • ll '

aid..: i nt 1 dati m an d lin 1 :o;o lllt\11 r ad · an will in w d. \\- t• h •ttl HI joi ntr•· lJt iv n wi th 11 , Y . . 1. L lnl'in· th fi r· ' k f · ·h ol and •ac·h on · f th · f rn1 r m ·'l ll b J· a1 d many of' tl11· ;.ri rl · wht w r h P thi · ar f r th fi 1·. ·r ti 111 • :-;how· b ki nd 1 k ncl W OI'( Is that mr

mak.. ·fri " 11 II i n ·.·. i o stTa -· ]' t\

t oo r ta in tl'an,. I' •. ia,t. ion b ·tll vl1 · "l n., ·r y ·t l1 tll' "nt r d th• r om of tl1a.t ..1.\. (H'i; i 111 witiH ur 1' ceidng a hea rt a1Hl a war 11 1 h<ll't' of tlP h and . n. i mp rta nt f •att 11 ·• · f otll' o ·iety i th at th 1n •nth r.· · s«JIIH'· tbin gtodo 'l llu th• ir l at lt tt·n.l·ltt.· v lo ped Yo ung '' 1111:! 11 wakl' l1}> ·o1t1 111 1·n· in g, n ot lil ·"' By J·on to find tha th · · n• fn· mou bnt to fin d t h:tt th ·r ar. 11 ·et 11 i. ]t i:' :t wo nd e rfu l <.l i .·covt, ry tu f·i; 1d a 11 w wn rl .·r

We h ope to 1i c·ove r w m- 1· Jr h lJ II tt i 1w :til to wo rk nl .· · . r> • · v 111 t1an work 1.' a. ,,.<•: 11 the ·hatf' h om uh s>li<l ,oTa in. '( Ill' wt ·e Mal\. er uf' t · ll ;:J • • t IS a h as lYHLf.t" l t l ll t:ll ntlWII np 11 a ll hi. c hitdr en th at if th.' "'''tdd th hiah es t good in the ir life l1 l'e ·tml o? t all1 "Glt e I erfec t li.fe b eyo u l, th ) l Yl n t. fn ll _r gl ve up the ir t im e, their in itn ene , th l'ir · lll <.m ey' themse l ?>es e,·en as· th Y hav < -! fu ll .r r e· eei veGl. ' 'L ove an othe r eve n a. I h ;:tV l' l ove d ," '"as C hri t's ' rnle. Thn s l ov ina· 111 d wo·l'l<.in g, one wit.ll ano rh er, a: · i ster · tht ' h,ou Re hol cl of Go d, ve sha 1l make thL Y. \i\ C. A. a bl e:;;R. in g to th os e around us .

Onr Weekly m eetin gs an-\ held on Su nd ar aftw.·noon a. t 2 :30 o' cl oclc Ghl s, n PI:' il y on r h ea 'ty coop ent.ti on. C me and ene onra ge ns by yo ur prese n ce a nd add Yo nr se1·vi et' " In Hi s

A man 's v irt ue mu st be meas ur e d, n ot by hi s ex tr aord in ary e ffo r ts , b ut by his usual co ul' sc of action ·!

THE OR 1\AL CO URIER . IS

,RE NORM L Y L:N :1' MEN'' TI A ' 0 TION. RRI -

GEO 0. i'lfERHILL.

Th Yo nn g i\l<:'n hri tian .A s dat ion i

1 ot a ne ' or gan i :6a tion, o I n eed not. 11 \Yba ·t i or wh at it i clo in o· in o ur se h'ool and 1 itie ·.

L et it , uffir to ay tl tat it w rk amono· th t.ud .. ut and Y nn g m "n of tb land ba. b el" n nd i a. oTa. nd UC' ->s

It ha h et>n a p1·i nci pa l fact en· in do i ng a \Ya y i tlt tl1e rnd e mann "l' of nt et ing an d wel comi g new tndeut. to o ur ·ch oo1:·. \\ , r alize ha t new tnd en t. ::; al'e lonelj often h ome i k, ·! nd become di ·eonragt:: d. ·

. \ ?\ e try to n: t.h l• can e:s of clt.•J r i on :ml them f el ac h ome a111ong 11 . -n .n: !rome, even more, w urge th e n ·'w a w 11

:-: th e ul cl :::st.nd ·nts to u ni te wi th n . \\ e xeud a home lik e gn• ti ng to all. V\ desir e 0 b >Co ln e bet[el' acq uai nted wi th the yo uno· 10 11 Of. o nr chool. 0

1 · IJll l'po e the You ·· 1

Por t ll 'g l\!le n' and b '\..,.. "'11) 0' vVomen C lni sthll \ . .

t .L o, o . L .o.

ld . J'o iu t the 1hst of 1 ll eac 1 t.enn. ·e t he stu an 1 facu l ty nwet and o.:pend v<:> 1 in g 1 11 a pleasa nt alld en t 't .. 1e , er aunng

All a.d mit that th se r< C'<'pti ons .h an• d r. ne 11 ].11 b1 · ·tk in o· dow n th t.• bani ers ,. h' 1 ll UC · •..< h. vV LC 1 ·o e "l' st b•.. tween t he st u dents ana A! lt' .-. , '- Ht Ct.J 1es our

he li eH" , y·ps, we lwow that the ti me l p 1":1)'l'l' ti n J3ib"le st.ud y anc c • Is a. a reat n to , elp an n ot a :S<' '1 1 'o l work; h en!fo re o ur Sabhatll of e lw ur eac h are in . praymg and g ove1: suh .i ects that are of int e rest and i mor tance to all

Men who ha, -e bee n en gaged in the wm·k L that we cannot do , ;.;,e ll '"'ithont. it.. 'l'be d co n fii ·m t hi s statem ent when the y ne to viSit an cl te l] of the good an d SiT ength lwv r ec P. ived fmm the Associa t ion , and the a::;s i stanr.e it has bee n to th e1n , not only th ei r C hri sti an life, bnt in the ir scho ol )oms. Th en and not t ill th en do we app rei ate the r ea l 'i alue of t hi s wo rk . \.Ve are

h r for a p1upose Wh at v. ill that purp o se be . hall it not b to gl'Ow in piritual tr n o·th and thu' be com mor he l pful to fe]o ]o ,-..- man , Our aim i for a ll lui tian young men of o ur - rho ol to b com a th memh r · of tho A. ociation a.n d all othe rs to b come ou r aci at m rub er . In thi ·'' a.. \Y trust, wi th the help and wil 1in_a·ne" of all, ome may be led to Clni t and ace pt Him A l1eir Red em '\J'.

T he influ nc of the As o ri.ation is felt a.mo no- the stu de n t:; in th pra er m eeting , in th cl as -r oom, and on the campus . Cbri t in.uity gi,·e us 1hat 'tT no·th to '·Do unto oth r a \.ve would that othe r honld do un to ns . V\ e acquire a. des ire to 1he fo r the good '" ma.y do others, an d ther eby tr ue happin es s fo 1: onrsel >e

THE RECEP TION

On Monday eYe nin g, <:'pt. . 17 th 11 ua l te rm re eption to th e new stude nt was giYen by the Y. W. an d Y. M. C. A. in the. chape l of the No rm al. As each stude nt arn \'t>d he wa.s m t a.t the e ntran ce by a committ.ee who ga.re him a h earty wel come, a nd pa s ed him on to committee n umb er tw o, vvh o present<:>d him wi th a. card on hi ch he might seem'" the autog raph of a.ny one h<:> desired to me et As a. means of n.cqncnntanC'e they wen-1 ntl·1·e ::;uccess T he r ·rept i on , lik<.. all c\ n e · · · o·ather ino·s a.t the Norm a l. was characten.zPd be fr i encD i nes· a nd good f ee ling. Mu ch praise i[ due to the , reception com mittee for the " to o'I"Lph proaram'' which bro ugh t a. bout so au t':l '=' Y.' 11 ew acqmdnta.n ceships, and clisp ll t·d n1anthe mist of by w h1 ch so many of ou r n ew s tn de n ts we re envelo p ed .

MILITARY D EPARTMENT.

Sonw fi ve or si x years ago the young men o ft he N ormal, fee li ng the l ar k of arrangement fo 1· physica l d velopment, or ganized the Nonna1 Cadet , Tb Company dJ ill ed withou t a rm s for t.be fi rst. year; then the State fm·nisbed the CadPt. arms . In 1889 the Nor mal Band wa. or.o-anized, and was condu ct ed for a fc w ye ars as a sepa -

THE OR \AL CO RIE

ra te and dis tin ct organi za ti on fr om th e cad t · u ut in th e fa ll of '92 the Band and adet w ru cons o lidated und er Pr of. Dun can so n, wh a commi ss ion ed Li e ute na nt, as om maoda nt. Improve me nt a nd prog r ess h ave b een the ord r of th e d ay sin ce th e co o o lid at io o.

A Battalion co nsis tin g of cornp ani e A, B, wa s orga niz ed, ·gi vin g a n ew drill in batta li on w ork.

L as t yea r th e Cad ets were ah e ad of the ir pr de ce sso rs. All th e indi cations ar e that t bi yea r w ill see a great improvement in th e Ba tta li o n.

Last yea r Ad j. Ge n. Gage r ev i ewed th e B atta lion , an d ga ve th e ca dets gr ea t eoc ur age meut and l1as s in ce g iv en th em practi ca l aid. 1

Th e pros p ects are bri ght, th e 1·e be in g an e nr o llm e nt of fo rty men.

Ca pt. Neal of Co mp any A is e ute l'in g on his s ixth ye ar of drill ; Ca pt D ave n po rt of Co m pany B is e nterin g up on hi s fif th yea r; so that the Battali on o ffi ce rs are all ex pe ri en ce u me n.

Th e Ba ttali on 's wo rk of l as t ye ar at tracte d the a ttenti on of th e Board of Educat io,;; let th is ye ar 's wo rk be such as to show th at th e seed was so wn on fe rtil e gr o und, a nd th at a ny mate ri al a id g iv en th e Ba ttalion is a wa y.

Two ho ur s a week dnll IS r equ ire d. Th e ho urs are fr om 4: p. m. to 5 P· m. Mo nd ays a nd S at urdays.

Th e Bat ta li on is offi cere tl fr om th e Se ui o 1· class as far as is co ns ite nt td do so . Th e offic e r::; th is ye ar are as fo llo ws : COM P ANY A.

D.ick Neal, Ca pt.

W. N. De lz e ll, 1st Li e ut

J. M. Ri cha rd so n, 2d Li e ut. COM PA NY B.

W ill L. D ave nport, Cap t.

Geo. c. :Me rrill , lst Li e ut.

C. S. No r to n, 2d Li e ut.

John C hurch, 1st Li: ut. , Ac tin g A.dj. :Ma uri ce Goo d, Lte ut.,. A ct in g Scrg. Maj. F. li. Beadle, Se rg., A.c tmg Q. M.

Oo w pany 0 is co m pose d of s tud e nts fr om th e prac:t icc depart me nt , a nd is drill ed eeparate ly

.A large numbe r of unifo rm s have b ee n o rd ered Tbe Compa ny wi.ll n ow be bet te r unifor me d t an v previou s t nnc. a •

gav th .. )TE: . !J:!, IL·d t it · j int • '. A.·., 'c pt. l

Th e tr at n 'CU n te nd c1 aud it i ri • <> f 111 11H ltl y lllll 'i 11 '( n i u1u to r hose wh t HI H'lllpt •J c th wo rd privat

zoo , wL ich of Pr f bn b r. · ·ni 1· n we ·k uu dL•r 1

The f II' win cb _ I:l po d: Fi r tEl rn 11 ar , tbe plac f Aritl11n ti. ma kin g th cou d a 11 d Fir t hl Nn •u tu ry 11 s cb ol d pa l't m •nt. Tlt lc 1sl nlnr y Algeb ra a1· t be tau ht ·tu nt ·

Hi gh r t hus giving tr n. i nin g whi h n ot be obta 111 ·d at an y th er r mal. Th Yea r nt w l1 o do not tak • L lt in g he m1 tr y a 11 d 1->1 · 1 , 1 1.· t 1 1y I CS : t 18 (; ll C 1\1' ' 1l wh o do n ot t ake L t' · · 1 d 1 1 • a 111 got w g au rt •

B ota n y, add iti 11 ., J. 'rJ L t. · n l· ' c• 1 , a l 0 lll' ' I ' t ' ten ded by the ad .1· • d 'l: • '1 l • < C1111 g of .1 • r :111 , u·g tL e Se n1 or Y ar , . t k' Lnt 1 ·n · eO IO I' S110t fl. JI1 U' get ad diti onal t ·t I I' . ""' 1,1 1 Tr 'er nt ur e and 1St r. '· mg ciHss •·em · a 1ns lh e same; th e 'en io,· •lt1 '\\ m Met hods is t b d · I 0 e br oade ne c.l :t u 1u T a' ·

Prof. N o,:t01 d d · 1 a dr e sed a un u.y ve nt 10 n nt A b b. ' u urn, Sept 9, su J ect TPHill ng Clas s in th e Sa bb a th Sc h oo l.

Th e N on ua l Band star ts with h1·igbt pro ,P t'

Mr. Robert P eo ,· y un de r s up e rvi si c>n of l'l:' Boucher, will le ad 'thi s

P sycho l ogy work co nsist' d 1sc uss to 11 s. N 0 b ook wo rk at prese n t.

T: F. Dob bs is doin g pr ac ti ce wo1·k iu L at bavmg char ge of th e El emen ar y L :L tin.

Th e n ew s tud e nt s had ve ry pl ea sant introd ti on to th e sc hool by the open sess iou of Pbillippia q 1S oc iety We dn es d ay , Sep t. 6.

A choral c la ss c onsi sting of p eop le fro n1 town and s cho ol is to be o rgani ze d. It i de sign of thi s cl ass re nd er th e Tn usic of be st with expr ess ion and PI·ecis i Ol:l

Mess wh a tl m 1\.sb s

TH E ORI \AL COURIER. I 7

T he .M t · \ l' 11 on Co n cn ·at r. of hl n ic has c n stab li bed ny st udent d t;ir i iiD' noth i ng nt 11 111 ic m ay attend, an 1 <1ll.Y stul e ut of th e r mnl, und er th uperv ision or Pr of . N'o rt u, 1 ay atte nd ·

T he .l:' hil o o ·iety co mm n eed !i f wit h t bi rt 1 ·1o rn be rs. Eve re tt with tw 11 t -s ix.

Anwng the st ndie wh ich a st ro ncr student of he No rm al ma.' ta ke wi th hi r eg n b. r wo rk , are teoog ra pb y, t pewr iti n g, vio liu pi pe or gan, ran, voice c ul tu r e, ba nd i ust rn me nts, or ch tra l co u cl n ct i ng cho ru s, or che ·tra or ba ud. a 11 gn nge : Ge r ma ll , French, Greek. .Ai o nr. ·ying stea m and ele c tr ica l eug i nce ri n,.,. .

Th e A nn nal Receptio n of the Y. \V. and Y. 1. 0. A's. w as given the ti r-t Mon day of he fj r st Sat lll'day afte r ch oo l comm nee d.

A la rge nu mbe t· of ol d who drop pe d h eir wo rk tw o, th r ee or more ye ars ago are in choo l no w. A tn ung these are Mi sses Mae Van lcet, Ca rri e lJ uucanso n, Pea rl Roc k wood Mess rs. O'Con ne ll and D. E. Ma r tin, a nd wh oO'l we do n ot kno ,-..·.

The r eg nl Hr Bnttallion R ece pti on will be give n a bo ut the fir st of O cto be r.

'rh e N nrm al may son n h ave a f oot b 11 t · · - n. .ea rn 111 tl1 e fi eld. Th e wo rk of se l ecti nO' a te ·t rr h ,., , 1 <lE C'O IDm enced C hall enges fr om .N e br aska C ity an d 1\.sb l au.d h ave b een r ece iv ed.

swte S up o rio ten dent Go ud:y vis it ed, d m·ing the su m,U1e r, fo r ty Tencher's In stt tut.es, t1·aveliu g ove r s thqn saud mi les, and de li ve r ed ove r fi fty l ectn r c•s, th o las t Sept . 2, at Ne b mska C ity.

PJ·o f. Dun ca n so n bas ob ta i ned two her bariu m and b as Ha t·ted a he rb a rium for the orm al

Th e St ate or ma l Sc h oo l b egan wo rk W ed n esday , Se pt. 7, with :No r to n at it s h ead l r of :N ort o n, who hoga n hi s duties as pt·incipa l of tlte Slate 1\ or mal laEt J nnua r y' wiH' ll add iti ona l l ife was give n to the i nst ituti on, hns spen t m ost of the s umm e 1· vacation in tr ave li ng ove r the st ate in the intei:est of educat ional and norma ] wo rk. As a res nlt of hi s efforts th e schoo l ope ns with' more li fe a nd enth us ias m, a nd with a lar ge r attendance than in any ot her yea r in i ts hi story.

Up to Se pt. 1 8, 317 per sons had r eg iste r ed .

Thi i abont twenty mo re than had r eg istered at the arne ti me Ia t yea r. T he econd El mentary claim fo r ty-th r ee of tbe e tbe Fir t El e mentary fort , and the T rain in g Ia ix ty -eight twenty' • J=> • fiv e of wLom began r eg u la r work w the r act1 ·e .D e pa r tment ' tbe tirl::it Monda afte r the school comw enced

bout fifty stude n ts ha...-e registered in the Fir t Yea r

The Seco nd Ye ar l ass now uumb ers th i rty -one, se >c u of whom a.re fr om the Fir ·t Y ar of 92.

Tbe ]a s of ' 94 has en d eavo red to go beyond an ·thi ng tbe :N . S. N. S. has ev er kuown . It ba t hir ty - th r ee membe rs fifteen of whom will h ave been toget her thr ough the en ti re our e· five are from th e Fi rst Year of '9 1; e1ght 't t1detJt the ot hers we re n ew stud e nts are new l::i · ' Ia t yea r.

The 1. M. C. A. cn m me.nc ed wo rk Sunday, Sept. 17. Tb ey we re som e what discom ag ed to fin d o nl y seven of the ol rl work e rs back but many new on es are he re to fill vacant pla c es

S und <ty afternoon, Se pt. 17, not a f ew o.f th.e tr ue-h ea rt ed gi rls assemb l ed in Mi ss Wnght s r oom to r enew the ir Y. W. C. A. wo rk. .Ab out six of last yea r 's membe rs are here , but ten new on es b nve alrea.dy ta k en up the work.

The W ed n esday eve ni ng befo re sc h oo l began. P . f No r ton delive J'ecl au Illustrative Le t.:tur e of 10 H fora ls to a large au di ence at Nebraska City c will addre ss the Bapt ist Asso c iation at Ne maha S d S ept 24 on T he Relation of th e Publi c nn ay , · ' Sclwols to t he Chu rc h.

LIB RARY D \. Y.

0FFTCE SUP'!'. P uB INST RUCTION, } Lii1eoln , Nebr., Se pt . 19. 1893 .

To St.t-pen'ntendents and TeacheTS of .Neoraska :-In accordan ce wi th a, of -the N eb r aska Sta te T each e rs AssoClatiOn pa se d at i ts last m eet i ng, pr ogram. has bee n pr epared by the comnnttee appo111 t d. f \n· th at purpose, lookin g to th e obs er vanc e of the a nni ve r ary of the di scovery of Am e1·ica as li brary clay in the schoo ls of the state . It will be remember ed that October 21st was ce le brated a ll ov .r the country l ast y ar I

THE 0 \AL CO

as Col umbu Day- it i tb th u Th f h promot rs of Libra ry D ay that i \\ ou l] 1 ·>ell if Columbus Day ·oul l b p 11 uat 1 ;ts an annual fe tiv al for awak nin in r · in the school , and pe ·ia ll y f r th bu il ap of chool.librari in ev ry di i11 bra ka.

It i w 11 known that book of . p ial in tP rt•st and profit to hildr n ar no 1 . in t rP ·i ng and profitabl e to adult ·, and ha h • book of the childr n ar r ead with av i li ty by the teach J' S and by tb pat n t h <·hildren.

Good book pn t into th . cho l libra 1·) ·oon find th e ir way into the h m in th di.td ct-; they are r ead by both th h ool hildren and th e hom e c hildT n; a h ab it of r aing i thereby en courag .d or no- nd -'r d and the habit of good r eadin g takes th e I l ac f no r eading or of bau r ead in g in th e co mmuni ty . rrhi s mov eme nt ba I·eceived the h earty e n- 'a ni e Em I' ·on 'op

dorsem nt of Fran i B llamy of th Youth' .· Oral\• r gu . on

Companion, of Dr. E. C. Hew tt , ex-p r id nt J amc ri:ray ,

of the Illinoi Normal Univer ·ity, a nd fh y ....

of others of N at10nal r epLlte, al:l we ll a· the Gra ce Jon ,

approbation of th e du cat ional work er g -'11- 'h arle 1)J ones, ....

era lly throughout our own s tate. f/ J one , ... .....

In a ·c01·dance wit.h th e r •co mm enclatrion of Lizzie K eete l,..

hla ud· the ('Omm i ttee, it gives me pl eas ur e to call ,. Lynch, ·.·

.·.·.I latt the atte1r tion of th e t eachers and patr ons of ..

. the srhool · to thi s matt er, and to r com- Mary Mo rn sy, Ir,,·rt · mend tbat Fdday, Oc tob er 20th or so mu c:h Ri c hard D . .N.l.ol'itz .

Pro cr· thereof a. may "h e d eemed e xp 'di e nt , de- Alb.ert W. Oste l'} : 0 ·,;t: :

... Tn lm <•' 7 voted to tbe performance of the program pub- Ed a _G · .N elso11, ••

li sbed in the September numb er of the

W .:..e [.ing Wat r, North- WesteTn Jo urna l of Edu cation, and to Kttty T yno n, . ......... . .. Cedar Rap!Js. effort, arou e an interest in tb e s ubj ect of u;v ey, Co l .-id " :• 4 schoo l libran es a mon g the children and the StantonTVau Vl eet , . F 0 ,., Le W' · patron A. Walla ce, Be rhJl· · I espec iall y r eco mm e nd that an e ffo rt be Jnlta .M. Wort. A lli n.ncc. made in co nn ection witb this cele brati o n, to yne , Gra "n' wou d, · create a fnnd, be it ever so small, for the pur- Jo ie E. Yo rk · W ee p ing Water ,

NEBRASKA STATE NO RMAL SCH OO L.

PERU N EBR. , OCTO B ER , 18 93.

BY CL A.S OF '9 4.

( THA RI N V. LA GE R ,\I LL. L. DA VE NPORT , .. ' . Ass lSTANT

A:< "OC I. \ TE I·:IJlTO RS. EDITOR. EuJTO R.

A >E I.I A M 0 LACK, C I. ARA GI LD P.RT, 'v\' N. DELZELL (·:t> ITH 81CI.: FO RD , •. . .. . . . .. . ec reta ry.

B SJ • TH OS F. D OB BS 0 J S·. ' • IA ND LFY

1,0 c. M I': RR.I I. I. , •• 0 0 Trea s ure: ----

Terms of S 'ltb sc r iv tion _' ne copy, pe r sch oo l yea r i ngle copies, eac h

1 oo

All pcrmanc r;t ·. 15 : nd at-rca ra I· ss comnlmu c...":ttions til or dered discon ti nued to tfl .: No H>t AL CO lt !E K. nl ered at t he Post Office at Peru. Nebr .• as 8eco d :;:C-:-----

n l ass Ma il Matt er.

SCH

O OL ·; · RY.

Pl lfl .O iVfAT I·JhvAN ···

Soci ety c,·ery Frida_y during- t-· · !" udcnts :tre Ill \ ttt.:d to join us 111 at i o'clock. A ll tJosc of the iltghcr .\ DE LIA i\[rat-y work, esiJe cialiy 0 SL,\CK p • I 1 t EVE R£TT SOC IE TY. r"," ""

Escry Friday even ing- durin}{ school terms. Nt.:w invited to join us in our li terary work. \ V!\t. are es pecially II , C ORP US ·

1;- \ en• F ridav cv ·ning- Holidavs :lnd s pt in •r v·, · - - AN:-j'3A , oy, Prt! id cnt

P IH T. LIPPlA :-; SO lETY

l "::vc rv Fricl:ty ev en in g the :;; u mm er. Es pc:dall y f o. 1 n 1d of the Alumni the li hr:try cl unng Hgher students

M Jos £P H G 11.L 1 :t N, I rcsicle t

lll E )I O RMAL t 4I LIT IA 11 • J HOI'O' 11 n. Dl :"J"C ANSON, 2d Li eutcu:lll t Conunandotllt of C· I 1 ol( cts

l Church, Lieute,1-1 t ST,\ FF. t 0 r. ncl Second Liet 0 ." and acting- Adptt:tn . ' / Nt. ,oB ,.'-. tl F' ·t S tten.lt\t and actino- Scrl!ean t i\f:tJOr.

l . H. t;c C t:>, tr :-o et·gcan t and Q, 1\ [. r . } C:t lt:tin \V A. 1rk l · m. Delzell 1st Lteutcn:lnt; jo Rich·tr 1 ' • c 2 d Licnt·

I I D·tvcuport C . COM PANY H. \\- il · t ' apt:un ; G. C. J\rfcrrill, 1st Lie utenc.nt· c S 1 Li cutc nan · · · · N orton AT I·fLE"!"I (; AS SO CI ATi fl K. • res ident, p,ck ":'\ cal: Secretary, \Y ill L D.tve n pnrt.

Y. C. A. Secretary, C eo. C. Merril l. Th ns. f.' D nhh:-; ;

Y. \\", C. A. \'i nn Canon; C'orre!-'ponding Secretary, 1Vfary Buchanan

BAN I>

Leader, nobert P l'rry; S<'rgcant \\·. E. R.oberts.

EDIT O RI ALS.

THE PU BL I

On r as on i that the pe op le do not genra ll kn ow what a lu e th ere i in mu ic as an el em ent of edu cat io n. Th e d of' the powe r of the ch ild so that he may bec om e a \Ve ll-r ou nded ·and pe rfe ct man, menta l1.", morall y an d ph ys i call y, hardly e ver ent rs th" mind of a bu sy p eo ple who se whole tim ei · occ npied in bn i ne ss affa ir s. Plato "e ll aT that the pu r po se of e ducati on i to gi ve to th body and to the so ul a ll the be aut) . and a ll the perfe ct ion of whi ch th ey are capa,ble. A ll th at a gre at many pa1·ents se em to d es ire is tf1at their c hil dren m ay l earn to re ad , writ e a,n·d cipher e nou gh so that they may be a bl e to ear n a li vin g. Th at they may ge t the m os t po ss ibl e out pf li fe a nd e 11joy a ll there i in life d oes not Sl-!e m to co nce rn he m. E ve n in m any ca ses \vhere par ents wi sh th eir childr en t(o go a."li ttle to s tudy a few of the hi gh er branche s, it is too oft en with the n otion th at th ey sha ll be be tter ab le to br e ad-w in ners.

v"\ hil e it is d es ir ab le that. they sha ll succee d in the mat e ri al \Yorld , a nd w hil e it is a f act r. h at a higher e du cat ion l ead s mo st s ur ely to a gr ea ter mat erial suc cess, ye t a higher dew of what an e du cation is a nd what it means to the ch ild just e ntering t hi s wo.nd erf•tl worl d so f ull of mn.t u- ial for th " gro wt h of m in d and of the so ul shoul d be mor e ge nera ll ) ente rt a in e d. Esp ec ia ll y hcml d pe op le be bronght to see the urge nt n ec es i t. y of a more hea lth y moral g rowt h. Sun 1y t hi s n a-

THE L CO ti ER

tion nt,eds a rac e n'f .· trllJJ <r, we ll - cl ,. lo ]wd, moral m n. It i.· nr o ura d11 g to ·•'e p eop l do tl1i : lll Ol' " than thvr lid

a fe w ye ar ago anu th at lead l:' l', in tio nal c-irel es ar g id ng th ma t t<· r thl' i r h ;-; th ona·ht.. Tho . Vi <' l.;; •r aiu at lh O hi o T ea ·her. 'As od at ion at tl1at th e dn ·ati on t hat (l CJ<" S not n: .·1d t in n wldn r• a boy rn OJ' " gt nt lt·, n1 o l'l 1 kin d, mo 1· I 1 :-> thou o·ht f11l of , l'l f. mo1· rh cllwl t tflll of I""> ot h "J' ·, more sy lll patlwt ic ·. mo n• h l pfu l. 111 on · appn: ·iati ve , rnor n S)Je et fn l, mol't> ol wd i!•Jit. mon" <'ourageou.· i11 t iJ <' ma inta. ill ctll< 't of ri g' ll t more high-n 1in d• d tlHtn he \·va on C-'Jl t T in r a S<·hoo l. i:; a fa iJ111 · , no rn utt PI' how 1111 1 It i llt, kn ow J •cl ge h <-' may li a \'!'

Tl w ofa ll t li t-' fa cul ti Ps ofn 1i ncl

an tl lJ<>a r t, so t hat r!J e C'li i Jd m :-Ly pe rr·ui\'e i llt ('ll ig-•ntly, <:tn d P nj oy ahu11 d ant lr, an cl l>t'

RhlP pl! n·eiP an cl < -! njoy rlnt.t 11<' nmy lwC'(In te a hit- ing and a pow<:l l' f r> r f!'( HJ cl i 11 t JJ t• (' 0111rlll l lJi ty h t- lii O\'t'ii, i. · tfw gT PH t <" IHl t ha t hot'll p<HI' JJ ts and t< '<Lf'h el':-i .·lw JL l<l ke <-' p pnmlitwnrl.r h<' fon· t lwn L >l't"i 11 g tlli s, anrl il.l a.ho ut fo r th e }JI'OIWI' aid -; i 11

· e<·u l' llt •r tlu .s en d, t ht ·y wi 11 app 11·C'i at e more pl ar e wu sic lt a in h<:' lpi 11 g a1J o 11 t ti n :-; de :; u·ab h:•

If D i(·kPn had li ved in th e pr ·n t t,ime, it t!Ht li te l'i:l. I'Y p rll cllt dio n, ..._ 1 1<' hola !'> J._ -i r. ]-1•- br - ld I ' '\. ·', \\(J il 11!'"' \'( •J' 1H\' St' I·' T1 th e li g- ht of cln y;_ hut 1'h t ]war t. of it' s a ntho r \Y Ou ld n evn h avp l1 acl to blvt•d for t l1 e wron gs of th e .·ehoo l b()y.

H I:' wou ld have l'ejoi <' ed to s ee th e pnl>il be<·om r" a fr ee mm·al tlw p l'i me f<: t nf'.or in tlJ P n,•a nl a ti f tl .._ • 1':' on n 1e ::w n oo l; n ot a me re an tolllfltl<· an i mal driven hy the a. n tho ri ty of the fHJ-c·a.ll e L1 tea C'Iwr. ·

' 1. orlay tlw pnp il' s Rt' ll SP of 1·igl1 t m 1d wrnup;, lH1t tl1, of tb · . . e Ili a, te r, goH rn f': tl1e . (ho o l. 1 • c - • ert t 1e rn axi·m ' pare tl tt> H> d, · J lOt l tlw cl1' ld" · . 1 ' anCt llt ltS ]Jl ac e huv e arlopt<·cl 'H o nor and Pn>!'clo m lll ak e t ]l e llt an_ · 'I' , . «'ac· ,1Jn g lt as f as t 1 l · · app r oar wd a FlC' i f' n( ·e HJt to d a.r w t· cl ' fut · B · a.n npo n tl1e t·hrt-> :'!hold of a Ill (' wln r·h and u _ ns by tl1 e

.·nblimi t: of it .· 1'"=-'"il,iliti•·'· \\· ,. 111·

di .- Ju •:u ·tt•up<} 1 y th• · of tlw d

\\'( ' Will Ill'\' 'I' g:i\· • IJ il. II I li ' 1f tl '··ble i ny

J' a fac· to r ill l hP at tai ttllll'lll 11 f till' lw i_ l To i. tnu \\'t •Jlra.'· ht· 1111 J,· ;r =--l•·ppiu•r .·t c111 cli

o tlJ ••r :-: h 11t \\' • wi ll 111 •• :1 p:rri ol' a J1 1• >llnr wltnl••. 1 t> c·a rJ11 • lll •i ;.dtt...; a,.,. hi!! 1 :t co th t• p atlJ l'l lg!! d. IIII I' ht •;tJ 'I s --lrould ll llt r.· (' I H1'

TI.Ji nk Oll1y llttt t rl "' lt" igl rr. · "llidt h:t ' t' ·on

I'l tll Jlwd \\'t•J·p tll o Jttt h·d 111 , 1 1. \ i ltl idit \. •· ·Ji nt b,- n I I l e • • • <1 1:1 ( t>l t I II III J;tlll ll. in t lJI• .·t t'l'llg:th or l'iglJ t ill ll l !It t• Inn· .] o .·sil> wli t·ll <t iri tt g l li llk n l' h:l 1101 tin· a.t 'J t•·l'in ( 'o d. <'I T ··E:-u ·,·J .-1 ,. 1 · :t 1d · , , · · s tll ', <lllf pl·t•:-:s 11}1\\ ; tl' , J lll tlk not of f<llll l' , loul· 11 01 i nto t ill' h ekin of o tl l( J'H fo r ' l] < 1}li '! J\'f tl ; h 11t wt th a l"tt': l rl' art :-;t i'II IJ·r•l • . . t l:LI r-,., ( 11II W;11 ·d. "· lll ttl!.{l \· aud • f nJJ\r· do w1 1at . · · ; 'p

• · ,\1111 \\'t• ll a lu l \ ·IJ, .ll th 1. ' do 11 t> a11 <1 tl 1 1 li ng ll [k;r lh ('It t. · t ho • s tl' m oi ,'r'lJ t u· li t\· 1_, 1 :Ion' . .J.)fl•r I \ '( J:t l ll ,l ,\' ohtai n<> cl tl 1e IJt>i o· lt l.1 1 :fn :-; . t. 1t ' tt !..!' 1 Ill a 11 al 11 '\' cl tln rl l lJi ..:t ·ho •1. It t·111 I •' d \' n 11 - • II JH HI' tl w. ,\Ia. r,.,. o f' J I I • . , . I' iti z"e I <I , ,. ,,. , " "' '' '"' of ;I te al'l l ll g. ,._. f·h· . ..\ · hon < 1111 Ill Cf ('( 't 'l lt :-; of 1 1 • 4 clo ll e, th o II g oo c1 'I . . . ( t.· t'll i ng . t tl , 11<1 L! JIIdll l :-; , .,. , !tilt · ' 11 1 11 o w of I ,, l t 1 bt '> I'. 1

REL AT[ 0l ) oWI:' l• D[ fS() U Ld N 1alze i\ · D .\ T' ''C JI L. ] elp JI E BI£1• to f' (lll " r,., N'li:U. BTA'J' l• NOR ;\f Al. , Ci l• fn p :-;tahl i. h. :. n c1 11l g <L "'<l\' t• rn n' tt "' ll t c·,·r·hu 11 n :. • ·ood a n: !'l lll'l '<•nd l' l·p..:J l .IL )\· tli P ,., tJ;t, <'1l a nd c · · I ob l1 gatw nH n s. · t l atter i, tl lit(', Rt·lllll Pd. Hnl or JI" It n ti ll . () lJ I I) I n 1) t () 1)1-' <lt (c' 11 (. ( t () :t il ] ll ,.. ,.J ,. (·on c. . ·· t 1 t . - ' 1 • ., ,utc·cl ant lt ont,Y; a. ll tl t. hat. i !-: n 11 e o·overnm <-'nt , , t l<" fo r:o .• • · 0 .11 \7 wh <·re th <-' 1'1' IH 1JJ · tl'tt' hi': f t 1 abit o 1 s J H'II })Jp tl 1 1 ' ' l at J·<· ··l:(• (· l ·<,1' lt s i'· H·nt::; ;rn t 1 tb t PJH' Vl 1 Y t l1at su hJu it r:; ltrl(l lles tio Jtin rrl ,l· ] r nnvt.l u· l' l'"t i" Ll·,- t f' ' - < IL·K, ,q l'l tH'P O. · l)]'ll !'l' of life'"' i tR .. lf t i eW ' · c whl-! 11 s nc ·lt :tPl 1 ne ee f' :'l tllT· th rtt -j ·t l II < • ' govcrn nwnt lS 111ost t< • wltt 'I' P snl'l t h· h ·! 't· ) <> r ea - • s . c· om <" t l1 P n at ura 1 l lfl 11 ord l' r of t1.1 _ 1 d . . · ,1 1l < m 1 ouo 1t an nc·ttr >ll r Jll' I CO JJI'Bt' l' ec -·· ':> • • • ' , · , tt>ncl <: lvt s ron r:; t rlt> r at wn. ·\ 1] th 1:" 1 in no clPgn _. ,_. r es t rict the fn ll e :;-; t t' X t' l'<· i :-'(' nf lOW ]'ig·ht . of' r 1 · tl·z 1• 11 11 . . . . , t•snlt ·- ' · .. - s 1p 1n a l' <>Jll't-'. ' <.-> n tnn\·t' · t tit s e rn men , no,r pr u·ln dt! c lt angcs tlt<-'r"' i 11 t.n \• t lr c:. "v j]] of th e lH" CJ}IlP. It ti o<:•s m ak t' ittil a ::w,

··ble the pr · ·en re f l. nar ·hi ··t-, :N ihil i 'ts. of i ny o 11 ·i<l •nr,bl1• eleme nt· of lis (' or cl <:md di -

To <t i<lm arerin lly in brin O' in o· ab out th -' · c111 cli tiuns the pu b li c Tho 1 ""Y Stem of ou l'

1• >llnr ry i Jll <.t. in tain '"'d th at " a. h.genen ltio n by :t co ur ,· · of t mi 11i 11 g lll ay be :li tt •d ftr the li ·-

r.· (' I H1',C''0 ur the duti e:; of ei,tiz en hil · In th

t' ·on o1 11, of <Jill' o \\' il p art i<·ll l ar of o· >Y-

•· ·Ji nt n't, a. \\'id .. p t· ad rnn;-; 1' ll l:' ("' cl s l e 11 1 of th e l'f 'S II ]t.· of tlli , (' () Ill''(-' , .ltl'' \' -')' r

.] o .·sil> le, h tJ \ \'(:' \' ' 1' , th at a tTaine L 'J t•·l'in g fm tllt•exi ·r.iJJ.o·urdt•1 of l'h ina,·

:t 1d fur tlt e an th OJ" it.r ' h ekin g n .:'g< : lrl f 01 · th e \Yi. ll t::; an d th rio·ht,; ot.he r,.;, Ill t. y pr :1\' a d r 1 ,t ll r ' "

t l:LI I a LI ]JlJ Ol' tt•r of the t.ate ; a ud S\- Rt m; 'p !lh li C' edu(.·a.t.io ll t ha t]() ·ig:h t t,f· ;.. ,.e l' ' 1 li ng <L,- th -' a cq 11iru me nt of ku o wl,_,;:J ;1• -t t_ :Ion' i' of que ·t,ional l -' nd n e. · r' tl t I . . :fnt.n 111-g. - 1a. t l< ) IIH11ntatna n<· t·•. of a pu blic 1 t f 1 ..:t ho o ,y l'i t. lll OJ' t l <'"' ]llll' ]J o :::e of fi ttin o- for ] • • ] · 1 · iti z"e n f'. np ls ll ot I t:- ll g w t l cl t: al 1 1. ,1 L 1< r bu tll··· O'J'LO •.•t '11. f'. t hon t I>· ,- o ,-u,, ruo ltB \Y ·l- ·o·" t'

4 •• tl • n· _. _. · 01 '- • t:> 1•111 -

i ng f.llct t as H. .t t< 1 1 ndn l<"' th e l t> s 80 ' 11 t ld s bt· o·m 1wd [,y 'I ,, l .-. • < ln g for } lO \ \' P I' 1 r to do wt th all th fon•H ot:. , h · ones t' 1o o· ) oWI:'l' to S<l d ll' el't OlH 0\\' ll ''C'tl · n> '" ' 1t1 ·1s to 1alze lt illl ::wlf pn n• r ttJ H1 he n·e1· a . ' · f' , ' lll l' H. IlS 0 ] elp to lu:::: fe ll ow :::: , It .·ttll ma y be proii tahle to f' (lll si clt•r tlw <'o-n•l ate cl t.rai 11 ino· ir1 tl 1 ;-:. 1e l OIU t' :. n c1 in t.he ..,r hOtl1 in t ts be aJ·in o- llJ lO il fnt nr e • ·ood c·i tize n::-: hi ]) . I d 1 11 lH' sa id tl t n ee 1ar c. 1a t un lt·;;:s n ti ll i lt .Q' a1· hOJ ll < "' <l. llcl at sc hool h<' i ll <l <'t 'ord 1 l th t n' Ill. (' 1 ' ' ·'TIL' ' ·o· e a " l wi Jl 11 e ' .- ,.-, ' · C' Cl lld·' t l<" fo rmat.ion of right anrl of · 1 abit ::> Wl tl tha.t. w]t ic ll is wr ong in i t"' t ' •.., en- 1 · '11 1 · t I PJH' H-'S WI ll-' prod liC' tl re a. ' <Jf 11 ttl 1 · 1 · '1'1 t r nnvt.l 111 t li J·i.!rll t 1e l-'P 1 11 " It t 'I 1. J ' i eW !ll lls ll< t-'< 1::> he the same oot 1 tn ltonw 1 t. t thP s <'l t oo l tlle llH'i1.JJR < 1· l II < ' , cl.ll .t · ' 1,1p ll J' t•d ·lt tmv · d · · ·1 t·l · ) <> r ea l ctJ 11' ar lt' 0 11 1:' th t> C' OJnt of t 1 1 · 1 · 1l < m <' ll · le 01; ' '' r), r n m·( 1:'1 to .., · <" tt>ncl y, d<• vt>lopn t<.->nt of tl e f . 1lOW <> '.s tlw c·h t ld n.::: kn rm-lul ge t•snlt tng L J!:<: ewts e, 1t g ops ,.., 1·th. ' · ' tit s a.ving th at. of t<-' nt inws stl<'l t 1s n t 1 ' · 0 t w a ::w, IIH >l'e: · · th P pi ty . Tlw t<a c· L t" l' cnnf 1·ont ·

in a· tiP pup il of s ch'ool :wd ob r' an t of ca n th r fr om j nd o·e n-i th no lit tle d "g r ee. of ;L 'U ra r the cha m t r of the hom etr a.in in o· of <tch . A ·'o·oo d bri nging up' is cl "n.rly ma.d lli <L lli h t a nd :-.·"IT qu ir kl y, to o, ancl it is o th m >anin g r nn:yed u ua .ll y in thi · e .:q: i on th ·:tt om attention i' p ci a. l]y ea ll "d. Th ... chil d with uch a lwme tra in i·,w o nH: ::; to the halin,o· n.lr ead . }-'a rn ed:

Fir t,- 1.1/za t lt e has su,pe ri or - n pe rior in <1hi lit.L in ag", in nre -th o,e from ,,-], m athie" an d gnidan e ma.' prop e rl y 1·om0 and to ''"hom it is fo r hi good to h >e.d. Ont of thj s en s" of hi s o wn in fe rimi ty i born a. re sp ect for tha t w hi ch i::; up ri or; nllll it bn t a, fn rther ta ge in adn t.nc ment t.o yi ld rePn•n re nn to Him \Y ho is the Lord a.l l. Fo rm s of re p rt o nl y, la king: this ·en, e of may pe r hap' b ... so me,y] wt pr ofi t] ::s s, yet he u tter ab l::'n ce of.the pro pri t.i of li fe s ho(·:zs even the cl nll est en and g1ve 1r e to grave. dou bts co nc l:' rlli ng th .. fu ture of snch as lar k them. T it " 1' i a. n elPment in the l ife of l arge <Ln d citie ha dng re p ee t for TI1 > pe rs o n, ti me or pl ac e- fo r no thin g save the rl nb of th poli C' t man - an y tbi ng th at hur ts th em. H o\Y lll an:r ti me R is l11:: ard fro m the li ]J of youth of t.he ;·old man " an d th e "o ld womn n,"- th o,tto whom honor is ow ed n nd er a ll cirnun stan<' eS d by wh om it ho ul d be ex acted . Th e an '11 tea ch er ,dl OS !:\ pnpil s are well bron ght up w1 re t·eh· ... fro m th l::' m fr om the ou t et a. re pt ct sho wn by r ·nso n of his Yery posi tio n, -a rep t> ct likPly to be o nl y by re aso n. of hi s 0 .,.vll co n cl nct; ot the Im portan ce of han ng an cl lwl cl ing t hi · re :::p l:'et aud the eno't"n derc d by i t, i t' no I1 t'Pd he1·e to s p:n lc \Y it h l'hil dn 'n ac·custome cl to a,Jl(' t by the word and h.- the mo th f.•J' s cl'ire('t i on , to th e H' a.che r tlt e p ot' iti on i11. loco pa,1·entis is of i mv or t.anc ·; promp t, ch 'Prfnl ohedwn<·" 1n the choo l-1·oom -h ow va lu ab le i t. is ! How oftt··n ].' Hs lack chw to home

S eco nd,- T he ch1:ld lw s rm moaken ecl cons ciencetlw Us on thesid e 'J' he as o ei.ati on he ha.,· come to make h n.b i tna11 y nndor the

THE I 0

L C

gu idance of those at b01ue in wb m hi c nfid n ee I i n I · t( di1· c iun m.uh · tit· within a t im .hur t tiJ rn ak · it · \' hi to 1n rn) )rop implicit, be twe en thin g pr bibi t I and thing \VI' Ong, thing s a ll ow d and thing right , i carried with bim to cho ol. \\ unto him who a teacher sub titute tb r f r tb id ea that of th e t hin ge pr bibi t d, wb at

in v th at How d iff ere nt th is CO lli' e

fr 10 th e \rabi nn think ix hund r dEn li 11 111 11 who , in t11ll that o 111 h ncJ l, lu ndc:r ·d ,t, .'· •d LA

ma y be don without ge tting caug ht at it i all ri ght, -an id ea canied iut o pm c tic e und r ti P ft- z n iu a go,· 'rrlrn c" of th ·i r 41 \\' 11 b' 11 re peated inJ'nn c ti on, ''D on t Jet m cat ·h .r on

I

o d ply inh n·d i

tl tl' he that wl1t' cb ·cel<s t c · k d e du ca t tbat lc '" of ·oHntr. • "i ll fi,rht fo r i · o ' qn1c ·en an ' ' r y co n cie n ce th t

,.., 1

f wan yr not n·J ll' l' :-ll l lt di ed prompt ed by a cons cie nce aliv to di st in ct i0 1 of ·c no r th pr gr •. s of IIi=-' n

ri ght and wrong! Tb er i to be m et

r elat ions a.trickiu ess, a s hr e wdn !:lS d s ti tu tc f man di ng th i 01· th Ht ·han p:P )JI'O\ 'o k' Ill'• j 1di · · 1 d f ) · fr c m th I i t · · 1 pru. c tp e an o char·ity th:-Lt c r·u1l es at u ot 1 111 ' 'J • t' 1t l ll•-,. ·n,wo s 11)• 1111 w to ,' ,. .... ·tncl 1 I [ 1 1 1 w ithin tb utrno t limit of la w and of forb •a rau cc t 1 Y P a.' t •ink of tit · t t:1 :-w tt '< :-; , ·i :tl ' \ 1 cop d · f f I it i ca l on d i t1' · · · · 1 a es u·e or ga in to e lf that take no ac ·ount n s, c t ·ottn lrt<' l:l Ill · o uth nnt l 81 ill 1 tral wbat th e l oss may m ea n to anoth er, wh o e r a- ·o11dition =-' ' rt ih r t '' j ee ti on to this fals e standa rd of th e. sc h oo l-r uorn it em to bv tr iYin• to br it • 1 e t · ma y not be Jiffi c ult to trac e. ow n co nn ry for tit ·ir p vr:'H )rt: tl l nd H. 'lJ T l 1 t' T hird ,- Jle knows th at h is fath er suppo1 ·ts te < w of gm wt lt nnd d Vl ' lup t tH· nt . ri tlz e a uth o1·ity of th e sc h ool an d th e discipli ·n- tur e ll l:l I' (:'CJuin !:l tlt<t t J'l 't'l'tary mertB?.t1 ·es of the school. It m ay be H qu s- g ra p of t hm 1:! ah tra t:t ti lrnll l c: a kn wh' t:... nltnri I 1 h' · t hin g for a parent to do , but th e c hi r t tn gs '' 011 ·ret •. 1L clne_· · nnr HJ ]>l'a t· JH't s 1 1 who i tolu that if whij)ped at sc hool be wi ll aga in tu.at ov c of ·onlttry born o l' r' l:i J o ·t ft tl' 1 1 ·H t ' he whipped at h ome w ill th ere from m a. ko a pr e tty tttn H u s, a r cvc 1·cn eo for rh Di,·inc 1 ns · ' t f ' con cc t in fe ren ce r ega rd in g th e above Etatc>m nt. pee ·ol' sup ri o ri ty, wi ll lw ti'·t:tu ·ed tl l' •>ll !!'h \ ithont d f , On tbe otbe r ha nd, the ,.,-,i]li ngnea. of narents to r egar 0 · SU(; h h1w Or tiJ 1 ' u l:l< ki 11 :1 111 · · · 1 lwn r and di ·cu. s eve ry thillg tq tb e di sa dvauta gc tnttnmg w 10 are ke pt, ol· are ;d \o -.v ·d tn 18 of the te acher is n ot lo t. u po n th e c hilJ , who thmn su lvu s, without tit· wh nl 1· traint 1 ce co m e. to f ee l at lib er ty to o const ru e the CCIU I'.se di se ip lin e of th e sc h )OI -ronm tb rT .._ i. ll t>d I oweve of th e teach er as to up J.Il., materi al for such dt s- to say uot bi JJ g, nei til 0r of th o fo l.ly of (J!-' I'IIl it I 11 o cu sions. It is w ith th ese par e nts, th ose whose sue 1 a eo ul·se to be so g(•nenL .)' tg not·c: rl in a ' n ehilclren fail of r es pect for th e po s ition ernme nt lik e oms, coJ\tH illi ng so dnu e: i sco it se lf. that th e t eac her mn t see k to 'win s n] port , lar ge an elem en t of nnA.me ri ea n i:.::ed 'II$ >re f h t 'J' t. ' o im as an i11di vid ua l, c ultivatin g au ac- vo er s. he CO! tdi tions ex ts 111 P-: h0 ·an ·c nf , ,Jwt q naihtauc e wit!J th em to that e nd. fai.lnre of of thi s g(• ue rati ull nr

Fo ur th,-As be b as come to see th o rea so nn.bl e- bnng up their c hildr e 'll -w e ll be c>otd-irk : f d . t · 1 1 · · He o 1 c iplin e, th e nee d of itat sc ho o l. obed'i f'noe me 111 t 1e fnll t wt Lt P oss ibl !11 e lf h rts become a habit to h im. It is a ca use c.l oe p and bro ad th e fonnJMio ns of ooo o c! \ 1e of wonder to me in ee ill g a s tr oug hor se g uid .NI s hip live s to -wliOnl slnJII L8 • or ll<>rc and there by th e t ouch of a child's for l.ng!J id ea ls ill manhood a nd woln n nh <w d. t h::tnd, ol.Jedient to the will of th e c hild. Tb e vmJC eme nt to ward whieh is to be ns n r 't 1e drills of tir e military co mpan,y ca ll to mind th at of a gr ow th in po_wer to do ri ,o· ht Il l' 1 'o a lan?fu l of disc i plined men movingin ob rd ien ce choose to do them b eca nsc th ey an-\ 'J'i' t 1 1 - Th 0 a mg WL 1; can pnt to flig1 1t a thou s and of too , th e par en ts of an g J1(-n·nti<'11 tl l] t it le l'uu Jle; nnd rgc-llize d labor, yie ldin g obc d- in th e sd Joo ls of tod ay; D1:1 J it not be

rna be 1 to o p •· pare that t ach r in fu tur 1n rn) a nd gr at r r nit )rop r ad:ju trn nt of the h om nr d iu th tr a iuin g to th at of cb I?

EN TOM

T D)'.

LA WRE 'E 13R Nh lt, N I\' ER lTY F ' EBRA KA.

Th e tnd y of in s ct or n the b' t f I

11 JC • more I' C :f ll nt .v com in g 1 . 1 1

Jll O l' • anc ll1l1 1' e e e 11 t1a ac 1 u. •en. r a t cr ld d 1 he co nn ry t- r ow o 1 ' an t 1 jnjuri c ca n d y tb c cre atur e in cr a Th ol] t' f ]' cr

· f 1111 tno

• f ·o nt c mpt or .a ll cr eep in g ha gracluallv di ed away, nnttl at pr · ·nt it i nt e/-

\,.., n in ed by an y but tb c ru o t igno r ant. 0 o- re at

I as be n tli e ch ange in thi I' "'P<?c t that '3 11 th j 1di vidual wh o st oo ps so lO\\ us to unl- 1 ' ' a pe u

·tncly of ''b ugs" i a ll owed to min o- 1 'tl e a \'it 1 an

1 cop l np on au eq ual f oo ting. Tru e 1 t 1 · , 1 e m n

l 81 ill fr e qu e ntly ubmit to a li tt le d ] • ooo -uat ur ec

'' j ee rin g by tho of hi gher ambition w ith whom

• 1 e may veu tu re to a soc iat e. A ll th' . d'

· · 1 m 1cat es a 'lJ) id ad ,·an ce fur the <:c ien cc as 11 t' ' < we as 1t s v tri cs , iu th e eyes of th e publi c.

A lth ongb a. ve ry imp o rt ant st udy to the ag t·it:... nltnri tnt l east, en tomo l ogy i st ill

· . b 1 . · tu It mf aney s a distm ct ran c 1 of natut·al hi t

1 ' • • ory wh en co m-

1 1 ·HOd wtth bo tany o 1· o nHth oloo-y 1 ' · n fact, 1t 1 ns b ee n so ltt tle tan g ht th at we ' 1 e pmt:tlCally

!!'h \ ithont text boo ks 0 11 th e s ubJ ec t. It · 1s tru e that 111 · nnmb er of publicatwns have a 1)p e a. d . 1 <1 e wtt 11n 18 pa st te n or twe l ve yea rs that in part fulfill th e traint 1 ce d of th e would-be st ud e nt of ins ec ts Tl t>d I oweve r, are th e produ ct i <;:> ns of

I'IIl it t of t eac hers and co n seq ue ntl y CO JJt·. o , c • • • aln such a ' n arr ay of t ec hni ca l or "sc te ntrfi c'' nam es ns t i sco nra ge m os t of th e aspiring st ud e nt s in . o 'II$ >re Tb e r es ult is practically the op l) 1.n sec t ' ' 0S J te of nf , ,Jwt was mt e nd ed wh en th ese b oo ks were ull nr ed arid pr ese nt ed to the -st ud e nt world. - prec>otd-irk : Whil e the wt·iter of this pap er may be 1 · a 1ttl e !11 e lf -re hant he is n ot so pr es umptu ous as to i \ 1e thflt he Ca tt s t'tppl y th e defi cie ncy at this • or i!l tb e n ea l· fntUI·e. Hoi wil]i ·n g, thouo-l d. t kH st tr y to pr ese nt a sho rt g(:' ne ral 1, to r 't 1e s ubj ec t in a ser ies of arti cles for th e "o e of Il l' Rl\IAL 'o u l{IER. 'J'i' t d f 1 Th e s u y o e ut omc, l og ,y 1 li \:e a llurnb er of

-n·nti<'11 b' ·

t it er su Je cts, can be mad e in te r es tin g to th e

tud en t from different sta ndp o in t . It can be tanght as a mere sc i ence in which tbe systemati c co ll ec ting and cl ass ifJ ing of .an indefinite number of wid -' l • li stant forms ar e pinned jn boxes aud the t ec hni ca l oi· Lat in : nam es are attached. It an be made a ·st u dy in which the transformations and o- r wt b of the cr e atur e und er cons id r ation occ upy the tim of 'th e Again, by c ho ?si no· to f !l ow th e li f -h i sto ri c of va ri o us fo rm s 0 mu ch in te r est rna be ar ou e d. In addition to tb a.b ve, a ca r f ul st nd y of th e habit bo th remarkabl e and in te r est ing, of many of our m os t com mou p cies w ill r eward th e t acher a well a cbo lar for the tim e thn spent A(]d to these th e app li cat i on l >f pr eve ntiv es and r emed i es by whi ch to chec k or l essen the r avage of injuriou s pe i , and we bav a st ud y that i b oth pleasing and pr ofitable.

\\ h at is an in sec t, th e n, and in what re sp ec ts does it diff er from th e many othe r ''c r eep in g tbioo· " that li te ra ll y fill the wo rld abo ut us ? is a the answer. to mauy may to le arn. Bri e fly, an m sec t 1s a r ep r es e utatn e of the c la ss Ins ec ta, among the bran ch Articulata of th e auimal Like all othe r articu l ates th in sect ' bod y is made up of rin gs or "joints ., w hi ch ar e fast en cl one b eh ind th e- o th e r. It s te cr s ,1 nd ot her app e ndages al so pa rt ake of this jo int ed nature. It is also provid ed with a s imil ar syst em of a ir tubes Ol' trach ea in commnri with a co ns id e rabl e proportion of th e o ther m embers of the bi'anch, i. ·e., sp id er s, scorpions and m ri apoda. An in sec t pr oper has but six l egs .}' b'1 'd . . l ( thr ee pair s), w 1 e sp 1 er s, m 1tes, tlC {S, sco rpio11 s, etc. (c ia _s Arachnid a) , are provid ed with e ight, a nd the centip ed es a nd millip edes Jl![yTiapoda) have mor e than fo urt een. An msoct diff ers fnrth er from th ese in having the bod y se par ated int o three well-d e fin ed r eg i ons, ·z 11 ead thorax and abdom e n. It is from t hi s Vl ,.. ., ' la st ment.ioned c har acte ri s tic th e name '' in secta ' is de ri ved, th e word meaning to c ut into.

In sects also p ass thr o ugh su ccess iv e transformations arc quit e mark ed and characteristic of th e group. Th ese arc: 1st, th e egg ; 2d, the lar va; 3 d, th e pup a; 4th', th e im ago Th e fir st or "beg iunin g stage'' of an ins ct's lif e, in eommo n with a gr eat man y ot her animal form s, i · th e egg . Th e seco nd or larval stage of an insects lif e may be ca ll ed th e ''stage of gr owt h ,"

TH E OR MA L CO Rl ER

for it is du rin g this pe ri od that mo t if n t all f the growth is made-wh en th e f oo d i t ak n aud a s im il ated that ca r r.:ies th e cre atu re th r ugh th and fr·equently also th rough th e la t tag . The pupal or thi r·d stage s hou ld b call d t!J "sta ge of r eet " in an in se ct ' li-fe , alth ough it i · by no means e nt ire ly on e of inactivity wi tL but compar atively fflw fo rm . Th e l as t or fo ur th that of th e imago or ma ture in ct Durmg t hr s s_tag e the fi r st and forem os t obj ct in its life is pro vid i ng for the cont in uation of the p ci wh en it i. d ead and gone. Jt mig ht t !J oref r be termed the " tage of re pr o du ct io n. ' rde fr om th ese di ffe re nt s tag s of exi ten ce an 10 ect gr·ows or iucr ea ses in size by molt or sucessiv e sh e dd ings of its s kin . Wb n one k in b ecom e too small to co nta in th e rap idly gr·<w in g l arva it cr ac ks open and tb e occ upant wri g I s o ut en v loped in a new and loo er co v rin g. Thi also in tum soo n b eco mes to o sma ll a nd is li k · - wi se ca t o ff, t he op era tion be in g rep eate d fo ur or more ti m es du r ing t!1e gr owth of th e larva af ter leav in g the egg and before e nte ri ng th e re t in g (p'ttp a) stage. In like manner th e ch an ge from th e pnpa to the imago st age- is ma de by a sl1e ddin g pr oc es .

Right here co ns ide r abl e ti me mi g ht very pro fitaul_y be pe nt in studying the gre at va riety of co nd iti on und er wh ich th ese fom · s tages am ng differe nt i11 e cts; and to lea rn s orn et hi ug of th e se n es as th ey are exh i bited by th ese creat ures-h ow in s tin ct, or perhap s reas on, dir ec t·s the ir mo ve me n ts when se J·ecting th e proper m ea us for iusnring the s af e ty of futu re gener ati ons of kind

Some tim e might be given to fol low.: mg th e gaudy butte rfl y a it tli ts ov er the gr ee nin ques t of the pr·oper f oo d pla wt up on wln ch to lea ve its eggs so th e la rv a wh en hat ched wo uld n ot find th e f oo d distastef ul and di e of

Later we might sp e nd a li tt le time 111 wat chi ng th e caterpill ar ca refu ll y to some se cluded spot wh ere in to r es t as a pup a ur <:h ry a li a. Truly, "th e fir st law of na tm c is se lfprese rv ati o n' as e xh ibi te d in a ll life, both an imal an d Ye g: cta bl el

a !J we ll aa in tlu;- ai r, w at •· n i with JUt on · r•r· 11 1111'1 ' f rm 'Ih y n •r int o and nff • rn or r I prmni iH' nt ly uod r 11 arly v ·r.r · ndit ion.

I ·s d p •nd ' ll upon th (•Jl t, ! •r at I n m an of t h•u1 )r th •ir pr od m·ts in ·I th in and til· art nluloR n·t·y dny it n · In fac-t nmon, th • in . C' ·t w r fin d u th fri nd and ffH' ou r <·nllingrn a '. '1 he oJn (; fl ·ro:; our path wa ,. a, 1 tO niJ kind f LI S fu] ,. • r •I :\1 i"JI, a. \ •it :a tta ·k and in f •. t 11 ful :111irnal s. \\' th n1 11 tho oth r hand as fr il' JHI. · t 1tar .. th f r ti li z at i n f and i 11 gut IH·ri ng ht 11 .,

A 1wer , lll ak ' ax , pi11 si I k. nc·t 1 • • ,. by rem ving 'd ·n •in g u.ni11HL I a 11 d , -(•.-r t• tn 1. ta nc s r in tlr for rn of par a, it wi t hin the b Ji s of ]1c;

In in a ll cou ntr ies , at a ll tim es and on der n ea rl y every cond iti on Th ey infes t o ur homes, fie ld , w oo ds and prairies ; the,y occ ur· upon an d wit hi n the bodi es of dom es ti c a nd wi ld

If di ·tin ·t or ki n dH of ar num r oo , th o. · of t it • ·lu .·s 1 11 ". · 0 • • .n. '.·t• 1 r <m > " '0

mn cb

tno re nnm C' rnttA. t •te com pc nt anthoriti •s lr ·1vc JJ ln ' t' d t·J · · ' ' t<.• rr · 1111 11 · as ln gh as fr0 111 tw o tc t<--n rnilli 11 f ··' I "' II. ' 1 .n_ c mp ar·iso n it i 'H ti mat ed tl 1nt ,·, 11 tlt l " 'Jr an rmaJ fon ns wh id t J'I' (J hnlJI , (l (; . · <. ur· II( ! HI : globe w rll ·-ly r· a ·h on, mil li <m wo nd r then t ha t th e entomoJqgi t. i · d · 1 •no rte w ttlb e in gc r·az )' ' Itinr•uit 'c · • -. · ' 'l 11 ' •n gh t) 11 hrm 80 tf he o nl y kc ps tr ac k of ,, ·' t 1 ·eue mn s cm c- t lir cl of th es e in a ll t: l1 •i 1• ·h , . , t' 0 b' 1. • ' Th rl ItS, l cl Unt s, 11 Hll1 "8 t · '. ' ", • . , \ \'J I b l' rn g ob i Jl) rgeo aL o to "l' ep p os ted'' in r·efcr 11 t s ueh o th . , or "cr ee ping tbtn gs as the Jl£. ria 1 AracJm,id a, 80 1110 c,·" tile c 1 1_, 8 t,. Y I mp 1 •:tc en :li o u.r ,, the Ve,rmes, and " few ot her fn nus t,. to til nun of ab o ut half a m r'l I ion SJ)Cc ies , o•· " f1rll y Ol ll'of th e re m· · . . cl< l ll llJ g fo rms.

----

THE STU _DY Of< PArN rT cs. 4Jthough t- on · • IS KA.TB'A R.TN V. LANGE R. A ll 1 t 1e fin e arts b [!. ve a cernt in rc ln. ti on -; hil' ,_. ea ch o th e r· ; po etry D;'JU si c, sc ql pt nr e a ud n:dnl' \ d con ve d. · ' r o Y 1ffere nt -p h ases or· se ns rtt1 o!1s of t ilt' I> .., 1 ti f nl , bu t th ey a ll aim to ex p r- ess an nttr:ll· ..._ t.s idea li ty A ·d 1 b d \ th · n t 1ere can e no onbt thlll s tu dy of a r·t works has a be ne fi cial e ff ct upon •ans But to _s im ply l ook at a pi ct ur e, or· gl nu cP : sta tu e rs n ot sulli cie nt . A P?rson nn sl.;:i lk'l thl11

T HE NORMAL C OU RI ER.

ic t:l'r ay de riY e no b n fit fr- om a, ·m •bo ny

· nc t·t, beca o e he do n ot knO\\ h ow to Ji te n.

0 in r·ef ren ee to fir1 · · pa w trn o- · and othe r art

• o rl · y '-· · ou mu st know what th e pi c tn r r pr

• .n. t s, whn_t were tb pl'inc ipl obj ct which th e

'.·t• t .vi ew .. Pr ocu re if po i ble a de rip-

1 II or cr rtiC JSIJl of the pict u r·e r· . 1 t . ·on

r te nd t . u p Ill e )

o exa mr ne. Many pr c tnt·e a we ll as <m -poem ar·e fo un ded upo n om 1 1 e JJS to nca r

>o- n da ry to r y-a n <lCCJ nai n ta n ce ' tl '· . I . < WI l Wu iC 1 1 n. ry to the pr o1 er compr· be . f th

" ·k 'rl . . n IOn 0 e

'0 1 • 1e famou s prctu re of h 1 ar o tt orda oo knl o· ont of th e ]) ri son bar · m ea ns bu t li ttle to h se \·\ ho a r·e un fam iliar \\ ith t he l 'f f tha t try bnt beautif ul g irl. 1 e 0

In the ab on ce of th ese aid tl , on m·1 , rely pon 10 1 ntto ms and type w hi 1 < •• · c J n atn r·e affo rd t rs co m pa t·at iv ely easy to tr ace the 1 f ·r1dt>w . 1 J •• ocat wo o

· · an re11ect10 n acco rding t h . .

-> w w hi ch th J' 1 d 0 t e du·ec tw n

:a • , e Jg It I r ocee s. Th e r Iative prort JO n of d iff ere nt object . alw· . . 1 d . · ays co n sr de ru JO' "1 su ppo e be twee n th e . 0 · d ' sc obJects is also •te r m1 ne by any one acc usto med . . to ob en 'a ti on · oTeat pamt wgs, h oweve r d < • ' 0 tr ot e x])ect f1ll

li ttle tree , a nd it is qu i te p·ossi ble the - ear-old ma s ee n oth ing beyonq th at. B ut ome r fl ction r ev als a ve ry unde rl -i ng t ru th nam ely th at 'We sho u ld n ot be di ati fi ed wi th what God gi ve s u ndo u bt dly t hi thought is what give s the tory its highe t val ue ; i wh at h as cau sed it to b co me l as i cal. '

'Jr e'entat ion of Lnko Chn tn pJa· < n ex ac

' 1 as nr e of rea lism . o ::u·ti t ca . a l en pamt a t

' < 111 or the G d : nou of the Sie rri es . Tbe ar tist k r an pl ace of ex ac t repr od uctio n I u_ows th is a nd ' Ie rd ea li · tl •no or perha ps a lt ers tL e s itu a ti on zes le Ss o tht v more fully r eal ize the impr es .· a vve

·' 1 · 1 :s 10 11 wh ieh th e ·eue eft upo ll th e wa x oc ns mind. Th e stncly of J)::t int in g, li ke mu sic I . ' S IOU ld begl. ll

I d I

Jl)J e an g row to t 1e cons rc•e r·at io t , 1 n of ru ore bo rat e wo rl- Do 11 0t, 10we ve r· b . . ' . egtn with a mp li men ta r_y c hr otuo, nor ye t W Jth l\,r ·l l", ,, • 1 , :1.1 et s ll ge ns.

E VJlLUE. OF . FAIR t' l' A LES.

4Jthough th e l an o·n ao·e val ne. of tl

t '·TJ /':) /':) le story

t- on l t> D1s con te u te d Pm e Tree " is 0'.

• IS - e ess not. clu eflv on th at

· 11 eVP L' th 1 ble at,

• •} J c acco n ll t

Jt 8 LOU ]d be tan o·h · ,_. wej o·hti <-' r -.· c o , •Ll' e other

\ d 1 ] Iea so ns fut It s lntr o cl uction

o t Le • oo . .., 1 _ 11o nlc1 b , •

..._ t.s _e ta ugh t, first of all on a cco un t \ th e- ·ffert It m ay h ave np on char act b f t;] er y

•ans o . le lmpm ta ut rno ra.l thou ght. w hi ch 'iew ecl, t hi s is thl11 o but a Simp l t• a nd pre tty abo ut a

It i :sn t i mply by a cid ent that cer tain pi ce of lit r atu re ha ve been pre erve d and h anded do wn fr om on e gener ation to an other for w hil e others by thousand s, yes mill i ons h ave b een cas t asi de and for gotte n. Only t h·:1.t porti on of li ter ature b as been si fte d ut and k ept before the p op le wh i ch co n tain s a ge11ui ne uni ve r sal a nd pe rman nt value. Hadno· such wo rth it com es to be call ed cla ica l. ' Fai1·y Tale s h a,-e r eceb ·ed t hi epi th t beca.n e they r.o m ·ey great tr u th to u in a ,·ery s im ple and att r active man n er. In th is re p ect they . do not differ at a ll fr om other clas i cal li teratu re. Gr eat noveli sts and dramati sts do not wri te si mply to ent eTt ain the ir r ea der s, bnt to teach and 'i nfl·u,ence by m eans of gr eat basal t hough ts Th ey might have e xpressed th ese th oughts t hr ough ser mons or ho mili es, but the ir pu r pos e wo uld have be en def eate d in the main b e(4tu se few p eo ple "ould ever t hus h ave heen

Th e ir greatn ess has co nsi ste d in th eir extraord in ary abili ty to weave a, ve ry entertaini ng na rrati ve ab out the gre at t ru th in m ind , in t hi s way it a nd causi ng vast mnl titndes to be ma te ria ll y influ en ce d th ereb y. J ns t as o ur gr ea t n ove ls and dramas a,ffert the c har acter of a dul ts by means of the nn de rl) in g l essons th ey teach, so i mag inati ve li te r at ur e, or fairy tal es, may gr eatly influ en ce th e c hil d thro u gh the un (\.erl y in g moral tho ught th ey contain. It is firs t of a ll on accvn nt of thi s moral valu e that fa iry tal es sh o ul d be taug ht

Th at being the case the missi on of the teach er is to pr ese nt these stori es in such a wa) tha t the un d erly ing though ts w ill b ecome ve ry cl ea·r n.n d inte'res ting to the chih:1ren, fo r then they w ill often r etu rn to th em in thou ght, po nd er over th em, and perh ap s be incl ined to apply th m to th emselves. Th e fact that

THE 0 AL CO IE

fairy stori s are o simple a nd imag in a ti ' is very favorabl e for th a· ompli lrm n of uch a r nlt. Nothin g i pr - nt d diffi ·ult of comprehen ion , and the opport uni ty f mpl oy ing th imag in ation fp ly i a p o. i h ·! de li g ht to children.

But, whil the condi tion.· ar s f a.von hi t, for t ach in g a goo d t t· uth th rough a fa iry tal(• it i possible to teach th tal a 11 d l •a\ o ut thi · t ruth. orn e tu ly i n • e.· ary t' p •re iP the und , rlyin g thought in on f Di ·k ·n · nov el , , 'bak esp ear •' s lrama , or in B m y:::Ln '.· " Pil g rim '· ProoT . ;" Jik wi ·e sonie Pil "G ion on th e part th e hild i r q uir •<.l for h i. · · eompreh n i on and e nj oy m ut of th · 1; .·al thought in a fail·y to ry.

Th e im ple na rrati vfl of th e pin e tr • i.· lik ely to en gage th att ntion of th' ·hilcl almo olely at fir . t. Th gnrb in whiuh th underlying truth i ·lathed i in it ·elf · e autiful that be e njoy s beholdi ng it alone f r a. while; and it is po sib] .. th at he may • "e nothin a bnt th i gar b, u.nl es th te ac·her l •ad him to look do ser and de pe r. v\ e s e l! en:'in, how Pv e r, not a def ect bnt an ' XCell enc>· of the fa ir y tal e; in thi · 1' }Pe t it di st in g ui ht · it •p.}f fr m the ammon moral tori es ,.v/h ich aP o oft en ta ught as literatur e in o ur cli.oo l R, or n·ad a.· a pa rt of th e op e nin g ex rcises. Th ese latter make th e mo ral too vi ible; th ey pr e ·ent it ·o pla inly that th ey .·oon to b "'ro me tor i es, and be com e mere moral lecture ·. Th ya re th n worthi es In fa iry tal e wh il e the mora.l not li e imm e diately Oil tb nrfac , it is not too diffieult. to be ce h ·ed by s lig ht me ntal exe rtion IS another rea on why th e term "r.lassi cal" ha s appliP-d to th e m. \iV e r each th e co n dtliun, th er efOl'e. that , in the case of eae h tal e co ntainin g a the of the c hildren sho uld be es pecia ll y clireeted to th e oo nidPration of the moral; othe r wise, it mi g ht h e ntirely ov erlo ok ed . It r ema in s to he co n. icle red ju st when and how thi::; step shaH be take n. 'ha ll th e teacher atte mpt to bring Dut t l1 f' moral truth du1 ing the teachin g of th e Rto ry ? Or hall she po. tpon e all consid e ration of it till tb e e nthe s tory is l ea rn ed anr1 · can be fa irl y rel ated by th e pupil.? Thi s is

a im rtan t an<.l =-'( '1111'\\'hat qu ·ti n in nt th d. Holllt' p ll:-< 11 l in! ·t tlt at t l' tlti on to 1It t· tll (lra 1 t nH tim th litt lP tr• > i .· ruad l' unhapJ h a vi n l 1ad it. w i ·h f n IIi II ·(l. 1r i nt l1 wo ul <l tak ti rH • fo r 11 10 1 al r at tlw ud 'Jf tlw foul't It lift h an ltanza.. l1 •t·s ho\\'(•\'< '1'. pt·n I a hl · ,j ori ty 11 o. li liC'I l a p ro n·d tar· · 1,. ·l l th • f Jl o wi t1 g 1· "' : t. \. t.lw neural i \.,. pnw ,,. 1=-- t h • t·hi 111iu -1 · ar ·d (' lti1·fly with th l' -' lat -' <1. 'l lr y (' flj 1y t lw d l'li g- ht and !J ' di >' ;lpp C) ill tuw Jrf of tlt P tr·('{'. Th ,,. a lool<ill g- f r hi d 1 .11 t r ut II !" 11 lw. • ,, th •iJ · a t.h· im an·in a li ,, Llt •· I t·e, 1 a }Pr.·ou :1.11(1 th ar · i t(• d in h ., th Py at·' clnxi( u · to pr on ;tJt d fina l l'-' ul t. It w ul<l l)1 ltll l ta o- 0 ri

in .· i :'l t at a ll on 111 ral .iu clg m, •Jt t:-:: at· th i:--

But w h n t h t ·-•1 i "' ·fi 11 i lw ( L t 1t 1 t"' '· · s na altere d. 'l' IJ .. c: ltil d i no Jon p:L·t· "X J ... ·t; lm 1-·arnC' u th ou tc·o nt • anc1 is ·l. A ll th <-' in e il "' nts uf .· 1-o l'. • 'lTp 11 Y to hi n 1, nn c1 h i 8 i. rl(' 1i n _. 1 to t·h i n Jth "' rn, to dw 11 ll])< n-th n rn a w it i 1 . lL, i=-in a·. attitud for re 1t <·f'tio n. Tl tlH. ttm e, th ·n, to )JJ'('n · lwm u i tn} , t!·u th >a.nd it rni ght be t1 11 ·by f': tl(·h q lit':-' a the fo llowin g: Why wa . th e tn e. an ::don to haq• \Vi1at kind s did sh ... 1 't' -•b· th e go l<l Pn leave, make h <..•r ha }l]),·? J)i gla le av es b drw h app in ei-j ·? r--r(·'' ·•l)ol b n vV n e aut tf nl .. 11 l PHV <: f' 1 a-· s it _, :ui 1it

Jt< · r·:t.et c I t·abl I •arion 1n i 1nt , ,. the ut vcd t im e l:t.fte r r ->c e idng :ll evv S(, dtd she at la st wish f or heJ· n Were th ey not t.he V<:·l'.Y lt•a.vt; s Sh <:. lta1i dt:l pis in g so mu ch? H,nv di cl he fe1·l ' she r ec·e iv ed her n ee cll t s on C'e n1 o 1·e. Ha d th en, gain ed an yth in g by a ll h ,. ' ·Nc,, coul d be tter ha.v

n1in <..' IY; )o with What she b ad at first .'' 01' , as :1 I boy said a sho rt thn e ag o. '·God ln <i'nn t she sh ould bav e tho se nee cl l l:-' s for ].,. 1n·(·:::. she ought to h av e felt sa ti s ft t: cl wit h ti t

Thus, dnl'i na a la ro·e part· or the ,, h nlP ,. 1 , 1":> 0 h

r ec itati on the att e nti on of t e C'hildn ·n t· r ected e ntirely to th e nu cl P.rly in g 11 l'dn he o rne . mpt ) cd

·l Y i=-Tl , lit':-' J)i ·•l)ol 1it

()tto-Jtt. If th e ·to r- be n fai r ly w ell taught ltn - ar on ed a liv •I in te r t, an 1 now th i in -

1

•

t can ' al so thi mo ra l tb u o-bt to be i ot r-

• tng an I tit 'rcfo rc in f-l u ent ial n poJl ba rnct e r.

ll 111 re t 'P r" rnain to be ta k en b cf re t:>UCh

_· {; hi11g au be ff cti,- e in th e lti o- he·-t de gr tnely the tr-rw lt er 1nu t look out fo r th ctp-

. ·a. t ion of th-i · t rut h to th daily live of ' · )J IIp ils l lll cs h docs thi-, her we thod i llsiT II Ctio n i' lcfe et ive ju t a· on e s m t ho l

teae hing ari thm ti c o t· gra ru ma r \\' uld be d -

ti ,·o if b gave to lt i pup il· a fai t· un d 1 tau· nf tu ' co n tain ed in • th e tu 1ic bnt l) p<] to ap p ly them The o nly di tl'P renc i that - he f nr mcr ki nd of t ach in g i, t· la t d mo r

.\ 'P l.· tt) ch a t·:t to r b ni ldin g th an the ln tt r 1111

_'- tn ){ is mor • to b d epl ored in tho firs t in·l1 ·o thau in the ·e ·o1t l.

ont i nn i rw , th u, with 1'l1 th ou g: ltt jn t r nc b ed , ., ' vV b oul d be sat is fi ed with wh · t Go d q jn·· , ' tb • te acher mi ght OJ.l d: r·c bo . d " an

·Js, an .) of ev er l ik e ti n' I i tt !, tr c?

J vou somet im es f ro wn and co tn pl·tt ' f l t . ,- n o w 1a ll l\' C to w nr? O t· of wh at VOtl ll· t? cl\ e to a

:. nf t lt c vv ork .vo n mn st do'? Do vott tl . 1_ .. t tn, ttts

"t tt to do o? Any pr im :Hy t 'ach"t' 1- l "' 'nows t1at

11i c-!r cn are wa tc hf ul and e nv ion of 0 · I tte anot wr

1 Jt<•r i nt i mate ncqn aint nnc wit-11 tlle · d' . 1 ' 1 tn 1 v tc ua

· r·:t.et o ri s tie s nf her puptl \·Vii i tell ll e t· 1 c Wtt 1 co n-

I t·abl e r ·rtaint y what ap pli ('nt"io n sho ul d be of thi s O'O ne ral tru th If si te 111 "'1 -e tl }"-) • n. \, le a p-

I •arion -n ,me w !t at 111 t hls ay and i C'lre fn l ' t I c 1n wPc k to wee k, to re fer 0 1' 10 Dis ·onten ted i l 'ld , !t e fin ds a C ll 'W!t o, on ac1nt of hi s di scon te nt, r eal ly r em i nus h<·r of it , ,. ill acc ustom t he to re fe r fl- eq ue nt l): the ir own acr:or· l to th e tr ee , and thu s b rin o· ut n c; nth wa l appli cation of the tJ·nt b vcd in the story. n lta1i

' Ha d 11 v in s trnct iou in w 11ich mo ra 1 t r·uths a 1·e · . so n1in Pnt, rn nst of co u rse be i mp ar te d v er·y de li<..' IY; nice jud gnH' nt is r eq u ired to m ak e it efh ut , wh il e it is ditl1 c nl t, it is tlte mo st )o r·tn ll l kin d of te aclt ing don e, a nd I nn t (·:::.

ti t ,. 1 , t· 11 l'dn re, be neit lt or sli g ht o I nor om itt ed . ' he re iH some dnn ge :' , lw wev e r, that tho se who o rne fn ll.) cou vin c d of it s m ay mpt to o mnc lt of i t; i. e., th ey mHy be in) cd to dr nw t oo ma n.) l E- ssons fr orn a single

sto 1 or t eac h o nl y sto rie c ontain ing uch leson · till 1'/WTal-izi ng becom es me r el au inte ll ectual exerci e on the part of the c hild re n. In or de r t av oi d t hi ]ao o-e r ·it ie we ll J:ler·hap to ca ll at te ntio n to onl · one (the l ead ing one mo ral truth in a f air ta le and to teach om e to ri es wh iC h do 11 t s em to co nt ain any mo ral at a ll. In t bi wa · th pupi l w ill ne,er uff er fr om a nrf it f m ral t ruth . It on acc oun t ?f tl.ti dano- r that se,- eral of the tor ie inclu ded 10 · tb Ji t of f <ti ry tal e ui ta bl e to b taught (Publi h d in t lt e Jnu nu mb er f the J ournal) con0 a pj)a r·e nt mo ral T he imp o rt ant un de r- tam 11 • lyin D" trnth th at are ta uo·ht thu wi ll all th e ro t rik i ng . It is w el l to keep m m md coo ' tau t ly that not o much d epend np ou n'l&mb r f truth taught a u pon th e ctrcenes

\Yi th \\ b ich a few are tau ght g oo d .} e ar k 1. b u lon e if eio·ht or ten s uc h trn th

\ r • u ll b

b t '' tw ht in an e ffec ti >e m<w ne r. - 1-i'r an k baYe en " o ni JJ!loJ1£urry 'in P u, blic-Sclt.ool J ou.rnal .

FO RM STU DY .AND JJ RA WIKG

LILLU K R. KE LL OGG, _T ATE NORM AL

l f u, and am I n ot r ight in s ay mg m os t an y o . f I eld er as we o-o back in m emo ry to o nr O ll Slll b . 1 ,- ous? T ho e soil ed dr aw mg book s drawlllO' et>ts · . . d an y unh app y ho ur s of o urs as we wt tn e ss e mn · . the figur es pri nted upon the tr pag E- s. tne cl to copy

· . b. ch of e du cat wn there has ce r tam ly In t lus 1 an

. . t adva ncement in the past few y ear b ee n a gtea d r ow rr'l e th od h as b een su ppl anted b ,v Th e ol ' nar bi no· in its re sults and nt the same on e fa r -l'eac o ti me i nt ere stin g. . t · ho ul d at all ti me be the expres ton Dr aw lll g s "'d Form stn dy th erefore, be co mes of of an t ca. . '

. ·t-tn ce with an d mu st pr e cede th e nn po t < I d b · Th·1t this wo rk be prop er.' one, clr >w ll1 g. ' · dl' . 1 Jd be prov1 cled w1th a soh d, th e bau mg P n ptl s lO ll -, . l · ns i mpor ta nt as the s ee mg. Ch il dren o fw ln c11S" , d b "' t ·ain ed to e xpress the ms el ve s ft eel), sh on l r d. -1 acc nmt e lv Forrn stu dy a.ff or s one cl e;q:J y ant_ J • of th e be st of l nngu ::t.ge Tel·ms should be given and used a fte r t he cl ea ar clea rl y in th o win d.

"Pla.v in g with the ba ll, the c lu ld play s wtt h I •!t ole wo rl d " savs M r. Hai.lman. Th e ba lls t 1e '' ' ·' · d fir st 11 ed are the w ool "11 of th e an sec ondary co lors. Tb e va no us colors f m·msh an

THE 10RMAL CO RIE

. element of beauty and the yielding woolen ball eem to the child mor lik e anima j than any of the less mobil s lid Th Y al give ri e to po s ition through mo i on, a b attached s trings they may b w on g fr m right to left, from front to back, up and d wn ciTculaHy and may al o be rna :I.e to ·pin an roll.

The inter st of th c hildren in th }Jr n tation of the three typ olid , SI h r e, y lin d" r and cube, may be arou ed by m an of ·tori • or song game such as the f llowing:

"Mr. Cub e stand s firm and ne ver, never fall .-

With his corn r and hi · edg s And hi ix squaTe wal1 .

The little ball ro11 round him

He i o full of fun

He is n't a bit af1;aid For he know th e c ub e can't run.

Here comes Mr. Cylinder, tanding so traight a nd tall

'You b etter run away, Yon rogai h littl e ball. ' /

But still the ball ke p. 1·ollin g, He is . o fall of pl ay, 'Till the cylindet rolL after him and then he run . away."

After thi s introdurtion which l ead the children to see th .contmst in th beg in th e study of th e individn al so lid Give the_children each a sphe re , ask them to ho ld theu ·phere · tightly in their hand s. to ro ll them between the palm of th ir hand s, to place th em upon their and tell what they do. 'Th en give e ach child a small pi ece of clay and a piece of paper or thin board 'to protect the de k. Direc t th e children to make pheres from the clay by rollin g it between the palms of the hand s. Ask them to take the sp here in th ir left band and mov e the for efin {)'er of th e ir right hand around the s phe1·e, trace th e arne fonn in the air. Then dntw on th board m aking large, free drawings, bPginning at the low er part and movin g th e CI'l1.J'On to the left. Th e teacher should perpPI'fvrate the outlin e.of pe rfec t circles in paper and l et the ch ild1·en sew in the outl ine with t hr ead or ya rn in primary colors . Diree t them to ym ste b01 ders of circle at fir st tan-

THE OR 1\AL COURIER .

Patterns of the cnbe and cylindP.r ehould be cut, aud pa te d to make exact r epresentation of the solid . During the l atte r pa rt of th ·ear the children hould be l ed to draw outline pictu r es of modified form of the typ th haYe tnd ied as, the apple to mato, orange, po tato c:lindrica l bask et, rc The obs·erv ao t teacher will con tant l) m ake u e of the oppo rtnniti e for d evelooing the c hild thr ngh numb er .. The cube furni hes one (face )· tb cyl inder two edges) and thr ee (face ): the cube, fou/r ( dges to a face six (faces ) e1:ght coi'n r ) tw lv e (edges); pap er folding, onehalf one.-j'onrth one -eighth, th e linea1· inch and tbe quar e inch. Throughout the study of th t pe lids and the rn thetic ' ork, th re is n con ta ut r ec urr ence of incid ental number, to wh ich t he c hild s attenti on sh ould always be dir cted

Th e gra b bag in g ame form gives a plea ant Yari et.Y at the arne time im pres:sing the ideas of the olids a nd cultivating close description. Th e t eac h er places th e solids in a b ag and calls one child to p ut his band in and ca refu lly fee l one of the olid s, upon which he desc ri bes and

nam es .

In the study of color the wo rk sb onld ee b ased I u pon the spectrum thrown fr om a prism which sh o uld alw ays hang in a sunny window . When th e "rain bow " is especia ll y brilliant the children Ehould be led to note its beauty and to l ove it. It them th e firs t imp r essio n of intang i bility bTh ey will try to take it up in their litt le h ands, and on f ailing b egin to reaUz e that they cann ot. It s imply the beautiful and a wak em; in the children a lo veJ'or th e·beautifu l. Th ey should become able to distinguish one co lor from ano ther and to match pn.p rs, worsted, etc. , to th ese co l ors and a pply the na mes.

The teacher should have a res er ve spectru m pasted of papers to be used on cl oudy days. Th at also should always be present in · th e r oom. Children should b ecome able to go fr om desi gnate d col or of paste d spectrum to the same in p1i m p eetrum or -m:sa vena . The work with the spectrum shou ld e followed by the stndy of a particular color, red being the first to be stu di ed This wo rk may be rar ri ed on ei ther with wor ted s or pap e rs of spectrum

THE 0 i\\

color Th tandarc1 wi th tw in ancl tw b acl s hould be g·iv n.

T eac her.- You may h 1ld lllJ a I ie · f w rtedthatl ok ju tth am "' a, tiLi pi• ·" 1 hav

\Vh n chil.dT en b H.v ho wn tlHLt tll ·r ran mat ·h th h u tlP t -•a ch •1· eon t imt PS.

T eac her·. - Who ·an t· ll m 'v i th what('olor ,.,.e ar working?

Chilcl .- vV e ar workin o- \\'WI Pd.

T eac her. -(H lc1i n ·up tint ann .· tanclad ) How w ill t hi s on • ( th t in t) compar ·with tl li ' •tanclard )(

Ohild. - It i ·

T eac ll e1·. - What s hall W" call tld .·?

Ch'ild .-W •will. call it t]P light r ·rl

T eac her.-1-Iuw doe thi. n (lig ht . t ti nt ) ·otnpa.r with thi. · on' (. ·tanc1al'Cl )?

Child. - It i .· li ght •r.

T eac lte r. - How c1o <·s it. <:ontpar e wi h hi ::; one ( lig ht red )?

ChilrZ. - It i · li o· h tc r.

T erw her. - \\ hat did we ca ll t lli f'l on!!?

Child. - Li o- llt r d.

T erw lu' r.-Th en what sha ll we ea.1l thi · 01w?

Child. -U a ll it light!-' ·t re d.

T ea cher proe eed ,, in arne rnannPJ' with th e two , hade.· of red.

Teach Pr. -( Iruldin g up ta nda1·cl ) , 'iurP th i · 1·ed i ·neither dal'l\.er nor Jio·hter wlH t sha ll b ' we r·all •

Child .- \1'{ e ca ll it th e redd e st re d.

T eac hr r.- ' inr·e it i · th e re dd e.-; t we call it i\lr. 'ta.n d a.Td Rt!d

Follo w thi ont with ol'ange, yellow, gr ee n, blu e>' a nd vi olet. Th e childr en hnuld tl t -' n bH ·app li ed with wat 1' to]or paint and tan g ht to make fiat wa.sho · of th e s ix prirnarj co l urs. Thi they hon ld make flat wa .: h cs of ea ch. ('Olor with it l'l tints a nd sh ade s.

It '"ill be. en that tlJi R firt:t vear work boof i)owe 1·s of the r lulc1 . [h e ('Ou r ·e 18 ntned, and sho uld b tl }H' •o.:en t 'U in as v iv acious playful a mannPr ' L' p ·1-.1 S < · o. s1 J..J.e. , ongs aucl ga m es are a lW't}'' ll'] f l L • t P 1l an d tb e pro o- 1·e s iv e teaeht•r will so Jn·t->: e nt wol'k t cannot be come clista:tdnl to the ehildrc' n. co 'I E.\ 'II 'I II J-: Tl l'TH.

Th e author in lhP illu-..trath· nol I nternal ional . 'ahl at h . 'c·ll!Jol L H quart r l'PfPnr•c..l to tlw tHO\ I'IIIPI!f · uf rl wat"r.' in way of illtr:-;lratillll ;u ul rr · • <:all:W of lhP 11111 \'t'lt l l'llt 1 h·· '' irul an \\ltil· it i.· tr·n,• tlr:t t tl: " "ir .d :nl ha .,· .-oml'thing- to do \\'it It I ht> lllU\'t• the t)(· e;;w watl·t·:-;, lr!· lras tri' ' "" tlwim that tlt • 'llll .'l',' !'llllllll'l'<til·d <ll'l' th _. pal rmP .· wh i r·lt i. · not It'll!'. r[ ht• 11<1 t lll':tl :·W i!'I H' !' f'lll'll i :·dt t h • Ill dur ·th· • fi <Jd of 1'\11 !1. ( ' :t ""''' and h • tnu·pc[ m LIH• g• •:-::-;a ll11·1· t h r· ·ad -.

fPI'III a 111' -worl< t ht• i nfini \v hidt nut hPI'ol 'l ' u;-; ln li ·1<1 of invt •. ligaliolt, do \\'1' lind .·1 Hlu ·to p1·o ntp t 11 :-: in ur for· r th fit· ·t p lctc·!·, til t i :-; l;n 1Jit; and Ht 'C'<IIHll. ·. it i .· J·p}atl'd in "ttt· · a· t Jencl Lh <· lll l itd !lilt i11 to t'H<'.it jit·s l' f-:Pl1t ial t J c·l a :-;:-; i t io11.

\Thill' it l ,' (;I'll() l_ ltfl lj 7 r

k.LV ll ro_mnt nclah l <' f,·at t ltP it l I t ·not <Lt<:L-11 t irll t'.· a hl'alt lt- 0 11 •. utll\'l du al who ar·cll Li 1 1•..; tiH· habit ) . 1.! an :tp p<'t i l<' wlric·h . '' to -'X('l' ::>::5 J'oh. · tlt c ittdi v i<l ttal uf pe tit·.' for thu fOt )( l wfti t' h hi tl h o! ly. ,'o i t, i:-; It acq un·<· an •lnh t.•;Ll Lily t· 1• fot· tlu l t-i not t nt •.

J:'l'e qrt e nrl y y 01 1 w ill fi 11el }lP I' t:H) l ts 1 tra.tn pa ·sin 'r ti t'-' r oa<l fu1· tl · . o - · I<' 11 ·, an !lm st.e ad, o·f' tlt t•ir thcJl! o·Jt t.., 1) · - 0 ., l 'lll ll' ( ••. \Yi th poiHt · of' 1 · nt (' l' •st; a.1onc .•· t.t 1 , M • • ,_, .r l' \l II ' u tt luw th e ir t im e in n _. a h1t g :-ion 11• n on·!

h as WJ'O it o·ht ll ]JOil t Jt C j I' l 111 a.gi 1J at i (J II t• an ex te nt a. . to .pr ndtlf' e an unit •;tltlt,of ntind . Lik e th e to bacco ch t· ,, -1• 1 ri 11 • h as b t: eonH" di ::-;q a ::;t cl att fl !' t•a :-w:-; to :1 :-;,.;j that whi ch i.s eo m·n >n , n:tt nr :-tl n.•ttl trill' 'fh e st t:·p work in t.h e :t,('(llli , ir kno wle dge i ::; th e s tm·ing uf tlu J min I t hi .· proce ss pn:•ceJ es all tiJ lt kl• ti viti e::; of th e min<l. MisJ H<lgm 11 t 111 1arge1y to th e of fa., ·ts nr r ·wln ch sv ne as t.tH-' fonnclati ou fur riu·llt i ng a nd 1·i g ht a.cti rt g. n 1. I • · sme r !; ,. .· 'l e ]i 11par i ed l tal ll '·p l. . c l ., . \ l l'J n my , '!rat e '\ 1tr \ lin · -. te ntr ) re l1try , bte ·,ep

••.

THE OR\ L COURIER.

. f£

n t n ot a bl e to . t the work o c-

1. appt· cta e .

I on ly m hr· 'l I bl to nt r 111 om

• • • < le 1- a e

· sme w to th e xp . f 1 diff re nt cha r- eneu ce o t 1e r Henc th d pend on · · ln te i· pre tntion form er e xp e ei en ce of the indi\·idnal. Mnu

!; we re ar! a t·ti cles tl o t·d ·) with nt r-,. ay 1e w .· ng the thought ·onta in cd the re in s irup! be'l 1r form er · J'£ I e 01 expe t·ien ce has u ot qna I u ncb.

] - ha s not rn any Y ar since o nr I er coo talll cd li t tl e e l.s tlt:m to ri e in te nded i 11par t a n; o ra) lesso n. That !S UCh l es 11 , ri ed d<lY a te J· day, bnv e a te ud enc.' to t ul t if ' upil 110 lono·e1· d · · b cal·t·t es a sha e oe ll uestiO ulno-. . d . c m1n IS not prc pa 1·cd for sncb ab st ra c.: ti ou ; ee d more t J·uth f ' a basi·" of l . . , Jn o t·c acts, h tal ac ttnty.

--------------p TRIOTI 1\i.

DICR NE.\ L.

ll no one fe atul·e of national lif e ar e we as a '·p}e mor e d ticieut than in that whi ch ten l to d eve lo pm e nt of pa triotism. Thr ough our

l. ]1 cs o ur Snnclav sc l1ools I · I . c ' " , o ut· nt e ruat1ona

l f Bibl e lesso us a d . · ::; o c n out van ed <,> th er pl a ns

., cri ptu re we are doing o ur be st to cui. e iu th e rrnnds of th e yo urr o- lo f G d \ • _ b> ve o o . l 11 o·h !llnum er n.b le frat e mi ties and e t o , < ve ry ype arnlllg th e love of 1ater. By

l'J me an s, 10 e very, m ea ns 111 ou r powe r we ngt ben th e fami ly ti es , and t1·y to d eve lop of kindred and of hom e; but how much e ff ort my dir ec ti on are we making to foster patriot, or to dev elop lo ve of co untry '! '!rat we sbou )c] do this might be of le s mo ment e were di stinctiv ely an na tion, but '\ a citizenship co mp ose d of nattv es of eve ry 1try nnd er the sun, with 1,es ults of em igration as alr ea dy mak e l aro-e sect ions in great cities

\ lin ctly with 0 no common church to

· -. te ns on e, With the pow er of governing th e ntr y lodg ed in th e· hand s of fore igners eve n ) re they have r ecog niz ed the ri gl 1t of the l1try th en, with the co ns tant influx of p eo ple , w eaned fr?m th eir old nationa l ity, are yet bte to en te r 1nto the s pirit of a ne w, the d eve l·,ep t of patrioti sm is of vital i rn po r tanc e to th e

No arf nl tudnt of mericanin titution ca n fa il to ob e n· the tend en cy of unifi 'a tion h at i th re ult of our mix ed and varied population . Th " dang er is ·with . no common e ntr around whi ch the thought and pnrpo e a nd h op of the multitude o-a. th r o nr c onn tr hall be parat ed m to rrrat in g a nd un or ga. niz d mass es which ferm e nt within th m ehe· and overflow in danrr ron ffe rv sv n ce up on our neig hbor . \ Ve l ac k the g neral o nvi tion that th co un tr r ba n ee d of her p eo pl e· w are too pro o pro perous that the mind is turned to'' ar d the que tion of what th e eo un trr au do for u s, in ste ad of mor Yital que tion whnt ca n W" do to pre enP an.cl tr en othen o ur la nd. Ho,,· to onnt e ra.ct t h1 t i a pr ob lem too long ne o·l ct ed a nd 0 11 tlu-t.t must h ave onr a.tte nti ou if we would a,,- oid e dl th e prosp ct of whi rh i ::; alr ea dy low e rino- in onr sky. Th e tim e is past for U::; to mi t;ke an bullition of th e la,·a of e xcitem ent and di pl ay and brag for the s in ce re des ir e to c l eb rat. e and to ad vanc e the gr atn ess of om country . vVe ha v .. l earned that popa nd fir e-cr-'l.cker are not ne ces s arily guns G • t riotic t.hnt t.he en li ghtenm e nt of th e world pa ' h'b' · f fi do es not come through an ex 1 1t10n o rework that Fo urth of July speec he s are not l S calc ulated to impr ess the h earer >vith a. way G • tb o-rand e nr of our hb e rty or the glory of e b · l l 'b · our re pnb1ir,- Constitutwna 1 erty _1 s too f ·11 te rpr eted to m ean eve ry man's ngbt to o ten 1., ta1{ e care of him e lf , and no man s obhgatton for any other. Lib e rt! ha s co me to be our se n ant and not our mistr ess; our co untry ha s to b e eac h man's t>O'arnermg m stead of a co me moD o·m·clen in which a.ll g lonou s and GOlU o nobl e things are to be mad e to grow for all. Each genAration de mon st1·ates q1 e me rcantil e character of our patrioti s m, and in eac h gen eration it beeomes l1ard er and hard er to ar ouse ge nuine int eres t in the w ]far e, not of one indi vi,dua1, but th e who le nation In pi·oof of' thi s we have only to n otic in any eommnnity that. whil e the worst c itiz e ns alwa ys vot , th e b es t citiz ens k eep away from th e ballot box. We h ave alr e a.cly gi ve n the l aud over to politic al gr eed, an d th e results of the ac -

tion of politician

THE NO M

qui t indiff' r n calmly decid io 1 t . 1 f Vl 1' l . 1 no rem edy a lon 1 . w n · 1 · n nat1 nal ·1 wh alway a chan ·e of "VI' : 1 ·

P read that a la. u ' 01l11 o wi 1m and t a ·t' f ey are open d t h . 1 0 11 wand ur t e fa ·t 1 at .· tion and g1·e d are lik 1• 'l<' , · !Ttl)ere p l owly n . . a mi g ht · a tha t ai l to u un 'l th ·a over our t hr ho l<l a. · 1 tt p ur · nd d lu · an 1 d .·tr our hom s. Wl n tl · · 11 hapiPn wb n too l ate we a · · r u u r P.] v a 11 d as k what rem dy i tb · · ' 1 e f r a. ll t l11 .; wln:Lt help 1 th ere 1th<:>1· in th . f . or ru r e? Thou htf ·] . . wc:t.y .. .,. "11 IV . g 1 lnquu· -'1' · ar to r· l t a con ·lu wn 1·each 1 with f' l h . r u· ue to many ot L r t lD gs that it i a lm t f' 11 · " '' o y to gr aJ pl with th e pr oble · · . m tn o fa r a th ey affPct p ople of maturer y ar A ll fl' 1 a· . · . ort. 1n t 1 1rectiQn of tru e pat1-ioti 1n t b d . 1 " mu ·. rna wtt 1 the young ·, a nd th pi·obl f' L em or u to r:o n 'lC r

I S, hall we t eae h th hil dh(Jo d of the nat10n and e du<·ate it up j nto at t . t' m h rn e pa n 1:::; s ue a 1 at pre· nt 1 r a mo t who ll y unkn ow n. v\ 11 Y h ou ld w not b egh1 to t ach th e c hildren r ea on for l ov irlcr tll l d . h' h b · an 1n w 1c liv e; te llin g th min \·vhat pa rtic ul ar it d1ffer from and ha th e advanta o·e ov er other

Why h ou ld no t th e of the h ve and ex ploits of the m n, to whom ·we owe our lib er tie s and from wh om we have rece i ved our gl orinu he ri tao·e be put in to fonn . . o s uup: e a nd . h ow n in ligb t so de li ghtfu l a.nd 1 nt er e.·tmg to the you ng mi.nd that. the y will suc l1 nutri.m 11t as th e food a.b o rb s fo1' body? As they progr e R we s hould have 1n tead of un1imit d fire-crack ers and noi e, cel ebration of a <: ha racter that are i.mpre and at the ame t im e neith er wea riome nor dnll. Why should n ot our sch ools and ou_r li terature for the you ng peopl e mah: e a· pec1alty of a ll thos th in g that w ill enrom·age l ov e of' coun try, lov e of' lib e rt y a nd the en. e tha.t . oo n the power a nd control of Oltr va. t heritage i to com e i.nt.o th e hand s of th of today Why sho uld not the for e1gn eleme nt be o in c] ud ed in a ll our ce lebration and fe ti val that its ch ildh ood s hall <· m to f eel tbat th is is not a l and of ado p-

ction onl. · bu t it i., in for t it ·ir d ., •I pnH•JII

It woul I 'm ns if t in• tilll' hntl rganiz •tfo l't al this lin·, wi h du ·at' 111 th · dit·l•ctiou 11f th · ul h· \

f (' () Ill I TV ( f' ' '- •' • • • J J u , 'II.'' of I' •:;1 l>ll$lul pr' ·aat l HI () f th · Wl•lfnn· a nd 11 • •d

l and. I won! I Cl•t· tai n lv 1111 1 b 1\ li · t 1111 I in t hi · 1 r ti 11 t l.J 11 ·h in th is ir ·

I\' ll th' tl (' I ' I . lttu l'U:IH '1 0 11 II '. tion of 1 atri

01 \L '( TL '.

' Tw I ct

• • • ll l' will b · I •lin·r c·d

On a ' ook O il he 201'11 of thi a Hl ldr lg em tlH! 2 ti t.

cvc rul valual,( '1 I l' t' < <I lOll '

t l1 ' n at ural b' Tl .; .l I ll 'l:'l 1 • pr · h av • n•a ni f. 1 · It 1 .'r ·at in thi ,..

ttem pt s t , 1nak

mor att 1·a ·tiv hav

le av e.· a nd bitt 1._ \v app ara1 ce . }JJ'I >\' II , ll 'C I:' ·t ar. audiu

J:>r f. U l't II d ('

1 B . e IV ' I' ·d an Pl oqu lit t 1e apt tst c hu 1· ·h em th l.- tb ''1 am come th , . · 'I'h ctt th 'Y tnwht h av 1· · they m1g ht h av , · !':> 1 e It lli!H' ' aUUIIdant( \'

Th e Pr ima ry ( , 1 • . •• guno·e Ia ' S<: acqn<t iu te d w it( 1 B E· 1.1wat 1a. < r orn ]: Ind tau ·tort e tl . . , l ey wil l pr oc e d t tan ccw 1thth e li re " p· . Ol <IIH' ll gr·•nl l' \ who le le adino- . . , · t h lip to au nu lcr tu n a· Th a nk sg ivin g Da y. 111 g" of

Th e co rn ha s be en tb c s nbj l'C t w a ll th e sc iuJCe eh ' S'' A. t' · tt •r ·t 1 va tion of tl 1 · ' t· ''"' lC p ant Its n ..; es to m llt g ated TI · · '' • , · Hs mel ud ed a hi stO l')' of from tl l' · 1 I' · tht..• le nn e It e ·t tlw <.:O t' ll ti ul cl n nr · tb e brea kf· ·t t bl · 1 • ll .as a c trl t.l e forn"l of <:o . • l ll t '•t

Th e Primary De pa. r tm <' nt has 11 fi . . , rniJ t ve pup tl s. th e Int c rrn ecl i at G f<H't , · ' (.'lu·ft e nr o llm ent is in cr eas ing. :--

Eight m em b3rs of the Tr ai li n nt eac hin g cl as es in th ese

1c It J , og re n 111. ) ntry , 11 u: 1 (•:dw r ·J artm 1 • ., rncut 1 t' Normal

IX a nd X are e oj0,;·in g a trip aro und th, No rth Am e ri c a. o ' oo· st r. au ol •anings

\ t of ''"'

• tht..•

• t '•t

rniJ t (.'lu·ft :-th,

T

N ORMAL COURIER.

ci t)' supe r intend nt and printate Supe rin tend nt' fl:ic in o ln wa s a tt nd d b · ab o ut -five the J ,_

' oo· st m eet in g of th kin d e\· r h lei iu the tate r. 'am ne l Phe lp Leland, f hi cao· un d r au pi c of the Philo oc iety, I ct nr d iu th

hape l, Oc t. 16 It was n ot a c ol l ectio n ol itica l tnt iE-ti cs nor nn ana , f o·e Ioo- i al •anings from , the cyc loped ia .. He e m d to

1 r tand that o ur w ell -q uipp d li br ary was 1c ie ut fo r r efe ren ce . His lar ge as oe ia tion

It J ot her p eo ple has q ui cke n ed ht' · mpa thi e , n ed his in s ight , and e uri ched (11 • exp "ri u ce va t r eso ur ces from w hi ch t dr aw il ln trn.in deed but not t aud s b et we en hi s· aud i ence and hi Th ey he a1· his wo rd but 8 1 ee n y a , a dig ui ty, activit and og re , yet s im ple a nd s we t as ., .tJ, • •• vv l u0 \"\7 I' n 111. .' ·This ' as "Ou rs , d 0 an '' nr ) ntry Tumo rr·ow" was a harm o n,, f h I , . _ d • 0 t QU O' Jt, 11 u: 1o-e, vutce an mann er rare 1 • 0 1 ° · 1 11 any pu bbc (•:dw r.

r of Bo uche r, snpe rin ten lent of h . f th e :State t e musiCa l ·J artm ent o < o t· mal, t oget her with Bon cbcr and claugb te r, gave

1 • 1 •1 a mu 1ca l e nt e r., rncut to the e nt an d c iti

1 T zens of Pe ru in t' Normal h n,ll, u esd ay nigh t. TI

· · Je ha ll was

• J fi ll ed a nd th e w , . as oue of th e t of th e se ason. Th e fo ll owing p 1 ' r ogra m :was

JAN O DUErr, Euriantc Grande Fa nt aisie

Mi ss nett a nd Miss Lap ie rre: vVdh'r

! OLI N SOLO, Va ri at ions Brilliante, .. Pro f. F. Bo uche r. Vi en tcJJJps,

• QNG, .la rgue rites ThrFe Bouque ts.· .. .. ....... . Mrs. F. ·Bou cher. · ·

I OLIN SO LO , Souven ir de Ha yd n,

·. L l'ro f. F. Bouch er. . . connrd, JAN O SO LO, Fant aisia on Mart ha, · Gorin

Mrs. F. Bouch er. ' f:lO for \' iolin , Violo n cell o and ' piano, Songe d' E f n a nt

F. Bo uc he r, Miss La pierre and Pro f. F Bou h Batta , • · c e r. roJ... £0N SO L O, Bird on the Tree, ·Hnurer Pro f. F. Bo uche r. · '

IMPORTANT EVENTS

.

) he of July, Aug u st and Sep te mber wt tn e ss e cl one of the most c rit 1' cal ' c pe rs in the hi sto ry of the U nited Stat es 1 owi ng

to creneral mi h·nst of the finances <;,>f the coun tr . Durin g th ose month failures of bank and ommercial h ouses we re a ver ommon occurrence: In order to re medy t his :xi ·ting. e il, and fr e the p eople fr om doub t a nd f ar of di a ter ongre ::> as emb led ngu t 7 th , and h a::; b en l aboring to t he utm o t of i n r o· and w ar 0o·lad to b abl e to 0 ' annon n to our r eader t.ha t, it i offici ally stat d th ri tical moment is ver n a Tl) pa ed, a nd ongres xp ect , "it hin a few d ay to b ab le to pass a bill "hi. ch ' ill afford imm di ate r li ef.

i am bas made due apo l ogy to Fran ce , for the ontr age upon iti zens of Fran e ''how re r Hno· in ia m. H ow v r no r eparation: ,.,. a. o:ffl r d by Si am un t il F1·ance bad d ec lar d a blocl.;:ad of her the d ifficulty was etth•d b th Si ame e gov rn ment g ivin g an i ndem ni ty of 3,00b 000 franc and a lar ge section of territ ory rrhe bons . of commo ns v. as a sce ne of' riot and disaster, when an attempt was made to f 0 r ce clo tur e on the house ro ll bill. H owe>e r, the bill wa pass ed wit h but few cha ng es, afte r man y blows had b een st ru ck.

S ome weeks ago Au st ria was the cause of con id er able exci te ment m t he peace of E urope, and t he tr oubled wate rs had sc ar ce ly b ee n ca lm ed unt il Ru ss ia gave sign s of unr est. The o li ve branc h of pea ce h as s ca r cely been c ast in to the a ngry wavee un til a ll Europe is sh ake n fr om cent re to c ircu mfe rence by an othe r wavwa rd chi ld, Ital y, but it is hoped th e present diffi c ulty may be, amicab ly settled . we announc e r eg r et fully to ou r t•e aders that o nr sist er R ep ubli c, Brazil, is once mo t·e th e seat of r evo lu tion, and the "'treets of he r b ea utif ul

Cnpitol are scenes desol at ion and woe

Th e M ex ican gove rnm ent h as fo und it n ecessa ry to compe l a ll pe rsons who sell or r epair firearms to make daily stat e me nts to th e ch i efs of police , <Yi v in g n ame an d a,dd re es of tb e ow ners of th e 1:'>

• fire arm s. By thts mea ns, th e gov e mme nt wonld know to a gr eat ex te nt who of the in s ur gents carry weapons if a revo lu tio n should a ri e. It is also be li eve d that th is plan w ill have a te nd ency to s uppr ess c rime.

' Tb e yac ht r ace betwee n the Vigilant and the

Vak yrie th e s wift t ya ht f tl ir 1· tiv e nation s, th Un it d 'tat and hn gl and i a ig nal victury for Arn ri ea n nui ty On th e fir t tl'ial th tan ce d her oppon nt ov r on trial thr e mil e . Tb I riz e i. a. ·up which wa won by ld m •ri ;w in a " illli1ar r ace forty-two a r , a nd i.· t ill t r •mai n in the United '!i::tte., a· a · m bo l of im e ril-an zea l.

At no t im e •in ·" tlP John ·t \.vn tl oo lt a. nch a ry !"\Orne fr m · uff' rin g hum a lt ity as now orne · from t lt urvi vo r · of h tl o cl d -. vastated di tri.ct of o nth _. m L uui -iaua. In fa ct not ev -'11 th e g::t l of 18:'6 whi ch a . 1' ·e 1

Lon g I l and, i to b co mpa Pd wi t lt t hi · mo <..le rn d l uge .

A we ll a s tul -' nt · 0f hi t r y, d l<J w lt ol · wo rld i to li vin g h i. to r y, a nd I r1w.ps at JL O time in th e affa hs of ou r ow n tat e lt a :.; politi c affo rd J a b tt r oppo r tunity fo r a man to .hi · I oli ti ·al. e 11 t itn e 11t s. e· bra ka furni b thn"e canclid at lt}Ht'n te j nclg Irvin e, Ha n·i.·on a.nd Hol c·om b.

AMONG THE MAGA jjiNE '.

OCTOBER, 1898

If we enj oy the beauties of n atu re wh ich are now o ho un teou ly on e ve ry hand " Th e Un dertim e of th e YP.ar," by Bdi th M. Thoma ·, in th e Atlantic wi ll trik ean apprec i ati ve c bm ·tl It is va lu ab _l e to the li te raTy st ud e nt al so, a it i writt en ll1 a · weet mtH-dl'al ·ty le and C"on t::dn s m any poetiral ge m inu trati ve of th e r:;ea.::;o JJ. In the >'arne U1a D'azin e is a ., pl e ndid a rti('l e, " Th e Gotbe nbe l'g T tem in ArneTira," by E: R. L. Go uld , cl e. e rihin g the mean · fu r l es e nin g th e co n su mption of li qno1·s and the adva nt ages Or' disa <lv antage , t.h is syst'em wonld hav e in Ame ri ca..

1 a.utiful illu ;-; trali on;o; fr nt lu ar · .· lwwu i 11 St·,·illllt r. tl

hi.·t l'ic·al in .· ta.lll'(' .· a ;o; ''' I'll artl"a tu 1· ·.· f(1 d patri ,,j .. buildin g:-> aH

\ :v lt i •·g )11

, "The Man of Le tter a.s a Man of '' . D .. How ll s , in Sc'ribner's Mrt,qrtz'in e, }Jre ·ent the difficult i es nn(l el' whi ch th e lit e rar y man ·. Shon ld a per so n' mo . t sa ned th o 11 g ht be op en to th e public for a f ew dol_ lar 6, if RO how ll1n ch? Or in w ha t way nr ay a lit er ar y man or a Rr nJptOJ · obtain an ex i f4te nc e th an by b it. g pa id f or h it; Pmot io ni.1 l pr ududs? IE

1 JiLi< ·i an. · will lind rl11 · U lt at tin .l mr·J'iNIJI J 1 rit tr .

\ ft'l ll ' L llt 'l' ...: \ r mic·:- ·• In· Til l' I ' Imri e. \\ r. J>i lk ·. I ar t .. .\1 . J> .

f '\\' y oi'Jc ,. " . t ilt• .\I <1,\' (11 ' or

an \dllliral · 'ol tt th ' ;-; '· I :tltlt· ,'h it

wil l lH• app n·da.tt·d lltOI ' l' h .,. h

.·

•x \ hil t-> th1 • dif l'er 'lt l tn p it ;o; <I.JI J lt· t· i

' 'J h · \ oln <'ll of ·,.. w iII h · · l \ .

uabl to a. IJ. 111(' 'I y t·a 11 t1.'· of t h - -

1 y 't ddutt, i :-; :-; t rid •Y a 1, Po lt t. r ·ul l <; ('o tt Itt,)' w itlt rl'{'p n•tu·,. t 11

a. tJ 1 .t il plo yt' ·; I<LI >o r a nd !' :\pit a l. n 11

op r at i n of 111 an :t11<l nt:1tl. . \ II ( r 11 t. 1 . l . \ I o c. lt(' Htlnn a lt c :-; cwr<·t · ;-; lt q llld th 1 l

c·on ' Hl· t· ·• \nt •t·i,·a tt Li l' · :tttd P1 1 ,- •• _. ,., wnLtw n, h Cy t' 1t :-; \ l. 1 .

li1H g' <LZi 11 • ('ontai f'i ('\ '<•t·al ,.a lu·tl 1

4 r 1 • r • • • • "" \' : l ( ·ill<-! Olll ttt p; la nft Lt •g t ;-; larto u." 1 11

j "" r i t t. • n by T h l' IL () n. \\ i II i a rn r ''

Ne br a. ·ka.

In tll1• c_rJJdn?',tJ .ra.1111 1 .

bl-'11 ha f; gr.\' (: n an in t 'l'l ' :-i l i n u· at l • 1(. ''" tr u.t 1· d al'tt<·l <: ( Ill t it • l ratt· ln 'I i t> 11 t \:' ] · 1 · t · 1 • ·1 • 1 n .Y il - <ll 111 ::; Jtu tu \\' 11<· 1 1 · a t· 11 () ,. r eh ou ls. ea eh ('() Jl1lll ct t ill r <lltd to the eormnon tn.. ·k of 1 <lt 1c·ati.l10 1 a nd yu ttlt o· wont •n of toda, - t 1t 1 b • 0 Ot..• -he lp e1·s 111 t Jt .. hom t> <L ntlln 1·11 • l.:l the sa rn e llltt1th <-' l' '"' e Ji nd f v\Thittn ;;L n WJ·itte ll wltil t' t'Cl] ' lP o· I' J•q ' ' 'o ot · tl ed a nd s i1·k <l t tl in o· tlH ! lat e ,,. ,, h' · n · ., '1' 1 as not hnvinp: g' l'(•at lt't.• - ' '1'<1 I'\ un t a 1'1: va 111 a h 1<-! 1 n h t- l pt t1 g n u 1' 1 · , I(_ per ::>o na lity of ou r w.nt t•t· antl }lhilnllt hr . A we ll -w ri tte n art rc·!t' <:lr tht> life or 1:-lt, He nri e tt(-J R.onn t> J', l :-4 o(' l it Ronn e r, '' by Th o . A. Jatwi e J·. a·1a ilJu ... by pietnr es fr(lm paintin g.:; l y th se lf.

l an l-' tl a: ,1 fl. I l.tlicl 3 . *-t e T 'e , ·estso ·n ought th Th nt.

\s th e Chrt7.drt,IJ,q1lrtn, ('o nH•::; " pages full of int t• re.s ti:-r g m at. tPJ' . 'l'hi" · 'V ill age Life inN onvav , ""Am e rican \ · Muve:nents,'' '·Sa nda y Read in g;-;, · .. \ \" .. 11d

THE NO RMA L COURIER.

in g Mach in ery at the World' Fair 11d " Half C ntury of Italian Hi to r t· worth) our at t ntio n.

ANNO UN CEMENT

r eat e mpba is hould b bid on th value ul tivat in g the re thetic en. e. In attainin g r eal object of ed u cation, th " formation of l ract er, th ere ar e no mor e important aids an th e studi e ·which c ultivat e al ove for the : u tiful and train the eye to per ce i, e and l-' hand to re produ e i ts form . Among e st udi es are form- s tud y, co lo r-dr a win g clay -m odeling. In numb er of the RIEH. will be found th e fi rst of a ri of cle s on :B or m tudy and Drawing: by hli ss tl ian R. Kell ogg, of th e Stat eN onnal. Mi s lo gg ha b ee n e minently su cce s ful in a:c hing this s ubj ec t and pr ese nt s th e s ubj ect JJiann er he lpful a nd practical. The ,1 i es will co ntmu e throu gh out the y ear.

n th is i ss ue will al so be f ou nd an article "Entomo logy as a Study, " by Prof. fl. re nee Br.un er, of the State Un i ve rsi ty I · 8 a rti cle is an in tr od u ct ion to a . f c senes o l.tlicl es on Brun er will pret the s ubJe Ct bn efl. y through the differe nt or3 ·s as it would be pres e nt ed in a brief co ur se to . che rs or others who are .una cquain te d w ith *-t e branch. Prof. Brun er ls one of th e mo st in e nt e nt omologi sts ofth e pr ese nt time.

T HE CouRIER, while being an expo ne nt of 'eTything·in the lin e of the educat io nal in, ·estsof the State Normal, of the t>tate, ·n not los e its id e ntity w1th the advanced ought in other departm e nts of sc ie nc e, lit e rre and general news. 'Th e best thou g ht s sci e nti s ts and the best of th e c urr ent lite rre of th e da y will be prbminent f eatur es th e ir seve ral de partments. Th e ge ne ral ne ws of th e day, for eign as lJ as d omesti c, '"' ill be among the l ea ding tures und er th e contro l of able manag ent.

THE N.ORMAL COURIER.

BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.

ADVIi:RTISING RATES. s .50

Pe r in ch s iugl e column, sing le ius e rti on, . d !'c at i on to bnsm ess Spec ial r ates furmsbe on< pp 1 manager:s.

THO S. F. l Business Manager s. 0. J. STANDLEY, l

Printed by 0. H. Ke nt , Printer and Pub IS er, '

State N,o1:1tnal Sehool. FACULTY.

A. '"· NORTON, \. ill. , Art oj r ..acliin !(. ' f Elllics, L o_![ir, and tile an · 'J MI S EL I ZA C. •sio/ O" J' "' ' . o• ' Lit.-rotu r r, Rite /one, G .:lt<'ral Ht ot ory a/ .1. fli CIIl"l 'J H. B. DUK ANSOK, B.S. Teaclu,r of Doln n_y and Z nn l og-,r.

HERBERT RRO \\' KELL , T, •a rh,·r of Clu mis lrJ', Phy r..·ics nud

G. " ·· E LLIS, B. A., T,·nrlur nj Jlfalh emn tit ·s and Lutiu.

i\ II SS FL OREK CE M'. \\-RIGI-IT,_ T, •n t' IJ f! r of Oral and Jf "rittcn Aritlun ,·tz r.

MIS J ENK IE McLA I:\' , T rn rher nf Un itrd Stat t!.!O Hz:"tor_v G.·o,![rnplnt.

MISS MART! Lo\. WI NNIE, T t!acher of and Grammar.

MIS LILLIAN R. K EL LOG G, • o· d.' .D -. v Cit:il G ov ,•rnnu:ut nud T,. nrher oj R ea Il iff, '"""".';t, Tra clter oj \ ANNA B. H ERR I G, Pr illcij>!Ps of Ius trurtiou nud Sup eri ntf'Jt df:n t of PrnriJre.

BENNETT, PrimnrJ' aud ) (iudr•J:fl arit'll

MISS i\lATTIE ELL I S, Preparnto'J' Depnrillll'Jli F RANCOIS BOUCHER , T i'nr i!Cr of Vo cal aud ln s trunu utnl lfusir.

C. S. NO RT ON, Librarian nud Ste nograph t!r ]O lf N BLANKENSJUP,

BOARD OF EDUCATION.

UDY

Supt. Pub. I nst., ex·o.fliri o, Linc oln HON. AK; S Bc(ii-Ti.'liv: .· ... .. .St:tte Treas urer, •'X·o.flicio, :r-inco1t:· HON. ENNEDY Omah<1; tc tm exp tres r89.,. I:IO B. E. B. K '.-.- D·-tkotn City· te rm e xpire s HON. J. T. SPE CER,E Auburn .' te rm ev pires 1895· }{ON. CHURCH HOW' •, - te rm cxpin.!s •S¢· !·ION. \ V. E. MAJORS , ··· · te rm expire s 1 7· T J s WEST, • HON OFF ICERS OF TilE BOARD Pt·e.<td,wt !·. ..-:·.:. .- _.·.: .

J OSE EXECUTIVE

C ll lJRC Jl HOW E. ,V, E. MAjORS. A.\\'.• ' 0RT0 ·

THE STRENGTHEN '1, HE H

ORMA L CO IE m.

More than an ordinary am un f unha pp iamong young p eople ha b n r p rt m th e pap ers of l ate. It ba b vari e ty of expression, but in ca e there wa e vide nce of dom of di. content with or 1·e life. Th e. e are day of p ec ulia r c n iti n of ·urious ' pha , and among · c hanges that the r tl e pirit of th tim -• ha. produ ced i an ind p nd e nr. e of h om influ e nce on the part of th e you n g, and an indifferen ce to lar es et p enat es on th part of pare nts. nch fre d om as y uth n ow nj and such carel e ne a ld •1· ma 1tif t a. to th e con e qu nc of that fr e dom w r n ver . urpa ed by any ag e, and 1 ro bably qual · In f_w that appr iated th e value of a o und

·Y othfnl t nd u ·i . nnd p r · i v · tlwt it j 11 •< <' !-ll r • to <·J·t·n in tiJ ·hild by tlH· h(IJJI' inh•r par nt ar • imlitft·r<'II L ''' \'P ry g-t·n,,·ital dnty 11 lrirrl:{ t·1111 b<• t'X ) H'< ·t ·d hu dr n ltould row to ." ''u It with 111 ·r 1r gard of th ullu •, ('IJIIJJII<>Ilpltt• • r tr·ai ut f ltoru n11d will !-lt <·k iu for i ion tlra rnployrn •11l of rr wut:d lll 1 htiviti ntial to th haJ'pill <· Th trnth i hat t oo ru any pan· 1t a ly b ·nt on th ir own pi :Hlli i' <'S t lr:u h d t th ir r 1 on jl,ili ri <· und ot ,.t h i r ·hiId r· •n · a 11 d if i 11 n f l · r y •n r _ 111• , ·ltildr<' n tlr ·nmlr Hlr t b hi ft ing tlr • I Ia lli u

v rsit ' rl 1 ' T • an "rm llutnag; t•abl<·rl( of th nl c · th r· • b 1 rn C't lr i11 g r;tdi<- .llly tb par 'll ts, th r · is 11 0 r •:t •on wh \: I not I , tlrc J · 1 < lt

oci ty a a gua rantor of a e ur e t.at :Not a f ew in s tan ce· of attempt to ma inta in pnre ntal authori ty by th e exe1·ci e of ev r m easure are made kno wn to th e pnbli c through th e ir mi ·caniage; but th e fath erR and moth ers of today do n ot ee m to ha\'e l earn ed that th e way of th e rod i nut alway the safe t m ean · to ke p th e c hi ld from s poilin a. t Jl n ·c in the wo l'] 1 t p r. o n. ],o v •rld . I I wr c o nt :111. .,. ·n

An excell e nt thing is dis c iplin e judi ci ous ly and lovingly admini ster ed; it is a ve ry dangerou.· thing whe n ar bitrarily and har s hl y emp loye d. not to corr e ct tbe fa ult s but to cot> r ce th e pirit of c hildre n. But eli c iplin e do e n ot me an the u se of th e rod on l y, nor it n eres. ari ly involve punis hm e 11t at all. Th ere i eli ·ciplin e in the persu as i ve Rmi le and g •ntl e words of l ove some tim e 10: much m ore certain than that admini:::;tered with a l eath er Rt rap. Hom e lo ve an·d ri g ht conduct are thin gs c ultivated; to feel th e one and to pra cth e oth er are not inh ere nt virtu es, are not In.' tinct of our natur e, a nd tl-iey do not co me Wlth b ea ting nor- at th e eo mmand of h ar s hn ess or unldnd·n 8. Lov e of hom e and l ove of vi.rt n are the product s of an a lm ost in se ns ibl e but g rar-ion e ducation.

Th mot i ons of parents who truly l ov e a nd ze alou ly care for their children g nid e inte lligence in t th'-' prop er dil:ect ion and control of

wi dom c·u 1 , ,, 1 c 1 rn a< th ' !HIIll l! tlH• , ful affec tion T . . 11tP r · · he 1111, fortt llt j th ought anu h \ c 1 • a nd I ·vo rron n r·p th e rn ak i11 sr of lr 1 B t ll ot n <•s 11 \\' • l ook b yo ·] tl · Ill ns t b nc ' fie "waywur ]'' '\ l oy to th e • n •• pan•rtt s a1td t it • J · chau c ar· tl 1 <1 llH.• e rat th' ' n dr e ar v h J->nt• 1 J orne pr· ·c ·d • t !t o \>V· vi cio usn e 8 _ Sel t d '1 · ' Wnn.i 11 • · - eu · f' /. ·-------

MOTHERS A ND THB KfNDt:J

It see ms stra fl o·t: that tl q ·\I Y ea r:'! h "V c 1, 1 un • <• e pa ·en"'' nr e • t·oeh<: 1 ocl e dul m et ho ·1 of ecl uC' at.ion t.<, tl <1. \' 'hi th e wol'ld at la.rcr e Jcn ows l:l o 1· 1 sl owl 1 t;l I ttl e <f" Y lrt ;-L <.ing-it s wa y in tot he > tt. but it 1 ' 8 • _:] PUhli·· . . ·· n ot yet r ecog nlzt_,I.L hv ' :-< c· pnm e ed ., 11'loth u cational factor in tl PI':-; ought to he. . . 1e hom e

What i the kind er o·ar te n? 'Tl child g· d "' · le wn 1• 1 · · a1· en-- iR not th t.t a h l 1 A pl .. , , eautiful t I ace wh e re c hildren lllay f• 1• 1 cle li aht s . , . 10 lC tht• · om f\ clay am 1d the bil'cls 1 1 and wh e col.n<. t at th e same tun e th and deve lop, and be \\'lit' are mt ent o nly on play. Lool• at y ]· "' l.lll\' 011 <:now that he h as h eP n cl ev ·' lc • l. ' C' l})lll!.!:l Y sm ce b nth, and p-r obab ly about i

· old I take' me rs nrreb tdi no· der uppl

nu se ·J ce cee

s ys ve g 1s · .ce 1s uCh our r se tely so, · ve ID the ·1 th .on g,

wi tho ut part of the mur.h clir tioi:l on unle s he did in erf r d with co nv en i ence . And what a Early impr e sio n . ar the on

If a boy is not a good bo

· 1 1x years of age, i not lik el to o-ro w

'p to be a goo d ma n. Dtuina th t tx or ' en year of a ch ild ' Jif he r c . . tl l \ 18

l· nc tp al part of h1 clucation-it t b • maJ no e

1 at a parent . wants it to b but h it and 1t will l :-st h im life . N ow, durin o· th e

·nC!er year , th e kin de r garte n ld a· ell · · 1 ha ve

• me um m r eve r ence in kindo e · . . . . s In o·ene es., m un selfl s hn e.s., In ohsen at1 - 0 d n or _, r etc., etc ., in i ts cle li gh tfu l te m

l ay work which amus es and i n:str . Y

) s not ti re b ut

ommon b8 li ef says th at th e ti rne of li ttle

tiJdr en isn't wo r th anythina th o' · at th ln ply to be e ndured some wa ey are

l ovingly un ited and the wor ds be th ose of a true po t then is cons um ated the most intimate union • of music an d so ul of understanding and feelingthat combined unity, in wh ich the whole power of tbe human bei ng is exhib ited and exerts up on tbe i ng ra nd the bearer that wo n de rful mig ht of ong whi ch by in fant nation s was conside r ed, ' n ot quite unt rul y, as supe rn atu r al; and w hose softened, and the r efo r e, perhaps more be11 efi icial iutluence, no w contribute to ocial elevation and mo ra l improvement

Song is the most appropr iate treasure of the solitar ', an d it is at tbe sam e time the most str ingen t and forcib le bond of com pani onsbip, even from the jov ial or t be sentimental po pular catch of both, to the su blime cre ations of geniu re -

ounding fro m co ngr egated a rti stic tb o usands as sembl ed by o ne common imp ul se in the sol emn cath edral. Devot ion in o ur cb ur ches be co mes mor e edifyi ng; ou r p opula r fest iva ls and day s of enjoyment become more man nerl y and aminated; ou r social meetin gs more live ly and intellect uall y more "jo,} ful; ou r wh ole life, in short, beco mes more elevated and cheerful by tbe spr ead of the ·love of ong , and of the pow er of singing among the gr eatest possibl e number of i ndividu als . And then in di vid uals w ill feel th emselves mo re i ntimately connected with society, more largely pa rtici pating in i ts benefits, of mo i·e w?r tb in it and o-ainino- more by it, when they unite t heir vo i ces

0 0 . · · c Y un t il th y · old t? go to scho ol. Ah I take' 'I he kmdero·ar ten ' what a oc sayR th . me is worth eve rythin g, that d" . . e htld s ' lll'ln a tb fi rs must be la id the f oun dat · o rst nrreb el studied the babe in .t on::; of a life! arm s ar cl ll tdi no· out in the co urs e of y ' o a ua Y o ' ears th der of the m ind 's devel op mf' ' e na tural - nt and k' uppl y obj ec ts and plays wh i chsee

nu se th e .li ttle one out his . wou l_d ·J ce in the right chr ectw n. B:o m tel h· 1 w well he cee cl ed IS n ow havm g amp e proof, h • • N ereveT s ys tem Is tn ecl . ..

soNG.

ve ry one, if possibl e, sho uld le arn "--·, Slngn1 a g 1s man-s own t ru e pe cuh ar muf'l· o·

· · - dC The .ce 1s our ow n p ec uliar co nnate in s trurnen

Ch mo re · · t-1 t u -It IS tbe livi ng SYlll))athet· ' • IC oeg our souls. Whatever mov es wi th in u an , · s, whatr se n satiOn or em ot ion we feel b eco me · b d. 8 1mm e-· tely en1 o te d and per cepti bl e in ou . . . d d 1 VOlCe. so, Ill ee the vo ice a nd song as we ' · thee 1· may o bve ID ar ' est inf ancy are o ur fir st the m ost faithful compani ons of o ur f h . 11 eehngs ·1 th e "s 1'1 pip e of tremelo us age ." If as on g, pr operly so-called music and speech be

in the social harm ony of the ir fri ends.

N 0 instr ument can be a substitute fo r so ng, the i mmediate creation of our ow n so ul in our ow n breast; we can have no deepe r i mp r ession of the of sound, of the powe r of melody; we cannot work more effectually up on ou r own souls and upon th os e ou r beare rs than by he ar tfelt songs . S ong should, in the or der of time, be ou r fi rs t exer cis e. The so ng of the mother w hi ch allures imitation the joyful circle of chil dre n playing together, is tbe fi r st natura l si nging school, whe r e, without not es or m asters , si mply a cco rdi ng to f ancy, the fibres of th e soul are fi r st fr eely excited and s et in vib ra tion.

By f ar the gr eates t numbe r of indi viduals have sufficien t qu alificati on of vo i ce for singing, a nd to ju stify th e ir pursuit of the art with reasonab le b ope of success Ind eed, very cons i derable and

THE 0 i\ A

va lu ab le v o-cal fa cu l ti es ar e wu ch m r c m n til! an is generall y ima g in ed. Th r i r·tain1

les s d efic iency of natural g ift th an f p r bser vant and tal e nted eno ugh to di sc and to cu l tivate th e m. - W. R . .D i. ·.

SELECTIONS FR .M J AME

L W ELL.

Get but th e tr uth on ce utt er d, and 't i I i k

A st ar new -born tha t drops int it plac

And wh ich , on ce c ir c li ng in it l:! pl ac id r nnd,

Not a ll th e tumu lt of th e e arth ca u bak •

Life is a l eaf of I aper w hit e

Where on each one of us ma y w ri te

Hi s wo rd or t wo , and th en co m es ni g lr t·

Gr e at ly begin ! Th ough t lr ou h ast tim e

But for a l in e, b that s nbli me!

No t fa ilu r e, but low a im, is c riw

Be no bl e! and th e noblen es s th at li es

In oth er me n, sl ee ping, but n eve r d ea d,

Wi ll ri se in maj es ty to m ee t thin e ow n ."

A nd I hon or th e man wh o is willi ng to si nk

Half hi s pr ese nt re pot e for th e fr ee dom to think ,

A nd wh en be ba s th oog l.rt, be his ca nse s tr ong or we ak ,

Wi ll risk t 'o tb er ha lf for th e Jdom to sp ea k,

Ca ring naught for wh at ven gea n ce th e mob· ba s in s tor e,

Let that mob be th e upp er ten th ous and or lower:

Of a ll the my riad mo od s of mi nd 'fhat th e s ou l com e thr o nging, What one wa s e'er so dear, so kind , So be aut ifu l, as lo nging ?

Th e thing we l ong for, that we ar·e For on e tr ansc e nd e nt mom E- nt,

Before th e pr·ese nt , po or and ba re, Can make its sn ee ri !1g co mm e nt.

S till thr ough our pa ltry stir and st ri fe Glows dowu th e wi shed id ea ),·

A nd Longmg mo lds in clay wh at Lif e Ca r ves in the ma rble r ea l.

To l et the n ew lif e in , we kno w, D es ir e must ope the portal;

Pe r haps the Lo nging to be so

11 •I mak • tit(• nul 1111111 rt I.

L if j y, nncl ln\"1· 1 w r,

1 ath all f · t ·r d11tlt nul in 1: ' tt· n :rth unci wi .·dCitll nul\" u · r

\ h 11 \ Lqi) for nil o; tr kind

H op i. tnrtl1 tlu· f utun· ... h.

:l\J or tha n pr<' IH' tll tak 'S 1 w·t • nd th oul fo t''\"l'l" lin· h ·. ' od l'i·o t' day to 1: .'··

ELE 'T J< 1 • I' I ( :\I \ Ll

''I i ll n \\ ild horu. of 1 1·ni,. N () r· hall · , 11 or n t f u 1 · 1'"

1 th gr < tn f.l!'l born w ith hi tt l. , Tl •• I IRt I JIR)< 'H tiH' r- 1' •nt. ot what Uo i \'{' f! , hu t \\")1 1\ l n n tt·nth' r·o tt o- lt

To di an 1on 1 li gh t.

Th t lliu g rn o t . · I - 10 11 c-a n nc t tt n. 1 11 1

Who W() U) d app -' ClT ·J 'I ll I IIIII t b, t in 11 ,. ,,_

I bo ld tha hr·i ·tl an ra.' abound s Wh rc c har·i t\' r·... s l'. t1 ·, tl W 1 , ., tnt w ltc>n ec irnbtu · 0 a v · u, t i. o 11 t h • 1•1) 1 f l ove to m 11.

True worth i . 111 bein g, not · lu doir

S . 1g ac lt Ja y th <H go •s b . ome lr tt le d . I .) 0 ·goo , n ot 1 11 r ,. nn 1 · fg r t tn oerc· thin gs to cJ o b ' 'l tJd 1'"' / • < ') y FIJ r what ev · · cr men s:1y '" th ert· bJ·

And 8 · · 1, . . Pitc of th . fa nei es of .)' O utL '· her e-1s notl · 1 . 1 , 1tn o- so on n· }' ns l·i

A nd 1 · 0 .:-> • ' lld n cs ... not lin g so J·oya l as t J· nth ' '

O ur G od · 1 Ie ov e, and tb at w l1 icb w .

Evil in tl · e tnt l'.l ' 11 s go od wo rl d th at B: Is me ant h at h n to be a litt le te nd et· shad

Be tw ee n e us and Hi s glory- that jo II

And h · h · " a . e w o lov es the b es t hi s fe ll ov

Is lo ving <:t d 1 · ;v 11uu a o , t 1e ho li es t w ny be ca n

We th ro ugh fi el ds of sp ec kled .tl 011 ,

As If we did not kn ow

Ou r Fath er mad e them be auti ful

B ec aus e l-Ie l ove s us so.

)

I l B I{ i\ I{ y Bu ll.IJI Nu.

ESTAB!.J IS !iE D 1892 BY ",I'IiE Cl.tASS OF '93.

NEBRASKA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. PERU , N EBR. NOVEMBER, 1893. No.3

ll r ON TIILY BY 'LAS ..: OF '9-:1:. -----------....

AH IN \' .L ANGE R L. DA \ 'EN PORT , .... · ·

· · Et> ITO R. , .

C t. ,\R .\ G I !.BERT, HtC KF O lll >, \V 0 N. DELZ ELl l "ESS

Tll ns. F. 0. J, Tt\NI>t F\' e crct ar y. i\]ERR ill -· .., Treas ure r.

Te·rms of S·u,bscnption:

. ' per sc hool year

cupi es, ea ch...

o

u!J ., cr i ptions :l r ct·o:Js idc, cd ·_·1· • • • • • • • ••. I 5 p:ti d. all ('nmnnrn i<.. Jt ' 01 LTCt..l 'l tH) - l Oll !-! tn th e :'\,'0 H:"'IAL Ut ' HI.EH.• at th e Pos t Office at Pe ru, N ebr., as a ss Mail Ma tt er.

SCHOOL DIRECTOR

P lii i. OM AT II Et\ ;-,; cv cn· Frid:t\' C\'c nin g- dnrin u· c;.; ch oo l t.

con.lia ll v in\·itcd lo jOin u:-> lit. :t t 7 o"t.:lo ·k Ii··h crCo nr:, l! \c 1.' 11 ) WOI'J< c ·. J\ JI .stuM - 01!.1.1 ,\ i\I S ' c :--pt:c!alh· th ose E\'E l{ETT SO CI ETy '- •' C' K,

Frida y C\ t.:l1in g· during sch oo l tt:rm :-: ).:; s to joi n u.s in nur li tcr:1n· wo rk \ \" :\1 p" tudcnts ar c c. II (;(_) ; !Pl TS y

Fdda\' durin lT ll oli days <II H.l v· - · l'llll.l.IPI'!.\:\' , <>C I ET Y. 0 '·, P,·es itl cllt.

Frid:l\' dur i ll!.!" the Slllllllll! l". f 1 1nhL'rs e..)f the Af um11i uSi ng· the: lihrary du _r_111g Jw;, I·.PII G 11 11 · · · · · '-.-\ :'\', Pr e. · 1 T il E '" cnt.

I I. n. DU N(",\:\' S0 ::-.1 , .!d J.ic.-'lltc. n:tnt. C011 1J ll UH.I. Int nf C ad c.: l ::>T:\FF

Fi 1·:-: t l.i t.: tllCilant a nd aclino· Adjutan t. _ and Scrg·c:mt Hc. cdh-, -· lr:;;. l alld a c: ting·.Q. 'I. IX!•'ANTH. .\. c:d , Capta in: :\ m. D el ze ll, 1st L jcutcnaut: j. !vJ. Hi ch:lt·}

COi\H 'ANY n. l .2d Li eut.

•i ll L. C aptai n: G. C. iVfcrrill, 1st Lieutenant ; C. S · t.:ntt.:ll:lll · "-' · 1\ Orton,

AT lll.J.:T IC Sccn:lan·. \V iiJ r b ·· av cn po 1·t. \'. i\1. C. A.

CtHTcspnnding- G.:o. C · :\I cn·iiJ.

\ . \\'. C. A, :::•dent. \·ina Canon: Corrc!-'po ndin_g- S ccre:.ta rv, B · · llC'ha nan.

i\OR:I IA I. M II .!T A RY B.\ 1\l) , G. dcr, Rohl'rt Perry: St:rg l!:tnt, \\ ' · E. Hobcrts.

PR IMARY S TORIE

NO \ 'El\!BER.

FLOREl\CE G. BE NNETT, STATE - oR:.'I!.AL , HOOL, ' EB.

ccn mp a nyin g th e be dtim e of o nr ch il dh ood, th er(' i;; nlwnys tlt e sto ry told b;r the m ot her or an o lder ::; is te r ( >t' broth e r. 8tnr i es bel onO' to c hildh ood. Th ey nrc n pa rt of it. To matter how ] 0 11 o· no-o th littl e one li \·ed, be lwd stor ies. 0 ,.., Th e yon n(l· Gr ee k liv ed o t1 t th e glo ri es of th e bat0 tl c fil·ld. w hile th e Indiun moth er expla ilH?d to It er bab y bo,Y, a ll th e wonders wlti c· h na tnr e lt ncl s ca tte r ed in pro fn sio n about her.

\\1 e iu onr sch oo l rooms, sho uld bring to the l' hild that whi <" h Is ri g htfnlly hi s. (3 t> n e> r at ion aft er geuc ra tioi ; h as show n s to ry a. part of c hildh oo d. Bnt th e fir st gn es tiou co min g to ns·, i::; , "W h at ha ll we te ll the c bi l d? '' It is a bless ed yet puz z ling fa et th at tl1 c wo !'l d se e ms too f nll of m Hte rin l fo r sto ri e s. Wi th each o n<' el edN'l, we mu st put at least tw e nty as id ·e.

\ VIt ercYer the sch oo l may !J e; th _:: re it rs s ur e to be s nrr o nudc·cl by untur e. To ihi s so ur c; e we sho uld fi r st loo k for sugges ti ons Hll d mate ri al for ou r sto ri es . Frocbel says, "Ma u is at ouc e th e c hil d of na tnr c, tbc c hi ld of hu man i ty a nd th e c hild of Uotl .' Th e l itt le c hil d is the man in tho c tnur yn He is in deed t·h' c hi ld of natm e for hi s whol e body Is mad e up of her prodn cts and tbi s body depe n ds up on n at me for it s suste nan ce in fo od , clo thing a nd be lt e r. \. s th e c hild lov es hi s rnot lt er, so hi s h ea rt sho uld b e' op e11ecl to nat·ur c. Tll c bi r ds, th e flo we r s, L'veu tl w sto rie s a mu se th e li tt le oue in !Ji s play. How mn ch more 111 ay the ea r ne st tcnc lwr th e l!l to tb c c hi ld! By ::;t> l cct" in g 1b o::; c co mm on ob j ects t h:.tt· tiJu c hild sees ' ach d ay, sbc mn. y turn l1i ,· pa ss i11 g g·l::wc 'iutn a clos e te nd er, ·lov in2: ob er vation. '- C.... J, She ma y sh ow l1im l10w to l ook th at be can "' CG , and se e' not o11 ly t lw ap par e nt fac-t s b ut, t l..t e s yn1-

bolisms and analogies that lie th e rein. Fo r d not, '' the heavens declare the glory of G d ?

The child is not a lon ely Robin on upon his deserted isle but is , fortunately for him , in a community where be may see and think f ot h r This should be the second fund of ma te ri a l. If your school be in so me sec! uded country r ,_ gion, the greater th e n eed that you sh ou ld lea I thi s little citizen of the world to kn w what i r,ing on just outside of his rau ge of visi n. Hi s father 's plough, th e fl ou r his mother kn ead into bread , even hi s o wn mitt ens furnish the sou rc

The printing press with its book a nd pi ct nr s together with the teac ll er 's expe ri ence su pp ly th material. The li tt le li stener sho uld gr w t fe I an int erest in thos e peopl e wh se time i s pent in preparing material for the maintenanc of tit " lt ea lth and happines of th e lit tle c hil dren of ou r co nntry. He should whil e st ud y iug the trial s f the miner, the carefulness of t be eng in ee r and tit daily tasks of the farmer, grow to fee l th at he is a part of it all. He may be l ed to do some of these things in a s mall way in the school r om and to d es ire to becom e an assistant to th e busy world. Hi s fir st and most imp o rt an t effo rt s may thu s be to do something which w ill be a help to other s.

What shall th e ·relati on to Go d furnish us? Let us hope that in the chi ld's mi!ld, God sha ll be the so ur ce of th e beauties of n atu re and th e works of man . But h ow sha ll we he lp the young ·mind s to think of God as this

On e day, we had .bee n spea kin g of the bouse p lants in o ur ec h oo l window s eats We had enjoyed the bright bl osso ms, th o ught of th e cnre requ ired in giving th em a drink eac h day, of the soi l and the s unb eams God h ad g iv e n. We were s peaking of the flow er pots . We knew they came from th e s tore in the v ill age and that the storeke eper h ad bought them fr om the man at the pottery. Th en a littl e b oy told us th at Go d gave the man at the po tt ery the thiugs from whi ch to make the pots.

We had e njoyed th e pl ants and we kn ew if it ha1l 11 0t been for a kind fri e nd who h ad put them th er e, we s hould not ha ve h ad th em and felt g t·ate fnl to this fri end. We knew this fri e nd co uld not hav e p ut the plants th ere had not God g iv en h im th e plan ts a nd the so il , and se nt th e

,

AL CO

wa rm unb am t k. ·p t h 'II fr gr wing.

\V e ai 1n app nl t J tlH· fi.'l.: linu ' f a nd t dr aw ut and n lnq!l " b t •r

h I v n at n1· r p • ·t nnd ad 11 tir • th in th i b tL w ri d Hll I desir · to a ·i · play ru at • h im If lt • i

Wit ·n th i nn ·rllw ,• t iH trl:ld l' t IH• out ••·.

11 • '\ <' w ho an• hi H 11 • • I t

b f re lti111 th 1.• b t at1d tiH· h •au h lflCl :r r( )\\1 li k · t·lta t w hi ·h i. l' \" l'l" l

With o nr li t of el tc >H tt !-i ll Uj l•c ·r

ju t \\ha t hal l w II H• fu r til · di tr ' I' •n thou 'h t? \V iii it Jt<J t I · t1, ('hoc is mo t r ad il y at ha nd ; in o ur na tn r w hi ch J am' N' at ut · • l 'X t(• ttd ,; ab i · th ne gny _,J ee ace . b ev llg ll oi\vn ·I avember here , oc cupa tion ·c<'S natur nggc ts. Ea e !t H "\ 1 • with man tmd • ' 1>11 >n 11,.., 1 t y}J i ·al rc pr· ' lt tntiv l' H. (' ltoo !:4 . tlt p, . . I .1 11 th en e nu •· an I •e tlte IH >Iidnv f I I . K. or t 1 e re at lon s wit It ltrunanit L f II · a et us 0 w out th e.·o Hit o- · 1 t1ou what t tey will (>tf c r· to ll !:l for t it IJI.I I. f II l_a te a.; mo nth , Nov e ru be t"", ho li <l !' TJ ,. F II • •. t w g. a , th e va cati on t ime of tl1 world ba s com e; she Las put a wn . t bright trimmings, cl ose d t!tc s ltut t, I" I d , ru door an go ne awa.)' Oc tob . 1 • ' 1 , ·w wu th 1 seem one gay par·adc of b l·ill iant nui f bri g ht waving banl!et·s "11ld \vi l' . . . . . , ' · Ion th b ves th e sqlllrr cis vwd wrth ea ch ot b c. , . h ' 1 111 nutt· • a tt es , as pass e d. It is N o vem her l b D N · 1-1 ._ tl m ot er ame atnr e is now Tl . . ' ' t} A · 11 !:l 1s h l' , goodn mon 1• net wh at a l apfu l she 1 Tl ' ·Hl.S to sl eep. Ie tired n oddino- flnw e sl eep by tlt e ge ntle "by e h)w" \ l tl l" offers to c arry when he s ee s the ;v He Ll M_l'' n b · ' ' ge nt " o }N so nsy. The b1·avc br own 1 '' Wind thev are "'0 sl ee l)'' t lJ cy !::l w lL wwds " "' ·· · c annot h mu ch l onger and th ev ar e Sul·e t11 ' . . ·' ey wou lq :1 afrmd away fr om th e ir par ent tree "f 1 n est le close up to the slee ping il I t 'IE.'.\· owers. 1

Da. me. N_ · at ure hem·s the Ie a. ves' tncssag e, ,. 11 M Wr. md to help her ag a tn . He el m s, fo.-t thin l ea rned to l ove hi s o ld fri e nd, f 01 sh e ba 1 ·n him mor e t han onc e in th e past. Bnt f ' tnt sto ut e ll ow can not re si st taki ng in a gre nt l and blowing so against th e sl eepy littl e lea'·t.: when th ey l oos e th e ir hold, they red

ab out in a mo t funny way. Iud ed 1\ir " i nd i · af r aid th ey ar e dizzy, so he let s tit 111 fa ll to th e gr o und, but he s oo n ees t hat the ,· nr 0 ne arl y asl eep th ey do u ot n ot i ce . Th e u. he ba a gny fr o lic and wltirl s tb em here antl th re in O" reat _,J ee until Mot her n.tur c, wh o ha fo und n re tiflO' ace for th e la st white '' in ge d milk-w ee d eed . mes up and says, "V\ hy 1\h. \\ incl.,. Th en b ev bo th laug h, and whil e Da rn e · 1 k ' atnr e IS w -. llg o ut her dus ty dr ess. !t e gat h >t·s th e l ittl e ,. 'i:l toget lt er _ and he ·lps tl . 1 ' te tu y le cp lll g tlow ers B u tl" b . · tng ac k. h ll rs, "Shall I help .)' O il sha ke t it (' dti t f :::; 1"0111 "0 111" oi\vn ?" Bnt she Hl tswers. "lt ,.,. 11 • ;>; 1 S OO !l b •

·I ite and el e an aga1 n. ·· Toge th e. 1 1 t 1e,. wat ch avember Ateal ont of s iO'Itt t hJ·c.u cr b h "' ' 0 "' t e woo ds here E> l ee p has se ttl ed do wn Th e 1 1 s eep of th e

·c<'S ::;h nu d le ad us to select !:l o me farn·J·. 1 1ar t ree m 1 VI CII1lty and to draw out the acti · Vitl·cs of the 11 d by stud ym O' t ht s tre e. Her e u I we tbe K. \'v e lav e fi! st 1 b

1 • • • ' o ut the tr ee a wh o e, aan mg to he lp th e c hild t . b 0 1 e g·u·d tl as a sym ol of trcngth and 11 •• h , ' le . L I . . p1rg tn e ss and cr cel ve trrc e emen ts of beau t.)' th I. nr c tl·ee sp r·e ads t before 11111. vv o ue xt n ot ice tl le p·u·t f h th e r oots which bo ld t he tree . ' s o t e t tet· fr om the soi l fo od for· the pla ce and d e ntir e tr ee · tl ru k whi ch s tan s so s tr o ng and e l·ect ' Ie t 1 f 1 es safe suppo rt fo r th e b 1·an ch . ' 'nc orran cit es w hi ch ca rry sap to th:s fand lea ve s: l' I . d lll"th e rmost ves an c g1ve gr ac e an supplene , ' I h ss to th e er

nutt· • a tr ee , th e le aves w 11 c. br e athe fo - Ih f l l r th e tr ee ._ tl s ee m to e ve n s ow o rt 1 t H·oucrL tb . 5 eu· be aut , goodn e ss of God; lastly the gift of tl ' Y Tb " 1e tree a me Na t ure , the acorn. 1s is the 1.It t!

le w hi ch the faithful old tr ee has guarded e

M_l'' n ner in whic h li es th e b ah! oak Sh e has

}N th sap an d slowly s wu·ng 1t to and fr·o 1 '' . · . w Hie wwds have s un g so ft Iullabys . Lat e ir h tb dl 1 1 the ' ekll e hC' ral. e ho us e h as )e en st ored With :1 to eep t e rtt le bab y thro ugh the Io ug · Wi n-

'IE.'.\· ll e tr ee dl·o ps the ho use, ba_by and a ll • 1 _Mothm Nat n1·e's lap The c h!l d 1 ' 11 I th s 1ou )d to f ee at no matt er h ow sma ll the ·

fo.-t thin <T itse lf, it ma y h ave gre at _of

1 o d 1 . I Ihe s ·n it, an a Pam ex te ri or may cover b a ea u' tnten o r. l bb

t.: e littl e pef le who s co rn ed the ac o rn disred t.h ese act s wh en th e life conceal ed in

he man ife te d itse lf in s pri ng tim e and p ebb l sa id

• .A. mod t \.. corn n eve r to te ll

What wa in c lnded in its s imp le shell!

Tha t the pr ide of the f ore st was fo ll owe d 11p In t he narrow space of its simple e up!

And m -'ek ly to sink in th e dark so me ear th , \V hi h prov th at. n othin g co n ld bid e h r wort h. '

Th ch il dren ho uld o bs er ve th e r. h ange s in th e l eave s not in g th e b eauty of co lo rin g of th e tr ee's dr e ' S. Th e l ate fa ll it: th e beginn in g of t.he tr ee 's l eep, sh e p uts away her b ri ght go ,vn that h" may rest mor . easil y ju st as we do at nig ht, wh en we go to 8leep Th e e \·er wa tc hful Fa ther s en ds su ch a rest that all the \' o rn pa1-t of ou r body ar e fr esh and new in the mo rning . It is the sam e "ith th e tree '!'h e n in te r is he r sle e pin g ti me ''hen all the pa rts of the tr ee may be red Yed and re fr es he d re ad y for the w ak ing up ti me . .Aga in the tree sh o uld s tand as a symbo l of th e famil y. The r oo t and trunk as the pare nt , wi th the bran ch es as th e old er chil dren , t.he le a\·es as the yo unge r on es, and the s ee d or aco rn s as th e baby of th e hous ehold. 'l'h e Iitt.l e pup il can re adil y see th e care the pare nts take of th e lea ves a nd th P. a cor ns , and how th e acorns try in t he ir small w ay to he lp too. T hey can als o n oti ce. what a g ood ho us ek eepe l.' the oak is. S he p uts away eve r ythin g before go ing to sl eep. Sh e eve n th e pl ace wi th li ttl e scars wh ere she wi ll b_eo·in her next ye ar 's work and where sh e will 5 1 op en o ut the green ea ve s ne xt spnng.

'\iVith the excepti on of a few stray song sters th e a nim al life of th e woo d has di sappe are d. Th e bu sy farm er has d uring the summ er stored up g rain a nd corn for hi s stock to fe ed upon during th e win te r. Th e c are of the animals b ot h by nature au cl man sh o uld ne xt occupy o ur a tte ntion. The te ach er sh ou ld show th e ch il dren how na t ure h as provided a hom e for t he li t tle an imals in the holl ow tr ees and ben eath the gro und, a nd thi cken ed the f urry co at of the s tock w hi ch r oams in the fi e ld. Th e c hil d should be gi ven a f ee lin g of te nd erne ss t oward thes e a ni mals whi ch n eed his prot Pct.i on nncl f'nr P. T hMP frni tR ''hi c·h

ha so pr pareu for u · tl 1at wiLL

thl' llO'hoot th long wint r .· hould no t 1 • f(l)' -

gott n, th p tato , th 1 umpkin an d ap] l1·.

a typ e , Bho ulcl b tuli 1 ancl t ll v ('hil ln •n

· hould know v. by th e f rui t. "' ill ta y "'i t l1

n. wh en tb otb 1\ w ill n t. Til" ni 111 f tlw te i:wb r l 10uld b t d ,. '1 1 il1 tl1 , dtil 1 a

l' of th lP ant i ful in th • wo rld ju :-; t ut hull. Tld. will op n 01 an in :-; ig l1 t

Hlto f'2 e harm on ic u. work in r of 11atur f 1· th · c·hi l d. By -'e iu g that t111ity w l1i ·h ·xi ·t.· ·in

natt ll' , h wi ll b h 1· ·a Jy t·o Hll ' <·t tll<'

ta ·k. ofh is ow n "" r·y Jay lif1 !. att ll' P i ;-; tbrona-hout .·yrnboli e {)f uni ty ::Ln] lo\·1·. Til· m re clo ly her . yml o l. ar" .· ttHlit •d. t·h · mo re l1 a rmolli >Lt. m 11 .· t u e> <·ulll tl11 1if, o,f tl11 ' nt.

Th ' ], !'l t of tiHl m ont l1 c: l n. ·p.· wit l1 gt\· tn r, Thi .· b rin o·:-j to O lll' mind ;-; t ir .· t ou r

p t· 'PHt f-•a ·t day, a 11d ]:tt•"J' tilt· l' Pt t.' OIJ of Hi. torr ll a. ·tl for 11 · tlw li f t' of the Pilgrim. In.tinJat l' IY c·n nr wl't t c1 w itlt th e P il g Tim is th • Indian. L .'t 1t s t hinl < of t l•i .· en.1-ly Am e l'ir an a· he wa s bt fon· tlw \VI1it e 111a11 iltlpr ov d r·hiliz at ion to d t> str oy lli:-: n 1an.'· good trait .·, a ll i hi ' lHqJ p )' llo111 •.

Luncrfellow ha ' g i\· •n w-; th e ,, ;-; ,; fill if not th e mo .·t pic-tiLl ' of thv ln<l i< Lil as he Ji,·e cl be for e th e whit man r avag ·cl !ti s l• a vpy h tmt in cr g rou11d. L et n.· l o()k at l1 int he wa s th en, not a;:; he now iR. Hia\\·at.lt a i·s th e ty pe of tht' g ood and nob] · JncliaH. Ea r·h t ri be h ad it s Hi a,vat ha or o·o orl I nc1ia.tl.

Not o nl y ar e th e pict nr e · 'in til e trLL e to li fe, but th ey ar e full of thP ,.vei nl Jncli an i magination wh ich l1 as it.· ]e o·e ncl s fo r .-, th e s tar s, th e rainbow and the ''? il d tl owPl' fl· of th e for t. Lo np:fe llow ha s \vJ·i tt en t.lw po e 1n in such s impl e th at it i. of esp e l'ial se rv ic f> to u ·in th e sc hoolr o om. Th e .r t'adi ng of th e p oe m withou _t, e xp l anation app eals to th e rhild Th e s tori es th te aclwr form.s fn, Jn th e p oP m brin g ont a ll of hi s aeti vit i es He gr·ow to lo\·e th e littl e Indian bo y w l• o, renred hy , hi g rauclmnth e1·, Nokom is, wa.t l'.lt es th e fi re fl y a n<l th mo o n. He feels th e sa rn e sy nt}Htt h) fm t-h e f3 qu inel and bird s that Hiawath a fel t. H w i. sbPs he kn ew th e-e animal s as tl ll' 1m1i an ho' (li Ll a11<l gro ,,·s t·o ltn\'10.' t lw

sa iiJ : f' ' l·l iu :.r of Jm·" l'or t lw111 '' lt i l'lt Hi lf Cl I. J rp fl d IJI i t it I 1 and d .·it'l'=-' to hi' :-- tr ·o r• !..!' and lwlp fut w atha lit · ,. ,.,.11 ,·at 'l' i l· ...; h

ln cli a11 :-; tori •.· ,, ,. 111· tu

" II i II I Ji }J () III I' pI a _\'. \\. It a I I.\ I' r ni do •:' i.' of i II tl' I' •.' I I 11 hi 11 1. Ould n • th _: ' ;l I 1111 "l- <w tis

t lt o !-' <' \\' hic·lt will dl'\ 'l'l !l jl ti H· I H•ttl' l' '1"· J l' t lt • (·lril rl' s a <' l j,· it it •;-;. 1 . I .-' in1 -' I'<IS II Ig I Jl' sa ilill ,!..!' :111 d li :--ll ill !..!'ll f I i:\ 1 •r.' t> WI ' 111 ay =-' )1 'Ill son 11· t i 1111' i 11 ,·it• \\ "'!'l os,•Jy ti ll' J n<linn iII \. ht\ '.' I .· L l t ol\ lll g' <ll lf t I<' r o11 g ll l11· tl :·wd - e H t l l!' c· o ntr ast ·d with t ho ;-; 1· 1 t•wJnt r·i \'1 l:t.all ll ll l1:1 s g i\ 't•fl to 11 :-: Ti ll' 1, · f I I or (J · tIt' Hl d _r i1 1 hril lia111 1-11 1on-:. n I .(· ( hl I} !'l ot II' S OJ :tlld S] \: ill :-: s iHHtld h, t' ll ta J· ,,. i I II t l1 e 1'1 o t I H'.' ll I' I Ill· ;-; <·l 11 11 ,J 1'1 ti 1d r · 1 I Th !'lti lc s 1 mld grow tn :-; (•t• )11 1\\ · 111 111. 11 lu :l j piness dvl>tl'<l tn tlll • 11<1 .'1 f,!: t' ll l 'l ':tti l ll l :-: 1'1 I' n 1 11 11 111· ill I'Oitlfol't :tt11l 1- 1111 111 -, IJ ,. 0 til ·n· 1:-: a f'll:tiH'I' for hi nt t<l 1 · ' •' U' tiJo .·c· \\'IJo I' I IIII ' aftt• l· 11i 111 . ,.,fli

TIL : n at lll'l ' '" •· •·1- ;-; ll1Jttld l 1.·•tl t1 i 'I :,.!' 1\ 1av wi t lt till' hi s tory. :,.; 0 1ltnt 1 II•· 1 1111 11 It •:tl' i n g- ll o \\· till• l11d i:111 t':\ l'c•d l'ur ('() 1111 ' 1" 0 tlll' tiJ o tt g ltt cd' till• 1',·t11 t·,•...l,.. I _

Tlti ;-; \\';t S t ill> l_ll din iJ ] fpn• t li P r·IJII II IIJ 't\· ''I' 1· I L>'J • '. "" I' '- I II ' I !!; l' liH 1 !J Olli e R< T ns;-; tl11• :-; .. ' 1'1 · '. l .I ,l, II' ll ' t:Il. ' Ill t i li :·.dt hont v,_ tlJI' tli :--; l'lliii '<IP:I 'IIH•J•t ;-; in ll ll •tllll thl 1-' \' J<h·nt i r t' ) , II\ I <I l ll ll ' 'Xtl' ltll\ ·1 1 lJ l! \\ <'nnntn. · J\lt ·. ·I 11 ·'' · 11 llc <1 : :--; 11 ' 11 I l t•l' tl It_ , t hrou gh tlt , ' );v 'fl t .· . · · l t: ''P on t.h•-· \\'i t lt littl .o 'J'Lll V\'hit e tn l'ttliVI 'II tl1 e lu11g· \' OY<I/!1:-'. to £>])p eal t I ·1 '11 l . ,. c · o t. 1<> <• 11 c all! t·h , (' n l' e! • th e li tl"l e hahy so long n go Hiav fl.\\' :I 1:-- i' t 1t () Ll g II k i 11 () 111' (' I Ji l cl 1'1:' II. • Th e of lOlH-' 1 T hnd :' bu follo - r-> l h r t' n· tl _, 1 . .) , >1-l

•. " <: C .) 11 0 tn l"'l H. ).1[1..\ 't-' l',V of-t who JOin ed fon·l:' s aJH1 lmi It t·lt t.." ]o o· h c. '· t 1 l · s le te l' the \V()Ul l' ll i-tnd ('1ti1c1n:•n Hl Hl !lcar thr on gh th e long S ltlnlll l:'l' t l1:.1t the l:'t't 1 · · · nu g ht be r <:: a(ly tor th e (·o1111 11 o- wiP t ·on ,.... • g reat was t.h c d of t;he l ahor t-hnt ._, 1 c hil dren ll e'lnPcl. The li t tJ._. 1 ts .r- '- p np1 h , · 1 f . 1 og 111z e J oY in g; :app y unn y

Ould grow to de s ir e t<) ·om n IIL lp er i 11 bi n Il c ·ho ul I re og niz e tl 1 p rsi ·t 11

• th \\'Ill h the 1 il o- rim co ntinn ,d thr ngb nt tb e _: ' ;l t · t tr ia l. · t·o pnt forth be .- t ,ffn 1·ts Th e

I teach r \\'ill n1ak · t hi ::s ::>t ren gth a 11 d ri o·bt l _ 1111 im pet us for the c hild and ·he h uuld n-· "l- <w or to he lp him to dir, ·t bi ac ti , ·itie t ward tis idea l.

Th e lo tr la ti on :s:ists be tw en the mind and th b dy. Our very a t e' er) hange of a tt i ud of facial expre:ss i op i impl y t h. outwa rd manif station of that inn r life, h w ith out thi me ans of r ev e aling it e lf \Y uld r main unkn ow n to man.

1"·

lw res ul ts of the co ntinn cd e ffo rt s of tb J:>il.-' in1 were hi wu ll - tillcJ s t.ur h 11 f 1

i:\ ::> < r t •· \\tU -

•r.' t> u se Fo r thi s he o-ave th ai JI · t (' 1 I "' - :::. < " o T Oe w 1

ht\ '.' hi s g oo d_n ess and lo \' e ha d II a bled th e t o- nrot osoa sS I' tauddir ec tt hef .. , I' - e 10 • o na t nr

H t be m1g ht prond e fo1· hi s 11 hv · 1

. . " . . . · . -•ca wa ut· f

t•wJnt m. lnth1 s PJl o- nm t> e ttl c

· t"1 111 C' IIt , t l1 ' full or e-honses In ca nt h t>a lth

n . . ' and fr hl I} an1 ons ln p wit·b <i od. Thi fl \\'a s

ll f' t l1' \\hit C

ta J· s 1r·st Thnnk sg i"in g.

· Th ese peoi1Ie bcnne atl1 e cl tl1i s cl · lu ·1 ay nf fea st ani

:l j piness to us. We gath er iu 0 I

n I , lli tom es and 1 brnt e t t P. day with feast and rae] I 1 . ( Y c l• ecr Bnt 0 Pdg l'lm e ft ns th e exa mple of 1 · · li S o wn ste rl

U' c hara etor developed nnd e 1 th,., e n1o st Ot)pr esfli c ir <.: nm s tan ce ·..

t1 i 'I l 1av we not so c lt' oc t th e c hil d tl. 11 ·' 1 f 1 1<"lt he m·l)' in ee atrn e th a nl ·f 1 <, 1 .. o- ift s of n at ur e a nd tl ' 11 n e- ss to CTnd •...l,.. I tl eo Ie <;oop eru ti\ I _ ,111 ? Nlny we not· h op e tha t he · 11 '(! wor n sp irit Jf tha nkfnln e ss hnt tl· WI h av e not

• 1 I.lt th e b"'1IItl.('"

l' liH 1 ann.loo-1 es nE natur e ant th e . v• " l t- 11111 0 11 of · I Ill t i ctfo rt Jt e SE' 8S Ill th e JWOp )e b lllln ( in ll ll II to him n. new Wit.l• hil1! will ) lese new 'd ·1 1 ln av hol)e dn. v hv day to he lp hi m • e ns, · · " to g· tl It_ , ,. t d' ... I' self to ward th' · :till a , ' );v el o Jr< ct lltn •s ld e at of barsym pa th y and coop e rat iO n. littl "

OY<I/!1:-'. - L ANGU J·\ GE'

e! • '1. ' '1. .!.. -·

fl.\\' :I 1:-- i' B. JTEHlUG, S TAT E NORMAL 'PRRn

lw t imw1· life w lli ch think>< , feel ::s •t 11 c:J • hnd :' , 'c1 \v1]]

. >1-l l<S co ns tantl y tn mal;:P lt fP lf }l;B(l \\n t s, of-t , '1H wo !']d , => f ·.· o thP o· h c. '· t ::. If d. 0 It ;:-; a' e nn e. o . E' X}ll is uo. Y · ur thought.s, feehngs, lJ UrHl Hl !l t, of th t• p •. ·) '; •] o· ' ,, car ,s S"\-C 11 cL1 un 0 , 1 d.n 1na 1 ·r l:'t't 1 m se h ei:i o nl y t.hr•nto·h th f' phv::;ic 1• · 11 Pst f' I? • ·' a. · EmwiP t ·on sa:rs o tlt e hod)': "If 1t wei' " r..,·, :) • · . · '- · f hnt ._, 1 th?ughts wer e writt en on steel ts wttlun, It ronld n ot 1mu1ish m 01 h , , e truly 111<'•'tl1ll1£!.' tlwn now. ' · ,.

EY ry ac f th mental natur e l eaves an i 1111 r s 1 n th ph inal. Sorro" as we ll a' jo s, ar e de pict d on tbe co untenan ce \._ lo ·tud , of indi' idu al f atur s a nd babit , i· ' al - the "arl.) life te nd nci es, t.raining -' XP ri nc nnd "ro·on e, power acq uir e d. So hi ru o rtal bod be comes a. tal -beaT er-- te llin ()' ab r oad of tb life wit hin , th e th oug ht ) the f el in gs, tb as pirations of the pr ese nt, 1 a dn g a r cord of th p as t, re a lin g tb e histor of th e in (l.iYidn a l. "Tl! e who l e con o my 1 f na ur e is bv nt on expr e ss io n. Th e te ll -ta le bod,- is a ll tongne s. Thi s inn er be in g, with we can deal on ly tbro u gh it s manifesta tion in the outer, see ks expr es ion in a •a.of \\'a ys ,- thro n gh vocal so n_nd s o·t st.nr e s, mn sic 1 painting, dra•.-nng, '"n tm g, 111 ode lin g, sc nlptnr e. Lan guage inrlu dP S an) man ta t ion of thou ght , fe e lin g, or p_nrpo se vV e expre ss thonght feelmg tltr ongh a h ar mon y of t.ones, - mn s1c IS alano· n·1.o e. Tlw pa int er, th e sc nlpt or, eac h h as hi ; lang:nagP, w hi ch, wh en co rr ec tl y int e rpr ete d. re\·Pa l the tnrl-l is bodily <:>xp r ess ion, gu mg e mpbfl 1s and force to th e oral re nd e rin g of t-hon g ht. Th e t witt e rin g of the birds is a lan g uage as \\·e ll as the i11art.i cu late babbling of th e cb ild. The te rm in it s na rr ow er sen se , h owevt>r, ll s ed in th e sc hoolroom, refers to t.b e onL l a.s and writt en langu age s imply.

'T o pr e ce il e som e thougb ts in futur e paper s on m et hod s e mployed to sec m·e be st result s in lan guage training, l et us r ec a ll a few of th e for c ultiv at in g langua ge , n ame l y, oral writt en expre ss io n. Firsti-Thi s h as a lr eady be en tonrh ed up on. Mind communicates with minil throu gh th e med ium of langu ag e. Ma.n ga in s mat e rial for th oug ht , fLncl pow er to think by ·on taf't with oth er me n. It. is mor e th an im po rt ant , it is e ss e nti al, that this Ineclinm. by w hi<'h 111 i 11d n!ae lt c· s on 1- to m i11cl s hall in nu \\'H,\'

fHE NORMAL C RIE

prove an inc umbran ce, that it s hould truthfull y reveal th e t ru e elf. To thi s e nd tra inin g hav ing in vi ew po wer to think and po w r to e xpre s i · n ece ary.

S econd: -Exc Hen ce in l an gu age in cl i ·at ,' progre s in civ ili:t;atiun. Lan g uag i · th e fir t sio·n of civ ilized life. Primitiv e mau wa · ato i tied to co mrnonie ar.e his thoug ht to th f ., w ""ithin he arin g of hi vo i ce . Thi s HJ •t hi. n ee d· A. th oug ht bro ;Ldened, howe ve r, there f·am e th n ce · i ty f r oth er me an . of ·o mmuni atio n. On e (Jf th e fir t me th od r e. ort a to wa "' th e co n veyin g of id ea tbrmwh pi (·t nre , c rud fl drawin g , of whi ·h t l1 e Eo·ypti a. n hi er ogly phi c a nd the Indi an word-r i ·ttl IT· are ·ampl e Th ey were th e l> o·i11 nirw of th e p rfected writt en l an gu ag · of the p r_ ·se nt. vVh at is th e re ul t? Tod ay t1H, dml y n ew paper ra tter. th ought br o<d-(·a. t all oYer the wo rld , pnttin O' th e poo re t p e:af' ant in the re mote t pa rt of om la nd in tonch w i_t ii the life a nd th rob of th e uni n r sE-> v"'\ l11l • hoolc s br in g th e be t th oug ht . of t lt c· bt·st th ink f>r of the pa t a .· we ll as th e pres • nt wit hin the re ach of a ll.

In the or, d lan guag ..; i ve in \·ention ::; l ul. ,·e l ed to n :s nlt s. v oi_r•:! w hich forme rl y co Jw eye d th o 11 gh} for the tsf a fe "v f ee t o nl y. ca n nuw be ca n I tancl' o c • · , f. ·al hr1 nd red nnl e. ·. t tl] mor e. I od ny 0 1' , '(:'\' (:' ). • by th e aid of an in ge niou s 1n 'L. re tl ect ion of th e pe ak er, h1 s gc• s tures . fa e1 . ·e -ion tran mi tte cl tn the eager list- HI expt ' 1 d force a nd e mphas ts to th e thong lt t. en t'r, en _ ·ce "sful e ffo rt to s uppl y th e dt-:> rnan cl sue "' s for i-td de d m eans of c-o mmuni ca ti on, of pr og 1es a n in f·lo. er rela ti on w ith ]li s fe ll ow- plae es 111

L 'Ih , m os t e nli ghtened pe op l f> are th os e lllt'll 3 f .

1 . thP most r eacty mPa. ns o ro Jnmuntth at Ja,\ e

(·atio n. . . I . d La 11 a- n aa-e 1) 1'( p n·es th e ht s toJ·)· ot T nr :- ,..., .r • • 'The pro o·r es of hum a mty d epe n ds 1nan ° · tl pre :-: e rva ti ou of the thoug ht of hnllpon 1 . Bu me an of langu age W l-l get t lt e JJHLl1lt.f. ·'

1 t of tll e past a nd pr t:•f!e r ve pn"s C' n t thOll O' 1

1 clge fo r fut 11r Be fo re th e m ve n- kn ow P . f p 1•1·r1 ti n0' . when the b1s tm y of na ti on no no ,.., , . dP Jtmcl ed for i ts pre. er vatw n u po n th e oral

1 pro0!J' r cs .- wa s nec ess a ril y ·lo w. langu age;

' mp a1e wi h th _, ()f I ll clay. wh th tl wwrht a. nu I i. t( r of' t ill' a p: t·s at di. ·po. al of a.ll. \\ hip plt> !'<I ,\' =-' · "l•' ro lll t

Jt o 11r f th in v n ti on CJI' pr i nl i 11 !..!.·. a n t kin rr .· '' r t1 nil Ji ll t) Jt· \\' () l' ld. l by who :. ,' ()!'(' 1'. r t ltt> \\' h l) l l' p;t ll try w rld' .' hi ·t 1· r In O\'P .' ill =-' "k-111 11 pr o1 · u for· o ur "Y .·.'

Fo ur t h: - Lan g 11 a cr1, is 1 w 1•1 ...: ...:; try for or r at " th in ki ng. 'l' II OII J.dlt i :-l in t t• JI :-l ili t•d ·xpr i 11. 'I 111, 1'1t'Ctr t t'l gi ,.,. t l1 o 11 rrhl

an ,th r oftt·n 1· ,·c·al ;-; a I: Lc·k 11 1' l' k <l 1 •fin1't II · • '['I · j' I' n• fl •t•l l ' · - II; I t \' 0

a ri s [ •a.clino· CL 'i a, I' '.' ll) t t c; (') l' ;t,l' l' l' , c1 •t'}lm a. l l' e tl l ug ht. Thu .· C' Ot lfll :·wd :wei tin ct i l a. ;m · o ft 1. 11 m adt! ct n cl di" 11 1 to Olll' '" lP.· hy 11 11111 in "' 1 d==, . tl . r- l . rat ,1, 11 () 1 I. Pcnv ' I' to }'('; l. 0 11 cll']ll'll d...: Ill Oil pow l' l' to '' ''' :\(;Ill. "I ·' •' • c n r- · ,J]0\1 tlH mean. o f0 nllt lll lli ('; ttiJW \\' It ll IJI :-; f ev en if 'll d(}\V f.:d \\' it ii J't• a sfJ ll , ('o llld II< tl'l' t lt Ort fr li t::; hu hi s 0 \\'ll ' tll tl al l, . :ltl,·;t !1 1'1 ' in t "11 ig 'n c· , , 11 ' . ' ·1 ' 1 \O il( h t• llll)> OSS I )< . ] Ja ngna r/e t lt ' 1' 1' tll <> II "·!Jt ' 1111 '( 11111 1 II I' c1t a nn el to th e li P 1't . rl r· l ii ,.; (·it ' ll( '< ' uf II _'' < , 1 • _ • pt th e I' OIJ .·tr va to ,. f' 1. Jd ,. j,· ii Jt.< ' l o li sto ry :u. n ot. I'Pt' eJ,. "d 't l tt ·n tio ll. I,, • I S l I ll' a L 11;1 JIJ tO ro n ·trleJ tt] 1 1 ·it·tY 1 :--; to I ' on t 1a.t 1 · ::; ot 111 an y Cit a ll, it lllns t JIIHk t• it l the 1u echum of 1 1 t l·t.n"·t ta •··v 1=' 't n o' ll:l "'(:' t UL ' I? "" ·II•' gre at pr es t:•J· vc..l J· of t?11 ,..., , tl lo u" ht., ni:tl .;:I :- h 11 m n. n ..., oil t ecomrn on of a.ll , that it i :-; :1' 1 ' 111 Jl m of hr··111 • .] 1 \V1 ti t o· In o· nt an in tout "'''' hi s c1 tLn d en I a r p: i ng 1tl :=; ,;, • p a.tln p · t· 1 " l , ·'' lllt1 \\' e ll< L\'U l' t-'alir.V (I OUI ( /'' hnmanb· 1 · · · i' ' 1 ·,. 1 ot ht-•ari ng th 's 1 n 111 11 \\ mn st co n ced e th a- t l an n·,lan·t: r.nd "i II ,!:!: , 1)') hi o· hv··t r? • o f' "ittl · 1':> :s ::; ··n :-=; e, sho n1cl el: LIIl1 a <1 1 ' nt nJ ,, ft'' ta.nt I))" 1 . ll t 'l' etn u<0 111 o n1· wo l'l'- t it an 1 t 1:.1.:-s · 0 !'t'11pit d.

FORM S Tl DY AND DR.A \.\"JN<J. Tir L onn<' ' ' I A R KELLOOH , RT A'I'E N OH.)·! A L S - \ F' 1 (' l 'I' CD bel sa -r s. '·CJe}Ll' o bs e rvati on an c 1"1-' l)J· . (1 c1 t e se n ta t1on l ead t.o nn · (' 0 11 '1 . . ] . 1 thll c ll S IOn s, an l t hn s to de ar og tca · in g." 'rh at we attain Lh ese r es ult 9 · 1l'l mn ·t !'h oo se ri g ht t.ypes a nd n se mn ch ·d the ir tl'eatme nt. T.h e ·fi rsL so li d to lJ e stLt in to l :-; c·nn ('il'C'Hi foaTtl t \ hl·u f' t t an

) ft'' t

in h" .· •nmd ,·1·a r i :-: ti ll' 1, ,11 i:-:1 , \t r '. 'l he ph :-;h uu ld ht· nto ldt ·d a nd hi :-: t>l't ·d wi th a to rd ) ancl th 1• on I,. " ''''. f':IC'I t l11· it1t•a 11 f on elwlj' will lw al ·" '" ' '' Thv h 'Jili:-; pJPJ' wi ll l ik ,• :11 1 o ld f'r i 1• nd to tl iP dtillr ' 11; IJ '\' \\·j)) at 11111 '1 ' rt•c ·op;lli zt • t h' O ll l c·nn· · 1 fa ;·<·. cllll' pla 1w f':t l' • :n ul th ('il'C'Hi a 1· •. T lt t' \' 111 :1.'' pia _, tlt at th da y l \l tni ] lw r:·:-; ar t• Jiril, • ho11 ::: 1·:3, alld thu · n ot 11 11 ),· a dd In tl 11 · in ft>n ·:-: t h11t hmad c•n th e· rh<nw ht of ti ll' t·!Ji ldr 1 ' 11.

By I i sl' ('l in t!' rl w )J ,· II ti :-: pl ll'n ' 11 11• :-: t•m i·(' i rd i: c; h ta i 111 .tJ .. Til t• !t:tl I' c·in ·lt • h ilot :-: :- hnnld 1,1 '1.1'l l 1 · I l t' ' l'-'1.11"' <>To lll l =' 1'nl lo\\' i llg , ·; 11 cr •( 111 1 • • r • W\ t't< 1 ,...., · · 1 . f' 1,: qwr :-: hn 11l he ' I ' 11 11-C ' ll 'l' t' :- 17

pa. t •cl; I' l ll ll cl :t C'il' l')t- o f' )l<l] l<' l' of ;l h<l l'll llHl · hi t •r·olo J· \\' itll till ' t·d.!..:<·:-: lall,!! l'll t to th p ·i11.1 ('· II ·t tft •llt ioii t11 th L' ll:-: v of th• \ .I ' 1 . h a.\ f-c· i rr·)c.. in n r II a t ll t' ll t; JI < v ;-; 1,!.!.'11,.: a :-: t lw m utfrpj' ·z t 1 .,,. 1rilfr1 0 il1 • <1 11d t·h • n_.: • :L .01 rr>jot . IIJ ·

(lftll J • • J'(' ]Ji tl't 'lll l'l' . 1-' IL'll li :-: p lll 'l '<' Ill ;t , ., \ · · 1 1 '' "' "]dHII :-- o "·ill lw ' I,' I';('(' I\ i ll t II' II S('!' ll I . ,r tl H' l'l' ll l<llll ll lf.!; "' '( ' n cl

• I I I t li t' ,.: Ill ( ·' I • • • • • ' 1 J , 111\- (, 1 tlt v la l't ,.: ot fo l' m l' riJ • ,' () 1('( ,.: -t·ll< l t Ill < , .· 1 t·\\' o t' lllWs nn l

I I\ I I'\\' jll'(' \'1(1 11 :-' \\'() 1 '· r • • .,n· 1,r ,:-: ll l. r111 :-: ,.: ol 1n litll t l' fon Jtill !.!.' t·l' '' ,.: tl 11 ' . l ' f-tt• t•s 1o ll l' t• q II: tl oh ) >11!:!.' •• • ' f·, . . . .. . o·h ,. t•d p.-1':-: f il ii !' lcnw; clC p • (' I ' ,.]II: h 0 I' t :-; t I ,I I r ' M 1 · '11111 t• Jo'l lt ··t J·: Li •r ht l <l l' n ll t •l '' 1 g l':-- .. ' "". ·. ' ,..., J . 1 ,.1 nf ob l on g: f:t t' t-' h t·n· Till' (')to ;J l' It I' · .,. till' cyl i ll tl t•r t lu-• 0 11 to H\· hi sl'd i 11 ,] • • , ,_; ...:(•d

1 11(> W :t.' S i Ill} ,) \' I Il l p I , 1 · 1-1-r.. r ••llt p1opn1 rto ns an d n O (l })t·iL'JI1 · ot ( I l 1 shn rt t'l g·t·s. h:l\'i ng t li eu eo nt 1·a st. ) () ll !.!.' '' ' 1c , 7. lf' · ' ' -flt iJ' d, Oltf- I U: :1 11rl O'lU'the i:ih ort e tl o·L':-' nl lf '( 1·e r os 1·t·t 1 • 1\ n ' · e :'; )0 1'- foaTtlz the lonn· 1 - 1·o·11 s b, - 1 1 · b I i d c e " J J a.r Ln 1lt>l' 1 Ht te rn R Hllrl ,.: o t' 1 o· ].W]) t: I'S ( lf' t·] "' t )'\..., II ' l l:' tlh l"t!'i , n nd t lll ' ll b .\· 1' · .'111 d h·Il f -!'; n t·omt · t' ...: 11 n rv ::; ' '· , ' J.nan•,; IIna tJ ons o · q s qu:n·t-:> s 1 oh lrnw.• an d n, I1 l f:- ' l·rele s C· ll,tn c h l )I ;L I '· ,,t 'l t},:l) f. r·irr1e,; o h1 on gs an t J ·i ca l tn rl}) J·· ' . _ . . c., IJ n ol L ' • t s n w.tt (• ntinn of cln ldn !JJ to " ·tilcl f' • )'( > l L '- lJ)' \ I' pi li ars j n <Irf'l11 t cd ll ' hl·u nty a 11 <..1 harm o ny J 1 •tn n a (' ll lP ; Mo ld a ::oquai f' pn t' tll , • .·o·J d 1 fo J'ill t.he 11,..., l t. an o·J l:' d f' :tt•h 0 11 its tng mm to 1 ,.., t''J10 lfl R tw o e nt1 al t .·, ] n,r pn s n1. 'fill S ·' · ·1 c ll cllJ gn' z rl I 'W <:: c,Z " t · t .·. O'n l ar f an•s -Ti gh t-an (! e ' · c · u; ,n-· ln'' l'l' fl<' <'" c1 l S.• two t' l'1 11 '11 ohl n no· < 11' :-;( " ' l'an g e. ' ·1. ' 1:'1

pr p rt i n of th pri m. bou nd d by two f par all 1 qnal lenoth a nd clsr <: re u ui t d by

J1 0' d o· \Yhi ch a.r of eq·ual ' of a t rian o·nla r fa c ar dieo m· r crin · and by th e union f d. 'l' hi pr i m d corn r an d orner . L ead .,"' th at t"- of h ., harp c o-rners ma kt• n u ar ' ·orn r. Bi ct rb l a.y prLm nth' h·11 f d ia gon al and f nu wo t her ri gh tang le d tl'ian O' u ]a r pri m . 1\Iak de igns a· lwf or b,- ·omb ini n · ri o·ht- an o-led eel ' 0 t ri a ng ll' ". Oo nt i nu th id ea of nnit of dein an elem nta ry war by jo in in g the tl' in ng l l:' int ro ::- c tt e •ith r by a squa re or cird at th e c nt er. bt ·Iin ti P sq narl:' p lin th by bi ertino·. t ri:S t'Ct in g nr mo ld ed cu bPS di all t t ric a ll ·. b- nw ldng di am et ri c. cu tti ngs of t.LH sqn ar p ri m. TIP squnr plin th ha, t \\' eq ual sqn an: f ace fo ur eq11 a. l obl on g two ·ets of four e qual par alld - trai gh t l:'d g·P'. fum para ll el ed o·e a nd ei gh t

q un rP co rn t.::• t·s.

Mal' t' lin 1u et ri e · n tt in J, of ·q nnre prL m on ir8 sh rt a xi s n.IJ d thn pro dn c" the brick or t ur all t'lopiped. The b ri rh: ha tl 11·ee pa ir s of opp nsi t(·l obl on g· fa ce s, three et. of ed ge s, four Jon ?, fo nr ::-: hort, and fo ur i nt ernH: dia te, an d l'i .!!,· ltt sq uar e comer. Bi s•rt in a plane para.ll el with w icl L'tit f ac es and ob ta in two ot her bricks or if it he in pro por ti on of one to t wo bi din m t•t l'i rn.l ly ou shoJt.est a. xis and h ave two square pli nths. The wo rk of divi di ng so li ds mn.y be nsed as fou nd ation wo rk for pro hle111 s in fr ac tio ns

..Again Fr uebel sp aks tons: ''The co rre ct h old ing of t.h e fin gers and of the hand , fo r th e fn'L' nse .in drawi ng req uir Ps a corr e .- po nd ingh· co rree t. fr ee nse of th whole ri ght arm; th is req nires a ga in indi sp en sabl y a ron ecpo nd ing u se of the ot.her li mb s and wh ol e l.wdJ of the ch ild who dra.w s. if onld represe.nt what it n eate s w it.h fr ee aeti on of t l1 e bo dy and wi th a. fr ee sp irit. For a. fn•e s killfnl liS e of th t: bo dy preS II}1} ,0 :3 1:'S ll l'Cl.' f<S <H i)y n,

NORMAL COURIER.

fr ee, br i ght pirit, a both mutually c on clition one ano th e r." That the se r es ult s may c ome , a part of e ach reci tation s hould be spent by the c hildr en at th e board durin g th e fir s t, second and third ye ar s. Th ey ·hould tand at arm 's le ngth fro 1i1 the board and make l arge fr ee drawing s. During th fir t yea r, th drawing s s hould be fr om ::; ix to eig ht in ch es in diam ete r, during th e se cond year from eig ht to ten inch es and durin g th e third ye ar on e foot.

Th e c hildr en s hou ld all pa s · to th e boar l at the s am e tim e and when work is fini he el pass to e ats tog e th e r. Th e rapid work er.· . honld quietly waiLatthe board for th e oth ers to fini s h. No c ray on sho uld be le ft around th e room. It s hould be the duty of on e ·bild to p as a pi ece of c rayon to each as s oon a: th ey hav e th e ir pl ace s at the bo ard and th en eo ll e et th e pi ec es when th e work is fi ni shed. Ea.ch rh ild bou ld hav e hi s pla ce at th e board a nd a lways w ork at that pl ac e. As n childr en s hou ld fo ll ow di ctation of tPaeh \\•hen flmwin g, but tll t' re ar t' protitah le ex r.e ption R. Th ev ·ho nld b P. e nt to th e hoard to re pr e se.nt f-r eely what P. ver obj e ct i be in g s tnd ie cl The y sho uld be as kP.d to illu str at e th e ir re ading l es . ons and s tori es hy drawi n g.·

Ao·a in th e ima o- ination may be c ulti vat ed by h; dn g a c hild 5desc rib e an obj ec t and ch il dren draw, or t eacher nam e and childr en draw , or ag ain, all ow th e chi l dr en to dr aw wh ate ver th ey wi sh and oth er childr en nam e. tviat e rial for draw i no- at th E' sea ts s hould b be di s tr i buted at th e beg in n in g of each r ec itation Th t eac her s hould hav e a re gu l ar, q ui ck o rd e rly w ay of doing this, and a id th e childr en in c ultivating raref nl ha bit::; . Th e n ear e dg e of th e pap er s hould al wa.ys be par a ll el w ith tu e fro nt e dg e of th e d es k.

Penc il sho uld be he ld at least tw o in ches from th e po int, and at ri g ht angl es with th e stra ight lin e to be dr aw n. Wh en drawing a cir cle, th e penc il or cr ayo n sho nld co ns tantl y po int to. th e le ft . Frui t , a nd co mm on obJ e ct s ah ont the ro om, a waste b as ket, tab le, e tc., wlw ·e for·ms ar e ba ed np on the types s tudi e d, f' hon ld be draw n. D ur ing t hi s ye ar brin g in s ome per, pecti ve wor k. Do thi s at fi rst by re quil'ing

the child r u to I' 11 t u rr w nl>jl' c-t :-> tr ·h a v a e of i mp Ie fl w ,.. a g I a ·. f (Ill 11 w (' cl h y n up.

Te ll them t mak a pi ·tnr · f jtl :-<1 wl rat th ey

Later on plac a p n ·il in ti H· f•trp arrd if mi tak es as r pre n ti n r th t• hi ddt·n p :t rl uf th cil app ar , ·!1 11 tlr ir a tt ntio11 t11 1l tl' f :H.: l 1l1 nt th e. ar to r pr ent n ly wha t till'." s1• <• Tit(· t acb r bonld alw ay •I ct th · ,. ry IJ (·St ',f t r and h w to th ·las tha t th · cllildn 11 rna' ti nna ll y have an id •al of go od wo r k.

Th e natnr ·e I s on np nn l l: av vH :·d Hnrld b lowed by a ·c u1 ·at dr awi n gs Tlt <·:·W dr nwi n' fum i'h mat e ri al to be after wa r rl e; 011 ,·<·rt tio na lizt'tl and use d a' un it of de ::; ig n. Lt ·t 11t t• 1v ac l: er i her work 1· IU C! rnl th at th e p W'•r· to co n, ·c nt i ll' a liz e tr uthfu ll y, dt·] nd in a r •at ll ll'i l u•· li P11:1 on e's und 1· tandi 11 g and HJ p li ·n tic , 11 of N atu re·· l aw s and hal it ::; Tit rc sho ultl b · ·u ntin u al p rtl l' · ti ce, both at ca ts nnd at bla ·kbc>ar d. in d nllr · iu g c ir cles , ha lf -e ir clc , ub !t lll fC tri· P_::u·all el_, lt o riz o ntal, ,. •rti eal and drc ulal ltn •s, r·1g ltt and ac ut C' in <ll ·t•11 ' aud fr ee ·k · H' ·· Wo r , fi'O IIJ fJhj CdR and tro rn In eu iC · Pleas illg an·tr1 I I I 1 I IJV rh•' ' < gl'lfl Cilt ' 8 HHI < i (' IJl:l ( ' c hi Id re n t h. t I . , . nr\, ,• r •1 < • ' lgn s 111 lt Y rcs nl t. flt e 1 " ·honld use tl •k · 1 1r:tl •' le wo1 · of th e e!trldrmt I'<• t cc< hPr own ron 1n . 1. . I 1. . f r·o nt , as 111 1 v tl n a 1 t v a rt s t· s ch il d 's se · 1 · • Clll g li S 0\V II work. , W od:ing d , · I 11 :::; n li · 1 uWill g s wu ld be ur ad c of a ' Th ey sho uld consi :-> t ol' fiy c Yil'w s- 1'11 ' fr o nt ba ck · t . . ·i •' h' .' , ng 1t and l ef t fa ce -pi rwcd Ill 1 :-: , rel ati on to 1 1 nl••l· eac 1 o ther Patl' c rn s of nil t •e should b 1 . 1 ''lj(f e C 1·awn, c nt n nd pa sted to forll t t 1e Jl · mod els I . . 1 0 ,1b· • • 11 sc hools '" here 1t is im 1J us s1h e t . taJrl th e t f Ype s olids for 0ach c l•il d tl JC ])a per 0 are a ' very good s nL s titnt c. <1\\ Ari 1 r' :::g es and tr i an gl es s lt on ld he stnd icd th cr th e tab ] , l d' -]· · et s, pap er fo 1ng and st ick a. 1 , C hri dr c 1 f . . "''' n S1nu ld b eco me per ect lv fam ilr;ll acnt e, Tir;ht a11 cl obt ,.t se e nnilrdera i • ,-, ' 'L ., so sceles and sc al ene tr iangle s. Th e exa ct St l; as we ll . h 1 1 b 1d ·•• as c ompa r at t ve s ou c e ta 11 crht ru ' form · s s tudi ed sh ou ld b fl mo ld ed of d i fl' erc nt t:;l 7. pr·oporti o ns from th e typ es so as to fLv o id g:i• mg th e · 1 · · d dL' If ea that fo rm JS 111 any way - epcn up on size or prop o rtion O nb e ;; Li s 3 cud np on tl ma y form r onf s fo1· cubes ns ]! nns C'S. ( J ec ts ba se d up on th e form s s tudi ed sh o nld n nw mo lde d. As befor e c Lilclr cn sb ould modi fy fnrf

co rd io t th of thl'i r i ma in a-

n ' lnn tl y 111

Fold :-:cp1an•:-: mpl xity a tl · cut th

· 1 nn SCJll lll" t•s fol cl l'd in th hl'x:tg•Hl . r tll·

I · cJt rtl in <• d and t it •n Cllt r th

d oll l' wi l lttwl tl w n 11 tl in b i1w

11r fin ·, :-: ix r v ig ht ll !l its in th

IJ(' ll ,i ...,. ll s the 1·ltildr <' 11 Ita ,· Ill d may n by co nv •n ti flo wPrs or· I ·a ,· H. En h

r Ju nl d b pm;t l' cl on n da rk ·r bn "k gr u nd

th uni b in g 1 l: t<'C'd II]> O il tit l(JOll rtl s. th u nin ll of th nnitR at tir e (' ('nt t· r h rn g 'tl· ngrltn •d by a <' , 111 •r fi g ur e o l' npp r opr iat . J:' oi nt •d ff ·t.· h<' a, oid ed in cl ·And at I a ·t t t l. ·. 7• · "f 1lt e ba ck >-'h oul I b' l/) O- Il l {. ., ·ov r ·d

0 .. If II' ..;qicl • ·1\o i lltjll ' fi\ "1' 111 nt an II C ua trut 1 u .' · · ' f tl )) J'l ' l'll t ,.,, t' tn kc plaf: in th' ar t 11 1 h IH, I':t I n 11l:lll llf Htlll'l'l'," ' d tJ unt il all ·Ia PS, arti :-< t:-:. '' :.n 1 · 1 1 , 1t C' d i 11 art and the xi 't 11 pu u IC ar ' t"t er c 11c ' ' t• tlll]v J' !' ('!IQ:IIIZ P<l " of priii (' IJJI <> ..; rn<H ·. · · · 1( )1, I I )ll bli c ad llllr cs gn lldy co lorR !{ a t 1 gc 11 e ra I · · ' an rl 0 ·.1 tc true IJI•a utv , so l ono· \\ill ' <J cs not apflr<·CI· · · . o o ur to r• e xhib it t he· wnll pap ers, e tc, S( I ·d 1 · ted ev<' J II G!J l) tO the Cll tl \ ,L • I ct l)cl rtlllllty to c nl trvnt e in th us u·e cve rv op .. 1 f )·1·. th <· IJl'n 111'1fltl. an <I 0\'C ( · · • of th e tro J, b a ntit'lll , IJenrlllg' _m rnrnd t lr at we .) • 1 WI' ndm 1r c. be com e lik e t h·1t whr c • , ,, Trn c bc nnty re su lt s from An ot11 er ba s s ,ud. f cis ,,,11 .I ·li d c eu t· ·rc tl, at r •pose wh i ch th e 11 11 . eye, . (nns ar e sat rs Ji cd f th . iu t ll ect au cl the aflcc I b . I' Om tl . ,, Tl11s e 111 g tr·u IC ab sence of any want. e, rt b · 1 0 c l11l d1en to re cooa duty to train t 1 'f I Tl t")rnz e I · be n. utl u · 1e tea b Jeauty of co lor wh en 1t 1s 1 1 'c e 1· I 8 of 1nt I VIC nal ]) . 1 s hould no ti ·e favorite eo 01 11 Pl s I 3 prefer ence 1s for 1 and s hould a im where t 10 t 1e , e 1t to t·ba t f . mor e b rilli ant co lm s to c !J ,lll g' · 0 1 th e rno re beautifu l. It is possibl e to m on se lll th e se · twn of 'l nd ] yo ung minds snch an app r ccln ' · ove for h · . d "II Ill v be m rP]) os e 1 beauty that t e ll · mm s w1 o • w 1en it is no.t vio l ated Suc !J a l ov<1 w tll 11 0 t on ly effect th e f ace of th e c hild by an e xpres s iOn of re pos e,

b ut th ch ild r n will tran form the home ·; furr th n i u picture in c iti es so all nrin g a nd uncultiYat d wi ll on ly re pel f th b aut iful. Will not the e t rutu t do th c olo r wo rk with ' iu b tripe of co lored paper two in che s l ong ar dboard to r enming tb i y ea r the te rtiary I r , itr in ru ett and oU e bould be in1. mb in at i n of primari e and secondnr i with tb t r tiari f r harmon y, sho uld be ma d In •uriu o- harm on th se pr opo r tions mn yb h IJful:

Th r pa rt y II w fi v · r d ight blue

Eight pa rt rnu o- > t hi rt n purpl e el even grc n.

N in te u it rin t\\ e nt y -o u ru tt , tw e ntyfo ur o li ,..

bou ld b c om e fawiliar with the fu ll •t11 of ol r: R d or ange-'red, ·1·ed-01·ang e, oran g . yellot -oT an ge, orang e-1Jellmo, gr n-y ll oi ?f llo l -g Tee n g1·een bl-tte-gn?en, gr n blu -gr en blue, ·iol. et-blu e, bl1u-v iol et,

7 iol t r d- iol t iolet- 1·ed ma1·o on, with tints Th .v hou ld be ab le to nam e an y ta n dard, tint or had e of any of th es To do thi requ ir e mn ch wo rk wi th th e co lor m aterial s. Th e chi ldr n ho nld be re quir ed to ma tch pap rs of th e sam hn e o1· pap ers and wor ste ds: to fi nd obj •c..:t · of co rr es pond in g co lor in th e r oo rn , to not e and ma tch colors in natmal obj ec ts ho wn b.Yte ach e r: to note co lors iu natur e and nam e; and to bring ob j ects to th e te ach er w hi ch he t hi nks match in co lor a color na med by th e te acher but not show n. Th e last helps to fix the men ta l pict nr c of the co lo r.

All s tandard s, t in ts and sh ad es of th ese hu es sho ul d be r eprod uced in wa ter co lor s. Th e com · pl ete sea le shou ld be paint ed in fiat washes and te ach er sho uld hav e a scale of color ed pape rs c on tantl.) in th e r oo m. Chi ldren sho n_ld c op y simp le flow ers and tw igs from natur e. Fl at wash es shou ld be app li ed to out lin e tlrawing s, mad e by tea c her, of familiar obj ec ts , as pa intin g c hi ck ens ye ll o w, apples r ed, etc. Le ad th e c hildren to observ e and distinguish co l or in mas ses . as in a boqu et of flower s, o 1· tak e th em out to

s tud y a l and s cape and ask them to name tLe co lors. This give s an oppo r tun ity for cultivating a lo ve for th e bea utif ul whi le a pp ea li ng t tb e c hild 's highe r nat ur e.

· T eache r sho uld ma ke co mb i nation s of co lor and a ll ow t he c hil dr en to sele ct th e goo d; train the ch il dren to app r ec i ate harmo ny as i ll ustr ate d in th r ee tones of any hue, and ka rmo ni:dng cont ras ts as the pr ope r proportion in O' of tb r e co lltras ti ng gr ee ns, ye ll ow -g t·ee n, blue-green an d s tand ard gre en. A ll ow the c hi ldren to select co lor and form ha r mo n iz ing gr onp s. At this time th e teacher ruay as si st the ch il dren if th ey rn alw i nLa r mon i ou s combinat ions, in such a way as to tr ain th em to f ee l any lack or viol at ion of harmony.

It wi ll be reme mb ered that t iJ e Jn dia 11 pa iut s hi f ac e wi th b rilii ant co lors, hi s o rn am ent· ar · of many co nfl icti ng hu es, aud a wit h a ll IJurba ri ans th ese e xp r es sions of hi idea of beau ty are al so ex p t·es i on s of hi s coa r e natnr e. As ci vi lizati on a dvan ces, colors become less no un ce d, th e soft , mi ld tint s e xp r ess tLe c ul t nr of th e p eo ple and in tu m th ese beautifu l co lors cu lti v at e in on e a sw ee t, m il d na ture, a natu re in the c hi ldr en ge nt le a nd ki nd, a na tur e whi ch w ill ma nifest it self in t ra n sfo rmed fac es, fa ces fi ll ed w it h new li g ht a nd new li fe.

ENG LISH COMPO SITION.

Na Tra t ion .

W. H. SKINNE R, NE BR AS KA CJ TY.

Aft er pup ·ds can do simp le d esc r ip ti on in w hi ch th ere are two p ri nc ip al actors, na rra ti on ho uld be tak en. Beg in with the action l eR eon an d in stea d of Lav ing th e action desc ri bed have th e c la ss te ll what th e pup il did. In crea se th e com pl ex ity of tb e ac tion l es so n, step by ste p, j nst as was d one in d esc rip tion.

Carry tL e d es c ri pti on and nan at i on together fr om th is tim e on. Us e pi ct ures also for su ggcs tin O' the tJ a rra tions and obset·ve the fo ll ow ing ca nti om; :

1. L et them fi r st d es c ri be the pi c tnr e. Thi s w ill en ab le them to brin g o ut th e l aw s of c omposition in th e pict ur e. In nar rat ion, it is difii cnlt to al cc t th e princi pal po in ts and to gi ve ea c !t point it du e pro po rtion of att ention. Pupi ls

ft o vi l at e th e law f 1111il \'. T l.v\'

with a · rta in ubj ct and r un n fl' I IJIIII I ,;o11 1

o rdin at t pi· in u l.t l ll :t llll ·r tlt al t lt t·y

tb nni ty f th T il l' ,"

tb o la w f c mpl

2. ' al l a tt •nt i n t tit fa t't tl ta l

t II wu at th .Y did \ rbH

t n e, not pre· rit.

!3 'i,· dri ll in wr iti ll " a nt·al

Th e pi ct ur e iz B he a ·t 11 •ar it ,; ·Ii 111:1 x and "llg . ts a ll that f llow .·. Bu1 lil t' JW )Iil :-; 111 11st

np lO t !J c II a, ri v ' II in t il t' pi t'! Il l'

tion that will m. k th •111 tl tin k l) f :1 11 np

pri at e tm in of a 11 t c •da nt •v

J_ In lik mann r, drill llJ 0 11 pr op •r

lu iou Th_•y ar apt to IJo ;w a l.J r llpl in I as in b rnn ut th • narm ti o n_

Vo not a ll ow pupi l. · to dr aw a ny :-; io u un wa nunt ,d I y th Plt·tur •.. 1 n• ; twn 1b r t by a t •a ·]1Pr and ,; 11 p; g

a prct nre 111 wlti ·h co rnp (>H i ti o 11 t lt t• t ·a c·h •r Jl J:l ( a qnatTel to occnr, alt lt ougJ1 the pi ('l' ll l'l' rc•J W , 11 ed tw o chil dr ·n n1al<t'11 A Tl o- ·l <1\V (' I' g- ar d <' ll 1t wa nothtng 10 th e pi ·t nr c t - 0 sucrn·c ,; t a t fll II

It was a viol at ion of the l·l \v E t--Jr' 0 S t; t' CtlOII . 6. Req uir e pu p il s t 1 . \, 0 8 11 IV ' II ti l • II :L I' r :tt! Oll ''\Vhat d id J () hn ·:r ·'( , , V\ hat r 1 ll 'e t·el Il .) 0 1 j · 'rc tt•ach tlHl' uf marks.

An e xc e ll e nt d 1·ill c·t ,, n 11o w Lu rnnd . npon JI Tt :nl ar ve ru s. Fo r· i 't · . tl ts an ce, ta ke ::; ncl 1 ptet ur c8 · nder th e sh ad e of a tt· 0 a l:ll' g0., bl •t l'( e wf o uu dland d og · J • 1 • .Y 1 ng, a nd c url ed upon 1 ba ck IS a w hi te kt'tt" G · · · ·-. '- 11. 1v e the p nn cr pa l p !i 1' of th e verb l ze to recl in l.:' J 1 ' tl 11tt:. 1 • Q lOW t. l LLt WI 1 fi .•I hr.l1J e, had. we n se l ain and -. , 1·tl 1 lt -111 d ' " 1 S t7.a , . ' wen c lie. Then t •II thc 1n tn writ·e tho su gg ested by the pic tu r e, ll t-l iu g a ::; nt a ll .)' fu rn1& ,{ th e ve rb lie as they can b rin o- · I3.'' 1 nl·ill . 5 lll. IJ ' ' kitt en "t h in]{'' an J " ::> Ll}' t1· 1 . 111•.1 .' · ' 1er sc l f'' tl wy br in g in every fo rm of VL•t·b No w, th i ::: i the dr ill th at w ill fix th e cnnect n se of th fo rms. Anyt hin f?; shn rt of a si mi lar d rill is n• li kely to mak e a pup il llile the Eng! ish Jnngn :l ,' concctly. Ot her s ubj ects ar e on.s il y f nun • Ev e nt of a half cl ay at sc l to ol, ho li days , .Yi l::lir· &c., &c., fo rm goo d nan at ives. Be wa tch ful • the la ws of comp os iti o n. The wo rk of lw pup il anll teacher is mn cb gt·eat c 1· than in de cri 1 t(J th tmn Wh By hc h

ti n. t}·. 1 i

1:0: 11 (':0::-: . f',ll. (' IHIIJ HI :-:ili ll . ' I'I'I H'l '. 'J h '1'' 1lt" n: nr ati o n:-\ in th ir

r 1- :-: a :-: IIHH], •J..: TI H ,. 1111 th' intt·odu ti n. <·c ll cl lt :-: ioll. or dt •t· o f. ptllrill1! fl rth

,. llt :-- \·c. 1 ri 11 !..!· i 11 ntlwt · t•xa mpl Yo ur . If_ 'lr an :-: l'< !l'll t it t!.!' ,.,., .:-: ,• 1o pn :' mn ,·

a\ b ll .' l' l. 1 •·pn )( I ,·ll' l i on:-: uf ':" lol.d t th la .· :- \\'i II Ita,,. :1 l't •t·ta in ,··11 11 : qu i' 1i mitPc1. 1J ,,,., .,,. r. a1·•· t,,.. Th"' • >111p o :-: i linn :-: 111:1 ," :1 :-::-: i:-: t 111 t' \'' 1'\'

.·tn l.·. If 1w lcl tc1 :-: t 11d .'- tiJ,·rn f t>l' , 1It ., <11' <' t It <· ,·,·ry ht ·:-:t n•a cl i ll ,!.!' 1 ''l ils an b : lh.:d 11 ]1 0 11 d 1. 'l' hv y Ilia_,- fll ' fll art f t lt P g 1 o.f!.'l' <l pl1y :111d hi:-:to t·,,- \\' o rk wi th l ll at·k ·d 1 t ,. 1 •.• 'tlh'] ' l't a, \';t il t <l ,!.!.' l' (l ll :-- l

E.\' T ,{ L 1• ' 11 fE ( 'L_\ :--::-; 'T. \.

L\ \\' HJ-: .' (' J.; HR I' ;'-.' J-:I: OF XEB I! .\: d( .\. l I.

It i.· qn i tl' t l1nt· :-;n ntt•t ltin g- :-:h o ul d b kn own of t ill • n•l:l tio n =-- lt i Jl of' i 11 :-: t •l· t :-: in r 1 r to mak< th "' il· :-: t ll d ,. ; tl ; til po :-: :-: i lJJ ,. fr o 11t th e P 1>1 on ti c· m· nnY nt lH ' I' ;-; t·:II Hipo in t. To do th i. tlw rn ost n··: tdil y t it ,·:-: •·. <T ent ut ·t •:-: n tT a. ngl•cl 1 n· c·l a:-:;-; ilit •cl lil t <• · tna.ior <tl1l1 nttll Ot· r, 1 0 '!.' ft• •qt• oTO II)J :::; art• (•.· t: t bl i;-; he ll tp .; , ,.... . 01· f, l ll]t rl ,1 I 11 .io tl =-' of wftil'! l tlt P\' () II t. H' \' ar e Jn au. u ). O tlll'r of I f 1 0.: 11 n·n·t· ·t 1 1 · n e . ta "., 1 It I \. (. I )l' l I "' ,.., l:' ( ' t <1 ·i:.l n o· ' ""11 a n1 , 1 ,..., for the ir: }) · •. J c1 -1"Lh it>· m 1111 h · a 11 d t It e as1s J<H 'l'l 1 '(" (' Jl f \\' lii ,Q" ::-: It·• fO J' IJl .l • H ,. · t·e or ab se lll 't' o ., . t 1 1 'f· • PI' 1t llatur tl I; as ::s J lf' at ion is n 111 0 r< < • one, t·nn' t ltt • I· a a nd aetn n. ll y e xi .:.; ts in 11 ' 1 ' <t.' e1· ar e '1 • . ' 1 'I J'l' HSPCl f' ]l ie fl r f., <l n r· tHk i<l l '' 111 ' • ·' or c·o nve ttl ' 1 tl ., "-]I O :-;o ut et. J lll t'::> ha ,.P 0(' ence lV ,f':t S irm to P tn p .l oy tlt <' lll · · \ ' · 1 t 'I}- essential f . ·V hil e it. is n ot n. hso n e . . 0 1 one 1 . rel nJ,IOlt S of an in - t(J rnow the sys tematiC· - 1 · -. or her no tl( •p it th at may co me un de r tl S . -, · C' t' r. . . . . . 'f reterene es , _ tmn 1y fac1 ht at es matt el s 1 :u e to • • -1 a \'H' W of lt-'ar · bo ok tt w1tt' ·• 111u g Wh at ha s been pub li shed t_lt e spe <'i es. By kn owing the ord0r to w hJ ch }' o ur 8 Pe f' i es hc;}ong. you are one step clo se r the h 1f'orm a tio n so ngh t. \;Vi tlt a l ;;: no wl t'dge of

th r in mind t \Yhi h yom in:; ct bn r t r to he li t ra tur r up· and th n b th e a id of tn; t1 ·rirn l k 'P ther i" bu t li ttl e diffi culty ri n d in runn ina yo ur in t down to fam il.-. nn ·, and po ibl ven to th :N \V, 'ri th th nam of th e p ito fi nd a r cord of i. kD O \Tll and th er for qu it nof th te mati"'t Yalue to iu t "- r

r1 !' $ b- Lin n, 'U w hi h :uran o·em nt wi th • 0 lut lio·ht m di:fi cati on : ha be n in for man ' ord r a g ne rall :wr •pt >d \P l' ' a' f 11 \Y , mm n in g w ith th e m <: t simpl-\ in tnt ·tur and pr oce di nQ· to"'" r'J:; t.h h igh t: "'t or mo t comp lex in t rn rtme: 1. - ll ur op tera· "2 .- Or t hopteTa · 3.Dipt ra · 4.-R m.iptera· 5. -L ep idopt em· G.- oh'opt rn.· 1. Hy m noptera . If hmYl'\'t' r. to wi th the highe t and pr t>d to th imple t the n umb e ri ng of the o rd er ho ul d h reYer se d. 1\Iore r ec. e ntl y Fr d ri <' h Bm uer ha rem od led or recons tru c t"O t !Ji " ela , i1i ra tion up on the ba s i::; of s ix t ee n i n :s te nd of s ven orders. T hi s I'!Ht ng • "·a:s u po n o nl y aft er lllH rh H' r .v caref ul study of in sec t s tr uctnre an d c1 r!'l o pm'ent from the egg to mat nr it.y. Th e fo ll ow in g, with som e modi fi c ati on s, is Bran( r cla s ' iti. cation a given by Hy att and }\._rm s in th e ir ad mir ab le li ttle boo k e ntit.l ed '' [n ect a .' '

I. Thy sam.t.1· a (Spr in g-ta il s, l'te. )

II. EphPm er op teTa. (May -:tl ie .., , Dn.y-tii es.)

IlL Odonat a. ( Dr agon-fl i es . Da.rn i n g-u ee dl es .)

I\ . Pl fcop tera.

\ . Pl atyptera. \\7 hi te ants.)

( Ston -fli .ls .) (B iti ng -lie e. B oo k-li r <? ..

\ I. Dennaptera . (Ea. rwi cr s.)

\ II . Or th olJ1'e'ra. ( Co ckr oa eh e , G-ra sh op per s, Lo cust s, Cri cket s, Ma n tids, \V nl kin gst i rl< s.

VIII. Thy sanoptera. ( 'rhrip or Frin gw in gs .)

IX. H emip tera. ( Tru e-b ug , Tr ee -h opp r ·, Plant-lice, etc .)

X. Caleoptera. (B eetl es .)

X I. Neuroptera. (L · A l' Sh ace - w1ng , nt- 1011 , ad-fl i es, etc.

Xll Mecoptera. (Sc orpion-fli es .)

XIII. T rsc hoptera. ( Cadni s -fli es .)

XIV. Lepidoptera ( Butte rfli e , moth·.)

XV. Hymenoptera . (An t B ee· Wasp · fl ' ' , • aw- Ies .)

XVI. D ipteTa . ( Flie s, FJ a .. )

Thi. arrangement also p1·oce ds fr om th

Impl er to the mor e com pl ex or spec ializ d form s, as will readi ly be seen by anyone who kn ows ju st a li tt le about our commo n in ec t. a nd ·i acquainted wiLh th e popular nam "S of e cr eatur Th e ap pe nd d anan ge rn nt W ill al so b ow at a g lanc e the c ha.n aes Jnad and th re lation s wh ich th e two cia ·ses b ea r to each other :

J · .l-1,1.;rnenopteTa .-Hy·menopteTa, XV.

2 · Coleoptera .- Col eoptera, X.

8. Lepidopte?·a.-L ep idopt eTa, XIV.

4. He'rnipt era .- ' 1 Hetc ropt er n. i 1/rm ip le ra X.- J lfomop te rn.

hv s nn r>p te rn.

- D iptera .-Dip tera XV I. _n.n£pt e rn. or {

In cl udi ng Ap h' Szpi! OIIt1J'I f'rn ' f so me a uth or s.

tl O t 1 t { Ortlwp l ern, VII. u. r t Wp era.D e' m n.p t ern., \'I. { Nru1'r>p t er n file u rop l ern., XI l

7. .LYeu ropt era .- P!n.y typt e ra, v ( P l ecop l er a, IV P reudo -n eOdonata, Ill 1 u ;op t ern Eph eme rr> j>l em, II I T hy s an urn , I l

By ref f' rring to th e abov e ch art it wi ll he see n that th e c han ge ar e not so grea t. aft er as one wou ld n at urall y s uppo se th em to be. Th e o rd e rs D ip t eTa, Lepidoptera, and Col eopt era re main unchang ed. From the Flem ipt era. h ave b een ::;eparate d a small group of climinutiY e f or ms as a distin ct orde r, viz ., th e Tkysanopt ern. The o ld o rd er OTtlzopte1·a in c] ud · c;>d al so th e form s that are n ow set as id e und er th name of D eTmrtp t era From the old N euTopt e?·o ho.w v r, we note a gr ea t ch ange. He re we find IX new orde rs mad e from ,vha.t b efo re

w re th on addin g cts, err

d nl famili t•:-: h ·1 n in Th i n t

l ong 1' · mp to ittlll on u form with o f' s tntdttP m· amorpho i , an halJi .· a ..' lH·lo tt !.!.·;o; t th r iou rr atu r tha w •n! t hr ow n to g< tlt r i ll the on rd r "Aenropt e ro si tnply h ·aut lJ y would n t fi t ill t any of tlt t' oth r · r ·og niz d d id ·i n.·. 'u n 11 of t lw :-w in ln]Jl jl".

'I'r i hopt ra · t il er :-> Jw n· ly any indi cat i >Jt of c han n·1! i 11 fonll fr tim of ] adn th · tgg un il anidng ta ri ty, a i · th ... ca. · in tlt 111 e 111 b ·r ·

Th ysan1.1,ra In ' ti ll ot. lt w, lin 1 er r ntl. n d gr ·.· f tn eta mcFpltu :-: i s. d1:ffjr enc an b(•. ·t be J>r svn !' ·d to th :;tw d<: nt by takin g ll } the cn·c1 _. 1., int·. o \\-11ich tll cla · Ins ec tn i · di vid ·d an<l cl 'SI'ribi tw th ' on.e on '. In th t· f()llowi n g- pap ·r.. th t' thl will h dOll-'. F' i cr tll' ". I' , f t ':-; 0 SO IIl C mo st cbaracte ri ti · of Pa<'h p: roup ,\ be add e d.

W. N'. DJ•:LZEEL.

i\ man ll v in g up on an ·wher" pu re air abo nn clE> 1 · 1 1 t (> .•111 d • • o.: , rtl1[l ) t' ). '"' h1 s less f ort unat e hr o tlt eJ·' c.· · · J1'f I . . ' ., ('O JJ(Il tl OTI 111 who 1v es In t.he mntl . d · . · 1 1 11 . . · a.n ntJJ·e of th e ow <1 w1th 1ts pollltt ed air.

Nora re we ·ts A ..... · · tl · men ca ns br ea,t1urw p ur e .a ll' of n !p ubli cani sm, ab le to tl• :. l es .· fortn nat e brot.lwr \'7]10 1 .1. · " :' f ' . ' ' · 1a s 1veo 10 . _ n11r e of abso ln ti s rn a nd h 1·e atht:•d it s ai 1 nora nc e.

We cli s lik t· abso l11ti s m, we a] so ha te ;1.11 arc hy, hnt which of th e two evi ls i t\1' wor se?

'rb e fOriTIPl' is ign Ol'U. l) ('R crov ern eo by brai wh il e th e l atter is go , ·ern ed by i, nora ne e.

Ana rchy was a i when abso lu t1sm apiH-·ar ed np on t ll nat10nal ar e na, com batted for supremn.c. won, and crus hed it s antagoniRt to th e earth

In t.h e earl y part of the XVI ce nt nr y, Fran t ' ha h iz c·nt

:;tw '"' 11 :. _ ;1.11 t\1' i, i ll c. rth Fran t

'"a I f wi th ut :1 rult·r. Jt, kin!! dl>m·ll \' ha vi n()" e n ·rru,·k do\\'11 hy a da ,!! rra r in th h an Jf a fan a tic ·. Tho• danpltin h ·in nl y · :n ,r a g<· nt tltt· • i n11 ·. 1liP atrair ,., nf

I' \\' 11 \\' (' J't ' }I); t f ' I· d i I I I Itt' Jt :Ill \l :' \{ [ h

n d wa gc• t· IIIII i) I Ito• d;lll phi 11!1 1 IIi " • ·111

ul r •ac h hi;-; tll:t_j,,rit.'.

Th qu <' l 11 don-;t!!l'l' 1 \lar .'· dt> . [ •t1 iei ,., aw

lu L tlw d: tzzlitl .!..!' :-:pi •rulnrof tlh' tmrt wh n. he g rn :-:pt•d t It•· n·in:-: nf' lht• '1'11111 nr th ou h n t 11 l' ti ll' hi I i til':-: that hy hidtl n h hitHL ti ll' \' t·il Jl•llltJl and ga n'ry

·, d Pr lt vr n•i g 11 l'•· tt da li:-:tn hq.r :111 In awl tit . 111 hi lir ,. f':tr« ·d qtt i tt• :-:.t l 11tpt1Hll t:·dy.

J·ant·l' ;1•11 rt pn, ,· rt.'· lt :11 l t't ,·pr, •d the l owP r ,, i tit tlt l' n .i:-:1 td' it io n. lord lt acl It j ;o; ttl:t t t:' io tt h .. :1 w nll an d k"pt a s tn:tl l :-: tandi 11 g anny to }I' tecr hir n ft· I t·)l!' (• )J(' J'I I; It'llllll'lll ;,; or the t ht ' l' f( !UI1al .

II()('1' t lJ j S S t:I It • (I j' : tf J';t I I' ;-: I Jt t' 11 ;t t j n Jl' tJ

tr -' a·ru-y tw(':tttt«' ll :t tlkrtt J"· itt :-i tlt'l' t>dio ) JI ::-; "'' I'' f· on tant l ari ;-; i •• .u·. :1 nd till' q 11 • n-du"'a "·er. to •' <LI '(J h •r.·elf <tttd ti lt' ,·ro"·tt. \\ 'Oitld put h n1

Hg ::lin .- t lor L . . j , 1 11 \\"' 1:-' ;o; 1ttkt11 g; lo "' <' l' ·wd t l'< llJ['. <1 :-; <I J l<.l J() • • • • I I ·t <" l ll'<l tlt v ::::t: 1tt• of "II

CJ\\'1!1' nntil it al ru o:-: ' 11 ' " • :.tl·<' \ 1 ] · \ [fl \\ ;t:-: (')'0\\'Jt •ll kin o· 1y W 1 -' rt • · · _ 1" '

HP \V • l 1 t· irn·;o;nltttl' n> u t. lt anll i "·-

., a. an lllC o , .• , · I::'

IJ Ot·· t t··L) <I thLtl':-:.. ' <Ll\ of go vt' l'IIJIII'll ·' cr '· • J'h {• k I' t lt t' )·o tttt ,.., ,tJ l tlt al H. l,·h. t'.)"l'S 0 ' . . 11• • • •lt eu -). t t.lt l' \ 0 1111 ,...., k in o· l'i h t" ld Oo n I lrl · < 1Fa l') on \ 1 : ;lv for "-,•;tring t.he n ·_o \\ 11 and hi f;; ll,t · tTc' ,,. lttl c• · 1 l1 a nd f <,t ho 1d i 11 o· L]w ·c ·p ' 1 · _ <ln ot ter' s " )I '( cr t• n ll(l ·t ' t. lH ad \\'ou l ll ()]d t lw ktto" • " < ::s t OJ t o· -•t· ( I t·l'" I d · I · :-:n']) '"' ' ta tt wou ld w1e ld t tc : >' 1 1. '·V' ]"\tt c; le lt-'11 wa 111nd e v Jthm two ye <t l· '· .· o·'s c lti pf .· c•· 1' 1'11 0 <1.d\ ISO \' Mt: tn al he b ec a nt e be n"-ttl to · · It wa th en th at al> ;:;o ltt tl ::; tn • J ·e 111 n < " , a. n cl 1t 1 d II lt l Hlhrchy' for it:-; s ti} Jl . la f < , _. I lll ost nnd d (J l J t.i ll' ttde r one of t te f' 1' e· 1 ]cJ J1l 1LL o C tp! 0 11 • ce ztful of rn en yet a c 1P r · 1 <1-t s. , . 'l:l a, 11 nger ao· J\ ny man who da r ed to ntl ::> 1 <::>::t tn st. .. · or a. 01 fe lt t·l the ! thr one , he lt e a h egg, u ' · le of the b eads man 's as. 11 a. ke

Ric;h e li en 's po li cy wa s to' .. _ · · organiz at ion as wu ll a::; every in (ll vJd u.a l, s uh Nen ic·nt to t hr one. Th e iir::::t to feel the effe ct o f' th n cardinal' s ir on wi]] wn:-; tlw C]llccn do ·w-

n cr r and b r a iat & wbo bad l aid their pl an - t di :3,_,ra tb cardi nal a.nd t rampl e th' a.rdinal und >rf and th r b ga in t.he ir c n: t d ". r and influ nc ov r th cotut, whi h ha t: n tak n from tb f: ir gra p by th ir 11 hand f th ard in al.

1 att m t up nth ardinal re nl ed in th 'X uti n f h a' ciat of the qu · nd wc1g r. nud h r P. pul i n from tb co urt , an d -:h b' am nn ut a t a,nd '"" and rer in f "· hi h h r 'on wa th cr ow n d rul ' 1'.

Th 'nr '" r no lo rw r pitt d aga in t 'A h tu r,• but up n h other h and each " twh t pr t • him elf from hi co mmon c lll' tny. tlt > ar dinal. 1\lany a l ord wh o r"'d aud a tt mpt d o b k th Tow th of t he Hdinnl' ab · lnt p '" r an swered for hi:s It' nr ·. >ith r rimina.l or pol i ti cal upon th' h ' ad man' ' bl ck. \\bil e th re t, seeit w the fl.lt f th ir br ot h r lords, yie ld d to th • ·nn1 inal' s indn c ibl po " ·"r, and tood h lpl s:-1 whil ' th r y al a rm y wa s r az in g the waJh ax und th eir nHt n >:: i on to the gTouud , whi ·h "·a a ch nth bl ow to f ud al ism in Franc' . ' ot wi th tandin o· a form er tr e aty which g :w e th ·HtwH en ots th e ir li mited ind epe nd e nc e and a wall ar nnnd the ir citi es for the ir sec nr· it,,·, the) mn t be bumbled. Th ey mu st ei th er km'-' 1 in · 11bmL ion befor e the in v incibl tlll' lit E. r rrn h ed and befor e th > t.Ju on ,·s indn c ibl e arm) Th e form er th e:•: wo11ld Jt ev ' l' do so th e latte i· th ey h ad to do , a.lthou gh tlwy w re intr enched within t.b c: ir b.v impr g nabl e wnll s. Thu s in· tr 'n ehed tlt t'T fo0l is hl y deii ed th e iron-will ed cardina l to nn;:h th em. That defin.nc e cost t.h t:'m , not onl.) their fort ifi catio ns a.nd ind epe nd en rc:, hu t it co t th em nn told s uffe rin g and a, l arg e port i onoft he irinbabit.ants. What Richeli en co nl cl n ot do with th e "batterin g rnn 1 '' he conlcl clo by a se i o·e.

rrh is slO\\ er hnt s nr er method oon brou g ht s tarvati on with in the citi es which wa s foll owed by s uffe rin g and de ath So we ll did star vat ion do i ts d eadly work in La Roc hell e. th eir mo st importa.nt town th at wh n it Sltr · re nd er ed a ncl th e nrmy ma.rchin g in to the

g ates, one of the vi cto ri ous g ne ral wa o mp e ll ed to e xclai m, "vV e hav e on ly t riumph ed o ve r carca sses !" Th e Fr ench Hu gunot were un cru she d; th eir dete rminati on wa th e ir d ow nfa ll ; in th eir d ow nfall f ll th c -J l a. t fo rm idable enemy of ab o luti ·m in l.., ran ·e.

In Fran ce Ri ch e li eu 's power wa s upr em e; l1" had ce ntraliz ed a ll element ' and a ll go ve rnme ntal po we r in th e thr one. Wh en Rich li eu had beco me m as ter of th e fi e ld he turn ed hi s att enti on to th e buil ding up and treng th ni ng of Fran ce, finan cia ll y and nati ona ll y. Ot ll r nation began to know and f el th e :ff, ct of th e Fr ench ardi na l 's national poli cy

Fran ce was no l on ge r lo oked np on by other gove rnm e nt s a an i nfe ri or nation, but a a p owe rfu l na tion wh ich had as it 1 ad r the gr at es t le ad er and stat es man of th e ag .

He had brou g ht ord er out of ch ao and in so doin g he had rai se d ab s oluti sm to the ith of it s p owe r in Fran ce .

A ll hi s ene mi es had e ith er pe ri shed or s ubmi tte d to the thr one. Mary le M di ci, th e qu ee n-d owage r, on ce his benef ac t1 · ss bn t a ft r wa rd his rn o t bitt er a nd da n ge rou nem y, had pe ri b ed in mi se ry and de ti tntio n.

Th e n ob ili ty, which hall b ee n baffl ed by hi s su perior ge niu , g av e up a ll hope of wr enc hin g th cove ted power fr om hi gra p, and became hi s humb le and m os t obe di e nt e rvant s. He had at l as t, i nd ee d, triumph ed o ve r hi s enem ies, b ut in th e midst of his har dwT ong ht glory the g rim mon ster de ath app ea red upo n t he sce ne a nd cla im ed rh e ca rd i na l as hi s own . Thu s e nd ed th e li fe of th e gr ea tP st tate ma n of the 17th ce ntur y, and wi th his death is mark ed th e c omm e nc eme nt of th e dow n fa ll of ab so lutism in Fr an ce, whi ch w as com pl ete d in th e Gre.at R evo l ut i on in th e l att r pa rt of the 18 th ce nt ury.

Yes! Ri che li en was gr ea t, but th e re ader of today ca nn ot r ea d th e acco unt of th e wa y he obtain ed hi s gr eatn ess wi thout a blu s h.

He trampled ju sti ce und er foot . Pol iti ca l offenders we re kill ed und er th e pr eten Re of a cidl tr i al. was th e se nt en ce pronounc ed upon any one who dared to int e rfere or top the progre s of hi s po we r, be he a fri e nd or foe . But a bo ld and as c ru el as

(' !-', ·, i ty.

111 auif '-' ·[ I L tlH' \\ ' (r rlcl \\' lt :tt tit · Jq· u·

n at i n · ul d do wlH l it .· J H'O]> It· \\' 1'1' ' nnit

By hi · p o 1i (' h ta 11 "lt t t 11 · · 1"'(I pi 1• that i nni ty th r i · .· r n r !1. 1 ut li P t lt ungh th , th t hr ne wa. th · n r • of t ha t 11 ni tY, whi tl1 Fr n hnr an of to(lay .· (· (•,· t·IJ , c· ·,ntr that uni ty in IJ h . ::t rt o f' t il (' Fl' ·nc·l11nnn.

TH

;\IH: I.I M. ,' J. A<:l<

A Ir ea dy th tr •s ar Lr·ow 11 n !ld nr gr nnd is cov l' 'd w ith dead I rt \' c,, and th ('Old ve mb er win d sighs an I rn an . thr twh th tilll. ba retr ee Wh •r1 w nt r th fo n •s t· mur mu r of its 11 \' · J · b1'r IJ I'In c 111 :-; <•C't :-> :11 lt e ra ld o ur c ming \' it I tll l ·i r SW<1,t H ftll" · ·, an d !ll1 fl "" b ea ut ifu l owc 1· its t in y he :td or f r )I it deligb tfn l do1· to g1· ct n .

B ut as if to r· . i. t th b 't t 1 I ern e, s and SfH n I the fai mg ye ar, the m ost gc n i-t J 1 1 . lh I ' :1 11 ( .;: tnt J our f es t1va so · ' ll r · at the end of "; () \' .rnb •r....L' Tbank sg i vin o- . lt i a da y p ec uli ar i ll th, ,.e:r d d 't l tl I · au gra ce WI 1 1e ov eli es t n ssoc i nt imlH. .fl ' tal't y there · · f pl '. ' 11111 0 11 ·ot . nm il y and fr iend ·, t h•' goo d ch ee r, the k irl d thongbts of other tho r ju icing of bo th ri ch and p oo r-a ]) th ese , are t h•' or nam e nt s of th e seas on, and 11 0 da y in t ir e cal r1 r der is more tr l]l .)' nam c rl ·

Tl k l an sg tvu 1g is p nr ely of Pu r ita n o ri gi n. !l 16 23 , Go v. B r·adley se nt o ut a co mp!ulv to sht11 J face t f · 1 1 · f ·' gam e o I] J'n ls 1 a c tn n ty east of · · · ( reJOICin g HI th e l abo:·s o_f th e ha rv es t se a so n. Ha ving J. lowed lns d ir e cti ons aud pr oc ured a 1 l olt\,t f . I :1 nr ge nl o ga rn e wbrcb th ey c oo \: e c, they in vited

't d . t tl e sm an some nrn e .Yo , I r s avag es and a ll pnr t oo k of the f eas t with th an ks to God , •f or th ' wMld. and th e go od t hin gs in it ." c

Look at the l itt le sh iv e ri ng band c ln :;; tcred 0 tan th d f b t' e t · l e e ge o t c co n Jfl n ' \V ItI th e fn tur c b for'' f th em a lm os t as ul ac k as the fo r es t beh ind ti H.> I{ t\, a nd th en tom to th e sam e f es ti v.-. J lOW wh cl· uf 1 , forty -f,Jlll' go v er nors 111VI te of p eo pl' p' teac tlt a nkA to t!H' grc a: tv (· t· ,, f ] 1;u ·vi'Rt s, a1l' th mtl l LOnsoE p l' up ll': (J1H ·y •n g, "a (' rifi l.·(· J,e <'at< >tll \t

ud pt1111Jikin:-: and po ur um f w inv:-:

ry · ar the un•:t nf this kindh· f• t n-

E,·l· ry y ·ar llll>l't ' :-:tatv,.: :-:it du wn th

an d 1'<' \'l·r 'IHI in ·lwrity li k • a · •ar and li ghting up ·ar :1 11 U •• ITO\\'

I' J. ,\ IL\ l<I I.BE HT.

\' nr ms:

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f ri nd 'hi ;

t>111i l r n utrul nr ,,. ·n· d Rrk

I ta nd wJ1 rc the w: t, t· · <' 1111 wa ·h my f t

ltd h :wds ary ::;inki n n· :

R

'ardl s f tl 1e f at e I ' II Il l •ot

111 ta ll d t l1 i llk in g, thi n ki n o·. 1

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fl . 1 . till ' ::; h1n 1r1 g.

c1· a 1 s 111

0 wo ul ] th at t ll i.· ::; }1ip sa il to m t•

Fo rd •l i,· n tn <T 1' 111

I c• I I . "1 ,. 'l ::! t ll l) II '

on a< n c, 11 1 ' · . . 'll . t·I c• s l'a -bt rd :-; ::H' I' C: unin <Y

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A d 1 d' 1 ·nt<'r s 1n oan

n t 1 IAII IH " · '.

Tl1 11. 11 g s ai l ::; sti ll p:ll-nn lln g.

•· J I' ll rn nkc Ill \' oTa\· •

J<•e p in til wH t·ers . . . . .

' li d w in d,: ' n ud ::;e n· bn:ds

On the mens nr ul C'SS de up '" tlwl·e none to ' :1 \ 'C'

N pit i ful -

- 1 1·- c1 do wn her pen Without co m- Anna 1a)•nHr< , II 1 d ov er 1er· ,.e 1 !l lct in g the line, a nd r en. r ses, ler face tak iHg on a ::;o rn cwh nt ex pr es sio n. Jnrn ll el; she d "1'he ca ses ,.. 1 0 not 1 ' .• r ote I , "t ha t is t ir e wo•·st stu ff I ever w -. ' II never lin i8lt it Yes I w ill ,,, she added, and ta kin g her . . ' tl "]re s, save you?·s lj'" pen she wr ote un dcr nca 1, l e . T! 'd I nap er on rer d es k d ron she care fu ll y Jar tIC r. ' an pla ce d a p·tp er we ight npon rt. c • l' t my di s co ur agem ents in to a "No w th at ve po I fl • tan ible shape ,,, she as s te cw arou nd, g · -1 ows and co , · for'' fas tening s hutt ers and w lll O ' . 'en ng t\, c ti re "I ca n act ua ll y langh _at It. Th e i dea cl· uf . .' such a miser·able w hr ne JU St beca use w rrt 1ng ' · II' p' teac hin g in the co n nt ry i sn't the JO Ies t t hi ng in th o wo rl d.

\t A nd to -m o rr ow is T ha nksgiv in g, to n, We ll I

am thnnh.-inl £ r that for th e t wo :.:tra dny f ,. t it a i,· me.

Tb n h d on d h r wrap and pa ing o ut , I ck d th d m re form for no n ey er ol bon and tn k d th ·' te p. Th en be hook he r lo k d do or ·G·oo d bye n b ao n wh n I OJ n th

'l' umiua , u wh at ha te he co u ld alo ng th na n w m ad w pa th whil e th e boi t ron wind bl w Lnrd in h r fac an d ne ar! li fte d her

If h r f t Rt v r· t p. It wa a sat isfact ion t f I thHt a ltb ngh h wa uot co nqu er in g th e wind at all y t it was not hi nder ing her- mu chnt nn. rat . t ill it \\a a re li ef to nt r a pi ece

f h !1\'i ly ti mb r d la nd , wh re she wa o rn ewh at p t· t t d. th uah th re wa a gr ea t groani r\0' in th I afl ' br an ch \' rhe ad aud e;- ery on ce in a whil ad ad br an h ca me er a. do wn.

t In t r H h d th hou e, and en te r ed the kit ch n. wh r' R li ght wa s a !J·eadJ bnruiu g.

·W II. ·ou ar lat hom , aren't yo n?' ' e xlaim d Me. Da ws on, a ta ll, whole ome l oo kin g w ) J11 i\ ll wh Wil tand ing !.I t a tab le, bn .y with me rt of f 't in\l pr epar at ions.

' npp r' · all 1· ad y : he add ed, n od ding townrcl anot h r table, 11 e at ly laid. "l hope yo u wi ll C' X 11 • o ur Jl!l , in g it et o ut in the kit chen, bu t w w r o bu .Y w j nst cou ldu 't sto p to c ur ry ,. r thin a into th e o th er r oo m."

•I do n' t mind it in th e lea t," re pli ed the little t a. h0r , who in h r pr ese nt moo d rath er welco med. an, th in a a l ittl e tryin o- On her way np s ta ir to her r oo m she met little Lett y Da wso n, a gi l'l of t hi rt ee n co m in g down slowly. " Tir ed, Le tt y?' she asked sy mpath et ica ll y.

"I should think so 'replied th e ch il d, " It 's been nothing eve 1· sin c.e sch oo l but wo rk i ng a ud run nin g here and there·to wa it on rna. Thankso- ivirJO' is mo re both er than it is wo rth," she 0 0 sigued, and we nt on d ow n stairs.

Th e next day, ho we v r, no one said au yt hiug abo ut bother. Ev en Letty was a ll s mi les aud sunsh ine as th ey g at hered aronDd the long tab le in the s pa cious d iniu g room. '' Th ey" be iu g th e· Dawsous and tb eu relat iv es l ivin g aro und in the 11eigh borh ood.

''Do u't yo u beli e\·e 'o n co uld ha ve fi xe d a l irt lo

to eat if you had queri ed one of tbe rel ati ves , in mo ck an xie ty, as he eye d th e ta bl e he ap ed w ith all so rts of dain tie s.

" Wait ti ll th e pi e c om es in, " retorted L etty , '' then you m ay lame nt; rn a m ad e only· fo Ul· kind thi s tim e."

Whi le the turk ey wa s be in g ca r ved, J bn Dawso n re mark e d, "M ot her wa nt s yo u to be r at her car eful of th e turk ey ''

''J oh n, what do yo u mea n ?'' sa id hi s m ther, r ep ro vingl y. J o bn was so m ew h at gi ve n to h ock in g thin gs .·

"I=ll s ho w you wh at I mea u, '' he sa i d, and go in g to the kitch en , be broug ht b ac k a she t of pa oe r w hi ch he handed to hi un cle, a p mp ous d octor from the c ity. Th at gentlem an pu t on hi pectac les , r ea d th e pape r, ga ve a sl1ort laug l1 and pa ed the paper· on. At Ia t it rea ·IJCd M. rs. Daw on , who glan ce d at it, and then b ur st ont l aug hin g a she loo ked ar o und at the un to ncb eJ pla te. of team in g turk ey

The pape r r ea d," Don't cr ow d and pu h on t he-

Tm·key,

Ch icke n Pie,

Cran be rr y Je ll y,

Mashed P otatoes, a nd o on through the whole menu

"Go on with yo ur di nn er ,'' he sa id, "I'll expla i n. Seve ral weeke ago, yo u r eme mb er, JVl i :; Mayua t·d, Le tt y was l ea rnin g a piece that b ega n: Don' t cr ow d and pu sh on th e mar ch of I ife , Or tr ea d on eac h o th ers toes."

And I co pi ed it off for he r. I must h ave started on th is paper, a nd then l os t it; a nd I never no ti ce d what Let ty brou ght me to w rite th e bill of fare on, so we wo ul dn't fo r get any th ing."

Eve r yone laughe d at th e o dd ap tn ess of t l! e mistake, and th e d inn er wen t on with the usual amount of Th anksg iv in g me rr im ent. E ve r yo ne tayed unt il l ate in the eve nin g to e nj oy th e co rnpopping, candy-mak in g, a nd ga m es . For tl! e Daw ons b elieved in kee pin g yo u ng ae long as po i ble , eve n if to do so th ey bad to be c hi ldren once a year , and pl ay , toge th er w ith th e r ea l c hildr e n, th e old, old ch il dhoo d ga m es, that, if n ot al w ay very int erc t in g, ar c n eve r exc it in g enoug h to be ha r mful.

Monda y mo ming dawn ed cl ea r and co ld, a nd

Anm\ a .· h wa lk f It k

lrvr a gn·at wltitf

sw et ut -d or a ir u ny aiJJoiiJd 11f c·()trJ':Ig •: Tl

nn I ok ed in at th ancl th e <'hildr

a1 pli e"l dili '"Cntl y t th i1· work . :-; tr .\1111:1 hnd

·l1 an · · to th i nk a bo ut hc·r pol't ry rrrrt il n vVh 11 sh I k d for it it W:l:O: gill It '. ·Tha s in g ul ar' .., !1 .: . I. e ll r)r "b ut r Wi >'IH ·d when I l th at nr y d p ai r w ul d b • g1 Il l' t l1 i:-: t it mu t ha v ' il l'l'i •d off Ill_\' v •r. c·s wl l\'11 it w •u

1o n th pa d and it was \ pr il .\ nnn. nt • her d es k w ri t ing -a spring l ><H'J rJ. whi ·h Nh i · t . nd d to d str oy as aoo n aH w ri tt·L' Il. \ nois di tu l'IJ d lrc• r looking np HIH· w:t 't nr rl f to !:We a you ng llJ arr s tn n di nrr i 11 tit< • dn urwnY '' Exc u Ill' Mi HH i\J <l.)' nar cl·' h t• :-; aid , · ()ut I beli ve 11Ht\· OII H.: t! Ji np: (If y( rrr H t 1c. 1·c·." .__·o

in g, Ir e h and ed l1 'r a p :rpv r, ·ard rd lv f, ,J d I. "lVI.Y il ly v r !' :;h t• ·x la i 1nc·d: .. \\-h •rc diJ yo n ge t ••O n or JJ' Ll es k, ,. lll' :l JJH \H'I'll

Th 11 he to ld he r how on Tk tnk so·i, ·ing t' ' .' il l.' h. be en w ea ry di II artOIJc•d, fl e c· ir 1g frn 11 1 l J(JIIl I c au s . u pect d C! f Hll ot her'H t] 1 ft

Se eing where IJC had 1Jidcl o 11 t iJ <'

I t h im ·If int o th e school Jr l) ll :4 C t"r > nig ht.

Th e mo rni rw lig ht had sh 1,w 11 !J i ln r] 1 pn pt l on her des k. H.c r en d it, u rdini t> IJO rl , l in os to uch ed him, anJ th hold e ndi ng, '· s av e sec lfJ cd m ea nt for· hi Ill • I tn roed a nd went home. Nly ru ot 11ur m i nt i' a bl oc k away, a nd ca me to m ee t Tl raok sg iving dinn er at homo.

pr ove d aga in st tho ot her f ll ow, n.nd lll .)' 111 i·• bac k ju t when I cl icl mrulc evor·y bo clv fe ul a ll r· 1 to me. But t hi s p oe m bas b oo n 0 ,;' my m ind \\\\ the tim e, I didn 't m ea n to st ea l it,., lw · sn id.

' 'You k ee p i t, " said A nna, lt n. lf shyl y, nr ttl

I w ill let yo u re ad my la tes t pr·odnc ti on whie lr 1 had i nt en ded for no eye bnt rny <•w n. It i · nll hope. ''

Thi s w as n ot th 'J only co nve t·sat ion th at H o ,, ard Mac Kni g ht nnd An na had to ge the r. Or tt exc nse ot· an o th er brought lr irn to th e Daw so1 1 fa rm qui te suspicious ly o ft e n. Tb is Th a nk O' iv in g there is be a wedding at the Dn,,· so n , with tir ed li tt le Lo tty ns b rid es- rn a ici, ·f,l ll \vu

l ttl 1 ll tt so1 1

Dn,,· ·f,l

fH L C RIE R.

.• na ha no r •ln1 in·:-: .\ r 1 ht- I

r c 1 ti n tlt tlr .\l y<"l \ uig h 1·::. iu tt> wn . h r• will ue w h art that Ill'<' llt l Jl) tl J'(' \ lu ll l'. nl Ill' in a , .a ' al 11 .I 11::\ <:. \\ . IIITT I J-:1

F l: \:o\K HEEIII .E.

\ t}H ,, ·orltl ' ;-; ,J!· :1t·rinn Ill ' \\' m •n nr

ran· i ,· ill g. a11 d f' r •1111 it tlld 1111'11 :tr· •n'r d part in ". <r t' 1ll 'l': tlly ,,.t. all 'lll\' •r ant witl1 1111'11 \\'ith tlwi r hal it " r, f thou d t. and th•· of rlrl'ir lin•::: ln .·om \\ ' t' :t rr· :1!!. :t r partinll .L <\ '·ar. of tlw fort 1111: 11,. t· i rc·ll iJ r:<tallt't •,- w hil·h l!a,·,. in 1p ·tns t n tIll' f't H11r da ti tl ll a 11d gro w rh f th c·ir 1-,. 11 0 w 1t. !11 ut lw1· l':t :-:t ·:-: ,, • a n• a ll fall1i\iar wit lt tlw 11 ; 1rr n t illl l=-' uf rh t• l:l l t•s 11' C't nti ullon hard t Cl i 1 :111d pri ,.,tt ion llt t• n t \ta tl} th 1• 11 1 111 ig l1 t l H' p: i '' 1'" to k t' n::; f 'l1 1o!um ,111 a ile! ; 1pp rr ·•·i:lt iu 11 h.,. a hvn l'J i 'lilt ]mhlic

] 1e ('1J t1di ri tl iJ:-i o f' lt•·ro-wo rsh ip ar ·,. in t·ht• p:l '-' t 1111 '11 wi th

] J<t. ·t Ppo C' !J .· o f' 1111 111:1.11 1'-'l ll' l'l l.' n c·c·. !I tore tl1an

With thP pr• •:·w ll t •r a pp r·tla< ·hing fntu1·p Tod ax IIH ' Il l i ,.1• "' 1r lt thp }l l'<'::-l:' n \\'i r. ll tll l' or tlr t·. f lt tlll 'l'. Tlt t• ' "a t·1H] if .. tod<LY app e: 1l ::i · d rn·c· tly t< 111 a.n t11 a.n t h. c·old, d t• :L d ('lay ot It ::; rrne be n t'fa ('to!'

\\ ,. 1 tlll' 1'l' ·rrt • cl iifen nt nt·dt•r·,;; of Jt 1 ''II "'I •II 1• n1J I 0 II ·. t 0 \\' lJ o l1l " gr ·atn a 1n on g a ,..., 1 • :,,(>f r 11 0 w.u h;L\'L' l tt.' ll tl•n de re d. ('J' ipti on.· 1 lw Yo 11 cl p t>t·:t<h' t ' A lll ong tlwst• ,,.(! 111 1( · t n 111 ' ' 11 - o')' (:'' lt - fir st, tho e who an· nr oi';1 .) ,..... . ' ' t.ho s 11 o·reHt, :t ll cl l as t tJ \'·ho are i n.tt ·llc ·ct na .r " lo'e ' · tdi OII · l<tv i 11 g l ll '' "' '] · · tl1 ]·t"'t o ll e of o nr "' nttie J', ' ·- • • u h · 11 of th est:•. Bts PJ·r>r! wa s o·n• at I ll n f . was , 0 ]0\ '(:' (I \"]J·t a Sr>ll ] srr ri tt en with Ll l '; hi s . · .. 1 bly to tn tl

Ira ,.:: 'l . nl ho un d 11 1 1 t and ' so · ·1 sc n rn ec a ll c1ut v· hi s wa ::; a sn 11l wltl < 1 f 1 ll1 e an.' 1 · ter es t. s o lll lTl·'l · 111' • c1 es ]J 011Se d t w 111 · ·. ' nl(; y · s a.n . ·t·.) c> Vt 'l' re ad v a 't vn· Jns w as a ]I e to be '· 1 s ov ' lun d· his · up on th e alta r of J1 1cl l1. ' wa s a )).f.. ' l'stic of montl e]e nl ti Oil and he alt h· P r "a 1 · "" 1 ' I · , li f'e eY<·'l1J}ll i.f)'i nil' nne mn k in o· a 11 _ ll fl a .--. , , ll : 1 " 1 "' the bca11 ti es of the G- olden Rnl e; his l /(' fL) e . 'b ' ]' 1·fe i11n ::; tl "ttirw t l1 e f l' aSl 1 lt y of at - \vu f:l a 1 ' o

t ai n in a p rf t Pur i ta ni pm it and Fri nd ly 1i it .'- in d d a nd in w rd· hi ,,-a a ]if d ' 111 0 tr at i nO' indu b ita bl r the u tt 1' fur ility and th t otal ind eft> a::;itilit .· fr a li zin O' th lib ral purp o rt of b in g. in any "' ay tJ1 r th an th at of If a bn '!!:Hi n an 1 p riud pl : hi <> \ a" a l ife inl o king th ina 1i nab l e qu alit of man; hL n-a a li f su pl i at in th at h a r d rel ation f man k ind b n t tra mp! db n arh th b rut of mi o-ht· wa a lif sp ut in pr opa u- ntinu- lwpp in e "! hi wa a life q ui pped f r comp l t u f uln e 1I i'l if \\ <1. (' JTI and t:> rn Th ntili t th' x altnt i n f hi' o un tr Tin n em earl to h:w da \\'n d np n hi mi nd. Th rnlin oJ1assi n · 1f hi n a.t nr ". rein ino·ular co np; ruen ·e with m ao·ninimity. implieit r and · uno tl'nt i it .· w r th w apon of co nqn ;:;ts. 'l'h t him sn:ffici e ntl y cons titut d th' th t'lll' nn d wo nd l' of th d ctzz led wo rld. 'lh • 111 raJ "' ']f ar e of ociet wa to him a "' nt a nt.

His 11a tur bo th th at of the pae ifi cato r and ag it ato r. Hi incl i na tion 'va to co n ce ntr a.t hi o ul u po n the p rfection of hum an affil inti on. 't'h e ' ffi c aci ou pr open iti es w •rt:> "o mi na. titw in hi na tur e as to r t' Dd r him a mo t nbtle a ge nt in the formation of hnm a. n ethi cs . Fr om \ Vh i tt ier e manat e i a. ]a.r p;e po rti on of that ethi cal teac hirJO" whi ch hn.' b ee n o s a.l n tar y in AmPri ca.n lif:. 'f ir e moral gr a.t.n e s of V\'11i ttier ,..,. as th e k to hi mer ited a nd hono rab le fa mcj. v\ h it.t ier \la s e nd o ,Y ed wi th ge niu s of tb hi gh es t o rd r. ge niu s w as in ehnr act e r. \vas n ot a so ul s mitt en wit.h the of knowl ed ge for t.he sa ke of c ult ur e, bn t It wa s_ a s on ] s mi tten with the 10 ,-e of t hat it might be u se fn l to hi m in t.he l oaf .of hi s int e]le rtn al Offer in o· to ma nkmd : th at 1t mio·ht ]1 ' o·llt h · o en t e b urdens and re v1v e th t" hop es of th(\ s . m· - a. l rted on es, to wh om, he, 1 11 the ab und an ce of hi mi nd , a nd the ge ner os ity of hi s heart, ch ee:>rfn ll }' donate d. r-iis wa s n ot a mind wh ich e sayed to roml:H·ehe nd th e nnh er e; hi s •va s not . '' gen

which so ug ht to draw th e veil from hi · hid d n pa t, and hi unfathom ed futur e; hi s wa · n ot a na tur e which re fu ed to b li ve iu th · i mmortality of th e ou l and the xi t n ·e of a. here aft er. The iut.e rpr eta tion and 1e ·on illati on of antagon i ti c th eo ri · of cr ation and pr ede tiuation, he m ost a ur dly ] ft t an o mnip ote nt Pl'Ovid n e, -whom] b li ··\· ·d in de vo utl y wo r hippin g. Hi wa w hich ought not to pen trat certa in her ec r ts; h straY.. n ot to find th ba nd which hold s a ll knowl edo· indi · ·ol ubly tog e ther; he ought n ot to d i · rn th l 1a J·monie between world wHhout and w o1·ld · wit hin us. Th eir ex i. tence wa ' t him a m atter of mom e nt , fur which he wo uld bart r a nd the ve ry in ge ni ou Pn t· n·i · of hi · ow n so nl.

Humanity wa s to hfm a vast wh autonomy, a nd w ho ·e eq nal i ty he wi. ·h ·cl to pre Ne iT e intact H wrot for a ll. IIi · p n I· su ci tat ed the affli cted, a nd lr ew f r th em, from the st ron g, th e eleme nt .· w hi ch th ey, in th e ir wea kn es s, c ri ed for pitiou l y, unt il th lin e be twe en th e w ak a nd the tr o ng wa o bli te mtecl, a nd the cha in we ld ed a ud link ed by hnman l o,-e w as amp ly t1 ong to holl any . e ntim e nt which mi O'ht al'i <?

To th e t hird d partm en t of gr ea tn e ss , th at <,f gr e atn e in action \V It itti er pre ·emine ntly belon ge d. But he fo nn ed a uni que exce pti on to that c la ss of me n, w ho se s up m ·im·i t.y in th is i ,_o outw ardly rnanif :::; ted and so univ er sa ll y c onc e ded ·

His wa:s not a po we r so apparent nor a wo rk so s up e rficial as to be o not i ceabl e as th eirs. The c urr e nt of hi s thoug ht was dee p- se at ed. and it m otion, while mAl odiou.', 1-ythmi ca l and persi st e nt, wa-:; not of tba,t turbul ent, · pa modic n atu re, w hich dins BO mu ch a nd Cl oe s o littl t>

His wo rl< , though not so vo lnminun s as · om e was equal in q ualit y and e fl'er.t. to that of any m any of hi s time and of hi s call in g. H i" t: ffmt a lways we ll-tim ed a nd pe l'fec tly ada pt c1 to th e occa ion he c·omrnemoratecl, \Y P l' P a ppr ec iat ed by a pe op le, so me incid ents of who ,e co mmon e .·p .. ri en ce he was exto 1l in g. It wa fr om th e co mmon pe opl .. that he de ·

ri\· a hi .· p •ti ·al m al< ·ria l. :tnd (' mm lJ pl in l' " turn Y<· ry ll:tl l trall ,· him .· in· r ad rat ion for hi ;-; ""<>rk h -' hal f.

li i g r ·atn •.' · i 11 a I' I i 1 • II , Ja.\'· 11 c, t

1 w •r t · tw •i,· • lJO ld plan ;-; 11 or to

ma t • ·oe 11 ti n rl - ·t t1 p 1·r t d, " 1;-; wi th a ·i ncr l • or St: ri 1·:-; () r :1 I' I i 11 11 :0: .

Hi :-> wa · 11 t a II (Jt I! a, i 11 :-,! f r pal pabl o P ll d t l1 1 rar;..; r11 g 111' IJillt ' t'l f f ob .-c ui ·i y to pr 111i 11 ·n<· •. \\ .it 1r IIi:-: li lll ·han.L ·t •r l ofty !J l tl 'p o;o;p , si 11q d 1• ll a hit:-:

pr:1· ·i a lu t ili .r vronlin t· t tc·t· 1'; 11 1 w tn him -

na t ur a. ll y anrl i: 1 ·v i t<Lhly a Kttttli n·l 1r <' 1111 ::n

wa r111 Ji crht <LtHL f • ·1 t it •at ·t 11 tq >o n w id ·I

li\' •cl. \\ lli tt i l' l' li OS I '.' j II h' .' ()j I lr t• II <lp t•tl p l'}J Uat • t(J fn•< •Cl <) tl l; \\r hit ti <· r skt'J1' ne at h th' fta cr 11 ' lll ·lp <· <l t·<J lll' <';o; l· n·<· ;-; t 1,\ll lt··..::H is a.t It · i :-; nt p<•;u·<·, ill dif 1'1 • 1·,•n t to .' UII ·hin " or s to r111. 'L' I! 1• ; til';t i 1.:-; uf r• 0 0 .11 l1 t t t l nu.Ly g , " 1. n :-; ·, r a1 1, 111 il, .· ·<·n r• ·er n in r, i 11 _ t.hL· b , ,. , 1111 o l' 11 i :-: nt' e al'tlt

Th .. f l' ' tf; of Kt' '" En g] ; l:d ,,·nYP al hirn h -> r g 1·e n l anc1 11; 1t· 111 T, g l'i ed fr om her l •av e .- at ti l ll l' :-l, .- h 1·<l s t· L·;t 1· ell' p :: d d ew an ra 1n Hp on tl 11 so l b t: IJL'a.t ll \\' h i' 1 he l· d·•pal·teu SO il 1' •po 'C foi

R 1 I r " Ct:l t Oil , C' tn Hl. lli Ud <t ll d i:!a illt •d d l'< HI , 1) I 1 ear a t ·te li fo yo led I';) o impi ous f oots te.p s tbe :·e s lt al l tre ad, Tl.t e herb ag e of yo ur be d; .LiiJJ

N I II · II

or s 1a yo ur good n ess be fo t·o·o t

Wl til o Fam e It er r ec ord ' IH

0 l 1 r 10 no r poi ntt:l out t 1C tltc lt a ll ow od :-; nn t II I" vVh ere vir tne pr ouc y sleeps. ''

T 1 I r o·e or wr ee c, 110r c 1a • , no r w in tct·' s bl igh t· I or time's remor se es s d oo rn

Can dim nne r n_y of holy li ght '

T lJ at g il ds yo ur glorions totnb.

DPath ha s s topp sd. th ·' n ob le h ea rt, \\ ' ll \) OUccr eve ry pu l sa ti on wa s 8 Y tn pat heti l'a11 y ti 111 th to tho se of hi s fe ll ow me n; de nth hns topp t rn the bnsy mind, eve ry th ou ght hn tl di human e mi ss ion m the wm ·lrl· d t>at h I ·t 1 l b]o . ' oppec t 1e yeneta. pe n, '\Vh o>:: e PVt::'l' \- 11 ti on s ymbo li zed se nt iments satt i rn t >hil th e ch aracter an cl e xa l tt·c1 the mothe s of 1 !,own fe llow -eit i zens .

Th . ,. ' I'Y •lc rnt· rll,; which Cllll"'l illllt' hi::: ph,n:: ica l b IJi tr tl<rajll I'I '( ' Vd<• tu :4\\'l 'IJ I h t• l 'to lllllll II fund f that IIU lio 11 of \\' l1il'11 ltv w;r , "" fund. T lie 'I> ·I f \\ '1 · · · 1· · I · I f I U l ll lll' l' :" Itt· ;Ill\ ; l("ll\\11 Ill "' 0 1'C \" r •·lu.,., '< 1. ' l' lr t• I I I · I · I t 1:1,; n· c·t'l\'l 1t:< u .;: t 0 11 "' an I t-nt i1 r11 •n1 fr •Hll lri,.. in11nurtal Jll'll bnt 1 - cc•1 ell• "' 1 · ·11 I ' "" • S:l( ' l'(•t l ll ll "ll ' ,_ II (ll'l'llH' ;Itl'::' ! I' li t· mc,.l,h •r • •f lJtl r .\ lrH·ril'all lifv. T hl' i111pn• :; .;: )f it i . i · llitnuta l dy ,.. a 11 qwd in 1111r 1 and u po n IH:a l't ·. Li kv a llll!!l'L his s pi r it (J\·er:; O\' l' l' u-: in ,.;;u· n ·•l. tr :1111p1il !!<11'IJ tC tll. of IH,J H', fa i tl 1 an d Inn·. :\'< JI L\ 1.\1. ' '\' t·al Il l' \\' l' lll' !llltJ il' lll :' h ave be the 1,r·1ll1 Ur • d <• pa rt l JH'llt.

:1n I litcrnt m f F ran ce un il t he cl o of the llundr d Y nr · \\ ar ur mu i al d partm nt wh o e pl ea ant monthly e nt 'r tai nm nt ' nr b om i11g fa hionable and which nr r ally but th r pre nta t iY e and illu strati u f d partm nt briu as the x cellence f tlr m tb d p nr u d int o more public r cogu ith ndnmtn a of the on e iTat or ar f mq ic tudel.!t

TH J:; T IIIR D NTI1 LY RE l'tA L.

J.a ,·e rea ·h 'd 'nli1 h l· of ::\ ur th

II 111:\tl 111 ('rl>llp 1 X an d X fi Jt rli a iu l ri l' an>lt lld \

Th • prima n· r• , 1111 ,.; nr e Lr ig ht an d ·IJ <: r1· \ . l l'l tl"' '1Jt l t · · •. \f 11 rk [11 pnp·r- •o 1 :::- • l C' ll nn "' I' 1• ·lp;,,' ad <n·11 tl •t• "·;til ,; .

The ccw rapl 1y wo rk in 1-!l: oup ,.; YII nnt.l p ec uli ar ly ad a pted to til<' tlrr.ll' of ·ear. Thy Hre de al ing witlt dew, l'ro:-:t , r:un, ,.; now, hail. 1

As Tlta nk v:i ,·in""·"· :L i •Pn•n <: h t• ::: t t st.OI'.)' ,,·o rk in ., th e '•ritn ary 1.r c p; t nlto ry tn. tin · s ason ir r ·a ·lting '0 lltJ >kl iun. fn t<H 'C"t l ll th wo rk i 1"'t·c,win g. I';)

22 L1J ooks h av e IJ N' ll n dd l' d to t·h, N. '. 1'\. '.

.LiiJJ ·ar:. IGO c 11 11sist of lw un d nra g az in cs and II , · b 1 w It i c II w 'r s •11 t a w a. to t .J r m Ltn d c: r nru oo ' "'

IH.l J" c bu u ncJ

.r nw 1 it tl ·

1VJ. AII .Y of t] 1 • c·ndl'l's nr C' Jl 1 ten· • (-tn1111 tD'f raR cce t. '' Pw n11t forms. The,· nre J> ' . :" . P 10 11 at \. I l .. ·et"l. l lllst lll gms lt od o·nest s w ltc: 1 t 1 •y e xp e <..! t sC' ' '=' ' • Tl · l .. b ea u dr d lt n O' · ) pa t Jn(J nth t lt cy t:t \ e o 10 tnc s klrltti s! 1 dr ill.

'L'lJ e 'o nio r Cla ss is lt 1'w iu g nn to

OUccr vo Cl ass 1a n ag oment in Gir·o nt X III, nnd er \. \ -\ No r to n TL th e in tl'l tction of P rin ei pn. l 1 · · · Jeso rn ·t lwJs and principl es in v olv ed are aft en va r cls di cu ss ed in cla ss with P rin cipal A. vV.

t . 1 t in th e \vmk of tl·te

Th e gr ea , I ITI JJrO\'E' l ll E' l · · ' to pv idc nt ''l.s >hil o math ea n So cte ty Js q nt . . o. c, was !,own by the ex ce ll ent enter tn 111m ent f Oct. 27 . pr ogramm e ·consistt> d of the ea rl y history

The thi rd m uthl.r r ita! wa gi,·eu by Prof and u l.t r u th 1 -th of thi month t nn npp r •i nti,· aud i nc . :Normal Hall wa tille I t it '· utm 't HJ nc it '· Tli e audi en ce "·a t' mp , d f itize n . t ach r s, st ud ents and •i it r, fr ru 11 io·hb rina iti . s r ec itals nr ' b · mi11 a kn wu th Ta d uall att r acting fr m afar th • mu i I Yilla and tb mu ically inl in d. 'rh numb r ou the pr og ram wer hi hly cln si , ex c ut d s kill nnd a ll e li cited mu .,; npplnn ' Lr . Boucher c:o nt r ibut ed th e ,. '<ll nnlllb •r and a. ng in a sw ee t and pl e as ing ,. ic . Prof. B u he r in r nd erina a compoeiti 11 n t m r l,v re pr due the compos er's id ea b ut pnt ' hi ow u tnmp of o ri g in a lit y np on them, 11 ot b 11 at h th o mp os ttwn bnt as a tm nrti't r v ca l in g birns elf and ta nd ing nb o,·e it. n l' l ' IJl e nt f in te r tin the re ·ita I wa th e work f th e trina qunrtctte, tudents of the Mt. \ rnon on e rvat o r. " of Mu sic. Prof. Bou cher hn , d ri ll ed th e c young in s trum enta lists to a surpri in g d gr o' f cx ce ll eu ce The following is th o prooTnm ns ex ec ut e d:

1• Pt A:S O D tTl"T -Ri go k tt o f·,·rtl i. i. s L ap ie rre a nd iss Bloe dorn.

2 , Vrou :s L1l.O.-f au st Gra nd fa ntasi t? F. y, •hin Prnme. Prof. F. Bouche r.

3.• n :s r. .- Tell me Bea utiful C (I U!I odi i\1 rs. F. Bo uch e r.

4 STR i t\ <: Qt ';\Wl' ETT E.-Pas torale F I{mcois Pr u/JII '. i\ l as t r W. l\ o rt on, Mi ss N. Karste n s, Mi ss L ap ie rre, Mr. C. N rt on.

5 Vtoi.I N So LO.-l\ [ ar tha [ronm·d. Pro f. F. Bouche r. I Chanson du R ou er . S ho/Jil'

6. PlA:S O OL0. -1 Dam e di Cc e ur Ga,·itte Ctz ibu Uo F. Bo ucher.

7 STR !:S G Qt'I:ST ETT E.-Cra dlc Song Prof. Bouch er, i\l i s L api e rre, M as ter W. Nors on. Mrs K arsten . I r. C. No rt on.

8. VIol.lK SoLo. - Zi ge nn c n,·ciscn Srnnsa l t' Pro f. F. Bouche r.

Iu vain we stndy t im e away to throw, When we forb ea r to ac t a ll t!J e th ings vv e kn ow. -D en ha m. ·

.-g J fHE I ORMAL CO

At a m eet.ing of th Young Woman' Christian Association Oct. 21, 1 93, th I a inful n ews ca me to us of t,be de aLh of our bel aYed fri end and effi cient co- v.'o rk r, ]) "hbi e Gr ego ry. Th e burd n of g ri f- tri ·k n l 1"art ca nnot be expr es ·ed. Pray · we nt: out for the co mfort of th e sonowin g fl'i en ]s who wer n ear her by th e ties of fa mil y and ·]o •r a. oc i ation. A co mmitt ee wa appo int t> d to prepar an xpre ion of ·ympathy t th berea\1ed family fr om tb fr i nd wi th whom he ha l abo red o earn tly

WREREA , human co n ala ti on i. incap<.L 1 , of effa cin g so now:

Resol ve d, th at it is th de ·i r of th a · ·o-ci a tion that yo u ma y kn ow that w 11 ff ,r with y ou Tb at th e divin e co n. al at ion of Him wh o " doeth a.ll thing well, " a nd who ·h ow .· in Hi s plat that ' 'a ll things work too-<:'tliPJ' f <J l' good to them tLat Jov e an d, er ve Him. " May He be ·with eac h of th e bereave u one f.:, i.· t]H } pray er of eve ry on e of o ur mem b rs.

Her wo rk when with ns wa. . "to do anu elit ribute.'' Th e part ing i ·hort and we h <:w , th e hop e of meet in g where her share no "' · " un "peakab le ga in. "

Resolv ed, tb at a copy of th e .' e be se nt to th e s orrow in g fa mil y, T co rd ed in th e min ut es f th e as ocia tion a nd ptint e c1 in th e Noni\rAL o T CoPRTER. Comm itte e, . ENNIE McLAIN, EDITH BIUKFORD, LuLu EvAN S.

PERSO NALS.

- Principa l A. W. No rton at th e unanirnon e t Of th e f.:; e ni or Cia w ill de liv er the Ba crequ es c alaur e nt e addr e ss . P f and Mr F. B ouc her were th e invit ed - !0. f P rof. Ca mpb ell of Neb raska C it y N uv. gu es ts o · lO. They al so vis ited H on. _c. N. Powell, presi£ th e Bo ard of EucatJOn of Oma h a. .At de nt o 1 . . b f th e e place s t 1e,y gave a pnvate rec rta l. e ac o - Greenwood is No rm a l. M r. (' i!lilan i. pr in cip al, Miss Hut c!Jinso n assis ta11t, 9 Jon es in th e gr·amma r de pai·trn e nt, and Miss 1 th e p ri mar y. Th e pe op le th ere ar c exWvne rn 1 . 1 e ll pl ea 't' d w it I tb e work of th e se tr eme Y w teache r · - 'ope rint e nd e ut W spe aks very

hi ghly of th e work 11f .\1 I n('k \\' oo tl an d Y rk. 11 ay thn t tl1 vy k11 <•\\' h "w to t

-Th • ' Il l ·rin l •ut kut ·IPt'l iu • urge ' all wlw •x p ·ct t<• t (' a c.: l1 111 t ak e nor mal

-)[i '. C'ani E 1n ·rso 11 <•t' '! t :', ,, lhl\\" t t' • 111 da r I apid s, Xt·l 11 ·.

I r. I. · L ·,,.is, of (' a I i fo r 11 i a. 11 t' t h • It " ' 77 i. n (Jw ,.i.·iti ug iu Lyor1s, ·t·l11·. :Ii B J dilla .) •lf<· ry 11 f t it<· l'la s:-< , 1 • ·r .. . . . ..

a ·tin, a. L ibra ri a11 of th(· ·. s .. ·. :-; al o as :i .- t i11 th • l' ra f·l ic · 1) 1 1 1 1 1• l IIH' II t. "It

Mis e \i nn C' :ll ll lll ll arid (' an i<' Du m at tend •d th · •'tal • (' <•n ,· •ttl r'c111 f 1 0 I l l' \". W. at Linco ln fi'O rrr 0<·1'. ::2G t f, ::1 1

_JJrill c ip a! A. " .· ll l' tlm vxpv <·l s t (l .It'/' n. le tnr e at l. Mk 1\ ·br. _'\ 1 , ••, I ,. 11 • ' . - .) . I \\ I , att ncl t!J !:\ ortii \\ ' (' >' tt•rn 'I\ .. 1 ·1 , · · 1 , I ' , r , C I ( 'I' ,; \ ,:: •t)l'l at 1o n, •IJt ·.. 1111 I h artl · or · · ' :-; hI \ Ill g I) 11 y.

-Th I P p e of :tl' !' ll) lf (' h witlt li Kc•tlo's tea ·hirw 'I' ll , I"'>' l' ' le nt pe ak s ,. ".Y l1it.dll .v o" ]11•1 '. l \\' (l f'k. mal •, ·hool kt .- O ll t V (' l ')' ft·w thall 1i · K eo tlc·. ·

-As lli nnd ro ll d 0 1 rn:.t l:t in 1I tc· dn st· () ('! to th e t un e of G2 to o. , 1 J' I ' I' C ha l:' ll C' \' I' l sncb a di n st ro t1 s d efe at · f I ll notl, al l ill 'C'b r: · ns thi s one.

- Mi s Er1it.h Cl 1 · ' aJ· ..;,e , Jn e ll :u·.Q· of th <' f gra mmar g r::td l:' at ..'\. Rhl alrtl ) . '. · , ' I ,t:-,; I: q rtl te .L rep 11 ta t1 011 111 , ' ann c1 1 ( '() t tllt wo rk In A.-h la nd l1as of . . · ·. L), \ L'J'V )Jl !l']l der and h att rad<J<l th e ·1 t t,. 11 t · " · ' ·· '· ·Ion of ·11 ha\·e n lt ed the As lll an <'l. S <'lt oo ] :,;, "

-Mr Ma rs hal l, of Lineo ln , 1 ' v 10 is <: n u• "' in th e Int e r-Co 11 eg i at e Mov e nt e nt <:>f tl 11,' M. C. ·L of Ne bra s ka and .lr·1 n · -.... , s·:t" vi s itP tl l

Y. M. C. A. of, t] Ji s . S<'1 1oo l Nm:.c lJl' :I ch e . ed a larcre ancl1 e ne e I'<JlnJ)oo · of tl H' M. andY. VV. C . .A an d th e il' ,. 1 • ··t 1 11 1 aft<> rnoon. :-;] , ())'::.;

Every individnal ha s a pl ac e to :fill in t world a nd is impmtant in s om e rc, pt whetl1 e1' he to he so o1· no t. Nat lJ , 'iel Ha w tlwnw.

THE NOR /\'\ L c RIER.

BUSL E EP RT E T.

AD E RTI -h G R T E.

Per in ch, single co lumn single insertion, $ .50

PtciaJ rat es furn is h ed on appliratiun to husint mann r.;, TIIO!". F. :111d 0. J. :-\ OLE \'.

St ate f4ot1mal Seh oo l.

F CU LT

A. \V. ;\ ORT< :-\ A. :'.1

T t'OriJer Of , ""·· a ud I j,.. _, ·,.;, n r.· uud A rl ' !I TN ltin f! ,

11 . E LI Z. . :\IORl;A:-\,

T nJr/,,., r'} Lit ,.-ro lll r,· , ! NI, t orir (,',-u,·ral 1 /bt ,,r_,· and

II. H D ;\ ' :\ :-\ S ) :-\ ,B .S. 'l >orlu·r t! / a nd Zo olt!.:..')' ·

II EI<H E RT \ \':\ EL L. 7 ., ," /, ·r ,'./ ( 1 1111:,/ r_J '• uu d .• l slrnu om_y

c; \ . E LLI S. B. A of .l f aiii ,· JII ttlit ''" d l .•uliu

lVIISS FLO R EN E l\1. \\'R!G II T, 1 -., ., r/u ·r o_( 0 , , 1 a nd Jf ·rillt 'll I

!\ !ISS J E N!\ lE

Tt'tlfll t' l' of t 'u i t. ·d C...'tal t'S 1/is/Or l' and

T.·ar lt, ·r an d (, rn mmur.

MI SS Ll LLI AN R. !-: ELL G. 70 • • C:i -· il {; o;· ,·riJJJJt ' ll l and J)' onJ: f, - '" · .1 rrtl"lvr /Jra · ' · \ ,.., r.

AN:\'.-\ H. 'l• r trfll /irnJ n ud .') upenu trucf,. ,,, n.J" } ':Jrrz rtir. tYtrllf•r of l .JrJII ri p/, ·s Jll ·" '·

lVII SS FL O RENC_E HEN NETT, j.J riJntu: l' and .b JJJdt!t :•ror t,·u.

MI SS 1V[ATTJE EL LIS ,

• J.l ,-,pa ndoJ: I' .D,i"artm, Jit . \N CO IS BOUCHER , fR t ( fu.,·t rum,· nla / lfusir of Vo 7 tl " 11 ' • C. s. NORTON, ( C..'f, JitJ '-rap/,, r. L 1brnriall nn• · JO HN BLANKESI-IIP, Jan itor. ----

BOA RD OF ED UCATIO N.

J fO S llpt. Pub In s t. , e.\' ·nJliri i\. I\. I'"- GOU 0)'' :. State 'Trc:Jsu rc l·, ,...., ,·-o 11 0:"\', JO SE PI r S. Bi\ RTL E) , · · · · '. Omaha: ll.:r './iiCJo , Lm co in. li ON n E. n. KEl\'1'\ EDY , 'i)·JI ot·• C il\" t Ill 1&>,1 TfO J'\ J:T. S PENCER , · " 'A;• bnr;,.' t c., pi•·cs • • • • • , <: I til · Q.,...

li ON. JI UHCH HO V\o' E, "" P··rw I··

EDI TOR IALS.

ED TI

J uda in m th mann r in which stud nt hn \' f1 k d t nr normal and un iv e r"i ti tb y nth of Am e ri ca eeru to be fP.ve ri hi b ut u n. dn ati u. Barnu·d an d Yal e haY e tnrn d fnnr many frolll tb ir doors; ot her c ollege s ar fi ll d t. th ir apa 'i t·. Th e - rate univ er sit ie M a im ·t nil f th m full. Our ow n uni,·ers ity

ann x n. numb er f col] eae a nd unily to m n ar bu i ld iu O'

Thi' me nn th at tb r i abo ut to be an exte ni,· buildi ng f c 11 s. It al bow that th e d ' pr ,i n fr u1 whi ch th e co untr y wa s uff e ring wn ' n bank r' pan i and th e people are in p it e fit ab l t nd th •ir ons and danD"hter in numb 1· n ' r kn ow n of b for wher e th ey c an pr c ur e a hiah r d uc ation . Y o uu g Am e ri ca i aff · ted with int li e tual ambition The sp lend id nnti nal en rgy whi ch wa s on ce di re ct ed ou l · towa rd th nbj na ation of a co ntin e nt , ha s tak en an th I' tnrn n ow Th e s tr en gt h of th e re publi c i ab out to hO\\ it se lf in a new dir c ti o n. Antl fr 111 n h wid and a nera l ed uca ti on th ere must ·crtuiuly ·om· the a bilit y to se ttl e man y of th e , on oro ic pr ob l ms 'which n ow di s tr es us. Thi s app t. it e for hi aher ed nrati on is a ma tt er for nnqnalifi ed gratification

SET YO R MARK HIGH

.

ct yo m mark hiah and th en to il dilig e ntl y and iu ces sa utl y to r each that marie Th ere are few men that ever a ccom pl ish a ll th ey hop ed for, bnt it is we ll known that tho se pers ons who hav e w ]] -d e fin ed in vi"w reach hi gher pl ac es th an thos e who hav e no sp ec ifi c goal be for e tb e f11 }\l{n ll y an i nd i vidual bas achi eved gre atn e ss even und er t:b e mo t di co nraaing c ir c um tan ce s and d ep r ess in g influ ence s, by an ea rl y and pot e nt r esol ution to succ ee d. .A im hi gh a nd per se ve re. Success co mes to tho se wh o h av e a l arg e de gr ee of persever ence. If yo n will look into th e li v es of th e gr ea t and eli tingui h ed men in th o Yariou s walk s of l if e yo u will find that they were in defa tigab le workers who lo st no m om e nt or o ppo rtn nit ies in impr<•, in g th e ir mind s and fitting

themselve s for the high duties and great re pon ibilities of their occupati o ns.

Th e successfu l t eac h er lead a pupil to disco er· knowledge, instead of telling him th e things he has to learn. Pe s talozzi says: "Let th e child not only. be act ed upon, but Jet him be mad e an agent in his own education. Th e mod of d in g this is not by any me an s to.talk much to a ch ild, but to e nter into conve r sation with a chi ld ; n t to addre sh im in many words, how ever· fa mili ar or well cho en, but to bring him to exp re s himself on th e subject; not to exLaust the s nuj et, but to question the chi ld ab o ut it, and to let uim find -eut and C07-re ct answer.''

ANNOUNCEME T .

Prof. kinne r, of Neb ra s ka ity, will contribut e for .tbe D ece mber numb e r, "Special Drill on Sentence Idi oms," the la st of a ser ies of pap ers on Engli sh co mpo ition.

Mis Lillian R. Ke ll ogg 's pap er, " Form Study aod Drawing, " wil l be continued in the De cemher numbe r.

'l'L e fir st of a se ri es of pap ers, ''Primary Storie· " bv our kind e rgart en teach e r, Mi'ss Ben- ' . n ett, appears JD this numb e r. "Prim a ry Stories" iu om n ext number w ill de al with Chri s tma s to ri es.

''Language Training," th e fir st of a series of papers by Miss Anna B. He rri g, te acher of Principles of In tract ion and Super int e nd e nt of Practice, is found in thi s numb e r.

Progrttrnme of .T oint Meeting of Te acl1er s in Ca a nd Sa und ers Counties, at Gr·eenwood, D ec . 9, 1 93 :

'·Advanced Gram ma r,"- :vlo rg an L eMaster s, E lmw oo d.

Discussi o n- W. P. Killen, Lo ui sv ill e.

"Lit e rature in High Sc h oo l"--Cbarles Skil es, Al vo Fo uqu.-t , As hl and.

"Prim a ry Lan ,.uage' ' -Hattie Cheuvront, Greenwood '· -·elf Culture"-J. W. Crabtree, Ashland. Di s cu ssio n-G. 1oble, Pl a ttsm o uth.

"The Teacher Outside the Sch oo l R oom"-A . H. vVa te rh ouse, Wee pin g nggesti o ns for Teachin g Geogra phy-Ed ith Clarke, As hl a nd. J. J'. G ll l.!LA ', } I-I AT; JF: Co m. J. V\. CR.\lHRI .f' ,

''l'IT l• ..:\Zll\ •'' WILL L. JJ .\ Y E:"' I'Ol!T. 'Ih · ti n . l ,. 'r ad p '11 .' wi th ;, i ·al ·k ·tc·h •nti t lt•cl

T ab r z to I pa h an tltrou crh t lt win Lord \ ·lo. c unta t wi th th · 1 w ·.·t e lrt. s. <•f-l of P ,,.•i w e at with th m w \ li v wi h tll •rn. w th in with th m w :1 1·" .i c, JLl r <lt-pr •:-; · • l a ar v vi w th ir Tan l r •li<" .· of th 1 1 ' a1 d w • lPltold th ir m )if •. '' • them in un hin • and in ita low .·.

" Th e D ad nt f ,. -•m nt iu Lit •ra t ur 'll.' .A.J·thnr ym n., app al · t all ·)a"' re ader . It tr at. of m dern E tu·ope an writ t' Io it we trac " their a "pa r tur' from t li P <:l n'al s '" _obtain a o·limpse of t lt and wntm cr ,· of th "De 'on ·ourt:. ·,' of' Ptt\. Ve rlain e," '' 't ph en Iaurit Ma e terbri h ancl other· "vho hav " ca t f the r est ra int s of th ancient ·, an 1 ha, ·e d '' think fr ee ly and to pr ese nt th lif e of t as it i_, to have th e world peopled wit.h nt t.' and wom e n, not gods and go dc1 e ·se s.

"A lon g th e Bayou Tich e ," by .Tulian Ralp h is a tale _ of travel through th e .Acadian r eg it II' of Louisiana. is a sketch of and hi s tOI"y pl eas in gly com bin --d Jt clt scr i ·' the country and its peopl e, gi ves their and p ec ulia1 ·iti es , and a s li g ht histon' ste am navigation on th e .Mi ss i ss ippi. In tht' s t.ory we be come acquaint ed with th e p eo p1 1 from wh e nc.e came "Evang e lin e ."

"'An Indian Commonw ea lth," by Re "-in 1\lc Adams, is t.re at for the student of socio l ogi. cal quest i ons It d ea ls with the settl emen of Oh:l:;thoma and th e Indian Territory. 11 intr oduces us to the Indian in his civi li zctl hom e.

ART DE!'AI{'fME N T.

' ::..; t..: 1 • SOC IETY R 1 rl'' ?\ ew art• es p cc1• (very F rtday c,· l uri li tl' ra rr wn rk a ly inv ited to jo in u .s Ill oil I • \\ ' :-11. PAH H1 0 T1.', Pr l':-:. id c nt. co nr us EUT LT )l. • • •· 111 , Il o lida y:-: n nd Vat·_:tt i tll 1. Ev e- ry ru.J ay ev t•uJn g duri .Ar-.o NA M cCoY , C OMPA NY B. I ·11 1··t Li1 11t : C. S. N or to n •> I L' IJ. C apt ; G. C. I\ t•r n ' :-; I_, l f' Ut. ATIILETI C ,\ SSOC IA'I'!O:\. \\Ill L. Da vl'llJlo r t.

ill.

Y. W. C.,\. l·,.,·sidt!n t, Vi n a. Cunun. S t•t •rc· tnry. M a. r .v BtH: haunn. NO JU IAL i\!ILITAHY

FOR J!

Ll LLTA:\ R. K ELLOGG.

St ate tvonnal Sch on/

Th e capabilities of children are often belit· tied a nd th e work made too simple for them. Th e id ea th at they desire something more nouri hing· for their nature is lost sight of. Their s ouls are fed on milk after their bodies ar e known to require more complex food. It m ay a h\ ays be obs e rved that they are active a nd alert so long as work as difficult as they are cap able of taking is being presented , but when th e te a cher begins to "develop " for that a lre ady known. their minds become almost dormant ; there is no opportunity for them to g ain power. The true object of te a ching is lost sight of.

In th e form stud y constant reviews are neces sar y. All previ ous work sh o uld be revie .ved at the beginning of the third y ear , including the work on the circular plinth which was omitted in our last paper . To make the se reviews suc ces sful a nd effective require s the thoughtful prep a ration of the ingenious teacher.

The rem a inder of the typ e solid s s hould be studied during this y ear beginning- w ith the ellipsoid. Compare it with the sphere noting diffe rence s and the fa ct that it has one ro undi llg face. Requir e the children to pla ce it on one end and look do wn upon it with e ye s nearly closed-then re present its outline; afterward hold in a hori zontal position a nd mo ve the finger aro und it, trace it s outline in th e a ir a nd draw it up on the biackboard a nd upon paper the te rm ellips e. G iv e th e children much pra c ti ce in dra wing ellip ses in di ffe rent p os itions , the te a ch er at th e tim e rem e mb e ring th at th e pe ncil or cra yon sho uld abvaJ'S be he ld at right ang les to the long diameter of th e ellip se . Be for e dra win g, trac e the o utline with pen c il or cra yon held in proper po s iti on. Pl ace th e

t ab le ts formin g pl eas in g at ra ngeme nt s. C ut ell ip ses fr om colo re d pape r a nd pa ste u pon the fo ur ha lf di ameters of a cir cle of a ppropna te size an d h ar mo ni zing color. J oi n at th e ce n te r by a form sel ec t ed by eac h c hil d for hi s wo rk. Ci r cl es s hould be fo ld ed int o qua rt ers and for ms base d upon the e lli pse cu t and t he n pasted upo n ci rcles as ta bl ets. A sp here sho ul d be mold ed and th e e lli p so id sh ou ld be mold ed from i t. Mold and make dr awin gs of obj ec ts bas ed up on th e e lli p so id-as th e lemon, pl um, pota to , et c. C ir cul ar and sq uare t ab le ts s ho ul d be mol ded and upon the e, l eave s wid es t in th e m id dle; al so e lli ps oidal f ruit s sho ul d be mol de d.

Compa re s ph ere ,. e lli pso id and ovo id , no tin g rese mblan ces an d di ffer e nc e s. Mo ld th e sphere and f ro m it the o vo id. Pr o ce ed as w ith th e ·wo rk on th e e ll ip so id and ob tain t be id ea of (lv a l. Mo ld a nd dr aw such ob j ec ts as aco rn , eg g, o vo i da l ap pl e, et c. · C ut a nd ta blet s.upon th e d iago nals of a s quare JOimn g at the. ce nt er, al so fo ld square a nd c ut fo rm s b ased on ovals on di agona ls and pa ste as Mo ld leaves, twi gs of an d ot her ob1ec ts b d on oval or ovoi d, u pon cl ay t ab lets. ase 'd f d 'ff Mo ld e lli psoids and o vo 1 s o I erent pr op orti ons.

The n e:x t so li d to be st ud ied, th e eq uilat era l . , ,.. fl7'ZS11l h as thr ee equal oblon <Y fa ces , t naug11t a, r ' <=> 1 tri anaular fac es-cqu z!at cr a! tn ang !cs, t wo e qu a "" 1 l ong straig ht , pa rall el eda es , th ree th r ee eq ua , • o f eqna l sho rt pa ra ll el eda es a nd s1x se ts o two o _ r ac u te angled co r ners. Mo ld th e cyl mchar po .. b .. tl · d fr om it thi S pn sm y pa ttm g 1t ge n y der an b ard or pap e r. Make se ct io ns of th e on th e o . . 1 ;v in cr pri sms of di ffere nt p ro po rtwns P nsm s 10\ "" 1 b t the nin e e dges may be of eq ua a nd t a ' d · · Apply terms <1o·t ex ,an base to tn a nJen g th.C t tri angles and p as te up on th e di agogl es . f u uare so that the ve rti ces m ee t at the als o a sq · d n . . with fo r ms se l ec ted by ea ch c b1l ce nt er; J01n for hims elf h a ao na l pns m h as s1x eq ual ob long Th e ex "" t wo equal h exago nal f aces . six equal, faces , ·ght par a ll el edges, thr ee sets of fo ur 1 g st ra J on ' 1 parall el ed ges a nd twelve blunt or sh ort, equ:d co rne r s. Th is pri sm sho ul d al so btttse ang e l. d M . 0 d d fr om th e cy 111 e r. ake sec twns be mo l e · 1 · . dia gonal s sbow1ng t 1at 1t is co mp os ed upon 1ts c • 1 . . latera l tna ngu ar pn sm s. Mo ld hexof s1x eq ll1

ago n al pri ms and m ake tran s \· cr se cu sh ow i ng that they m ay he of clifTe r en t p tion s. Cut th e hex ago ns a nd folc1 · a co nv en tio nal iz ed fo rm s u po n th e ir di ago Th ese r ose tt es shou ld be past ed as ot h r _ oak l ea f is es peci a lly pl eas in g fo t· making of d es ign.

T he n ex t s li d to be st ud i ed t/1< · f't'IIC , c ur ve d fa ce, one c ir c ul at· p la ne f.1.ce an c ur ved ed ge . T he cu n ·ec1 f ace · nc.ls in a ca ll ed t he <•c r lt'x of th e cone and th e f ace is t he base f the co ne. Th is so lid i mo ld ed fr om th e cyl in de r. Obj ec ts ba th e cone as th e ca rr ot , pa rsni p, an ca r of etc., should be dra \\'n and mol ded apex fro m the mold c: d co n e, ma k i 11 g th e t cat cd co ne. Let th e childt·c n make w draw i ngs of it and give the te rm r ·om t!lloc!cs

Fr om th e co ne is mol ded th e sr; 1r nu pyra w hi ch bas fo ur triang ul ar f accs - /s{lsr·dr s allg!es-one_ sq.u ar e f ace, four long ·t ra · ,.,_ ed ges meet tn g 111 a po int or verte x, two t wo equ al short p ara ll el ed ges and fo ur q · co r ners.

Th e vas e fo rm has one cu rved cur ve-t wo plane cir cular fac es and two cir ed ges . Have th e c hildr en tr ace th e o ut lix side by th e fi n ge rs along t b. 1d s, t he n tra ce 1ll th e a ir, us in g th e for efi n ,_ of a ft er w hi ch give a g-r e at d G pr ac ti ce 111 dr a win g r ev ersed and c ur ves. Th e v as e fo rm sho ul d be m. olded f th e cy lin de r and other fo rm s based on t ype sho uld al so be dr aw n and mo ld ed

Througho ut th e y ea r much 1n o lclm o· sll (' be done fr om memory. One ve ry gooc{m< of co nduc ti ng a rev iew is to assig n cl i fl ' :\. t yp es to some c hildr en a nd d ir ec t o th : mold a ny ob j ec t b as ed on th e t ype n am Ch il dre n should also In ake s imp le pl ea .:: \ grou ps of so lid s a nd n 1a ke r ep r ese nt a ti ve d r, in gs of th e sa me.

W ork i ng dra win gs sho ul d be m ade of solids a nd of son1.e s impl e ob j ec ts . Dur' thi s yea r a nd in futu re , the wo rkin g c1rawi . s hould co nsist of as ma ny vi ews as are n sary to g iv e the f ac ts of fo rm vVhen thr " more vie ws are re quir ed, di rect th e c hil d , to pla ce th e ir pap ers w ith th e long edg e te ndi ng fr om le ft to ri g ht. If thr ee vi ew s , rep d level r t f c) c;

requ ire d th e u pp er cdg·e of th e p:1pe · s 1 tr is ect ed and fr om the left poi 1 of ri:- n a \e rti cal l in e shou ld l>e clr:l.\\'11 be p on this lin e th e top :tnd fro 1 ,·i ew· be draw n. L ines limiting- ,,·i dth t' - toJ Yi w fr om le ft to ri ght should Jc co 1 i u ·d do w nward to lim it \\·iclth of fro nt \ 'ic w. Li- "·i li n es hcig·ht of fro n ,·iew s houl be extended t th e 1·i g ht to limit heig-ht f rio·ht side view . hi ldr cn sl]l)uld follo w dic L tion of teache r in d t-:1.\\·ing, e rasin g and lioi Lin ess ho u1c1 bcdr;t wn lightly atfir:t,n all cor rect ions of li n es sh ould be m ade bef ore an er as in g is done. On ly un necessary lin e::; ho uld be erase d. A ft e1· the \\' Ork is ·o r re ctc 1 an 1 unn ece ss a ry Jin es lw, ·c bce ;1 et·a eel . th lin should be made di m by pas: in g the e1·:1. r al ng· tb.e rn lig htl y. Then th e \·i e \\' s . hou ld be hnol- 'n WJt h broa d cr r ay lin es. .Alw :1. ys lin e- in the fir st. beg in nin g- wi th the u pp r. t hen th e ve rti ca l lin es b eg i nnin g at t he left and tb e re ma in ing li n es in o rd e r. Co nn ect a ll views with "cl o tt ed lin e s" m :1.d e of sho rt d:1. h es and fi ni sh th e ce nter lin e wi th long and bort da sh es ca ll ed "do t and cla sh" lin e. Any invisible edges th at do not coincide wi th the visible ed ges sho ul d be represented by d as h li n es . It is we ll to l :l.Y tablets repr ese n tin g the vi e ws b efo re cl ra w in g th em. r l!l dr muing· s lt ould be clt t ir cl)' fra !t a!ll l. . Dur in g thi s ye ar child re n sho ul d fo r th e fir st tim e be pe rmitt ed to u se the at th e bl ac kb oa d.

Th 1 'ld were left fre e to re pr ese nt ob ec 11 ren fije ct s as th ey ch ose for the rst two yea r s, but - dy to le a rn the , rl " t thi s yea r th ey ar e 1ea \ 1y o ·t t To illu s tr ate th e ap pe ara nce of so me ex en . th · 1 · d 'ffere nt p os it to n s, prov i de eac h e c1rc e 111 I 1 cut f _ c w ith a fo ur-inch ctr c e s tt ff p ap 1 1 'ldren to hold th en- Ci rcl es in a er, Ask t 1. e c 1.1 1 ·u horizont al pos iti on on a l eve Wl 1 th e ir ey es (by 11lea ns of a pin thr ough th e of .e ac h) a nd n ea rly cl os e th e ir ey e s. Ask o ne c htld to re prese nt wh at he sees upon th e boa rd If hi s . is co rr ect :l. ncl th e cla ss aoT ee s rep r ese nt at iOn !' ;. 1 , ' d ir ect th at ci rcles be he ld s LJ;' tt -' ' odo,zv th e level of the e ye and have th e appe J.r an ce re pr ese nted be l ow th e fi r ..; t on board. Co nt intl e by di r ec tin g- that the cn ·cles be held f i! rth er and fa rth er below :1.ncl ab ove t1_1 e l eve l c) f the eye; th at th ey be hel cl vc rtJ c:< l_l y 1 11 fr ont c; f t he fa ce , and to th e rig ht and lef t. In t hi s

way lead th e chi ldre n to sec that t!te edge c. icw of a rir ·k nhu I)'S npjxars a straight lin e,· an obliqu e ;·i· ;·• of a circle n Fu ays appmr s an ellipse; a fac e ,•f'ri< a t·ir c!t- always appmrs a cir cle,· t !t e fartllo- abo ;•c or bclo <. tlu: /cud of t!tc rye a lw ri:::t'lilal rir ·k is placed or tlt e fa r t/m· to t !t e left or nj;llf a <·t·rtic 1l cir ck is placed th e wider will l it e dlip sc appm1·. When th is is thoroug hl y in th e mind of th ch ildren , th ey will have no trouble in o rr C tl) repre se nting obj e ct s h avi ng ci r· ular fa ces.

To i ll us trate the conver ge nce of re ce d in g l ine a:k the c hi ldren to brin g to sch oo l s trin gs at lea t a yard l ong. Di re ct th at each c hil d p lace a book on the des k befo re him w ith th e ba k t \\ ard h im a nd para ll el w ith the fr ont edge of th e des k; th at he bo ld th e fr ee e nd s of hi tring in bi le ft ba nd a nd w ith hi s ri g ht ba nd sl ip the m id dle pa rt of th e s trin g ben ea th th e upp er cove r drawi ng it to th e b ack of the book ; th at he th en take ho ld of th e strin g n ea r the ends of th e b ook, s it er ec t, cl ose one eye a nd gra dua ll y m ove th e ha nd s dir ec t!)' up ward on the string un t il it sha ll appmr to cove r th e u pper ed g es of the e nd s of th e b ook. Th en ask ,, hat the s trin g d oes, a nd wh ere w ith r efere n ce to th e eye . As k wh at the ed ges of the b oo k wo ul d a ppea r to do if ve ry, very long; a sk h ow many h ave l ooked along a s trai g ht railroad trac k, a nd wh at th e rail s ap pea red to do Draw up on the upper pa rt of the b oa rd a lo ng horizo nt al lin e; ma rk it "L eve l of e ye ;" m ark a point "C" up on the l ine for cent er of 71z'.sio n. On th e lowe r pa rt of th e b oa rd dir ec tl y below •·C," draw an o bl ong to re pr ese nt th e b ack of tl1 e bo ok; fr om "C " draw l in es to t he upp er co rners of the obl o ng. Dir ec t th e c hildr en to gr asp th eir pe nc il s w ith th e sha rp en ed end s p oi ntin g do wn wa r d, to hold th em 11ertically at a rm 's leng th so th at eac h upper end sha ll appem· to touch th e upp er ed ge of th e back of th e bo ok a nd th en pl ace th e thumb on th e pe ncil so th at th e e nd of its n ai l sha ll appmr to t ouc h th e l owe r edge of th e ba ck of th e bo ok Eac h hand sh o ul d be ke pt in po s it ion and r ai se d so t hat i ts thumb .nail shou ld app ear to touch th e ne :1. r e dg e of the upp er fac e of th e book and then obt:1. in the aj>par ml w idth of th e n pper f ace from fr o nt to b ac k as co mp ared wit h th e widt h of th e b ac k of th e b oo k. Dr aw th e hori zo ntal li ne re pr ese nt-

ing the far edge of the upper fac e. Th e invisible edges should also be represented by dim lines. Rarely will two answers in regard to proportions agree owing to variations in size of children and si?.e of books.

Lead the children to see that parallel edges parallel wz"t!t tlt e face of t!te obserz ,er app ear parallel,· faas parallel1vz"tlt t!t e }ace oj tlte obs er ve ?' app ear t!t eir t rue s!taj e,· parallel edg es at an angle wit!t t!te fac e of t!te obs er ver appem· to co u ve rge aud i.f extmded far moug lt would app ear to m ee t at t!tc l evel of t!t e eye, if at rigltt a11gl cs wo uld m ee t at lit e cen ter of vision,- .faces at an augle w it!t t!te .face o.f tlte obser v er do not appear t!teir tru e s!tap e.

The children should do a great deal of drawing from memory. Call their attenti on to th e fact that the sphere is the only solid whose outline alw ays appears circulm- and thus prepare them to understand !tow an e clip se of the moon may be used to prove the form of the earth. The teacher should continually bear in mind the th o ught that the children sh o uld do a gre at deal of talking in connection with the fo rm study. Answers should be g-iven 1n complete statements and descriptions should be very accurate.

Much has been sa id in regard to the beautiful. Some may feel prompt eu to ponder over its characteristics. One ba s said it is "that which is harmoni ous or rhythmical." Harmony is its f ou nd a tion. To produce lzarmouy there must be a "co-o peration of all part s of the whole tow a rd the object of the whole." Balancing of parts so nec essa ry to beautiful form, may be illustr a ted a nd impress ed by studying architecture. The teacher who cannot ha ve access to a library for the purpose, may prepare herself an "Architecture Chart" by cutting pictures fr om the current magazines. The children sh ould study Ancient, Roman, Greecian, Egyp. tian and American architecture. Each should be studied as a whole so that prominent characteristics may be observed and contrasted and typical form s impressed: The c?ild ren should become able to recogm ze apphcatwns of ancient forms in mod e rn architecture. In this study the children should be led to observe the use of the triangle , th e arch, the balancing in each, and th at th e c ircl e is the most perfectly balanced of any form - hence the circular line is the line of beauty.

Followin g t he st udy of th e e xt e ri orof th e b uild in gs - their int eriothe d cco r atl n-s ho u ld be studied T he c fini sh in gs of the ear li est and th e gTaduaprovement should be n oted. T he chi should beg- in de s ign wo r·k by at fl rst imi th e earl y f orms and co lor s, ancl l ate r n in g co lor s s hould be sub s titu t e( ! for .·om co mbin a ti on s; a tt ention sho uld he ca ll e 1 to more u eau tif ul effec t pr o du ce d. Fr m st udy of t he d es igns of be auty th ey wi ll be to. mak.e , for exa mpl e, in a lar ge qu d es 1gn, Ill th1s .d es ign s mall er des ign ·, an the small er d es 1g ns , those s ti 11 sma ll er for roa ha.rmoni ous wh ole without point s' r ple x 1ty, but ?f pl e as in g s im p li c it y as illu tr by the Spamsh Arabian d eco ra ti ons of tb nada.

The of ancient art ena bl es the chil f"1 to a ppre c tat e and l ove th e good in dec orC\t\ From the s tud y of co nv e ntionaliz ed for n'l lo tus. pap y ru s, fleur-d e -lu ce etc tl . ,i . . . . . ., 1ey at e" tn conv e ntwnaliz cd fo rm s of fl o\\ for pa s tm g and drawin o- \1a 11 s· .1 c ny a -over terns should be made of both . geo me tn c. conventt o nah ze d fo rms J). . 1 ld · · 1aw1n g s lOU cover th e ground that it will b.· o· . f . . 1. f 1 1 n"" 1 n to cogmtwn, 1 e and b ea uty · · • 1 u1 s pr a) plant s, ammals fr om r ea l 11·fe 1 b c , anc 1nen1 et the class s hould be drawn , 11 d .. , d e s1 o ns drawmg s should be repr o du c cl n b e 1n at wa w1th th e water colors.

If ':e .are to despair of ever • , tllls work, let us li sten vvhil e F bel agam speaks to us and becom e so unpr e by 1ts 1mportance that we will keep look forward and never rnore waver. I-Ie s "The beautiful is the be st mean s of d · e UC:l for childhoood as it has been the b t - es education for the hun1an race. ·:·:- .;,. -:+ ·l-.' F,

the religious edu ca tion of the cl ·ldl:11 1oo ct a youth, the beautiful, above all th 1·n t gs, ar rnt co-operate. ;,. ·:-:· ·:(· -x· Do you 1<: now how y can awaken the divine spark 1·n h. your c 1 Let him behold the beautiful in form and col in ton: and gesture whenever the spiritual .lll him threatens to sink away in the 1sfact10n of bodily wants, or desires thr eat , to draw him into the animal sphere."

SUC CE C..."T/0.\·_ F ON J)f:" Cf:.J!RJ:: R s n ) A'//:·_-...;.

FL OI.:E);l·l·: l; J;J-: );); J-:Tr Ye /lrn l .t r ...: t,rt,· _y ,,r mol

"If peopl e h a,·e lif e cnotwh in them to bea r 1t h . . <-. l ere 1s no th1n g th at ra1s es the pirit and th e bl o(J cl n pple and dance s nimbl a br oo k dmn1 th e slope of a hill. a a bngh t, ha rd fro st.··

Little ch il dr en ce rt ainly ha ,·e s 1tnci nt life . Th ey a lw ays w elc ome J ack Fro st w ith o·ladne s. Th ey kn ow he b1·in gs the sno w and ice Which m ea n a va ri e ty of ou tdo r sp rL f r th etn.

'I'he fa ce of natt11·e h as chan o·ed inc e b t we 100ke d at h er This is her h ouscclea nin o· t im anct . . . I h . b W!th he r, as 1n o u1 1om es . t e e nJ O) ment th ereof must be frought un der dlfncultie

T hough a very m ode l ho usek ee per. she se e m::, to delight in calling in ML \Vind and cove rin o· everything thi ck with dust: just be fcre b eg ins the w as hin g and bn g htnin g. In the mid st of th e he avi es t du t cl o ud down co me s the ra in and a wa y goes all th e soil and mu ss from Dame Natur e 's cove ring. J ac k Frost is not slow in he lpin g and soon turn s th e min drops into hail or snow. and 1viother Nature h as a pure whit e dr ess on ce more. High up in the air there is a bu sy w eave r wh om th e c hildren like to think of as Jack Frost"s broth e r. Be has used th e "clouds for his 1oo m" a nd "the Wind for a s huttl e" and h as woven thi s beautiful white robe of de li ca te lace with which to cover all of Dame Nature s s le ep ing children.

Despite the cold winds and Ja ck efforts to nip our nos es , let us exam 1ne c losel y the work of the weaver Vve find the whole dainty covering made up of ttny little flakes of ltlost curious pattern s. He re t? ey are larg-e there small and of the mo s t. mtncate desio·ns There is a multitudinous var.lety of forms and it is all such a pure perfect whtte. How light and airy all nature seems n ow ! The and purity of the scene at once awakens the beautiful in the child.

The birds are all gone with the ex ce ption of the sparrows and a few We miss the happY songs with wh1ch the bu-ds greet us yet v.re know they are enjoying- the warm and green trees of the far away south land.

ince \\ e ba e not th e ir son as with us we need M ' to ing- our ow n songs the more. vVe may e ek to make them as sweet and strona as the bird . that any listen er may enj oy our asenjo _ the bird's ong-s.

'i\ bi le Nature is asleep under her white cove rl et we ha\ e our flowers in the windows, the bou e pla nt . The children ma y be given the ibilit of caring- for the plants each day o·tvmg- them a drink and pl a cing- them in the wa rm s un hine. Throug-h caring- for anything we learn to lo'\ e it. The children learn to love the plants and to watch their needs from day to da ;. Thi lo ve awakens a carefulness and tenderness which are the requisites of culture The g-reater the culture the more it demands the b ea utiful and enjoys producing or so directing th e forces of nature that they may produ ce the be a utiful.

Ne may by description give the child ideas of the large conservatories and areen houses of th e cities where the ga rdener looks after each individual flower and cares for it so that it may g row to the best advantage. just as the real teach er does in the school rooms and the true mother in her hom e.

Bes ides th es e plants reared indoors there are s till some th at are so de fiant they braved J ack Frost's st.ronge st efforts and stayed with us, green dunng- the winter. The holly a nd the pin e tre es at onc e sua a est the bri o·htness of bb 0 the Christmas tide.

The child may easily be led to appreciate the kindn ess of nature in providing and of man in utiii z ing the warm wool a nd fur for clothing, the leather for shoes , the snug hous e for shelter and the wood or coal for heat. The child should feel his dependence upon nature and man. He should by means of stories learn how the lives of a multitude of men are sp e nt in preparing- this materi al for the use of others. He should see that for the preservation of his physical life. he is dependent upon others He should begm to reach the real meanina of b Christ's words, ·'But I say unto you, love one another, as I have loved you.'' It should give the chtld pleasure to think that when he is a man he will also be able to assist in maintaining and advancing the develoment of the race.

We should seek to have the child appreciate

the unit y of nature It is not so much th e knowl edg-e he has of her wo rking s, but the feeling he has toward her. He sho uld ee th e uses of th e different forms of water, be sh ou ld through th e clay used in the school ro om, lea rn of one way of forming so il. He sho uld observe the stars and know of their m oveme nt s. By means of the redundancy of nature's products , he should be l ed to recogni ze that God dir ec ts all of these forces, by one universa l l aw, " nature, man, God, th e bringing of the se three into one system of thou g ht constitutes phil osophy." The child is ever a philo s opher see king in his sma11 way the whys and wherefores of nature's workings. May we not dir ec t his searches so they may be useful, not on I y to himself, but later to the worlcl at large?

Not only through the mineral world m ay he see with what ha rmony the natural law s a re ca rried out, but in the vegetable a nd animal wo rlds he may find it again sh ow n. He may be led to think of the comforts affo rded him by the cotton from the southern fields the w oo l ' from the sheep and the silk fr om th e mulberry spinners . Nature is ever me ditating by analogy. phy s ical sustenance and elements of th e beautiful be tween man and God. She forms the third arc of the circle, for trinity is perfected unity.

The end. of the month begins the great festival holidays of th e y ear. Th e child's mind is sure to be full of th oughts of Christm as, Santa Claus and the gifts he will receive. Let us endeavor to put a new light upon th ese already happy ideas. Let us begin with the beginning the first christian Christmas and th e first Chrismas gift. We need to think of the far away Bethlehem, where the Christ child was born on Christmas morn. The life s urrounding Him is so cl ose ly connect ed with that of the Shepherd, a nd Chri st bein g the Great Shepherd, th at our mind s are directed to the s heep and the care give n to them. Her e l et us beg in.

vVe be come familiar w ith th e s tock of our own f arms here, th e cows and th e h orses. vVe l ea d the childre n to obse rv e h ow nature h as thickened the coat of the anim als that th ey m ay not suffer from the w int er's co ld. Th e child see s how man has planted th e cor n a nd l eft the stacks in the fields f or food for the cattle dur-

i ng th e winter. ri he c hilc1 sh ou ld th e fowl· about th e barn and of th e f w ste rs who have r ema in ed with us. li e ho be le d to think how both th e fowls 3n bird may be be . t ca r ccl for . T he sl n·- e sh ould ke ep in mind a! w ;n·s th at she wi :·he l ead th e chi ld to dc\'C: lol; his bcsl act id · Th e care of the animal s will su g·g-cs t t th e t hought of how n cc cl hi s pr te th at be is wi se r a nd str ong-e r th an th y ar th at be s ho uld see k to gi\·c th em th b can pro v id e.

Fr om the. c anima ls with whi ch the b' every day li fe h as made him famili ar, w. n introdu ce the shee p. 'vVe may after a c d escr ipti on of the sh ee p as a wh ole, as t 3 • a nd tb e s uitability of th ese part s to th ir r think of th e h ab itat of th e sh ee p. \Ve bo co ns ider she ep rais in g in th e west fir s t, t ben i th e east e rn ( nit ed Stat es . Th <;: home { s he ep, that _i s the kind of land best adapt f r sh eep graz mg and th e she ep fo ld sho ul d pictured for the child. The utilizin o· by be rai si ng of rough, hill y la nd whi ch c;uld not till ed without grea t l abo r, sho uld be h ow tim e may be spe nt up on the tl e d1sp os 1tton of th e sh eep a nd th e ir ha bi t fo rmin g in flocks with a l eade r. The cb l. should find throu gh th e sto ri es hovv· ca ref u l, the lamb is cared for by' its moth ·. Th e pupil should grow to love th e little l am , through the in cid e nts the sto rie s to ld. should feel what an innocent, ge ntl e little cr ture the la mb is. Aft er noting how the memb of th e flock look after each other as s hown , crowdin g tvgether for warmth, he s hould th ir of the care man gives to the sh ee p. The m shepherd wa tches over t_hem with his d 1f_ th ere be any danger lurkrng near. He vJdes them with a well she lt e red fold wh · they may be away from the cold a nd dan a- · If in a h ea vy snow storm th ey loo se their ,;a·. he goes out seek ing for them. vVhen he fin th em he g uid es them back to th e fold. Th, child may think th at th e she ph er d cares for tl , sheep as Christ ca re s fo r littl e ch ildr e n. 1

Besid es th e pr ot ect in g ca re g iv en to th · sh ee p, the child sho uld be told how ca reful h the sh ee p are wash ed a nd she ar ed when th·· warm spring d ays co me. This brings the i dt'. of th e u se of th e sh ee p to man. It will be

in t eresting journe y to g-o wit h he". )1 af is put in th e bags :t nd rcachi 1g- h' boa rd t he train. J !:wing· 1·eachcd fa ctory, th e c hil d may 111 noticing the proce es th 1·ou gh whi ch the w ool p:1.. :-;e be led to think how ma ny m en arc helping o ma · the warm clo th es for wi ntc1· u.·c . The child should think of the co -o >e ra i\·e fo 'L'C f all these l abo r ers in :-;cn·ing- othe1·:-;.

From thi s \ ·ie \\' ()f m odc 1·n : ifc. 1c the sea to the f :u · :1 way e:t:-;tcrn co 111 ric.. L us g in to the long :1go :1 nd c,c the :-;h epht. r a he watched th e sheep before hnsuna xi eel . =\,\ e se e not on- sh c ph c 1·cl hut :1 g-roup of ,h pberds seated in the fi e ld::; \\' ith their long r k by th e ir s id es and th e cl ogs h:-t lf d oz ing- b · them . Th e sh ee p ar g-raz1ng and a fe w f th dogs wan de rin g bct w ee n them and th f re t to g iv e an ala rm al the !1r st c f d:1n o· r. S uch was th e lif e that Oa\'lc1 l ed In his early manh ood. So were th e she ph e rd s w at bing. r eady to ca ll by n 3111C e:-tc h s :: ec p i_f cbn ,=; er app eare d, wb cn they sa w the b li g ht _h ght :-tnd the st ar of Bet hl ehe m. Co nn ec ted wnh thi s st I') s hould be th e long jo urn ey of th e thr ee wi se men to Bet hl ehe m. ,\1:-tr y a nd J osep h sho uld · tl1 e 1·r way to p:-t)· the t"" e be ptctur e cl on "·" s. as 1 1 f 'ts hi on ccl Jnn With It s on e door also th e o c • · . d 1 da r] - ha ll s. 1 hen sho uld com e the an ong c ., f tl tnan o·e r whe1 e th e C hn st child s tory o 1e "" b ' l'h e c hildr en sho ul d f ee l how was orn h I ) eo ple ,,·ho kn ew of th e b irth of appy t 1e 1 f H Ch d th e an ge ls o. - e av en were on nst an ld 1 . d , Th ey shou ..: now th3t it is Chn s tm as a)· . . h 1 ,-' hrist' s g-re:-tt ]o\e fo r us that we t roug 1 '--' , l . His l o\· l have a Christrn as c a). . o· e l as co me t]Jro uu·h all th e . t"" es . He IS with us down to us "" B . · . . i ft no w. eca u se we hk e to b as 't Ch ns tm as g . ·bl e c 1 1'1-e C hri st as IS possl e. we t oo e nJ· oy n ea r y 1 1 · ,.,· tt s of l ove to th ose 10 111 we know. came to a ll as a g lft , e sp e ci a lly to _. 1 1 lVla v we no t, th ere foretb e poor p eop e. _. Cl . ' exr lov e by rneans of . HJstn1 as re tu e mtend ou to th ose who espe cl a lly n eed a h ap py brat:ces ? vVill it not be a new thou o- ht to Chnstmas. 1 th e c hild to say as he t Je Chri st a ift w1th my l ove "I g 1 ve you a ""'

M es York and Ro ckwood, of th e cl ass of l SS ,93 , who t eac hing at vVeeping \V ate r, spe nt 'I'banksglvmg here at home .

FO T BriLL IJ THE HIGH SCHOOL

B\' J. \\ . CRABTREE .d slllaml. 1\'cb.

I belie ve t hat we possess mental , moral and ph y i ai lements, a nd th at th e de velopment of each i ne e nr · both f or the de' elo pment of the the r::. and for the prop er evol uti on and ele \·at i n of ma nkind. It is for this r easo n a nd fr m t hi tandpo i nt th <> t I recom inend n ot o nly foot ba ll , but man) ot her at hl e tic s ports for use in th high school . ur cho ol a re likely to lo se sight of the fa ct tb at true ed u ca tion means the de\ elopment of t he m:1n. Te ac hers are ofte n so bent on deYeloping tb intellect th at tli ey fa il to accompli h it on account of neglecting the ph ys ic al and moral el eme nt s. One au:thor says that it i crimi n al to neglect d eve loping ourse lves in an one of these directions.

It i my purpo se in this article to show tha,t foot ball b as more us eful features as a high schoo l game than any other athletic sport ye t introd uced. I desire a lso to s pe ak on what I te rm the eth ical cu ltur e of ball.

Fo ot ba ll is prob a bly the best game there is for a ll ar ou nd development. It All Around demands m ore of the physical , Dev el opment. m en tal a nd on the part of th e pl aye r th an a ny o ther game . Th e b oy to en ter a team must be strong, courageous, quick a nd e ndurin g, and the ga me itself te nds to develop a ll these tra it s. The b oy whose a mbition is to be in the foo t ball t eam, ma ny times has to tra in for w eeks and month s before he is in " fo ot ball condition." This training is in it se lf o ne of th e b es t f eat ures of foot ba ll.

T ea m work is what wins in foot ba ll. U ntil a boy le a rns to subju ga te his will and his pe r· sonal int eres t to that of the te am

Lessons of Co- d . 1 · 1 k d t . d an captam 1e 1s n eve r oo -e cpera 1on an t b d upon as pl aye r, howe ve r s rong 0 e 1ence. 11 . h b LI a nd bn 1a nt e may e. J.. e nc e it is a valuab le lesson in co-operation a nd ob e dience.

Prin cip a ls of high schools lament the fa ct that there are so few big boys in the high

Keeps the Big Boys in School.

schools. Why do those mu sc ular boys, naturally the most promising, stop out? Boys lo ve strength and they love to use it If the school offers no opportunity they naturally seek manual exercise elsewhere, and so stop out of school. I have found in foot ball a wonderful incentive to keep them in.

There is no game which is as attractive to young men as this. As teachers we can hardly take hold of anything which will Advertises call attention to our school as The School. f b 11 Th does oat a . e young men for many miles around come in to see the foot ball games, and becoming acquainted with the high school students often grow interested in the school and enter school them s elves. It calls the attention of everybody to the school. It is the best advertisement a school c an ha ve

It is not the kind of g-ame for profe ss ional sports. It demands too much ma nho od It requires a total abstinen ce from Not a carousing, cigarette smoking and Professional drinkin g, from which profesGame. sional s ports can n eve r separate h lv es Foot ball is likely to re main a t emse · . h chool and college game. hlg . s -

F t ball a nd the training for it is an exc e loo . b t eans of ge ttmg oys to l eave off bad lenb_tm of keeping late hours , indul g ing in th e ha 1 s, f . u se o stimulants and narcotics. Effect on Its tendencie s to draw from and Bad Habits. distroy impurity and intemp erho uld not be ignored. A boy in this ance s 1 ar ns that he cannot be as much of a g ame e . d have these habits , and hence gives man an to make a better fo ot ball pl aye r. He them up bl 1 ed a valua e esson. hasl ear n -

a re very few agencies at our co ntrol

There . h re so effective m ma tt ers of discipline whlC a d ' . h ill cause one to un ergo hardships to whiC w f ' . nd his w ill to th at o another, to mak e hls be play a p ar t of th e work of the Cultivates team rather than to show himSelf Control. se lf. Nearly a ll bad habits are a we ak will. G iv in g up bad habits and due to 11 d' su bjugat i ng the d m Ica ted te nds to strengthen the Wl an IS a moral benefit.

There is no game whi ch le el Is the e lem ent s of co urag e and g rit a this 0 :lme d Moral Courage.

N one ca n bee me a play er if he is a c w ar 1. more co Lu- :l gc and th grit a boy h as the be tt er pl ay in g can he These ar e the esse nti al ele ment s f any lin e.

A boy must be able to co ntr ol hi s t em per order to pl ay wel l. If a play er l ose . his t ern

The Control his o pp o nents are not slow · of the t ak in g adv a nt age of hi s sta

Temper . mind to g et in a few go od p I hav e noti ce d ma rked provem e nt in our Ash land boys in thes e spect s. One esp ecia ll y was so qui ck tem p that we doubted whe th er he cou ld ev er I to control him self . He is now one of t] 1e est, best play e rs in th e te am, and seem way a good na tur ed boy.

The game is said to be t oo for a hi _ sc h oo l game. Some claim it is brutal , com it to the prize rin g. But th ese o bj ec tion

Th R gh made for the rnost part by th e ou ness of the wholly i gnoran t of the _ Game. people bec o me better a cqua1n wit h it the y l ose sig ht of t sc u ffli ng a nd become int er es ted in the sci of the game. It is vi ole nt b ut not as roLwh • b it is supp osed to be by tho se who hav e on he a rd of it. I h ave yet to h ea r of th e fi r st v serio us accident from the garne in Nebrask a.

On e grea t reason w hy acc id e nts so seld r· occ ur is because tn os t t ea ms h ave s trin · b rules with reference to the physical condi t' of the players, and slu ggi ng is being abo li s} · I am pleased to notic e that t Slugging b Abolished. game etween Harvard an dy, this year was without a ny sl m.: ging whatever. Reports from all pa rts of tb country sho w mu ch le ss slugging and un f:l · tactic s th an ever before. The league garn $ among th e Nebraska high sc h oo ls were cle " t throu gho ut. H ardly a foul was claimed f slugg in g during the season. All indic a ti ot point to better foot ball. more skill and I r oughn ess .

As stated before, th e ten de n cy of foot ball aga inst bad habits, but without th e direction 1.. tn g-

the p rin ci pa l and uf best rc:-;u)t-.; :1re he :-;ch co iH! \'C he r d. D irecLed by the S chool.

T c:-tchc ·:-; d t:1kc :1 1 er-·on:Il

interc :-L in hv g:-tme :tnd haY such an <lf he tc:t n :1

Will k eep out the iiH·i ck 1t c\·ib. tnust be exe rcised O\ ' l' · ai I there wtll be no S\\'t :trin;.:· o t· ,.u g:1 · t. ·: St:nokinrr or c.:!Jc\\·i ng 111 \\' 1e ·e b t eache r· · in 11 ucn ce i:-; .

Com pa re thi s g:-t me \\' ilh kbc >:111. In b:1se ball th e catch ci · :IIHl pit che r d •1 mn :-; t of t he Work , a nd c \· en th ese \\' <>rk nnl} · i 11ter mi t ino·Jy, but in f oo t ba ll al l \\' ork :til th e ti me. B :t e

Compared with Base Ba ll

b:-tll e xe rcis es nly :1 fc, ,· m 1s le

,, bil e th is g :-t mc g·i,·cs :1 11 around clc ,·clo pm c nt Ha <; e b :1ll is pla yed by sp oi·ts br g-cl y. but t his game r cq ui 1·cs too much of_ th e r e:-t ) man to e ver be e nt ered in to hy pr of c ,.; si on als . _-\ g·oo d p hysiq ue is ne ith er n ee ded nor I.·cc_l"I I' d _in bas e ball · · · b tJ1 de n1 a nd e cl an d :-; ec ur ed Ill f ot , It IS 0 ball. Foo t ba ll l ess p ra ctice, g i, e· lll ore a chan ce to pb y. o ff e rs an d be tt er d 1 t an cl in e, ·e J·\· waY I :-; sn pe ri or to beve opm en . ]c. ·] ·c ho ol 'a :-tm e. as e ba 11 as a 1 I g 1 s .

A l ·y a ll ovv me to qu ote fr om Cl eves a summa 'c · land Dodge of New York Crt y: " In no is there demanded so m:Jch of th e p ur e phy s ical man as 111 f oo t bal l. There is

Summary no one of th e a thl e ti c gan1es that of demands any thin g lik e the Clevelandl>od'ge. mental qualific:1tions that f oo t ball does There is no one _w hi ch de. I f th e moral gua hti es of self tnand s so 1nuc 1 0 d. f . of obe re ne e, o th e s ub or- of cot.nage, d f t1 . . ' lf t the g oo o 1e whole, as . il1natwn of se 0 1 tl ,) 11 And that t Jese 1ree thino·s " 0 e& foot ba · · <=> ·h b. d in one O"ame Is most ex tra s Ollld be con1 ln e '=' h -o rdi The a ttenti on of men w o are interhe de vel opment of that which sha ll c 111 t d strenO"then the manhood of today 10rward an '=' , is ca ll ed to thi s

Russell of Massachusetts, 111 a G overnor d C 1 speech at Harvar o le ge, reGov. Russell f erred to foot ball as one of the of best agenc i es eve r introduced Mas s achusetts. into the co ll ege. He r ecomd ·t especially for the moral co ur age and tn en si g- rit whic h 1t devel ops

In he ea te rn state s foot ball is the pri nc ip al pa r fo r t he fal l. Ther e }s ha rdl y a high ch ool in the New England and A Fixed High st a te s with o ut a foo t ba ll School Game te am. Th e three acc id e nt s which in the East h ave occ urr ed in th e l:; ni ted ta te durin,,.; the ea ·on ju t pa ssed \Yill have at - r ffe ct the re on th e ga me th an the a tbs in Nebra ka fr om ska ting l as t ye ar w ill ha \· on k at in g tbi winter.

Tb hct fo r thi s ar ticl e are drawn larg el y from fo t ba ll e xp e rien ce in o ur O\\ n high _ ho I and from obs en·a tions on fo ot ba ll pl aying in th e state. I h ave b ee n

Effect

011 the a g-ree ably surpri s ed ov er t he r esult of the ga me in our s ch oo l. Ashland Boys. I be lie' e ev ery boy is mor e of a man tha n at th e beginning of th e season. The y ha ,·e le a rn ed to co ntrol them s eh-es better. Th ey ha, ·e fe wer bad h abits. The y are more 1 yal to th e sc hool. They do better st udyin g. Th e ir gr it a nd co urage shows itself in their w rk. Th e pri n cipa l of the hi gh schoo l believ es th at th e b oys ha ve don e be tt er work during their pl ay in g sea son and sin ce, than before.

_\ OTES FRO 71 T HE PH Y SICA r LABOR ATORY

I.

TllrE IDEA AND NAi\I E "SPEC IF IC G RAVITY .' '

Apparatus · n eede d: A pair oF scales, some sanc.l , a cup and a small cup-shaped v essel, w ith a mass o.f le ad t!tat exa ctly fi ts int o it. [ Th is la tter may be provided by pouring molten l ead int o th e ve sse l ti ll exactly l evrl full, a nd whil e the l ead is s till molten, pushing down into it a bent wire for a h ook.]

(a) Obsen'e in re gard to the vol ume s of the le ad a nd of the cup, imto which th e l ead exac tly fits.

(b) Put the cup int o one scal e pan and balance it with sand lnfi ·?' whether th e we ight of the cu·p thtl\'3 balanc ed will nee d be t ake n into co ns iderat io n in the experim e nt continued. vVhv?

(c ) Fill the cup with water and put th e lead in th e o ther pan; observe th e re s ult; infer how th e weight of th e lead compares wi th th e weight of aJ'J. eqn all vo-Ium,e of wa t er.

THE NORMAL CO R IER

(d) Remove both the cup and lead . Put the larger cup in one pan of the scale and balance as before. Put the lead into the other pan Fill the small cup with water and pour into the large cup. Repeat till the lead is ba lanc ed, noticing ho w mauy cupfu ls are needed . Infer the relation of the weight of the lead to t!te weight of an equal volume of water. Call this relation th e Specific Gravity of the lead.

II.

HO W TO FI ND THE WEIGHT OF A VO LU \IE OF WATER EQUAL TO THAT OF A GI VEN BO DY.

Apparatus: Same as above, t og ether with a vessel of water.

(a) Put the small cup before used on the scales and ba:lance it. Suspend the lead from the sa me pan and again balance. [If a set of weights (metric) be at hand, use them in s tead of the sand to balance the lead, aud notice w ltat t!t e lead wezglzs J

(b) Place the of water so that the lead will be completely immersed in the water. [ Do not let th e lead touch the sides of the vesse l. ] Obser ve the equilibrium of the sca l es; iufer the effect of immersion in the water upon the weight of the lead.

(c) Obs er ve the level of the water in the vesse l before the lead is s ubmerged and afterward; i nfer the relation between the volume of the water displ ace d and that of the lead.

(d) With the scales as in (b.) carefully pour water into the small cup until equilibrium is restored . Obs e?"ue how much water is needed; infer how mu ch weight was necessary to the equilibrium; infer the relation betwe en this and the loss in weight of the lead when immer se d.

(e) With any substance heavier than water s imilar result s could be obtained. To what conc!usiou do you come regarding the loss of weight of a body immersed in water,-to is such loss equal? Ans. -A body immer s ed 1U water lo ses in weight the weight of an equal volume of the water

(f) How s hall the weight of an equal volume- of w ater be found? Ans. - By finding tfte lo ss of wezgltt of a body wh en immersed in tlte w ater.

III.

·o FI ND SPEC IFIC GRAV IT Y NU!vlER IC ALLV EXPR ESSED.

Restore the equilibrium of the scales after

th e l ead ha s been immer s ed in 1 /11 bst abo\·e removin g part of th e weig-hts u se d to bal the lead out o_fwa/cr 0 /J s cr 7·c how much we·uis thu s re mo ved . Rec al l what this los in wei ght of th e le.:1d is in re lation to the waR eca ll wh at is th e Specific Cra\·ity of aHow find how many tim es th e l ead is hea ,th an th e equal \"Olume of wat e i·? E xpre re su lt num e ri cally \Vh y is thi s the p Gra v ity so ught? In s. It cxf'r c.\·s, ·s t !t c r dt v alue of eq ual •·o lum cs o_f !Itt" /,·ad and t/u· sh ow in g how many tim es he avi er th e lead IV.

TO

FIND TilE SI'J·:CI FI C C I<.:\\ "IT\ " OF A :--.' Y Lr IN \\"HI II TilE LEA D SI ;\"KS.

Apparatu s: As bef ore, in c ludin g th e weight s: li quid to be t es te d.

(a) Weigh th e le ad in air; wei gh it ( 1) imm er se d in the water; (2 ) when im roer in the other li q uid. Find the l oss in e ach (b ) luje1· th e rela ti ve vo lum es of thet liquid s displaced by the le ad Recall what th lo sses represent in eac h case . /nfn· how to the Specific Gravity of th e o th er liquid.

V.

TO

FI ND SPE C IFIC G R:\ VITV FL OAT

Apparatus: As befor e; a string; a large c (a) Weigh the cork in air; find th e bined weight of th e co rk and l ead in a ir ; weight of both immers ed tog e ther in w (Recall the weight of th e le ad in air, an d · loss of weight when in water.)

( b) Find loss of wei ght of lead an d when together. Recall what ··' represents. Infer how to find the weight 0 1 water equal in volume to the cork. Infer to find the Specific Gravity of the cork.

VI.

SPECIFIC G RAVITY BY MEASUREMENT.

App a ratu s: A graduated beaker mark ed cubic centimeters; water; a solid of any f (including a powdered condition) heavy eno u: to sink in the water.

(a) We igh the solid in air. Make accn r. measur ement of any sufficient quantity of w. , in th e gradu a te .

(b) Put the solid in the water and car efu '

note the vol u me nO\\" . f n.J> r t he \·o ne of the /nfcr weight •>f an eq Ial \" m f th e water. 1 cu. em. of wa cr w ci o·h 1 g. Find the pec ifi c Cr a\ ity "' ( -i'T.

.\I. \ 1-:.T II.\ \\"1:'\" :'\" 1·: 1\"t J,,-,r .-l.n : :( , Jt r .Y"' III( Ji ·' ·c l l, ln l.

Fo wers are oui· c hosen ·mbl e ms of fra,.,il" t). Fi. ed by the bws of c rea ion to one s ot \\· be r the, bud, bl oo m. and w ither be neath ur ey . their beauty and frailly ha \· c been a! mo. t f rc <1

Upon our no tic e. In the ins ec t world. ex :1 m ple of e xistence as bright :1 11d brief ar n 1 COmmo n. I any a brilliant Outtercr f Ids it droo pi ng v.:in gs e arlier th .:1n the bl o ss om ''" h necta r it s ip s. l3 efo r·e th of the ne ha,·e fade d an cl fallen th e \\"m gs of the tb r. a)l t rn a nd .·nipp ed of th ei r· gorgeous ol ring. h a,·e bo rn it to cli c ,,·it hin some h idden re ce ..

Ch oice plants are car ·efully te n? ccl. and th e ir b uds, in co s tly vases are pb cc d ln some fa \·ori te spo t in o ur hom e: the cate ;: pillar that sornet im es cr eeps in , s_ec kll1 g o nly a dark co rn er fo . cltlrin o· rts au re lr ::tn tate issw e pt r pro t ec ti on · :::. . . . . . • . from the door in drs g ust. As If co n sc tous of th 1 ] ·s lil ·e for ··the h atef ul cra wlin o· e g enera c 1. '" _ b th · " 1 "des away for a season, a nd ,,·hen It 1n g, 1t 1.1 · b . . co mes forth a mo th of cxq t_rr s rt e ea ut y, It flrt b" 1" 1 t as if to avo1d th e na rrow so ul s • moon 1g 1. , th ld 't be ar with th e ·woi m till the wino·s at cou n ' b sho uld row; or a butterfl_Y. 1t _ s port s in a ir, Sh . g h d oor fru1TI which 1t wa s thrust as · unnmg t e . . 1 If would exam1ne this ne\v life a arva. we , k ·t by ni o·ht a nd by day and exer- We mu st see I . d cunn1no· to ensnare It for at crse our art an . "" . . . ' , the li htest step it ns es In au- a nd sel,, g t look a second ttme at the oTovel\lOm returns o :::. i.-u thing beneath it.

other, I found on U:Y arm a horrible 'm "11 • " and ltttle Mary rubb d c ra wlin caterpt ar, " e her sh!.rlder with rosy palrn- 1 :ot. children al t mankind in genera _es pise these one,_ bu th ·ngs. This little malden of four creeptng I b. n e ld with her bron ze row yes and her :Yea rs o ' · the very 1 f gold is, we admtt, noblest c ur s o · 11 the · · en of natural hi s tory 111 a Untverse· !:i pecnn · b . ' but let us look for the possible eauty of the "horrible caterpillar·· that crawls on her a rm. It is the la rva of the polyphem_ns moth. It U res more than three inches 111 length and rneas th e body is very thick. Its head ts a light

cbe tnut brown, a color much admired ex c ept n the h ea d of a ca terpillar. The bod) is a d lica te transparent , lig-ht yellowish g-reen, w ith r yal markings . Each of tbe twel ve segmen ts 1 adorned \Yith six si lver tubercles, connected on e\ n with a gold stripe. The last egm ent is bord e red w ith purple. The worm i too \T ell a rti culated to ma ke any angular turn ; all it mo\ e ments are in graceful curves. it fi xe it elf on the last tw o segm e nts and , lifting the other ten from n1lary 's arm , r aches fo n\ a rd as if to look into her face As it tretches itself the co lor pa les in waves till at f ull lengtb. it i th e purest, mo st deli ca te sh ade c.f gre e n. 'ure l) it is a thing of b eauti But Mar · see s o nl) a ' horribl e cra\vling cate rpilla r, '' a nd her l ook is not one of welcome delig ht. Imm edia tely the la rva draws back , an d a it shrinks th e color returns in waves· the o-r ee n grows greener, till it r es ts fourteen fe et in of t brown ' eh et slippers on h er arm again. Are these little creatures repulsi ve? Have tbey no beauty save what the mind creates for tbem? Tbi ca nnot b e. Be a ut y is not subjecti ve; it is a quality of objec ts. There is no bea ut y ap a rt from th at which is beautiful. The form, co lor a nd graceful rno ve m en ts of thi s worm are not th e furniture of the mind; the y are a pa rt of the mate ri al caterpillar, the attenti ve mind sees th em a nd calls th e worm beautiful. On closer ob se rvation we find that tbis worm is ready to spin its cocoo n, from which is obta in ed the silk of commerce. In its bod y are two r ese rv o irs cont a ining the silk in liquid form. Th e passages from them unite in tbe mouth , and as we watch the little worker it app ea rs to spin a single thread ; but thoug-h so fine as to be scarcely visible to the naked eye, the thread is double and may be separated. This larva has moulted five times. At each moulting it cast off not only the outer skin , but also the lining of the intestines, and r,804 breathing tub es, together with all the chewing organs, and other appendages of the head:Little Ma ry excepted, where, in aJl creation, can be found a rarer spe c imen of external be a uty and int e rnal organism than th e caterpillar that crawls on her arm?

Just as their food leaves unfolded one early spring, we received some newlv-hatc hed silk worms, placed th e trays in our ;lass room and asked the students to feed the little gray specks,

observe their . d . e:on uct, and use su ch dally o bservat wn and re flection as material for written wo:k 1ll language and composition. Ours wa s a ncb ex -· penence, and I am tempted now to some of the details· but reader you 1nay enJo 1 · ' ' ' Y w 1at 1s far better, - the realitv. I would sugge st, though , that you batch -th e w orm s your se lf as we b · f • ave sm ce o und that a ch ea p lens rev ea ls a ·ld f · • c WOI o Int er es t In th e chan o·es taking 1 · ,..., P ace 1n what app ea rs to th e un a id ed eye o nl y a s mo o th 1ittl e egg. vVh en o ur t er m. clos e dinJun e\ h dl · ve a a rv ae m eve ry st age fr om the mo ultin g to th e sleepin g chr ysa li s in the fim s hed co c oo n.

The _ bad confu se d noti ons about the the on o- m of I·ns ts A . . "' ec · ns totle as se rt ed th at fi1e s we re meat en d d · · d · . . - gen e re and mhented a ISp os lt lO n fierc e or ha rmle ss , ac co rdin g to that of th e ir fl e sh-fath e rs wh en in life. Virgil sings of b ee s:

·' Fro I ·b m lei s a nd fr agTan t fl owet·s

Th ey ca ll th e ir yo ung-."

But we have ackn o wled ge d insects to be the work of the one .Master-l-.1 in d. A sympath e tic knowled ge of the divine me ch a nism e mbodi ed there would forbid us to spurn them. "Sympathetic knowledge." - Wi s dom is perhaps a bett er wo rd to di s c1 imin a te between the mere possession of facts on the one hand, and on the other, character , that comes of willing to "overcome" some petty fear or prejudice and "do the truth."

We have the pr o mise, "Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in th e temple;" and again, "He.that doeth truth cometh to the light." We believe that every member of our class loved high er and th o ught deeper after taking into his heart a nd mind the little s napping dark dots and aidin g th em to grow into considerate helpful ma nufa cturers.

·while we le ad the children to handle carefully the lily a nd the ro se, we can lead them to di sc ov er the truth, that beauty is an attribute of a ll lif e. They will delight in an introduction to Lady Luna, the queen of moths. They will op en th e ir bright eyes in wide surprise, and cl as p their little hands in meek apology to find that the y ca nn ot touch so gently this "Pale Empr ess of th e Nig ht" as not to soil the long g reen ve1ve t tra in she we ars. Let us help them so me d ay to remove, with reverence the silk gl an ds f rom th e body of this little' weaver, st r et ch t he m pa rallel in the sh a de for a few

d ays an d th en un wind Lhe Lh rc ad to ti e b ack :\ Iary·s curls of Let u ni sh CQndi tions fo r the litt le oiH.:s to liv e a of th e ir li fe in th e in sect w 1·1c1: it is one of hau :;t l ess opp o rtun ilies. The :\ pos lr pbe Sw ammc rd am, an e mi nent I >utch n at rashows th at the s tudy of i n :-;c c ts i :-; capa ex c it in g- fe rv ent 1 i<..:ty ··Oh. b claim ed , "h ow th y wo rk s in finiLc l :· s ur pa reac h f our f cc bl e 11 nc1c J·....; tan c1 i n g- . we ac tu a ll y know of Lh ·e or e\·cr c .:1n i fai nt and lifele ss shadow of thy ttdora bl fec ti on, in co nt em plat i O!l of w hi ch th e br io- b und erst andi ng gro ,,·s bcwi lc1 erc c1. ,\ 1. E\"I·: J. \· :--,('utd; ('uunt u Yunn" / ,....,·c Jt,ul. t '11 icuu n.

.Mu ch h as been writt e n. sa id and sun th e g re at Fa ir. Sta te sm en, o 1·ato r:-; an d m· n. · te rs h ave gro wn elo qu e nt uvc 1· it; arti t h be en enraptur ed by it ; mo rali sls dr from it innum e rable l es so ns ; whil e hu m r·s ha ve quit e out do ne th e ms e lv es with a nd illu s tr a ti o n. In sh o rt, we ha, ·e be co mplet e ly e nv eloped by its va ri ous that we are re ady to cr y J'c n cc , and to thize with the s pirit which g av e riz e tradg e dy so vividly se t fo rth bv th e rh - ·· which <tppear ed in th e mo rnin g to-wi :

Th ere was a yo 11111; utau ft ·ollt 1\c llait ·e.

Wh o sa id , "I s aw at th e F;tit·e ··

B ut th ey fe ll on his n ec k.

And th ey le ft him a wt ·c c l<.

\Vith hi s h ee ls s ti c king- ttp itt til e ait·e.

Neverth e le s s, I think I shall risk being; under protest and g iv e a few of the fine thi _ which the fair is leaving in it s train Not. amon g these are the av a ilable native spe 3 from the various parts of the earth.

It is one thing to hear a lecturer speak for e ign country whi ch he has visited, and i quite a different thing to he ar one whose an tors for generations have been bred in same country, so he knows its history cause his own famtly helped to rnake it · know s its geography because of its relati .n • the civilization of which he is a part; he kn its religion, not only because it is his own , becau se it is that of his kindr e d; he knov s art be caus e it portray s the countenances, d and cu s toms of his fri e nds and nei a- hbor ar c hitectur e becaus e in it he sees hou s' hi s family and the temple of his God.

Im ao- ine. th en . th e in lc ·c-;t wi h w ti ch the wr i er li ste ned 1 I hi. a I lind >c1 l awr er ir m Bo mba )· No att c mp l wi ll n ndc -) rr i,· a fu 1 a nd co nn ec te;d ac co un t l.>f wha s aid. He re ar e a f w of th e main pu inb

India, at Lh e Lim e of t he co n fJ. 1es b E ngland , was Lhc mo :-;t h ly ci , .i I izccl na ·on n eanb an 1 hen ce the k: tsl :1 > l.' t c) pro cc i elf again t th e kind of atl ac- w hich J:. ng la nd lllade

C t has b ee n and is in the ir c i, ilizatio n. lh· iL : ti l l)l.' rSc>n...; belo nging· to on cas t ca n be de pe nded upo n to upl wl I and 1e · fe nd ce rt ain well cl efin ed p ri n ci ples which t nd elevate d man ki nd. Ca sl w ill li a pe ar. In fo i·m c t· y :tr s th ere were :-; e,·e·n degrees of eas l, \Yh ere as there :u e now but fou r.

Be mad e a gn .: al d ea l of the j:tin n: ligi Ln, Whi ch he rcpr c :-; c nt c c.1 :tt th e Co ng res of r_el igions. Its c.:c ntr :1 l p nn CJ pl c th e pr · t ectt on of lif e, this Jn c lu clcs t he IIf ·2 ot a nim als. vital this p 1·inc iple that wh en in a c nn in In stanc e a 111 an of th1 s be !J c_ f " ·:1s arr es ted for murde r he wa s rel eased t rial . t he jud ge sa id it wa :-; h1m t? co_mmit th e crim e. It is a of auth entic h1 sto ry th at f ro m th e fo nnclat JO n of th e n· re ligi on to tbe pr ese nt tim e (3 .000 ye ar s) nut one mur de r has be en co mm1tt e cl on one of th e ir sacred :111 En g li sh co mPa ny built a ··bog s lard. fa c tor y. ( \Vith Wh af infinite di s g-ust he S:1ld . wo rd s) 'I'h e Jain co nnn unit y Slllt _a g:am st the c c r d hil e cl. 1 hey e arn ed it to a nd ··wo n. This lawy er act ed for thtg cout d unit" and trav e led I so o mil es e Ja 1n co111n1 ' 1 ' B b' tY to Ca c utta, to att e nd th e z. e. from om • trial. . ve ry fin e tribute to our Paid, in closm g. a c he ere d. flag; whereup on we ·=+

DeKannet, of upon MosDr. rr his remat ks '' rth fin e stereo•. at lengtl_1 upon the archivof i. . re res As a climax t_o esc nption StJc featu 1 : tl c]r·"l he sa td wtth o·reat er1 f p vs <:OI ca 1e <• '

<;:> • _ o "It is c har a cten s tlC; It Is ongrnal; it thustasrn, , 1 ·• ia · 1t JS M oHO< L · R ls contr a st be tween _the oman CathRussian Greek A_ccording oltc a e latter the pop e is not mf a lhbl e, the to. th t:lSt marry the se rvtces must be conPn es t rn ' d d in the verna c ulai.

·eferance to Napoleon was one of die-niHtS 1 1 . et keen and rel e nt. ess 1rony.

views were used t_o great I n tage In the remarks upon artchttecture. a dva

L at er he bo\\ ed a iew of the great bell , within w hi ch 100 persons maj stand comfo rta bly. H . too . in closing. paid a high tribute to o ur fbo· and thr e \\ Old Glory" on the screen as he poke . .: * *

\ -i , ·ikanan di , a Hind oo :Honk , sp oke in Dr \Y hite·. ch urch o ne undaj e vening. This ome thing 1 ng to be rem e mbered. To thi , ma n cla d in his na tiv e co s tum e, con i tin g f an ora n ge robe be lt ed low at the wais t, a da rk r ed girdl e, _ narrow whit e lin en ba nd at th r at a nd w ns ts. turb an of pale le mon col r ed il k with ends hang in g do wn to th wai ·t li ne - th e whul e in co ntra st with h · da rk kin a nd bl ac k ej e s- to see him stan;:";.in g, th u o- ivin g utt era nce to a m os t le a rned di s rtat ion up n " th e Re li g ions of the wo rld, " p ak in,...; th e mo t admirable English , choosing hi w rd wi th a ni c etj which would have done cred it t a Thi aca ulej, an Irving , or a Ha wth orne l ed one to marvel a nd to pond er up on the "b rot he rh oo d of man. "

He po ke of tho se p eo ple of India who bathe in tb e river Ga nges believing that in so doing th ey clea n e themselves of sin. Spok e of them a we sp e ak of the ignorant of our country, no more, no less. Sa id, "there ar e priests who eac h the ig noran t and supc rstzh.ous of our coun-tr y th at if bath e, e tc ." The better do not do th1 . Altoge th er it was a rev e latwn bej o nd de s cripti o n. Ev idently there are Hind oo a nd Hindoos . * ·:+ *

L ast l y, ther e is the coll e ction of pictures b_y old m as ters brought over by Sedelmeyer, Pans and now on exhibition at the Art In s titute. Br o ught over'' ith exp e ctation of being placed in the Fin e Arts Building, Jackson Park, authoriti es s ay , but excluded, as only the work of mod e rn artists was on exhibition. The most noted on es '' Pil a to \Vashin o· his Hands ," Rembrandt," Portrait of a Ge ntl e men," Van Dyck, "The Holy Family ," Rubens , "Ketty Fisher," R ey nolds. Perhaps sa ying uotlzing, say s 11tost just he re , so I shall bring this article to an end

/1\FL UE NCE AND PO WER OF Jl!fUSIC.

F. BO UC HER.

Of all arts, music is undoubtedly the one which possesses the greatest influence over 111 an; few perh a ps realize vvhen so influenced , what caused th e ir change of action , their new line of thought or the feeling of contentment and happiness they experienced, but music accomplishes it oftener than supposed. Th e influence of good mtisic is a blessing, which perhaps we do not appreciate as we should; it is our companion throughout life, it be gins at the cradle side and ends with the solemn and im-

posing funeral march. The remembrance of "Hush baby sleep," sung with the intense sweetness of a mother's love; the gay songs of our childhood games; the hymn tunes heard or sung within the ivy covered walls of our little old fashion village church, even the re membrance of these, I say, sends through us a thrill of entrancing emotion, which recalls tho se happy days of innocent years; such thoughts never fail to help us in the straight ro ad of honor and happiness Music has also a strong influence over the nervous system and bec o mes a help in many a crisis ; its sweet strains will quiet the ex c ited and angry, and even help m the cure of various illnesses; sick patients have been known to crave for music as fevered ones for colll water, and others have declared that it eased their suffering to listen to it. This idea of theirs is not mere imagination, but has ?ad the unanimous sauction of great physicIans.

The life of Stradella, one of the great composers of the seventeenth century, provides us with an interesting illustration of musical influence; Stradella, through a love of ad venture, had made a mortal enemy of Cant a rini, an Italian nobleman who hired two desparadoes to murder him. They were despatched to Rome, where having ascertained the presence of Stradella in one of the churches, they entered the sacred edifice determined to execute their fiendish work. At that instant Stradella started the singing of one of his most beautiful compositions. Moved and charmed by its beauty, they at once decided that such an Artist should be spared to the world. They accordingly left without accompli<::hing their mission .

Music is a power In the schoolroom the first lessons of the children are made happy and easy by song; it is a source of rest and comfort to the toilers; it helps the weary to forget sorrows, pain and fatigue. brightens life and make the old feel young.

God has placed music all over creation. It is the Art divine, the Art immortal, it has power to elevate our minds and souls; to influence our thoughts and actions; to inspire us with a desire to attain perfection

' ·The tuan th at ha th no mu s ic in him s elf Nor is not mov 'd with concord of sweet Is_fit for tr ea so ns, s tratagems, and spoils ." -hltalc e8p ea1·e.

Mu s ic is a l an gu age, it shu uld be taug b-studi e cl as su ch, we l is ten to it , it thi spe ak or i ntet·pret it , r it ancl w rite i t. all art s to appr e ciate th m·oug hl e mu si c, on e mu st h an.: so me kn wl d o·e o the gr eate r t he kn owl e dg e, the t he j oy me nt, and by mea ns of it we may gi ,·e pleasu re to o th ers. Stuc1y it an<.l a for it. Lose no opp ortu nit y of h eario <T al w ay s gi ve the pr ef c re nc to t he be highe st cl as s of mu sic, au <.l thu s will y ou d th e g re a te st bene fit from it.

in g- wh en the hi rd" a t·c· w al<i n gSi ng wit h the ll tOnt in g- li g- ht, Si ng in tit n oo n tid e's g- ulden l> L'a nt :-<, in the hu sh of ni g- ht , alw ;L ys

II. B. I> ' :'\ C:\ .i\'SO !'\. Sl f! lC .ScJI,,J/ ,

As the fi e ld of po pu Jar e du ca ti un bro a and the curri c ulum of s tudies in c lud es a o-r "" ::. number of br a nch es th e imp o rtant probl e : to how we may ec on o mi ze tim e pr es ent itIt is no longer so much a qu e stion , "h a sha ll i teach, as it is, how we may utili ze time to the best possibl e advantag e. H how may we present five, ten, or ev en tw times the subject matter which wa s form presented in the sam e giv en time? vVe . glad that the student no lo nger finds tim f carving his "illustrious" name upon benches or for setting '·stool pigeons" for schoolmaster. Rather, the question is a how may we obtain the most in the limited allotted to us or how may we intensify school work?

The invention of the compound micros has completely revoluti:mized many line scientific research; the beautiful and subli t: have been revealed, be neath its crystal len ' have trac ed designs until we gather glimp " of the divine.

The camera which has so long been regar with indifference is now beginning to play • important part in the practical affairs of li t Photography is enlisting th at public intere really de s erves, for it is found to be almost dispensible in all the arts and professions.

P li O T 0- J1f!CR OG-' N. ·l I I J>V.

B a combin a ti on of micr s co pe 11 camera we have uc ce edcc1 in making· 1 imp· i n up on the ph ot ogTap hi c pbtc, the o >ject ee n by the eye thn >ug·h the e. Th e me t hod of do ing· th is is no mea ns di tlic ul. and after a 1i lllc pra L'l icc th e mos sa is f. ctor · a d int e rest in g re su lt ..; be ob :1i n cd by the a ma eu r. T his pr o du di<H 1 nf enbr o·cdl ic u re 'Of rn.icro sc opi o bj ec ts up on th e pho ()gTlp hi p late is ca ll ed phot o- micr ogT ap hy On e f th e two cx ;un plcs \\'ith 1· fe r nee to th e app lic a ti on of "' ill su ffic ie nt to su gges t th e n umberl e ss way tr1 whi ch it 1nay re nc1 cr sen ·i ce in sch I wo rk. 'l'h 01., wh ea t ru st may be f r au e co 1nn1 , . . . exa m le In 111 akin g ex am mations p d n ot fin d th e fo ur stag-es of dc, ·elop- we o lllent · 1 ,J1 e-1t at ::tn y one g- 1\·en ttm e; 1n t 1. e \\ · he . . 11 to se nes of 1 hot ocrra ph nee tt ts vv e . . . "" with h.· demons trat e th e dt f1e re nt stao·eso f w 1ch to 1 · "" · de 1 nd s upplem e nt t 1e mtcr o sc o pl ve op1n en t a · · en s t't (J·e. tlt e ph ot oo·Work of a ny g tv · .' "' · - "" 1 ble 1n dn ec t1ng- th e mt crorapbs ar e va ua 1 b h · . ·nation e Y t e student; tt s cop1c al e xam 1 · - oint s sho uld be br o ug-ht out in s uggests wh at P · d · h · al 1nounttn g an se rves an tnt e microsc o piC < · · corre c tIng e rr o neou& ideas Valuable part 111 uc ce ssful mo untino·. gath d froni an uns "" ere ·oo"Taph s the wo nd e rs revealed By photo-n"ltct ,..., b . . th ·os cope may e 1e corded. The ro ugh the n1. 1c 1 · d 1 · · · · 1 1:1eth od an t 1e raptdlt)' wtth Situ 1- · f t1.e 1 _P 1c1ty 0 ·] • n 1 ay be done have caused all Wbrch the wot the application of photo- t ' -d vith favol o regat ' . the 111 an1fold way s 111. whtch 1t tnicrographY 111 s ehtl ·t elf so u · has proven 1 s ----

THE LIBR A RY.

C. S. NO RTO N.

of hi o- her stature, and the "B k are men o f t oo s eak aloud for u ure times to only rnen who sp hear." . d f the scholar what treasures F the tnln o 1- . or . d . the rows of boo ... s vd11ch he ta 1 ne 111 are con on the shelves of a library!. Here the be holds . thered as hrs herit · d rn of the ages rs ga age, WlS 0 · -tl tl1e - hold communiOn Wl 1 greatest and he can Altl . f the past and present. 1ough he mtnds o h t kn ow personally the great men, t rouo-h mayno o

the mediu m of books , he is able to hold intercour e wi th a nd enter into their inmost thoug-hts. \ we are broadened by coming in contact\\ ith the world and its men and women , so also the me n tal a nd moral hori z on is enlarged as we asoc iate and beco me familiar with the best tho ug hts of o thers.

In Yi e 'IY of the e facts the importance of a ca re fu ll e lected library cannot be overestima t ed. As a means of education and culture in the highe st se nse of th at word its influence is wide-spre ad a nd enduring. As Porter has a id : It is self-evident that without a complete l ibra ry no institution of learning can atta111 t he highe st rank, or continue to attract or educate scholars of finish ed culture."

The library of the Nebraska State Normal a im to meet the needs of all classes there represe nted , both in regards to subject matter and the o·eueral culture \vhich comes as a result of , a -oci a tion with good books . The library itself is "ell provided for in a separate building a short distance from the main structure.

The building is a fr a me one in Queen Anne style , heated by steam and lighted by electricit . The entire lower floor is given up to the uses of th e library and reading-room , being divided into two spacious rooms, while the upper flo or is suitable for reading circles and other exercises of a similar nature. The arrangement of the rooms is excellent, both as to the alcoves and sh elv es, and also with reference to light. Two rows of reading tables occupy the center of the room, on e row being used exclusively for magazines and other periodicals. This department is especially complete, all of the leading periodicals of the day being found on its racks, and embracing all branches, from Psychological and Scientific reviews to Juvenile and Kindergarten fiction. The adjoinina· room is devoted to the daily and weekly and other weekly issues in the interest of general Literature.

At present the books are catalogued and arranged according to se ctions, e mbracing Poetry, Juvenile Fiction, Fiction, Travel, Biography, History, Science and The books will soon be rearranged accordtng to Dewey's celebrated system, which, it is expected, will greatly facilitate the use of books.

The library possesses an exceptionally fin e

of refere nce bo oks con sis tin g of di e Clas sica l, My th ol og ica l, Geo ?"ra ph1Cal , Bi og_ra phical ,Mat hema ti ca l and Re li gIOUS; Cydoped1as of Art , Sc ience, Ed u ca ti on and Ge n era l In fo rm a ti o n. Bes id es th e refere n ce b ooks there are over five th ou sand vo l um es w hich ca n be drawn by pupil s of the sc h oo l. department is soo n to be incre ased by th e add1t10n of five hundr ed to a th ou sa nd ne w b oo k s, se l ec ted by the respective t eac h ers in th ose departments.

_H ist orica l a nd Bio gra phical sectiO ns are especia lly complete, th e lit e rature di v ided into four parts - poet r y, t wo sec hon s of fiction a nd Literatur e pr o per. A ll th e standard auth o rs are he re r epre s en t ed, a nd in many cases their comp lete works are prese nt· A partial li st of the authors mi g ht be g iv e n, as foll ows; Alcott, T1:owbridge, ·whitn ey , Sco tt, MacDonald, Th ack eray ,Dick e ns , Coope r, Ba l zac , Ly tt on, Charles Read e, Miss M ul oc h, Charlotte Bronte, Ruskin, Ho1m es, Ca rlyl e, L owe ll, Thoreau , Abbott, Irving a nd many others.

In attempting to d escri be th e hist ory sec ti o n. one is at a los s as to h ow to pr ocee d. One glance is s uffi cien t to demonstrat e that, in an articl e of this description, it is impossible to give any adequate idea of it s con1.pleteness. Every part of the uni ve r sa l history is he re represented by one or mo re sta ndard works, a nd tho se most frequently needed in U nit ed States hi:story are duplic aten.

The ta sk is nearly as great in the biographical section. It is to be noticed that th e 1i ves of all whose works are in other sections are to be found her e, and a few sp ecia l topics are treated of in valuable series, as -" Live s of Poets," "Painters," "Great Mus1ciaus." For those who wish to study the laws and statutes of the state a spe dal set of l a': bo oks is prov id e d, consisting of c om mentane s on law, the late st statutes of th e s tate , a nd civil gove rnment.

But it would be a serious mistake to overlook t he bound magaz ine s. Thi s department bas ju st b= en incre ase d by the additi on of many new ma o-az ines never bound for thi s library, as we ll as "'the continuation of th e older se-ries. Harper 's a nd Sc ribner 's are complete from the begin nin g, and, as th e?' h ave_ been l ong establi s hed they present qmte an Imposing appearin their l;>lack and gold bindings.

have fr ee to the librar) inmo rnllJ g bef ore th e sc h oll l sess ion to d bo ok s,an d du r int{ th e nf tc rn11 on fr om two 0 · till fo ur o'cl ock for rc ;tding-and r fercnce w rl be l ibr ary is fr ee for 110 ·h;uo- be" made f?r the. u se of b ool·s. an d is supt a m at nc ulat 1on fc c of F in; I >oli:u< d \. exclu s iv e ly to thi s purp ose vVith th e ad dition of th e new boo ks . . on plated, Jt IS expe cted th at th e S tate No Library w_ill o ne of th e m ost com 1 1 t valuable l1bran cs ancl, at th e same Li m b es t adapt ed for its purp ose to be f und. where among s imil ar in sti tut io ns.

1:--: TilE i\ ':\ I>E:\II C

wa s com in g and it fell t om .. th e C hri s tm a...; exerc is es in th e demJc of. o ur sc h oo l. l\ly d was to m ake th e exe rcises not I . . . . . · . on y 1n .·tru a nd 10t ei e_s tm g, but j oyf ul. Th e sc h oo l been divided into tw o se ction rhetoncal work, by tw o of the students wh b ee n e le cted l ea ders Tl1. e l e"d . . . · ,., e1s -vve re to vtde the mu s 1cal a nd the tea ch_ . . 1 e1s 111. c1 a the llterary pr oo- ram s. As soo I I d 1 ,.,. o n 1. a J thiS I called a m ee ting of t diVISIOn of wh tch I had charge, a nd asked to bnng to me a ll articles relatin Chnstmas tl:at they could find in b oo ks and pers. In way I obtained ma terial fo says, readmgs and r ec itation Tl · • · us n1.ad( preparatiOn of the progra n1. an easy 11."1atter.

The mor e we thought of it, the Inore vmced were we that Christmas exercises c not complete without a C hristrrt as t Th1s, however, we decided mu st be a c ' p!ete to other division. Our pr · ctpal ObJects 1n havm g the tree we re to add our decorations and to make the clos , school for the vacation as happy as possible. th e s tudents were to give pre s ents to ea other, there might be so me sa d he arts at t close , so the and I decided to furni : the present s, which wer e to be in ex pensiv e. During the year, we had spent a part of e

noon hour\ i. itin g with ou r studc 1 ·in ur a assembly room -not as teacher and pt pi l , but as friends. In thi s \\ ay wc en me to k no w each other well ; we knew th e l'haract ri ti of our students, their w ea k po int a. w ell a the ir st rong one s, th e ir l ikes a nd the ir di like t · g etbe r with the little jo k es that had be n pb ·ed U n them. This kn o wi cclge enabl d u to e. lee g ift s jud icio usly. \\" e \·isited the fi \·e and ten ce nt counter of o ur town a nd were su rpri ed b) its r esou r ces. For one of o ur young· men Who had a great fo ndn ess for rai ing poul try we p rocur ed a t oy chicken. fo r tw of the younge r boys wh o wer e al most ins epa r able and very uneasy in sc h oo l, we bo u gh t tw o ·jack in the box·· and ti e cl th em t ogether. of the glrls that bad a fo ndn es · for play in o· in cb ol Was give n a littl e doll. \ Vc aimed to o·iv e o rnething app r op ri ate in eac h case wh er e a ioke wou\d be \\·ell tak en. Sac h et bags wer e m ad e of Whit e ti ss ue paper , ti ed with narr ow ribbon; butterflies we re m ade of Japan ese n ap kins and small c1oth es-p ins; th e do ll s were dres se d in tis· sue p a piece ti ed around th e waist with ap er-- c silk floss form ed a skirt a nd an ot her pi ec e ti ed a round the n ec k serve d as a cape . Rubb er balls , whistl es, tin ho rn s_. box of paints , ca nd y ca n es, etc , tn ade up th e list. Tlh en we bo ught "Wax candles, fancy ba ll s, tln se and di a mond dust to add still further to the be a uty of our tree.

1x. e not located in a large city or town vv e wer Where we could have a la rge room, and were Unf t te in having a small assembly hall so or una . . decided to have our exercu>es m the morning th t . ight accommodate our guests. A a we m . . . . committee from our divtsiOn assisted in t. tl1.e evening before; the tree and \.lecora 1ons othe r evergreens were taken t? the building after dark and during the evemng all shutters Were closed and shawls hung as to keep sunlight out the next day, for tt lS :-veil known that a christmas tree is most beautiful in artificial light. Some of our had gained 111.uch proficiency in drawwg and they had previously decorated our unused _ boards with appropriate dra"'Yings and on . this day placed so me on the other boards. When our evening's work was finished our room was beautiful with festoons, a star, and spra ys of evergre en, together with the pr e tty lamps , draper-.

ie and stands that served to remove al1 remi n ders of scnool. ·

It " as our custom to have the leader of the division pre ide at of his division and thus gain ease in performing such duties, but on this occ as ion the leader was especially ada pted to taking th e part of Santa Claus , so ou r I rincipal presided The tostume of our a nt a Cl aus consisted of a large ulster , a pair f mbber bo o ts , fur cap , fur driving gloves, bea rd and wig made of rope untwisted and com bed ,· a string of bel1s , and bits of cotton sprinkled O\ er all to represent snowfl ake s. At the c1os_e of our literary program, he came in upon the intense heat and pretendJDg to wtp e the pe rspir a tion from hi s face. One of the ) oung men cut the pres e nts from the tr ee a nd gave them to Sa nta Claus \Vho made timely remarks before ha ndino- them to our b tw o '' uneasy boys " who were chosen to dist ribute them.

Never did we h ave happier exercises in our sc hool. Tb e ea rly part of our procrram called to mind th e reason for our of Chri st mas; we were reminded of the ma ny gifts bestowed upon us and then filled with enthu s ia sm to bring good cheer to all we might meet dunng the Christmas season. ,

CHRJS TJJ1A S.

IN THE PRIJVIARY SC HOOL.

CONT RIB U TED.

" What shall. I do about Christm as m my school room?" you ask.

. Let me tell you what I did. In the early· part of the month of December, the blackboards. that were not in constant use were decorated with of holly and ivy'. On one board was drawn picture of a shepherd with his . crook over_ hts shoulder and a few sheep standfog near htm. Christmas bells were drawn in another part of the room.

I gathered together all of the pleasing Christmas pictures I had and after using them to illustrate stories, pinned th em upon th e wall.

the closing or Christmas day ·celebration , the room was also decorated with branches of

pine , bright be rries , and the Ch r istm as tr ee . Th e tr ee was f es to oned w ith s trin gs of po pco rn, and chains made from bri g ht color ed pape rs. The children w ere allo we d to brin g th e popcorn and the ve ry little on es s tru ng it . The little one s al so pa s ted th e bri g ht s trip s of pap er i nt o ch a in s.

Th e c hil d ren made th e g ift s fo r t he tree. Th e s mall es t childr en wove m ats ·whi ch we re made int o littl e sachet bags. Th e c hil dren n ex t in age d eco rated and se wed fro m br istol boa rd , little tri ang ular boxes . The ol der c hildren ma de litt le umbrell as from bri gh t co lor ed tis sue pa pers, p as ted pa rq uetr y de signs on ca rdboard portfolios w hich wer e fill ed with pre tt y pictur es the y: had saved, or fol de d papers in to t p icture fr am es and p as ted pretty pictur es mside

Th es e g-ift s w ere hung upon th e tr ee with th e name of the child to whom the g ift w as to be gi ve n attached. The bright coior s bl e nd ed w ith th e gre en of the tre e a nd a ll s eem ed fi lled with th e s pirit of Chri s tm as . Th e c hildren were happ y in the thought that th ey had ea ch ma de so methin g for so meone el s e.

The ex er cises op e ned with a talk about the bri g ht s unshin e co min g in to wish us a merry C hri s tmas. Th e s unshine is one of th e g ifts C hri st se nd s to us. The prayer so n g,

"F a th er we th a nk th ee for th e ni g ht

A nd for th e pl easant mo rnin g light "

was sung Th e children talked about the white cove rlet spr ead out over the earth . They sang the " W-ond-erful Weaver." The snow they s aid was another Christmas gift to make them ha pp y. One child after another suggested different gi ft s Ch rist had given We all felt what on e of th e c hildren s aid , "Christmas lasts most a ll the yea r, at least Chri s t' s gifts do ."

I t old th e chil d ren th e s tory of the journ ey of J oseph and Ma ry to Be thl e hem and the birth of the Chri st child in the ma ng er. We ta lked a bout what a g re at Ch ri s tm as gift He is to us Then we t ho u gh t of the po or children who do not alwa ys have as merr y a Ch ris tmas as we do. I t ol d them the st ory of the Bird 's Christmas Car ol, how one littl e si ck g irl had mad e a who le fa mil y of poor ch ildr en happy at Chri s tm as time. The c hildr en a ll felt glad that we had though t of the po or in tim e to make a book of our pretty work and ga th er a foli o of - pi c·

ture s for th e ch ildr en In a hospital in the citie s n ea r by

Ju st as we fi ni shed sinrri nn· ne b .-, Christ m as songs we w rc int c nu1L ed by no ise at th e win dc w, and Lh r wa Cl aus s milin g and w avi ng his hand a cli mbed in the window. Th en th e c hil su rr o und ed him and he g-ave oul can 1 oran g-es from th e pack on hi s ba ck an l wi them all a as he di The chi l dr en fo rgot the tr ee in Lh c i1· ·le Sa nta Cl aus did no t. li e tool- Lh c gi ft f th e tr ee and gave th em to on e a.nd all. \\ a ll t he branch es were mpty, he tried t out of the window un see n, but wa s show with ''Merry Ch ri s tma

T he n wi th ha ppy hearts and b ri ght f ace c hil dr en sta rt ed h omewa r d, wis hin g a h th ey p asse d, "Mer ry C hri s tm as .··

A LESSON FRO J11 l f! STO R) -.

C. S. J ON E S.

We oft en see ju s ti ce re pr ese nt ed a pa ir of scal es , by m ea ns of whi ch the c1 of cont es tant s ar e de c id e d, os tens ibl y, acco r i to the prepond erance of right. Un fo rtun at how e ver, fa te b as le ft the bal an ce in the h n of human nature ; conseq uentl y, in pra ti administra ti o n, its a djustment is not ah .. perfect; the fault a ri s in g, some times thr o .... negle ct, sometime s throu gh the me ddlin g tho se who may be int er es ted in se curin w ron g decision When thi s la ck of adjustn cannot be remedied, it is ne c essary, in ord r overcome the resultin g fri c tion, th at incrwe ight be placed in the s cal e and even the n. movem e nt of the beam is slow and uncert. ·

All hist o ry records the wrongs th at mank i ha s suffered through the failur e of this ins inent to fulfill with fidelity the trust it hol ds. is, perhap s, in cl ass oppre s sion that injus · shows it s elf most arro g ant. Between the pressor and the oppress ed a gulf const an widens, until, through their strained relati affairs reach a cri s is which tnust be m et rectly. The tim e comes wn en hun1. an na tu presse d b eyo nd e ndur an ce , will retr e at fa rther, but s tands at ba y, no long er a nd a fr a id, but s cornful a nd defi a nt. Su ch w.

THE i\ RMA L CO R IER

the conditi on of a.ll"airs in En gla nd . wh en in the begin nin g of th e S I II century the eo le compe lled an acknowlcclgmcnl of th e ir ri o-b · b · their so , ·e rc ign. T heir grie,·a.nce wa of lono· stan ding . Tyr anny on th e o ne ha1 d had deeloped int insub on1ination t he g-ro wio o· diCOn te nt whi ch existed on t he o ther. un il th re hada risen th e imp c1 :1ti,·c f areaju tme nt of th e rcbti on betwc n kino· and peop le \ Vith how mu ch of pa ri ti m and how mu ch of ex c lu s i,·c self. in t cre.·t th baron , espou ·eel the c aus e of th e pea.sa.ntry . we need not inquire. Th e ir_ o wn pu1 poscs w ere d u btle ss se r ve d. \\·bile. Jnt e nti o na.lly or o th e rwi ' e. he ir ac ti on gained gr eat benefit:-; to the po r. 1'h e res ult in ge n cr: tl w a.s th a.t th e na.ti n w a. raise d to a highe r pla.ne by lcssenin <'" th e ditinct ion bel \\·cen the ru ling pow er and th e s ubec t. It ,,·as th en p ossib le for the hith e rt une]cmen t. · th a.t co m posed th e nati n to find a nm on int er est In the dc, ·e lop ment of CO l , 1 . .fi . tbe1·r 011 cou ntr y. IC i ent rc ou rces CO tTI !Tl '. Were ye t u nu sed beca u se and undiscove r ed beca u se co n sta. n s ti If e o.nd con fus ion h ad pr eve nt ed a tt e nti on to th e ar ts of P Tl Cot1 ntr v now 111 ore closel )r eace . 1e -

Unite d and co n seq ue ntl y more fr ee . Fr ee, no t fr t de ann oya n ce . but f ro m co nt e nti on om ou s1 . . fl at h Ol·e paral yz 111 g In uen ce th an o uto rn e a rn hindr an ces co uld eve r be.

tJ- t at the pre se nt d ay a nd a mon o· t1 a ve we no , " . .. . "" o ur 1 s o-rYle t)n·anny w hi ch, cl env in o- its se v es , ... "" authority fr om it s powe r, by . d re st ram t th os e w hom It ha c; ex actwn s an . . ma ste red ? We may mentiOn gieat co rp ora tions - ll e i1 wro ng full y u se d m ay I"e w hos e pow et w . . •1 '- sh th e ir vi c tims ; or any industry "lllo rs ele ss Y ct u · f . t'- t of whose su cc e ss IS ound In the ap- sec re . _ . . . l'\ • f The Inn er man IS more difficult l'et1te 0 me n. f . toe 1 a nd mor e imp a ti e nt o re stra rnt than on tro , 1 · 1 h · th · 1 The for ce w 11 c 1 m ay Inder the e phys1c a . 1 out d a ctiviti es when br ou g 1t to b ea r ace to ph ys i ca l law s, is utterly un a ble to or 1ng · 1 lf d · t11e s elf withm. B ut t 1e se 0 min ates tna ster c1 _ d a cts and in the s ame e gi ee as the outw ar c. , • • • se lf is fr ee from re s tr a int will va i y th e u se fulne ss of the whole man to him se lf an d to th e Wo rld

In deciding gr ea t qu es tiOn S of gove rnm e nt th e po w er of a na ti on is turn ed mw a rd: a nd if the de ci sion mu st be re ac h ed by an a pp ea l to a rm s t he re s ultin g ci vi l war does not dire ctly

influenc e the d es tin y of any other na ti on. U ntil the elf b reaks throu gh the li m it a tion s its e nviro nment ha \ e i mpo se d, its pow er is exhau t ed by incessa nt co n fl icts w ith i ts elf a nd it in fl uence upo n others is imp a ired if not "·boll de tro ed. It fo llows , then th at t he o ner our ac ti\ ities are fre ed from ci v il wa rfare the m re we hall ac co mpli sh in th e wo rld about us .

That nation wh os e powers are an ab so lute uni t in regard to ma tt ers of stat e, is re sp ec ted by its friends , a nd both r es pected and fea red b- it en emies, beca u se none of it s str en o·th is b re quired to coe r ce f act ious eleme nt s at ho me , but all of i ts a tte nti on can be dir ec ted ou t wa rd to ga in an : d es ir ed e nd. Wh at is true of the nat ion i true ag·ain of th e in di vi du a l. To th e exte nt of our succ ess in throw in o- off th e limit ac. ti ons of indec ision and timidit y we sha ll be free -not fr om o utw ard hindrances a nd a nno yance , b ut free from th e perpl ex iti es and di scourageme nt s w hi ch we sha ll ex pe rien ce if we must fi rst ba ttle with ourse lves Powe r to ac t will inc r ease acco rdin g as we ac t w ith co nc entr at io n.

UVJFOR 11" E. \ -A 7llNA TJONS.

The fo ll o win g as a ma tt er of prec ed en ce in the poli cy uniform exa min a ti on qu estion s for teac h ers IS a ma tt er of int er es t to N e bra skans.

STATE OF NEW YOR K, DE PA RT MEN T OF P UB LI C I NSTRUC TI ON, BURE AU OF T EAC HER S' IN STITUTES

S UPT G OU DY, M ALONE, O ct. 28, r 893· Depa rtm e nt of Public In s truction , Li ncoln , Ne br.

D EA R SIR- Th e state ment has b ee n made in one of y our sc hool periodic als th at New York w as the fir st state to introdu ce uniform ex amina tions for t ea ch e rs ' ce rtific a tes . I think Nebra ska had the uniform exa min a ti ons seve ral yea rs before thi s st a te. Pl ease se nd me copi es of th e Scho ol L aw of Ne bras k a, and also inforn1 a tion on the fo ll ow in g point s: wh en were ex a min ation s made unifo rm ?

Who makes out qu es tions ?

H ave count y s uperint e nd e nts any a uth ori ty to use any oth er se ts of qu estio ns o nl y th e on es se nt out to th em by the State Sup erint e nd e nt.

THE NORMAL CO RIER

I mean these questions in re lation to th e State of Nebraska, not any other s tate. . I will make no apology for tre s pa ::;s ing on your tlme, beca-u se you are as anxious as any one to have the good name of your st a te shine bright and far. Resp ec tfull y.

MRS . B. ELLEN BURKE.

STAT E OF NEBRASKA, OF PUBT.I C I NSTRUCTION . LI NCOLN, N ov, 2,

I 893·

MRS. B. ELLEN BURKE ) Malone, N. Y.

DE AR MADAM-In re s ponse to vour letter of the 28 th of October touching the of uniform ex aminations for teacher s' certificates permit me to quote from the first repo rt of the first s tate superintendent of public instruction to the fir st governor of the state of Ne braska , being the report for the year ending De c embe r 31 st, r 869, as follow s: "It i s, therefore , nece ssary to stimulate all who te ach to be untiring in efforts for self

To do this, and at the sa me time to cut off all who do not put forth such e ffo rt and wb0 thus show themselves to be unworthy recipients of the public money, a policy of written examinations has b ee n adopted that bas already given ass urance of the most gratifying success. This policy was instituted in obedience to the law which requires the state superintendent to prescrib e regulation s for all proceedings under the gener al school l aws of the state and in conformity with th e provision that the' county superintendent shall be subject to such rules and regulati o ns as the state superintendent of public instruction m ay from time to time prescribe. (Sec. 86); and that he (the county superintendent) s hall grant certificates in such form as shall be prescribed by the state superint e ndent. (Sec 87 ).

Three important objects are sought. First, a uniform standard of qualification throughout the state. Second, a higher standard of qualification . Third, an efficient means by which teachers may be led to efforts for se lf improvement , and for keeping pace with the progress which is continually making in the applic a ti on of the natural methods of instruction.

In carryin g out this policy, th ere have been prepared ce rtifica t es of three grad es; also thr ee series of printed qu estions for th e e xamin a ti on

of t ea c her s. T he qu es tions ·o iT esp nd the grad es of ce rti fi c at es Th ey. wi th in tion s con c ernin g th e per c:c n t. f co answers whi ch sh ould be rcqu ired, an manner of c on duc tin g th e n a been se nt. to a ll th e co unt y s up c rintend e The qu es t10n s with th e writt en a:J s \\" er ar turn ed to the state s up e rint e nd en t. Thi ders ea sy th e Stt? en·ision of , ·c ry imp opa rt of the ma n ageme nt of th e sc h oo ls. w cou ld not oth e rwi se be a ttai ne d."

In the s ec o nd re port of th e sam e o llic er I the " 'I he pol icy of issuin g pri qu es twns for th e ex a minati on of te ach r . ... of sust ain ing throu gho ut the stal e in thia uniform stan dard of qual i th at mfrom tim e to t im e be raised higher. ba badhered to ; and th ere h as be en more th an th e ben en ts By barr\.n a lar ge number of In compet e nt t each e rs fr the sc h oo ls and by stimulating o th ers to a i ous effor ts for selfimprovem.e nt , it h as wrou a gr ea t change in the character of the sch It is doubtful whether a ny o th er m ea n s, as ple and yet as productive of good r es ults i . short space of tim e, co uld be devised."

So much f or the r ecord to uchin o· the d t h d t. f "" a t e a op 10n o uniform. exan1inations f :erti fica t es in th e state of N ebra k , wb1ch ha s b ee n in vogue ever s in ce a· 1s stlll a part of the policy of th e state de ment of education. p.

I am not inform ed of th e date tion of the uniform ex amination s for te a b certificates in the state of New y 1- be or'-, u could not have been earlier in the history f state than it s first y ea r of s tat e hood . see _that one of the fir::;t acts of the first stat s · penntendent of N eb raska was the aclopt 1 · h .f on t e um orm examination sys ten1..

As you pursu e this matt er further, I shall pleiased to learn the results of your nvesti gati u· send und er other cov er th e last li st fr om this office.

These li sts are sent o ut for the re o·t 1 :nonthly examinati on and are the o nly 1Zed questions for these exan1. in a tions. special exa min a ti ons are he ld the perintendents n1.ust prepare tlJ. et·r· ow n qu " tions.

Yours truly,

A. K. GOUD\ ', S upt. Pub In str

THE NOR L L COURIER

THE OLD A VD THE NEW

THE NoRM AL CouRIER.

BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.

ADV ERT I SING RATES:

Pt nch, sing le co lumn. s1n 17 e m ser t on . . .. - 0 c.

pecJnJ rutt•S d " 11 app l11 n.t1" n t•' Jt uc;. int• .,

TH OS. F. DOBB S, 0. J. STA OLE Hu:-a ll t:'!'o ..

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. FACULTY.

A. w. :\ ;\[., PHl:-i C' Il ' At. 'rto.du rof Psucl wlo all· l iJ I II ic.•. Luu ic nll tl lll c a 111! A'r·t of Tw ch irr o

i\ll ::; E LIZ A c. I'H EC'I-: PT H ESS

TcacJu r of Lii c rntnre , lilr et "r( r·. Uoraal /H st m·u n 11 d Pll lfSi o/O!J !J ·

I f. H. H. S

Tcac /lf.,. of H ut a nu. t,'t:_nlo (J !I a 11 tl /. l)o lnau

1 IERBERT BIW\\':\ELL,

1 'cac lr er .,f C l" ""' i.•t•·u. Pl• u.< i cs llll• l Astr·unnm u. G. \\ ". ELLI::i H. A

Tcar lt crnf Jlnlll• '" rlti cs and Lali ll.

:MI SS FLO J{ENCE M. \\' HI GHT, TeacJ-.cr nf Or al a nd Jn ·itlen Ar itJwr cti c.

:MISS

T C£tc /l cl· uf /. Hit cd Sta tes I fistu•·u ami G com apl•ll · l\IISS MAilTIIA. WINNIE, 1 -cn cJ.e r of Lt iii!JIIllf/ C anti GI"OIIIIIIar.

MISS LILLIAN K KELL OG G. o1' ReadillO. n 7·awi11U ('il)i/. U"I"<TIIIII CIIt a rr rl nook-Kc cpill(l· ANNA 13. HERJUG, Pri1lciplcs of a ll tl S !IJ ICrirrt rn cl eat of Pra cti ce.

MIS S FLOIWNCE BENXETT, prinwru a 11d J..::irrd eraart c ll. l\IATTIE ELLIS, l' r cpa rai<JI' I/ Dnlll rt 11r c llt. FRANCOI:::; noUCIIER., , Vol'al a 11 d [11 st r·run c 11tnl 1liusic 1'each c1 u1 · c. S. NO J{T ON.

LiJ.n·aria ll a nd Stc ii ii!J I'aJ>I Ier. J OHN BLANKESHIP, ,Ta11itor.

BOARD OF EDUCATION.

UD " S upt Pull. .• e.r - nnt<''A T. 11 0 K oo . . . .

. .. ' "' •lllC I

Ere anot her number of the Co u RIER comes to the ho liday season, with all its festivities, wtll h ave pas sed. Amid all the joy and cheer of 'i\ [err.r Christmas and a Happy New Year" th ere i ye t a sadn ess. we reflect the many changes that is wrought during the da ·s a nd "'- eeks of the year so ne ar its close; of the farewells. that ha ve been said, alas, many forth: la_st time, we fully realize what a panorama IS hfe , a nd that for a brief season we hav·e our part to perform, and then pass away, that others, too, may come and go. This brings us to the reflection of ho.w bas our part been done? HaYe we m ade any a uvancement in our lives? Ha\e \Ye played a part worthy of emulation by those or do we play the same role,just aS.\\e dtd a year ago? Let us hope that sometlun g h as been a ccomplished; that what we have done has been helpful in raisin a up the standard of a ll that is true and good. ::,Let us -profit by the g ood accomplished, and thereby be better :fitted for the noble acts in the days that are to come and also profit by our weak experiences, a nd see that they are not repeated. While we cannot always see the bright side, let us constantl y pe er through any rratherinrr of darkness 'h b b wrt undaunted v ision, as the brightness is bound to come , and the birds that see the :first r ay s of sunlight always sing the , The comes to all with the lining out, and wrll endeavor to give light to a ll who care to enjoy its presence.

CHRJSTJI!JAS

·. -'Pires 1894

N. A. n S DA H'l'I F \. State Trcas u r.,r , c.r·o[licio L' o u. JJON.JOSEPn•· '' ··· · Or a hw t· ,' • lll co ln. liON n. E· n. K. ENNEDY _-· n .' ex: pir·es 1893 rENCI-, 1' Dai,ota Crt) te1 me-ICON J. T. S ' ., '·

liON. CFIUTICH HOW E .Aulnlrn ; tcnn expir, s 1. _ . Pl'l'll; terrn "· H ON W. E. JIIAJUitS. exprr·es I SUG

liO N. J. s. WES'l'...... JJ c nid c rn an : term C'Xpires 189i: OI•"F I CEHS OF TilE BtlAHII. IJ. R, n. KENNEDY ··. · ···· ·· ··

A. )(. ooUDY

JO S GPJl fi. JJAllTLEY EXE CU TIVE. ('();\IMLTTEE

c; HVItC fi HOWE. W. E. MA.JOftS.

· ·Pr es ident. Recr·etnry

A. W. NOHTON.

There is a vast deal of flarr and aunpowdei· b b ' and feast.mg connected with our holidays. Very often thetr lessons are so buried under these pyrotechnic accessories ·that resurrection of the same comes late in the d ay This is not true of Christmas . Of all holida'ys, it alone loses nothing of _its _original significance. Its appeal to hum an rt y IS stron g er. Its story of the Christchild gives char ac ter to the d ay. One of th e first lessons of this story is equ a lit y. The rrood tidings of great jo y were to be to all We notice those less fortunate th an ourselves on Chri s tm as , if we never do at any other time We h ave a cheery word for the tattered child of the street-crossing ; and the boy w ho deli vers

go THE NORMAL CO RI ER

our parcels has a "Merry Chr1strnas" from us; and we go as far as to buy toys and nonsense for various little people whom we never would have thought of on any other day in the year.

Luke's story teaches equality with more force ·tl)an our famous Declaration of Independence. "A1Zd th e angel said u?Zto tlt em, fear 110 t; fm· be/to ld, I bring 1mto you tidings of gr(! at foJ ', w lticlt slta!! be to q /1 people. For uuto y ou is bom tlu"s da; t- a Sa vzpr, w lt idt is Clt1·ist, tlte Lord."

The pity is, that we do not keep in our for practical purposes, the brotherhood of man all the year round. But at le ast we are t!1e better for this annual touch of it. And the chanting of "Peace on Earth, Good Will Toward Men," does not entirely die away from one Christmas to another. We carry it in our mind for theoretical purposes, anyway.

Christmas has another bearing upon our inward lives. The custom of gift giving is a leading feature of the day. Whether this aw a kens generosity or awakens and feeds a lJ that is sordid ly mercenary in us, is. a very pertinent question. As the custom is meant to typify God's gift of His Son, it would seem that our gifts should partake of the character of this type. They should be gifts of l ove with no element of calculation in them. We must admit that we fall short of this ideal of Christmas behavior sometimes. Very often cold calculation enters into our giving, and for "appearance's" sake, we com mit the most actrocious deeds of generosity · But it is not possible to overlook the gracious deeds, which have no reference to ·'appearances" either. There are the great philanthropic movements which Christmas day sets on foot; the dinners given in large cities to the poor. At one str9ke these dinners warm the hearts of the givns and truly do warm the chronically empty stomachs of the little waifs. The givers are the for it, all the year Christmas day bas given them a impqlse for a more unselfish life. Then are little private acls of unselfishqess which must not be classed with the mercenary deeds of flaunting liberality. We feel safe in affirming that hopest generosity has the bt;:st of it after all; that Christmas day witnesses more ofthe true virtu.e of unselfish giving than th at of the gi v in g for self-interest.

C hildren certainly are not troubled about the m or al effects of Christmas day. In their eyes th e Qnly consideration of any worth, on that

da y, is the a my ha i1 ·ecl o ld the chimn ey at midni gh t, sho,·vs any tr a ce s of sool Sunday ch oo l fest iviti es . exi sts only in the ir Yi v id li t tl e im ao- in at io But th e emin e ntl y moral g rown - up pc pie ee it that the illusi on is not d cs ti- oy ed , until adv a ncin g y ea rs of th e c hildi·cn m;tk e th e co tinuance of it imp oss ibl e. \Vdl now, th e re m ig- . be a more crimin al pr a ctic e than tellin g a bi th at Sant a Cl a us is a real o ld man, wh o stockin gs and dri ves a n .: indcer. Ye , th might; and wh at wou ld it be? "Wh y, to be it would be the cruelt y ot tellin g them th there was uot a Sa nt a Cl aus. A r ega rd f, r truth is a g ood thin rr, but in t cultiv ate our mo ral na tu1 ·e, pra y do n ot let us s poil th e children's Sa nt a Cl aus Th ere n broader field s for ou 1· her o ic s.

S CJJ OO L NO T L,<.;.

Prof. Nort on spent Thank sg iving trav e lin g through th e s tat e.

He sp oke at Yo rk to the Teache1·s' As tion of York county, and atChadr on to the No t· western Teach ers' Ass oc iati on of Nebr a ska ; which association he be cam e a chart er tn emb r. He also visited the Bapti st sch oo l at Granri L land, Mr . Hays, of the class of "93, at 1\Ia City, Misses Wort and Ferguson, of the s an · class, at Alliance, and the school at Crawford .

The seni o rs are now a pplying themstlv e ' teaching in the practice departrnen t.

A number of the students went home .' spend the Thanksgiving vacation, while tJ / who remained met at the Baptist church union Thanksgiving service. Rev. Van Vl \. of the M. E. church, preached the sermon.

The seniors have a rare treat in observi · Prof. Norton teach a class, three days of tl · week, jn which he ably puts into practice h\: grand thought s and principles on teaching. T l.J · other two days they instruction in vo music from Prof. Boucher

FO URTH MO NTHLY R EC ITAL.

The fourth monthly re ci t al was given Prof. and / Mrs. Boucher, assisted by Prof. Cam1

bel a nd t udent s inlh e :\lt.\-crn on o

tory of 1\ Iu ic, on lh e fi f h of De ·annal Hall w as tille d "" ith IO\·c·

The follow i ng ex ce l le nt pr og r:1 n wa 1'1! 1" ,J( .\ ,

I. Pi a no Du c tt -Tn>v:l or , l\ [ JS S S:-.II T II \:-\ll :\1 1:'" r·a .

2• Yiol in olo La F_l ,·l. ·n Frunr

p R () F. F. B (ll - l- II E 1·: p;, sut

J. oog- Th e Hu g:!cr.

PI.:CH \\. '\'\- C.\ :'- li 'I: ET I..

· Qu in t ette C1 adle :-; on o·.

4- tr to g, 11 11 _, 11c.-io rl u .-. 11 ,c.<t. > p B . "J! E R. l\11 :':-' c. L. \l' IEIO: l'E. \V ·

l\II S'--' N. :\! 1.: . C. XoRT :\ ORTON, · _, lin S ol o- So uv e ni r de llay dn [_,·o n nrd \ 10 ' 111 "1' J<ll < •• '·

S IJ <Y for F male \-oices -Gr ee ting

Part o o g· t Sp rtn , 0 -. C'·IT!'\ G( )L • I:\TFTT E

CHORl. A l' D ·' ' - '-'

Anchor ed, - · - II ats on

7· So ng- PRo F. \V. vV C :\i\II ' HELL.

1 a Rom an za , F. Boudtrr

8. V iolin Sol o- ·( b :rvia z urka, H?imi<m sli

PR O F. F. BOUCI IE R.

D ' Eglise -For Piano and S tring

t Q · tet eutn ' 11 EP PROF F. BoL·cnER , 1\-Ir s C. MR F BO uc , T S. · MAST ER vV. NO RT ON, MI S N. ··t·ENS MR. C. NORT O N. · , .r:1. .\ 0 "\f CE 11E V TS.

\\ e would call attention to the beautiful deio·n whi h ap pears on our cover pag e and for w hi ch we a re under obligation to Horace Lapie rr e. Mr. Lapierre is an architect and dede io- ne r of gre at ab ility and executes his work w it h ne at nes , correctness and dipatch .

\\ e ar e ha pp y to ta te that in the future we h all be ab le to s end the Co RIER to our patrons n time Th e work of printing the CO URIER has be en pl a ced in the hands of a responsible printe r who is equipped with all facilities to execu te the work with dispatch.

The grauuates and students of the State ormal will be pleased to learn that the Ashland high school foot ball team has won the ch a mpionship of the State. Not a single high school team has scored ao-ainst the Ashland boys. Against Omaha the 0 Score was 62 , against Lincoln 42 , against Plattsmouth 68 , Nebraska City gave the game without p1ctying. The sup e rintendent of the schools and manager of the team , J. V-l. Crabtree, graduated at the Normal 1887 His article in this issue will be the more interesting, knowing this.

To the Educators of Nebraska:

In reply to constant in quiries the conducto rs of t lt e NoH .\1 .\L Cot 'I{ IJ-:1: h eu] "a\" that:

· 1. Th ey the b est art icles: Stor.i es suitabl e for c hild r·e n, Popular cles on Education, ·School-room and Holiday Exercis es, Me thods fo r ScLool and Cla

T echnical Article s, Elementary Sci e nc e L esso ns ,-in .·l10r t, t·\·c rythin g of to the edu cational wo rld.

2. AU such manuscript offered them w ill be carefu11y and promptly examined

3. For every paper found available r ecog nition w ill be made upmt its acceptau w ithout waiting for its publication.

4. Articles from members of th e Alumni of our ·State In st itution s and Nebraska w ill receive special attention. .

5. The Editors espe cia11y request that the name anu add ress of the author shou ld b' placed at the head of every man us c ript, and not 9n a seperate slip.

6. Th e functi on of the CoumER is to bring before the teachers and students of :St' braska the thoughts of our abl est educators on the mo st popular and practical subjects p tainin g to education, and to enhan ce the in ter ests of our Institution s of L earning.

All busines · letters and MSS. s hould be addressed simply, THE N OH]\[AL Pe ru, Nebraska.

l)uulisbeb 11r.1 11 tb!}? b)? tbc-L.\ i\UEI I:: n H I T .. . ...

J-UlY. O'C NN I!J.L , ,\ ,::: 0 I t\"1'1-: E l)ll'O II;; .\ t;;o.; l;s J., " '

I El lKLL ' ec rel:try ITrr Br ",.-on u ll 1.'\I•:S<> 1u ·. J.'. ))ouu ·. J. T A. ' OI.E \'. I ..:R niLJ

Trc: u r TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTI ON.

copy, per ch oo l yc nr

lllgle copj es cu ·h

All b i ai'C;

"/'n

rd

of t he h rgbcr coo " · • E V £ R E'J"l' SOCIE'l'¥. , se h oo l t rn1 s. 1"\ cw st ud cu t...s !.l r. c p, ._ Yf:ry F ridu.y cv "uJn g_" o ur li l Pr!lry work lA ly luv!tP.d to join us I Wor. PA.ttH I O'M·, .Pr ,•s i<.l cn t.

C.:OHPUS ELI 'l'U M. , tlurin ,... Jlo li tlt\)'!-' nnd sprin g vacati on Every I<'rida )' oj\''' 11111 g 0 ANNA :O.I cCoY, Prcs id e ltl

PllfLLIPPfAl> SOCIE'l' Y ,,. tluring tho s umut cr for high er stu· Evory Friday oVc lllllni H Alutnlli us in g thu durrug vuca t.iou -Ie-n ts and morobcrs of L 0 .•T. ::iTANULEY Preside;1t.

'l'fiE NO !lli!AL JIULL'l'IA d T. •utc ttattt, Co ttlmandnn t or C ndels J-L ]3. vusc.A NSON, S 'l'Al''l'". 1 ·tin u· ALiju tanL. J, C7 I "b ir::J t Li uu.tcua. n l. LIH_JU \; lf •ore '· n·u Li eu te nant 1111 u " ". 0 M p' Good , Sc r genpt ami uc tttl f{ · II n eedle, 'Y A IN.k'ANTHY-COi\IP.AN ' . Dick Nea l, C apt; WuL Del zell, Jst Licu L; ,J. JII. H tc h ar<Is , 2d Lieut. · CO !'IPANY lL >o rt Cu J\t· G. C. Mt!rri ll , Js L Licu t; U.S. Norton, 2d LiPut IVJI I L. J)JL\"O'Ill • • A'l'IlL E'J'IC A SSOC IA'l'lON. , 1 Secre tnry, \\'r ll L. DuvenJ>or t. Yre llld e nt. Dick N ca

Y. :'tl. C. A.

•·• U '·I Cu rr eS jJOlldiug Sct;rt,'lu.ry, Gu u: C. ]" e rr r"ll. l're11ld en t., 'l'lt os •' ou J S. m ... .Y. w. c ..A.

Corr es pouu in g Secretary , 'r.Jary Prealdcnt, V ina ' NOHJIIAL MILI 'l'AHY RAND .; Sor ge unt, \V. E. Roberts.

Jfrl THEJIIJA TICS. \\'. K. FO\ LER JR

l TRODUCTORY

The w E duca tion aims to assist the teacher .in makin · more interesti ng to the pup il the ubj taught. This object m ay be achieved in va riou "ay Elementary science is proving a valuable addition to the work in the primary grad and a pleasant variation to the child Hi tor enli-.. ens geography. Evolution and gr wth in the subjects of anatomy, physiology and hygiene will place in a fresher b righter a p ect the dry subjects of bones, tisues ba.:. habits and Keeley cures The history and growth of the English language sh quld alway be taught in connection with the grammar of the English language Is it po ible, by anecdote, story and illustration, or by historical research , to further inter.: est the -pupil in his muitiplication t able,· the grammar grade pupil in the decimal system, percentage and the metric system, the high school student in involution and variation, progressions and conic sections? "'vVe believe it is, and have assumed unto ourselves the task of furnishin o- for these drv subb j ects a foundation upon which to build a superstructure of interesting facts and fancies, methods and devices, used in the evol u tion of mathmatics.

ARITHMETIC.

The Arabic system of numerical notation was i ntroduced into Europe about the thirteenth century of our era. Previous to that time the most clumsy -methods were in v ogue. The ancient Greeks expressed numbers .in the Romans expressed numbers by means of letters. The counting of' numbers by means of the digits of one or both h ands is natural to the

THE NOR tAL COURIE R

-child, because it is inherited. Long before the dawn of civilization savag-e tribes were able to i.ndicate numbers at least as, high as ten, and in .some languages the names for the first ten numbers were derived from the fingers used to -denote them. Many of these tribes bad no word for any number higher than ten, but pressed all such numbers by the words plenty or heap. But five was the limit for ordinary counting, and objects more numerous were us J ually counted by multiples of five. Zero was often indicated by the closed hand, and the I, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were indicated by openmg the hand one finger at a time, so that five was generally represented by the open band. In many languages the words five and band are derived from the same root. In our own language all words for numbers higher than ten are expressed on the decimal system, or system of tenths. ·

In keeping any kind of tally list it is customary to mark off tallies in groups of five or ten and, perhaps, multiples thereof, as scores or twenties, and then count the total by fives or tens or twenties. It was difficult, however, for primitive peoples to count numbers higher than ten, or to make a record of it. There is a method still in use in South Africa of getting two men, one to count the units up to ten on his fingers, and the other to count on his fingers the number of groups of ten so formed. With some ancient tribes it became customary to make a mark of some kind on the completion of each _group of ten, without reference to or numerical notation.

The more civilized ancient races soon invented a way , of representing numbers by means of counte rs arranged in sets of tens in relative pos itions, an arrangement afterward known as the abacus. This ins trument, which in some form s represents the moQ.ern primary numeral frame, w as used ,by nations widely separated, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, Etruscans, Hindoos, Chinese aud Mexicans; therefore it was undoubtedly invented at several different centre s. It is still in common use in Russia, China and Japan. In its simplest fo rm the ab ac us cons ists of a wo oden board with a number of parallel gr ooves cut in it. To represent anumber as many counters, or pebbles, are put in the

first gr oo ve a.s the re are un i ts a many in s eco nd gr oove as there a1- e tens,·and o o n. counti ng, for each obje ct a co unt er i put in first gr oo v e; an d as so n as th e re are te n co ters th e re , t hey are r emove d a nd one cou n ter:;; put in th e seco nd gr oov e. An i mpro ed fo of tbe ab acus was made with a nu mbe r of allel w ires stu ck in a piece of w od on whi · bead s co ul d be th r eaded . Th fac ility wi · whi ch th e op erations of add iti on a nd subt tion c an be perform ed m ust be e vid e nt to · who understand thi s d esc ri pt io n. It i ai d an exp e rt Japan ese can, by the aid of th e a cus, add numb ers as r apid ly as th ey ca n be r out to him.

We see th at th e ancient ab acus a nd our m ern sys tem of num e rical nota tion are fou nd upon exactly th e s am e pr in c iple - the lo l value of th e c ounte rs , or dig it s: fi rst, second, third, etc., gr ooves or w ires ; units, ten , hu n reds, etc.; the abacus , con cre t e; our o wn not tion, The qu es ti on na turally occu why dtd tt take nearly two thousand years express the concrete in th e abstract form · Partly through lack of symb ols by which to e.press numbers, for not until the thirteenthtury of our era was the symbol zero in trod u into Europe and used in connection with th other nine symbols.

In times numbers were rep sented m wnt1ng by the requisite number u · lines. was true of Egypti an . Phremctan, Grectan and Roman history writings. Then symbols for ten and one hu ndred were introduced. Numbers from one t nine were represented by the requisite nm11 ! ·r of straight lines ; from eleven to nineteen the symbol for ten and the requisite number f units o · straight lines; twenty by of the symbols for ten ; and so on. Still later th e R omans added other signs for five, fifty, etc. The Roman symbols were generally the initial 1 tters of the names of the numbers; as c for c entum or one hundred, M for mille or one and. The symbol V for five represented tb angle formed by the thumb ana the open p al m. The s ymbol X for ten was formed by jo1nin ::the apices of two.V's. The symbols L :for fif t · and D for five hundred represented the upp"'t halves of the symbols used in early times for ('

and I. T he ymb ol II I! rcpr fo \ 1IIIr epre en tednin e. Thesublract ive fo m. nch as IV and L ,.. were f m re rec n ori ·a

The R oman or any similar· s • tem of no oo -as not us ed for the p tu·po e f o era in o- '"ith he symbol s them s lv but m ere l- to ex rhe r es ult obtain ed bv s me concret metbo 'I' e resul ts of the mu ltipli cation· be rs w ere blaincd b th a nd by rep eated add iti n · an • ta ble of mul tiplicali n w :v wri t em o dz ed \. mathem at icia n ntury of ur ra , wa ntin .,. t

t 2 t ri es all th multi pl e. f 1- 0 wh i ch gi ve. him -. o an. a r maind r f

78 _ he th en beg i ns a::;a tn wtt h. th mul iple ur 12 u nt il he get to <76 . and t bl gi him 7 a nd a rema in der 2. I-Ie n.c the an ·wer i _ 0

3 ? 3 and a re n1. a tnd er -· p 73 err -

Th ' ·ent Eg ypt ians and t he Ph mc 1an e an cJ . fi . . . . b een fatrly pr tent tn the sc ten ce must have - 1 of num ber s; Egy p ti an dand p ramid rn ical calc ul at iO n S, an the co m meraod as tron o d s·d · cial tran sac ti ons of an 1 IS u ffici e nt e i dence of tb is . It IS tr ue tdat g-e ometry, _ · at ed in Egy p t, was e veloped to a whtch o nglU · · b . nt th an a nthm et tc, ut of tht we gre at er exte ' ld 1 1 te r. The Ch a ea ns , a o, who h ad Wtll s peak a . · . . . bl com merctal lll te1cour e with th e Con mde ra e h P getting from t em the we io-hts hce ntclans , · B b 1 d ::, s used tn a y on, ev eloped as- and measure 1 ex tent that mus t 1ave required t rono r:oy to an f . erable kn o wledge o ant h metic a nd a co nsld Pyth a o-oras was not a Greek, but a All ancient ra ce s, like the Pb centclan. h e g tl American yont • rea Y puz zled mo dern bJ'ect of f ractwns ; and, likewise ., the su · It' 1· er d by hear t thetr rnu tp !cation taag-· tearne al n, 1 11 th eir work was approximate bl ]:'Qear y a , . es_ tians and Greeks a fraction

The EgYP f several f ractions, tn ea ch of which to the sum 0 'r- R rnerator was unity. omans retbe fractions to approxtmately equivaciuced tl·ons whe>se denominators were twelve le t fra c lf ' thn ex pressing many qlings as twe ths. The used s ixty as the c ?nstant denom. ·n astronomical ca lculatiOns, and from lnator - 1 them through the Gr ee ks we our division of a degree into stxty eq ua parts.

earl - all this mat hematical work was done in a on ret f rm b ut theore tically t he an ci e nt G re - factor ed numb e rs and form ed proportio n nd eri e or progression s.

P thagora di co ered the th eo rem which be ar hi n ame· th e squa re de s cribed. on the h -po teou e of a rig ht. a ngl ed triangle is e qual o the um of th e qu ares desc ribe d on th e o b r tw id . In con nectio n wi th th is he -oew how to fi nd the res ult in deali n o- wi th tri"' oa lar number . A trian gular nu mb er i ·_th e um of the n ecutive num bers fro m uni ty to an d ired n um ber, and is equ al to n n plu 1 : thu t he sum of t he nu mbers from on t ten i nclu s ive is the product of on e -h a lf te n in to ten plu s o ne or fift y-fiv e. D uring e ach tw h-e hou r a clock stri kes six t im es thir tee n r e ent e ight strokes. In a tr ia ngular p ile of barr 1 for ty-o ne barrels at the base and one t t he top there are one-half of forty-one times. for -t" o, or e ight hundred six ty-one barrels

In the fi r t qu ar te r of the third ce ntury b efo re Christ Euclid, whose name is a synonym fo r Geom e try lived, and wr ote h is Elements. Eu clid is a ccred ited with the saying that there i no ro) al r oad to geometry, and also t ha:t knowledge i wor th a cquiring fo r, its own s ake. The first six b ooks of th e E lements deal w ith creometry, and not u ntil the s even th book do es: .::. he di ·cuss the theory of num b ers. The reason is plaiu. The sy stem of numerati on in vogue among the Greeks was so cht msy th at it rend ered the s cienti fi c treatment of n um bers much more ditficult than that of geometry. s even treats of greatest common me asure a nd least common multiple and the theory of fr a ctions, and the eighth and- ninth b ooks treat of continued proporti on or ge ometrical p rogressions.

About the y ear 100 A. D. Nicomachus, a J ew, an Arithmetic, th e La tin t ranslation of whtch remained for a tho u sand yea rs. a standard authqrity on the ; ubiect. The author commences with distinction betw een ev en ,. odd and p rime nu mbers ; discu sses fractions , a pproximately, of course ; a nd then trea ts of ratio, proportion an d progressi ons. About fift y yea rs later P tol em y of Alex a ndria, in a treatiseon astronomy, uses degrees, minutes, and sec,

g6

NORM A L'COURIER

onds measures of angles, and gives 3·1.41 6 as the value of the circumference of a circle whose diameter is unity.

.

During the first half of the fourth century of our era , Diopbantus of Alexandda, wrote an Arithm e tic, in which he used many algebraic symbols. Many of his problems, also, are algebraic, and are treated analytically, with the a ssumption that the s teps are revers ibl e. He used symbols for the unknown quantity, c oefficients, powers, equality, and subtraction. Addition wa:s denoted by mere juxtaposition, as we now denote literal algebraic multiplication. Diophantus' Arithmetic was translated into Arabic in the tenth century, and thus indirectly influenced the progress of European math ematics.

During the fourth, fifth and si x th centuries the Alexandrian, Grecian and other schools of mathematics were carried on under great difficulties, owing- to the opposition of the Christi ans who finally succe e ded in geting a decree Justinian that "heathen learning" should no longer be studied at Athens. Proclus, an Athenian- mathematician of the fifth century, ho was repeatedly threatened with death be- w ,, cause be was "a philosopher, was wont to remark "After all my body does not matter, it is th that I shall take with me when I die ." H;patia, the daughter of Theon of Alexandria, was murdered on account of .._her "heathen learning," in 4 1 5, A. D. -(Co ntinu ed in Jliarcb Num ber,)

WHAT WE HEARD AT THE BOA RD OF TR A DE.

W-. E. TAYLOR

Th Chicago Board of Trade is known everye Its quotations not only govern prices w here. bout the west, but largely control · for- throug • . quotations of agncultu:ral products elgn the importa nce of the rules governing Hence tl·ons of thts board. The Washburn- the ac . h B i11 re cently mtroduced into con g ress Hate d'. S ed an extended tscusston among Board ba ..;cau f Trade m en

0 The most interestmg tlme to visit the Board of Trade is ab out the noon hour. This board

is c omp os ed of some tw thousand pe r on "are r equired to subscribe to cer ta in re gul a· bef ore the y ma y become membe rs. The b occupies a lar ge bui ldi ng si tuated in the h of the c ity J ackso n and La a 11 e u ..) an th e in si de co nsists of a l arge hall for B oard Trade men a nd offi c ers an d a g all e ry for vi 't .: The floo r of th e ha ll is di vide d o ff i nto acco rdi ng to articl es of trad e- the large t · m os t i mporta nt be ing kn ow n as the pit" a nd the "co rn pit." In and ar u nd pits th e dealers arra nge them se l ves. Ier tunes are made ::tnd lost wi th in a few h ours yet, to th e ou tsider all uproar. Th e whole floo r corum and at ti mes th e franti c w ith exc ite men t. Yet hi cago quo tation s of t his b ody rule the m ark w orld daily.

To illustrat e the me th od of tra din CY we wb co nfine o ur re marks to wh ea t. If we vi it tBoard of Trade we fi nd t he so -call ed wh dealers asse m bled at the "w heat pit." Tb dea lers co nsist of two cl as se s; viz., the br: ·: who hold so-called grain certificates and bulls, who are to purchase these certifi These certificates are mere ly nominal an d not repre s ent anything- the holder m ay 1: own a grain of wheat. The seller does n ot :. liver at once, but in July, Septemb er , Dece m · or May, usually the latter. This is wh at ' known as "dealing in futures.'' When t · future time arrives the seller does not deli ver t · wheat, in the majority of cases, but p t1Ys receives a difference which may be b est ' · plained by illustration.

Suppose the bears offer to deliver 10 . bushels of wheat the coming May and the bUt "' . contract to receive this wheat at 70 cen t . when May a rrives, wheat is worth 75 cents t bulls have gained 5 cents per bushel and bears pay the differe nc e ($5oo oo). on otber hand, if when May arrives wheat is w only 65 cents the bul1s · pay this diffe When this contract is clos ed or settled it i ' to be "run g up." This transaction is known Board of Trade as ''dealing in differen c es·· : by outsideFs in di ffe re nc es ." will be noticed that it is to the interest of bears to bear do wn the prices and of the

t.tJSs 1p or rai e th e price b • he ime for f uture del i ery

T his gamblin g pr ces i ver detrimental to agricultura1 in tere t and many bica o bu iness men pr ompted by reccn bill in r duced into Co ngre s a re striving- to prevent deal ing in fut ure . Th o urt have or caunot di1.i nguisbed be tween th a tual hol er of w heat and the ho lde r. nder the p1· nt sys tem . all a man need i n and mone , .a nd he can keep a blanket the ma r ·et from one ye ar 's e nd to t he other 11 that i neede d is to up ply the d ema nd with peculati offerings f r r emote de li r ie . ne man Pa rt ri dge, has fi ll ed that p iti on in thi ma rket for t he last tw y ar . Th al f futu r in heat av era ge fully 10 ooo ooo bu hel pet da , -<>ften gr ea ter tha n t he . total re eip t for the h 1 Ye ar. T he he avie st mon th ' d li erie o e 1. . -do no t amo un t to the dea. mg 1n fu ture of on e day. De live ry of lS n odt in man y tran sac t ions and I .m ::t e In ve ry few .

Th e si ze of t he cro p lS n ow s l dom taken in to ac couut. If pre se nt su ffi ce fo r pret ne e ds e xcess i ve offe nn gs for a lon Q' d e·sen , d 1 fe rre d d elivery result 1TI .ec lD lng values e en h th e be st c omm er cial f orecasts be subs et ho ug · 1 · 1 J·ustifie d by mat e na I mp ro ve ment. qoe nt Y f h

Th . c omes lar gely rom su e se ll e rs be in CY IS . . . o re lieved from th e by fret deliveri es . When e Ivenes are infre-quent o.body is troubled about prov idin CY the qtl.C n n , ., .art icle sold -a mo ne y all that nee ded. Whe at bas how e tt e ro,. I 5 and It ·is th ought 20 per cent; Wit ou !llatenal ca uses -operating. . . BY selling whe at optwns-spec ula tt ve whe at . d wheat" --often not g row n or ev en or " Wln -the sp e cul ator forces o wne rs of real to sacrifice t hei r pro perty whe n the spe cul ato r makes his 'fbe manner in selh ng of futures . f eres with commtsston merch ants , w ho mteer1·ve orders for act ual w:O.eat f or sh ipment is r ec - · ' not gen erall y unders t ood or a pp tec Jat ed outside -of t he ir own circl es . Let us s uppose that one of th e se recei ves an o.rde r fo r btls hels of prom pt s hi pme nt. as s oo n .as l oadi ng can be e ffecte d. Th e p nce of w he at . .tod ay , the c ars or ve ssel-ro om and th e freight

ra te th at can be se cured make the order wo r kabl e. The d ail) receipts of the k ind of w heat wanted are m all · but there are millions of b t1 b el of it in the elevators. To buy it for De cember w ill n ot insure the de livery of it b efore th e la t day of the rn:on th, a nd that will n ot do. n ap peal ust be ma de to those w ho hav wh eat in the elev ators. The terms imp , ed b them rna a nd o ft en do, positive ly prohi bit the fi ll i ng of the ord er. In such ca ses doe n ot th e future option act as an obstruct ion to com merce and prove detrimental to merca ntile bu i oess? Here is an orde r for actual wheat 1 t. while at th e t ime w heat is in enoDll!lus up pl and is quote d dull an d he avy at a pri ce at wh i h it might be eas ily fill ed. It wo u ld s eem tha t the spe culati ve price for w heat is n -ot the sa me as the p rice of whe at fo r shipm ent. h uld large accumulations and du ll business excite an y wo n de r? Ov er 2o,ooo,ooo .in s to re, and none fo r s hipment at market quo tations ! T he facil ities that are afforde d· sh ort sellers t hro ugh the trad ing sys te m as it now p re v ai ls confe rs a still more unwarran ted priv ilege up on ano th er cl ass. T his is traceable to t he s elling of for ign bu yers an d expor te rs. To these also the pri vileges.of the market are give n without com pen sation Let us see how. W ith har dly an excepti on the wh eat s hi p ped abroad g oes on absolute sale. T he re are v ery" few co nsignm ents, if an y, by our own people. Large clearances de note increased de mand and are generally fo l1owed by an i mprove d ma rke t . T.he sales ha ve b ee n effected, shipm ents ma de and the car goes a re ac tua lly upon the se a. If h igher prices come t he e xpo rter notes the rise. It is a sure and quick profit if he can se cure it . He does it by s elling fu t ures in Chi cago for an amount e qual to that he bas afloat for Liv erpool or elsewhere. Thus a bona fi de sale and an actual shipme n t, made in the ro utine of legitimate. b usi n esa, is th rown back upon our market to depress it ju st as e ffe ct ua ll y as if th e wh eat had been tu rn ed about in m id oce an , rel an J. ed an d deposi ted again in our elevator s. In th e same ma n ne r he is able to pr otect hi mse lf against loss in a weak or declinin g. ma r ket. Is not this adva ntage an un fair o ne ? It cert a inly s eems to be ..

Depressed and prostrated markets a re not

THE NORMAL CO U RIER

chargeable to speculative se lling al o ne. Ow ners and carriers suffer also from sal es of fu t ure options , which are equally de v oid of co mm e rcial conn e ction, though the y ha ve a qu as i-le gi timate character. · For ex ample : Jon es, in Dakota, w here the sto rin g an d car ry in g of wheat are ine x pensiv e, accumul at es IOo,ooo bush e ls in granery after ha rve s t. It is hi s intention to carry the same till tbe ens uin g sprin g. Carrying charges in Dako ta ar e much les s than in Chicag o, because market advan tages here are the best in the Unit ed Stat es . He therefore selects this for hi s· selling mar ke t. He will s ell it for May de livery , as the high carrying charges until that time, added to th e cash price for w heat , w ill make the figu re at which t he May contract can be sold he re a decidedl y good on e for Jone s. So he sells 100,000 bushels of wheat for May de liv e ry her e. As May approaches, the carrying charges di sapp e ar and the "f uture" comes do wn to the spot wheat price . He then buys in the roo ,ooo ?ush e ls, and th e sale is rung up and se ttled It 1s cl ear that he has made a ll the difference bet ween the high ca rrying charges here a nd the lower o ne s in Dakota. Be sides, the ma rket has be en depressed throu gh tpe by a sal e whi ch is as unreal commercially as one made to gove rn a pure speculation. Yet it ha;> th e name of bein g legitimate . I

This dealin g in futures seems to ha ve been brou ght ab o ut as follow s:

I. By the ma nipulation of s peculators ;who see a chance to trade on small capital and by a f ew ex t re mely we alth y capitalis ts wh o see a chan ce to "co rner" th e ma rk e t.

2. It is not n ece r sa ry to brin g wheat here and h en ce wheat may he stored cheaper where raised . Thi s is the use made of a la r ge nnmber of th e elevators scattered ov er Ne braska:

3· T he el eva tor men rece ive s torage a nd also ac t as buy e rs-hence they pr e fer l ong del iverie s -" fu tu re d elive rie s."

Th at the present method s of th e Board of Trade perm it s g ambl in g, is a dmitted by ev en Board of Trad e men. To obviate difficulties , many favor cash s al es wi th prompt deliv ery . O th ers favo r deli v eries every ten days, "selle r te n "; fi ft een day s, "selle r fifteen ;"

wh ile oth erc: favo r "seller th irty" or sixty. "

TEACHER' LITERATURE.

EMdA R.

11 ·uL Pofnt Il l/ Scii•Jo u.

It is pr es u med that every t eac h of the be st pe r manent l it ratur dea l of t he current l iterat u re f th e b ki nd, but as id e f ro m t hi s g n eral ha bit of r in g he bas a sp ec i al need and sho uld ha\ e a · si re to re ad for pr ofessiona l imp r ove me nt. T teacher is always a st ud en t; it is ur du t · s tu dy.

To r eview and ga ther the lat es t kno wled ge the s ubj ects taugh t; to go be fore o ur d w ith a posit ive know le dge of th e ubject on hand ; ready to draw out the v ita l po int of th e recitati on, and to co nt ribut e som etbi n cr th will be of interest and pr act i cal b ene fit to th pupils is not su fficie nt for th e teac her wb w ishe s to be p ro gr es si ve. He is bou nd to in the lin e of his callin g as th e mini st er do ctor is in hi s.

Th e re a din g thi s lin e sho uld be sy t ern ti . a nd a ccomp amed by systema tic tbinki n re a din g only so m uch at a ti me as he fee1 " helpful.

Som e te a chers make th e mist ak e of try in g read ev erythin g which am o un-ts to a bou t much as reading a book for the s ak e of s ay in<· "I have re ad it. " Th e majority do not r :t enough

The re as on th e Chautauqua tn o ven"lent /J .s. attaiped its pre s ent favor and met with s\lch. succ es s is because of it s arrang me nt as to and divi s ion of tim e.

Let there then be re ad during the year • least one work on Pedagogy. A· true te a ch is constantly on the lookout for better meth od - not nec e ssaril y newer methods - finding ou best thing s th at have been thought an satd 1D relation to · education. Because of th clo se re lationship between education a nd p cbology thi s study should claim the attenti 11 of one who attempts to the mi n . Mmd is what we , as teachers, ha ve to operat

upo n. Thr ou gh a knowle 1 e of th e mind w may gathe r th e be t mean f reac i nCT i ; we learn the true order f knowledge and fi d the incentiv e to kn owl edge

It give s th e pr imary ca her corre t iew a bo ut obj e ct le ons and in the high er de rtnts sh ow th mo t 1oo-ica1 metho of prese ing th e cli ff rent subject

t leas t on e educati nal journal haul be taken and read. \ e ' ant to kno w '' hat o the are do in g. If th y ha ,- e a tt i ned u . in a ny o ne th in g- by me me t hod w t be supe rior to ur O\ l et u adopt tt · bnt not be fore we b ave made 1t o ur O\ n b the pr ess acco rd in g to ph ys iol gy f me ntal ·im il a tio n.

e need the enthu . ia m ga ine d b in t h w it h t ho e th at are a bl to peak of o uc f l" f r esu l ts w ith th e ex p er i en e o a 1 et 1me

Otb orks on t eac hing might be me nti o ned er w h d'ff so me es pe ci a ll y ad op t ed to t e 1 e ren t de p ar tmen ts, but they would be . a ll more or le s rel ated to th e d ep a rtm en ts gt ve n.

Th her no t ta kin g ad va nt age of a co urse e teac . . f d . s om e thin g hk e th e ab ove 1s a pt to o r ea 1t1 g . . beco me na rr ow a nd o .pm wna te .

As to th e general lit era tur e. at th e be t hat mu st be de term med lar gely by g 1n mn g, ' · h. n t t d · consult1n g 1s ow as es an ln- eacb pers on · cli na ti ons.

Th he r has no time to waste with an ye 1 k t hinK th at does no t te nd to nowledge or CU lture. . h . t the he a dm gs of t e da lly news-

A g lance a · h · t d . g th at wh1c 1s ap to become Pa per re a tn · ' . . tu re or s ome Imp o rt an t current his to ry_or nt a nd does not take a gre at ent. 1s su c te

1 of time- t times when the teach ";I: feels r th e re no ? the e d of reading for re creatwn nee d , bt w ill all a dmit th at there are

. We , no n ee ds th e re st that healthti m es when. lig ht liter a ture will produce. A fu l and pure ·u novel now a nd then Wl serve ·as a we ll cb osen relax a tion. ·

There are those who would that som e out-do or recrea tion or a peep mto Natures Boo k wou ld se rve t li e s ame purpose at the same ti me be· a peaHbful, bodily e xerc1se .

Th e tea cher need not spend all his time crm"i diog hi s mind wifh facts , and fitting it for th e be t wo rk he can do. However , if he reads with a pu rpose , there is no danger but that he will el ect tha t w.hich is best suited to his wants and v.Ti ll con tribute most to his callin g.

DE T- EL OPMENT.

PEARLE E. RO CKV OO D.

In t he b 1u ti f ul long ago, a tin y seed f ell gentl y l ot t.h bar e, brow n, ea rth, a nd was lost in the d arkne..<oS abo ut it.

All t hro ugh !he long, dreary, win te r it r es ted serene in i t-s eartl1bed ith the whi te, tra ili ng snows for a blan k et , a nd o nl y a cl od f r a p ill ow.

But. the un, growi ng bra ver an d bolde r, ba uis.hed th e fr os tkin " let nl y.

ue weep of hi great, ho t, hand , a nd the blank et of was in tat ters t _

The pi t.\ ing rain drops descen ded, nod ba thed t he brown seed i-u it xil e;

Th e uo ent hi arrows li ght to ier ce th ro' the cha mber of .

And tb brown awaken ing, sp rung up wi th li!rh t. h ear ted laughter,

And gl cfu ll the roof of i t-s s nu g little cot tage,

And Y nt ur d w tth tim1d foots teps out into th e world of sunsh ine,

Then, pu ttin g away all fea r, up at brig ht fa ce of Na ture.

A sunbeam, with'ste p light and came softl y, aud · pl ayfull y ki ed it;

A bre z , gentle child of the sou thw ind, stole n earer, and fa nned t.he new comer;

A nd •be li ttle, lone pla nt felt the and grew, and · too k courage.

Y:ear af te r y ea r p assed a nd the littl e gree n .s hoot had d one woo d t:rS -

In th e s pot where the seed had been pl a nt ed a great tree rea red its head to th e sun s hine. '

Deeper Hll d th e roots went delvi ng i nto the darkness,

S ea r ch in g the lmlden depths of ea rth , for nouris hm ent God h ad prov id ed:

Hi gher and hi gh er the l:iran ches cleaveq th e pure a ir a nd the s unli ght.,

Findin g in fair ha nd a ruddier glow for t heir a pples,

E uc h new s tr1fe the te mp est, over th e wide earth s weepin g, nn d t w1 s tm g the li mbs of the ap pl e tree, ever so rud ely,

Gave new strength to the al ready strong , ru gged branches.

Whil e .t he veil of th e so ft Iudi nn s um mer, fa lh o ver the earth like a shadow;

When Nature. w ith labor a ll e nd ed, put on her b ri ght h oliday - garm ents;

Th en comes the bli the farm er, pro vid ed with wago n an d bask et.,

100

TH E NOR MA L C RIER

And gath ers th e har ves t of a ppl es to sto re away f or the winter.

But lo! as he gathe rs the treas ure, be fi nd not a ll of th em pe r fect; · ·

Not all are beauti fu l spheres, ruddy and f ull of sw ee tness

Here an d there, on t he bra nche s, gre w a pp les half ripe a nd wi th ered;

More, does he find , whose beau ty is spoil ed by th e unsightly wormho le;

And a few w ui ch ha ve too qu ick ly, passed into deca y prematu rely.

Does th e far mer in anger or sor row cas t fr om him the fr uit of h is ha rves t?

And say, as be t ur ns emp •y handed, the great app le tr ee iB n fa il ure?

Ab, no, fr om the frui t lade n bra nc hes, he ch ooses th e u n· blemi shed a pp les ,

An d thankf ully bears the m. away to th e wa iting ·bins at the farm house.

Th e wo rm eaten wort hl ess a ppl es, th e few th at are left, are fo r gotte n,

In the joy of the present harvest , a nd, th e h ope of the f uture a bun dance.

In th e beautiful long ago, a tiny tho ug ht fell ge nt ly

Int o a fertil e mind, a nd wait ed the time for g ro win g.

Almost forgo t te n it lay in th e mind of th e bu :;y st ud en t,

As over his da il y t as k he thou g ht a nd wrote an d p on dered.

Th e sunshin e di scove red th e seed, as it lay in t he ea rt h's br ow n bosom,

So the su ns hin e of br oti.J erly lov e found the t ho't in th e m ind of the st u de nt.

As th e pi tyin g r ai nd rops desce nd ed , and bath ed the bro wn eed in its ex il e, showe rs of mutua l longi ngs for good bath ed th e t L10 't of the st ud ent.

.

Th us welcom ed, it grew a nd ex pa nd ed till , lo a nd b eb o_ld, it blossomed

In to a ta ll tree of know led ge-Philom athi a.n, Iov53 r of lea rn

Y ea r after yea r passed aw ay, the sor.i ety gr ew an rl d

In the dar k. ages th e mind s of the memb ers del ved an deeper, ·

Search in!! the p ast for kn ow ledge feed the mi nds of the hung ry.

Hi gher and hi gl:!e r and hi gh er reach ed the hearts of i ts me m· bers,

In to the su nli ght of poetry and fr eed om and music,

In to fresl1 , life giving , a.ir of geograph y, sci en ce and his tory; Neve r P.n ough, but consta ntl y stri vi ng fo r more, and ye t rn or e.

In tellect str u gglin g with intellect, to both a n ew streng tll is given

When at th e close of each Y"'H comes th e' bnrvcs t of n ew t bot' s, '

And all the idens and purpos es , gain ed th e sch oo l year. .

Wh at shall we say of th e fail ures, that ghost like came b. ffhn g our effor ts?

Wh at shall we ay of th e pl ans we have made o nl y" pMt ly aceompl ished ?

Wh at o{ the grand opport u nities offered, but lost a nd neglected?

Wh at of the work we might do, if we wou ld, I.J ut leave u n· do ne fo re ver?

·

Shall we call our soc iety a fuilnre, a nd I.Jelieve th at no one h as been aide d?

hall we cowa rd li k •, break fr om il rnnk , and dcse r o r society basely ?

Nol fri ends, a thousand tim s, no • Let us gn tb er th and be thankful.

I et us forget the mi takes and the fuilure , and bur d ee pl y, Di gg ing th e grnve in th e pas t, and forget th m for v r. L et us de lve de per th an ever, int th mi nd s of t ll m. t L et us oa r hi gher th an ve r i nto th r alms of tru b uu ty. Let us be tru e tn o ur na me , Phil o mat h iun, L ove rs of L nrnLD -Rend nL !h i' fir L wi n ter tunn. ·o 1, of tl,.. Phliomnthj u •if"ly

NAPOLE ON BONAP l RTE

FRA 'K DEE E f.

Be hin d u s, lie th e r ecord s of hi tory, old. These a re ru ins-mo num ent of tb pa st s till to be 'I he last hum an impr w hi ch ma de them bas van ish e d. Tb e p au need ed f or th e me lt in g of a few b ubble ha ended. Ye t ma n 's re c or ds are as endur in g as. mound s of earth He has h ad hi s k in gd om a nd hi s r ev oluti on s; be has ri se n; he h as f allen. -

Tbe same sun is in the h eave ns .ab ove hi bead, a nd the same ea rt h is ben ea th his f t_ Hi s foo t-print s are in vis ible , ye t hi s thou o- h ts - 1:::> di ve throu gp th e ocean, and hi s thread the air. His d umb tong ue is lo ose ned, and i s ings w ith the of th e s tr a in of hiinould e rin g ma rtyrs. This call s around u th ranks of th e g reat d ea d, and we li s ten in th a rdor of our new blo od to the s tory of th eir sorrow a n? their tru st-a s to ry ch a rged wit ll the pul se of time , a nd with th e ·purp ose of centuries.

There comes a time in the of when th e g re at movements of the worl d. tb larger destinie s of man k ind , ent er like au earthqu a ke into it s life; when th e_· s low of growing gen e rations cau s es th e c lashino- f mighty s entiments; the love of lib e rty ·ad;'ancing for the ri g ht , a nd the defe,nce of tyra nm· approaching for the Then the in visibl' power of ri g ht rides a of flame up the " wjngs of the wmd , and th e mount ains mo ke a nd the plains s hudd er under the rollin "·· fi e ry , vi s ita t ions of death and desolation, ; the thunderbolts of seem to p trate all with unrelentmg force. Such a ti me herald s an a pproaching da wn of a new era it the history of nations . With the dawnin g f I

such an er 1n the hi tor · of France came a- grea t dramati c eve nts blotting out the p oleo n Bonaparte. ti on France w as g ro pin g in darkne ss and upBo rn in the mad tempest of war, wi be er aint ·- the fi xed st ars had faded fro m her groa ns of mat e rnity a companied b' the la h na i onal fi rma men t. :Tre mendous fo rces w ere of arm ; baptized almo t in a delu e of blood: at wo: -. oth in g was or app rov ed. uaht that the palh lo renown Ia, through pre en t be lied a s imple pas t. e d of blo d; taught t ·pi the peaceful o nfu. wn r 1gn ed s uprem e a nd in the s had ows a of li fe; in 1 ve wi .b an i eal on. mob halt ed Behind the g ove rn6gura ed with c nflagration an me nt mould e red the r io te r's to rch , and lo omed ruins r eve r berat in g· with hriek of w unde t he, ana rch i t' s gu ill otine. Gov ernment wa s and d yin g· taught tba r li 1 n w a, bu t a f ble, the conten tio n of mania cs and behe a ds me n. and acco untabi l ity .tt the ba r of b ut Th e ·plendor of the cas tle was coveted, th e pers tition ; th at the f life d q ual or of th e hut was de s erted. The hi ss of a ·ay . Educa t ed al a t1 m wh en th revol u tio ni t disturbed the cov ert and th e in pa gan bl ac kn ; wh en th fi t· u po n th e al- r ar of the mob ech oed a long the highwa y. rs h ad ceas c1 t gl O\'- , and to rr e? t of infid 1- De n e and he a Y cl o uds of so ci al desp e ration _ in cres ted s w re ur cn ng \ er the w re ri ing "ith the impassioned purpose of la d; su r round ed by ·.of madne to pour their vengean ce upon tnd u\ r ce is it st r an ge to at th 1 man m 1gbt huma ni t . be t he i mperia l imp e rs o nati on f blood Amid a ll this , there w as one man comin o- on and mu r der ? Is it strang e tha t h1s characte r jn Fra nce , .who watch ed the drifting s hould be so that to a ttem p.t to de - urre nt s w tth a he a rt and standl in e ate it is li ke ca rrymg a flag o.ve r d1spu t etl ing . b th e .ch a llenge of his power , calml y d' It h as its def ame rs and 1t d efe n ders, awa1te d the d1sclosures of the dawning era. th at ve peri o.d Jt was d ecre ed th at he should be the he raid J)f his life had fa lle n upo n t 1e h mes of h1s of th at coming er a. He was to rally the people he form ed a ch arac ter lmmeas urab.ly in defe nce of their liberties , and incite them cou nt :y , th at of any of th e cro w ned heads of until tl_1ey cried aloud to be led against their .supe nor o . Europe during his ttme. e nem1es. He was to pitch the training 1 w ays Na pole on •vas so gr ea t as to of th at day as he was to be its champion. At car;v a.n irre sis t.ibhle to our .ad- his word, the morning drum -beat traveled over

· He h as left s ue a. te cord for h1m- Europe upon the wings of the wind He made tory as to ta ke entu:ely out of our the Olympi t game of that day and chos e it s athse In que s tion -sha ll he be ca lled gre at? letes. He marshalled the appalling host s. He vowe r e · d hims e lf from obscuri-ty · to a unbalanced cqaos . He set a beacon light o ver 1' h is ro an rai se b ba nged the map of t e world; sent his the portals of France, and casting its rays over ro ne, c the ocean s. Crowns were his do- the u:oubled waters , one by one its facti o ns antne acros s t fnat' made himself th e er 0 :loquence chored , and res ted in the harbor of reas o n. · Ions, d verse · bad a mmd so mighty that Napoleon was the gigantic h ea rt of France, In prose an ' tb and · . . ed to bound from e ar.· ' . time , a nd the mtghty pulsa tions of his e nergy 1t s ee m d oss ibilit y· who was tlhmitable in 'throbbed through Europe. He ste mmed th e place an P · ' h h · honor and in w.ealt ; w 0 - was revolutionar y torrents. He am algam a ted rival powe r, tn f tions th d fere nt to the ris e and .fall o na ', e fluct- factions, an sooth ed the fero c ious s pirit of disUatio ns of time and fortunes; who seemed to cerd among his country men. He wre sted from 1a ug h at the hypnotized world a rvu?-d him ; ty rants' hands the a ffl ictive scept er of opprest hose history abounds in generous act!ons 'a nd sion; and bore in his hands the cha rter of heroic deed s that ha ve la s ted surround- emancipation , the mercurial w and of protection i ng ages a nd will live forever 111 th e memory and safety , whi ch he tend e red to his countryof m an. men.

Be for e Napoleon became an . actor in the The student of biogra ph

THE NORMAL COURIER

painful discoveries. He finds as he advances in character analysis, that even those for whom he bas the greatest admiration are not exempt from human frailties.

The fairy tints which canopy distant character , when approached seem to fly to the distant hills, or betake thems e lves to the spot he bas left behind. and every part of the landscape seem? more beautiful than the spot upon which he stands.

So with Napoleon, the brilliant picture has its reverse. He seems to have proposed to himself a brilliant career, without any stipulation or scruple concerning the means of arriving at this. He seemed to be destitut e· of certain characteristics inherent with magnanimity. He seemed to have a passion for stage effect , which poisoned many of his best actions. His doctrine of impJ.ortality was merdy fame. His theory of influence was not flattering. His function seemed to be to dazzle and aston1sh. Glory was his star of destiny. At its altar alone he w orshiped. His favorite device was to make a great noise: To him friendship was but a name. He loved nopody but dealt in government and w ar.

His disposition was not generous and ant. His temper was not cheerful and optimistic. His delicacy of feeling was not great, and his willingne ss to crowd others was greater than his moral courage. He was implacable to a degree in his resentments, in tics and defective to tho<>e quahhes w h1ch u1t1occasioned his As the highest placed individual in a age .and popu1 t . he bad not the ment essential· to the a 100, highest type of greatness. · Morahty the re s plendent halo of glory encircling h1m. H the product of a moral typhus, whose e was h. . fat al contagion swe p_t tm mto H . ental operatiOns were aggre ss tv e, many ts m . d .d d p 1·a and far-re ach1ng-. History affor s s1 e , ra . . b t e p arallel to htm. What he knew be u on · d knew exactly. Hts reasomng was logic al an fl 1 S his co nclu s wns truthful but inhuman. awes 11 . f sight was almost · 1 1m1table. He had Hts ore all the s agacious s hre w dness, pertinacity of a Frenchman. He labored .wtt h an assiduity that would h ave enabled mediOcrity to succeed. He seemed· to plot a nd to execute with apparent

spontaneity. Hi s geniu was inexp licable. He seemed almo st to van ish in the em pyrean of articulate splendor. Th e amplit ude and opulence of hi s ge niou s seemed to make hi m inhuman. cha r acter the world se ld om sees upon it s s_ta ge of action . T hou gh havi n passed aw ay h1s fam e s till lingers . Hi n ame has been fann ed by the breath of time and as its day star, be s hin es full-orbed in the' Fren ch firmam e nt-a g uid e to yo uth s e mulous of b. glory.

His downfall is as in explicable as his genius. A few drops of water pros trated him. That he should fall , Prc:;>Videnc e need but s end a littl rain. and Austerlitz was turn ed into Waterloo. An unseasonab le cloud cros s ing the ky sufficed for the overthrow of a world.

With the shake of a peasants head came the catastro phe. Ill-fat ed, misguided man. Natwns have wept over him and the scal din otears of gri ef have blistered th ey fell rian though he may have been. or u n:vorthy be may have been, his postenty has encucled his n am e with a halo of adoration which will live forev · e r.

Man of glory! of thunder! Meteori blaze of the mystiCal' M 1·ght b 1· t . · y somnam tt 1 of a dream.! Melancholy monologu of Traged1an inexplicable, his nam a monument as eternal as the moun· tams that tower upon the plains. · passing away of this man awakens w1thm one a true feeling of path • d · n • • • c os, an tS fitting finale to the great historical d . ot 1am11 wh1ch he was the star tragedian.

During the closing days of his life d. · dof , epnve the splendor. of no longer surrounded by the cotene of lovtng friends, with insult and neglect substituted for equipage and . t" a 1e tnu deserted. by mankmd, encompassed b ri d . . . . y reve an the hngenng sp1nts of prouder t" h d .d . d h 1mes, 1 10 eed repent, sig and acknowledge th soft breath of a hallowed "love, which made him dream of a heaven, and sinking toward an earl • grave, he did acknowledge himself fi-nite and that there was a power greater than hifi

Then with unfaltering front be faced d eath. with unfailing tenderness he took lea:ve of lif and in memory's vault, above the roar of battl

the clash of arm "he aw him . elf , alkio banks of the 'eio e, at 'I oul on, in the ree Pari eros in g the brid e at Lodi with the ricolo r in bi hands . in the ha low of he p' _ mid , c ro in g th e lp.· and mingling he eag es of Fran e with the crag , at n<TO, tm . u terlit z tl ia. at Lcip ic in defe tan te r, bani he 1 t Elba retake an em ire b • geoiu on the frightful field of " a e lo bere chan ce and fate wre cked him 'itb irnpl e re i n at i n he b wed o h ;in e decree. vVith wa n, fevered face eude rlv k"ssed by th e c lin · b ni o·na nt breeze oo ked out up n th cea n · cha n in o- wo nd er : on j restle s ' a s, and h tho ugh t f hi 0 ,v11 : estle c: caree r, a nd hi d ring ye re -r ad it mpes tuous st ry · peace ful expre . ion v r:·pread hi fa Thl": las t irn ages had c me to _h ng er within hi bean and to tremb le upon: h1 .. l ip . the wer : "Franc th e army, J ose phm e. e, Thus passed a way th e g reate t w ar ri r and law g iver the_world known . Hi remai ns repos e 111 the so il of hts France. H . is commemora ted wlth se en f 1S name . f nat io nal . homage must remain wi thout a parallel. It lS tn the hearts of his countrymen as m.on arc h s was never before en throned.

1' 1 S with reverential awe visit his tomb rave er · d Tl · lf f is being cl a nfie · le voices of ame f . t d obi becoming a tn an soon will b e bushed forever. ----

POEM.

.,. f l"fe's so rrows· , }lad tny s hare o t · . , 1 }lad my s hare of life' s JOys; 1 ve "th 11 f l"fe' s change s, A. d yet Wl a o 1 · 0 oly one of th e boy s.

t ood when the s tonn' s deep darknes s }'ve 5 11 ' :a 110 g with a deathlike pa ; to od 'mid st th e bud s and blosson1 s I'-ve s 1 • , With God's s unshine over al · comes in thi s life ,the k ee nest With the laugh of a little child, .But it' S hard to wait in With the s torm winds blovnng Wild.

But the God of our father s knows us, And in hi s infinite love and might,

Kn w what we mo -t need to fit u To euter that K ingdom of light.

o let u learu t be patieu t, W he n life ee.m a the midnight ky. Re memb r that God rei gn in glory Wh ere ' t oo may ri e if we try.

-A "ormnl.ife.

OTE

F ROV THE PHJ -SfC·lL LABORATOR Y.

1. - ATi\10 PHERI P h.E RE.

Exp. 1. Tie air. tight orne sheet ru be bulb end of a thistle tube (or the over of an Aro-and chimne ) Bl ar::>e end "'. th . ow thro o-h other end mto e thistle tub d u::> the rubber. the amou:t c the thi tle tube W1th that in it b f . atr In the ndition of air within. Come ote. ! 1if€r the of ompre ion with that of degree Infer ' bat the air within the tb alr without. to the rubber. lufer why the tstle tube does e rted outward. pressure is ex-

Exp. -· With the same app . aratus k. of the atr out of the thistle t b sue some the rubber. Exhaust more uf e and obs€r ·ve · C 0 the · obstrz e agam , ompare in au· and f 1 f . each c a mount o arr e t m the thistl ase the e tube · h was in it at first. Infer the cond ..wtt what air without as compared with h lhon of the that :within in each case. In-r. t e density of d . "Jer wh h ber was force mward in both Y t e rub. h h cases a d more 1n t e one case t an in th • n why the relation between the pres e other. bifer 1 f sure ex the inequa rtles o pressure l erted and · f h' · 11ferh the density o t e surroundino- , ow, when mains unchanged, there could batmosphere re. l"t e sec o-reatest mequa 1 y. ured the ::>

Exp. 3· Closely fit a rubber c which pass two tubes, into a w·d ork through tle. Let one of the tubes- d .1 e-mouthed botwater in the bottle. beneath sotne blow gently into the bottle. Ob the other tube b i ser ve th 1n the first tu e. ufer the co d" . e Water n ltlon in the bottle. Infer why the of the air Water · tube fl.ses in the

Repeat the experiment bl OWlUo- h se?-v lf as before, and compa arder. Db- . f h . re the d compresswn o t e atr in the b egrees of ottle and the

THE NOR rAL CO U RIER

ht::igbts of the columns in the two cases. Infe1· Upon wh at prop erty of ga seo us bo dies i iwhen the rising column of water will come to working d ependent. rest, and bow long it will remain stationary. 3

Tlze Con dmser .- Comp are its co n tru cti oo Exhaust some of the air from the bottle and and oper ati on with that of th e air pump. N am e observe the height of the column of water. s everal of i ts practi cal appli c at i ons . Infer by what the weight of the water is sus- 4 . Til e Wa ter Pump. - Obse r ve a nd d esc n be tained. the co nstruction of th e gl ass m ode l of a wa te r

Exp. 4· Fill a glass tube at least 30 inches pump. U pon what fa ct is i ts ope ra tion de pen dlong, closed at one end, with mercury; hold the ent? Wh at limitati on to it s u se f ollo w fr o!ll fore finger closely over the open end and invert this ? the tube, plunging this end below the surface 5

Tlze F orce P ump. - Obscr ve th e g lass m od of some mercury in an open dish before remov- of a force pump and d esc rib e its constructi n ing the finger. Observe the mercury column. and op e ration. Co mpar e its s tructure and hzfer concerning the space in the tube above action with th at of th e co mmon wa ter pump. the mercury. Infer why the mercury column is Name advant age s in it s u se. thus sustained in the tube. Infer when the 6. Tlu StjM on.- Bend a lo ng glass tube at height of the column will stationary. an angle of about 45 o and fi ll it with water. Infer what will cause its height to vary. Keeping a fing er clo se ov er ea ch e nd, place the Measure the height of the column . Mercury • tnbe over th e edge of a ve ss el containing water is I3.6 times heavier than wa ter. The same so that one end shall be und er wat er and the inequality of pressure would then support a other out s ide the v es sel and below the lev el of water column of what height? the w at e r; remov e th e fingers a nd obser: :-

A mercury column of 30 inches height and Compare the up w ard a tmosph e ric pressure • t a sectional area of r sq. in. weighs about I 5 lower ends of th e two arms. Compare the pounds [with a sectional area of r sq. em. weight s of the two column s of water in · th e tw O it weighs abQut I kg.] Recall in what direc- arms . Iizfer why the flow through the tube tion s uch a column is pressing, and that it takes the direction it does. The flo w out fr oll'l is in equilibrium. Infer what pres s ure upward the long arm tends to the production of wh at on the base of such a column would be neces- in the bend of the tube? _ .Infer why the water sary to s upport it. Recall (from pr ev ious work) rises above its level and maintains a continUthat pressure upon liquids is transmitted ous flow. State the conditions for siphon actioll· through them undiminished and with the Wrz'te an outline in detail of th e abo ve same force upon a11 equal areas. Infer whence comes th e s upporting pressure. Infer the atmospheric presure per square in clt upon the surface of the liquid. [ Call this pressure I atmosplure.]

11-A P PLI C ATIO N S.

I. Th e Ba rom eter. - Recall Exp. 4· Infer what th e rise and fall of_ the mercury in the barome ter sho ws of the a tmosph e re. Infer the rel aiion bet ween the atmospheric pressure and pr obable ch a nges in the w eather.

Ex p1 ai. n the sig nific a nce of the name baromete r

Obse r ve the ba r ometer (the common mercury barome t er) an d d escrib e it fully .

2. The Air P ump. - Observe its construction and opera tion . D escrib.e each

WASHINGTON-PRIMARY STORIE S

FLORENCE G. BENNETT

Sta te Scllool.

As the month of February draws near let us prepare to place before our children so' real a picture of Washington and such clear impressions of his life, th at at the end of the month we c?-n see a moral as well as physical effect on the children.

The more clear and vivid the word picture s we present are, the more the story work wi ll mean to the child. If we refer to Washingt on simply as a man or a boy, we present no cle ar thought. If, on tlie other ha nd, we descri b

ose ly his he ight, comparing ell known mao hi trong '-i orou e pecul iar clothes w rn at that pe r io be will co me a re a1 m an t the child. " bat ington did and wa . will e no yague i mpo i1 but som eth i ng th ch i ld ma jo a. m 1 ay attai n to.

n tb i line of w ork w "Of os e bar ac t ri ti ich were upli ft i ng . \ him pl ace an id ea l b fo r ha e in ro in d o he ca n

ch i ld for him t h ink ' ha h ishes to be co m · fter tb e t udy f b ould be gr e at r ph !He al a t1 v tt )

f b b ' ld ·hould kn f <> t e c 1 . . et a b ath let ic power whJl Y l' f t he tea ch r h ulcl c rre t . er 's 1 e, nab· f b ad postu re am ng h er ci a

s th e c hil d to wa1k m re li bt1 may tra1n · lf · h. n tr ol h1 m 1n m ar wo· .nuietly to co":1 ' • to the fro nt , anct to follo "' wi th eyes Iook tn g the direct i on oiyen <: xa c tne ss an d car . ,..., . ·

b th e ea rl y exp 101 t and tnp in to the Tb roug b c hil d sho uld k no ' of th e ) ouno· r ilde rn ess, t e Hi per evera nc e and -d ete;

• cour age. h m.a n s ld be br oug t o ut throu gh su ch · ti on shott h the tr a de r' s hor se, w ere the fe a rless . ton es as irited hors e and conqu ered it. lad rode the should be s hown by the trust is faithfuln es s 5 a surveyor. i din bli!l a po se h uld in knowlllg of Washinaton's '!' be child s 0 derstand bow exact and life in battle, uTnl little pupi·l should see him at h was. 1 e · d a rnan e . o- to cheer an encourao·e his Forge trytno b Va ll ey ldiers. There should be a clear . -s heartene.d. so f the causes of this \var. The ta.ndtng o h' d ers d f 1 the results on 1s own life. He (; ..d sboul ee dhow much he depends upon Bh d understan 1 oul f men a nd t lelr zealous comth . b ave army o f t d l.S r for his present com or s an pleasures. mand er d f 1 thankful to the great commanH ·haul c: e 1 A . e s , 1 cl that he is a lltt e mencan. der a nd g a . . . , d ed an excellent tune for awakenlhS tn feeling of patriotism and a lllg 10 t e c 1 a h' f t When he has t 1s love how 'Jve 0 coun ry. . . . • 0 greater will be hIS to be a helper rnuc . . 11 tr 1 . bis home circle and 1n lS coun Y · lll fl 'f'he child should know his nat1ve ag. The

L RIER

tea h er who i fortunate enough to be able to decorate her room with large or even small a .::. ma fi nd plenty of oppottunity for using them The imple presence of the flags will have it in fl uence on the child's mind. When th teach :: ca1l close attention to the flag and the ch il d knows the significance of the different p arts ho ' much more will it be to him. He ould ev en know that the symbols of the stars and t ripe c me from the \¥ashington coat of arm . f ter Februa1 the sight of the flag uld alwa 'S .fill him with a love of country.

Tb te ac her may greatly aid her work by the u e f p ictures. The child should be so famili r 'vith the f ace of \i ashino-ton that he will • b re CT ntze 1t an here. The stories of vVashio gt n' life maybe made ,much more plain and real b upplementing with pictures.

Th e f oll o wi?g outline of daily subjects may prov ug gestive and helpful to those who have n ot library ea ily at hand.

Fi t-De cription of plantation life in Virg ini a at the tit?e of Washington's life.

econd - ashington 's boyhood and home.

Third-1 he story of the trader's horse.

Fourth i\ ashin.gton as an athlete.

Fifth - Washington as a surveyor.

ixth - H1s trip iJ.?.tO Ohio .

Se' eoth - Causes of the Fevolution.

Eighth- Washington made

Ninth- Story of life at Valley Forge.

Tenth-Battle of Long Island

Eleventh- The end of the war '

Twelfth - Washington inade president.

Thirteenth-Description of Mount Vernon.

Fourteenth City of \iVashington.

.iJIIJT.JTARY

DEPARTM ENT.

DIC K NEAL.

, This department of the school at present consists of. a battalion composed of three companies and a band. The object of this' institution is not merely a familiar knowledge of military tactics, for the di sc ipline and development of the -physiq.ue as well. The work of last year

THE NORMAL CO UR I ER

cted with

was very satisfactory to all those conne this department It is intended that the work of this year will be e.qually good.

The drill hours are from three to four o'clock on Mondays and Fridays of each school week

The cadets are equipped with state arm s and are officered by members of the higher of the school so far as possible. The tactics used are ot"the most recent date, bein g issued by the last secretary of war.

The has just undergone a complete reorganization and will soon be ready "to do itself justice" in its part of the work.

A dress-parade is held every Friday afternoon when the weather is favorable for such, other wise the company drills.

The work of the next term will be of a different nature from that done this will be very interesting. All those destnng ge in this kind of recreation will be gladly d It is hoped that many more will see recetve . fit to engage in this profitable work .

YOUNG

MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

TH OS. F. DOBBS.

"I have written unto you young men and the word of God a bide th m ye are strong, . . d have overcome the wtcked one.'- you, an ye

1 John. ii: 14. ,

. ·stle the apostle first warned the In thls should be more diligent in fa thers tations and sin, and ne xt mm g te mp overco h t the only way of knowmg h d them t a s owe_ tl is by obeying his commandments, God ngh Y ·ng with him daily. After ap- nd co mmulll d a . to tne fathers, the apostle turned an · pea hng h. re m arks to the y oung men, who directed lS because th ey had overcome the were strong, and the w ord of God a bid ed in wicke d he urged them to exercise their them; an t alone for temporal blessings, but strengt h, no

for attain in g to that high pir i tual pl ane upo11 w hich it is possible for bot h y oung and old wal k in communion with th e ir ede mer .

We are accustomed to r ea d th se ' rd of Jo hn' s, as we do a great p rti n of the a nd co n :sole ourselves by thi nking thi me age was to the y ou ng men f eighteen hund r ed ye ars ago, and is not so imp e rati ve to u as i was to th e boys of J ohn' s time ut th pi t1 is just as press in g on the young now on th e day it was written by the inspi r ha na. J oh n sai d, "the word f od abide th i you," so we must in fer that he was addre ing those who bad a lready ac ept ed the truth an d were do in g act ive work, for th ey h ad overcome the wicked one . T hus as it was then o it is now in every co mmu nity in the c.: i vil i zed world there are yo un g men and you ng wo m en who are standing firmly for C hri s ti an prin cipl , a nd are striv ing to upli ft t heir fe ll ow men to the same plan e of s pi ri tu al li vi ng. Bu t .all past teaches us o ne gr eat 1essson, th at vi ctory d oe not dep e nd so mu ch upon t he nu mb ers as . upon the plan of or ganiz a tion , i. e. each sh ou ld h ave specific well known dut ie s to per fo r m, f or a definite and we ll known pu rpose, this h as been the of succ es s in all . gre at co rp ora tion and has enabled con que rin g arn1.ies to mo ve forward with s ueh pow er as to s ee tn inv i ncibl e, and it has been the realization of thi s need of united and e ff ectu al effo rt which has giv en to · us the organi z ation co mmonly kn own as '·Young Men's Christian Ass ociation,'·' wh ic h is now a powerful factor in lifting 1nen and women out of the paths of sin int o w hich tbc.'' have stra yed a nd pl a cing their feet upon tile· Rock of Ages, by pointing them to the La fllb of God, wh ich taketh a way th e sins of the world.

The churches and Sund ay sch o ols ha ve in · the p as t be en the only m eans of a dvanc in cr the Master 's kingdom in the h earts of bu L they have found themselves wa nting in the power tu reach those clas s es of men , both young and o ld , which are ne ver seen in e ither our churches or Sunday scho ols, and sh un all Christi an influ e nce, s om e it m ay be from a s ense of s ham e, oth ers fr om ignoran ce of th e poss ibilities of a higher li fe , a nd still others . who are in s uch meager circumstances that

OR M L CO -RIE R

"the} feel them el e unabl to a pp ear in com pany vitb their mor fortunate friend for beyond que ti on pri de i keepincr man' of ou r r young m en and w men from a t nding r churches an d unda ch ol . It i he proince f the me mber f th ociat ioo o eek t h per on l ead them 1nto goo ossibl e under th i nflue nce of be <YO -

I;our meeting. a ll _ a re made to f el fr a at liberty to wor ht p a the - ple - · to impre up n lhem the1 r po 1 1 I- mply au:n f · t . f high er life and n e .l a a' to r. 1es o a . . d . l·ati n are n t llmtt 1n an w

The assoc d nd d t rin , but are enttrel non- b cr ee a ·1 "b1 . hence no bJ t1 n an po tanan d 11 · ·t d th se points, an a m n ar tn"\ e artse from ith u and we will tr a nd do

J come along w f f- t d b b b t w are 0 ten c n I on e t e em good, hut is your organiz ation doing for .qu on w a ? t he and collcg there are but few ch ools and ol -

At presentU ·on wb er tber i n ot au a o- 1 . our nl eges 10 f t as we l a rn of tho e which <-iation , and_satn:n enc , the fiel d are a signed have not tht bose duties a re to perfe ct su ch to w a soon as po sible. It i in n i zatwn tl . . an or ga and co ll e.::;es that 1 great effort ts sc h ools d h ere we find young men re pno b ein g rna e, t many denom in ations with . a grea d . and doc t rins, an of them : : r cre eds . d gai nst denom ma tt ons of di s- ·udtce a a re so p reJ d fa i th that th ey would pre f er similar c re ed _an da s in college as dorman t s end in g thetr with any other than the ir C hrist ians to t"on but offer no objection d n omtna 1 , 'h.o sen e . rk thus we are enabled to ci atton wo ' our ass o f I·ces fo 'r one co n unon pu r- ( . 11 these o b1oe a . . f our fellow m en. In mo st fJ rf tb. e u phftmg o . at ions exist, a regu lar • ., h ere assocl c - .·

CIJlie ge s w . dy is ca nted on 111 wh tch f Btble s tu .

COurse o . d for acttve workers an d n are tra tn e b }'ou ng w here eve r they may e placed in lead ers, 11 b c ompe te nt to carry th e re t hey Wl e Ch . . he fu tu ' W b 1ieve the n sban world f ward . e ei'or k or . ·t· o- a N ap ol eon to martial d V lS o .nly a wa t lDc.r,f to· a . d f r ces into a sttong and tnvin- r, organize 0 d 1 d . un f qu er ors an ea thenl on ba1anx o co n .C.'1 ule_ p a d th at l eader mu st come from to vtc to ry' n h 1 the yo ung tn en of our sc oo s a nd colamo ng 1 ·a b h. True we ca nnot all be ea ers, ut e ac h.;gCS ·

may be w 11 dr illed and t horo ug hly e qui ped , armed ·with the s word of th e spirit, and a bl e to tand in the ti me of need.

It i our aim to co -ope rate with t he faculty in rai ino- the m oral s tanda rd of t he schools, by 0 t-rainin o- yo un <Y men to r esist , t hough sorely 0 0 tempted.

We ex tend a h earty welcom e to all new s tudent and are glad to a sist them in an! way "e are able but a bove all we a re anx wus to rem e the barr iers which have so long in t er' eoed betwe en christian a nd non-christ ian tudents and h ave them realize their prop er relation to and de p endence upon e ach othe r.

YO U G H 0 V' CHRIS TIA 'V ASSOCIATION.

\I A 1\1. CAN ON

It is rud of Phillips Brooks, "That his li fe pro ed more conclu s ively t he transcendent 0 , er of a n oble friend than any w.ord s he utter." He glo rieC. in fr ien dship- human nd di vine;- it was to him no t only a necessi ty :od a luxury, but a pro found portion of his mis. non the earth. He believed that to many of SlO h" . h Ch h is fellow -men fnend s tp Wit ns t_ on ly be realize d through a close fnendsh1p wtth sOine one of H is follow e rs.

"The truth of God ," he on ce said, worki ng tbr ouo-h the personality of man, has been th e 1 ation of t he world. Increase the persona lity sa v h , and y ou increase t e power.

A lthough he valued nob le friendships an d a-reatly blessed by the love of little chi ld re n, was o · k f h f · d h · be al ways de sn·ed to m.a eo t e nen s tp and 1 channe ls through wh1eh should run to the ove, lives of his frie n ds , the love of God.

Fri endship with Chris t wa s the great illum i• (Y fact in the life of Ph illi ps Brooks. C hrist n aNno . . . the conscious source of hts thoug hts, hts was · d b h. f · ·ds and hi s achons; an ecause t IS n endwoi h h · f · h · h. could only comet r oug an entne att 1n he realized that only by gaining th e fa ith f those whom be would help cou1d be com tq his and his in s pi rat ion

He s ays in another serm o n, " You must build

THE NORMAL COURIER

the atmosphere befo x;e you can send down the light, you must win faith before you can · do anything to them wise or happy."

If we really want to help our fellow-men, we must not merely have in us what would do them good if they should take it from us, but we must be s_uch persons that they ca11 take it from us.

It is the kind of life and activity found in Phillips Brooks that theY. W. C. A., wishes to develop in her members.

We claim for this organization, almost, if not the first place, as a training school for active energetic christian workers among our girls. It is with only the "girls" to hear ber make bet' first remarks in a public meeting or repeat her first scripture verse, that she comes, by degrees to throw off those restraints which have so long controlled her. ·

The object and desire of the association is to convince each member of the nl'!cessity of the Divine life becoming a part of each human life, -:-as Pl;lillips Brooks has expressed it- ever Friendship with Christ;- then by exercise and and training which commences in our own little . be prepared to go out ready and willing ready to do anything and everything for God' s glory and for the bettering of mankind.

Although we realize in many cases we fail to do our best and to glorify God in everything, because of our human weaknesses we long to live such lives that it may be said of us "In thy light we shall see light."

IMPORTANT EVENTS.

GE O. C. MERRILL..

The v acancy caused by the death of Carter H. Harrison , the late mayor of was filled on Dec. 19, by John P. Hopkins being chosen to complete the unexpired term.

Owin g to the great scarceness of money and fallin g o ff in the demand for goods The Clio· to n Rolling Mil\ Co ., of Pittsburg, Pa,, made r educ tion of 10 per cent. on all kinds of labor, D ec. 30, to go into effect in January of 1 894·

circle i n ow be-

The st nn gency in mo n eY f Jearn· od . . b f . a ts o tn g a gmmn g to e elt m th ese nive r · b9S Preside nt El iot of :H arva rd t of f t tyd to d h . · w an un foun _1mse lf so much 1° b en c 11 pay hi s in st r uctors th at be ha s e f th o7 pe 1 to rem ove two from th e vun'lber e a u t) ·

Th e most d est ru ctiv e fir e in the hi t r' • Columbu s. Oh i o, occured on _Tan · 3· c on um· o over a millio n d ollar s of pro p er ty.

The V icto ria, the of Lodon for ch ildre n, si tuate d in Che lse a, '' as detroyed by fi re on t he night of Ja nu a ry 4· 11 the inmate s were sav ed .

The Wyand o tte & No rthw e st e rn ra ilroad line 200 mil es lo ng , ex tending from r ansas City, Mo., to Beatri ce, Ne b. , w as sold on January 5, to -the Gould s for $6 s ,ooo, owing to ' an t of traffic th e road bas b ee n financially emb a:rassed for some time and was sold on aboV ' date under foreclosur e.

On Janu a ry 1, the K ent chemical labarator of Chicago was de di c ated to the cause of s ience and became incorporated as a departmen t of Chicago University. This is a presentati o by Sidnev A. Kent, and is one of the finest i1J the world.

Mr. James R. Fisher , assistant ljbrarian f the bouse of repre s entatives, died December -9·

Samuel White Baker , the distinguisb e_d Afncan explorer , died December 30 at his re.s 'dence at Newton Abbott, Devonshire t\ged seventy-two 1 years.

No name stands higher in the history of modern travel and exploration than that of Sir Samuel Baker. He was J?orn in London June 8, 182 I. When he was twenty-six years old h established an agricultural settlement and sanitarium a_t New Era Allia, in the mountains of Ceylon. He resided in Ceylon eight years. In ]861 he ine,ugurated his famous expedition tor the discovery of the sources of the Nile. He w as accompanied on thi_s occasion, as on subsequent e>ocasions, by. Lady Baker, his second wife On March I 4, I 864 he discovered and nam d the great fresh water lake, the Albert

THE

Th is was t he fi rst ucce ful e p edition direct ed from the north in t he hi to ry of the ilo tic di cove ry. In • ep temb er t 69 he undertoo k he command of an exp editi on to ntra1 Africa, unde r the au pice of the kb div . H · ob ject was f r a p . 1bl e t d r the slave tr de, e tabli h a re g ul ar co mmer in it place, t op en up t i ilizatioo tho e \a t Af rican la ke w hich are the equ to ri 1 re ero-ir f the ile a nd t brio under E p ti n tr 1 the wh f th ountri hich b rder o-n t hat riv er. Thi xp edition occupied f ·ut yea rs and " as in a larg 11:1ea ur ttcc fu l. ir

m uel Bake r !-la · wr i tten a nu mber f book giv in g ace un t f his tr ave l .

F/ Fl'f-1 1'10 VTHLY RECITAL.

rf he fift l1 monthl y r ec it al of the Mt . ernon

Con se rvat o ry of wa s January roth. 'Th e c hap el w as fi 1J eQ to its utmost capa c it y and th e quiet that reigned through o tat th e- audien.ce was a manifest of the keen a ppr e cia t io-n with w hich the mu sic was recei v ed. P rof. Boucher is the prin ce of te chnicists o_n the _violin , there see m to be absolutely no ddficulttes for him. ln his s olos he is un a pproachable, a nd his harmonics are vc::ry sweet. Probably mo st appreciated number was the duet by _Mrs. and Mrs. Brown e ll. Mrs. sang m her artis tic style , while Mrs surptised e b d with her Her voice is very 0 Y · ..: '1drk M b · g sweet a nJ c111 1 e. any vis itol's c armtn , ere· . t to-wrts w m eTspersea m

tbe audience. 0

The forlowing are the num >er s e::<recuted: Pl-tOG 1-tAllf

Piano Duett- Prestissi_mo _ ·- L. Wely

1 • :Mrss Au·A Go oD AND MR. M. Goon.

2 , Violin de Bade - Leonard PRiOF. F. BOUCHE'R.

sorlg-Dl' ea;m.tng,Si nging,:Veeping, Durand · 3· 1\t.!RS. F.

( Accompantied by Strihg Q"tt:irttett<£.} . J

p f<l. F. Bot.rc: I-IER ,- Mr ss C. LA R'F-ERRE,. MASif ER w. -NOR;T O'N, M ISS N6R'A MRL c. NoRT ON•.

V iolin Sold- Pr rere de. moise Alatd 4· Ji>ROli' F.

{ft.cCOnipatlloired. by pia"l:P& and ·Stti rig' Qlll..a: t tette.)

L- CO U RJER

Solo-Cradle Song., .:. . . Cftopin MRS. 'F. BOUCHER ..

6. ocal Dueit-:Holy Mother, Guide His Footsteps · - Walia GE MR . BROV NE !..L A D MRS. F. BOUCHER.

7· iolln al a- Polonaise in .D - Wi"m itz!luski PROF. F. BO UCHER.

Overture - Der Calif von Bao-dad Boie!dieu b ' (By S'J)l:cial, Rcquc.< t. ) OR CHESTRA.

RESOL U TION OF THA NKS.

PHtLo HALL; Dec. i6, '9'3· ·

'" HEREA , the literary and edtrcat!onal features of the Philo program have at one or more times during the past term b'een greatly enhanced by the mu.sieal talent of Prof. Boucher an_d lady, the Normal string qtlaFtette, tqe M1 ses Bloedvrn and Miss Adams· therefore be it '

Reso lved, That the tha1i ks of the Philo Society be tendered to said persons for their kind assist ance; be it further

R esolved, That eop'ies of these r·esolutions be handed to t:be ed'i tors of the NORNIAL CouRIER and Peru Tim es, requesting tnem te' publish the s'ame. ,

ADELIA M. SLACK, Pres. c. F. LEHR, Rec. se·c.

AN NO UNCE i J1ENTS.

In the next numbei' of the COURIER will appear a review of the w-ork of the societies during the fall term. ·

Prof. Fowler, St'rperintendent of the Blair City Schools contribuws an intet:e s t-1n-g and instructive article, "The Hi s tory 6f Matliematics, " to this number. '!''he article win be i.n the March nt'l<m-ber. ·

Pri,mary Stories by Miss Florertc e G.. re-acher in. Primary and Kindergarten .W6r1t, :vm be found of much practical value- to. d0ing pt:imary and work :Miss Benn,et will contribute to the February mnn®er.

THE - NORMAL CO URIER

THE '1 . BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.

Per Inch single co l · 1 '. umn, s1ng e 1nsert1on

SpeCial rates furni s hed on appli c at ion to Bus in es s 1\lan a gors.

soc.

THOS. F. DOBBS , 0. J. STANDLEY, Bus in ess :Mana ge rs.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. FACULTY.

71 M A. w. NORTON, A. M., P RINCIPAL, roc rofP 81Joholl>gy,Et hics, TeacMng.

:MISI::I ELIZA c . .MORGAN PRECEPTHEBS Teacher of LfUrature, Rhet oric, Gene ra; H/.8toru ancL

H. B. DUNCANSON, B. 8., T eacher of B lltan v, Geuloou ana Z oolom1•

HERBERT BROWNELL, Teacher of Ohemi8tru, PhJJBics and Astro n omu.

G. W. ELLIS, R. A., T each er of Math emati cs ana L atin.

MISS FLORENCE M. WRIGHT, TeacMr !lf Oral ana Written A1' ithm etic

MISS JE NIE McL AIN

T eacl1 er of United States Hi8to1'1f an a Geo graphy

MARTHA. WINNIE

Teacher of Language an d Gramm:W

MISS LILLIA N R. KELLOGG, T eacher of Readi ng, Drawtno, OLvit Go v ernment and Book- Ke eping

ANNA B. HERRIG, Teacher of Principles of In structi on ana Superintendent of Practice.

MISS FLORENCE BENNETT , Primaru and Ki ndergarten.

MATTIE ELLIS, Depm tm ent

FR A COH; BQUCHER

Tea ch er of Vocal and Instrum e r.tal Music

C. S. NORTO N, Li brarian and Stenographer

JOHN BLA.NKESHIP, Ja nftllr

BOARD OF EDUCATION.

BON .A. K. GOUDY Supt Pub I ds. , ex- nfflc iO Lincoln' llON. JOSEI'H S. BA RTL'EY ta te Treas ur.,r, ea/ njfic io, Lin.:: o Jn .

EO .· D. E. D. KE ii. N EDY Omaha; te rm expi r es 1899

BON. J. T. S PF. \ ER · · · · · Dak o ta Ci t y· te rm expi res 894

BON. CH t: RCB HOWE .Auburn; term e :<pir• s 1895.

BO N. W. E. MAJUR.:; Pe ru; re rm exp ires 1896.

RON J. S. WEST.····· · Be nl<l ema n; te rm e xpires 1897.

OFO"ICE RS OF THE BOA RD

B. E. D. 'R EN NEDY .' President. .A. K. GOU DY S t y JOSEPH B. BART L EY ·, e cr• · ar. ' • · · · · Treasurer.

EX .CUTl.VE CO MMl fTEE.

CHURCH HOW E. W. E. MA JUHS. A. W. NORTON.

EDI TORI AL. --

In trying to s atiate an i nsa t iable - f kno w1 'le · cram th e ir pupil s fu ll lte t teach e rs se em to for ge t tb at t he re are ae lllan _· things as l aws of ac tion s a nd su b human body. 1l:l. t he

They de mand att e nti o n, w hi ch d.e r igh t and reasonable. But , bow do is take to get tLi s a tt ention? ! 00 of tell tq that the pupils Slt up traj&'bte y ' th e ir backs we re encas ed 1n the fatno us • 1t back moulds with e yes turned t 0 , ,... lerser , •vard teach e r. The teachers think th at so lon the children a re in th at position th e ir atte g the secured· th ey f org et that the e nd.ea tlh on is ' Vor f child to g ra sp a thought creates a nerv 0 a citati on which must fi nd r eli ef in motio ous exa strong inhibit ory po wer is exerted nbu.nless child. Y the

God e ndow ed children with an a bund th at life motion; of the w igghng a nd t wts tmg m their se enc e. · h'ld ats b · c 1 ren.

So s ure as a child is compelled to a p . of rigidity so sure is he forc ed to enough pow er from the s ubject to give 1h. draw b.'ibitory power to rep r ess the de sire t ltn inrelief in motion. 0 seek

Every nervous excitation of the child . seeks relief either in the expression 'Whtcb thought or in a movement of· the body. of th

Let us remember when we are teachi many of the gesticulations of the childng th at 1 . f ren on y a mode of rehef rom a surplus a,..,.., f o.,u.01J.}1 t 0 energy.

STATE ASSOCIATION,

It i1? our pl e asure to give a short notice f · · o the State Teachers ' Assoctatwn, held at L'1ncoln Nebraska December 27, 28 and 29. Th ' ' e pro- committee have to feel gratified w1th the s uccess of the1r efforts - even t pect a more person al response than can from .a unanimous vote ?f association; and the COU RIER wishes to giVe Just that expression - of personal friendship and appreciation .·

We heard a member say, "Dr. G. Sta nl ey Ha ll will not be here, now mark me:" and the

THEN R 1AL CO RIER

prompt rep ly, "A te le g ram from Dr Hall in Iowa to day , says he wi ll be he re to..m orrow." e smil ed an d wh i pered evide n tl that com.:mittee, befo re it pr omised s uch a pe aker, re.alize d th e dist ance be twe en Mas ach u ett an d e braska

A congrega tion of mor e th an oo tea hers, augtnented by an unu u a11 y larg e re pr ese ntation of cit i zens crowd ed the r oo m at ,·ery e ion. Every line of work in th e e ducation al fie ld was re presented , from th e reform of the street ganlin to the cl a ssic of th e uoiversit . It is a si gnificen t fa ct that thi body ha g ained such pro portions , and su ch in public opin ion as to su ggest a ball wht ch will. a·ccommoda te its var i ous department ,'-Supermt e ndents c ti Normal School ect ion Colleg e Sec- on, tion, etc., etc.

Ev en to hint the deta il s and d f m suc h a gathenn g 1s Impossible ; we u .c:a L e ro . 1 . t h el make spec ia me ntwn of the mus , owev , · D Ball 's two lectures, Prof . .r or ton 's m us tc, r. 1 1 tion of p syc holo g tc a truths , at the new app 1ca d M' o und Table Conference , an l 1ss Sarah rnold's presentation of, "Jus t ,;row to Teach c....: Elem en tarv Sc hool s. 1n J • d Y eve nino- at the Lmcoln hotel a n Tburs a :-. • ' . g iv en to the Alumm, by the 7ece ptwn wa s Ed · ,. d th e Board of uc a twn of the -=acu ity an 1 School of Nebra s ka. \"f..,Te re..:>'U:>.: Norma · 11 · d . . ' lege to meet , socia y, so lar <Ye gar; ed 1t a pr1Vl d of our graduates an co.- workers ntm:er her cordially responded in choice ro . . ouc the violin. vVhat a power f or upon . . . thino- of wood · th , · · that 1nan1mate , tn e , f tl ng ts h te r! Mrs. Boucher's piano t- ds of sue a mas 1 . r;an . . striking Y 1n symp a thy accoro paniOlents are i th the violin. , C hancellor Canfield of the State .u?lversity 'd t of the a ss octahon andwas elected presl en ' · · ·rn as our leader, we have pe.rfect confiWlth hl_ . . the State con tm uous pro (f e nce 1 n f'/res s the ensmng year ..

NORMAL NOTES.

The Senior and Training Class now take f11.1l s ic twice a week.

':('he Misses Worth, Tynon, Rockwood and

Yo rk of the class of '9 3 visited their Alma Mater on the 3d, 4th, sth of January. ,..

The old pump which supplied water to the building broke before vacation, and is now replaced by a Dupl€X pump of double its capacity. The new does not make the disaQTeeable noisewhich the old one did in pumping

The zeal of the Normal students was manifested by the prompt manner in which they returned to this terms work. Over three hundred registered during the first two days.

The Second .Year Class has received four new members, the First Year five.

Oak cane-bottomed chairs and the necessarfu rniture for fitting the room over the libra; for the reading circle have been secured.

The Normal was'' ell represented at the St t . . ae Teachers ' Assoctatton. There was a larrr number of the Alumni present, also persons from the Nor mal.

Prof. r ortop. conducted the Table on \iVe dnesday. The subject was " The Culture of the Will ."

Prof. and Mrs. Boucher furnished the music for the opening on Thursday.

On Thursday evening the Alumni of the N bad a reception in the of the Lincoln Hotel.

Prof. Norton took tea at the home of Superten-dent Stone with the officers of the Assoct·tn ' G S 1 ation and Dr. tan ey Hall.

During the last term a series o.f entertainments were introduced which adds much to the attractiveness of the Normal to its children.

Christmas was inaugurated at the Normal with Christmas exercises in the Chapel on December 19. __

Mr. Baughman of the class of '93, with several of the gentlemen students of the Normal ate turkey with Dr. Will Neal on Christmas.

The Seniors have taken up Virgil.

THE NORMAL COURIER

The Societies gave entertai-nments in . the Chapel. The Philo gave two the E verett on e. The programmes werepl=easing apd instructive the Chapel was tastily _ Especiall; when the Everetts gave the1r entertainment the·Chapel was beautiful. '

The Societies ate well or ganized the Philo having sixty-three members, with Miss Carrie Duncanson in the chair, the Everett having fifty-Seven members, and W. E. Roberts to wield the gavel. ,A third society the Wellingtonians has been organized with twenty-fi ve members. They meet in room No. 16 on. the fourth floor. The room will be' fitted with eleCtric lights and tastefully furrtished for th e W ellingtonians.

Th<O>se of the or mal tuden ts who r emain in Peru during the h olidays, had the plea of tneeting Prof. and Mrs. eo. L. Fa:rnb who stopped in eru, enroute for River 'd Cal., where they will make their home in future.

Pr of. Lippitt and wife visited in en1 duriO the holidays.

We are glad to notice that' Old Glory" the front of the Chapel.

Send to the Lincoln Book Exchange for ne and second-hand books of a ll kinds at prices in the west . Hundred of for presen ts. ..

ESTABLISHED 1892 BY THE C LASS OF '93

PUB LISHED MONTHLY BY L ASS OF '94

L. DA \' £.\'P O RT Eun R 'Co.·:-;E!.!., \\'. .\'. D EI.ZEI.I cch:t, ry

TII OS F. DoBBs, . J. STA ' !)I.E\', C h.ltr IL.I-. Trc:t urer

TERMS OF SUB SC RIP TI O!'!.

cory r ,;c h ool y ea r St.oo Je CO C::l }1

I 5 P. ; 1.,.: 1:-..: 't"L' d pl'_l·m:! lll' ll l and •plJ OI · I _ •. IJ 1111:.. O LH .g n. p.J id. .r\ th I' C!-o!'- 1

sehool Oitteeto rry . p II I LO \1 .\Ti ll·:.\ :--1 'd · , 11 11 p· dt n·iu l!" :owlu 1nl at-; l)' df'l-:-lc A ll

Y every r· •1..V ·Cl\ L: 'l)ill II!"- i ll I llII" li tt'r:t•·y work. t.. S{ll't'l:tll:: nf lo J C,\HH II·. i\1. Pn.:.s td cut t:r co urse

FEBRUA RY 189 4.

C<nl P .•\ "\'Y H. ' M ·' II "t Lient: C. S. No rto n, O<l Li eut.

Capt; G. C.. ! t..:•ll '·p, A TJ!LETTC .rOC'\. r ,,., nr, Scc n .:tary, " Ill L. Dn\'enpnrt. f)icl< N eal.

f". D'>hhs. ttt,

Y. :VT. C .. \.

Con·c G co C. :\l en ill

Y. \V. C. A.

C • l\fary ThH.:h an:tn. t Vir'Hl anon 'r"' • ,. t, ;o.;OP. l\!.'\L :v: IT .IT.\11 '\' Hi\XD ., , Serg<:a n! , \\ 1.:. h t)h C' rts

No.6 .

· T THE WO:t LD S FAI R.

Ml G. M. Y OU NG. Brownt!/1 .1-Ia!/, Omaha, 1\'eb,.

It i alm t imp os ible to d ri be the imp r csi u mad up n on UJ ou fi ndin g one s elf fo r the fir t tim in the rt Galle ri e of the Wo rl d's Fai r. Th vu tne of the e xhibi tion i ts vari ety , it ompl xit · alma t took ones br eath away

Tho of u ho ha, e bee n th ere kuow well th f ling of be wil de rm en t that took possess ion of u wh n we fo un d ou r el ve s urr o und ed on eY rv b. pictnre pi ct ur es , pict m es

Pi etu r wh o e bdlliant o- Jow of su nlio-bt b " m d t call come and lo ok at us.' ' Pictures with n ory th at we longe d to try and um av e l. Lnrg pict ur s th at '" auld n ot be overlooked ; ma ll pi tu r that by th"i 1· ve 1·y unobtrusiveness se med to plead for cl ose r study and ap.pre cia ti o n.

It wn n ve ri t abl e maze of pi ctures whore one waud cr d, at fir:st l ost an d daz ed. Au d then th rc wn t he f e li ug of ha ste a nd ex cite went. All this to s ee and o little tim e in which to see i t. Whe re to ' Vhat to l ook

And so we hu r ri ed through r oom after r oom, gallery afte r gall ery; our at tention no soone r attracted to one work of art th an it was cidl ed off by an othe r, till at last, past tolling, we fou nd ou r wa y out id e nod r ested ou r weary eyes a nd -wearie r br a in with the vi ew of the g ran d, ca lm lin s of the exte r ior of th e bui lding and th e ir r eflecti o ns in the Lw on.

It r em ind c1 one of a fniry t de once heard l ong ao-o , of a li ttl e child s visi t. to a nwgi cian' cave ;n ' where were pil ed diam onds nnd rn bi f' nud eme r alds nnd gold and jew e ls of a ll desc ripti ons in un told q uan titie s. 'l'h e c hi ld bnl'l'ied to and fro efH.?: P- r1 y g-nthe nu o· his arm fnll fr m one pil e of l ttiug it fal l ngHin to o·::tltc r up

THE COURI ER.

treasures of anotbe k' from the inexb r. rnd, adding more and more arms and b d austtble stores around him, till ea were we d ach ed A d II ary an the little fr a me . n a th h'l 'ern urged h' e w 1 e the genie of the ca vcomin 1m on and on till the idea of haste beg uppermost in h · · d ca refully 1 . IS mm , all thought of se ectmg th vanished Tb e most valuable gems bad from h' . ose that had been gathered s lippe d h' IS and, breathl ess, he at last fo und lmself agam out ·a h to be th b Sl e t e grotto, grateful ind ee d ere, ut without a . I that L d smg e one of the jewe ls a pa s sed through his bands

That was so me b t b · fi . . w a t e way one felt after on e' s Ist mommg m the Art G 11 . f b · a enes. Sensatio ns o ewllderment rei' f trieabl ' le and regret all so in e xy woven that it wa s difficult to te ll whi ch Waf! uppermo s t.

By the next m · h ornmg, owever, the wearin es s was gone and on · · '. arnvmg in the galleri es th e re was a feehng of · genume plea s ure in findin g he re andd there among the pictures some that had m ade a eeper impres · b · Slon t an the rest the day before, but had been Io t · h s s1g t of among the overcrowdmg multitude of · b d newer ImpressiOns. They a appealed mo re forcibly, pe rhaps to individu al tas te and so fo rmed a nuclei whi ch clu stered impres · f . SIOns o pictures which app e ar ed to ha ve som e thing in common with them. They app e ared to have a similar story to te ll or we re atte mpts at th 1 · f e so ut10n of a similar problem o s unlight and shadow. They sought to po rtray cha ract e r; to bring out the essential traits of this or that sph e re in life; or to render with mi c rosco pi c exactness every det a il in their miniature wo rld.

0 Child s ay s: "1 n the of works f art It lS we ll to be provid ed with a strong dose of lib era lism a nd a large reserve of tol e ran ce ." On e be on on e's gu a rd .ag ain st th e influ e nc e routme a nd of pre judice , not only of mind but of eye "Let us be ge ntl e and ch a ritabl e ,'' be co ntinu es, "n e ither too ready to scoff nor t oo to pr ai se, but see kin g to compr e hend a tm a nd in te ntion of th e arti st be fore we co nd e mn or app r ove hi s wo rk.

. One of th e fi rst impr ess io ns th at on e r ece i ve s m the A rt Gall ery is t hat of the brilliant co lor at?d wo n de rf ul atm os ph e ri c eff e ct of much of th e work. Mo re espec ia ll y in the Fren c h, 1) nit ed

St at es and we di sh secti n. and nl o in th e work of t ho ew lyn sc ho 1 of th e En()'U h ecti Such pu rp le uc h yell ow and gr een s ee n before, we excla im in ea rth an d ' ye t on e ca nn ot ret away fr m i t, f r the pai n ti ngs of memb r of the ld r witb th e ir ob c ur e i tumino u bac k O'r und n · dr y, co n ven ti onal c lor 1 . e in te r c. t and nppe • dull and dea d by the id e of the e pi ct nr f m and women in op n ai r nn d su n! igh t- nn lig : that see ms to dan ce an(l s hin e and chan ()' n l oo ks at it, atm os 1 he re that one ca n a lro .= bre ath e.

So me ti mes on e fi nd s this cti s tin ct ion in thew r of th e sa me pa in te r- a rl lan·'s fo r in t an cea nd one in vo lun ta ril y as ks "h en <.:e tb chnn

Tw o or th r ee pi c tur es in the Jo an co li c ti on th e pro bl em, th ose of Mn.ne t H. eno 11 ]Jon t gas, B as ti en Lep age, Caz in a nd Ul\jnon Bonve ret, all Frenc hm e n, a nd a ll e ith er fo under r foll o wers in so me deg r ee of th e so - ca ll ed I mpr ssi o ni st S choo l.

Th e influ ence of th ese Impre ss io nists has b so wid e ly fe lt and th e ir wo rk, th ough not gr " in aehi eve ment ha s cau sed s uch a r evo luti on i art we th ods that pe rh aps it would be iu te r esti n to not e two or thr ee po iut s in e xplanati on of th ir aim and sty le.

Fir st of all th ey pr oc laim ed th e ms el ve s to en e mi es of all co nv e ntionality a nd maintain that th e pa inter of ge niu s c reat es ne w reso ur _ for his art and striv es to work diff eren tl y fr r. his pr ed ecessors.

Pe rhaps Raff ae lli may be a goo d ex amp l f thi s pha se of th e sc ho o l, th o ugh hi s w ork non e of the wond e rful c olor of his 1185ocint • Yon reme mb er his pi cture of th e "Absin h Drink er s'' in th e Lo an Col lection or his ••Gran dfath er" in the Fre nch !::l ec ti o n. On go ing ch ::> to th e pi ctu re it s ee med the ve ri e st daub ima l.,.\l abl e, ha rdl y daub e ith e r, for th ere was no t t. inch of painted col or on th e surfac e of tl whol e wo rk. It l oo ked r at her as th ou gh he b: work ed w ith burnt match es , two or thr ee twist t wav e rin g lin es with th e b are c an vas sh ow in g tw ee n do ing se rvice for a wint er la nd scap tree and sto rm clo ud; in the for eg ro und n ftc · s trat ch es in a dull faded ye ll ow st a ndin g f r ro ad way , w ith th e dr y, wi thered gra ss es sc at! 1

:re an th rc. I n th r ad wa tru dge be dfatb e r, b lding hi chubby o-rn nd on by the a li ttl fe ll ow f ab ut . n be to be t b

t rid hi I-

ok iorr nt hi r

enmed with a lif e n ]ll!·an c and 1 or

b ut the me tb d I y whi h it i nl · of th wo nde rfu l 1 rtra ·al

m an what Ratfn II i meant it t

a g n n ine p yc hol gr al stud . t o

'Ab i nth e D rin ker s.'

affae lli o nly e mpha s iz ed on pbuse of the Te_ i ni st schoo l. Their di r err ard for o rt hodo x me hods and th e ir r cndinc s to u e an ·

e an wh ich seem to them ad qu atc to the r pr _ ntat i n of their id ea

n, Mo n et, Ma nct and B es n ard were the Je e ra in the cr usa de ag a in st the orthodox pal -

t t with i ts dn ll br ow ns and gree ns and olivee, and in leading tl.le to tbc m ore fleeting

. f natt1 re the n pp h ng of wate r ov er shal-. pect o '

b k b eds th e c han g in g light ove r a hillside > r oo ' .

t e ec uli ar atmosp he ri c etiect on n h ot sum,, d P Th ey aud th e ir follow ers t ri ed in fa ct ay .> r• der mo m enta ry im pr essions in all the ir fleet' us in g in the ir work t he pnr est color mg 0 ees , •hey c. old fin d. If it wou ld not be go.io g too parti cula rs I sh ould hke to gt ve yo u · c:h 1nto < F rench c riti c, Th eodo re Duret, says of .at a B f · tl k t d t he ir in fl ue n ce " e 01 e 1e wo r of

· m an · h S I

1 ss io 11 i sts app ea r ed m t e a on there

··t lm pr c d t 'd b e in France wh o da re pu SI e y side no on d l · nses a roo f fr ankly re , a w ut ewash ed . ca.nv ... · .Is en popla r a yellow road, and b l'ue all a gre L • • T he pai nte r to ld n otlung bu t N atc r .. b it s fr es h l in es put hi s eyes out and we '(; t l d I . d . d . h is c anvas o ul y fa ce co 01 1ow ne 1n a .,, p ftt 1 ha lf tone . T he Im pr es s wmst paints

Hjra l . w ate l . h

• t. t h es itat ion upon 11s canvas c 1 w ne tn ou Th 1 b's th at or the ot her blue . e sky is ' t 1 ' ']j h r t- he pa i nts w at er that IS m1 cy, eavy Wcrc;as . '

r • the sky is cl ea r- he pam ts t he wat er ·arkli ng, s il ve r y, wi th an azure sh een. T he

wind is tirring : he pain ts the r eflecti on broken b' the ri pples Th e sun g oes down and darts it ra along tho water-the Impr essionist das hes up on hi canvas ellow a nd red. Th e winter com The lmpr s ion ist that in sunIi aht the hadow thro wn upon the snow are bl ue .

With ut h i tat ion he pain ts blue shad ows . Certa in cia ·" so il in the conntr ta ke on a li l ac tone-tb Im1 r s ion i t pain ts lila c la ndscap es. ud r a ummer sun in the s hade of green leafaae the kin and clothes take a violet tint-th e I mpr io ni t pa i nts vi olet people in the wood s. Th n the public loses all self co nt r ol and sh a ke their fi ts . T he do not take pains to see if w hat th y ee painted co rre ·ponds or not to w ha t th e pa int r ha r all seen in n ature The Impresl ni w01·k doe s n ot look like th e of the pnin t r that wen t befo re him . T he r efore it is b ad .

T he earl y Imp r ess ionist leaders were certa inly a ui lty of e xa gge ra ti on . T hey wa nt to put thei r en e so clea rly befo re the p ubli c that at tentio n bo uld inevit ab ly be called to the ir dis cover ies.

The ir effo rt hue b een succe ssfu l and t ho ugh n l• W it eems a if th e ir u nconven tio nality were rapid! ' beco ming con ve ntion al and th ei r pu pil s, ins tea d of painting onl y wha t they th e mselves see and f eel , were try in g to translate th eir impressions into impre ss ionisms, yet th r ough their effor ts painters are r ealizing that t he les son s taught by Cor et long ago were worth lea rning and that ob jects out of doo rs have to be pai nted as th o ugh th ey wet·e out of d oo rs ba thed in mi st or fl o od ed in su nshin e.

To hav e been abl e to compel paint e rs to obs erve th is a nd so to be the o rig ina to rs of a mo veme nt to which the wo r ks of su ch men as C az in ,· and Dayna n Bon ve1' et owe so m uch, th o ugh t he y th ems elves be no t Imp r essi o nis ts t his is en ou gh to ga in for these Impr e ss ionis ts wo rl d wid e respect in spite of al l the ir faults a nd foibles.

Pe rh a ps it mig ht be in te1·estino- to d es c t'ibe two 0 or thr ee of the pi ct ures wh ich att r act one by t he ir color

T hey f all into t wo cl a ss es . T hose wh ere the color seems no l onge r color so suggest i ve is it of Natur e's tru ths and tho se wh ere the color is pleasing because of its pu r ely deco nt ive qua li ty Th ey please .us as a fa iry tale would wh ere the

de scri p tion is ev erythi ng Th ere is nothin g much to tell , bu t it is told so b ea utifu ll y. On e of Max yna n'a pi ctur es emph as izes th is id ea , " Th e Chamb er of t he Si re n." Th ere is th e lovely gr o tt o at the bo t tom of the se a. Gr ea t stre ams ta wny brown and pu rple seawee d, such as one nd s a ll al on g the sh or·e a ft er a h eav y ga le, w av er up ward s t owa rd the li g ht in gr and curves and undul a ti ons. Rou nd th e ro ck to w hi ch the r oots are 1· · c rn gmg are clus ter ed c or als a nd sea ur cb in e of e ve ry hu e, and the lo ve li es t sea anem aes spr ea d out th e ir deli ca te te nta cl es a nd li tt le fi sh da rt d ow n with a curious look in the ir bri g ht eyes , as th ough th ey kn ew a ll a bout th e sec ret of th e o cean de pths. Ba ck of th e s hi eld in g rn a . of se a wee d one d imly pe r ce i ve s th e gr ace ful outlin es ?f th e litt le mer ma id aslee p in her cn xe rn. T_,oo kat the pi ctur e it is alm os t i mp os sibl e to i magme t ha t it was p ain ted in th e mi ds t of a gr ea t com me rcial ci ty , so coo l and s tdl d oes it seem

On e fanc i es th e pa int er mu st h ave cont ri ve d to h ave a. s tu dio fi tted up in a di ving be ll a nd have t aken up a te mpo ra ry ab ode in th e depths of th e sea .

Anot her is Carl Ma rr 's "Summ er Afte rn oo n ," which, hang in g in th e same room in th e U. S. sect ion as hi s Flage ll a nt s, sh ows pe rhap s m p-re cle arly tha n any o th er th e influ en ce of th e o ut- ofdoor s tu dies of th e Im pr ess io ni sts . Th ere is an arbo r for me d by' encircl in g will ow tr ees , t hr ough t he fo li age of wh ich th e s un com es s tr ea min g in go l den b ea ms, on th e ea r th en fl o or great bl ots of s un s hin e whi ch see m to dan ce a nd gl eam as t he er ee ze st irs t he le af age of th e arbo r. Yo u ng g irl s are groupe d aro und tw o tables d ri nki ng af te rn oo n t ea , or coffee mo :- e pr obably, for t he a1·bor re mi nde d me so forc ib ly of one wh e re cups of coffee were se rv ed on s um me r af te rno ons in Ge r ma ny th at I fan cy th e sce ne mu st be laid th er e. In the fo r eg ro und a lit tl e cl) il d g uid ed by his el de r sis te r is thr o win g cru mbs to s om e c hi cken , and ove r the whole sce ne th ere is this sn nhi.ny effect ; th e whit e dr esses of th e girls ke pt lU l ow tone so as n ot to detr ac t fr om tb e b ri g htne . s of those patc h es of go lden s urdi g bt. A ri examp le of th e d arin g d ee ds to whicl t toe Irnpress ioni t schoo l has ur ged pa inters of th e pr esent day is a painting by Rosse t G ran gle ca ll ed ''A Young G irl Chas i ng Butter fli es ." Yo u ca n

har dly i ma in a mor • \ '(' Ill tlr • pm of col r. Th e gi l'l stand s a tlt of marbl e tair bu ttl' rf-ly n ·t in kw bind her i a pan I of br i:rl •t bl11 til s un li g ht plav dazzlin ly. , ' It o i. gown of a t· y h li 'tn,p c· s had , and in is st uck a bun h f s t: ar l Lei i tr p and carl t on a pa in te r ha v b n l;o ]d to 1 i' combina i n?' ' But tlt' to nc•s f · I r haY so ca refully cho se n tltc: ir mutu al a· r anti c rds o faithf ull y l llnrk cd m 1 d int r pr tcfar fr om jn n ·in r th pic:t nrc fn nns i1 harm n'n wh wbo ·e p01· · lor. :1.t on ·e fa ·i nat eye . I s it nl d lik nl so t(> tr y "' " OW h US ,' ' Und Zco(J ili 'S "0 rnnibU • ill tl Swed ish coli ·ti n, b ot h of \\'l t ic· h nr r pr 1d 11 1 in th e Il lu strat d C:1ta lcwno. You mi <r bt lik l oo k at it later, bnt it wo nld tak e· to 1 don't want to p11t yn nr pa tien ce to t est .

T lt e next thin g that i rr q r SOH on vo r. f r''bh· 10 th e A rt Ga ll ery is t lt e va ri ety and nnmb r ·. everyday s ce n es from tl1c l if e nf c:vor yd a 1, th e ir j oys a nd so rr ows ho])<!S and t!c 11 p d p t. ' ' ' fl I' tl C I to il a nd da ll y occ up at ion J.Vj_ 111 v of' t} · ,_ ,, 1 n1 n p ur e cha r ac ter . t ud i cs, as Rep in e's " ,0 'l Answe r, " or Raffa e ll i 's •·GI"tndf ·Lth e r· , 1 ' ' ' '·, n r "tHh' d es cnbed. Oth er s, as ata nh ope Fo ··be' ·T · . ' '. ()\'• mg the An chor ," or Zorm 's "Bo tt lin g W ·k_, ·.. re nd er ep iso d es in th e li fe of t!J ose wL o trad es . Isr ae l 's "Wid o wer " st l'i ke•s tb · e llll llt'r chor d, so d oes Broml ey 's "fln pol os Duw n; " Ha ve od eu's ' •B rea ki ng of Ho rn e Tics ," a uti Hobert R ee d 's ''F ir st Bor n ,' ' whi le Bi ne t's ••L oYC' \'' Breton's '• S ky lar k, '' T ik e's " Sa il u 1• ·" d · ' t:> an 111\mon s' "Darby an d J oa u" ta ke up tb e l · . ' . . . 1Hp f IN stram. In tb ts d tr ec tw n too F 1 ., 1J ce 1 • , , ,, 'vn::.. t ,\_, l ea der, and one must t ur n to th e Loan co ]] c ti o 1 to find th e ea rli m:; t pai nt in o- s of this ]·-1'n c] · t> · '- I U 111 0 e rn art . Ev enone knows Mi llet's 11 •1 · 1 "A I " 1" • ·!1 ·has b ·- ' li l t. I 11 g' t ll' . nge us, V: 11 c ' ce n ca ll ed th e r 8 pr odn l'Ion of so und 111 co lor, and kn ow 1'no· tl11·s 1't · b , 1 n:o::f e.nou gb to im ag ine th e ge neral chnrnc t<• r of li fe work. Not c olo r, not m ot i on, n ot th o pt'' se nt ation of da in ty, pleas in g fan c iC' s, is bis niJ]I · but to r eco rd .the spi ri t, th e in uo t· l ife of th pie near es t btm Born a peas:1nt, be remaiu J :1

ea ant in he art and Yll1JI1thy all hi life lona

a d tbe t ru crg l ·. th tl privat ion wbi h form

o Jar e a pa rt f the Rt ry f hi lif

ed p w r t his bru :; h w hen i ent toil om lab or nml in t 11 ·c

hi 111 t han hi Mnu with

i nt

A 'f R \. l1'I .N OF \ t tb I:0l xT

in tltu br in gi ng int

tbi mut wi tne s t n dun111 C<! ('ro f It •r : ns HE '01'\TH\L'Ell. ]

PE AH L E. I U K \\'OOD

• hi s wio·-\\·a nt in t lw for •st ,

\ h r the sp i(' y pin · tre · grow

r es. eel in all !ti s s ;L \·;vr :fi.n =- r y,

P ac c1 a chi to a nd fr o.

T hro ' hi min d tr an ge memori wa nd er a,

Je mori es of long a go

r;ate ly , ti ll hi s ste p, and kingl y, Alt hough thr ee sco re y ea rs or mor e

Had left the ir imlJre ss on his tr e ses

Bl ac k as ni ght in of Y? re. ti ll chd med he the tt tle war nor, Ue had ea rn ed it years be fo re.

''Many m oo ns ago, " he mat t.ere d,.

•'In the tro o ps th at clow n the lu ll

tlJ- e ir way in bl oody

:Marched a man '" e co ul d n ot ln ll. 1 w ill fi nd

If he 's w1t h the ll vmg st.1 ll.

b ch os e a you no· br av e warri or Su e · · · 1'::>

' From his ba nd of t.ri ed a?d . truA, Who cou ld g ui de him on lnR JOlll 'ney , .And the pa l e-face Jangn ag e kn (:'w; And set out to fi nd the bRro . Who h ad battl ed I,, ox: and Sw nx.

A ft er ma ny clays of '''ande rin g,

Th ey s aw s hi ning in the su n ft wh ite te nt bene ath wh os e c nr ta in s Wi th his fri ends, sat \ Va s hin gto n.

Th had but to cr oss th e ri ve r, And he goa l th ey s ou g ht, wa s w on.

'I wa in we te rn Pe nnsyl van i a, \Yb r th sparkli ng waters s wee t f the laughi ng b lu e Kenh awa , nd h br o ad Ohio me et .

Th n b r d m n to ld th eir stor y; H w th y trav l d day an d nigh t, Ford ing rh rs om·ino- fo re sts, 0 H edl s of th e da.rk or light ar hing fo r Mo non ga hela,s Br a;r e t he ro in that figh t.

Th bad s n th e Br iti sh re d- coats Run li ke cow a rds from t.be str ife.

Th had s n th e bra ve you ng stri pl ing tand hi g rou nd with gu n and kni fe had a im ed th e ir truest arrows, But they cou ld n ot ta ke li fe.

T \\"0 bra ve ho r se s fe ll beneath h im, In ki r mish on th e fi el d.

Fo ur 1 ad b ull ts pie rc ed hi s cl oth i ng, Yet th e so ldiAr n ev er re ele d.

T hi k r ra in ed the de ad ly mi ss il s, But th ey cou ld not ma ke hi m yield.

Then the tmp er st itio us Red -ski ns

Dared n ot tir e a not her g un ,

D n. red n ot aim an oth er arrow,

Tho' the bat tl e th ey had wo n.

Fo r th ey though t. the good Gre at Sp irit

Sav ed the li fe of \ r._Tas hi ngto n.

So th e h oary-h ea ded c hi e ft a in

Told his tale with sa\ age grac e,

Gal'.in g then, w it h s il ent wo nd er

On ce m or e on thE' ma nl y fa ce

Tu rn e d, and w ith hi s you ng c om pa ni on

Le ft with re ver e nt tre ad th e pla.ce .

T fiE SIGN IFI CA E OF T HE GE ST URE.

Fl ORENC E G. BENN E 'lvf. State Jllo1·11wl School

Th e e arli es t deve lopm e nt of th e rhi ld beg in s throu gh i ts moveme nt s. Th e two tiny hands ar e th e near est way to a !l arqu ai ntanLc

:vith its surron ndi nO's. This bod il y activity Is the di t 0 _ rec mea ns to express what th ro w el hold with in i tse lf. Th e li ttle one oo and cl aps it hands when i ts mothe r com s n "al'. the baby l anguage it stre tch es out 1t anc1s, thus aski ng to be take n. Thro ugh i ts we know its fi rst thou crht and desues u

_ It is by movem e nts that we may kn ow th IDn e l"f _ r I e of the ch il d. Th bab e bow s n It qui ckness of pe1·cepti on by the rapidi y With wh · h · . 1c It seeks to hand le ol j ec ts. The w ho sn:ooth s kitty ge ntly or ·an·i s the e • 0 a lo VIn g ma nn er, in contra. t wi th t lt -• one who de ligh t. in bo ther irw the p t or d trovin()' th fl. 0 t{ o e ower, re veal.· the coar on e.· · or neness of hi n atu re. and con au t' c lOu contra t the rou()' h un c n1t ered nerson with tb f' d o e re me one, as much as th ey "'epe rate e po chs of ad van ement betwe n r:::ava (l' e ry and civi'l ' . r • ? t . IzatiOn Through the motwn mamfesat LOn s tbe t eac her may know the chil J.. he what e mot i on prompts him to h is i ndtVldl tal · · · a ct ivi ti es. Actions eve r spe [l.k louder th an words . If l1e h aYe n ot that respec t a nd love for the be aut i es which Go d has pl aced a bout him , t eac he r th e see jn g t.his throu(l"h h1's act1 ' · h' 1 · o ons , may g 1ve 1m s ue 1 an e n"?onm e nt that he may pl a c-e hi mse lf in a ri gh t re lation to the world about him. T !Je t eac her should give the child Ruch fr e ed om th at he ma.y u se bi s act i vit i es wi se ly and for that for w hi ch they were i ntend ed

It. is to often the te nden ey of th e tea cher to r ep re s the n atmal i nclinat i ons of the child . In hi play wbi.ch i the undir e cted me ans of_ deve l opme nt, the child ac q uai nt s b im se1f With the arts of past races, and t he univ e rsa l laws of nature . Hi mov ements are t he na.tnra.l way of his de vel opment. Yet in our wA do away w ith Nature's me t hod of educat i on

vVe forg et with the 1i,ttl e c hild, thin gs berom e re al to him as he imitat es tbe mov ements vf' that about wb ieh he ta1l\:s The lweR are mm-e 1·eal to hi m wh en he h as t1·ied to buzz u.-ing his a 1·ms for wbgs h as fto':n to dtffi.erent part , of the r oo m p layi ng he <T' lt1H'r t' ncr llon<· f · · o' - o Y rom 1mag1nary Howers.

N t on ly is hi · hou g- h t tnor<• ('l1 •ar bn h ran XI r -. it hi acti()ll Lw <rtt ;t "'( ' t ha t wh i ' ll h ,.., "1\'0t ld b :. totallya. a ] u:-;s to put jn w r ::. Wh n the oh.· ' 1' \'ttll t t•·adt"t' lw ' l'X ll' , orGtlly tlmt whic;lt IH· c·o tid :-; ho\\' t. hr u ,o-h 3l'· tions nly, h i ·glad ind vt> cl tu ,, •lc m hi:: tlton g ht in w ))'(] s. v tlt • ·hild lto\\'s 111' j :-; ti n•tl fr m in n- o l oner ttui e w · si toltld l'l ' lltt'l llh l'r that tb" act i d ti s " 'l tich an· gi \' t'll It i 111 f'or hi d ,, 1m nt, ha,· • Ht>g l'<'t l·c1, lt (• Jt C'(' th ' r an d gam ·s •d in pri 111ar y <.lt-pm· tnwnt. Th e "t· .· ts are us 11all y so ll t l' gnn H' or C]_Ui.t • fo l'<•i o·n to tl te I<' in lt:tltd. y li ttle f I' t it ltght·, e ad1 J'(•st 111i g ltt b · to t it , J •.-:-;o n i rt w ltit ·lt iL i.-; t(! 1> (. H :-> <'d- Tht• vY i tP tea c-1 er "·ill gi \' (' ti ll · !'It i ld n·n c·o11tinua 1 oppo r tttnity f or lll!J\ '( IJH·nt. H t·ltl' .- t or h ow the wind ln0 \'1!." t l11 · th 1i ttl

an n .: m ay wav · to a111l J'r n wit lt t-.lH:' nng moYto g fcJl' the l •avt·N, \\' ]ti le th · e1ti l dr n si!!l Ol' w}ti st] a' t )t \ ·ind d(ll':-:l ]f t,'h r h> ne st in th cro t{'h (>f :t tl tc· c·lt i ld mnpnt hi . t ere: her fu r t lt o t·.wo ll o may "·ea ,·· hi· 'fin gl·r .- i 11t o :t. nc :-: t :1.1t1 th. fing er tip· mny mo "e f t· Jitt·le b ir die in the n s t. 'l' he qni ck i m agi n :u-i ul t of t·l1 ' chill when awake ned w ill sn g_n·1;s t a nllll t it utl • l or ge:::; t ur es . If a lh>WP<.1, th, ch tl cl Wl !l make the s to ry t L'll itt n· dt•li n·h tf' 1. Tl 1':> · o u te s on g offer s bt tt an ot lt e t· op p(•l't llnir , t awa ken t.he rh il c1's Cl' I!Ut ive pcnn:·1· in a._bo ut in ottr 'J'Il•' '? hl h.1 fll h ncr w1th qnrt lJt t i mnp: in: 1 tiun a ll tha IS around h im, h n. ::; th e wlt ich tm dn·\it'Bth e go . t ttr e. As he Lbe .Jnl'k F 'r() 't snn!.r the s tar s ee m to n n<l t1 1 c• 11 t,_ • • ' . ' 1()() 11 { shtne mo re b ri g·ht.lv as lt e rn o" '-"'' 1, 1·, f' .J ,; • "' tn g·e rs for th e stars an d ts the n 11 >o n h t _ . h'. Y pn tm g. IS t lm mb s and po 1u t.e 1· fi.t Jo·p rs t ('o· tl . .,.. . .. " ·,.,t ll'\'. V\ lth hi s s o1 1.2: ,["__est n 1·t·R }t p :1.l"o ·.'J -· "' gn 1 n, n n app r eciatio n fo r· ryt hm i c: w1 drh is for e 1:mm er of the n 11 rl t·rs 1·n n rl i ng· of r .r t hn

In mn stc a._n rl peo t ry . l i UlP se <· c1 rn n) hC' s_rnn.ll bnt 1f we ll r.n.n 'd f01 ·, it gr ows ::; lcnv]y nt fi rst but nq ndl _v l:t.t<-'1'. ·

That qn i f'kn css of i mirrt ti on on ch il d 's pa rt fl lwuld to tl w t.Pn. r: lwr thn t. sht' sllo 111 c1 f,J l h..-r own , ; • 1, t \Yh i ch ar" f'>t1l ; ,,: li ., , , ·' • •• •• ·., a..-i. ,.,, •• .<:':<'s nn '

bon h imitatin ,!! hPr ht ' will quickl r beo-in ino- hi· own ttn •:-:. " E4llll'ati ou mro ·i} ation . 'f}u• i'l'l 'l' i n p: of hontH1 UJ a!'ti\'i- gh· an oppo t Lttll it y for •If dit· tion. a l1 ' l' 1_, - II ,!.!' t Itt' 1·hi hl to rino- ut t nahlt•1l him to ha,· nn n-

fr 'Pllt m

hi 111. Tit rnttglt 111 att ltt :ty du::-:l'r to man nnll >tl.

L.\ \\ ' 1: J-:,'\'(' 1·: ll l:t' :'\ ER

[·ui': 'j' I .S il

Th· he m·1ny di fl',• n •nt- fo n11,.; of in s'd lif•

T •• - h 1tt·(•t1 to tl1 (• n •H tl t' r. it. "'i 11 b 1.P t to take f , 1 o tt r fi :st :1 fL'\\' of th

b Jlonu i ng to tllu I) J'd( ·r T lt.\·,.;;lll ttra ll!Pn ti n_'Ll

· a. f<Jrrn ·r p;q w r. .-\.....: :-;tat c•tl t-h •r • t lw • 111_(·t.; a r. a ll \T I'.)' ·itn pk itt th l' ir tr nc ure

t ,1 -111·1 ll a:-; co1 11 1>:1 r l:' tl \\'1 th ma n\- ot hare ra t • ' • •.

·e ro ll \\·jt.l10 rt t \\' Ill !!,' :';, :tllll :ll' ' t it ' :1lll r,.; ar '" · ,_ , ] !''l\ iJJ "' tlH' as \\'hen matnr ., .

,, , r r '' , ' ;--, · · · an f th e 'J' Il y :-; ;tnu t·;t, a n' 11 r q111t

. - y l' , 1 • l1 o· ·t t l 11 ')' (l <l j II t lH • l' I' t h <1 11 ll 11 11 d t' 1' J JH L\ r:> ' • a\,- ,y f ro nt rl w lt gl1t. Nut oll h do th e

_}C'J

b-·- •)f' tho nT ill tll of in su d.s h \.. ;:::)

.., of l' O IIl }l; ll'a {-[ \'l;ly S itllp le s tru ct ur 1 (·rr-a t tl' '"

1- h nl'O ex hib it ll)ll('h Y:tl'i:t tion am0 11 12: Oil t ey '-" ::. . .

·1 ve s as will bu S( 't'n by a rc fc· ren ce to thf; rTl.. . . . _. c co 1111 mn\ in o· dln s t-ra tw ns. In t.lp tft · Sl- a ·' ;--, • , fu und f urnt s tlw.t ho w el os e rol a'.. , ,, ' ,.. -. to tl1 e 1\f yrwr o cln. Ol lh ons and t j r.) n fH • 1 P · . .. . ,, Th e t :-: p (' ct cs of Scolnp endTe lla, )I•O'q · f cY ,.. name iB th e dinlittn a ttv e or <J c olp Pn,, J (/I J • 1 • t1 te n nd "·]tJ(' 1 al' l) c:o ns 1cl er •cl v;a, · tl • \ '8J'V }owe t 1 rnn.nY systt-;m :t.tt sts as tu - ·' s ·rep•Y ...-.tat. i ves of tl w cl as s In sec ta , ar c provit1 u c1 (6 :t ' J • 'tl 8 cr<o'ss rn' -'' abc1 orn in a 11 e p: s 1tk e th eMyi·ia- L I ,,, J r.; ; bnt diffur fr om t.lw httcr by hn v tn g the J . ancl enclino· in two claws inp ·' "" • (, of a s in o·le one. Tl w 11· bo <1J es al so re( •:1 ,._, ,, ._ , ,. · ,, ,-.. ,, , n·1 ·0q1t 1)

r , , • .:.._ ; • t •• ; il ' I l I

o gr eatl do th ese sim pl e, mi n ute cr eat ur s diffe r am ong themeh' that they have b ee n separated i nto th r e subo rde rs, viz: Symph yla, Cin'l t,1 ·a and Coll em bola . Of th e fir t ubo r de r we h ave no il ln st.mt i n for an e xamp le, but r efer the r : d r t th de cri ption of c ol o1 ndT ll a abo Ye. In the n xt subor d t· w me t with cr eatu r es that al o bear the j ointe l n.bJom inal app ndao-es upon the '7 basal r eg me nt n le ast . Th -se, howev er, fit' q uit hor t nnd are n ot nseu in Ftg. I. (Camfodt11 .) w nl klllg. Lik the otb rs th ese li >e in dark 1 c. lit ic' . Tb ti n ad -lik e jo inted and npp min ·c i miln r to tuose on th e b end ud an po ibly cr ve im nlar pnrpo es iu nom.- f th ir po e ·or -in the abs e uc, of yo " r lik ly act in o- as guides fo r feeling tb e in c t' wa . and in n tify i ug oE the approa ch of n ne 111 f rom be hi nd

2. notlt er type oE tLis orde r hown in Fig. 2, an d is \ k nown a s_ J a pyx . Th ese iu1 sects are al so blind a. ud l ive in da rk , damp pl aces The oue il lus t rat ed he r ew ith is on e· hnl !' i nc h in ·· le uot h and occ ur .:; in M xico wu ere it is not at all rare in th e vic ini ty of O ri za b a. and Cord ova.. In the 1 nit ed Sta t es a smal ler ... spec ies oc cn rs where it iuh nb it:; caverns a ud li ke l oca lit ies . T hese . i us cts r.n cbnrac tor ized by the ir c a. nda. l app en dag es . Th ese r ese mb le tho se of the ea r wi gs an d fo rm hor ny forco ps or pin c: ers.

A t hir d t. ·pe of Th ysan nr an in sec t be lon g in g to thi s snbo rde r is sh o wn in Fi g. 3. T hi s l ntt r is k now u ns L PpiS?l1/.L to the ent mo l og ist , a nd as Fi h-rn otb to th e avc r ng" rn or ta l. It i' n. comm on bo nsc hold p st , and oft en doc s co s id e rabl c in ]' nr v to the u in dino- of books b\? f pcniug n po n • ,} b ,; tb c paste. It s for m i qnito sim n1 n. r to th C:Lmp :,,.; , '·ttt fl ll (! SC1lcil Yit!t \' hi -: h

Fig

THE NORMAL CO UR I ER

it is provided chan ge its appearance not a littl e. It also has eye s, and in length ex ceeds one-quarter of an inch. The se three in s ec ts are t ype s of the many famili es that comprise the su b ord er Cinura.

By far the larg es t numb er of sp ec ies among the ord er bel ow to the famil y Podusida e or Springtail s of the s uborder Collembola. Th e l atte r are us ually very sma ll -oft en not mo re than one- t ent h of an i nch of le ss in l ength-an d lik e mo st of the ot her r ep r esen tati ves of the order are fo und in damp places where th ey occur in l arge numbe rs. Thr ee of th ese "s pring-tail El '' are s hown in figures 4, 5 and 6. Seve ral sp ec ies of these are o ft en see n jumpin g about up on sn ow during ea rl y Fig. 3 Lcpisma. sp rin o- even when th e t em per a tur e of the a ir is Ol below the fr ee zin g point , hen ce the name ''Snowflea s" that is somet im es applied to th e m.

Fig. 4· To mo ur us.

G erall y speaking, th e Th ysan uran s are to be en 1 cl assed among the noninjurous in sects, s in ce t 1e1r f d onsis ts for the most part of decaying vegeoo c 0 08 of various molds and ot h er microscopiC tatwn, ve e table forms. A f ew of th em ar e, how eve r, d . g tl in]·urous, as for examp le th e Fish-moth zr ec y 11 . d or two a ze gen era. and one Aside from their be ing int er es tin g as the s impl es t types among inse cts, these littl e cr eatu r es in themse l ves pr ese nt a ri ch fi e ld for study to the s tud en t who car es to exam ime

mirabl e s ubj ect f r tc tin biliti es of th micr ro 1 th u nnd Ta ki ng tb w rl ov er th ere are v ry many g 11 •ra and of Thy sa nur a n in cc ts.

NOTE FR H TH E P J1 Y

10 J Y.

Ex p. I. - Throu gh a eo rk whi ·h mouth fa la z·ge tc t t ub e 1 a tw wi re to reach on -half th len gt l1 L L 'f o th e I wer e nd of no fa s te n a pi on e i nch I ng and on - half in t: h wide b w ir e th r oug h tw o Lol s pu nch d in th of th e s trip. In li ke ma nn r fa st n a. to tb e oth er wir ". Im ;n r e in dilut e s ul phu ri c acid (ou ' pn rt 11 to ten part s wat •r. OlJ s. clo 'ly th' nd ac eacn trip In f. the ca u se of th f n nat ion the bubbl es I11f. be tw ee n wl1i<.:h pl at and t h, acid is the gr eater c hemical actio n. I'n_f'. whi wa s te s away the fa ste r·. [C all t hi s th o po iti r plate, and the o th er the nega thJe plat .] ncct the wi re o ut side tlJ e tu be . Oos. tit s tr ip s aga in, and from which the bubb l 3 are now given off . [Ca ll the a cell. T wo or more ce ll s c t nn c · fo rm a ba tt ery.] Put the ce ll away for th w ith the w ir es connected , and ex amin e th ne xt d ay . Obs . which h as been e aten by th l' acid.

F • De -retri{ltg. J·

litt le thin gs

They are ad - Fig. f> Sm yn thurus.

Ex p. 1J . Take a ce ll fr om any working batt r:f (p r efe rably a '•Gravity" cell. ) C 1 onnect t r wires outside th e ce ll. [Sa}' th e ''r-ir c . , Jpl t1tt b ee n cl os ed; ca ll th e connecting wires th e e:dernal circuit .] Suspend from it s middle b, n. thr ead a n ee dl e. Obs. the dire cti on it wh en 1t comes to re s t; verify by s ,._ e ral tnal s Carefully low er zt ove r th e 00 t' ,.,. · nn eCi ll !.. wire, which s hall e xt en d in diff ere nt ct 1 · . z· ect zon ::, Co ne l'ud e what is th e e ff ec t up on a rn a . i gne tl l\L' 1 needle brought toward sucl.1 a co nn ect 1 • • 1 · n o- wzn what ca n s;s t 11s (r eca llin g what it th at ca u se bod_1es to c ba:1g e po ition. "Break tl1e c 1_r c ?zt by sepa r;atmg the wirE•s. [ ' 11_v that th e c ir c Uit IS op e?L] Test ngnin by the nee dle n en, r t!Jc conce r·nin g force when the c tr cmt IS br oken. Bring- tog e th e th e wir es s epe r at ed o nly b_y a sheet of w l'i tin.'" p ape r. Uee the ne ed le a.gain. In.f'. wh e ther th c ir o uit is now opened or cl ose d.

E :rp. 3.-,J oi n t hnf' c·<ll.· of ttc .-nm kin

·are re ady fo r !1 :-'< ' with,., •pp< ·r wi r<' co nne c ting tlil.:e plat •. ·· cc f d i!i't·n·llt n·ll;; \\·incl n f

e lo · ·I y an11: n cl Cl ll <' <'rHI of n f lur in cb of

p nt aft e1 <·) ;; ill;_: it. J11 j'. t h<• <'u nd it iun in the lat t 'r au of it.

fr • •m t lr· • ('ir cu it and la _r it

d:r ,. : lt•,..t a:-: be for' it::: w:lg('orll]':In' \\i th it;; p0 wcr wh n

J 1 ,_1 ·. a ll: !JJ rc 1'111' :-:nch a magnet tin1 · it JH l >':-'<·,..:-' <' " till' pr op •rt ic· t ct

F:. :zp . ,4. .- l- ;; ing t!J< • ;;:1111 (' <' c•ll:::: . intn dn ce int : - t ·i cuit a short piv c< · (If pl:ttin !!II Pr tin t' ir n /)s; 11 11 y c- h a 11 w · i 11 t l it' \\ i r fl' cnu p 11 t t in g ·in cir cnit. ., I' './. :nwt IH•r lll:mi f c·:::tati n f ' i. f,,rcc

C"aJJ thu fo r c· o \\'llo>'L' :H' I inn I>' UJ[l lll tt•st in th · til e 111 ·1n·n ·1iz<•d n t' ·dk in th e •tit: - f.: c Jnn · :::--

···f,n of u ir on wi r e, and in tl ll' hva ti ng of tit pli1ti -

• L> l 1u·/ric i! t' I t:-; 11: t.lll'l' ,. :1 ii i\"<'::>ti,., atff wu· J !Jv • ·' · J bot1 1 IJ)' (-;; tJ ,·n ni nnd by Volut . It nlInf. l\ \O n:l ti JC's by w lli ·It it nn · Le ]II t·I i•rnat<:-d .

0 60 the cx tN11a l eir c- 11 it of t he _ h1 tt0 ry of to 1 0 gr ea tly 1\ 1th th o nds

( f 1; S<'}l 'tJ"'t!L'd bv 11o di::;t an c thnn ' '•{! "\ ' )f 0 '' ,,

t l 1 "' · of t lt iu p:q wr t"I IL' rc IS no ma nz fc•s taTJ(! JJJ

t f 1 ·c tr ici t)· ill t".I IL' At th i11s t·ant 1r111 () e · · I it :.; p ct io n is mn ni fost in I "C t io ll If' Hill < (' .r· eon , .._. . . .. ·t of t·l1c (':X !< rTI:"tl C II" C" Il l l. -'- <' C; J!] t !J e l'C''··c·ry l'B' · ·I· f · . f ti le <·l c·ctr !f ·u l jo rc·c· t·o t 1,1t o c lt C'm Jca l

·-ttr, n <J T j-' •I · · ' 1f't•<•t· ill tlH' Ctd J. _. 17 • \\ lil.t lS ll C'C'C'S·

0 I 0 TT l !"1 11 " •. . JJ J ) tl ·s fo: may lw c-m1 1<' 1J t< tlll i"f't; t at po int s ·-that 11, ·.V 1 from t·II L' ce ll. 1 C all tl 1e IVJre :I co nd ucto?' '' n, ov c ·

• 1 ctr ic ity. ] , ,. •c [). - R<']">C' nt 1"h• fi n: t pnrt ot Exp. 2 an d E .rp· hi<' ll Rid e nf th · \Yir e th e n cC' dlo is dl'''fr · to w ] 11 vV it"lJOut: cli f't urhi ng t 10 l lC'C'C c I' CVt.' l' Se '·(f rJ , -tion of 1he• w ir e ( c·xc ll:m ge P( l f'ltlnn s of

IJ(•dlr cC •]] OJI( •· l t·Jlf n

• es) hy tnn tJ lg tlw ec · w,.y (o r,lnt ' ·1·. ·l tl·' ·].

• J Ob s 1 ],c- d lr<'c-i"I O JI Jll 1 .c JH •c•t lo ,, 11nr · , · · ·l tl 0 dircc·t· · ·ntA. ( ( n ll 'n n· thu.; w:l 1 I· ,J on zt T' 01 ·r· 1· I

•· 1 .fo rn r c· l :l!" i vc (1) to 1' 01 17" pns l wn w 11c1 ,, ,(,v. ,( ·'· ' I , . ,• L • 11 , o- < d· \2) tn tl1e s1cl<>s ot t 1r llfJ ('I" r- ' . -] whc t1J Cr to th e sam e or OJ' po sJte s:l e. .rr..:

T hink of th elect ri c al fo r ce as mani fes ted at sncc 'i \· point in tbe e xt emal c ir c uit at su cc esi\·e po in t. of time a t ra ve rsi ng the ' con d ucto r ., and a La,ino- dir ction [Call tb i the "c urre nt' ' of th Icct ri ca l force .] Inf. \\ hat the n die ma t II of the ' c urr e nt . ' In:f. \·vhere tbe cu 1-r nt ta rt . Follow it tbrongh the mpl t rir nit o- o ino- fi r t from t he po it in3 t th ncgntive 1I at . [ a ll that pa rt of the cir cnit within th e II the i nte rn al circ ui t.] In trn' r· inu tb ir nit th e elec t ri c curr ent m eet s Inf. a n am e fo r the re istance off crd in pn ·ing th rono·h tbe ,· te rn al c ir c uit. notbe r f r tbnt Ill t in pn ing t hr oug h the

n it. n ppo c t ha t there be an accumnlation · of l ect r ic itv in th at pa rt of the wir n xt b fo r th br ak Ca ll it th e positive lectrod e. Inf. a name f01· tha t part of th e \Tire n e. t beyond th br·euk. Inf. th e relat i on of p ition f po it iv pl at e a nd pos it ive ele ct rode; _ f negnt iYe elect rod a nd n eo-ati ve plate.

Inf. ho w lo no- a snpp l of lec tri ci ty m ay be tb u mainta in d. Inf. wh at effec t upon the "prodn ct.ion · th co ndition of th e at m os ph re h as . 'o m p·:ue tb pr,ca ution n ece ary to pr even t th' ·cap fr om th co nd uct or with the care x •r ri •t•d in the pi·oduct·ion of fri ctional el ectri ei t fr m fo rm er "o rk ). Co mpa ·e tb e tw o •kin<1" of el ectr ici ty in other r es p ec ts. I11f n. Jindt·1. ti on np on tb R o·ene rn.l u se of v olt a i. c l ent ri city fur p raet ir nl purp ose s. \Vhat i 11f. r the pr o dn ct i. on of the el ect ri ci ty u ·ud fo r li ght in g, mo tiv e powe r, etc.

0 TL l E SUM l\IAR Y.

1 ota ic El ct rici ty.

l. Cond ition " u nder wh ich it is mani f0st

(t ) i\ liquid readi ly d compose d.

Two unli ke su bstances (metals) i mm er sed

(a) Uneq u ally ac t1.-d u po n by the li qu id .

(b) On e, pe rh aps , un affected by th e liquid (3) ll·lerall ic co n nec ti ou of plat es out. id e li q ui d.

2. Pheuomena.

(r ) Chem ic al a ti n.

(a) f orma ti on of ga s.

(b) Wa ling of meta l.

(c) New sub.tance for med.

(d ) Ter ms: Positi\·e pl a te , 1'/cY::tth ·e plat e, Ce ll, Ba ttery.

3. 4.

5. 6.

(2) Magnetic effec ts.

(a) d eflec ti on of n ee dle.

(b) Magnetism of soft iron.

(c) Term s:

Open ci r cu it,

Cl osed circui t,

T emporat-y ma gne t, El ectro - magn e t.

(8) The rm al effec ts.

Explanation of these phe n omena .

Th e ma n ife stat ion of a Fo r ce ; nam es given it.

Co rrellation of Forces i nvo lved.

Co ndu c ti on of Fo r ces in volved.

Electr ic curr e nt .

Si gn ifi ca nce of term, Dete rmination of directio n.

Course from start.

Term s:

Circuit-exte rn al and internal.

Resist a nce- ex te rn al and inte rn al.

El ec trod es -p os iti ve and n ega tive.

Compari so n witb. Frictiona l Elect ri c;itv ,,

Limitation of its genera l usc fo r· pra c ti ca l purposes .

FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

The Botanical Seminar of tli e Unive rsi ty of Ne braska bas undertaken the pub li ca tion of ''Flora of Nebra. ka ," in which the e nt i re flora of the state is to be d esc ribed . 'l' he Flora will be i ssued in twenty-fiv e pa r ts to app e m·s at i nt erval s, as th e se ve 1·al are completed, not more tb::t.n three or four In a 11 y one year Th e parts dea li ng with th e .l ower plants a-nd all difficu lt An thopbytes w ill ?e fr ee ly illu strated wi th pl at es. Each part w 11l be complete of i ts e lf and wi ll be in tbe n at ur e of a monograph of the group treated, bnt the p a. rts, when a ll is sue d, wi ll form one wo rk and will be ar r anged with that vi ew Tbe Fl ora wi ll be is su ed by at th e ra te of one doll ar per pa rt th.e pl ates alo ne will i nvolve a exe withou t ment ion of th e other ex pen ses p en , h ncs . 'd t to the pnbll ca twn, th e Se mma1 · Oy · mc1 en 11 - l ow t b ble to publi sh the wor k at t 1s o. e a 'tbo nt incurrin O' much l oss And th e pnce w1 ·bl to · ....., ·t,hes the Flora to be acc ess1 e · , en1 1na r ,. · -· f 1 all teache rs, . tndent ·, an 1 co llt! ct o rs o t.le t vho ha.ve any de i.r e to n se s neh a work , sak \ f and espe f'i a.ll .v to those who a 1·e deterred rorn a ·tncly of a large portion of the vegetab le

kin gdom b he larrr" n lllltlJt'r an l x n th e b oks r q_u ir cd . Th e minar h pc. in this way to for th e botani s t. r,f tl t t' .·t:t f t' in on e compl t e' Fl o ra of Xt·br;tska ," and nabl e t t>m to d '\ k tt elf l11 ·J·\\ i th f no d x cpt by in,·t·!'ting St'H' t·a l l•un lrt: do ll ar s in boo k·, wlt it ·h t>\' t•n t !ten w nll imp rfe ·tly cov r the :n w1w rt t app ar w ill h th se <·o ,·< rtll g p-ru tt })S 111 th in acc e i 1 • to all n tid s tu l nt th ·ta te ex <'pt th )Se "Ito It an· c·on ·tan c ss to libnu of t il<! ]'ota.ni <"n.l ] e pnrmc-mt of th ui \' CI' !' i ty E\·t•tt Lltt ' \.n thopht ·, whi h ar e kn 0\\'11 to LH>t a ni sts of th' ,;t·H thrun gh two m antw l in ('OIIllll O II l i.'P in ne d fa wmk wltir ·lt w ill h ri ttg h 'nt i1 · flora of N • bra. ·ka unde t· r) J)(> c: oYt •J·. anl wil mak e th e mod e rn kn(J\\' ] edp;e of tha. t gr \ll (w hi rh, a i w ·11 1.-.:no\\'n, is l! ()t at all l' pr .,. e nt •d 1Jy th e mart\Wls) to th ple of th e, tate wi th o nt tlt e t•xpenditu r-• f orne hondn: d;:J of lol hrs.

No r eg ion of LiJi :-:: <'l!ll tl try lt a -. suc]t a coverin g it e nti1·c Hot <L, tl ro t1 g lt ·n f' ll are notun co lll mon in 'l' lt L! botanic al pLlb l ic of eb ra ::; ka. Jmve ltt:n .: an po s" esse d by no o llt e1· s tat e, n :m1 ·1:·- of h: ,- _ ing bd'ore tlu:·m iu sm all eomva ::;s <J ll d n sma ll ex pen se tl1e e 11tir e it ora of th e ._wt! acco r di ng to the of eal'l1 groop . rrh e pa rt s w ill be fLt' follows :

1. Pr otop hyt rt to Phycop lt. ?Jtrt. - (B lu '.grc >n al gae , BactL>J'ia, ·. Po mlsn n ms, Bl ank l\lon ld s, Gn'en -felt: ete -, D(J',vny-ntil uew :; , :.Lnd \V IJit.lt-ru sts ee t. )'

2. Co leo ch ar:: tnc ene to Chara ce ae. -( h'cba ete s, RL'd Sto n cvv u 1·:;s .)

3. Diat ornaceae. - (D i atom::>, sup pl l' lll ('llt to 1. A va st gro np, bv sp e ci es, hithe1·to litt.l t::\ s tud1 l'd in

4. Pe?·i spnr ift ceru:-- (Po ;v < .1 L'l'.Y rnilLllJW;:; Ilt.• rbarium Mould and Jot·nt s .)

5. P 1;r e'IWJn?fCr:t r .r:: - (D la ck-ftt ngi, B lackkn ot and re la tt> cl .A la.r g(· gT oop .)

6. (.;Vfo n+'. t•ff' ., U tt }J -f nn p: i. val'io us l ea. f LJ <'., Ye as tfu t,g i. ) .

7. L7'chens- (L

8. F;tn[J i hnpnfe r:t_i- m JW :-fef' t. MuulU ::; , Lea f anct B !J g lt ts, ett:.. f nn g i,

minnt · fnn!!'i om mon_\ lar!!' L' '"I' up f _ \n importnn

fung i.

J qa ri ci "' ,,, -1 P:tri >. )

J:>ol,tj/) 0 /'f/ ('( (/1 to 'l'n tile r( n:fl t ll!!.· i and n·la1 ·d form:-;. \f o::-t

Jar rr fll lt gi 't' O illlll nlll y !lUI iL'L'd Ol'l IJO' g1· nps.)

fir.'JOjJir.tfl"- (. :t ncl Lt\·prwot·t:' . lG IJterirl"plr.tflrt- ( I· t•Jts, I l. o r:-; l't ;t i ls and r"l at •fl g rul!]l ,.; _ 7 f -.'?J III/I iJSfW!'Iflfll- t

1 . JJ.foli O(' tJI_Ijl dullf ' -" t· L il i t•:;; , r-

Pt ('. n .r' tU' ( <' ra :-::-; v::; . 'I! Jl)l lt' D1('llt

Thrtln lll ijl orr rt' _ or;tl. ) ()' l lll r ipcta la '.

Tlt rtl rfltitjl orrlf ' tl :trt -· f/ I' I( ' ( j) i ,.; ('; l I ( , It() I' I] H' t ;( 1:H).)

2-:t tSI'l t• {} (, ' l (' ]. I ( ( :: 1 1.\T a t fl l'l] lt'ta c ;t. I::T t.'/- ). 1 t' l· rtr' to Hii 'IU} Jr·llrtt ae-(l ll't er- :.:"4- )

· 1 G J <· r ·,l ·w l' i<'nl'J !al wr a r. ( i;tn top l't<tla '.) ;2:) . ..1. 1 (; r:J __

. I. b•· f. C. :\ f. n in Ja n. nllm bc r of ( ' r'Jm an aruc -· .· 0 J · _ J/ 1 11 7,,111 11 ,; C l!J CIIl na tl , l--L/ec t tc ' e< "' t•i ,, ·1 t t of i ll c m ort ;t 1i ty in the ·, r1)' on<-:!,.., ' 4 a .. due to co ns umption alonc- 't.at us 1 ::, • , I St! · we acJd t lt nsu tl<•at·hs r esu ltin g from . to t h tS f' t 11 , l' l '"l ' ir a tor) - a nd · ases o t ·• • < 'fH.: r dt se , •11, .1 :-:u:ffvJ·i1 1p: <' <tu s ed by

• • Jl \'l ' 111 V1l< < ' ,u .. 11' JJ ;C 1 •. ·1-" \ YL' h •t Ye su ffH 'tc nt n·n sons . ncl (' ::t L tJ J '<. ' . . . , . "r,Jij.· ,l ·} j]J t_> l'tll'<ttlU:' il S t.ltt }'l f' Vt>ll- J 110 t ::-:o 11 11 .r 1 J, • • • >

• f 1 ;;. '!"l t, ll'!lTCW j;,tltl ll td d Hst lll'l 'S. .o t · ' ' ' 'n· ld - l SC' I"tW ll Y l1t>ek, }W O- ' ·hn tl t·1 ,.;, iLJH ' ·

• ,rjp 1 ng f 1 • '1l' t' ('o n st ant m t., nac <'s to Cl" lll <c' <U ;. ll flll,' J ]' 't i ,, g c·u f'll n. ywrso n mn ,v 1Htxe .c IS }Il'ov or1 . ll ttsel t•s ln 1t in nt nn.bl y ]ad.;: t , 1 y <U ge I · '• ff . ,H a 11 11 '<::] r ,J. J'"ll i d e o rt.. It he ,. p we 1· 1n < · 1 '" a• -, nn . 11 1 ·, ]p ..; "' JIOW<'l'flll h11t .· o k <'< 'P li p 'n .1 t1:-; ·-" . t , •• t 1 _ 1 ] 1 j ..; wt·nk ht' P;1t 1ting v •• • • '-1•tt,. r t" 1,c"cl 11 1(1 wH tin tl 1n eon- ttt s ·1" <n' l'r "'"' '- '- · ., -·. 't ' rfl • It ', f rc Wt o\' l'l'<':\('1'1 ,d Inn , the , ITI I c• Sll ,J ,) ".!. ' , • •t·. ' I I J( • t f' 11' l """'"Jlt ;H ;(t ::;O i lll ll1H S I l' >O I n u 1l 1) ' """ " 1 IH t:tl ('GJ,:-'t.' •

h in it eve r a tion bas tori nO' up Yi tt lity in we ll dev l oped trono- mu . l a nd h ealth tissues is r \\' llich n b n the de mand tru ti ve fo re s of di&ea e f K h ba illi or an abd b ext rnal and trana a

turn to m th 1' n.r h. ltin·b th phy i ian in a f detiei 'nt Yi tali 3 is t d ,,. lo th' ". n.k r 1 ar t- . L>t not f;wcr w, ar · do in nr \\'hOl e dut.) \dlCn we Jl '' drn,..; n1·. No amount of med iein will E> n; hl na tn r to fill ut th ho ll ow h :-;t q nar t l; dr, pino· bo uld ers, and - trai O'ht en tb _, cran ed n ec k. he gi ves the bit wh n th brawny bi p follo ws th" bla.ckmi th' '" 1·k a.t th e a. m i.l. So , in properly nullt't i ng ex li s the pr >ention of murh f the 'Ye akn s and disease of the rep ir a t r: oro·an

In -e ] ti n!! m for t.lti en cl fonr pmnts mu st. b 1.-.: ept in m ind:Fir t: fo rm a.ud p os i to n. Second, chest rapa city. Third st ren gt h of chest and resp i rntory mnscl e" Fo1 rrth, Th e prop er fo rm ho uld be ma mt a 111 ed m b ot h p t a. nd a. t ion and .no po sit ion k ep t for anY con -i dPrab le tim e \Yhil'b pyv e nt s:it. Mnc b b said abo ut what co n ti tutes fo rm a.ncl po si tio n, but a. study of tb e at ory actio n, both in ·h •al th aud di sease, wil l the ess nt ial po in ts . A ca re fu l

v at. i on of on!-! in ::t.n attn ·k of asthllla IS a l ect nr e in it se l f. \Y e the1·e f3ee plainly vvhat mu s cles ar > brought in to a.d.ioo, and the nt t.clt< Lili cs of in sp i mt ion and exp ir at i on . sn me l11 11:oiclos then exe rt powc rfn l

•1 1 · ,;1 1 re n ot ('O :mnnn l '' Cl) l1 f'idt> red a.' . pee- '" 1 ' '" ll y co nc emed in r PRp ir nt i on but \Y e mn t L<L • '·)e 1·tl1"t if tlw) have to p-ull in thn.t reme nH '"

Se th ev mu st h old in ordinnry l1 r ea. tl11 ng ca · J • ,_ f . Tht> ce rvic al n :r t: eb r ae fo rm dt.•JTH'''- rn hois t.i ng the a ntt, ri or supe rior porti on of t h' 'J'h l' l' ()::; l' J • 0 r chest rLt eac11 1nspua tw n.

ce rvi cal mu c le hold thi s de rr ick •r ct wh il e th e anterior g roup el ev ates the chvi ·a1's a nd sternum . If the n ec k be ti lt d forwa rd and th e ' _ se g roup s of mu scl es we ak . the upp c1· p rtion of the ches t is not e xpand d. This m ay be a si gn i fic e nt f ac t when it is remom r •d t ha t the ap ex of th e lnn g is th fi r e part to su ffe r. L ack of u se , in other tis u cs, a.u and co ntractio n; why not h r a.l , he n, to o, it may be th at th mater ial th r ow n off by the air ce ll a nd the bran 'hio1i too·ether th d us t of th e a ir, form a in which gen P- r ates poi on , eith er ba ·terial or ch emi cal a·· th · f ' ere 1s no Tee a ·tion to ca. rry o ff fr om t hi p t' 11 f _ 01 I on a o such d p os its· or If no t sp ec i fi c•ll · · h ""' Y po l ono ns. nn a-ht not ac cretion · t. · 0 . s lD 1m e aet a.s an xeita nt t su pp nr-at lO n h · h · f ' w lC , 1n an atr op hi ed a. nd nco nd iti on , wo ul d re in o- r at l o. s of t1 s ·ue? Th b _ e p ro per position when . ta JJ dIn g or walking i , the head a nd ne r·k n -:!C' t and fairly we Jl back, th e sh tm lder · ba ck and leve l. the hi 1· h · ps s 1g t]y a dv anced, so tht t J_o mt Wl ll be a li ttle in fr on t of a ::;t rai gh t li ue f ro n: th e an kl e to the s ho ulder. Th e avera o-e 1an · · · · f t o g na pa c1ty of a ma n s1x -•e h_Igh ba s b ee n stated to be two bunrlr·ed and lXt b' . Y cu lC lD cb es, exc lu ·ive of ·ev ·n ty -fi ve to on e hu ndred inch es of res idu al a ir . Vhen we co ns ider th at th ' · d ls 1 an av e n1 o·e onl y, an th at th e great es t., whi eh c:1 n hardly be called unh oaltbv i · r e-1 . d b , , J' u uce y th e me as ureme nt s of th oAe ma rk e dly we must. ·onclu de th at eve n t ho se of bu il d lw uld h a.v e a not l ess than th is, whil e t ho se of s tn rcll _er m ;;I1d sho ul d l'Un far hi ghe r. Lar ge cap aci ty ungs d oes not n cessc.L r il y m ea n a ch est of huge c ircumfe renr e, hnt it d oe s nJ th.at i r: girth when r._o nw f oroble e xpu ·a t. 10 n, an d in inspn·atton whe n fu ll y e4 pand e d, mu st be f rom fo ur to six i nc h es or mor'e 'r · · o sec u re cap a.c 1t y we mnst re to re the elastici ty, a nd to a certain exte nt 'trengthe n the wa ll of th 1 .. e c l<:--;

A time f orbid rn ore th an a brief st ndy, only one of the be t m a 11 s c:1n be meutione.d, so it i' not the di pa rage me nt of other of that thPy are n ot de sc ribe d. flus 1uost. excelle nt exerc i ::;e to in nea e ln ng

apa it is tak('Jl th tl,..; : TIH· ]Wr:-:on tanin cr or w alking, a.' dl':-:('r i h<'d tllld <•r form an p •.·iti 11 slowly lJrl'atiJt•:-: ;t. · rl•·t·pl - a· po.>iab l -' . Th en wltil1· t !11 · J11Jt p; ,..; <tl'v i n1lat ·d t li e \·cry utmo.·t m;tillta iJJin cr th• •rp he walk:-; at a f'ai r ;.!.·a 11· far n h ca. n with utd i.' c•ornf'ort . I> ·f'•>l'<' Iw :.til\\" ' anof t lH • air to P!·W:t]'r· f'r()Jl t l1i ,.; lttll "'R. Thi5 sho ulcll n 1onr· fc ,. th <· Jtli rtllk,..; !-'l' \ '<'J'a l t iml:: a. clay . It c·an l P clolll ' \\'lti ]I' w alk in n- 't l\ • c • our JL'J ne "R, and if l'or 110 ot h c·r r <hOD· '" Jl) cl b' COfi JIJJI•Jl d ;tl>JP for tfll' an 1 i t. p li ·i ty in follCJ \\'lllf.!,' it ttp I tit 1h ·r a ot he r r ·a c, ns . Tf pn ·fni'JIIf•d f<t it hf1tlly dr i in g Ja•h clay to lill 1111• lt tll f.!;" <l !i tt ] • iuii •r. t ho ld t !J e hreatlt a I i tLJ,. lon ;.!,'l' i' \\'It il • wa ll-in..!

a.t a fa it· ·pe ·d fur t!Jc ·r tlt:.LJ 1 i wi ll inc:r a ·e t lt f' a,pa c·ity or rh l' cho •st as n ot lwr oue 1' ·i.e caJ t. l<Jtt ht J.lta'.,. ma v t t hi s by a r •c rd of c·xt<' l' llill ·1 1 c.,., •· -' '" lll -' :18 111''nJen t. and hy I' I f' lli J'O JJt d<·r. Th ·lJest nJLL.}' be s tn.!n• •·1-ll t' Dl'<1 ··n 1 1 a· l n \r('l' · ed t]W II SI' O t' il ll]H' J';t t tl :-; , hn t • th' fo ll ow in g is o Pffi ci< .! nt and } ::. t hat it s lt on ld b • t: J_n1lo y1 ·cl. I t. C' O il si · t..: <' 'P il t ia llof a bo ard end1 t o1· te 11 i Jt <"ll e' w i. d ::-. 1 -· , (1 nt l l length qual to the s lt ot il cl ·1· hein·l1 t 1. · ()' tilt' 1t b · fa ste nc·ct t·in nl y at an angl• of for ty -11v e der,.re es one-· •nc·L 1""' t J. 1 • 1 _ . · _ '..._..., , 1g on tl' il oo r and , e cu r ·cl to a eleat The u ... r , 1 11 • , ' ' \(I ll l 1 With ht :s ba d-e a: ,·ai ns t. the ho ard, hi ft• t• t we ll apart a nd bnweu on 1·l1LJ <" I tl · 1 ' ' "' I 'll Wit l th e hoa.cl tll l'Ov\rn ha.f' k so as t<l luol- s t 1, "- <]_ l l!ll'l ' at t l1 e ce ilin g, ] mnd s ou twanl an cl u1' "''' ·d fr 11;1. t} h' 'h .t-' cl.l Jet tg , pa l m::; to fr (J nt and ann ''\l' tr\\t t 'll h ",J, 1 t e t hum b· a bo \·e the the head. th l' \1 r ev er se the m ot i on ba (; k to t.l 1e tlt io·h · I t '11 ::s a cr:n n. "wt be fu r the W(-:' ak IJ eJ·s 011 c, t . . · "' o ea rnth e l1 a nd s t hr on .Q" ll tlns mo \' eJTH' nt <' · • · ably In fro n t. of the on wh ich the hack r e::; t s. As prooTes "' 1s Hl<tcl e tlti , 1 J ·l o ' · · O il Ct ll..' fa l' to th e '.·ea1· as po s :-; i hl e. An inehnat lO n b ack ot dt 'grees wh <: n t h.., are horizonta l t·o the bod y L 1-1.tH1i 1, by pat ie ll t prac tic e. T hi , nl o\·emt' J; can be va ri ed by plac ·i n g; tlu· lJ al n1s too·et lJ vr. arms at length in ho nt of the 0h ,:-:; ; t lt l'H sw in ging the rn back a::;; far as C' an h <: d on e, rt'tmo ing e :1c h t im e to the f n>nt . In thi s t it ...

at ab 11 t th

T •nmi1111 t ·s s1 ·nt in thi •

1· •sti ng n '. till'' ' r f ur

a \\'il l \\'C rk \\"t>11dl 'l" in 1 ulli n cr

P an L :-: t n·t 1g· Ill' IIi 11p: a tla · nt ra t-

t if fait hf' tt ll ·fo il \\" •l f r m 11 th

It \\ ill do Jll O I'l' to fill ut ]p fr nt

h •:-;t.• :L ll <l I' ' II } ' J' :1, I <L\\' Jl ' n -'C' k than a ll tit ' all -•d "bu -d· in ·nc·p

In b, }a.c k of -' nd ur an ·' p rh ap a m11 h in an other poi nt l il' s_cl;Ln ,o· ' 1' of ntn.t t. ya e of ll e 1· ' ·pu ·c-1.tory organ .

L. c b f fa irl Y goo d ph ys iqu , ut nn a ene xerei se donn to wn

Jffi a to -

( O rni 11 0' As he t ur n the co rn

TfJ ·ty Ul o 1 1 d ] . t . .

• 1 a fe"v roc a tea , or 11 ra1n 1 h1 ·a d to start, and h" make a da h for

· t r a Y d l · t- d ' n i · short an 11s 1111 e oe s not Th e ru . h P riu t in o· re co rd, but h dr ops 1n to r t e c h. beart p nmpin o· the blood to th e ·at IS

1 ' b 10 ct red and ::; ix ty jets per minu te , un, a 1 _ • • - ]J e t lS heav 1n o· at the lctte of et o-h- h 'J be c o _ o w 1 to re short ga_s ps, try in g to ov er take th e Y or Jl'ld ed heart. Th e no se . sno r_ts, th e a mp e_ 1 r aw th i ck r opv sa li va fill s th e t f ee s " , J r oa s icl\:n e ss at th e sto rnan h cm11 es on, flo ll th: s pira tion bre ak s out fr eely. He rid es

· nd P 1 e t- me bHfore he n oti ce s he is cold.

rne 1 · f · · 0 ba d cold is oft t im es a. u st step m .-11 a . ·hS a nd co nsump tr on.

:t.ta tl d' fl' re nt is the c a. se when t oo lm·rre fJVV te.. l o

I :;L pact c.o • o_

.J.. 0 · ty 1 · s ndde d s tr e rw th an c end ur-

mg c (!'h e Indi an runn er w tll t ra ve l In il e

H;e • t o ur p:1 n ti rw fri end did not aci ev e at gat , · n n f' r a rod. Th e fo ot- ba ll pl ay er, stiv in g

I• 1• 11. () 1

.. - to uch down at a. st u bb orn Y co nt e st ed

l 1

, , .' J e xe rt s hun se lf as no one w 10 1a:s not

1 Jr.t ' 1 - n that mad rus h a nd str uggl e ca n e ve r

· r1 t·1• n 1 a ncl v et af te 1· a qna1·ter of an lU LU' of n ow , J '

i r ady to go in ag ai n, if he h as a mo men br ath in g space.

L t u ad th is lack of en durance, as x amp le. With the in cr eas ed mu la ra tion o mc the de mand for agre atr blo d u ppl . 'l'he heart re spo nd in g ov erd th m at t r. In it c ir cuit th e blo od t hro ugh the lun gs, b ut can n ot do nnl pr op rl y aera te d. Th e re. nt r lik tho e of c iJ:cula tion, Re pir ation i too na pa sage s can n ot a ccommodn t tb wift lllT<'l nt of ai r, mo uth breathin " i r rt d t , Th " un warm d a ir dri es th m ntb hi ll th ph ar nx, and unfa vora.b ly :1ff t the lar nx trach ea, a nd bronc hii.

I i nn w nd r hat ph aryngi t-i s, laryngitis nn d br n bi ti ma ke th eir appearance, or t hat atarrh of th se pa:s ages is 'fh omm on bu t ...- ici ous sy te rn of short r apid br athi n o- "hil d E' pe nd ant on the ov e r- excitabili tJ f th n r ve- ent r s, and poorl y d eve lp d orgn.n , is in an y cas e destru cti ve to end uranc . L t n take a le so n fr om the engin ee r. Wb u 11 wan ts to m ake ste am r ap idl y, he d not in rea e th st r en oth of the dr aug ht 0 beJ ond a rtai n li mit, but he in creases th e g rate S'l.t.1j ac e; tha t i s, the cont ac t of - the a ir a nd burni ng fuel is on a lar ge r spa ce. So whe n in cr eased action call s for mo re oxy ge n, i ns t ead of ra pid bre ath ing inc re ase th e surf ac e of co n tact of th e p ur e ai r w ith th e bloo d, by incr eas i ng th e volumn not th e freque nc y of resp ir ation. End uran ce depen ds upon the c o- o rdination of th e hea rt ' act ion, an d r esp i ration based u po n a pr ope r deYelopm ent of th es e orgtt ns a nd th e mu scles call ed int o a ct ion. To s ec ure th is there must be sp ecial trainin g ad dition al to th at which de' elops capacity and s tre ng th. vY e arc not sp ea kin g relat ive to the race t rack, but r egar din g th e be st eq uip eme nt to r en der life wor th li ving. Parti cular a ttc ut ion sho uld be given to bre at hin g, wh i ch sho uld be en fo rce cl ly d ee p a:1d sl ow Vio le nt exe rti ons with out a prepa ratory wa m in g should nev er be taken. Wa lking, run n in g, r ow in g, and skati ng are g ood, but ha ve disa dv an tage s, not the Ic :tst o: whi ch is tb t th ey are t oo frc qn " :J tly

THE NORMAL CO RlE R.

w ith as much ti me servi ce , but wi th li ttle gam be cause of l ac k of i nter est and ener get ic e ffort

As t he on e effo rt best adapt ed witb th e otber two to secur i ng capacity , s tren gth and e ndur an ce , a nd t hus preser ving the h eal th of the r es pir at ory or gan s, bi cy c1ing is prob a bl y th e b es t, if a mach ine of the pr o pe r kind is u se d, and cert a in rest r ict ion s are ob ser ve d. Un l ess the rul e to br eathe sl ow ly, d ee pl y, a nd thr o ugh th e n ose be faithfu ll y foll owe d, ph aryngi tis may r es ul t, a nd sur ely wi ll if f as t r iding be indu lged in . Rou nd , st oo pin g sh o ulders, fl a tt ened fro nt ch es t and fo rwardl y protru d ing n eck, t oge th er with sma ll 1un g cap ac ity, are an every day obj ect lesson t hat the so -call ed "scorcher" p os it ion does not ove r come It may do in a r ace , but in a r ace wh en the pri ze is he alth, and so metim es l if e it self th e ' •sco rc he r ' po iti on" ie a dan ge ro _u s ha ndi cap. Th e u se of ri g id fram es a nd sadd l es m ay be per mi ssab !e on as ph a lt p aveme nt s and smo oth bo ul evar de , b ut on our c ommon f! tr ee ts and r oad s wi ll pr oduce harm Th e pro s trate gl and subj e ct ed to v ibration and blo ws w ill not long rema in und am age d. A few ye ar s of such ridi ng, and an enl ar gement imp edes th e fl ow of urin e. Th e pn e um at ic tire b as done mu ch to a ll e vi ate this, but th e a mpl t ud e of jo lts and jars de mands in addition a go od sp rin g fr ame. T he bicycle should not be u se d with the handl e bar s so l ow or far fo r wa rd as to inte rfer e w ite k ee ping the b ac k str aig ht , t he sho ul de rs wall ba ck , a nd th e che st th rown we ll to the fr o nt.

W ith th ese re quireme nt s me t, we h ave the essenti als for pr ope rl y de velopi ng the ch es t, a nd mainta ini ng the r es pir a tor y org an s in go od c ond iti o n. T his deve lo pm e nt a nd exerci se , we bel . e = ill preve nt Ulor e di sease , and in favo r ::tble 1ev , .. . cases cu re more pe rso ns of in c ip ie nt co nsu mpt wn a nd cata rr h tha.n a ll the m ate ria me di ca.

PHIL O.

AGNES D JAC K.

We are told th at to a gr eat ex tent on e's hool- Hfe fits or unfits hi m fo r hi s r eal 1ife , sc d when we reali ze (h at the individ ual man an d k rual'-es comrn u nltJes, an commun iti es rn a e

t S a nd states make na ti on s, we see b ow tn. e ,

irn po r ta n t ar ound th 11 th i11fl u n · • h r of thi

11. think

0 11l y l ·e n prod i 11 ul · an<.l 111 at -' ri al f r fu tnr

But t hi i n t non cr h-h • 111 11 t lt·:t \·" th portu nity f u it o- tilc-·m, an l It '1" th st p in a. a -w rk ·r with th-· Ev ry. ch l ma y n ot b · bu t th r i. no · ·l w 1 l)Ltt th a. un d lop d tal nt . de r, w ill "out, lut talent mtvt b g ni u ' wa ·tu no fr agnL tt ·u on th d bu t tal " 11 t o ft "n li e hid ]en, un d • unk nown

It is not o ur d nty to aid rr e ni u ve l op ta le nt , and where do -' m od t fin d fr .er pl ay th an in o ur i nfo r mal

He re we have an oppo1 ·tu ni ty ach w k tl test OUT 1 owe r. Some one may a k H ,, · ean th se m eetin o·::; for c ult ure be · _, -. 1 · on 1n ue ve 1y ong w1 th ont 1 ec o min o- ln o not _ .. 0 1 _ , o onous. ue as t te rm s wo rk answe rs th at · · _ . qu d ec i ded ly and satlsfaeto l"i l y· Tl1 _ • t ' "'O rk w :l ::m stru c tiV e and b<: n P.fi dal, b ut k een !'' m te r estm g, du e lar ge ly to th e d ill"u· .> .l · d ce nc an (l .JU gm f' nt. of our pr ogn1. m co m rn i tt'-'· · '--"e In lt' c.urym g ou t of the new so ci eL th e co nn ec ted s tn dy of a na tio tl 's-Y pr <_,rrrt-' ::-::-

A thr ough the out lin e fo ll ow d. n·i, -' s one an 1dea of th e gr o und co vf:'.red in the wo rk. FTa nce an d its Stl r T01l.ndl:ngs.

Mo un tai ns and ri vers

Stock rais in g.

G rape and b eet cu i tu re.

Co mmercial int er ests

}.'fa.nu fac tur e.

C ul ti va tion of mul be r ri Ps .

Pr en ch p ossess ions.

Eart;l/ Gat"l . Early i nhabi ta n ts

C res ar in Ga ul.

Ger ma ns in Ga u l.

In-fl uences of the Ch ur ch.

Th e Me rovingian kin gs .

harl magn and th · ad Yi ngian lin lin an dfall of th ... "'arl Yin gianEmJi r

a11rl th J? e nai. ·an f 1ta1 ·.

I and tlH' ]{,l· nai :-; ·an · •.

re1 i o·iou>U I" bO ll.

; 1 r

r-Z?J Re ol1k£iona ry Pu ri oil . f r.he R 'V ol n ti 11. Ja.irn of th Rc \· olu ti o ni.·t::-,.

1h tat e ge ne rn,l and the n at i onal ass m.-

1

(J r in g the Bast11 e.

) r·lar at i on of the t·igh ts of m an -tftty tt e and the Am e ric an Re vol n tion.

·!He: roya l fa mily. . .

a. ti oJJa l co n ve nti on and aboh t1nn of r oy -

t of tb e r oy al family

rlY ]i fe of Napol eo n.

d -ni r ector y.

J r:> ..l-' • and Egyp ti an ca mpa1gns.

r:; :::tge of the A J ps ' 11 ·h ann ex at ion du rii1g the reign of Na-

')fl.•asian campa1gn.

fift h coalit i on 1 0 1eo n 's last effo rt and fin al fa l l.

t,:f' . 'r .I-I"' st ory . r·Jiarnent ary gove r nm e nts u nd er Lo ni s

f(ttltr-1 •s X and hi s po li ties.

uti on of 1 848

Pr gr s of i n ee . :rap 1 n III and his ti mes.

Franco -Pru ian war Third T pu bli r an of da .

E\IE F F LL TERMS WORK IN THE EVERETT

.

n th r t rm of s chool has opened before· us erina with it n W duties nnd n ew plans fo r futur ; w rk . In no th r d pa rtm ent of the Norm al is thi mo r t rue than in th Li te rar S oc i tie s. E ach f th • ha' b gun the new term s w rk wi th an incr ased me mb e rs hip , an d renewd z al and int n ifi ed int rest in the Literary W rk.

In the pt mbe r Co RIER, the re ap pe ared a bri f ar ti le out lining t he work of the Everett Soi t fo r t he Fall Te rm We then g ave in a nutb ll the pl an of a new line of wo rk wh i ch we int nd d putting into ope ration . It inde ed at it b tan expe r imen t. It was to the most of us r nth r vi i nar and em bo di ed a '• theo ry," the fall a or consi tency of wh i ch we were to pr ove Wh n this pl an was first br oached natu rally th r were a fe\ dis enti ng v ote s. T he re were some who did no t hesitate to express the ir d oubts as to tbe ad vis abi lity of sr:ch a s 1('p ln H me tb re was t-be na tural di siu cl in at fon to o-e t out of h , l 0 th e beate n pa t , t 1at they we re so fa miliar wi tb b ex per i en ce , and seek a l ine of wo rk. O the rs b ad a str ong prejudi ce ag ain st su ch a su dd en and r adi ca l c ha nge , aud we re s omew hat afraid that a w hol e te r ms work np on one s ubject would becom e wearis ome and mon oto nous. In sho rt P ope ve ry aptly ex presse d the caus e of ou r hesit eJ cy whe n be said:

"B e n ot the first by wh om the new is tri ed , N or ye t the last to lay the old asid e, '

St and ing us we do today u pon the vantage gr ound of e xp e ri ence , we do n ot hesitate to e xpr ess our nn b <Hmd at the s ucces s of the pl an . After the pr ese ntation of a few pr og r ams , all tr ace s of pr ejudice vaJ)i s hed into thin air

An y di ssappr obati on which might ha ve be en manife sted at first, was sn pe r ceeded by a firm r ooted co nYi ct i on that "th e value of an <Asso c iated Lin e of Wo rk canno t be overe t i mat C' d."

It op ened be fo re us such poss ib ili ti es in th e li ne of lit erary wo rk as we h ad ne ve r dr e amed of befo re; It ga ve us an i ns i gh t in to the futur e, and b ef or e t he te rm clos ed we had al read y la id our plans fo r the work of the ensui ng ter ms As we pro g re ss ed th e re were con s tant ly new li n es of thoug ht unfold i ng before us, and new s uggest ion s bei ng off e red . Wh en the se ar e put int o s uc cess ful op e rati on ( whi ch is now rap idly be in g dun e) we se e a fut u're opening before ou r Soc ie ty , that heretofore ba s exc ee ded our mo st s an g uin e ex pecta tion s.

Th e to pi c und er co nside rati on was wate r. Th e va ri e ty in cid e nt al to thi s top ic is at on ce ob vious. Th e fi eld of p os it ive a nd de finit e infor mation is so wi de in th e cons id er ati on of su ch a sub ject th at we n ev er fe lt th e la ck of int e re s tin g to pi cs for our pr og rams. In th em were int ermin gled po e try , ro manc e, his to ry, and the r es ult of sc ien tifi t r ese arch. Our vis it ors wh e th er belong in g to th e ju ve ni le porti on of th e school, or the more ma tur e s ch olars of th e hi gher co ur se , fo und in their pre se ntation, s om e thin g at on ce inter es tin g a nd profitab le.

Th e fo ll o wing are a few of the fir st pro gr a ms pr ese nt ed.

(1)

Qua rt et te -We Ro ck Away.

Re c.- Tbe B uil di ng of th e Ship ..

Es sa y. -O cean C urr e nt s.

Ta lk -W ee k on an Ocean Ste am er.

Du e t.-Ocean Spr ay .

Ta lk.-A We ek on the Raging C ana l.

Debate .-Sh a ll C on D" r es s Aid in th e const rue- . N o t 10n of the icaranga C ana l?

(2)

So ng.-Sleighi ng Gl ee ,

Rec.-Song of th e Ch a ttabooch es

E ss ay .-Be auti es of S now.

E ::;s ay .-Glaciers.

Q uartet te .-Skaters Song . Talk. -Cyc lee of Sn ow .

R ea di ng. -Horatius at th e Bridg e.

Pa ntom im e.

(3)

Instr. So lo.- H.ipplin g Wav es

Re ad ing .-Fi g ht w ith th e Oc topus .

Recitati on .-Tale of th e Gre at S ea Snak e.

E say -Swam p D we llers.

So ng. -A Ho me by the Dee p.

Ta lk .- Fi sberies of C hi c ago.

R eading. -P oe try of th e Sea.

E say .- Use s of Wate r.

Mu ic.

-1-

Dr :l lll.

th • I· •bl!r g.

m 11 g th · Jc e- fi ld . at hi 11 g.

R ec. -Tb Fr z •n · orth.

E ay .- Wh al in, i 11 J\ ort l1 ·rn ' a .

Debate.- Th -t ili t of Ar ·tic Ex 1 d iti n .

Mu E< ic.-M ur mu r in ' •a. (5)

Rec.-The n ·i nt i\la rin

I a pe r.- 'I be W at r wa · ..!;:.

Talk.- 10 rica n Wat er L g nd .

Re ad in g.- r. I i kw i ·k on I· .

.Pap r. - Th e Li fo fa Hain lr op

Tal k. -R li f F rr nntions f o nr \ i in it .

Pa p r.- Wat r a· vi 'wed I y th · 'ci Dti t.

Thi s Ia t co n ·tituted J Ur 1 en sion p1· o- ra

TL e piec es re nd ere d, t ge tb cr w ith t il a ha d a dir ec t bea ri.n rr np u tb • ubj e t in b an

Th e arran gem e nt of th s tao- c wa s at·o ff ti v and i ll ustrated 11 1 many w ay th top ic un d co ns id era ti on. Fo r ex am pl e, from th f ld' th e s ta rs a nd str ip s, w hi ·h ado rn ed there pee ped a pl ac ard l ea t·ing th e in t·ipti (H20. Ou a smal I s tan d ov rshadowed b dr oo ping ole an d r W ..L9 pl-l.c:d au aq u. ri um w hi ch se veral fi h wet·e swi mm ing s1 ortl

On ano th er th e pro ce ss of th e dis tillati on water w as i ll ustrated by a fla sk on a t·eto rt tn br oug ht fro 111 th e l ab o ra to ry . And as each fini shed hi s se l ec ti on he wa s te nd er ed a D" \n water fr om the pit cher n ea r by. Thus th e e lf , on th e wh ole, quit e charming and ke pt stant ly before th e a udi en ce the subject we ,,. r in ves tigati ng D. ELLOJTT lVIa 1:1"J

WELLINGTON I AN NOTES

A MEM BER.

The We lli ngt oni an Soc ie ty, nam ed in h onor o ur m os t est ee med was or gan iz d th e beginin g of the wint er term wi th a me rub ship of

Th e purp o.se of th is orga ni zat i on was to a ff 0 to its me mb ers more opp er tun ities for li tera 1·v i 1 prov ement, par li me nta ry pt·ac ti ce and fo t· rl e'"' ·opm e nt of th e ir c o-op er at ive pow ers, tb u 11 other soc ieties were ab le to give, by r ea on 1.. th eir alr ea dy gre at me mb ershi p.

Th e s oci e ty is found ed on a new ba s is; on its fea tu res is th e co mmoninte rp reta ti on of th e consti tuti on and b) -ln w

t va lu a bl e tim e mn · n ot be c on urn d in useel i cus ion of min r p iu ts . T he wo rk is to ch a w ill be t fit th me mb er for p ub lic wor k in the fu t ur e.

.

The t op ic fo r stu dy at pro c nt IS J an In elow _ er li fe a nd wo rk

T e pr og ra mme . hn ,.e b en :e_ry i nt r es ti ng ios tru cti ve , ,-.; 111 g t tbc '' mani'"es ed b ea ch me lll ber to p 1 r rm h ts du t and b ff ort put fo rth fo r sc f-unp ro v m en t.

The ci tv h as at vari o n tim es be n fav red e so J • f . b J: f h lk s a nd se lections o mustc r . .r or· • ta d 1 0 with mu ·ic b th e P hil o qna rt ett n an a 1· b em ber hi J) hn' uow in rea ed to t urty

T em b · "d d mor uam ar c now ewg con s1 re n, an . b t he co mn ll tt ee. f; Y for Jnn. 12, wn ns f ll ow s: Pr og ram · 0 ' 1\ r d L tt

Seve n Ttm es n , 1u nu c o .

. c.- h -"J an In g I w. M. A. ha e.

BJ Y· "D i vid ed,·: Miss Wo o d. " lli O' h Tid e of Li nc olns hi re, -e dw g.- o

g e Wa tt J n an lv.

B , •S even Tim es Tw o," Mi ss Br nt t.

"-ec .-. , •The S ta rs Mo nu me nt, " Katie 'y nop s1s. - ·

e ph erd. ••Po e tr y and Jeun Ingel ow as a Poe t ,"

, P.

ln. S ei J Ti mes T hr ee ,' Je sts york. R " ev ec.- • •Reflec ti o ns , Mi ss Mo rn!. R d ·ng- ' L M ea 1 • of St ri fe and Pe a ce.- e tt y . Pa r ap hr ase

Lot t. "C o ttag e in a C hi ne ," Miss Shafe r. p.,e c. - Jan 26.

J N e lllie She ph e rd

ic -D ue tt. 1 G ra ce C ul be r tson.

08 · Tim es Fo ur " Lillie St ote nh •• Seve n ' .n.ec.-

d T,t bl ea u.-" At O ne Ag a in, " R. e ad lng an

c l.-N oo nd a y.

S · 2 -S uns et.

Sc. ·-T he Dr ea m.

c 3. k" · 4 -Th e Wa mg.

sc. !5 -A So ng.

Sc. 6 ·-The Love rs.

sc. 7 · - Th e Fa thers . sc .. · N° 81c. Fe b 2. . "G

. "S eve n Tim es Fiv e, ra ce Stoten:Beadm g. ·

,oro ugehr. ''J ea n In o-e low as a St ory Writer," J? aP .- "'

ce s Mea de r. H

·ran • •S Tim es Si x" Gr a ce ammond -oe c- e ven , C t ,, M" .J.." •• w "Sc holar a nd arp en e r, lBB p., e v-1e .-

c Cuarg., , A Mo th er Sh o win g th e Portr a it of her p.. ec.

Ch ild, "C arrie Ord , Open s ess ion Fe burary 1 6.

THE NORMAL COURIER.

BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.

ADV ER.TISING R.ATES.

Per in ch, single column , single in sert io n, --. s oc. pedal rates furnis hed on application to Bu si n ess Manage rs THOS . F. D OBBS , 0. J. ST AN DL EY , Man ager s.

STATENORMALSCHOOL FACULTY.

A. 'W. OR T ON, A. M., P RI NCIPAL; T. r4a- ojiP ·9'chology ;, Elllics, Lo..fric and t lu! Scie nce a nd A rt

l\'I ISS ELIZA c. MORGAN, PRECEPTRES S, T ffl cluroj Literature, History and P lrys iology.

H. B. DU NC ANSON , B. S., Tenclu rof Bota ny, and ZoolO.!fY ·

HE RB E RT BROW NE LL, T Mch,: r of Cl1em istr;t, P hysicsau ci A stronomy.

G. W. ELLIS, B. A., \ Teaclu-r of Jlfal luma ti cs and Latin.

MISS F LORE N CE M. WRIGHT, Teacher of Oral and lV ritieu .Ari tlim et ic•

MISS J ENN IE M cLAIN, Teacli •r aj Un ited Stat•s Hist ory and Geogr ap liy.

MISS M ARTHA WI NN IE, Tea cher ofLa ug·uage and Gramm ar .

MI SS LILLIAN R. K ELLOGG , of {l ea ding, Drawillg, Ci-v il G O'Ve null e nt and Book- /.·eeplng

ANN A B. HERRIG, T ea rlur of Priu cipl.s of In s truction aud Sup eri 11t endmt of Prac tice.

M IS S FLO RENC E BE N NETT, Pr imary a 11d .

MISS M ATTI E E LLI S, Prepa mtory Depa r tm en t. ·

F RAN COIS BO UC HE R, Tea clll!rof Vocal a nd lu s trumeutal Jlfusic.

C. S. NO RTO N, a nd SteTJ ou-r aplur.

J OHN BL ANKENSHIP, 1a nit or.

BOARD OF EDUCATION.

Hon A K. Gou dy •. Supt. Pub. Ins., ex -o_!ficio , Ho n. S. Ba rtl ey ..... State Treas urer, on : B. E. H. Ke nned y .• •. •. Oma?a; term I 93· H n J. T.

EDITORIALS.

. Our newspapers are pr esumed to be pubhsh ed the purpose of placing p0litical events and actions before the peopl e, in ord er to e nabl e them to form an opinion of said events and actions .

Do our papers accomplish their presumed Th ey may, but the pe rson wbo can read the ordinary pap ers and form an opinion, mu st h ave a.ruind wi th wond erful power to separ ate truth from party prejudice.

For in stance, take a half a d oze n l eading and ·Republican newspap er s, gi ve each It s nghtfn l r eputation for telling the truth, then r ead the ed itOI"i als and articles on the. question. After r ead in g th ese artiCles your conclusion in regard to the Hawanan ques tion.

A person atte mpting to arrive at any conclu sion after such a course of re ading is at a lo ss.

One paper will make Cl evela nd and the Demo oratic party out as Gods, the Saviors of Un ited States. Another with eq ual veracity w ill make _Cl evel and and hi s part.y out as Imps of Darkness and Destroy e rs of the U nited States. He read s both, a nd each seem& so logi cal and plaus ible that I{e says, "Yes" to each, but whe n he compares be is confused .

We do not kn ow who is r espon·sible for the cond ition 'of our papers; but we do know that the people h;:tve a righ.t to demand that upon national questions , at l east., parti s anship be laid aside and truth ex posed; th ey have a right to demand that e ditor s cease to cover the faults of their party under the gl amour of rollin g sentences, smoo thl y turned paints, and rhetorical compo s ition .

Probabl y nown ere in ordinary life may a Of• p erso n see so many cl ear ..manifestations eh a racter as in a library

It is a most int er es ting emp loym ent . to watch the actions of differe nt perso ns with to see the ev i dence of }ov·e for · books, and the reverence with .wl:Ji r.h they are handled by orne; how others walk in with h eavy · foot tepS, without any for the rights of oth e rs, take a book, sl am it down, pounc e

upon it, and tu rn th I •av with a motion.

On e. re p ct volun ta ril y goe to th of book , a we wat ·h hi111 ha ndl H tak e it in hi hand noti · s the itl his band, a in voluntarily, g li d back, with a touch a li ght a the faint :::: br ee ze of Jane d ay . Ti e . i ts down at a a l . Before ope ning the b k h ca re it 'vitb touch a g ntl e alj a mio·ht u ting a baby · he turn the ] -'ave with a 1 tou c h. Wheu thr ugh with the book h it gently but firm ly,and h and . it to th libnuian wi th a Ja t far ewe ll l oo k.

·vv e al o n ot ic tha.t orn e wh n T ad in a- a maga zin e avoid the illu . tra.tive pi tm \Vbich are comi cal, a· though th ""Y v. -' l' e ome P" il en ce; othe rs notir. e only the com i cal -pitures

It is wr ong to h eed only th e co miC'al pi ctur es and parag-raph , but it is equa lly wr n to pa ss th em by. Every co mi cal pi ·tur in standard Magaz in es te ll s a stury In fac some tell , with th few WOl'ds of e xplanation, l esso ns whi ch cou ld be put in pag es of printed matter and would nut str ik e h om " itb half th e force of th e pi c ture and its e xplanatory wol·k

If any per.so n can pick up some of the baC'k n umbers of "Harper's We e kly " and noti c th e series of pictur e s, en ti tied "Thos e U, 1 "'' Questions," and n ot h ave e nfor ce d upon mind of! sorne qut•st.ion , nnd have awak en a keen er of :.1h lll'd questions, he is an exception to the gen e rulit of mankind

There seems to be a grow in g te nd e nC'. among our debaters to ·l.1s e fa l se r easo ning in de bating. This is dl_--\ plorabl e.

In d ebatin G' a qu e stion It sh ou ld be Ciebatpd Q upon its merits; each side sho uld 11s e all 1gitimate mate rial to suppor t th e ir . s id e, a JJd s hould dress their mater ial in th P h es t posfble lan O' n age . But d ebators s bol1ld n ev r desc-end tc; th e use of ar gumen t. which is fnh;; to qresf? np· conc lu·sions fah; ely c1rawn, from fal se r eason in g, in the of truth nnd deliv er them as if they be li e\red. tlu.: m.

o thin

n t an h;l f tlwir il L' ir !P II nt·' id

. ... \\'Orcl h ul d n t 1: at1n cr '" ta k n t

1 . . in th Q l' ' lltl , and an n n t . .t ll . ,. JH: lu-·i n. t ll.lll "' 111 '- d ift ren

H,l\f \I_; N TE ·

ntir -

t d to their fT tends in Nebraska have re orne h l nou O'h to r eO'ain their wasted strengt ' na 0 ° . fi ld f wh n th will r eturn again to tbeu e o l abor on h Da rk Continent, bu.t Mr r mi d to r etu rn to school agam befme hi 1 av for tha t fi. e ld and gh e us a a c unt of hi xperi e nces among the Afnan .

!'ill in the p ra ti ior cla · d · -' n ..... 1 c·11 an O'e wa ma e 1n but a o·l·n '1 ' o P artrn n t 1 '1!)

· -1r u.O d t att·u n for t.he ,t wo , d o har o , )A JO T

b ou d sevlll qu i te su th work an 1 r th kn ow l edp; the · hav • .IX! 1·t. · to ap] ) . l· t t o1·

nin y ars.

h up to da t, ar ep:No1·ton as, · 1 n 1 s of the ln g 1er n · h of th e c n sse to eac f t il -' Elemen ta ry cl asses, d three o e e, au t eve nin O'S . a nd f eel that P ort pl easn. n al in th em be- has a H 'c !'l 01 ton t' 1.e of school work. . he r t:WL1. lar r ou u . 81 e t o :r t m ade a canvas of the w Nor .on c Jin. A. · _, p·:trt of the state, F eb na w este i n ' khern a t f educatiOn , ns1tmg 1 'n te r es o ' 1 Q in t le 1 c'. t\T a ll d val'i ous ot her High , '.7 .,. ,r S () 11. L , J c W ter, l'V.J.J, · .• of th e state e are J • that 1 -" h ,..,. 0 ls 1n ' · .. prin ci pa l ma '.:e th ese 'r· " 1 d to hav e om '" g a 0 hope his e fforts in th e state an . . h 1 . itS ove r · rd of th e pnbhc sc no sysJ. ;,n g the sta.nda ·l or•tllY and me ntally, "1 h cotat e bot l Ill c • 11 t e •., " ' p (fl 1 rove fruitful. ·Jl p 1 f 1 , 1. ss of '90, spe nt Sun - A Leg er o t w c a. . · ' 1\rf 1 Fc-•b n, In Pe ru. Feb. 4, and H one ay,. t]a,:f , · h , ached to a a large and d. eve n1 ng e P 1 ec -· . r tT1 ay -. . the Baptist c hur ch . , ciative audi e nce In , .. pP 1 e t t years as misSionary Lege r ha s sp en wo "

Jr . . · tl l\t'"r s L e{)"e r, and both A fnca alonO' WI 1 · 0 (1 p ' b

Th ... of 94 'vi.ll be on Saturday' Mar ch 24, ,.. 0 will con::s i t of t hree sessions, the first bed ilie a iu at 9 a.m. t4e s ond at 2 p. m .. . 11 l . d at 7 p m The re will be th irteen, I t 111' • ' numb r in ac h div i ion . Most of the Sem? IS h ompl ted their essays and a re l oolung av Th au xiou l tO\ ard th approaching day. .e i n h ave not b ee n made as yet, but It i pr babl th at each w ill be of putt ing oft' his d li very as l ong as possib le.

H r aft r the Everett li te r ary soci ety. will clo its r O'ular meetings at eig ht ty Th i L don e tltat the may be mto th hand of the debatin g s?cieties, t_,he 1 bers of the literary •soc1ety h av e fOimed. m n h. h ·n h ave 'fhe yonnO' ladi e s' soc i ety, w 1c WI c 0 • • k own mb er hip limited to tw e nty-five, IS n . am D b · SoCl the YounO' Ladi e s' Ev er ett e atmgas Th e offi0ce rs of the so ci ety are, Miss ety 01 . J vi ce . b presid ent; Mtss l ve ones, . Ch mc ' , , . Miss ' dent· 1.i ss Ella Troyer , seCietaiy, pres i. Ho,llend treasu re r. The Ev ere tt DeMam t' ' . . · h b t' 10 Club held its first m eefmg F eb. 2, wit a no . ·a M Liddell Mr Fra nk MaJors , w·esi ent; .r r. ' . · pres i dent; Mr . R ogge, secretary, and Mr . Vl Ce b h' of the G :l treasurer Th e m em ers 1p me n's society will be limited to twenyou o ty me rrtb er s.

Th e aim of the soc ie ti es is to c nl tl an d ()'race in speakin g before an audience. ease an o ' · HerThe two soci eties hold th e ir meetwgs a eaeh Friday eve ning.

Th e fbllowin g is the progJ·am of the Sixth Mo nthl y R ecital, in Norm al chapel , vV edn e sday eve nin g, Feb. 7, 1894 : 1. W <Ll tz Or chestra Waldt enfe(

Oper etta, Quarrel Among flower .,

THE NORMAL COURIER.

CH ARA CTERS; ROSE, Ruth E llis. POPPY, Cecile Bouch er. DALIA, Milred El is, SNOW BALL, Alice Bo ucher PINK, Kitty Ca rlisle.

SUN -FLOWER, Gertrud e McMull en WATER LILY, Lillian Nea l. VIOLET, Lucy Wil s on.

Violin solo-The Arkansas traveller, Vie uxt emps

Prof. F. Boucher.

, . Q . J a Il etait ane fois Kowal ski Strmg umtette, 1 b M d 1. P lk D t an o m o a, es ormes

Prof. F. Boueher, Miss C. Lapierre, Master W. Norton, Miss Nora Karstens, and Mr. C. Norton.

Song-Old folks at Home Mrs. F. Bo ucher.

Violin Solo-Home, Sweet Home, A rr F. Bouch er .

Prof. F. Bo uch e r.

Piano So lo-T ap a da Mex i ·an Da n ce, Mrs. F. Bo ucher.

S trin g Q ui n tett e- La st R ose of 'umm er, M or ! tr ing Qui nt e tt e.

Vio lin Solo- Dan ce of th e Eloe s, B az zi

Pro f. F. Bouche r.

The pro g ram was one of unusual i nt ere st a th e c ha pe l was fi ll ed to ov er flow i ng nit a s nu mber of per so ns were dow n fr om N br a" City, and eve ryone b ad o nl y wo r ds of comm eu dation for Pr of. Bo uch er and hi s co - wo rke rs.

Norm al Text Boo ks at Lin co ln B oo k Eschang e, 1 26 so 12 th s t. , L in c oln, N b.

HED

NE BRft.SKf\ STf\ TE. N OR M f\L SOtiOOL. p

The State and the Teacher.

A. K. G UD Y.

'Tl:IAR IN \. LA N<a: h' .... .. . ...... .. ...... Em T II

D AVE!'\ Cl!<T A Sl TA :-: T ED ITOR L.

ASSO 1.-\T F. EDITO RS: A ,:-; ES ].\ K, "-· DELZ EL L e r ta ry BI CK FQ.R U EntTS n ·s t:-; Es s :.r A:-: AG E Rs : F D 13BS · J. Tn s. · · • • }V.[ J::: R H n ,r.

Te rm s of Sub sc r pt on. - ·cho I yea

coPY•

Tr ea ur e.r

ac cordance w ith th e re quest of th e e ditor of TH E C oU RIER, I se nd th e f oll owin b rief a rticle in the lin e of a r ece nt five mi t-l ut es ta lk in th e ch ape l of th e St at e

rm al . School, on th e prepara ti on of the t ache r as c ema nd ed by th e state.

1 . Je • . ,ng c co n, IJer ed pc rm :went un til ordered di scontinued lpt to ns nr T N s ubscr aid Address n il co mmun ic ations to HE O RM AL Co uRIER ,.rrearages P at Per u, Ne br as Sec ond Cla ss M all Mat·ter. d at t he Po s £ nte re - - SCH OOL DI RE CTORY.

P HILO MAT H EA N.

. vening d urin g the sc hool terms at 1 o "ciock A ll i tY every to j0 in in o ur lit e ru ry wo r k, especinlly

SoC e "re co rd ta ) CA RRIE .\1. DuN ANSON, Presid ent

• •JeniS 11 h iJ!hcr co urse e nf 1 t! 50 CIE TY du rin }! th e school New s tudents nre esFr idaY in ou r lit c rar v wo rk W. E. ROBERTS.

vtr >' jtcd tn u. · , a ll Y ,nv WE LLI NG TONI AN <; CIE fY

e CU I.liHII T.:-; O N. Pr es iden t.

AI <; S GRAL E LI TUM.

,. du rin g- Ho li da ys and spr in g F ri daY ev en lllJ! AN N.-1 Pr es ,dent.

E ..,. erY y P HI L I PP IAN SOCIET ·. . d in rh e s umm er. for s tud t> nts frid aY eve ning the Li brary dur mg vacutJOn.

£ve n;nbers of th e A lumni 0. J. ST .-IND LEY Pr es i den t.

d ,., e lA a THE N ORMA L MILIT

d L t 11 a 11t Commander of Ca dets

DUNC AN SO N. 2 "'u e '

f' fl O f' · H· B. STAFF.

t d ac tin g Adj u ta nt

h Fi rst Li euten an an d t" Ser ge ant M aj or cttu rC•'" co nd Lieutenant an ac mg M

J. (> c Od• Se First Ser gea nt and ac t1n g Q. ·

:· H· aeedle. I NFANTR Y- - COMP ANY A. .

• C t Wm Delze ll tst Lieut ; J. M. R tc hard so n, 2d 1.ieut.

l)l <: l< f'l ea l. .!IP : . C'Oh\ PANY B.

C G C Merr ill tst Li eut; C. S. Norson , 2d Lieu t. oav enport , a pt , . . .

lflil J.. A THL E TIC ASSOC IATI ON. Secretary, \V i ii L. Da ve nport

Ae nt. D ick N ea l.

f're ti l Y. M. C. A. Correspo nd in g S ec retary, Geo. C. Merri ll oe nt. Thos. F. Dobb s.

l' r (&S l Y. W. C. A.

VI C Co rres pon di ng Sec reta ry, Mary Buchanan. !dent. na anon.

l-r81J NOR MAL M ILITAR Y BAN D.

Prof. Boucher. · Sergeant, W. E. Robert s. w ad er·

Th e c hi ef th oua ht is th at th e te ac her 1:> los her cha ra cter of p ri va te c it izen wh en she n ter s u po n her teacher's .c a llin o· in th e pub lic sc hoo ls, a nd th en he nc ef orth , 0 as long as he co n tinu es a pub lic sch oo l t eac her, sh is a sen a nt of the st at e and in so me sen e a p ubl ic offi cial.

No \\ one of th e functi o ns of th e aove rn ·me nt is th e e du cativn of th e yo uth0 of th e st a te . Th is function can be ca rri ed on on ly by p ro pe r!) co ns titut ed aae nci e s; th ese aa ncies as th e s ch o ols e st: bli shed, se t in m ot ion and co ntroll ed by pers ons wh os e qualific ati ons a nd du ties are de fi ned by the st tue a nd who are amen ab le to th e sta te for the manner in w hi ch they pe rf orm th e ir prescrib ed duti e s. Vve find among those who are en gage d in th e e duc a ti onal work of st ate g qve rnm e nt , dis tn ct tr ust ees, and teache rs ; and 1t IS a fact th at w hil e s up e rint e nd e nt s and d1 s tn ct tru ste es are kn ow n, pop ul a r! ), as •·offic er s" ' no scholast ic a tt a inm en ts are dema nd ed nor is an y tra inin g nec es sary preparatory to th e ir e nt e rin a u po n the 1r ' ·offi cial" serv ic e on beha lf edu ca ti on of th e yo uth , whil e th e tea ch er, who is not aene rall) l oo ked u po n as an ' ·official'' is be f?re e nt e rin g upon he•· se rvi ce as a t eac her, in deed befor e she JS capa bl e of eve n ma kin g a con tract for su ch public serv ic e. to demons tr ate her fitn ess in a d eg ree of scholarsh ip at le as t. It see ms

to me , to fo ll ow as a log ica l conc lu sio n not on ly th at the service th e teacher is ca ll d up on is deem ed to be an impor ta nt n u nive rsa ll y so co nc ee de d, but th at s in ce a fitness is r equ ir ed a nd th at this fi !!n ess must ' be cer ti fi ed by a public offi cial th t ea ch r mus t be lif ted o ut of th e ra nk s of pr ivat e pe rsons pe rf ormin g a pe rson al se rvice and in the list of public officia ls; and su when th e se rvi ce w hi ch they pe rform IS un do ubt e dly a puL li e s rvicthe tea ch er is in the se rvice of th e stat e in the p ubli c scho ol , au in s trum e nt of th e stat fo r p erform in g a go ve rnm e nt al fun c ti on in ed uca t io n of th e y outh of th e state. W ith ou t-amp lif y in g up on this po in t. th n, an d co ncedmg that th e t eac her is in th public he.r r es pon s ibilit y Is to th e s tate . This Im p li es an a bilit y· on th e pa rt of t he to :n eet th e r es pon sib ili ties of her po sit iO n-s inc e th e state re quir es fit ne ss the t ea ch er must make her se lf fit teac her's' pr ep ar a tion inv olves sc ho lar ship , cove rin g th e s ubj e cts w hi ch she may be ca ll ed u po n to teac h, s kill in th e a rt of te ach i ng a nd cu l tur e; she must have knowledg e, skill and p oli s h. Th e ab se nc e of an yo ne of th ese imp a irs th e e ffici ency of the te ac her, w hi le th e pr ese nc e of each en han c es t he e ffici e ncy of th e t eac her. Scholars hi p is a pl a nt of slo w g ro w th; cu ltur e come a nd ought to com e as an as.sociat e of sc hola rship d eve l opin g al on g With th e acq uisit.i on of knowl edg e; sk ill is lar ge ly, of e xpe ne nc e. Th e hi gh plan e of the ca n only be appr eciated. and d1gmty of th e te ach e r's ca llin g is· realIze d by her o nl y w ho lo oks u po n he rse 1f as mQre th an th e of som ebody, do mg a se rv ic e fo r s om e bo Jy; a nd who is to l ook pp on her se lf as a pa rt _o f the . of a gr eat s tat e pe rformi ng 1t s l eg itimate and ne c essa ry f un c ti on as an e ngine of int e ll e ct ual prog r ess .

The cha r-e l is we ll fu rn ished n ow for the Ope n Se ssi on. numb er of red h ghts are placed so th ey can be us ed in tab l eaux, th us d oi ng a wa y with o bn ox iou s fumes .

Who is the Bett er L uw -m ake r, the India n or the P ale - face?

\\'. E. Tt\\'1 .1•1{ .

IN _North ea -;tern c f th Indian 1 rn tory r es1de the h T< •k ' · In dian . Th y ar ou r most ci vi Iiz d In dian s, ar indu st ri ous, UIJri ght an l I ]H) In ,_, \ ,, ' Ill"'. 1 at ri o ti c ci tiz f th :i·r ;'\ ·ni n. he . po ssess an adm 1r al le fo rm of g v ·rn 111 0 a nd a goo d sch ol sys t ' Ill su ppo n cl by n a nnu al pe r capita f n ea r! y s_; a nd c )n i_ ring of ab ou t ne hun II- ·d publi · sc h 1 two na ti onal . s 111 i na ri ·s and a sc h ] f rphans, I s1d n u m IU S p ri vat de nom in a ti nal scho Is n t pub li c fu nd. We norc fo ll ow in g p cu li ari ti s:

1. Th land s of th herok Na tio n are h ld as co mm on pr 1 ·Tt)· b ut tl1 · ' l n1pr ov emen ts made. at·e th pr op rt y of. the ':n ak r prov1cl d th e l attt T ca n n ot 11 sa id 1mpr ov m ·nts e xc e pt t Clti Z '•Eve ry per so n who sha ll by fot-c e f att e mpt to the ;r ve rnm ent f th e .h at io nf, or who sha ll .·in li k man. ner r es ist t e 1 1 1 orc1en111e nt of It s la v.-s; and every per so n :"'' 11o sN1a .co n tt-a ry to th will a nd c on se nt of t 1 auonal Co u ne il e t, in.to a tr ea ty with th e U w1th any depa rtm ent. 01· o ffi c r th e 1- f with any State of the U nit e cl St ates. ;. orfic er th er eof . a nd ag ree to cede. se ll xchange or dispos e of in any mann e r- · th lan ds bel on g in g to th e Ch e ,·ok ee N or a ny pa rt or porti on th e t·e of, sha ll be d ee: · e l 'I f d · .m c g u1 yo tr e as o n, an . ther . o f. s uff er dea th by hang in g·

2. o pe rs on wh o. de ni es the be in o- of a God , or futu re st ate ot rewar I and 1::> u ': 1 ffi 1.1 51me nt. sh a ll ho.ld an :( o .:ce In ti: e civi l d-epar tme nt of t hi s Nation (Const i tut ion.)

3. ' 'R e li gion, mor a ht y and knowled be in g n ecess ar y. to goo d g ov e rnm en t, pr eser va ti on of l1b e rty , and th e h app in e ss of ma nkind . schoo ls a nd th e me ans of e d.u ·ati on: for ever_be en cour ag ed in th iNa tio n. " ( Co nstitution.)

4·· Th e in tro du c tion and ve nding of ard e nt spirit s is pr o hi b it ed. Th e law r _

\ "OR 1f_ -JL COCR /EA

qui r c; a soluu· pruhihiti n anJ an ociauon comp sed ol Ind ians .-c · that it i nforced. \\ ht>n liquor .· a n.· f un th e - heriff or any lawful o t'li cv r. r per n appoin t d br th m. an· au tho, ·izcd t · de-rr y the liquors : rh (' panic·: intr du the pi ri t may be ftn (· I o1· imprison<.· I. Th e · ar h offic r may puL ·l ny n1H' n t ath r procur' s a1·ch wan-ants. In r I r t ncou r ag • th · cnf1 1· 'tn of the law n fourth f ··tch fin · '. t th ' · ar h office r one f urth to the :olicit 1· f th li tri t n the ·ma i nd .,. to th' . ali nal tr ea ·urr.

5· ··The h slwri ff sha ll pr ,:i at he -" I ·ns" c f th · 'her k .:\ ati n. for eac h pri n<'r und r his ha1· . a c py f the oly . · r i1 tu n.·.··

6. £, ry mal · ·itiz n 'to· d i:,h t en years. l th r"·isc qu a li t1 d. is d Ja r d J ga l v0t 1·.

7 E n: ,. y w h i t lice n se t w ·d 'i. obta in i n ,g· th sam c ce rt ifi ca t · of go d by at I ast t e: 1_1 re sp 1t1z n Ch r ke e a ll o n. wh o mu st be Itl ze n by blo d and ha ve I 'e n ac qu a in t d w ith u h p rso n for at le ast s_i. · m nths pr c ·d in .· th signing of such e nii1 at -· the ca n mus t. als . pr ese nt a ce rti ficat e of o·ood o ra l char ac ter sign ed b) th c ount) Je rk. . nd s ale c! with the se c: I_of th e. c ount y f vhich he 01· sh_: was a n. In add iti on th ca n cl i cl at e for ma 1T1 ag'e mu st p ay into the tr eas ur y ten ($10) and t<:k e. an • o at h to su pp o rt the Cher ok ee con sutut 1on

a nd Ia ws. . . . . " g_ The natiOn a \:ree kly n t' wswhi ch has a sa lan_e cl e dit o1· app o intp J by th e chie f. · · ot h1n g of an a bu S<i v ersona l. C? r pai·tJsan sl}a JI· be f drn itt ed In to t ts co lumn.s. One whole <J.g'e mu st be pub li she? In th e Ch e rok ee fangu age . A ll l eg isl at l or . o th er le ga l r ocee cli ng s· are first publlsh ed m the pap er p nich is ca ll ed the Cluro k ee Ad vo cate. W 9 . Th e Jaw salar ie_s fo r co untry sc h oo ls is pe cu li ar, Th e te ac her -';e c ur es a fix ed sa la ry of $ 30 per month and i!l' a dd ition one dolJa1- fifty Ce ll._ts ($ I. 50) Je r month for each p upd a bov e a ge neral

f fi ft ee n. If th e a ve ra ge below fif t ee n, ex cepting pron 1on the c ho ol must ce ase . way it b come s th e int ere st of the to in cr a th a tt e ndanc e.

Pictures at the Wo r ld's Fair.

I. \ '0 L'N -;.

Broume/1 Hall. Omaha 1 eb.

PART fT. s pe_cial In th is t ea ch er

It$)

I ' rot . som e :=;oci a l1 t 1c ··I 1t possible to adm1t th at on rna · ha,- som e id ea s in se e ino- a man g ining hi br ad by the svvea t of bro\\ ?

' · m t 11 me th at I de ny th e charms of th e c u ntr I fi nd mor e th an ch a rms I fi nd ·lori es, I s ee as we ll as th ey do th h tt le flo we rs of which Christ said · . I mon in a ll his g lor) . was not array ed Ilk one of th ese. I see th e halo of the d nde lion a nd of th e sun also, which pread o ut be yond th e v.rorld it s g lory in to th clou d s. But I see as we ll in th e pla in, th e st ea min g h ors'e at work, and in · a r oc k pl ace a man , e xhaust e d, whos e · ·Ha' ! Ha v\ !" has be en he ard sinc e mornin g. a nd who tri es to stra i o- ht en hims e lf a b mom e nt . a nd breathe . I rej e ct wi th my \\h ole soul de mocracy as it is known at th e c lub ; I ha ,.e never dr e am ed of be in o· a pl ea der in . any caus e. I am a pea sa ;t. " nd th en 1n anot her le tt er he writ es: '' Th e g·ay sid e of lif e never shows its e lf to me, I do not k?O\\ wh ere it is. The gaye st thin g [ know. 1s th e ca lm , th e si lenc e, which is so svv ee t e ith r in th e for est or c ulti va ted land Yo u Hill adm it that it is very dr ea m y, <:_ nd a s.ad though oft en very de li cious. !:;omettm.es 111 st e ril e portions , you s ee figures hoemg and di o-o- in o- . Fr om tim e to tim e . d bb b ' one .n se s. a.n hi s ba ck, as th ey ca ll 1t. w1p1ng his for ehe ad with th e ba ck of hi · h and, ·Thou sha lt ea t th y br ea d in th e sw e at of thy brow, ' is this th gay jo vial work some pe op le would h ave us be li ev in? Bu t neve nh el Pss to me it is t ru e humanit y and cr r ea t pn t ry ·· :\ fi ll e t's work tin ge I wi th melanchol y, as

Tl-fE NOR. ; lfAL CO R/ER.

:nuc? as it is, ga:ve an impuls e to act which Is still felt after thirty years.

Jules Br e ton studied p easa nt life just as ea rn es tly as Millet, but from a totally dif-· fe re nt standpoint. It was the fe sti ve ride attracted him , and if you have r ea d his autobiography, you have see n WI.th wha t e ntir e!y differ e nt id eas from Mi ll et, he set about his work. This "Shylark" is a picture all must re memb e r. Th e wo rld is st_ill veiled in th e purpl e lin es of ea rl y mornm g; the red disc of th e sun is just - rising from behind th e roofs of a d! st.ant hamlet, and in his first rays a lark s pn ngs from laden g rass, and soars heavenwards, smgmg as he soa1 s. A littl e co unt ry girl, sickl e in hand paus es on her w?-y to cut some fodder for th e pet calf or · cow, and listening int e ntly to th e notes, her lips part, and almost uncon sc.wus ly joins in the jubilant carol of the. bird. It Is a beautiful picture , one of wh1ch one can never tire.

ve ry interesting scene is De ssatr s ''Dep arture of the Fishermen " in the U nit e.d States section. But the; are not the Fishermen of Gloucester or of Maine, fo r there on the lef t is raised a giant crucifix such as one sees on first entering any haron the coast of France; only the lower part of the c.ross is seen liftin g its pitying burder;t on h1gh, in the early morning li g ht. The ttde comes slowly creeping up the shore, and round the foot ·of the crucifix kmel the Fishermen with th e ir w ives and littl.e ones, all lighted tap e rs in thetr ha nds , praytng for a prosp e rous voyage and a safe return. Away to the right the .b.oats are swaying ge ntly at anchor, awa1t mg the turn of the tid e for the fish e rmen to come on board, All is so pe aceful a nd trustful and c?.. lm that one almost feels the fishe rm en th e pre sence of some dtvme powe r caring for those who go down to the sea in sh ips; th at do business on the great deep and watc hin g over th e wives a nd little. ones left as hor e.

Very is the effec t of a picture in the English se c tion , by Frank Brawley, of Peuzance, one of the new school of Enalish painters, who are striv in g to attain the

t ec hni ca l excell nc<.: f th w hil e pres ntin g t he ir su i j t in tori al style of th e ir wn la nd. Th th t-: pictu re is most sug-g ·sti \' Th it se lf is one f th sa del ·st in th ga ll ery. co ld dr ary li :r ht cr p throu gh th w t \ ind w pan s f a sai l littl e hom e, wh il e thr ugh a cr ac k com c hillin g wi nd ca rr y in g wit h it th sa lt pra , from th e oc a n, wh ich ro ll s an I t um bl and r oa rs up th e b eac h be low. Th ca ndl which h as b ee n placed by Iov i no- h nd in th e h ope t hat it' s bri g ht gl ._ am mi g ht p 11 _ tr ate th e darkn e ss a nd carry a r ay f ch r to the he art of th e abse nt one bat t! in rr \\ i£h wind and wave , has I urnt l ow in it s s ck t and a gus t more piti le ss th an th r es t, xtin g uish es th e flick e rin g fl ames a nd s nd a wr e ath of pal e whit e s mok e tht·ou h th e room -a harbin ge r of I ss to th e wat }1 _ ers th ere. Th ese two wom e n. mo th er a nd wife it seems of th e mi s sin g sa il o t·, a t· v. orn and spent with g ri ef a nd dr ea d. The young er in hop eless de spai1· h as Aun o- he rself across th e rr o th e r's kn ee hidin rr h r face from th e dayli g ht. which co ;;es to confirm th e direst fe.a r. lin e of th e two figur e s. eve ry ltttl e in th e po or littl e room , the grey cold WI thm. th e s torm and tide without, all is re nd er ed with such truthful car e. that apart fr om th e patt ers of the storm the pictur e f8scinat es one with its careful mouldin g a nd truthful color.

Unfortunately this picture is not re pr oduced in th e Illustrat ed catalogue but th e r. is another pictur e of ther e call ed. "For such is th e K1ngdom of H ea ven " which will g iv e you som e id ea of l;is work.

Titcomb's "Primitive Methodists" . is another pictme I should to de scribe. but .as there is a of It, 1n the catalogue I will only me ntion It and turn at once to a picture by th e foremost Russian painter of th e pres e nt day .., ·A Cossack's · Answer " by Re pin e.

No c harm of no daintin es s of color are to be perceived in this work. For him r ea lity alone e xists. and in the pictur e by which he is re pres e nt ed at th e Fair a rude rou gh, and pe rhaps , even 1 a coar se

TI-lE COURIER

Suggestive Story of Spring.

F R PRIMARY TEA CHERS.

FLO RE 'CE G. BEN ETT, .\ ',;braska tate orma l.

_C::.. you think I'm nothin g but an ash heap (8) do you? Pe rhaps th at' s a ll I 8 m, and p rhap it isn t.

Bef ore ou can r m embe r, wh en you ' er on ! a do t of a baby sittin g on your I ca n reme mb er a large grove of tre o-rowm,::; on one of th e hills overlookino· our Iissouri . How I ca me to be ther , don 't know. I suppose one day l\ Ir. \ md was bur r in g by a nd on e of th e g-o d mo th r tr e s lost an acor n a nd I \>va s \\'rappe d up in the littl e brown ho us e. Babylike I gr w and grew a nd soon I ag r to ace pt th e invit atio n.

" Awake says the :; un s hin e ' Ti t im e to get np

A wak e pretty a o rn a nd sw eet butt erc up ome you ve be en sleep in g the whol e wint e t· l ong! Harle Hark! don't you hear? ''f is bluebird' s fir t so ng."

In my eage rn e ss , snap we nt my littl e he ll a nd I was an acorn ba by no longer 1 turn ed my face up to th e s un and he sa id ••Good morning. " Just th en I felt 1 was a hun gry but I found part of m yself g ro win, : dmvn Into th e g round v\ihich Mot her Na ture had so richl y stored with · food. You ee my root is my month and I was glad to find so mu ch · to ea t. I "vas a glad littl e oak. baby I fe lt mys e lf securely · faste ned tn th e bt g brown hous e by m ea ns of my littl e r oot le ts.

oon I was a thirsty ba b) but.

•·To tb e gr ea t brown h ouse vi•here th e fl ower· dw.e ll

And whi pered 'V i olet, Sno-vvdt·op, Ro e, Yonr pr e tty eyes yo u m.ust now un close

From yo ur lon g, long wint ery nap

From yo ur lon g, long w int ery n ap,'

R ai d th e ra in wit h its ta p, t ap, tap.

From th e doors tlwy p eeped with a ti mi d gTa e

Be fore anothet· issu e of the Co u RIER r,ac hes our patrons th e cla5s of '94 will ; ,: -.1 e de liv ered th e ir Th es is. as Mac 24 is J br:: the me morabl e day.

Ju st to an we r this tap , tap , t ap

Miss Sn owdrop co u rt esied a swee t 'Good D ay,''

Th en a ll ca me no del i ng th ei 1· h ead · so gay

And th ey said 'i :Ve'v e h ad our nap!

Th ank you r ai n fo r yo ur tap, tap, tap.' .,

Then I l ea rn P. d to kn ow th e littl e How e rs who jus t wa kin g up and th ey laughed an d .sa id . '·where w ill y ou be n ex t sprin o- ?" I ::;a 1d, "Here." Th ey aga in for t hey kn ew be tt er than I, what a ta ll fe ll ow 1 sh o uld be.

One mo rnin g we littl e pl a nt s th oug ht w he ard suc h bea utiful mu sic above us b ut th e old e st viol et a ss ur ed us ,

All the bi rds h av e com e aga in, Come aga in to gr ee t us,

An d a j oyo us so ng they t·ai se ,

C hirpin g, s ing in g mer ry l ay s; P leasa nt Sprin g -ti me , ha ppy d ay s N ow re turn to me et u s!"

Th e b ird s we re so bn sy at fir st th ey sc.ar cely no tic ed us , thou gh, be cam e fas t fn en ds later. What do you s up pose th ey we re do in g? Yes, nest buildin g. I wished I we re a big tr ee that I mi g ht become th e home of s ome of the b irdi e s. Ea ch morning th P. flowe rs and we o ak childr e f' would say to the su n,

"Goo d Mor ning, mer ry suns hin e, How did yo u ·wake so s oo n?

You 'v e s car ed the littl e stars awa y

And s hi n ed aw ay the m oo n.

I saw y ou go to sleep last nig ht, Before I ceased my p lay in g, How did you g et way ove r th ere?

A nd wh ere ha ve yo u b ee n s ta y in g?"

Th en we list e ned to the sin g in g' of the birds above us in our parent oa ks. One d ay we bega n to he ar peep , peeps , th e wis e old viole ts told us that th e egg s 111 th e ne sts were op en ed and the little birdi es had co me from the m. So -th e bri g ht w arm days of summ er pa ss e d. Th e littl e flowers w ish ed J ac k Fr os t w ould to tell t hey might go to sl ee p. fh e de ar ltttl e flo we rs had tri ed so hard to make th e ea rth b ri g ht and be au tif ul. . I was tir ed too. wh en thi s messag e wa s w hi spe t: ed,

"' Come littl e l ea v es s aid the wi nd one da y,

Co me over th e m ea dow s wit h me to pl ay ,

Pu t on vo ur dr e.·ses of red and go ld

Fo r su; 1111 er is go ne a nd th e da ys gr ow co ld .'

oo n as the l eaves h ea rd th e wi n d' s loud ca ll,

Down they ca1ne flu tte rin g. one a nd a ll , Over the brow n fie ld s, th ey dan ce d and fl ew, Singing the s wee t li t tle son gs th ey kn ew. "

·I was left a ba r e, le afl e ss littl e oak c hild

I w as so sle py s,·a r ·ly n ti d th at my b ea utifu l r ed. gr "n and g-old n I Ja e " r g on . ne ni g ht t iny , da ncing lit tle '' hi te cr a tu r es b ga n to n estl · n ar m . they A w about m , 1 ,,.<n cl ·r cJ if th were "li rt l ang from th ·" o riel abo e."

·''!'hi ,., is the! way the su w c m s d wn, ft ly .,oft ly falling-, it ;.. pr eadct h all thro u l{ h th n ig ht

S hin ing co ld and pu re and whi 't ;

T lt i:; is the way the sno w o tn •;, d w u.

S f ll y so ftly falling ."

sl ept thr ugh the lon lf w1 nter a nd a wa k ned wh n:

·' ()v et· the ba re hi ll s fa t· a. w ay

0 111 ebody's trav l in g day by u a_Y ,

Co 111i ng so slow ly, I w nd r why, Oh, she is bu sy a<; she g-oes by!

' Sp l'in g up ta ll gt·asses and da isi sa nd clov r,

L as t ye ar I ta ught yo u how ov t· and over.

Co me wi th me every n e, t hi s is the way.

Don't yo u reme n<b Ct' 111 c? \Vhy I atn Ma y.'"

S umm er tim e af t r s umm er tim sl e p· . . . . . In t1m e a ft er sl ee p1 n .'='- t1me 1 ass e I. I o·r , a nd gr ew until I was one of the Jar t in th e g·ro ve. 1 co ul d l oo k ov e 1- th of mo st of my bro th er and sist 1 - 0 k

Yet th e d ea r littl e fl owe r s, my fir t

1 mat es , were s till my f ri en ds. I sh e lt er. th em th e sun beat t oo \Varml on th e ir te nd er littl e fa ce s. I tri ed to ) tect th em wh en

" Littl e Ja ck Frost went up th e hill

Wa tchin g th e th e s ta rs a nd the mo on so s till

Wat c hin g th e s ta rs and th e m oo n so bri g ht '

A nd laughing alo ud with a ll hi s mi g ht.

Littl e J ac k fr os t ran d ow n th e hill,

Late in th e ni g ht, wh en th e wind s w ere s till

Late in th e fa ll when th e l ea v es fe ll do wn '

Red and ye ll ow and fad ed brow n ." ' pro-

You see I w as now a g 1- ea t uak tr ee and

" Th e tr ees are wa viu g to a t)-d fr ow,

So are we, so are we, Th ey· be nd th e it· gra ce ful br a nch es lo w, So do we as yo u see

Th e tr ees are po intin g to th e sky,

So are w·e, so are w e, Th ey ho ld th e ir grace ful he ads up high ,

So d O' w e, as .yo u see

Th ey l< eep th e ir plac e by ea ch firm ro ot ,

So do we, so do we, Th ey k ee p th e ir pl ace by each firm ro ot, So do we, as yo u see. "

Th birds built th ir ne t 10 m ranch s. I c ul I tak orobin m th r and lwr baby o c re of the birdie

·Leav 'h ar' ,wayittg- to au I ft·

•oft and ,...( w. •er th baby rohiu 's 11 '>-t and hi s r alm and pun! aud ,.,wcet sit al l be.

Tbanks to Thee

The tim came at all rny g od f ri nd lad to t hin k 1h toul d h lp and ma k .arne and it \V' ts

I mu r leave rr) t o-o but

r ther whom I h pp ). th me n

''Sa \\". sa "·· sa. "·· Saw w' a ll" ut e r- rrl y

""'a. \\", !'):\. \ V, ' a"·· ·a."'. \VC a ll s ut ert--i ly ."

The n it w as

· • It p. It p. chop. ho p, h op we a ll s tu e rr·ily. 'h op, dtOJJ ch p. h p, hop we a ll s6 me rT ily."

Yo u s ee I h ad b ec om an oa k loa. r rea t trunk I h a rc! men say ,., o ul cl o·o to 6h rni ll s and be mad int o f urnitur e. I co u ld n ot he lp glad I co ul d be mad

• 50 many th1n gs . mto . 1 d. .

Vly br anches were c 1o pp e mto s ti c ks f r - nin g. Did I lik e thi s? Pe rhaps not so as be in o- a still .I was o-!acl to fe I . at I co ul d help 111 k ee p1n a th e littl e chilcl -

11 wa rm. e -:'\JoW I am wh at you ca ll just an ash h ea p.

• ' 0 n how ever I sh a ll go ba ck . to Moth er _ 0 rth a nd he lp her to fee d th e hun K ry littl e __.a mo uth s as th ey pu sh down into th e ro ot t br o wn ho us e. g rea

Rellgion and Superstitions of the Ancient The Germans.

E TH EL DAV ENP O RT.

Iff,)) F a man or of a na tion." says Carlisl e, "we enquir e first of all w?at re ligion t he Y had." The ansvv er to this q_uestion jk es the keynot e of th e h1story e ith er of "rnan or th e nation. Th e outward a nd t ·=jb le lif e of a pe opl e is th e outcome of th e

11 • d • · I . h rfh f 05 een an sptrtua 1£1 t e m. ere or e in o rdt' r to a rriv e at a knowl ed ge of th e gr ea t

erman race it is nece ssary to und e rstand th ose un der ! ine- re li a ious belie fs which • b co ntroll ed e, ·er) a ction a nd were the fau nda ti n of e'e r) mo ti e.

mp are cl w ith th e m) tholo gy of th e r ee k , "hi ch had finished its career fr om b ea inn in g to en d, Ge rman mytholo gy s ee ms rude a nd inco mplet e, f or it was int e rru ote d by the ad \ e nt of Christianit y be for e it -h ad pr ducecl a ll it co uld produc e. Yet th is 'e r) cr ud ene ss and incompl ete ness ha ve a t rengt h, simplicit and traits a lcha r ac te risti c of the Germ an na tion . h · h eat hen's hi ahe st id ea of o·od is th e b b c1 f a't: her, v. ho g rants , ictor y to th e li vin o- , and t th e de ad an e ntranc e to hi s d' ll in o- D a th is merely a g oin g· home. Th . g odd e ss is a moth e r. LBoth go th e 1r ro unds , a nd appear in th e la nd, he in war and we a p.ons , sh e in p innin g, v. ea vinig, and so\-v in a of se e d.

Th e Ge rm an deities were of hi aher a tt r ibutes thart ' those of th e G l- ee k's a nd Roma ns. They v. ere clothed in human hap e, nly \ast er, oft en e xceedin a the aiga ntic , but they were e ntir e l) without th e moral infirmiti es of men. Th ey were in fi nitely wis er, brav er, stron g er a nd be tter. Th not re sort to the stratage ms a nd dece ptions of th e Roman de iti es, but ace mplish th e ir purposes with s ublim e . traig ht ar dne ss and str e ngth. . Th e g ods we re not immortal by na tu re .. Th ey only acquir ed this qualit) by ab sta inin a· from the food a nd drink of mort al s, 0 • and fea stm g on hea ve nly fare. ne ct ar a nd a mbro sia. Teith er did th e Ge mans co nsid er th em exe mpt from d ea th, th ough th e pr e\ a ilin g be li ef amo no· th e Gr ee ks was in • • 1::> th e ir ete rmt). ·

Th e hi g hest. th e s upr eme di v init y, un ive rs a lly honor ed amon g· all Te ut o ni c ra nk wa s Wuoton or Odin He w as not o nl y the cr e ati ve power , a nd th e w orld - rulin g. wis e, in ge nious g od , on whom depe nd ed th e fertilit y of th e soil, but he is, ab ove a ll, the a rrange r of wars and ba ttl es. To him b el.on ge d all th e nobl es wh o fe ll in ba ttl e. The hope of be comin o· af ter deat h membe rs of 1h e divin e co mmuni ty per vad es th e re li gion · of th e he ath en. 'N u ota n vvas also r ul er of

th e a ir and of th e s ea . He had only one e ye, which was the s un , a nd he wa s a rm ed with a wo nde rfu l sp ear which he le nt t () -her oes to win v ictori es with .

But it wa s not Wu otan exc lusive)y that b estowe d fe rt il ity on th e fi elds. Donar, or T ho r, a nd his m ot her, the ea rth, stand in still clos er co nn ection w ith agric ultur e. T hor ru le c! ove r cloud s and rain. Th e is Tho r's dri v in g, th e rumb l in g of h 1s wag Qn, dr aw n by two go at s. He sent the fer til izing sho we r s, and clear ed th e at mosphere'. He was prov ided w ith a _. · ham mer to hurl at his enemies w hi ch ret urned i:o his ha nd s a ft er it was ' th r ow n.

As it flie s the air, li ghtn in g a nd thund er pr ece de It. Next· to Odin, Th or was the mi ghtie st of a ll . g ods. Odin is th e more intel le ctu al and elevat ed, but Th or has th e adva.n tage sturdy streng th . .

A sso c ia t ed w ith these are Jio or Tiw, who shar es with Odi n th e honors of th e w ar god, and from w hos e n am e com es th at of th e thi rd day of th e wee k, and F ro ho who Od in 's cr ea tive qu al it y iu part, a nd IS the go d of hunt ing and of pe ac e.

Last of t he g roup of gr ea ter g ods wa s Ba ld er, the bea utifu l. w ho is th e he ro of one of the most be autifu l lege nd s of Ge r ma n my th o logy Th e pu re a nd s ta in les s Ba lde r is pi e rce d by an arro w of mis tl e to e, which only ca n wou nd him and m us t go dow ': to t he w orld, mou rn ed by a ll , no thmg can bnn g h im b ac k. and his tr ue wife fo llo ws him in d ea th .

Fri gga, th e wife of O din tak es the fi rst ra nk among the go ddes se s, and from her ?arne . and that of Fr ey ja. who is n ex t in Importance . co mes 9 ur F rid ay. Th e g oddesses ar e thoug ht of chi e fl y as div in e mothe rs , who trav el aro un d a nd . visit home s, fro m wh om th e hu man race lea rn s th e o ccupa tio.ns and . of h us band ry and housekeep.m g. sp1nnwg and we av in g, so w in g and Thes e labors b ri ng p ea ce and quiet m the la nd , and the ir memory is even more la sting than th at of wa r and battl e s, fmm wh ich mo st godd e ss es h old th e ms el ve s al oof, th oug h so me ta ke kindly to wa r as do ihe gods to pe ac e and ag r icu ltur e. :'\l erthus. the Ea rth, is th e mot her of a ll.

he so m ·times made long JO Urn ·ys over th e land , du ri ng \\'hi ch time pl en ty r ig n ed Th · 1 nc.:st tou ch the car of ' ·rlh us I I · 1 her app r oach , att ·nd ed h ·r fi nally c n duct d h -r I ack t h ,- an At th cl s of her trav ·Is, sh \.\ in a sac red lake in h -r who w r swa Ji o, eel I y the lak du ty was pe rf o rm ed.

Huld a is r epres nt ·d as a b- in sky, enc ir cl in g th ·arth. \\' hen it 11 · k. r '' sh JS rn a 1n g 1.er b ·d and th ( .- th r A·. ab_o ut. h. stt rs . n w as Th r d ra 111. Sh e IS als th s1 i nn in cx \\' if d th e cu ltivat i. n of fl ax is ass·i..., n d t h ;. _an. Be:th a, l1 ke Hulda . ha I sp inn i n()" and we av in g at h. art . . h als to k t h r If the sou ls of li tt le ch d clr n w h d i cl Th e are the sta rs. ancl B. rtha is th _ mo n wi th her. of li tt le ch! l c.l ren always about h B es 1d th se gre at er di,g·nit il'S th r r. a score of les se r ones. of wh om it i t nec es sary to spe ak. th ir at tri b ut s b II In y the s.am as th os · of th eir mor"'

Important assoc 1ates. .-\ lm os t a ll the · d' vidual deities , in f ac t. appear en1 an a' !'1 lei b . t1on s an ra nch es of a single One; th ()" d h I dd sa eaven, t 1e go e sses as a t·th. Th on as fa .thers. th e ot he r:- as mothers, the d t . go cr ea mg, gu1 m g, Jo ,·cls of , ict ory. of a 1r .. fi re. ::1 n cl water; th e o·odd

· · .11 . d . ...... e ss . sp 11111 1ng, t1 111 g. 4 11 the. O"O d. of the sec ond and t h11·d ,- a nk se rv od · - · e to the gulf be tw een man and the h ·ahes t de it y. 1:--

T hi s galaxy of go ds we r· · w 01-sh · d · p rin ci pa ll y in the gr ove s. There· th _ 'dPP d 1 '] d I I' e It \ wet, ve1 e 111 t 1e r·usr In g fo li ag- e a nd there the hunt er presented to him · l h d k . 1 I I gam 1e a Ill ed, anc tl e le,-d ... man. hi s Ao c!·s

The h ea ds of sac ri fic ed a nim als hun ()" the bou CY hs and th e sac red ve ss e 0J d ,..., ' s an al ta rs st o od in the fore sts . rhe oa l, ' 'd f . " "' as co ns1 ere.d a. tr ee o pa rt icul ar sa nci ty and se ve :aJ d1s tn cts of S axo ny and IN stph ai_Ia have un t il q u 1t e rece nt] ) pr est-r ved of ·holy oa ks to w hi ch th e p eo pl pa1d a half he at he n. ha lf chri st ian hom aCY

Th e pri ests were empl oy ed• not on I the wors hi p of th e g ods bu t in J· ud cr in CY th b b

ople . In cam aiu-ns, Ji ci line '' a 111t d to them al n an th e whole ,,·a r ·as ca rri ed in the pre e nc e the de it . oth r d utie of ri nt nd n ee of p ubl ic rf ormance of p ublic f 1ct 1m and th e con-

Clay Mode llin g.

LI LLI A r R. K EL L GG , cbraska tale o rm a/

I·the articles on · •F rm tud _and D ra ,,• " much s tr ha b n la1d u po n th • 10ff:. ta nce of cl ay m od el li n O" l t i th :- o se of this p ape r to ela bo r ate and ex Ja 'n t hat wo rk . . p The bes t cl ay can be o bt a in ed f ro m Bradley & Co. A fiv e pound bnck to n . g tw enty-fi ve ce n ts w ill supp ly tw ent\ Co- tt 11 · d · · d J ' Jd re n. 'vVh en r ec 1ve It 1s ry and ca n -:.ht re pa red m ost qu ick ly f.or by break/e. Pin to pieces and plac 111 g. 111 a cr ock eq .g of 50 me kin d, wate r, and it stand ov er 111 g ht . The n xt 0' st ir to ge th e,- in to a thi ck paste and o rn ln o . . · d durin o· th e da )r s t1rnn g wh en \ er ca n '=' <- t en ie nt. In ho ur s, th e nv r w ill .h av · nea rl y dn ed off Po ur off · te hat may h ave ga th ered on top a nd 'ny t th e clay int o a wet cloth. Do up

n ear I y an o bl ong sh ape as pos s ibl e. j tO ._ e co nd wet cl o th ar o und and let

· raP thr ee or four hours Ke ep th e ta r1d we t a nd by th e s econd mornin O' it

Joth 5 mold ed into bri ck form by throwfn cr be ·1 · b · s t h d on a bo a rd untl It . .o arden.

rc= n eXth e fin g t'r will s ink If shg ht pr e sNh be appli e d, a nd not yet enough to re · ky it is in prop er condition for us e s ttc ' I .

•,e s hoi.dd be kept in- very c oths, 1-e -

t )d in g e ve ry other day. and 111 c_ool. damp

· 0 if th e re be such in th e bUildm g.

cotton should be us ed for cut-

and co \ ered wi th a wet cloth before time f or the recita ti on. The teacher should be pa rtic ul ar tha t a ll hands are clean and that n? child ' ith a skin disease or sores of any .... kmd on the han ds, be allowed to use the cia tha t wi ll be us ed by other hands in the fu tu re.

If one mod el is to be molded , each chil d hould_ be give n two pieces, on e to be u se d to dictation , the other as the chtld plea s s. •

The cl ay ' o rk is introduced by the st ory of ·Grandmo th er Ka o lin" which is found in · in derga rten tori e s."

Du ri n rr th e ' ork w ith the clay the f olIo\ in a su bjec ts should be consid e red:

l. i\ hat is cl ay?

I I. Tec hnic al te rms Body. Slip , Glaze , Ename l.

II I. Pot te r's Whe e l. 1e ntion allusions to it.

Te ll where and when use d.

IV. Kiln s.

\ . Pr e -historic potter y:

Anc ient Egyptian , A nci e nt Sy rian, Chin ese, Ph oe ni c ian.

Bab ylonian.

\ I. Cc•p y o ne of the most pleasing form s a nd be re ady to re produce in clay , Th e that is to be molde cfsn , ld a lwa ys be· befor e th e' childr en durin g th e I th.at they may have the pe rfec t form w1th wh1ch to compar e their work. And as stated in pr e vious articles, a th orough study of the typ e precede s this w ork. The first solid studied , -the sph ere -is th e first to be Before distributin g the cla y, each child sHould be provided w ith a board. a piec e of oil-cloth or a paper on which to pl ace clay be for e the lesson b eg in s, a nd th e clay should alway s be ke pt o ve r it.

' the clay. , The te ach 7, r s hould k ee p a

r :J of pi eces about eig ht 1nch es re ady

'> se Th e clay should be cut Into cub es

'<J r l.l d , . c (.lt an in ch on a sid e plac e on a b oa rd

J .) •

A g reat de al is give n to th e c hil ddr en by requirin g strict att e ntion to dire ctions and in·stant compli a nce. In th e mol din g .the child sho uld pu t his le ft ha nd out fl at as a board on whi ch to work an cl all

molding should be done on th e le ft hand excep t patting or striking.

Before beginning the molding of th e :-ph e re h ave children trac e around and around th e solids until they see that th ere are no imperfections, c?rners, th en direct them to take clay m th e ir left hands and roll a round and aro1.,1nd playing their hands are two mill whe e ls. Let th em r es t often and study the type , compare their!'> and correct. The children should work together, according to dictation of t eac h er at first. Later on some child may g ive dictation or wo rk may be done from me mory. Cracks are due to handling befor e work. to handling too lon g or to clay being too dry when used. The teacher should hav e a dish of wa ter if nec e ssary and slight ly moi sten the cracks w ith the finger.

atural form s based on the sp here as th e app le, tomato, e tc., should be mold ed hq.vin g the real object present.

The sphere is the basis of all forms and should be modelled first in each case and the others from it. By so doing the students are enabled to see ho w the oth er forms we re derived .

From the sphere th e cyl ind er is molded by rolling backward and forward between the hands held in a horizontal position with o-entle pressure upon the clay. Teacher watch closely. and as soon as form becomes cylindncal and of good proportion stop rolling and have chi l_d pat board or whateve r us ed, according to thts dictation, ' •U p. down, up, ?own," etc., then the opposite an d gen tly, unttl as n ear as possi ble like a cyl ind er. Sharpen the edges by · cr the finger around and around th e runntn 0 c ircular face. - 1

Th e cube is mou ld ed from the sphere. by · one side gent ly . then th e oppostte; l) atttng d h · . ano ther side an t en tts opP.ostte, and so on .1 "ts sides are square and re g ular. · The untt 1 d b . are sharpene y runnmo- fin ge rs c orners . o a lon g two ed ge s.

( roo d resu lts shouLd be Poor z. h u ld not be accepted. 'lf)0 1' «- s 0

The ch ildren bisect a sp here with d to fo rm he mtspheres, and all wo rk the co r

sh uld be c arri d on in th r ,·iou lr g1ve n.

Th e first clay wo rk is w rk nd i fo ll ow ed by fi n ge r w rk . d in in the clay, holl o win g out ' i th ut im ddin cr . an d impre ssions in pla nt study t ho\11 e nati on of le av es etc., h Ips t la rif) kr>ow l· ed ge of th e c hildr e n.

Wh en th e c hil dr n ar able to do the s impl er cl ay work w 11 , th y should be g iv en larg er mass es of clay upon which th er press up forms. rh ey first mold a square plinth and the n on that th y raise som e form as a le_af, with th e and sha rp en th e edges w1th a clay kmfe o work i s a cl ear er idea of an bj ec t than th makincr of it- nothing ca n so cl ar up the i deas of form as the making-

Among the Magazines.

W ILL L. DAVENPORT

@fHE March magazi n es are r ep lete with good thi n gs . Of course one has not the tim e to re ad a ll the magazines in our libr ary and attend to schoo l work, so J will only me ntion a f ew of th e magazin es and articles which they contain.

The Scribn er's Maga z z"ne is full of o-ood articles of all description. among is "Th e Sea Hurri ca? es," by Jo d Chahdl er Harns, a descnptJ(l n of th e devastation of the Sea Islands 'by hurrican es , and the work of th e Red Cross Society as conducted by Clara Barton. ·

It s hows the wond e rful resources of Clara in devisin g m e': ns of a_ffordi ng relt ef to th e needy, and g 1ves a s lt g ht insi crht to th e character _. the woman who ' is to th e heart of every person who loves hi s fellQw-b e ing. ·

. It gives a c?aracter sketch of the Island e rs, sho:vmg their. h appy dispositiOn, th e calm philosophy with which they accep t los s. A nd a sketch of th e Sea Is land cottop field, with stat istic s concernin £7 th e importation of cotton to Amer ica.

'ac : the article i eral di r ent

i th i nformario n n

rchitects may r J 1 in ··The Hi <T h ..ailding and i t· rt, an ence . Th e ride d als with th r ctical que tion of jJding ky scrap r to i f tht- cra\' in

.• ma n to claim a a rt of th a ir a hi p 5 j,:,n as ' II as th I t.

. he no n sen e f tryino- t ·tdi n gs. in ' hich t be saved, \\ i th jon is shown . Jreve in th ext ns1v ild in gs. h ? . c nt · nd t in th e u tl d tn g . d .., rec og nt ze .

· at a rt in s tr n c I r .

· he d es cri p ti on of th e t ;. e constru c ti on of th s very i nt er es tin g t :h ery reade r, as is of e era ! ae bui ldin gs 1n Ch tcag o. h"

To rhe hero wors 1pper or an lover the ·srory of pa in '· Iilt_on_ (·, rJe o " pam ted by Ttto Les 1, 1s a v ntThe history of Milto n's v isit to r·' J")eo. who was prosecuted for bein <Y of his t im e, . is vividly painted in · ds We see Mdton as a youn o- man ur . G 1"1 I . ·ng the sage a t eo, w 10 was tn the "'>J tl cause as M ilton. There is a ls o a hi story of Lessi. is su !?pose d ·.to b;. _a is an art1cle entttled 1 he Farm er 111 .t d( orth. " sketches of Kansas,. Nebraska. 1e n' d ot her f ar min o- community. jud o-. aa o • '0 ""' fro m th e a rticle a nd des c nptions one 1g td say th at th e aut hor possessed a very w t;Jred acquaintance with th e fa rf!! e r.

Flor id a." ?Y Charles · oodge, is an int er.est tng ske tch of th e :-d and fauna , as wdl as a ge og raphical f Fl "d ch o on ?

Cable Street Railway. '' by G. , be rt, Jr. The author starts With the the first cable car in count ry, J ust 1, 1 87 3. at. San Fra nci sco, and •,g . . h d ,., ·eS th e progress - of t e an the it occupies in .-Ameri can' hfe. :'f; some of the a:rttdes found · S crt bn er-s ,

T he C nbtJ')' Jlaga z ine contains histor ical and o io logical studi e s. and also a stud y of a rchi te cture.

T he fir t article is '' The Tuileries Under th e econd Emp ire,'' d ery interes ting ke tch of French Histor y in the ,time of the Bonapartes

·A Pil cr rimage to Lourdes" is interesting becau e of its descripti .\ e parts of country nd f life.

'The Timber-Cruiser" s-how s the perils and bra ery of the woodmen of America.

•·Dro\\ s I e nt " would suit most any kind f a read r because it i!:> descriptive of land and p ople. is hi s tor y, and as interesting t r ad a an boo k could b .

' Majo r Andre's Stor) of the M ischi anz ," an account of a farewell banq uet at Philadelphia. . lay 18, 1778, o-iven in honor of ir \ illiam Howe his d epa rture, is tak n from And re's manuscrip t, a nd is very interest ing to the history student

•·The City Tramp." by Josiah Fl ynt is a study of a t ramp, \Vh ich if were more widely read would cu rtail th e amount of humbugging done by the gentry of the road.

Another article is the "Mad ison Square,., veq attractive because of its numerous cuts rep rese nting fine buildings and architecture of a crreat many classes.

Space warns me that my review must be cut short so I will end w ith St N-icholas.

The articles in St. iVicholas are '·Mo th ering Sun_day;" of the Mail,- Bags, " an descnption of a dogs trav e ls ; ··Tom Sawyer Abroad," a prod uction of th at proli fie .. writer,. Ma_rk Twain_; · · H ist <? ri c Dwarfs, a continuatiOn of a lus.tory arttcl e by Vfar}' Shears Rob er ts ; •·The Cat Fan:ily in Our Coun t ry, " an interestin g study; ··A Kansas a vivid descnption of the devastating ter or of Kansas; ''A L es son in Electricity," which is both interes tin cr and instru ct ive.

•

0

Neither space n or time allows th e re vi e '' of a ny more magazit1es, but al l are fill ed '' ith read ina- for th e stud F.nt . b

Tin !.· NORA([AL C l R/ER.

E DITORIAL.

THE NoRMAL CouRIER.

BU8IN588 D5Ff\RTMENT.

Pe Advertising Rates.

S r single column peCiat rates furn · h d · • Single InsertiOn ... . .. .. ... 50c.

•s e on application to Busi n ess Manage rs, THOS. F. DOBBS, 0. J. STANDLEY, Bu iness Manage rs.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. FACULTY.

Teacher bf A. M., PRINCIPAL, ogy, thics, Logic and the Science and Art of 'feaohi ng

MISS ELIZA c MO

Teacher of Lite rature R. RGAN, PR RCE;PTR ESS, • hetoric, General His tory and Phy s iology

H. B. DUNCANSON B S

Teacher of Bot G ' • • ' any, eology and Zoology.

BROWNELL, lstry, Physics and Astronomy.

G. W. ELLIS B A

Teacher oF M h ' • ., 1 at ematic• and Latin

MISS- FLORENCE M. WRIGHT

Teacher of 0 • raJ and Written Arithmentc

MISS JE:NNIE: I Teacher of u McLAIN , mted States History and Geography.

'MISS MARTHA WINNE

Teacher of L · ' anguag e and Grammar

MISS LILLIAN .

Te2cher of Reading 0 R. KELLOGG, ' rawing, Ciui/ Gouernment and Booil Keeping

MISS ANNA , Teacher of Principle s f B. HERRIG, 0 Inst ruction and Super intendent of Practice.

MISS FL?RE:NCE G. BENNETT Pnmary and Kindergarten '

Miss MATTIE: ELLIS Preparatory Department.

FRANCOIS BO Teacher of Vocal UCHER, and In st rum ental Music.

IDILLA JE:FFERY Librat:ian. '

JOHN BLANKE:NSHIP Janitor

BOARD OF EDUCATION.

Hon. A. K. Goudy Su t p .'

Hon Jos. S. Bartley Ins., ex-cJjficif1, Linco ln.

Hon. B. E. B. Kennedy · ... e re as., ex-officio, Lincoln.

Hon .J T. Spencer Dak · Oma_ha; term expires 1893. Hon. Church H owe ola C1ty ; te rm expires 1894.

Hon W. E. Majors. term expires

Hon. J. S. Wet ·.·.·.· eru; te rm expires 189 7. · n e 1nan, te rm expires 189 ·

OFFICERS OF Tii F.

B. E. B. Kennedy · BOARD.

A. K. Goudy :::::::::: · 1 Preside nt.

J o eph S. Bartley · · Secretary·

..... ... Treas urer,

EXECUTIVE C0:\1MITTEI> Church Ho we, W. E. Majors, A. W. Norton.

We fe el that a word f e 1 · x p anat to n i: du e to on r re ad ers and t ur l ve s fo r th delay in th e Fe bru ary C RIER

The manuscri pt fo r th el ru ary numb r was h and d to the ge nt l man man ao- in th e printin g of TH E C R IE R at th t: u u I ti m. but he h ad to get a diffe r nt firm t d tht" printing and it was g iv en to a country offi . h h ce w1t t e result th at our wo rk wa dela) d about thre e wee ks W hav been , ery mu ch put out ov er th 1-· la y. and ha e d n a ll in our pow r to hast n th w k r .

We ar ass ur d that th e de la,y vv il\ n t h appen aga in. Vv e r q u st that LJJ- subscrib e rs try to be patient with d us. an r ememb er that we are somewhat hamp d re by o ur surroundin gs.

In reading the daily pape rs few weeks, it was se ldom for the pa ·t that one would not see an account of bomb tl . , 1rovnno- or some an archia l riots. o

The Ole World is apparently m· · h . . I a I Cted W with han , o_f bomb theov,ers. et er or not th e e pidemic is a f . . · n outburst o general dtscontent pe rm ea tino- h II h · f eo. t rou o-h a t e people, or on e o th e unac 0 h . . · · countable P enomtnal of tat e 111 wh ich a n 1 · . . . . . urn )e r of men are se tzed wtth a desire to g · · . ain noter th e means of throwino-. bo b .o m s Is a questiOn, which spt;'mgs up in the minds of the obser vant reader.

If it is an expression of gener.al d' .. d · lsquietu e, th en the cause must ·be hidd en deeply under th e surface, for fro .m r eadino- th daily papers, we gleaned_ th at theo Old \Vorld is in a ve ry good condition .. vV e believe that the bomb thro"ving is separate

th e lab

.THI:. -R.l /. L C 'RJER . '45

an th at th e r he thr win o-. by me n of u nb al· kin o- noto ri et a nd u p ini on· that b t of o-r oup o or in th ho me of offic ia ls . th e m ay po e as rators of Ma nkind; th at b th ese me ans · y wiU mak e all m n eq ua l.

Looking u on th e thr o win o- in that li o-ht :..e cures for th e e il pre ent themseh e . ) e is education , th e other repre sin o- orne :. the n ewspap e rs' comment and publishino'Jf t e r epo rt.

\ is the nature of a n ormal man to era e the · mi rati on nf men, and farne, but when he is chea t ed of ad mira tion a nd fame , that ' a.ving oft en tur ns in to a desi re cheap ?to riety. In no wa y may his desir notoriety be gratified as in throv. a bomb. Le t him throw ' a bomb aris, and In thirty-six hours or _ s all the newspap e rs of th e ci v ilized orld will be te e mm g with accounts f deed thu s satisfying his desire f or o riety.

rnan thr ew a bomb in a cro wded thea. r at Bar celonia. Spain: In · 'th irt y- six ";Ju rs th e world was with an ex ·t account of the de e.d. hiS history Jd a description of h1s woul d e nabl ed a novice to reco g mze him hi's ave · 9 5 of braggadoc io and of glory in the way in which he endang e red the ,e s. of the who had do ne him no were treasured as, w.ords of great wis_,. ne ver have been.

'JlP f , A rnan · walked past a .ca e In Paris. saw officer in the cafe 1 threw a vJITlb at him, was arrested, the next day "iC papers were full of details , rdi ng him , quoting his vatnglorious words

and pampering to his longi ng for imfamous fame.

hether thus publishing the accounts of these deed s ha e increased the bomb throwin o- or not . is a moote d •question , -but we belie e the y h ave.

It is the te ndenc y of the human mind to reproduce actions or events seen or read about, and fro m that r eason we believe t he r eading of s uc h detailed accounts would i nrease the th rowin o- Another reaso n for bour belief tha t any person whose mind is di eased and desires notoriety knows how to make his name kno wn the world over and to be in th e mouths of a civilized men .

The Philomathean.

E. 1.. BlCKF O RD . '

All things journey, sun a nd moon, Morning, noon and afternoon Night and all her stars. Twixt t he ea t and weste rn bars , Round they journey, Come and go ! We go with them.

-1e01:g-e E hvtl

HI(5)ET we ll enough a lo ne, " is a good · motto. f?r some peo ple, but we are glad to s ay, tt IS not , never was , nor ev er will be the motto of the members of the This soc.iety earl y recognize d that it IS progre ss wh1ch reac he s the a-o al.

. The of this law strike s with sp ecial at thi s. time for of each op en sessiO n. Ph d.o can proudly sa y: "This w as be tter than the last,' ' and certainly her o pe n of Ma r .. 2, r894 wa s no exception. Th1s ts especrally pleasing to note whe n we remem be r that it her fi rst w.ork on Shakes peare l . :

Philo ts to be con gratulate d on takin g up this study for of all knowledge which man ma y become possessec, undoubtedly th e most necessary. th e most useful for him to have is , a kno\·vled ge .of hum an nature.

V: et not tandi ng this uni r ecognized law , the fact stares us tn the face: that of no branch of knowledge IS man so totally and in exc us ab ly ig norant.

You may ask the thou g htful men and wome n of to-day: What is th e cause of the failure s in business? In society? In short, in any of th e wa lks of li fe? and nin e times out ofte n the answer will be: The lack of a tho r oug h knowled ge . of human natu re.

rom th e thousands who have attempted to po rtra y human lif e "as it is, Shak espe ar e alone has succeeded.

-Wh at others attempted , Sh akespea re a chi eved .· He not only sho ws us th e action and the result of that action but he lays bare the motive. · He takes us into th e inner life of man. which when actuat ed by lov e so much nobler and in exp ressibly g rand er than any outward r es ult, and when by hat e, r:evenge and jealousy is so v ile so loathsome that we scarc e s eem to realize that we are looking at one side of humamty. ·

__ of this .. society realizing thetr tnabd ity to corre ctly judge human nature, and realizing -that if anyone on God's earth ought to understand human nature, it s}10u ld be thos e who have the of making or marrin g the lives ?f mal_ly, ha:re been. ·spend1I'ig their time · m soctety this terr,n m studying the character of Shakespea re s men and women as portrayed in that marvel of all "T he Mercha nt of Venice." And by Illustrative · scene s, they to give 2, to a large and a ppreciative aud1-

ence, ·th e inteq >r La ti n 1h ·y ha upon th es characr :-s

s tudy.

Th ere is but one Lhin g L say: t mpt "as a compl te sue ·ss.

We cannot r ead il y s h w thi h ave b ee n otherwis e wh n v the char acte rs we re pers nated

Not only was eac h a dmira bly ada t th e charact er:- ;.. he . . but th e d t tum es were h1 sto n ca. lly tr1.,1,e, and th - · kc L.

h

, · an s t Mr. t e a,nd arrano- · of platform could not we ll hav e b: e m_ nt proved. -

en Im -

.Th e. Normal ' th e le d . ·6£ Prof. 'Boucher furnished : exce ll e at e rshi_P for.- which the ' soci·'e ty may fe el n:u 1 honored. this bein g the fir st appea the I3and in . public . and though we pected great thin gs fr?m our Band thad /surpassed all · ' , ey ar from _· the past . and h- 0 r. t Inkincr l the to· c?m, e we_ may truthfu)l ,. There ts no height .. which the Phild "' Y sa) · may not re ach. rnath ea n

Duk e of Veni ce

From an us a ubj

th at J an I ,, a low ha , ··eciation of humari h r p ms. '' o s of ev n. Th true ide a of th e na tur ... ongs .·of .. e ven.' th) )pen es st n by m ans e hope wer . mad e so oncr te as to f-. p a nd ·lasttng tmpr es ions to thos "h o .:tn ssed th m. · · ·

S elect ion s wer e r ad which gave cl ar of th e b aut iful char acte : of ] ea n I ng,1 in a ll · th e ph<:tses of · h r lif e. n O' a story wnter, a po et a nd a noveltst. ·r as · 1 l he followtn o· Is t 1 programme as · ·ed o ut on th eve of Feb. 2 I : .- rrt so lo a nQ lVI iss Ellen Pruyrl. · hy of J ea. n Ing elow ... ···.·. Mr.' M;_A. Chase low as a Story Writ er · M lss Fr anc1s M eade r an Fair Dov e, " J.f/o?•ds by /ngelow ;.;,ng- Mi ss Nellie Shepherd · · nd i ea n · I'ng-e low as a P oe t, Mr . P. M. ; tt ead ·

a:s a Novelist

n.1ISS e ruii e Dix on • aif l 1 SONGS ' 6F SEVE N:

. Wh ere the Lillie s ·:.

Brownell Mi sses Ca non a nd Culbertson tar s.

p tion 7xl Exultation Mt ss earl Matthews c ita.

" t- ''Love's Golden D.rearn, · " · Mi sses Shepherd -a nd Culb e rtson. 7x2 Romartce ···Miss Lizzie Bratt ... ' t Jea.u

4 Trio

" Benn e tt, V.anYlee t, Djxon, Hen:tg: ;" Culbert,.o1l, Mr s.

R i a io n. Lo Ye .' Miss J esta Yo rk

Tableau

uartette ..... ..

Pr f. N orton M.i orton, Mr C. Nort o n, Ma er o rton.

R itation . 7x4 . Maternity . ... .. Mi s L. Stoutenborough

Tableau

\' i lin olo--Legeude

Prof. F. Boucher.

R ita ion i-, Wid ow hood , Mi s Gr ace Stoutenborough

Tabl a u.

Vi oli olo-- Wed ding March

Prof. F. Bottc.!Ier.

R itation Givin g in iarriage Miss Grace H am't nond.

Far w ay heph rd a nd ulb e rtson, Messrs. Stanford and Ri hard - on

Re 'tati tJ , Longing for H ome. Niiss Grace C ulb er ts tl.

Tab! au.

n - Horne Land

Pr f. A. W. Norton, Mis ' S. Norton , Mr . . No rt on Ma ter W. Norton. · '' ·

Normal Notes.

T. tanton Van Vleet, of the class of '9 3, is back to th eN ormal visiting his sister Miss l{a e. and fri e nds,

Ptof Norton '"as in Omaha, March, 7th to 12th. He was compelled to stop there by sickness, while · on his way to fulfil en(J'a ·e ments.

1::> b

The Senior has complet ed the work ' in the Pra ctice Department, and is now pursuing its studies in . Astronomy. Virg il. Psycholog) and Music.

The ormai ·· Students celebrated \iV ashington's birthday by skatin g a nd other amusements, 'but most en coUI·aging fea tur es of 'the holiday was that mo st every student was in his P.lace and re a dy for ork . th e.. morning, thus pro'! in g th at a ho liJay could _b e, us·ed in the tru e sen se of a day of r ec r ea tion.

Th e Wellin g tonian soci e t) gav e i ts Fir.'t Op en Session on V.. e dn esday ni ght Feb. 23:•. .The so ec ial work up to that clat had

b ee n the life of Jean ln g elow, and we wi sh to congratulate the members of the Society on the earnest effort they are puttin g forth.

The Philomathean 's g av e th e ir Op en Se ssion of the te rm on Friday evening 3rd inst. Th e Society is now studying Julius C ce sar.

The Te rm Open Session of th e Ev e rett s will be given in the chapel evenin g. r6t h inst.

Prof. and Mrs. Boucher celebrated th e fi rst A nni versary of their appearanc e in Pe ru, last Wednesday e vening March 7th. P-rof. and M rs. Boucher appeared in Pe ru a yea r ago under the auspices of th e Philomathean Society and entertained us for thre e s ucc e ss iv e ev enings. It was quit e ru e fully we pa rt ed w ith th em at that tim e ne ver daring hope be permitted to enjoy their Mu srcals agam, and much less to have a pleasin g acquaintance with th e m, but both have co me to pass, and for the last seven mon ths we ha ve had the pleasure of the Monthly M usical besides the benefit of dailY tra ining . will be a Public Recital on ce e ach month during the remainder o_f sc h oo l y ea r, and we hope each will avatl hrm s elf of t he opportunity for enjoying so rare a tr eat .

The b attalion will re sume its drill now th_at s pring has come. The boys put in the wt!lt.er _mont hs studying the tactics, and dnlltng 111 cl ub swin g in g.

T he me_mbe_rs of the Training Class are n ow workmg tn th e Practice Department.

We were plea sed to se e a number of pe o}->l e f rom N ebrask a City down to the last M usical,. A number of persons h ave chtldren tn sc hoo l, visited their c htldren an d att e nd ed th e Mus ical.

. M is s Hollan d was q uit e sick, but ts now rec o ve nng

Some of the b oy s have com me nc ed to'

pr epa re for Fi eld D ay . are at som e disad va nt age pare favo r ab ly with th ose

!thou h o ur y. ou r a th l t co mf oth er cho Is.

Th e Se co nd Y ea r cla ss wi ll mak Jection of th e fo ss ils of th is se ct ion change for an o th r co ll e ct ion. ' o lto ex -

·The Phil o S0c ie ty ha s b u o- hr a n \ pa ir of curt a in s, for the st age .

Th e No rm al rece ived an ass ig nm ent of ch a irs on th e 9 th of Mar ch , so ea ch room has pl e nty of ch a ir s at present.

Th e C? ap el an d_ S oc iety Ha lls, now re s ound wtth th e vo rce of some Se ni or pr actici no- hi s or her Th ses.

Theses Programme, March 24, '9 4

MORN I NG , 10 :30. Mu s ic .··················

al School Ba ud Prayer Re B Mu s ic. In s t. S olo ,- Th e C as cad e.·.·.·

Lillian

An Unrecog niz ed Oppo rtunity

The Tal e nt of M an -· M. c. Sh e ll or ,; Th e World, a Diamond Fi e ld L enb er ger Uht :m Provid e nc e in Ame ri c an Hi s tory

Music. Du et.

THE ,\- JR AL COu'RfER

... Danger of Grea ne .. ...... ...... ....... ·' . H. Wortm n age of Flower Edi h y nMidd e worth

Bro ning' Life. a 'rotd in er Poe ry. Jnd .b rd.

Quar ette ...... . .................. . orton nd on , l\1e, r • onnell nd

en , Lilli

Praye r -..... R ev. P. Van Fleet :U u i . In t Duet- Fau st Fan t ai ie Bil le ma :Ui es J on es a nd Sl ac k

Tbe ).f aje ty of I nt e ll ect Anna H arney

The Di arma me nt of Nations Di ck Neal

Th pen P age of th e H eaven Lu ci le P ennv

Life i R eal, not Ideal . W. N. D elz e ll

Pa t. P re t an d Future.... ... .. ..... .. .. . ...... Agnes J ack ) {usic. on g-Good day u za nn e . : L iico'mF M rs F. Bouche r.

The Wo rld In gra titude to L iving Gen iu s, Eva Tr isle r ialism .C lin t on S. N orton oru i rn e.....

Ed ith B ic k ford

Polit i in hoot . W ill L. D avenpo rt F an ta ie Ca price V ie ux.te mp s P rof F. Boucher

N ig ht Brin g out the Sta r ..G race D. Culb e rtso n A in Defeu eof t he N ove l. J. M. Ri ch a rd so n n e in g ha nges V in a M. Ca n on

Pro g re of iv-ilization Jas. O' Con ne ll [u i . Se r enade Abl. Cho ru s.

ESTABLISHED 1892 BY THE CL A SS OF ' 93.

NEBRf\SKf\ STf\TE, NORMf\L SOMOOL.

V L. II. PER No.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY CLASS OF '94

A TEACHER'S WORK .

Sl TAl\""'r EDITOR What Does it Signify?

A SS OC TAT J; F.DITO HS: l':S !i l.l.. A JA CK. \\ DELZELl. Al\ DDRE. ', EmTH BrcKFOJ<D

B t'Sl='E' ;\IAXA\.EH : TffOS· F. p BB J.

:Nlr·:RH H.L

,.

ecretary

· :· Trea· nrer . \ . NORTO .M .. Principal 1\ cb State onn al Schoo l, Pent, 1\ eb

One coPY• p r s chool year.· · ··· :ioo Ddi ered Awrusf 281/t, I. S.J th e A!!cglumy C01mfy

Sin g le co pie·, eac h· ··

· .'.. 1- • Teach ers' fnstiltt te , (l?ld October I?flt, 188], before the of 11 are consid ered pc rmnnent until ordered di · · T A age paid. Address all communications to THE NoR sconu nupd Clzemung .1 caclu:rs' Enslillde, New York . and MAL COURIER

-d at the Postof!ice at Peru, Nebr ., as Se cond Cla ss M .1 £nt ere '" Marte r.

---;;;;,OOL DIRECTORY

PHlLOMATH EAN.

Friday eve n ing during the sc hool terms at Society in vi ted to j oin us in our literary k clock. All students are h er course. IJARRIE \1. DUN CANSONr p especial ly those of til e h g EVERETT SOCIETY. , res tdent.

1 eve ni ng during th e school terms. N ew Stl d Every Fnda_d, to l'oin us in our l iter ary work. W. E _ents are es• lly in vi te · ERTs Pres pew' WELLlNGTONIAN SOC I ETY.

- GRACE CULBeRTSON, President. MIS'> CORPUS EllTUM.

F 'd during H olidays and spring vacation

Every n ny AN NA Mc Coy' P 1 res tde nt PHILLlPPI AN SOCIET;v. · ven in g th e summer. Especially for hi h

Every Fndayfct he Alumni using the Library durin g vacat io:f er students and members o 0. J. STANDLEY, .Presiden t. THE NORMAL MlllTIA.

PROF· H. B. DUNCANSON, 2d Li eutenant, Commander of Cad ets STAFF.

rc h First Li eutenant and acting Adjutant. J. d Second Lieutenant and acting M aJOr. H.0 seed le, First Ser geant a nd acting Q. · IN FANTRY COMPA NY A.

Di e!< N ea l, CApt ; Wm Delzell, t sl L ieut; J. M. Richardson, 2 d L ieut. COMPANY B.

W ill L. Davenport, Capt: G. C. M errill, rst Lieu!; C. S. N orson, 2d Lieut.

ATI:fLETIC ASSOC I AT I ON. Presiden t, Di ck N ea l. Secretary, W ill L. Davenport. Y. M. C. A.

President, Th os. F. D oP.-bs.

C orrespondi ng Secretary, Geo C. Merrill.

Y. W. C .' A.

r esident, Vina C anon, C orrespond i ng Secretary, Mary Buchanan , NORM '\L MILITARY BAND. Prof Boucher. Sergeant, W. E. Rober ts

"f?c))E E all hope, ye who enter, " write s c=:; Dante above the entrance of the Inferno . Even before its horrors are d isc overed to o ur visiOn, the gr eat poet, with wonderful terseness, thus charac terize s the abode of th e lost as a place of suffer i ng. Th ere a ll acti on has yielded to passion; v ry loft y, cr ative energy, to the paralysis of di spair. In no other way could he hav.e so forcibly emphasized the absence th ere of fe llov·.1ship w ith G od . H ope, th e inspirin g angel of a ll w ho stand within the circle of Di vine infl uence, must, at the threshold, sa y farewell for evermore In no other 1ay, also, could he have discrimin ated more sh a rpl y betwee n the fixedne ss of that doomed and the possibilitie s of this prese nt life . Here it is our privileo·e and duty to the presence of J \lah and to listen to the ins piring vo ic e of h ope aro usmg us to fru itful activity. Th e dwe l e rs in the Emerald Isl beautifully say of th e sleeping, sil nt infant, ''Th angels are w hisp ering to it. " W e'fe not our eyes ho ld en and our h earts chilled, we

THE NORMAL CO U RIE R.

should see and f ee l, with th e poet of our own land and time, that

"Not only around our infancy

Do:h Heaven .and all its s pl e ndor li e:

Dally with s oul s that cringe and plot

We Sinais climb and know it not." ,

" Over our manhood bend the s kie s

A . , g am st our fallen and traitor lives g reat wind s utter propbe cie s,

With our faint heart the mountain s triv es·

It s arms outs tretched, the druid wood '

Wait s with its benedicite ·

A nd to o ur ages drow sy

Still s hout s the in s piring s ea.,

Not alone in rock and river in val e a nd mount, in storm sunshin e, old ocean, and in the sol e mn stars of mght may we see God; we fe el his pr ese nc e as w ell wherev er have passed from e arth to heav en those who have made death be autiful by an unfaltering testimony for the gr e at truth. Who can stand beside the daisied turf where rest the patriot de ad or upon ground forever by fir e s, <l:nd htghest and holiest resolutiOns sttrnng wtthin him to comprehend and defend truth and justice at whatever personal cost?

only does nature and death-crown ed test,tmony reveal the Divine pres e nce. Who has to uplift the down-trodden, or to mtmster to the wants of ignorance and vice, and has been powerless by reason of the repellent attitude of those whom he sought to benefit, but has found himself at side gazing with longing teardtmmed vtston, upon unwilling Jerusalem? Christ-Eke sacrifice, not of death but of life, is the opportunity of to-day. No field of labor affords greater possibilities than that of teaching. Of no class of persons is mo re exl?ect e.d than of teachers by friend and foe. It ts satd on the one side that our public schools are failures; that the pupils come from them unable to provide for the simpl e st dail y w ants; and that they foster contempt for manual labor of anx sort. On t he other hand, we he ar that our schools prepa re th e youth for citizenship, that they are th e h op e of the re public. The temperance r eforme r looks to our schools for what-

seal ani fn.·ig-ht au- nt, ·r and his d Ji, · ry m n th . . f

t he f int e t limm e rin gs of cj v ilization to the I of to-day. From e rh t t1m es ties of family and pett y 1nt _r t b _d eg rees develop ed into broader c1al rela t1 ns. t first thes e relations ,,. r b ·no mea ns stab le; on the contrar ·, n th ) '' er sund ered by the merest ca·pn e . f Jea lo us or a dv e nture They soon e t bh h d th em sel ve s, however flourishin a with nar r '' limit As the rolled by th y -re u tr e ll O" th. V.. hen chanc e of m untam -r ang or se a- a irt shore aa ve selu i n, th de e lo pe d into marked ci ili zati on \\ h ic h \\ ree di sipat ed or broken into fr am nt nl y b som e social disturbance tib l a nd \v id e spread as to overmount a ins and swe ep across th e \\ av . r ece a nd Rome show how easily th lin of m1;1tual dep e nd e nc e ·were e stabd and th tr e ffects intensified in limited t r rit ri e . Th e greatest obstacle to pernc y ''as th_e lack of coherency, due to ' 1d spr e ad terntory and limited communic tion: Th e _last half century has made astoundm g achte e ments in annilhilating time

Our cities of to-day with th e tr factlm es for rap1d transit and communic at_ion, impress one le ss unfavorably with th e tr e xt nt than would a scattered village of fift_ e ars ago. The printing presses , the ra ilways , the steami)oats, the teh:graphs and tele phones, have shrunk our continent ) e a. e arth itself, to the neighborly me nswns of the mountain-guarded peninsulas of old. Already the ties of social aid the Reaching beyond bodily wants, they muuster to the hiaher necessities of mind and soul. Let usb then hold in mind, as. a rounded, complete idea of mod e rn soctety, removed from all ta int of so· socialism by giving promin e nc e to man of the state, this conception: Mankmd, related bv or a anized individual • J b ' , reci proca ung helpfulness. ·

To develop a child physically, me ntall y and morally, so that he may be an able a nd willino- member of society, is the probl em . which the teacher is call ed upon to sol ve Viewed with a careless ey e, the mag nitud e of the t_ask stands admitted; studied deeply in the hght of eternities, it becomes ap-

Tf-1E NOR 1/ l.L COl 'PiER. pall in g. To work with a winn 1 ' 11 g 11· h 'ld lh h ' \\ I .II•' c 1 , at ou cr exceedin gly pl easa nt, be a labo r, bc.:caus. alm os t who II y unrecogmzed, to labo r I vi ngly w' tl • 1 1 one wh<;>se envi ro nm e nt is a clver s , wh os. ent1 re betng sweeps on in a contra·r r tion, is Christ-lik e. Y c lr e<.:-

A.lready, in a gen e ra l way, th importan ce outilne and char act er of the work ha 1 • ' d b c ve J en su g geste y gtv mg p urp os e. \\ e arc pr e pa red, to d1scuss bri e fly s om e of the me ans datly used to accomplish thi s urpose . We ask th e n: p r. \tVhat does objective t eac hin g si g nify? Som e te achers and many patrons d. t d' ._ no 1:> be tween object ive and ora l te ac hmg. !o such teach e rs, im partin g knowthe end They mak 11 d1stmctton between In st ructi on a d t . . Th , n ram111 g. at to str eng th f b?dy or mmd IS a tnt e saying to wh ich th ey ytel.d ready assent . Th e truth wh ich th e saymg should convey is apparently unknown to them They seem to be unaware that a fo:m of .words stored in 'th e mind is on e while another and far mor e profitabl e thmg IS the strength to us th at form. th! nk It very foolish to ,.vaste twenty t;nmutes 111 h av in g a child tell th em a of chalk is wh it e, that it br e aks qmte easily, tha t it is light, or that il mak es a mark, whe n they could te ll th e child a ll that, .and more t?o, in five minutes . To such It may be sa id at th e outset . that objective teaching is not the t each i;1 g of obJects;_ th at the know l edge acquired is comparative ly va lu eless, althou gh g rasp ed as it would not and could not be from t he si mpl e telling.

us at this point r ecall ce rta in ph y schol og tcal facts . We are all conscious that we po ss e ss certain powers of perceptio n call ed

Through th ese senses we ge t the b eg mnmg of all knowledge conc e rn ing the \vorld around us . Ma n perceives obj ec ts not only by themselves but in their relat ions These relations are exte nd ed and comp lex Th e power to perceive these obj e cts as relat ed comes by using o ur sens es, not by being told what . these rel at ion s are . The proper use of pow e rs un-

dcr th · ')' ·of comp 'L 'Ill JWr,.,on is u·.untn r. · L is suc h a p•- · ·ntat ion of obJects as "Ill aflnrd opp< nunit} forth· child to JH·rc·t·i\'l· qu;diti ·s and r ·htions . perc: ·p.tion ·ons t ·. p ri·nc ·. \\.1: arc ompan11g- pr ._. -nL t·xpt;n ·nc ·s With form<'r ones. an 1 confound the two_ and makv mistak ·s. I·· r an t'l1g'11H" ·1· g-lancc·s carvl ·s.·ly at Lh e signal upon the; switchboard. de· id . it wh it J. an I conclu les th<; \\'a,. is saf ·. 1 • - I i ng- m r<.: clos ·ly, h · finds thv sig-nal 1• Hi s ·yt·s w ·r · good ·ach time. hut h . fo un d ·d present with r ·m cm lHT · 1 'lJ>J , Th . I . . t ra 11 c s. 1s •x p c-un s 111 a n y a H.l • n l s 1 . . 1· bl . ·1 t l- Jr w•s< · 1n ·xp 1ca • 1· s1111 1 ar mist·\ k ford ·d an unsouvht <>]>]JOI"lll1 it) · f r ·t :-.. ,.._ l'llt lcma n t r ·pay 111 h1s own ·o111 'l t· .. , d I . 1· I I I n n fr \\' HJ.\c;e prafr ·a J' .::c·s w 1a I ft , 11 ·ulferc : t a phu J 1c ·nt t·f n.· th, cu rta in r ose.; · r ·qu ·st ·<. t 11s l nvn 1 t tr ac t the attent ion of an a qu<Jintan,. . su p po scd , scat<.:d in a<. h ·an l', I y .1 •\, lt' w ith a ca ne. Th · r <.: q u<.:st h av in o· 1 l k · d · h · 1 1 .-... 11 'X • cut e wft vtgo r, a g ·u1c' at t 1 · in d· ·f ace turn ed conv in c ·d hi m f hi s ncon cea led it , h ow<.:Yc r, 1 y in te nt !)' n·.,. ·. }{ · .I. , lZ 1 no· t th' fr eSC O 'S n th <.: . 'I 111 r, ] ·a,,· <l . . .-... •n o· l .. fn c ncl co nv 1ct ·d by t he ca n · to m ·t k <:-.. • 11s blc a1 olo gies To his vex d fr i 'nd 's · qu e ry, ".:vhat dicJ X u as l· t p k: r ma n for? he laughJngly rcp l1 d, · 't , you w ould do it."' <.· 1t

Per ce pt ion b ·com ·s the I as is o( r ":ts . I se a body unsup1 o rt cd fall to th 0 n 1 1w·. I s e it do th e same many t irn 's. H t. to be li e v<.: that it v·:ill lo s l 'l\1\ tim e. Thi s pr ocess <:rf a rri v i1? g at a '\· ' !'\' f> io.n fr om exp erience ts call ed Jnclu e ti \r 11 h;r 'a ·onmg.

Two so urc es of e rrors l ea d to 1 \\ ro n cr co ne usions Th e pe rceptions . u p 011 , 0 th e induction is bas ed may t na cc u-.' ht h . 1 b . t tt " r th e Instanc es obs er vec e_ msuffi i "n n umb e r. An ill ust r atratiO n 01 tv, o, i ll t •n cl ea r th e la tt er ]Jo in t. Sm oile t, in a t · · · l \ Vn Ill Franc e, ha v in g met at an mn 1 a scolctin ). chamb e rma id and an a\v kw at d re l-h · . 0 l 1 · <.l tr·1 .who h ad _l iS attt.•ntJOn, Imm ediately wr ot - In Ill s ]O l.Jrn ·d "Th e men in the tow n ar a ll re d-h ·1j r

nd "011lt'll an· :-ot c •I d " .\n ld h :ly. much n tlw ch;-tt·m.· nf a 1 ·ath ·r b ·d >k a k:ttlwr .tnd I tid it nn .l :ti · · of Jdior a pillcl\\ .. 'lit' :t\\t k .,,ith·l "ri·\·1 h ·adaclw. ··\\-,II.·· .·h ·\'"·!aim ·f. "if · f ·allwr m.d.:l's IIH' kvl th, t. I hink t ·atht'r lwd \\ nuld t' ·rt,tinl} h · th • l ·ath

I n ·<·d not n·ft·r to thv t '1Tihl · a· ·iJ ·nt: rail or stvanll'r. >1· i 1 tlw pre.· ·ripti n d ·rttnl:nt of a d ntg· .·tnr ·. to sh n\· how irnrtant it is that !lll rtr.tinin!.!·sh )td I b thorrh. Il ardi) a d.t) th:lt \\"t' I not nd occasion t > mnu rn tlw lack >f this th rrhn ·ss in Cllll. Sl'J'\ ants. me ·hani ·: an I ·rs ( I j ·ctin· indu ·tin· t('·t ·hing· he d('n·lopnwnt in childrvn of p ·\\' ·r ·rcepti< n and il:ll'1TI1 ·.·· s that th 'Y _ bt· compctt·nt l:u> n:rs 111 ·•ny bran h f

Tnan Jal or mental lab< 1'. It means 111 r ·. -rhq· shal l I <· al lc· t< p<.·•· .' ·i,·: eaury in naur · and be cnn bled 1 y 1t. l h ·y hall b, bJ(; to p-tss 1· ·a l ily fn m r ·lati .n k n. wn by ,; out\\'a1· I scns • to th · r lat10n oi t ruth ·rc<.:iv ·d hy the i 1111 r 111 Jr_'l l s _'1! e Th ir n ·n.:nces in th ' realms f spi n tua l truth all ha\'c th<' f< 1-c · of -a.ding to th · m st · st ly .··t ·nh .t· li v in g.

2 . \ hat dot·s th ' t ··1 bing f a rithm ti

0 j fy ? In th · C \\' Y rk R-£ nnr, ry ex p <.: r im ·nt s I:a' · ·• .· 1 ·· 111 p t·ogT s

'Jf' se ve ral ye ;:trs t ·. t1n,.g· ff . t f. du awo rk up o n· nm!l1 al mtnds. . The (; rime n ts h nv c I e n on l uct d with · t ca re 1 y cxqcricn ce d te ac h cl-s . It \\ as . t' f. ·..;co ve red th at til e 111m a e o · . th e , titut ion \ VCr • not _':' ry d fi, t in a know lcdo·e of a nthm ettc, but a ls o sl ow in acq uiring suc h kn owle dge. .... co urs e of in st ruction as ma rk ed out b)

·:.t c cluc a tional d ir ecto r, p r. s r ved ' ;:, irab l y, save in arithmetJC. In th_1s br anch ' , -a s cl four ti mes . !h.'s p ecu li:·y led to •th qu e ry : Is th e cnm111a l mind t - d" ""'' id of for ecas t? Is th ere ra lea l de. t re ncl e ri n o· th e cr imina l· mcapab le of c ' b b <, nccting his act ion anc! 1ts _m e vit':l I.e C0nl tlen ces? A co urs e 111 ant hme tJc ·Is no \v

f ( • f e f the es tab l ish ed ag e nc 1es or ':lro using

mental gro \\·th. anu a cati n of ·hara t r. rr pondin 111 difi -

I , · ll f u ·1t times ha,·e yielded to impul ' and ha,· don th e work of our pupil , thu : d 'l r i\ ing th m of their opportunity for trai nin ·. It may b tme d1at \\' a ll e n in cia s ". h re ' '" han: in i, t 'd up n a 1 ar ompr h n.sion of \\ urk by the p upil and eac h doino· th e \\ ork for him elf · m thin · b tter than a ·n wl ·dg' f nu mb r b cau e of a fa r wiJ •r r n6·e f a ppli ation, n am ly th e pow r of app r h ' nding and using- l oa ical cqu ·n ·' · on in a. Ri ·htly taught arithme ti tra inin g in rio·htly con•ffe t training in conutnre th u ·ht, o t hat th e to manh d sha ll be able to f re a -r th futur and ord r his life

trainino· n i t d. \Vh 't d i,... nif) ?

rtainly th e importance of th e d n t b tat d t <? be appre -' th ' t ach in a of language

Th r ' ar Ya ri ties of Jan au age rk in ur cho 1 to be bri e fly characterd. Fir t th u f lan o·uaae in sch oo l ". rk fall kind simply to convey thought lth twh ft n lo t fr m , -ie w by th e t ·a h r it is th m t \ aluable, because by it th hild ha . b n tr a in ed from infancy. It p uliarit ' i that . th mind is fastened up n th · th ou ·ht while th e \\·ords are but nd ary . I ar thinkin a a nd l anauage ar b th uJb , ·at d wh n lanauage ke pt in th back Tound . If th e pupi l hesitates h is n o ura g d by th teacher to think, and h oo n ta lks . It is som e tim es tru e th at he ha an id 'a so n e·w th at he n eeds a te rm for it, b:-1t th at not usually th e c as e. In th e:. maJ on ty of mst a nc es he is ]n th e pr e di am nt of th e candidate for a positi on as t "ac he r, wh? was asked u pon examinati n, h re 1 Boston?" • '\liJ e ll , now," sai I he, ' I e xactly, but I can't just no\\ · spe<lk 1t. ''Of wh at sta te is it the cap ita l?" was th e_ n ext qu estio n. • 'R 'ally, h em ! I k now pe rf ec tly''" 11 but I h av n't the lano·uao· to ex pr ss m yself. "

Th e se cond vari ty co11sists of the oca ll ed language lesso ns, li ffer in g from the

THE NORMAL C OURIER.

first in that language is upp e rmost in th e mind of the pup il. Th e use of by the pupi l, illu s tr at in g forms or pe cu !J a ntl es under discussi.on is still in sis t ed upon.

A thir d variety is gr am ma r. This w ork is of little use in speaking or wr it in g, but is of exceeding va lu e in criticising lang uag af ter it has taken s ha pe It also afford s • unsurpassed oppor tuniti es for cu lti vatin g

th e th ught and lan guag ·. Fai l ur rna · ari s fr m any n f th ·s · s ur Th spea k r may n t hav th · m ·n al to make th thou ght I ·ar to him If th h ea r r m ay not ha · th ' str ·ngth t r _ think th th ought r th ·y m ay n t haY t sa m lan guag . Fir st th r' mu t b th oug ht. 1:3 ut, h r' mu st b · i nt r du a s in g ul ar fact b st g iY ·n by an ill u trat i n.

A c hild f r th · first tim H l ooks at it, han II ·

' th e power of ana l ys is a nd close discrimination It trains a pup il in look in g at a subje ct first from one sta ndp o int and th n another; in other wo rds "in putt in g a case' : as a lawye r wou ld say . it. Hi s se ns s hav gi

Step by step w ith th e o th ers th e fourt h v ariety, reading, is carr.ied o n. And h re we pause . W hat shall be sa id of it? . Are not our incipient Ha ml ets reading '' words, words, words?" · By th e he lp of im ag in ation the expe ri e nc es of th e child s hould give thoughts corresponding to th e words . Does not the dependence of th e child u p_on the teacher for exp r ess ion show ho w faint an impression th e sense of th e selection ha s made upon him? Much impro veme nt h as been made in t ea chin g this subj e ct, but more is called for.

The last division of lan g ua ge wo rk is composition . Doubtl ess at th e word your minds reverted to th e startling specimens of art that crowned yo ur childish effo rts. I can well remember when it was considered a qualificat ion for such work not to h':' ve thought about th e subject before composwg one's self to compos e. Tho se days are past. We come again to th e u se of language because we hav e thou g hts. There is no better way to he lp a pupil h ere th an to question him until he kno ws w hat he thinks.

What does this var ied wor k signify?

Much . Language conditions society. Th e re could be no co-op era tion among rn en without communication of thou g ht. Not only are the wan ts of th e body through such communication, but th e rnwd and soul are greatly ind ebted for much of th e ir deve lopment to th e inte raction thus

whi ch is r ta in d as a un it by a word orang . T hat sign is us sub s qu nt thi nk ing with th id se nt d by it mo r r I ss full Lan guag , th n, is th thou g ht: o ubtl ss u ht m ay plac e w1th onl y 1d eas 111 mi_nd but matt er of fact, 111 xte nd 1 thmkin ar e re call d and h ld in c n ci u th se signs. In vi w of this fa t wh portanc do es lan g ua ge at one a A word! Wh at is it? A br a th, a p 1 of air, gon e r we c as t li st n. u d yet in tracin g th r lationship of nati when oth r monum e nt s hav c as d ' tell th 1r story a word h as e stab li sh d t id e ntity. A wo r d, a . brea th! . y t stude nt of hi sto ry and lit ratur 11 a b h . c nt b ee n Impr ess ed y t e r Rex 111flu n f language uponf th oug ht. A word, a br c ath Yet ho w often th ey h av chan o- 1 tt. · f · 1 r£ A b n urre nt s o 1 e. re at h! y t li k and de ath are 1n th e m.

Th e importance a nd m ea nin o· of la _ b o c no-ua work in ge ne ral 1nust e a h- e ady str'l l - 1 <.tn a apparent. Th ere rem am only · special featur es to be considered. , 1o hm . 1 ' fi h 1 v at spec1a s1g111 canceh as . t 1e trainin o· in

lan g uag e us ed for t ,e orclmary purpo f school. It insur es int e lli g ibl e clirectios 5 1 . 11' h . d . n anl mte 1gent ea nn g . an exec ution. Alas ma ny of us can t est ify to th e exa sp . '. .d . t N l rat1no stup1 1ty of servan s. ot ong sine ,.... lady told her se rvant to pour som e into a ce rtain ke ttl e, put some m ea t int o it and place it on th e sto": e to copk. Irn ao·in , her surprise upon th e in th, re nd ere d possible .

Co mmunication implies a mind th e thought, a mind to receive or

to think water, th e water 111 th e ke ttl e, and th. re-think ke ttl e on the stove, but no fire in th e sto ·.

th gr und, the pO\\ er to take in thou ght. ilent pe rusal a quiet g atherin g of thought i near! all the us e we shall make of readin a- aft r ,, l av th chool room. \ iV hat a br ad nin . tr a nsformin g activity thi prof r thinking other people's th ought. i . It importance grows upon one by co nt mplati n. Hm-.. man y of us ha e train d ur h· to la) aside our pr e judic es and ra pin th co nditions under '·hi ch th e id a w re produced, to tak e th em int our conscio usn e s eve n when they come from an bn xious source? This is in vo lv ed in all read ing. And further , it is a part of this work to look at th e bearino-s of such id as and affirm them tru e or in our juda me nt. This habit, once es tablish ed. will not onl) mark our re adino-, but \\ill go with us where er thouo-ht . is be c-leaned and sif_ted. If not in o school pray, hall th1s power of compr ehe nsion and analyi J:>e :h e partisan pre ss do not desire tt for poltt1cal capital is never free from falsehood and sectarianism is not th e c ntral fact of christianity. The utt e ranc es of the pulpit are -many tim es pronounc ed as if b infallible lips. Society o-ossipers d eli a ht in hurling burnino- shafts of th ir de adl) o L eade rship everywh e re to-day as of old, is askino- for a blind following. Th e solution of th e 0vexed proble ms confronting the present o-e ne ration li es not arousing ':1-nd prejudices. Th e mcrease of hght and civilization must come throu gh indi, idual power to inte rpr et Di vine truth as a savor of lif e unto life.

4· What does school o-overnment signif) ? Judging from the state111ents this nothing can be more indefimte , even 1t1 th e minds of t each e rs, than the proper answer to this qu es ti o n. We are told that the teacher should rule with a hand as silent, mysterious and certain as the hand of Providence, and in the same breath that the pupils should be responsible for the government of th e school. Somebody says that school is b est o-overned which is least governed. If byo th at is meant that a spirit of m,utual distrust should not ex ist in school, all w ill ag r ee . . If th mea ning is that lic e ns e shall take the 1 lac

of Ia"'·· th en ,,.e sha ll a ll ob j ct E4u a ll y ?ad fo r th e p upil is a sc h oo l where th e vitalIt y o_f te ac her a nd taught is ex haust d by a co nt mu ed co n sc iousn ess of be in g wa tche d, and th e sc h oo l wh re anarchy reigns s upreme.

To t hr ow li g ht up on o ur . pr ob lem, I t us ex a min e th e pow ers w hi ch. we h op w ill have sway in a ft er life. All within ce rta in nar.row limit s can bo th ch oose a nd ca rr y out th e1_r choices. Thi s t wo-fo ld po we r of and exec ution is nam ed th e w ill. lt 1s powe r w hi ch mak es man se lf -d ir ec tin g. In d ir ec tl y a ll _ o th er p owe rs depend upo n it fo r oppo rtumt y to act unm olested. Wi thout it th e mind of man wo uld be ch aot ic. is sup e :i or to in one re sp e ct, · s1nc e whil e ma y . d c id e wh at · shou ld be done th e will d ec id es wh at is do ne. If this p owe r be n eg le cted da y by day th e man is more. and mor'e at th emercy o f. and app e tit e. If it is ca r efu ll y ran ge of a cti v ity br oa de ns and 1t.s mt.e ns1ty incr e as e s. · Th e po we r of se lf -d1r ec t10n which a man h as is th e me as ur e of hi s s tr eng th as a man. 1t is th e me.as ur e of his individuality. It ha s ch a racth e de athl e ss nam es of all ge neratiOns Of such Longfe llo w sa ys :

''And, 0, .h ow maj es ticall y th ey w alk in hi story; so me hk e th e sun 'with all his trave lin g glories him; ' o the rs w rapp ed in g loom , yet gl ono_u s as th e ni g ht w ith st ars! Throu gh th e else sde nt darkn es s of th e p as t th e spirit h ea rs t he ir sl ow a nd sol e mn Ont hey p ass , th ose hoar y e ld e rs s ee n 111 the sub hm e VlSlon an e arthl y paradi se , a tt e ndan t an ge ls b ea nn g go ld en lights b efore them, and, abo ve a nd be hind th e whole air pain t ed w ith s eve n li sted as from th e trai l of pe ncil s.

'And ye t, on ear th, th ese men . we re not happy- no t all ha ppy, in tli e outward circumstance s of th e ir li ve s. Th ey were in want , and in pa in , a nd . familiar w ith pris on bars, and the damp, wee ping wa lls of dun -· ge ons! 0, 1 h ave l oo ked w ith w ond er up on thos e, w ho, in so r row a nd pr iv a tion , a nd b od il y discomfor t, a nd s ickn ess , w hich is t he shado w of d_eath, ha ve w ork ed ri g ht onto th e a ccomp h sh me nt of th e ir gre at p ur -

THE \-£ R .l f L C C RIEA..

tlr t kn ow n t th In fi nit e Fa th er y ou ar e t a rry. a th di amo nd ca rri es th e su nlio- ht th o- 1 ry of Hi s pr ese nc e, until an indi, ·iduality i a \\' akened, more im per is ha I than Ja. p r \\·a ll. pea rly ga te or cry stal a.

R icl inu · I n o- n bri g ht a ft e rn oo n b es id ur b au ti fu l lake e ne ca a nd li ste nin o- to th mu ic of th wa ters as th ey ge ntl y ri pp led up n th b ac h, m at te ntion " as draw n to a Jar r wa th an usual co min o- al on o- the nd and fo ll o win g th e lin e out tg th e nt r of th e lak e, I saw it "' as a st ea m er thu un co nsc iously sio- nalin o- th e di sta nt hor .' :\ I) fa ith{ul y faith f ul s ist r wh n ou stand u po n th e shore of th at land :' h re od sha ll wipe aw ay all t ea rs a nd 11 t n ntra nc ed to thos e harmoni es of h ar ts a ttun ed to lo ve, an add ed thrill sh a ll b th e re cog ni tion of th e me ltin o· min or tra ins a th e br e akin g at y our of th e wa \ of . o ur o wn und y in g influenc e.

To a Yiolet.

PBA RI I<O CKWOO U.

Mo d es t littl e blu e-eye d fl ow er

Hi d in g in yo ur l eafy bow er, '

Pouric g o ut yo ur incen se s we et, Blop min g at my ve ry f ee t;

Dainty littl e vi olet,

Wi th yo ur dew-drops coro net,

Lift yo ur s miliu g f ace to me

Let me a ll yo ur be a ut y 'see . '

Tell m e, ma y I l ea rn of ye u

Little fl ower, some le sson tru e?

Te ll me d ea r, how did y ou kn ow

It was time for yo u to grow?

Did y ou he ar the birdi es s in g

Te lling you that it wa s spr in g?

Did the s un s hine warm and bri g ht

Lure y ou out into the li g ht ?

Came the ans wer full of love , "' Twas the Fath er a bov e

Who see s th e sp ar r ows when th0ey fa ll , He knoweth , a nd He lo ve th a ll. "

Would my life as pure as thin e,

Trus tin g s till in s torm or s hin e,

Content to do th e Fath e r' s will

And my littl e co rn er fil l. '

TI-lE 1 ORk/AL COL RIE R.

THE NoRMAL CoURIER.

BU81Nc88 DcPf\RTMENT.

Advertising Rates. Per inch, s ingle column, .s in.gle in se rti on . SOc Speci al rates furni shed on applocallon to Business Managers, THOS. F. DOBB S, 0. J. S TANDLEY , Bu s in ess Man age rs.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. FACULTY.

A. w. NORTON, A. M. , PRI NC IPAL, Te acher of Ps ychology, Ethic s, Logic and the Sc i en ce and Art of Tea ohl n(J.

MISS ELIZA C. MORGAN, PR ECEPT RESS, Teacher of !iterature, Rhetoric, General Hi ttt ory and Phy s iolog y.

H. B. DUNCAN S ON , B. S., Teac her Of Botany, Geology and Zoology

HERBERT BROWNELL, Teacher of Chem/tttry, Phys ics and Attt ronom y.

G. W. ELLIS, B. A. , Teacher of Mathematic• and Latin.

MISS FLORENCE M. WRIGHT, Teacher of Oral and written Arlthmentc

MISS JENNIE McLAIN, Tea cher of United Statu History and Geography.

MIS S MARTHA WINNE , Teacher of Language and Grammar

MISS LILLIAN R. KELLOGG , Tea cher of Reading, Drawing, Ciui!Gouernment and Book Ke e ping

MISS ANNA B. HERRIG, Teac her of Pr inciple s of lntttruction and Superintendent of Practice

MISS FLORENCE G. BENNETT, Primary and Kind e rg r- rten

MISS MATTIE ELLIS. Department

FRANCOIS BOUCHER, Teacher of Vocal and In s trum e ntal Mu •ic.

lDILLA / JEFFERY , Li brarian

JOHN Janitor , BOARD OF EDUCATION.

Hon A. K. Go ud y Supt Pub. In s ., ex-vfficir>,

Hon . J os S. Bartl ey St ate Tre as. , ex-officio, L1nco 3;

Hon. B. E. B. Kenn e dy Om a ha · term expires 1894·

Hon. J. T. Spencer .. Da kota City: te rm expire s 189 ·

Hon Church H?we .. A uburn: term expires

Hon. W. E. Ma Jors ... Pe ru; term 1897 ·

Hon._J. S. W est Be nke lman , te rm exp1re s 1 ·

OF FICER$ OF TliE BO AR D

B. E. B. Ke nnedy . .. : .. Pres ident.

A. K. Go u dy.... Secretary.

Joseph S. B artley . .. ..... ... ... ."." .· .".·: : :: :: ."."

EXE CUTIVE CO MM ITT EE

C hurch Howe, W. E. Ma jor s, A. w. Nort o n.

E DITOR IAL .

Neces s it y a Bl ess in g.

Th ere is an idea cu rr e nt th at th e si ty for e arnin g da il read a handicap to men or w men of tal nt n th at ·noth ing ut th m st rk ab le ge ni us can ove r co me th e which pov e rt y s urr unds n not be a gr ea ter mi s tak , r u apol ogy for lack f su cc ss . d in th e da il y task well th at ne su c e Sl ove nl y li v in g ca nn t a co m Ji h fin e re s ult s, and any you ng lr am r \' ho rhi nk he ca n, is abs ur d! y el ud in g him \f. Th t hin g fo r th os e who hav ambiti n \ to se t a bo ut th tas k th ey wa nt t p rf o rrn. Me 1• and wo men wh o su cceed do nut s to p work b eca u se are tir e d. Th y d n t do th e e asi es t thm g, a nd th en moan be cau se fat e will not let th em walk in the paths th e)' fancy they ought to hav e trod. The y do what th ey want to do, no matter if it ns h . h me a sitting up e n1g t after a day of toi lno matter lf 1t means going without th e food c•n e prefers, the clothes of fash io n. Th e talent that 1s worth anything will express itself one _way or another. is but the The need of earnin g a liv e lihood gtves to the character that strength and vigor hich makes the ind ividuality expression. Hardship is not a misfortune, but a training Ad . . . · vers1t y is often the nchest blesstng of life.

The Value of the Early Years.

Until recentiy It .has been the pr e vailin g supposition that chtldr,en's time was pra cti cally valueless-that they were simply to b gotten along with some way until )d enough to be sent to ..school or put at matter : o£-fact work of earning a Jh in g.

ut. no\\'. w hat .\ r ·yc•lati,)ll · 111 ·: b ·f r ·

o r \'ision in tiH· ra Iiane · of th n wh--

·indled flam ·. whi h \\"" lS lit I) l4 r ·bel l 'h fir l arly a hundr· d y ·ars ·•y 1. ars of a hild ' lif · <H • the m ).·t im re"onabl ·. the most \·alua I f hi wh le 'I Jw ·ath li · chu r ch righ fully aims that. if it (" lll in fluen ·e th .,. n f ·l1ild. · lifl' he \\'ill r m tn

ars o a &.holic to dlt' ·nd < f his da ,· ·. Thi

d ubLedly t ru ·. tnd it i: ·tl o tru that th e dim nts f all us and m ral e::c;. th g ·rms l•f ·dl th • g-r

• flu n ·wh i ·h ·u! t ar up

UCt in Jjf ·. 11l USL i>l· !> Jan t ,d

if \ ll '" ·r p ct th em

l c : ... th·tt ). u an p n t Jll1 c.o . . du t} ·11 a rn or ·o n ni nt ttm e- · u mu t lan t duri ng th · um r n xt u

1 #td . \ i 11

s 1 r i n r u I and f r ·' r h k th 1f y u "' ul d hav hild

a nd 1 ra rfu l.

kn a nd Ji ·p hi ti n) p t1t1 n

ca n r p at th w rd \"

· [ 01- a ll th s impr s 10n t wa1t .

· ft r y ars t hr uo·h h1 s r aso n, t he co me tn a . \I 11 b f bl hance s are th at th ey ei-) ee e ..

h ·h y will ne'er bee me t at t ] fo re 5 Imt r ess ea rl ), tm pr ss f - ru tn g · . . 1 r,e ly. Eac h su cce ed in g )I ')adr

, [ · · f) e ncin o· th e c 11 as JS d 1r- a nc es o tn u o

•:; 1e. It is not expec ted he ga ins his h le be fo re he IS s eve n yea rs

b ' · 1 t pr 1"n ciples of thou g ht a nd d ut ng1

J • h ld be irnpl a nt ed and th e we llnd uct s ou . b :.0 . s of a ction sh o uld not e e mbitt ered pong . . d I.J tJr r· t1 cl sw ee t a nd · whol e- n1 a 111t a 1n e... t ....,.., c • •r> ' I.

1.1 k 't Lincoln Bo ok Ex- ....; o rm al T ex t ooo 'S a . 1 J , 6 So 1? th St .. .Lmco n. Ne b. }1<l o ge , 12 . - • •

Send to th e Linc <J ! t't Book Exc han ge . for · d d-ha ncl bo oks of all kind s, at J (;'--" an th Hundr e ds of we st pn ces e w es t. . I , 00 ks su n ab e

Goodness.

W I:\ "E , a id my pr tt a irl' ·th \ orld bows fi rst t beauty , al th, an d last to education ?" d. ··It i st r ange and it is ,. er ious c hil dr en , \\" e to ( rapp lin <r arly \\ ith life's pro b lems. · th · ar ha v pa s ed, th e question has ri en. no \\· and the n, as th ou gh I had not wi . ly an \\" er d it. om et i111 es I have d u t d th tru th of her sta t me nt. Tod ay b ut it is n it he r stra n ge n or ha rm on with the law of

th great Lawgi ve r is a nd tr uth. Thi s trin ity

wh o pa in ts th e fl o we rs a nd pl ants th m e ry\\·here, who ga th ers into dr op s th e cry tal dew until in summ er mornin g sun, alon O" the hi ghway. a pp e ars a g list e nin g arm) \ here eac h c ommon gr as s. w ith blad e a ll di amond -ti ppe d, sta nds se ntin el to his swee t clo' er, He kn ew th e s ubtl e pow er of b a uty to a wak en lo ve, and the li g ht 0f lov e to reve al th e g ood a nd . t ru e 111 e'l q thin g._

Lo ve is a g- r ea t w ide-o pen eye, Th at n ev r cl ose quit e: K ee u as th e umrn er s un . midday. 1.'[ild as th e f ull m oo n' s silve ry li ght.

1 Lo e onc e awak ened. se s fo rms, as hi ghe st , sees in a ll th th e g oodn e ss of th e A ll -Fa th er.

111 low e st unl\ e rs e '

·'Let 111 e go where ·cr I w ill , I h ea r a ·ky-bo rn tl111 ·ic st ill : ' Ti not in th e hi gh tar alon e, Nor in th e c up. of b uddin g fl owers, N or in th e re dbreast 's me llow to ne, Nor in th e bow th at ·mil s in sh owers, Bu t in th e mud and. c um of th ings, Th ere a lw ay, a lway , so m thin g s in g "

So sa id the list e ni ng Emerson, and th _. he he ard in th · ''mud and s c; um f t. 1ngs" many an e ar a wak en ed and enlighte ned by g oodne ss is gr ow ing t hear.

That . ·'somet hin g th at al way al way st ngs" is th e b ea ut y th at the JJ • re I · h 1· ve a s m t e s tm e of the stagnant r oo l, a nd th h · e ryt m 111 the g ra ce ful c ur v s f loath s om e ser r,e n t; it is th e gooc ne ss at . th e h P. art of a Pe nn fe els out und er th · r ee ktng sca lps of t he re el m an 's bel t· it is tr uth in a prin cipl es o ut the subtle tt es in a fa lse th e ory th at IS bb d . ' ' n:o . e tn t ne s treets of Bos ton, sin gs again ' 'Un cl e To m' s Cabi n" and fi nal ly e mancipa ti on to n ea rl y fo ur mi lof hu man so u ls . It is trut h ex am inm . I €5 m t 1e .te ach in g of docto r s. and t? the light of day th e d ee ds of eheve rs fa lse d oc trin es. th at is br oug ht b efore a P il ate; and it is the same t ruth. go odness, and " be au ty of holine ss " th at ie ads a Pi late to eve n m ake th e feeb le. e ffort ?f w ashi ng his han ds as a to ke n· of tnnocence of the bfood of a just ma n.

Goodness is . a ct_iv e. it does t hin gs. lt s ees that the child IS a bei ng·all w in gs a nd te :npts the wings to gr ow . It sees th at c nmmal s are me n and w om en lik e oursel ves, that sou ls and consci ences go be hin d bar re d gates and in to str iped clo th es, and fo ll ows .them to g ive to soc iety a se lf su ppo rtmg, se lf-respe ctm g m an in th e pl ace of th e untamed c rea tu re th at we nt in. Today we w atch mi ra cl es of r es urrecti on Wr oug ht by th e. touches of hu ma n sy m pathy an d hum an p att e nce, human in sight of the h uma n so ul. Our asy l ums for in san e are ra_Pidly adopt in g th e sy stem of un barr ed Wtndows, s carcely- l ock ed doors and op en fireplaces so su cc es sful in many Eng li sh and

COCRIER

Sc ot h ·•publ ic h ome's . .. Think f H ow e f ·ling hi s w ay to L au ra I rid im pr is on cl sou l and k·tdinu i f nh

t he p ath way f a single ·, - th · - 11 of to uch left in th · p alm of l. at u- .t . han )' ood 11 s-; .. we sa r is Jl ()/ a pa s i ,. ' tal e. : is th at C ll\' " som ·t il t.r'' Lh al do t th ' · 1 J · . I ll and by 0111.1; g a1n s pow ·r to d m >r • . t-. • wea/t/1 'S th' ·s or 1' · n I I Js 1t st rang "', t 1 ·n. LhaL ". · sh ulu · tow ard b ·auty ' tlld l, >n g- for pr·f·r nc· to an ·l uati o n?

amaz ·d at th ·. w ·a lth of 1n 11- T 1:i . si l ve r and pr •c 1ous st n ·s '< tH 1 il ug l •. 1 • 1' d · · ( ( · 1 1 . u u n •t: r th - 1r Ct 1ono • <t 11 111s j lf.ft 1- b' t· th e tab e rn a I · an I th ; rk 1 11 .1 } ttl 11 1g- • • u t 1 • n a ,._ n tfic nc ·of "blu ·and pu rj JI ·and s -·J -.. 1 . d 1 , I c r [ nt 11 11 . t w1n e 111 · t ·sti 111 o ny t th lel1g ht of th L rd 111 th · I 'Cl.Li t' f 1 1'\ . . f I b . I ll \ I •s cn pt l n '' tlc r1cl ·. th 1 ._, : h I J I the oy er usae m sca rc "' ly m ph ·. f w ·a lth an I b ·au ty . . Il k unto th e m os t pr · i us st 11 _ r ps pe r. bery l, t p az , em '"' raid 1 · ' . d " I . h , c I lir d1a mon s 1t t str n u- th · and ·wealth ha v so lar re a pi at h ·art of the wor ld?

Cu1t ure, or edu ca ti on is th fu ll the th rip cne I fru it an rn 1n before th e blosso m: it is th e com n oth of tr uth; He is Truth. and we r we sha ll see Him th ere is no beau t· h n shou ld d es ir e him." . Y th at '' . th e soul to th e co nsciousne ss 0 c . a, ak ·ns I h . d . . I ts p . ·r en 1g tens 1t to <=: ter m1 ne the ·dir . " ·. that pow er, e ma ncipat es it fro m tl ect1 11 01 of . seif-con scio us·ness, and makes . sl a ry '·do Hi s will ," and. the1·ebv t 1 fre to the joy of th e pro mi s e, • ·H e sh aft"kp ri n r th e doc tri ne." no ,_' f

Do.es the wo rld , th e n, mista ke th .. of t h1n gs? I apprehend th at th e _ordu I · e 1111 s t kc tes tn o ur not yet r.e cogn izin.u· r]1 h o in t r ee , and th e t hr ee Ill one, in th e t · . 11 'b d n nlt)' a ttn ut es, be auty, g oo ne ss, a nd t rut h b I' d f Nu e c ro m the Ot h r ehr e, 1s no be a.u ty1 wn h out g oodn es an·t·l tr ut ; good ne ss IS a ways b ea utif ul and d · tn1 ·· an tru th ca n no t ex1st sav e in the b . 1 . 1 · d aut1 11 an the g ood.

TilE "O R.lF.-IL COCRIER

A Brief Pen- ke t h o; "ch ub rt

\1. J . \\'. \ I I .\ F. Rt·o u'llt'll //all < maim

· th e 9th < f ·w l r. 1 ', a c hi ld f

•v ·n ·. w ith wild . ta rn· e\ d hair tightly ·uri ·d. pr •s nt ·d

·xa mi nat i 11 ·u: Lh · - n: n ·at ry at e nn .t. Th en· w .,. · ire ni 'ctl "hi ·p rin ad s ift ,·d laug-lllcr anw ng· th • lr ,,·tl f rants, buL sno n Lh ·s t1 r p•·i • l.>t·c·Lmegen r I, en the hoy n·.tdily tn->w er ed ·til ue ·· on ask ' d. a nd ol \' ·d atl diftic uhi prs ·d L him , g.ti ning t h' · 1 pr \" \I f hi , amin rs . Th is yo un g ira nt w · al ingcr in th ; chn ir of th · Imp e ri al hur h. and his nam · wa: Franz I 't r chubert

He was b rn in \ 'i ·n na J n uary 1, 1797 Ht; e ma in ·d fiv .· y ··u·s in th' .· h ol of mu:.l and hi s I ·a It r.· S 11 f lin d hi i ntllitin: p ·rc ·p ti .on s h; r ! anti .il at d lh cructi n. H1 s ,. at 1, .. ·tb tlt ty (e sted i ts• lf h b· am .1 choo l r h sr ra. r-\ ft r I a' 1n on-

e rva t ry h · w as ob li ·d t< tea h mu i . {his he d t "St bu t th' w rk was r li , d

c on s ta nt com p s1tl n. In JY r· I . 1 rit t ·n tWO o li S ,... S< ntrs, · Th f_ rl K in r," an t.! and 1• r , The am e yea1· tw syr n. l h nr es we •·. wri tt n.

0 01 t hi s tin• on h 1s w rk \\ as 1nc san t. r wr itings a l·e t oo n um rous to men ti o n, 'cir Jy. consis tin g of 6 50 songs, 9 sy111ph o·

• 5 so nat as, m asse s a nd ope ra s, and · mu sic. His dea th oc cu1·red in 1 8 2

he was bu t y ea rs old. such is the brt ef re cord of a co m pos er, }10 · if he some of th e ele me 1.1ts

e at ne ss w ht ch go. to make up a ge n 1u s of ;re first ran k. ,.va s nevel_-t hele.ss one of th e

nos t sp ontan eo usl y. !l1 1.nd s kn ow n in r1 (l1 an his t<'ry .. H 1s tm ag 1n a tton

1 sic as a tr op t ca l for est does, ve ge tat ton.

1 t.Jf3 ca ut if ul as are his co .m posi,J 11 s. his mo st im po rta nt to pr ?g re ss his s on gs. ge nius e sse n t•a ll y lync and r om an ti c. Wh at

r d id fo 1· th e ope ra. Sc hu ber t did fo r

e s< •ng. Wit h him the song cea sed to be ,,e rely a ba ll ad. but was made to e xpress \

an of ·m otion su gge s ted by th b t I Ti p em in G Tm a n. and some of the b .,;t En <Y ii h l iter ature . H i, n t cle ar classica l compo s er. Hi o nata rambli ng and diffu . a nd his , ymp h on ie I n . · t. ··no mu si ci an," ays chu m· 1111. ··would ha,·e them a li ne sh or ter. ' :\ t\\'i th ·ta 11din · hi e xtraordi nar y w ealth of lyric al x pr i n. \\' e find no t hin g fa rfetc h d. rr tenti ll or fa ls ely se nti me nt al. m p'lr in :-r th bb r d ongs of th ose \Yho \\T t in th · hy p r r man ti c s tyl t::., w it h th e pr u ti n · f hu ber t. who so bi thfully r pr du d n atur . we pe rc eiv e th e differxi ·rin · b tw en his natu ral sim pli c it y th a rti ti ia l and ick !) se nt im e ntality h i t be f und in s me of the so n gs of ar. 'chu be rt's sono·s thos e j ewel s of pur t na ture in .the of Ge rman to n al art, an n eve r p ri. h as lon <Y as the con templat ion of narur pi a and l ove , s orr w, m urnin · a nd h pe hold the ir pl aces in th human h eart. Th ey w ill c ontinu e to find ' lcom a mon g st us and will br e athe t in o· r and liste ner·a lik e that pur e an d h lth at m s phere ' hi ch is as nece ss ary in art a· in da i ly l if e.

Astro11om y No tes

•t nft: \'a nnal, Pt•ru, J\'eb ras/;n.

\' ARIATIO:\ 1:--' THE LE 1 GTH OF .DAy A "D NI GHT LATIT UDE S .

{,f,\)BSER VE by us e of the s kele ton s ph ere conce rni ng .e ach of th e f ollo wing f act s and t' njer concer m ng th e sa me for the app are nt movem e nts of the sun:

( r) Wh ere t he· sun rises (a·nd tlt e ciz ang·es fr om day to d ay) .

(2) \tV ith wh at its oiurn al ci rcle coi nc ide s (if ?Wtewo1-thy)

(3) I ts meridi an altitude tlte clt anges fro m d ay to dily.)

(4) I ts po tn t of settin o· (witIt daily clz.a::_g-es).

( S) How th e diurn al circle is d iv ided by the hori zo n.

( 6) The re sultin g co m parat iYe len gth of day an d. 1iig ht .

Du ri ng the t im e:

(I) Of th e Equ ino xes.

(u) Fr om the Ve rn al Equi n ox to th e

Summ er So lsti ce .

(m) Of th e umm er ols ti ce .

(t v) From Summ er ols tic e to Autumn al

E quin ox .

(v) Fr om Autumn al Equino x to Win t r o lstic e.

(v t) Of Wint er ols ti ce.

vn) Fr om Wint er So lsti ce to Ve rn al Equino x.

When the o bs e rv er is locat ed:

(a) At th e Equato r (a Rig ht Sph er e).

At th : , Po le (a Parallel Splt er e)

At latitud e-- (an Obliqu e ;pher e) .

Notes From the Chemical Laboratory.

Ne b ra ska S trzte NormaL , P t!r tt , Neb r ask a.

SO LUTIO :\

@> X P. l. Add _a littl e sa lt ( aC l) to so me wat er 111 a test-tub e and shak e we ll. Ob s. th e sa lt. Obs . any chan ge in th e appea r ance of th e w at e r. Obs. th e tast e of th e w at e r. Call this a so l ution I o f. what ?eco mes of the salt wh en it disso lve s. I nf. In h ow many parts of the wat er the salt is be f ound. In£ how th e amount of salt an yo ne drop c ompar es w ith th e amou nt m a noth e-r drop of the wate r

Ev aporat e a littl e of th e solution in a cl e an sp oon held above th e flame . Obs : t he ap p earanc e and tast e of what is le ft on the sp oon. In f. what it is. I of. wh e ther t here has b ee n any chan ge in the na tur e of th e sa lt. lnf. what kind of a c han ge is involve d w hen a body is dissolved. Inf. wha t for ce s a re inv<;>lved in the change and t heir rela tion to e ach oth e r.

E xP 2. A _dd 3 drop of B romin e (Br) to s ome wa t er 111 a te st -tub e and shake. Obs. the co l or an d odor of the liquid. Inf. what becomes of t he b romin e.

ExP 3· H ea t g ently some ammo01a wate r (N H 4 0H) in a te st-tub e. Obs. any odor the tes t- tube. In£ what is prese nt ou tstde the tu be. Inf. in what state it is a nd w hence it came. · Brin g above the

tube a glass rod wet with h)dr ·h ie ric acid ( H Cl. ) bs what forms Llt is _-_H 4 1. 1of. th fo rm ula for that wh i h d' r c tl y with g iv th ·.

H4CI. Bod th ' ammo nia \\'at ·r a h rt tim ·. bs th odor and a. tc· f , hat r . mai ns. I nf. of what ammon ia wat r i omp s d.

I nf. wlnt of matt er may unll w ith a li<.Juid t f rm a so l ution .

Fx "- 4- H a b_iL f co pp T ( ·ig hth l st-tu_be of nt tr ic aci I (1 1:-\ wh at t h' acH.I do 'S to · co pp r. \-vh at sca p s fr om th · lt ([uid int t11 · I I f a tr.

Obs . t 1e c or o th · li <tui I F a 1 · r;ut· sorne of th -· ltq utd l lr yn ·ss in a ·I ·an di-h and rc :ma in s wi Lh Oj-liJ •r. ln f. 111 thts s luu on di ff-r fr m th e so l ut iOn f sa lt. lnf. th · kin 1 f 5 \uti n.

ExP . 5- Boil sl wly. s fn -· in ky , at r in 1 c rk ed tes t- t ub e, yass 1n g th st am thr twh a bent gla ss tub In to an th ·r L sl-tub ly im mersed in a I o ttl e o( . ld I arth I · war r Ob s. w at co 111 th s co n 1 t st-b ·

C . . h h . tu om p ar e 1t w1t t at 111 th first te t- b · [Ca ll th _ . p ro c dis tzllatz:?n -.J I n/u th · tw o st eps In th p1 of d ts tdlin g. I f th e e ff e ct upon th e li q Uid distil le d. n ·

6. iss ol ve a half -s poonfu l f a lum 111 th e le ast am o unt of boilin g . . b S cl . wat r Jl l a te s t-tu e. usp en tn the so lu ti on 1 I · d · f a oosey twi ste p1 ece o co a :s e tw in e, and s tub e away to coo l undisturb e d. Ob t th · h · e t d s. wh at IS \'po n t e st nn g n x ay, th e ir tas d thetr form. In£. thr ee cor.tdit io ns f t a ;' formation of crystals. or t 1

Heat in a spoon a few crystals of co sulphat e (C u S0 1). holdin o· a dry t PP r. over th e m. Obs. th e tu beb a nd the est-tub' Inf. what is driven off by th e h eat th ere is the change in form of th en wh y sulphat e. LCa ll th e wat er th e w ctopp r_ crystalliz ation.] a er

ExP. 7- Add a few drop s ')f NH QLr f h f b 4 •• to ourt o a e of mtrat e solutt on [ Pb( a nd a ll ow to se tt le. Obs. th e so ltcl that has form e d. Po ft 1 'd Llr o part of th e cl ear 1q u1 . [Ca ll the p 1-0 decanting.l Fit a filt er pap er in to a c slsl f 1 . . . h ma uon e restmg 111 an ot et· tub e, and 1 o ur

uc lh . t he

In in hat wa li m ·ep ratd from a I i Jll i I.

!-'l \1\1 R\' lt ' TI.l ,' E. a li uid with a to f rm a h m.. terms crystals p li bl' !SOn crystall i·zed water of crystallization e ffiorescenc <: I amo rphous d imoephou s

(3) By dilution of the solvent

(4) By neutrali z ing th e solvent

De liqu esce nc e.

SOCIETY N OTES.

The Boucher-Campbell Concert.

E Ll T D. MAKTJX.

th ma ny re al ly xcellent trea t rd d th tud ntso f the .. :\. t t. rm. _w a · the Bouch r- Cam pbe ll n rt I\. n 111 th e • - rmal Chap el. fa!'. -.. .. und r th e au pic e- of th e E ,·erett 1e tr.

Th . mp a ny · nsisted of of the nt ed artists in this section of th e c untry. f Prof. and frs. ' Bouch er we ne d a · but litt le. During their short stay m. n us, th ey ha' e by their profici e ncy in th e 1r a rt, '' ?n o many warm friends and a rd e nt · that their r ep utation as fi r t-_ Ia s art1sts sp ak for itsel f, Th e 0\·at.Jon tend e red them upon th ei r appearanc . before a udi e nc e. expressed : the h1gh estee m in which they

It wa the occas ion of M r. W. 'vV. Gampb ll 's 5econd appeara nce at the N. S. and th numerou e ncor es he received amply att steel to the that his sup e rb Baritone ' as f ull) apprectated . As a Soloist Mr. a mpb II has ear n ed a hi o·h and the people of Peru gave him the warm' we lcome he so justl) merit ed.

iss Rita Lo:ton surpassed even our expecta tions and he ld the rapt ato_f her with her cl ea r sympath et ic v oic e.. It Is not often that we have a chance to list en t<? a soprano -that ha s h er power. her , exp re ssiOn , and evident cultivation. She recall ed at th e clos e of each of her selections and h er evident desire to pl ease her hearers \;\.ras reward ed by a storm of applause.

Mr. Billman made a very favorable impression , and con, inced all that he had a ci :ar, :esonant te nor of the finest quality. His to sptcial advantage in th e Trw , ·God Is Lov e."

Below we g ive a synop sis of the program as rend e red :

(1 } an d Gavotte Normal Strin g Quint e tt e (2} Song "T ell h er I lov e her So" Mr. Billm an (3) Duett , "Des ert Flower, '\Vh at I 't I b ear" · Mr C ampb e ll a nd M iss L o.r ton.

(4) Vi o lin olo-o uv _ (5) Song- Th e Fi De Hay dn Pr of. F. Boucher· owe rG1r l · R" L t 1 (6) Pi a no Sol o-c - Mt ss rt a or 01

(7) Song-A lia t Pnce De Co ncert .... Mrs. F. Bou che r (8) V ol in Solo-Fe ll a Co nfi de nt e Mr Ca mpb e ll (9) Song-What t:;tai _ ie Brill ia nt e Pr of. F. Bouche r· (10) Tri o-God i. L Ch1rnn e y' an g Mi ·s Lor to n ov e Mi ·s Lo rt

(1 1) Gr a nd Bi ll man and Ca mpb e ll

(P' g t Mar ch .... ... .... .. .No nn a !O r he tnt

Th E lan o, Mi ss L. E. Bloe do rn .)

1 d e Soc ie ty i to be co ng ratuate on secu nn g thof suc h t 1 d . e se rv1ces of a co m pa ny a enr.e a rti st s Th e Con ce rt · · · 11 ll wa s a grand su ccess nnan0 y a\ we h. Th E' re wa s a lar ge a udi ence l ve r ou r und r,e d peop le th ere be in g a Oar ghe pre se nt f rom ' eb ras ka Ci ty. t er a Jacent to d h wns were as we ll repr e,dt he roads be in g in exce ll ent co ndiJon an t e weat he 1 t 1 r cement th e neig hbo n ng ry ou t . 'e n m ass e." They d for th e ir r espec ti ve hom es .a n e stma t lO ns · · · -1 , carr ymg wtth them t 1e me mory of a ple asant evening pr ofi t ab ly -spe nt.

The Philomathean

LULU EVA 'S.

1 Th e Philo sta n ds th res hold of th e as t te rm of th e ye a Sh h et' th e d . f r. e as m h u tt els o lthe pas t, in a way th at h as wo n er aure s. Sh · h of . e re co g nt ze s th e trut th e saymg, ''we ll beg un h lf d "a nd has . d h , a on e, e qmppe .er se lf with a stron g co rp s of officers , gui ded by w hom , sh e w ill g ain n ew laurels.

The o ffic e rs ar e:

James O'Con nell , Pre sid e nt ;

Charles Me t calf , V ic e P res id e nt; George Mer rill, Re cordin g Se cr etary;

M arion Shellenberge r, Co rr e spondin g Se c ret a ry;

Willi am Dell ze ll, Tr eas u re r· ora Ka rs te ns , Li b rari an· ' )

Cl inton Nort on , Cr iti c;

Laida Maika, First T rust ee;

B er tha Johnston, Seco nd T rust ee . ' Th e lit e rary work fo r the en·suin g te rm , will be a continuatio n of the p ast, in a furthe r s tu dy of Shak e spea r e, in his play, Julius Cc:e s ar

We llin gton/an S ociet y.

FRA;" E." II. ·R .

Th W lli n gtonian So ci ty h ld s s ion of th s rin g t rm. Frid ay fi r t

Apri l 6th. I 94-

0n account of th ' ope n s ssio n. f th ot h r soc i ti s and th on ' rt n ·ar th close of last t rm th · pr gnm f 1· l\ lar h w as n t car ri ed ut April th. ·w hich

" ·as the fina l pr gr am gn· n 11 th · ·· I .if \N ill a rl et n ."

Th fo ll ow iPg w ·r · cl th ens uin g te rm : Pr es id e nt , Fr anc ·s 1 l. :\ 1 ·ad 'r: ic Pr s id ent .. liss E li th I ur gCorr e pondin g ec ., d iss 1 , ·ra \ rk ; R ec r din g S ec Miss gn s \ at t'.

l' reas ur er, Mr. I. A. h as -·:

Serg·ant-a t- nns. Mr. J hn Br v n\ Tr ust es , Mr. Ha rr y Na sh; Mr P. 1. vV hi t he ad · Mi ss \T ac Va n 'I t. r

The to 1 ic for this te rm ' !' work is d lit· door Lif !n Pr?se an P_oe tr y," a a- n ral plan of w h1 ch w ill app e ar 1n the n xt i

Science Note s.

H. B. DUNC A NS

Nebra s ka Sta te No r ma L_Scjtoo t, Peru, Ncb

TRIO BI TE ·P hill ipsia scituLa. M . A \\ as fo un d by I SS nn a McCoy, wi1 i h is m or e than an); o th r 0 11 f ou nd 1n thi s loca ilt y. In Pro f. Auo-h · w? rk on Nebr as k c:- geology he thi s spec ies from frag me nt ary sp e ·d' · ltn ens an d, m p art , th e esc n pt 10 n was m ad e· f ' f ro tn what was kn ovv n o more pe rf ec t sp ec 1 • Tl . 111 11 fo und elsewhere. 11 s plac es th e id .1 · · n t11· ca ti on of thi s spe ci es m Neb r as ka be yo nd 11 doub t.

Th ere is an e ffo rt be in g jJUt fo rth b 1 . y t l l' bota ni ca l de pa rtm e nt buil d ttp a la ·rrc her ba rium . Th e pl a11 1s to make sets ofc 1 7 1!' loca l fl ora of one hund red Sj) ec im ens each e xc hange th es e fo r r p1· sentmg th e fl ora of ot her l oca liti es . Prof. · C. E. · Be ss ey has pr om is-d us :t \

r f dupli< att · SJW im ·n.· ''hi ·h th ' • ·nivt,rsit\· ·I rlln t;·rm1n \·.

larg-t· ,,: his ling S\\aiL (1: 1111. ·G,f' iauu s '' ·rv k i Ih- I on th · hkl·: nt:'ar rulat -t'y . ann" on ·xhibiionin 4 zool gi --d I ·pa nnwnr )f th - rm I.

·or mCJI 'ot -.

is II •J·rig discqssnl hr 1n riman· ( at Llw as.·t iatit n \ ddct): aft<·rnonn.

l'a\\ 1w< · <' nunt ,. <·arricd off the ann r hi inw. ''hi ·h · · t'!n- tha has s J.> f udl: ,_ , rch·d f < r tl w past t \\" > y trs.

Judge \\ •s t g .. t\T ch •er in g- r 1 rL f th ('•.s of J. E. I ·J z,· ll. of th · -Ia f' t •ac hin g- in I cnkknnn.

>S f the stude nt s w ·n· fai hful t nd 0 ( th · r ·nn : I ut ·t f'w ·:>-.- ,,. h m and lo st th<' last t\\'o days · I ". rk.

·ctu r". 4 hr aska " st m nth.

Prof. an I .J r th ass th o nt st in ,. r. j ur nm c nt f a .· s mu I' na nd af t r ::v1r s. Fr azi r and h r da u ht r s, 1VI aud .., nd W in ni , wh h av att nd d th N rs v,ral I:a ' _1 t lllin is, /.·h r they v. ·d 1 r "" Sid ±o • a "'" hil e.

Th No rm al op en d i ts doo r· s to we lco m h st ud nt s fo 1· · e nr·o Jlm e nt on Tue sda ), '\ pr il , 3r·d.,. and on \ iV a ll in th e 11· 1 la ce s, •·ea cly fOJ dut y.

Qu ite a num be r of the n on -r- eside nt pup il s -£e rr ed rema inin o· in Pe ru and ava ilin 2' Jr · o : h L"b - ""' tJ1 f·m se lves o_t the use t e . I rar y, to <:. in(f hom to r· the ee k s vaca ti on. rl" .) ,._, r

Th e State N on na l was we_ll . r ep rese nt ed t th e So uth Eas te rn Assoc Jat lO n held in iVIa rch 28 - "0 Th e Fac ult y was ) ..- ' , ..) p f ,....,. pn ;se nt ed by Pri n. No rt on, ro · and Mrs.

H u ·h · r. l r f. I r \\·n II , "Vliss es H errioYri <.1 ht and E lli : . , -er a! of th tu d nt tl. o 'r pr . cnt.

ad lr d th e t ach r · of n ch I Gov e rnm nt ·· P. :\I. Hi a ddr e "·as fr ien ds for th -:!

i\l a rch musica l a pop ul ar pr og r am ut d b • Pr f. and Tadam B ou ch er up il . The pr o<:> r am ,. as th e mo st ful of th yea r the at te ndan ce be in g ix hu ndr d.

f th 1 t. year cl a ss w er·e ag ai n Ch as . \ est ' "h o h om in I ndiaha at th e vaca ti on, and sp e nt th e , at te ndin o- sc h oo l.

n Fr ida \' i\ l arc h, 29, Prin . orton a m1 a ni · -b ) li s H rr io·, le ft th e as soia tion in B atr ic fo r th e one of a sim il ar natur in lumbu s, where Pr in. No r ton d jj, r d an add r ss on Fri da) aft e rnoon

Th r q uit a numb er of vis it ors pr s nt at o ur Th es es, as usual, but q uit e a numb r of th lumni were detained on a co unt of th ir sc h oo l wo rk. Of th e )umni th fo ll ow in g were prese nt:

B. Fra nk eal, ub urn

J 0 ph G illil an, Gr ee n woo d. Flo) H u tc; hin so n, · · 1ay Vvy n , ''

Ho\· ar d Jon es Humb o ldt

Ch as Jon es, A uburn.

A lb e rt Oste rh a ut , Talina o- e.

Edwinn a Ro ck woo d, Wat e r.

J os ie Yo rk , ·'

T. Sta nt on an VJ.ee t, Pe ru .

Mrs. J oy, _

Jessie E. Met ca lf , S) racus

Ma ud Philli ps , '·

P. R. S im , Nebra ka C it y.

Th e _spring '•Op en e ss ion" uf th e E,· rett s?c 1ety wasr one of th e mos t pleasing n te rta1nm e nts o, th e season. Th e last pi ec on th e program was a farce, .. Mouse Trap. " by Wm .. Dean How e lls. The play wa s c har ac ten zed by t_h e ma nn er in which each pe rform er gave h1ms e lf to th e exe t' f h cu JOn o 1s part. Th e E ver e tl s are to be I d co ngratuat e upon th e s ucc ess of th e ir e nt e tme nt. r a lll

Th eses is n ow a thin g of the t d h J h .b. pas an t c ass ex 1 1t ed power and stre th f h act er on th e occasion eq ual t n1h 0 f c arprev ious c las w hich ha s co me b of anby li e. Of the thirty-nin e Se niorse t( J h d - eac was I Sm et y ea r and appreciated. e h h . he was master of th . . ' ac s ow in g e SJtuatJon

The following is th e · though quite lengthy to prog ram whi ch grew in interest as th ' . a I appearanc es P e ared b ef ore the vanous sp e akers ap- au 1e nc e: ·

\ -· MORNING , 10:30. [u IC ..•... .•. , Pra yer · .No rm al School Band Music Inst. Solo -T·h·e· C.

Mu ic

Pr

•\ I'TtiC :" ()0:". J:

Du t- Poe and P a::.a.nt. · · Mi s Blo d rn an 1 k.

ub lic '.l n cu. R at T ·ach r,.,

Jiv r ro mw II I'

Th e D an re r of r atn •

of dith

•

ad 1 Bro wnm g•,., L if· iUI To ld in h'r

Howar d.

Mm.i

No

n.

Madame Roland . ..

-Ra h

ut of th H arb or, ut n th S a, L ill ian

bOI'OUf:' h.

Edu cat ion of th Am ri an ' itiz n. . ( . J.

·we B uil d f r Et e rn ity

Mu sic. 'panish Dan

Lalliu u Prof. F'. Dou h r.

My Kingd om for a Hor ,.,

Idl e Th ough ts

Ed uc ati on and Fr e Th oug ht ·. ·.

A Sto ne for Br ea d

Mu s ic. H that ha th a I as a nt _r.:,: ·

h ru s.

:l'h

N

Mu s ic. . . ... .. ..... ..... ... ... . e · · l'l"ll a 1 r ... Rev.

Mu s1c. los t. Du et-Faust Fa nt aisie au Fl ee t Mi ss e Jon e .· a nd · ·Bilk

R ev. B.Bedell ' ascad , -. Mis Lillian Patti Au U nrecogmzed Opportunit • The Talent of Man y.

The World, a

Anna Borst

.M. C. Shellenberger Providence in Ame rican n· ··········· Lulu Evans 0 1story A M C ur Passport to Success

Th e Maj es ty of In te ll ec t. · A

Th e Di arm a ment of Nation s.. ·

u.ua Ha.rueY 'l'he Open Page of the Heavens

Life i Real, not Id ea l. ...

· Di k

p no)'

nn a c oy Mu s ic. Duet

···.Amelia Gillilan

Daily Herotsm ron. , Pr ogres ive Americanis

·Willa: G. Fi sher tn

P ast, Pres en t and Future

"V. Del zel l Music. So ng- Good day Suzanne

The End not Yet

C. F. Le hr Spider -we bs

Hattie Mas om Music Cavatina

Stlent Influence..

Wh at is Your Culture to

Le arn to Labo r a nd to w

Gertude S. Warren F·B.·

oucher

Ra.ff

Su san W. Norton

·George C. Merrill at Mi s sion of Journali sm

·-Ade lia M. Slack ..... K Music. Song of Peace .

Sullivan oru s.

atharin V. Langer Ch

Sometime .

· Ague J ,·1< Mrs. F. Boucher .

The World' s In gra titud e to Living Ge · s . r UtUs E oc1a 1sm ...

· ·L 111 t1

Cli ' "a Tri le!

S. :N' or toll p r

' d1th " o 111 School. · Will L l:li

Mu s 1c. Fantasie CapncE;........ · D avenpo rt Prof. F. Bouch e r. . ... V£euxtcmps

Night Brin gs out the Stars Grace D

A Word in of the Nov el J. M: · l bert 011

Unceas in g Chan ges ·v·· 1 Ch a rd 011

Progre ss in Civilization. · Jtn a 1v.r. Ca11 0 11 M · · as u.s1c. Serenade · · O•conn el l C horu s.

· A bl· 1 I,

ed at th e Po toffi ce at Peru. N br as Se co nd Clas ftrl''

SCHOOL DIRECTORY.

P HILOMATH EA N.

eve ry Frida y ev n lng d uring th e schoo l t rm l' at 7 o'clock. All "te1>'6 r cordi a ll y in vit ed to us in o ur lit ernr '- work, espe inlly etr'f th C h ig her co urse. ARRIE .\1. D uN AN .SON, Presid ent. It> EVERETT OCIETY.

f riday du rin g sc h oo l t rms. New s tu dents are eseri 1,.vlt ed to jo lll us in o ur literary wo rk \V E. R BE RTS. Pres. ,tW WELLINGTONIAN JETY

!l A CE CULB ERTSO N, I r es id ent. , CO RP US ELI TUM friday eve nin g during Ho lid ay s a nd spri ng vaca tion. ANNA Mc Cov, Pres ident PHILLIPPIAN SOCIETY. friday evenin g during th e s ummer. Espe_claiiy for higher s tud ents ,er>' bers of th e Alumni usin g th e Library dJu"!lt vacation. (fle rfl 0. TANDLEY, President

THE NORMAL MILITIA

DUNCANSON, 2d Li eutenant, Commander of Cadet s. STAFF

h First Li e utena nt a nd ac tin g Adjut ant.

f!l> rg Second Li eutena nt a nd actin g Ser'M'ant MaJor. F irst Sergeant a nd ac ting Q. ·

1 I• INFANTRY- -COMPANY A.

I f'lc o> l. C apt ; Wm. Del ze ll, 1st Lieu! ; J. M. Richard son, 2 ct Li eut. COMPAt>IY B.

'1 k Oavenport, Capt ; G. C. Merrill, tst Lieu!; C. S. Norson, 2d Li eut

I ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION.

(!e lll• Di ck N ea l. S ecretary, Will L. Da venport

tl Y. M. C. A.

•ent. Thos. F. Dobb s. Correspondin g Secretary, Geo. C. Merrill

I, •I"1 Y. W. C. A.

'•;dent. Vin a Canon_. Corres ponding Secretary, Mary NORMAL MILITARY BAND

'idt f• prof. Ser geant, W, E. Roberts.

THE CLAS OF '9.3

ORMf\L 80t100L.

The Relations of History and Geography in Our Public Schools.

12l' I \. E \'. la of 93 ·

• 1 t. Ci ly 'choo l , Colcrido-e, 1 c b.

hard t probl ms ' hi ch r th t acher of today is "·hi_ h shall be pr emamtain th e same life and that tud y " hich our pupils tak e r branch s. This is at th e presth tumblin g block to th e success f man ' hundr ds of othen is e o-ood t eac hT e th e mind to to me mory; to culth . r a o mno· power, and create a ' ht h cannot be satisfi ed with the t matt ·r nclos ed by th e covers of a mmon chool book in history , is th e tov, ard '' h1ch we should all strive. a ttain e d, and th e te acher has conqu r I half th diffi c ult y. This article will n t . u.::;ge st p t_ty de ic es which by proper ma na o-e me nt mi g ht te mporarily alleviate th e .burd n but rather seeks a method which ma) be adapted by the teach er to the cir_surrounding th e particular cl a ss ,. h1ch 1s pursuing this delightful .

History in its broader sense is a r eco unting of the progress of civilization , and as such may become a. scienc e when th e laws of civilization hav e. been fully dis c over ed and syste matized. But even had we attain ed to the scienc e, it would be too invoh ed and intricate to introduc e into our common school curriculum. As in elementa l') botany we only consider th e ex te rior parts of th e plant and l eave the c llul ar structur e to th e higher schools, so in our

co mm on schoo l hi st.ory w must o nl y s kim the of the sc i nee of civ ili zati 11 , a nd lea ve It t? the co ll ege to ca r ry for wa rd th · work w?tch we. b eg in . Any th oug htf ul sc holar, In glanc in g ov e.r the hi st ory of th has ce rta m pe cu li a ri ti s a nd puzz hn g qu e st ions a ri s in g ther from. H . h as frequen tl y b ee n led to in qu ir e why history :epeats Why on e nation unci r ce rtam cond 1t1ons acts s diff ere nt ) fr m a.no th er und er appar ently th e sa m y nd iti o ns? There ca n be but one a ns w r. It ;vas du e to·th e surro un d in gs c ']' Is a gr owt h in the b d . : lVI Izat ion 0 Y po li tic du e to ggraph ica l Situ at iO n, so il and cl imat e

It is pat e nt to a ll that the . 1 b· f th e temoer ate zo In la Ita nts o r nes are more .. th an th os e of th t .d ente rp ns1ng e o rn and f . 'd We kn ow th at th e ng1 · s. nea rn ess to 1 b d · of wa ter de ter min es th .a: ge o tes peop le. In c har a ct e occ u pat ions of th er as we ll a · h als co ld co nt rac ts a nd h s In t e me t-

N orw egians possess littleat e xpa nds . The sionate na tur e so f ll e of th at h ot, pasS pan iard . • Th E u Y d ev elop ed in the e ng hsh ' II 1 sea-faring r ac e, the A . WI a ways be a Sw iss w ill always 1 us1t.n ans neve r. Th e r aces wi ll rema in a th e Af ri ca n hu nt er's gr ee d, thi s bei: spo d_ to th e slav eto th e mou nta in ous fo r g d_u e In th e fo rm er try, to the abse nc e of ma tio!l of th e co unc ou ntr y. mo untatn s 111 th e lat ter

A nd ri g ht here. th . im po rta nt fac tor. co mes in as an sc e ndants we re sh ep h d a ham and hi s deurianc e of m eadow i s b eca use of th e lu xd we lt ; th e vy h.ere in th ey mi ght susta in li fe She h th e so l} th at th ey al w ays l oo king for be tt P e rd s a re no mad s, farm e rs mov e but littl e rhpas tu re a nd water, of pe rman ent abod e, en ce th e bu il di ng · es and th e t ski !l in a rc hit e cture whi ch E co n se qu en whil e th e I srae lit es a de ve lop ed, h . cco mp li shed ht . t IS w ay un til th ey in tu rn f or 111 th e cu lti va ti on of th me.d ci ti es a nd tam ee rs be com e sh ep h d e so 1l. Mo unth e ve O' e tati on b ut b er s, not be cause of o • e caus e th e .1 . ru gge d for ag ricu ltura l SOI IS too pu r poses

Fi na ll y, those chan ge s . · . h um id it y, pr eva il ing winds 111 dclim at e, as ' an ot her s, are

p t nt act rs in h · so l uti1 n f thi • pr

l ·m .

I ut I ·t us f li e\\' tlH'sC' c ut l 1 a ·xt nt . I is a fa ·t llC' ·d l ·ss ,f I ·m

ti n th at man will no I .,·ot · hims If pu rsuit of k1.1 wl un il h · h ·1s a umu · )at d suffic1 •nt pr >p ·r y Pr o bt- 1in 1 h. pa tr on ag · . f s?m · 1 ·rso n i 11 ord ·r t ha h. m ay susta111 ltf ; whill' t·n,ra tr • 1 1 ht I. I I . ' ,...., 11 • 1 •s. r t 11s r ·aso n_ \\ ' · lin I ti nt t . cl1m a so HIS lnt th , 0 ·1 may )' l l. d_ as ii y to ·tdt t ,·a 10 11 and y. 11 t . so c. n d1 10 11 _l o ma k(' th : dw ·II 'r th ·r ·in d "0 1d f a mb1t 1 n. 1 I ·n c, ,,. ·lind , an I E gy pt t ha v • 1 r lu · ·d th · f 1r t f iJ.s ph rs f th :ir ag ;, "·hi l · th ·t1on f' alth 111 t h' n rth I ·ing· 111 • jffi · cult of atta inm nt , h ey w r '. sl 1 • ·,11 h. h' " r r ac mg t IS st ag' th ·i r phil h\' t nd I m r to m ys t1 1sm n P ·r . 'ld I un th 1r w1 , go my an l1 ·u r,g· l in gs .

In r li gion w fin I that in th, tJ zo nes wh re n at u r · sh ws h 111 P g rote squ , th-beautifu I and s b l' th at th r is a na tur al t" nd n cy to,., 101 th ism, whil ·· in th to ni c! r ·aio ns 1 pan· So l mak es hi n: self . mor · ma n.if "'·h r_ d1scov er fi re wors h1 1 "' Ith th -· su t ,., c hi ef de it y. A nd it is o nl y wh 11 _n a ri ses to th at int e ll e ctua li ty whe 1·e the; II the uni versa lity of kn ow led o-e , th at 1 abz h . h h' 0 \ t e turnm g to t e wo rs 1p of one G infinit e, whom we kn ow th ro u o·h Od, the sense of hi s in fi ni ty , ga in ed by va . sig ht int o na tur e's l aws . 1 at m·

We hav e but poo rl y given you an · . of th e co min g sc ience, yet s in cere}Inklm r,. . th at we h av e ar ouse d an int ere st y m ay ca use yo u to in ves ti ga te. · T \;..rht h des irin g furth er kn ow le dO' e we 0 th o re co mm e nd th e read in g of G ui zo t' tory of C iv ili za ti on and Bu ck le on th s l-I Js· s ubj ec t. e sam e

Thi s fa ct is ce rt a in, th ere ca n ne th a t. app rec ia tion of hi story until Ver be rea li ze th e rela tion s w hi ch one do bears to ano th er a nd h ow depe nd ec t ent d . h ll t th s tu y IS on geog ray Y· As long as hi sto r . co ntinu es to be a lt st of th e d efea ts and ) ' ucess es of a na ti on s a rm s, a r eco un t in g f

pro p ·ri : n•· dc·cay Pl ·lr ·ach· c·nlcThkd

FilE

J i r of in ,.r l

d it fn m patrinti · motin·s.

r • ·h hat lwig ht "h ·r · " · ·an ain ·t

( p ·ctiv<' ol tlw "holt·. .md kn \\ h

• and ·flf'ct, t h ·n ''iII it r ·a ·h the ·am·

fl • \ i h tht' otlwr :-.tw

h ,. n on it mt 10n.

His tor y of

\\'. K. F WLE R JR

11pl Blai r City clw ol

I75 p rs on , it Re ad and an Ima rt of

TI -JE

ha lf of th e ei hth ce ntu ry, h ar l thl' Gr ea t dete rmin d to pr omot I ·a rn in g- sc far as he wa s ab l , a nd c mm and ·d th al sch oo ls sh o uld be pen d in co nn ·ction with ev ery ca the dra l and m nast 'r) in hi<; kingd om. ln this h was a bl y ass ist ·J by the pope s. But aft er th e d 'a th f 'h a rl ·s man y of th e scho ols disc ont inu ·d ins truc ti on in s ci e nc e a nd I?a the ma_r ics, co nfin ing th ·ms l ve s to t ea chmg Lat in, mu sic and th ·olo gy Th e tr ivium, c_o mpri sing th · thr · a rts of logic antl rh ·t ric was y th e art . re ad in g and w ri tin; L_a tm . Th e . quadn v1um, c mpr ising th · of that day, includ e 1 a ri thme ti c to nab lc one to k · 'I a ·co u nts , mus ic for the chur ch s ·rvic s, ge ometry fo r th e p ur pose of land s ur v ·yin g and as tronom y suffic i nt to na bl n . t'o calc':l1at e the feas ts a nd fas ts of th c hur ch. Dur mg t he t wo ce ntur i s th ma th "d1 d not go bey ond th e ar ithme t ic_ of Ico mac h us, toge th er with th . us e of th e abac us and th mu lti1 1i _ table.. The mos t famou s ma th ematici an of We st e rn Eu rope in th e latt er h alf of the tenth ce nt ury was Gerb t to R b C . er , tutor y e rt a pet, af terwa rd king of F r an ee. Gerbert v._r as elect ed pope in 999 , when he to1ok th e1 btrtl e_of r 11 He co ll ct d a arge 1 rar y w hi ch 1s St i" ll p 1 . thp V . H res •rv c 1n .... atican. . e mad e his own glob es w hi ch he us ed to rllus tr ate hi s lect ur 5 He also a cMlockdwbhi ch was pr es e rv e.d for so me tim e at ag e ur g d 1 1 b 1 · h ' an an orga n wo r <CC y st e am w 11c was still at Pl . ntu ri es aft er hi s de at h He. ·'- 1e 1m_sdt wob,ce11 1 · · was sa r to e 1 eag ue w rth th e de vil L f ll , t 'Y. of th e statu e inscribed o r:tgh e how s s 0d15 · , , .k 1 , WI t e wor , stn e 1e re , was first told · t"o n wi th this pope. In co nn ec 1

Ab out th e ye ar I 1oo A D iva! of lea rnin g t ook at. a gr ea tl refvtl1 h d 1 . r sev era o cat e ra or monastic schoo l d. h ·r·s d d s, an te ac e an stu ents , or t eac he rs 1 f "' J J a one orm t 1 msel ves an assoc iation fo r' th e furof mt erests comr;no n to a ll. Tbi s ass o CJ at lOn was at fi rst subJ e ct t tl · cial h . f 1 b" h o 1e spe a ut o nt y o t 1e Is op or his chance ll or , fr om th e la tt er of w hom th e h , d f th e . . b t_a o um verstty su se qu e ntl y t oo k hi s t it! Th e

sovcr ·ign uf tlw

usually r ·c ,.!'lli l

th · assn iatirm .ts a Imd \\ i l 1 po \\ ·r g- rant dc·gr<:(·s ''hi ·h c•mkrrc·d a ri, .. h tr·a bin g- an ywh ·n· "ithin tlw I i n;-!<.1 m. Th · u ni n·rsi; "' s tl!-tl illc,rpt r ·I ur <11J out th · sanw Linw . Tlw a ·knowl Jll( ' ll ol i ts ·orpora11· ,. ist<·JH'<· h\ t h. as cmpt.: r or, and tlw nTngnizatit n j )cun·c·s as a till· Ill '' ac h t hn)u hm n. I I I ·n<om. ' ·n· t w ast s tc ·ps 111 t 1 • ._., lu tion of a nwd iav\·,d uni\Trs i ,.. Thl unin.: rs iti, ·s fi x(·d t lw st ;tndar d nf vdu j, in ma th{'m a ti cs as in othcT ·t.·, .md, . at this tim e \r a bi an lc·a rn ing- f ou nd it ,· \\:t\' in to E urop e, ,,.,. will tun1 nll1' at t(: nti )J ,; th e dcv ·lopm t·nl of the- m,t th ·mali ·s t11 • ra hs .

Ar a ?i an matlwmali cs \\' as \' vd in pr f rom ;r ·c.k pa nl y _l t·H n ll in\tl w _rks. 1 he .:JJ 'Ct·k \\"P r ks ol II i ppo 'f 'lt ·:

An stotl · an d ot h ers. \\"t Tv tt·a nshtl'd · t 1

A ra l i by or I ·r of l h (' ·a I i 1 h t [ ;u- ) 111 \\ h . I I I <' un R ase 1c a Jout 1 • ye ar " o, ·tn d b •f )r , tl w los. of th · -c n_tury tlw \nth .- hatl ol d tr ansla ti ons u l. t lw \\'P rk s < r Fu ·tid Arc h1 m ·d<..:s , P tol<.:my oLh •r :-; 1 . th c1gh th c ntun: th · ral s t· · ::• · J · "- 1 11 <'d t\ Hl

ong1nal wo rk s n alg ·I ra hom th e 1-{' 1 . . h h 1 I I · 1 In ° 0 · W it W 0 111 t 1C}' 1a CU I1 S!( l"<.t hl , 'l) t llmerc . Th e Aral s fo un lt.h · Hin l mc1· chants I g- i nn in o- t us · th · sys t ·n1 f . . I h. I n unl- eration w1t1 w 1c 1 w · axe f-tn1iJ' J d d . 1'1 . 1<\.t- '11\0 a pt e It at on ce 11 s w as a · ·ry . ' 1 matt e!, as th Aral s ha l no o il , t.un p l'1 . l · · I 11 0 sc ie nc e r It ·rat ur e wn tt ' 11. 111 .1 sy st m, a nd pr obal l y p oss -·ss ·d 0 1 1 1 1 . f . 1 \ t ht m os t p nm1t1 ve sys t ·n1. o· not at 1 11 £'' p re ss in g numb rs. A d ec im al svst' r cxf num rat ion was in use in AI-;J. bi a 1) f rn ° the end of the ·ighth ce ntur y, ·1 nc1 <? re tl : I d . J · 1 ]" ll) thi S sys tem n 1an nun1era s In c uc In ""· z -' 1- ·t· employ e d. B efor e th e e nd of th , ".c 11 ce ntur y the Arabs v,rerc fa m. j1i -tr \;o, it{unt : progre ss of Gr ee k ma th ema ti cs in 1 · ·" ct r\. mecha n1 cs , a nd ast rono m)'· In th 1- • 1 \\"Jl e ar y wo r! <s made no cl! s ttn_c ti 11 bl't wee n a nthm et ic a nd al o·eb ra, m n;: in o > . I . 1 . . "" . tq ant 1me t1 ca l a nd a ge br arc 1 r: oc e ss es. T hi s work was kn ow n a.s Al go nsm, co ntctinin "· o nl y th e id e as of alg. br a,_ but 'l] / f: a nth met ic f ou nd ed on th e dec im al y, te m.

d.,. ·lopnH·nt 111 .tlg ·ht·.l am ll_..! h '

bs \\as pur ·1 dwtnri ·;.tl pn bl·m in,in,. ilt· nlutiunnl ,., u.ttion .. pr bl ·m.· t•> ·quat nr pr• 1 t·ni ·: I num-

r aad in .til lw ·ati< n. ": ·r · pur ·ly nttJlwrt ·;d .. m.tklll).... tt 11111 .: tblc

1i Sf ·ia ,. tlw l alg- ·l r.t a n. I

· Jun<:tic T he· \ r.t hs p ·rl:orm ·d h 'lr

· hm •t i at "nrk 111 tiH · lour lundam ·nt.tL

lH.:h LJ 11 · · d( · (• cumbrous in l lw .\ ral tan :

r I ,.. . qui ·k tn appn·l'latt· .Ill approp natc

• work nf nt her I 1tJ I sl 1\\ l(l tmpr '", • n I

,. ·d ha t '' ork. . .

1 ut it ,,as throu_gh sp .u n and by \\ .ty h •· 1 y zant i nv th at \r,d Ha nnnth-

.. .. 1111 •. into \\ t'SH' rll 1-.uropt·. .\l tHtt

lJ (..S < ' '\ I

I 'lltiT cc ntlln · tht· ·' no r. ·. whn had • f\ ( -r lw I tlwir ndt · Ill Ill 7-t-/ \\T l'. til'' \ 1-ab t ran sla t1 o ns of Eu lid '-·•ng , , h"· . 1 ·s l' tol t·J11\' and nt h T.·, t oq.• th er

r tm t , \ I I "th th \\' >rk ol thv r_a 11an .a g t

1 t#Jt: thr '<' grea t :\ 1< n n. ·h unt:· 'r· tt 1 , _. J ada or dcl\ "l, and l' Y11l '. }11 · _,ran I 1· _ ,,.. t '-' -1 t fir st J·L·<tl c us1y \ cc gc ' "' , . . . no th : hu t dun n,...: th tw H_th

JJTl Fn n·]J sh monl·, un I •r th · i1.·dan s tu I ·nt, att n I I

. e o ..t ' I I . 1 ·ct - · tt o r( O\" t, u1c b ta tn •d a (.; ut s l 1 t ·

E BR A SKA INDIAN S J'O RIES

The A corn Dance . ELIZ BETH OE :'oli' .' E Y.

irl on e of the o· o

littl e Indi an g irl about my own age , of J•u ·li 1'- :.. ·m ·n·s.. 1r p ·, 1 ' " · tl1 · f 1 · f fi 1 - t a' m . I Sa\ her run to a ar e-e

J -' I 1 . t T tt l n \\" ts t un a ti t1 ' • •tt' Ill ) 1 • h' · h ; (15' .• 1. · ] -; l 1r 1 f ,- 11 '"tr ly f u 1-h un - In dian w man, sa y som t mg 111 er own )1 J \\ 01 '- 111 d h . s 1

t ea rs. t hc r slay ns ± . 1-abi·ln hn ·ua · an t n pomt at me. oon s 1e 1 Y ol 5 f ll ow -·d 111 _ lu clln .g· a_n a nthm ti am er to me a nd I \\ as surp ris ed to :-"' "' b 11 zra. a Je wi sh n.bb t '. ho h ad h ar her sp ea k quit e g ood Engli s h. We . Bd . S · 1 l wh o x1 la, 11 d th v r so on good fri e nds and sh e in ited me / ] e:: tn pa '' ' · ·th · ' 'to sta), sa in 2· th e)' were o- oin o· to hav e an sys tem· of n u n1 era ti on \·VI nin e S) m- <::> b

r- c:J... b d . _ o·av c th fnncl ame nt al pro- acorn fea st and I mi g ht share it with J an a zero, :;:, 1 , 1 · d o 5 5 of a rithm e tic, anc xp aJn e th e rul th e m. 4 \ e ry soon I saw a queer proc ee din g e. 1 1 'A hich as ne arly as I can re memb er wa s , .· e - be t· of s tuc e nts an 1 s ev ral son1 e tl1J·ne- lik e this. ,.... , Ll lt a num 1 drov e t A c .__ '? be rs of th e f ac u ty _ - 0 · ll bum Th e men and wome n came slowly out of zo , a nd had th e 1 J 1 . 1st ' nin g th e ir t nts g aily dr e ssed and de cor ated with Jf' }1 an ce ll or Canfi e lc' 0 f niv ers it y, black eagle fe athers and be ad s. Th e J re in th e 0 ounty Hi g- h fo rm ed themselv es into two rin g s-th e m en ...t;t o ls. A ll were hig·ly pl e as ed W ith th e in one , the vvomen in the oth e r. After th ey a nd th e way he tr e at ed his were form ed they became ve ry sil e nt , o ' ·,. ct s J'I er1 t you cou ld h ea r a pin dr o p. Th en 1V) '"' ____.__.- L. 1

,., o rma l T P. xt Books at n1 Book Ex- t'' o ve ry old Indi an ch iefs walk ed to the , e r 6 S r :zt h St., •'-'I nco n, Neb. ce nt er of th e rin gs, lo oke d up in the sky :a ng ' 2 o.

T£-IE j OR 11 JL co TRi ER and began to · After they to th ·rea t ."piri t. began to d finish ed pr ayin g th "Y a ll ance and h Tl . made me d f s out . 1e noise n a rl y co.me frightea I was be g innin g to b .. . again A wh en a ll b cam e s il nt

· ga 10 th

Gr e at Spir it and e . ch ie fs pr ayed t th e a nd howlin g loud agam th ey da ne d, ye lli ng had danced b er than ev e r. Af tL: r th y

· a out an h h e act1 one and our t y passe d t companion also wh at my li tt le ve ry much l'k aco rn pornd ge. It l ok d 1 e ou r tast ed quite d'ff co rn meal mu sh bu t b I er ent ly I Itt er and alm ' t was very, v .ry I d' ost mad e . k b . n_ Ian girl ate it a ll m stc ut th e lit tl . course lik ed it. ' my shar e to o, a nd f

After the po d be g an aga in I rn g was e at en danc in r kept time by on e of th e Indi ans stone slab. P ng h1 s foot on a ho ll ow

. I asked the . tmu ed the da · g irl how long th ey conTh . ne e and sh .d 1s aco rn f e sa1 a ll cla y. th ey might h aveeas t was he ld in ord er that coming year . a goo d crop of acor ns th e

I then went h . h ome t k' Wlt me. I k a Ing the littl e Indian to the tea:.t ed . my brother to come enJoyed th e perf With us a nd he d id , and We learned a g ormance as much as I did. th d reat rna · · · ay abou t lndi ny tnt er est10g thmgs I will tell you at ans some more of which another time. '

Elsie's lnd·1ans.

l<.A.TE CHURCH

P')OT many m' l· ri ver curve' es from here where th e the foot hills of eas t ward a rou?d way through th l uff a nd th en w inds Its str e tch away to e h ow fla t lands wh ich El sie. t e south is th e h om e of

. Here she has passe mg alone in the fi ld d her childhood rorn ple arning the son e f s th e wood land, th e lif e that o!ls 0 th e birds, and leading lea d. But th e a h appy child can fat her's doorwa y oa 1 tree that shades her if it w ould, of tell strang e sto ri es c Ildren who li ved a11d

TilE .\' (J R.l!AL CRIER.

Entomology.

LAWIU: :'\ E BRt.:NEK. 'uive rs ily of .\ 'e hra ska.

· a pau :-. : 111 h (.: bu .·

r h · ." rain Lo rip t· n

18o

fo rms ; and th e abd omen e d · · • or thr ee long man . . n s In e1ther tw pe nd age s as 'is sh Y thr ea d- li k apl .k , o wn In th e fi 1 e som e of th e Th sa . g ur e._ nsm o oth i e h Y nura th e 1r bou 1es ar · scal es t fh are not cl ot h J wi th v id ed w ith ra.th e el 1 ea d is fr e and pro- .h r ar ge c d I e a nt e nn a: ar e ·h eyes. d h s on and 1 · an t e mouth-p a ns but n co n spiC UOIIS, or atpop hi ed. !"hi s c .P ?u rl y d v lop d the-fac t th at no food . o ndttl on be in g du to du rin g th e ir e xist e by th e in se cts h . . n ee as im a I c ara ctens tic s mi o- ht b t 1er long in g to th ese e me nti on ed as bebe le ft fo r some. f te cts but w ill u ur e ttm e I w nt er to de scrib e A . or so me ot 1er ti fic int ere st th at h fr om the sc ien· May- fli es hav e: receac des to th es cr eat ur es non -sci e ntific much at tention short -li ve d ex ist e on a cco unt of th e tr fact. th e ir name adult in se ct s. In While these '' of short 1i_fe ." of the different notion s as to th e l1v es a_re not ve ry of th e o rd t-" r tiOn. Ta kin g th have som e found apa rti c ular ma y. fl e .entire lif e cycl e of a ny . Y Into co 'd · h e ms ec ts ar e rather 1 ns1 e rat10n , t es Som e so e cies ong-h ve d than oth e rwts e. · appear t · h ·n sp rin g and autumn bu WJc e e ac ye ar t two or e ve n th ' t oth ers re qmr e on e, re e ye f · When we tak · ars or a gene i·atl o n. , e Into co .d . f t th at the gre at e ns1 e rat1on th e ac r part of th' · · nt un a er w at er the ti IS t1m e 1s sp e. short. ' 'With me In a ir ce rt a inly ts lea ve th e wat e. many sp e ctes th e individu a ls r, und ergo t f rm a- tion s mate lay th wo trans o ' • etr eg d d' · th e co urs e of an evenin gs, an te , ( Comstock.) g or early mornin g.

The immature st · fl . bl . ag es of most mayresem e som e what that of th e ir p are nt s. tth. th ese ins e cts the skin is cast or shed quite oft en d . th b . h d unng grow , . e ln g c a doz en or more tim e s; and m so me as oft en as tw e nty -on e of s uc h mo lts tak e place durin g th e ir g rowth £: om th e egg to th e Imago. At first th ese ltttl e ny mph s br ea th e throu gh th e skin of t he bo dy . at large, but after th e first few mol ts r udim e nts of tracheal g ills appear at th e oute r r ea r of th e abdomin al s egments. g ill -lik e app e ndages be com e

th e m ay - fl i

XI [(' M C 'S

e<.: J ll m ic , ·c..tlu a· fish · ·-f urni shin

ul.l ha e u

d- up pl .

I{ I) E 10: 1IT

jlie a·n dn,!j -n e dll'

T A.- Dra cronw zk c -.fi ed eJ's. ' na kt:dodu rs. etc

I· II

r ei r 1 ea ra n

111 the f apa rth. as we ll a· in th ir in se ts ' hi ch are kno \\ n b, · th . ab e m nti n d popu lar name·. . ·II of th _, r pr s n tat i\ s of th e rd r ar ra th r lar\Y · in siz '' h n om pa r ed \\ ith ma nv ot h r in sec t , bu t sma ll in co m pa ri so n wi th . so m of th :::. ntie nt ·ia nts of th e ord r that a 1·e sa id to have r a ch ed ne arl tw o fee t in th e ir w in g- ex pa n se. s w ill b se n by a to fi g ur es a nd 9 th me mb . rs of th1 s o rd er _h a e a ve ry chara ct e risti c fo rm . Th e_ b od y ts long a nd sp indl e- shap ed, th e four w111 ?" s a re lon g

g- s. Agr io11.

F ig 9. Libe llula. -[A ft er Pa ck a1•d.] narrow, powe rful a nd supplied_ with a network of v eins. Th e patr of th ese or ga ns are about e qu al m SI Ze a nd form. Th e h ea d is large broad and oft en semiglobose in form , with th e hmd part concav e. It is taken up for the most. part by the ve ry Iar CTe comp o und e yes and IS to th e by a sl e nd er ne ck upon which it mov es qutt e The ant e n? c_e ar e small and bristl e- hk e, a nd bar e ly VIstbl e unl e ss e specially look ed for. Th e mouth-parts are ve ry we ll deve lop e d, both th e mandibl es and 111 ax ill ce ar e strongly tooth ed, while th e labrum a nd labium , e>r lips , n ea rl y e ncl ose th e j aw s w hile at r es t. Th e is lar ge as mu st n eces sa ril y be th e case 111 ord er to

· nta in th e nee ssa J'Y mu scles to mo\ e th e po w rfu l win o·s with w hi ch the ins ects ar e 1 r ,·id d and w hi ch the) kn ow so we ll how to u e. Th e a bdom en is long a nd slen de r and i pr vid d at th e x tr e mit · w ith a pair of Jasper or c re i. Th e Yena ti on of th e "·ino- s whi ch app ars to b · ry co mp lii th c hi ·f b as is for cl ass ifica ti on in th rd r.

L ik th E ph emero pt era th e m emb rs of th · Odo n ata sp nd th e ir ea rli er ex i ten ce in th · "·ater wher th ey as nymphs th at c u py mu ch of th e ir tim e in ca pturin CT and I , ·ourin g· uch 'a ri ous kin ds of a nim cJ li fe a· th ey ca n ca pt ur e a nd o er co me. It is n dl to state th at th e ' ·bill of fare" of th inclu d s not nl r the \ a ri ous aq ua ti c in s ct th at occ u py th e sa me wa ters w ith them, but a lso man y yo un g fis h es, w orm s, a nd c ru st acea ns fa ll b efo re th em a nd go to sa tisf y th e ir r ave nous a ppe tit e s. If we

A . were to s ee Fi g. 11 . Lm 'Va e of Fi g 10. grw n \ L · · t 1ese ny mph s zb ell nl a. [Afe r Pa ck. larvae. for th e fi rst a?'d J tim e on th e b?ttoms of a qu ari a or 111 the ir na t1 ve ha unts 111 th e ir ch aracte ri s ti c s lu gg ish ma nn er littl e wo uld we think th at th ey we re such fe ro cious cr eatures . A lthou gh th e ny mphs or lar vae of th ese va.ry consi? era bl y a mon g tn .form , th e tr ge neral app ea ra nc e ts qutt e ch ara ct e ristic. Whil som e of th em are ve ry sl e nd er, oth ers are n ea rl y as broad as lon g. Still , th e s tr uc t i1 re of th e mouth-p a rts will r ea dil-y di s tin CTu ish th em fr o :n all oth er in sec ts. Th ey are0 provi de d 1th we ll-d eve lo pe d m axa ll ae a nd ma ndibl es a ll of w hi ch are a rm ed w ith shar p, stron g t ee th.

By a_ pe culi ar of th li ps none of th ese are vis ibl e wh n th in sect is at r es t a nd not f ee din g. Th e lo-wer li p or

Fi

labium is gr ea tly e nl arged a nd o f nn ed as to cover all of th e ot her m ut h -pa rt s lik e a mask. In fact , when we look at on of th e se crea tur es from th e s id w cannot he lp but think of th e kni g hts of o ld as w remember th em in o ur pict ur books , In add iti on to co ve rin g th e mouth parts this lip is u se d both as a weapo n of d fens a nd for se izin g and holding th e ir pr y. If th ;;J mo uth- pa rt s of the yo un g do n ata are pec uliar "\v hen co mp ared to thos ·' { other in sec ts, th e ir br e athin g apparatus is eve n mor e quee r. Im ag in e, if you can, th "' o rgans of r es piration to be fo rm d by a mo dification of th e rec tum at th e ta il of th body. This is so mew h at e nlarge d and th wa ll s we ll supp li ed w ith trach ea l tubes By th e wa ter be in g alte rnat ely taken in and out through th e a nal ope nin g th a ir U1 the tracha e becom es purifi ed . This arrangement for ''breathing ': is also mad e of by the ny mph s as an organ of loco m otiOn. By drawin g water into th e org':n and ex pe llin g it th e .ms ec t IS to mo ve forward qu it e rapidly. It 1s thu s provid ed with a hydrauli c motor of no m ean design. '

Wh en fully grown arid r eady to transfo.rm these nym phs leave th e wa te r, and clin g 111 g to some obJect wh ere th ey clin g th ey crack open along th e back of th e thora x and h ead to d isclos e th e perfect ins ec t. Now that th e ins ect has finally go tten it s powerful w in gs and knows ho w to us e th e m, it is a dr ea d enemy to wea ker ins e cts of many kin cl-s . It is especia ll y inclin ed to search for and d ev our fl ee s, g nats, and mosquitos:, he nc e. th e popular nam e that Is so often be to wed upon it. It IS th er efo r e, mor e or less du e to th e abundance or scarcity of these Odona in certain localiti es as ' to wh ether or not mosquitos are trou b 1eso me.

Dragon-fli es or ''mosq uito-hawks " are eli vid ed into several we ll-mark ed famili es; but for ordinary purpos es th ey can be separated into t wo groups, th e one in which th e wings are a ll a lik e a nd folded ver tically in repose, and other th e w ings are somewhat unlik e and earned h or izontall y when in repose. Th e former t ype is shown

Ord er IV.- PLECOPTERA

(Sto -ne-_fli . )

A r efere nc e to figLu- e 1 2 w ill · · r ea der at a glan ce the ty pe of a f sh w th l' ?f h ex':pod .in sec ts. As will rd r

Illustration pictures a quit e diff ere nt n tlw any of thos e me ntion ed as b ee r atur' to e ither of th e pr e ceding ord e rs cated above, th e me mb ers of · th. A.s in di th e popular name of IS, fli es. !his nam e IS de riv ed from th e st of th e ms e cts both as nymr) hs and · h al 11:, . h In1 a ·:; smc e t, ey are, for the " most part f-ll·' about ston e s, and in stony str e ams. Th e larva e or nymph s a_ mo st 1 · ·f . 1 f un I num e rous y Jn swi t runnino- 'th b o Str WI ston e ottoms. As indicat ed b · ' fi f h h . y g ur e o t e nymp at th e n o- ht · 1 'II · o 1n t n· I ustratiOn th ey hav e flatt ened bod 1 ' f- 1 ' Jtt('l

TJ-1£ ;\ 'O RJJ:.':IL C CNJER. I 3

of th s ston -Hies are c onsid er ed exce ll e nt fish ba it. n acc ount of th e ir ec onomic importa n in co nn ec tion ,, ith th e fis h industr) of th country th ese in sects deser e to be b tt r known th an th ey ar at pres e nt. hou ld any uf m · re aders be com e int ere st ed in th m th y "ill find some 'aluable aids by whi h th y \\"ill b en abled to carry on th ir inY tiga tion ·.

JEN " TJE BORST .

/rcmNE is always influ e nced by his surround\:/ ings , whether they be joyous , pleasant. gloomy cold. This is especially notic e able this season of the ye ar. So in this little article I .shall e nd eavor to pictur e a tew of b ea ut1 es of spring tim e a round Hot Spnngs.

N at ur e h.as laid asid e her winter rob e and is no w puttmg forth her greatest efforts to dr ess old earth in her most goro-eous and va ri ed hues. W eeks ago be for e o the snow had all d"isappear ed b ea utiful blu e flow e rs ca ll ed Crocuses , push ed th e ir heads up

spring in Hot Springs, South Dakota.

through th e de parting snow Rak es and op e ned their petals to th e Ar ril sun hin e. Thes e flowers belong to the Ane mone family and are the first of the se ason . fhe A_ow er to make it s app ea rance ts pure whtte, call ed by the children -· • tar of Bethlehem. " Its petals ar e ju st tran sparent en0ugh to look as if it f d upon th gl is te ning d ew drops It se nd s forth a fragranc e wh ich , togeth er w ith it s p eta ls r em in ds one of th e Tub e Ro se '

Before these have g'on e man y ot hers h av e co me to g re et the spring tim e. The o nl y ones s ee m ar e th e blu e and yel lo w v 10lets w htch re mind us of man · pleasant hours spent in field a nd wood around Peru. No ne of th ese A e · ow ers ar found tn our old botani es exc t -h . 1 , ep pet aps the vt o e ts , and even th ese a h t d Th re som ew a change ey are found ho · · · 1 weve r 111 a n ew vo lum e e nttt ed ·The Flo f h k M t , ra o t e -'oc y oun a ms.

On e more flower I dar 1 h .. . . e no t s tg t 1ts commo n name 1s the Shoot· S T, h . tn g tar.. e sta me ns potnt downward d · 1 1 d . b · an tts purp e peta s exten tng ackward a d d 1.k. · 1 · k · n u pwar 1 e !Jtt e nn g s, rna e tt lo ok as if 't . h . t have fa llen froJ? the purpl e t streak th e morn1n g sky.

Not only in the flowers d · h · oes natur e pro- claim t e vo ic es of spring b h . h' h h h'll ' ut t e stones wtth w IC t e 1 s are not 1 d but of which th ey ar e a lm ost on clo vere d h enttre y comp ose se em to ave awak e d . l'f h b ne tnto I e. They ave ee n washed and b . h , d b ng tene y th e wmte r s no ws and April h 1 -h d s owers untl now many s a es and tint 'b less patterns 1 . s, pictur ed tn num filled with ' g ow In th e sunl ight . One 15 aw e and wonder while contemplatmg thetr massive structure and ondrous beauty.

w Jr , no oth er of th e is such a variety of found as is seen in th e Black Hills. ere are th e sandston es, li mestone s, quartz, agat es and many others, best e different' ores. Th ere is on e pe culiar formation th at to contam almost eve rythin o- in onese ems f 11 · ebbles, sto nes o a Sizes, colors apd P seem to have b ee n at one time shap es, h b f ted to cre t er Y so tened clay th en cemen o '

the wh I · ha r de n ·d int li d r oc k. T hi:

s tra ng con gl rat · ts a iled rh ch illr n-· •P uddtn g. t n ·s.

A st ry is cu rre nt h rc that aft r h

a rth ha d be n m u ld · I. shar and a lm os t co mpl te d. it w as fou nd th at fr m ach m at ri al th at aid<·d in it s r l rr nati )J1 a sma ll por ti n rema in .d. T lw \\' is; -r ·a 01b thou g ht hi m a p la n a nd so m ul u t hi s tran ge mi xtur · in to a aut if ul m u nt ai n cl ust e r. le plac ·cl it ut in th ' Cr at me ri can sen s tha p pi " aft 'r in g th ba rren wast mig- ht pa rt alcr')·s tal wat r, br a th th s k and fi nd

From th s . arou nd th m. the dis_h ·n d ar · in 1 ir d with courag t b eg tn It f an w

Th sea r g limp s s f r th · I ta ni t nd ge ol og ist of th e _pi -·asa nt fi Id s f und m aro und Hot pn n gs.

Notes from tile Physical Laboratory.

HERBERT I:!R<J\. i\" EL L, Ne bra ska S ta te No rmal School.

SUMMARY OUTLINE ON I NDUC ED CURRENTS F IT\' I. Condition s fo r 1

r. A clos ed c ir c uit (th e Secondar-11 c ·!) I. J Ol wtt 1111 a ma ne t1c fi ld, fro 111

(a) a pe rm an nt m ao- n t (b) an le ct r o-ma o- net

(c) a w ir e a cu rr nt (PriCozl) su rroundmg a soft Iro n co r-.

2. A very r ap id ·change in th e m ·otoic condit ions th e ceci l 11 t-

( 1) By varytn g th e di sta nc _ b _ tw 1 ee1".n magnet and co il ( inc uc 1_n g any chan ge in th I t . . ) 1r re a rv: e pos itiOn.

(2) By varyin g th e of th e:· magnet

(3) By varying th e distanc e b ,_ tw ee n th e t wo co il s

(4) By varying th e of th e curre nt of th e Pnmar y oi l eve n _to 'ma kin g" and ''brea kin g" th e c ircuit..

[ Th ese changes all invo l ve changes z'n tltt• nu mber of lines o.f m agnetic forc e cut by th e plane o.f the dosed cz·nu zi.l

II I.

THE ..\ OR .lf..-.JL C

RIEA

f f fr m th ·

1 la n fr rn

numb r cr iv : ·t ·urr ent in 0 11 ' d ir ' ti n /H n:d).

( _) To 111 ·rl"tse th c it· ...:in·s a ·ut-r ·tH in lir' ·ti n(h ne?'.c).

2 \-\· h ·r ' l in l'. of fu r ·· from _ n tcr !-> 'l n · fr 111 tht 1 p _it . i I in r as in g th e ir numb -r ·o ntinu '.

th <: Di r' ·t ·urr ·nt.

\\ h ·r · lin es of f 1· • fr 111 ' I .. p arc ·onsi I "r d:

( 1) Sin th e · " nt r th [Jl an f th t' ·ir uit in a dir ti 11 p1 s1it' t th s f ro m th e :-,: . po .

( 2) Sin e-· th ey .pr ocee d from OJpos it ' po l s.

Th er fo re:

(a ) Th ey inte nsi fy ff tho ·e from th e t of ' fl h f · · po l

(b) 1e c an ges o dir e ct io ·. c urr e nt th y c 11 of th a use c __ po nd to t ho se cau 0 11 sfrom th.e . by

Th e E. M. F. of c urr e nt d pe nd s u .

The numb er' of turn s of w ire . pohn · 1 d ·1 tn t e · seco n ary co1 .

The in in te ns ity of th e

2 · m agnet ic for_c e. .

Tl e r ap idity With vvhtch c han g· "'

3· 1 c es are ar e m ad e. .

Th e co ndu c ti v it y of th e w ir e.

4· c '1

Induct ion oi . .

IV. T. Constructi on, w1th relation of pans. Action.

2 ' Purpos e of.

Ji.ffe cts of th e Induc ed Curr e nts

V. Ph ys ic al

1 ' (a) caus e of (b) dan ge r limit

2 M ec hani ca l.

I Th e D ynamo v.

1 • I ts purpose

2.

What it produc es

..., Simpl es t form · . _ .)' , (a) Numbe rs of lin es of fo rc e cu t-

plan of co il in differe nt po itions

( b u mb er of reve rsals of current ach re ·oJution

(c ) Eff ct f in creas e of num ber of o il .

(d Effect of iron co re on coi I ( T rm ·trm a tur' li ld ma o·net

rma tu r . . (I) Th tem en s (a Shuttl cor

mann er of "·inding obj ec ti on to (b) Drum

relation to s hu ttl fo rm ad a ntages of

(2 ) Th ( Ri ng Wheel )

Re la tion to core of stmple helix om rnuta tor (and B rushes)

purp o e of . how ac compli h ed

6. Fi e ld Magn ets h o"' mag ne ti zed re sidua l magn e tis m .re latio n of strength of ma gnet to stre ngth of current in th e S eri es Dy nam o iu th e Shun t Dy nam o.

Alternating Curr ent dy na mo

7· construction as com par ed v'v ith dyna mo of dire ct cu rre nt object in us e of use of ··trans mitte r. "

8. Uses of .

in re a t10n o weigh t to en ergy made available e ffici e nc y of power commonl y e mp loy ed to run dynamos.

El e ctri c

9· {I) Rela tion to th e dy namo

( 2 ) A dva ntages in th e use of as to con vem e nc e as to e co nom y as to suppl y of th e n ero-y to be used.

(3) In Railwa ys_ (a) Tro ll<i y lin es

so ur ce of elec tricity

ma nn er of co mmuni ca ti n th e ba ckin g of a ca r Stor age Ba tt ery l in es adv antages dis ad va ntag es.

Germin at ion Ma nife stat ions.

FLORENCE G. BE::-lNErr.

Ne braska State No rm al.

UMM ER is upon us befo re w are . a:va re. Th e mu ltipli c it y of th e n ew li fe _h as aw ak ened ar o und abo ut us and IS ex pandi ng a nd glorifying i ts If, we ll mgh overw he lm s u s. So va ri d is the n ew l if e that we ca nn ot tak m th e de tails. _W e r ea li ze th e m ass of enbut Indi vidual we lose mc e we miss s ee ing so mu ch h ow mu ch mor e kmust . th e_ li_ttle child pa ss' by w ith out eve n n ow mg It Is th ere Ju st be for e th e a k · . . wa e mn g tim e of tl a tur e Swue m ayd_pr epa re th e child to see what his rr o un m gs are T k. kn ow n see ds as .. h a Ing a f ew of th e be st bea n, we s;ud y corn , th e pea, a nd th e th e ex te rn al, but m cl?s e ly . N ot on ly sl eep in g w ithin th e .littl e pl a nt th e child to th ' ·k n this mann er we le ad see ds h ave re quir eme nt s th ese next ob se r ve s ee ds devel opm e nt . We so me for on e . h av e b ee n in w at er,_ tim e. Th ese t, oth e rs for a l on ge r -su gge st soi l a ange s. s ee n, the ch il dr en qu isit es for th n sunshm e as th e other ree s ee ds Th . b . th e bo x and th . · e ch il dr en nn g the see ds S e so il . To ge th er we pl ant orn e of th 1' 1 d h are place d on c t e Itt e s ee om es in a gl ass . da mp ened with water wh ich are ta kin 1eds s_ho w us th e th e box Th bg P ac e In th e dark so d 111 it is th e ir s to ew ot x bel on gs to th e ch il dr en, a er and k . h s hin e. \V hat we h ee p m t e sunto Io . Th hv e car e for we gro w - ve . rou g tht s lov in g car e th e ch il dren m ay gr ow to think f h . h d d f h o t e ng ts an n ee s o ot e rs a nd h ow th e rn a hel to supp ly them y Y P

we wa tch the bo x for th e signs of l ife w hi ch we a ll. kno w w ill com e. We ha ve eac h see n th e tin y c hildr en in o ur

. b ·11 g the forty- nin th birt h day of J t ei . hi 'd . . our be d. and h1 g y re spe cte pnnc 1p 2 ]Jove ' I I d .. Before s ev en o c oc <, stu e.nts and fri e I fi ll ed th e ch ap el and an x iOus} v a,, .nds h aC f I h d .l vvaJt ed I a pp ea ran ce o t 1e on or e M t 1e _ ,_, · e mbers of th e. semor class had be en stat ion ed th e co r ndors to conv ey st g na ls to p f 111 1 . . . ro Bouc!1 er who stoo c wat tw g Wlth th e band. Th e e ntranc e of Dr. and Mr s. N ea l caus ed

an al m ·t br ea th le ·s sti lln ess as the n it ''a kn wn th at Pr of. N orton mu st be n ear al hand : he; ho' e\ er, was so bu s il y eno- a d in co nv r a ti on on th e ' ay th at he did n ot n tice th li o·ht s in the ch apel nor the deco r at ion er th e fro nt entr an ce, and we nt v ith i\ lr ..)l o rt on d ir ec tl y to th e ir r om . ne of th e se ni o rs be in g no tifie d "ent a nd as k him if he we re at li be r ty . Prof so r repli d that he had to go to one f th soc ie ti e th en and wo uld be later. Th p rsua si e se ni c•r urge d him to go fi rst t om yo un g men who were \.va itin g in the chap I t spea k " ith him . As th e) sta rt ed the si nal pas ed along and th e ba nd imm diatel b ega n play in g. As Mrs o rt on app a red at th e doo r on th e a rm of 1r. 'Co nn e ll a nd th e Profes sor on th e a rm of Mr. Ri c hardson . th a udi e nc arose an d aived th e ir ha ndk e rch ie fs until Pr o f. a nd Mr.. I onon had b ee n s ea ted on an el eva ted seat pr epared for th em in th e ce nt er aisl e. Th at th e se cr et !tad b ee n ke pt wa s ap oare nt to all who saw th e fa ce of him w ho so lar ae a plac e in th e he arts of a ll co nn ec ted with the school. a nd many of th e h an dk erchi efs were th en us ed to dry th e t ea rs of j oy. s soon as th e musi c by the ban d cea s ed Re'. Mr. Bed II st e pp ed upon th e a nd off e.red a mo st el oq ue nt prayer, b ea utifu ll y voici ng th e pr aye r of a ll he art s. 1rs. Bo uch er took_ her pla ce at th e pi ano an d eig ht l 1t tl e g trls dr es sed in "·hit e, pa ssed al on g upo n th e carr y in g a b ea ut i fu l ba sket of _ fl owe rs g ath ered for th e occ as ion by th e ci:Ildr en_ of th e p rim ary de ar tm e nt. Th e littl e g trls sa ng a son g 111 p hi ch was the owi ng solo :

W "F ai r bl oom ing fo r yo ur bi rthday Th ese fl owe rs did unfol d· · By th e ir lip on thi s mi r thd a'y

A ll o ur f on d l ove is told."

sun g b ea utifu ll y by Mi ss Ruth E lli s af ter which she st e pp ed d,ow n and prese n ted th e b as ket of flo we rs to Pr of . N ort on. Pr of. Bo uch er playe d Prof. NO rt on's f avo rit e pi ece, T he Elegy; a z'r de Eglz' se, by th e q uinte tt e wa s fin ely re nd ered fo ll owe d bv so n oby the cho rus. a£t er w hi ch Prof pl aye d a pi ece Pr of or to n ha r _ pea te dly as ked hm: to pl ay, b ut w hi ch Pr of. Boucher h as held 111 res erv 1t i uni s-

aly expr e ssed th at Pr o f. Bouch er n v -r p ut hi s so ul int o hi s mu sic b efo r · as h di d on that occas ion. Wo rd s fa il to - de sc ri b th · swe et s tra in s th at fill ed th e roo m. II sel cti o ns on th e pr og ram were kn ow n to be fa vo r• it es. of th e one fo r whom th ey w n. r ndercd.

A ft er a se lec ti on by th e orch ·st ra Miss Lilli an Neal a nd Miss Cec il e Bouch r ste pp ed dow n and e sco rt ed Pr o f. I\ o rt on to th e platform, where M r. O' Co nn ell had t aken hi s plac e a nd th e fo ll ow in g wo rd s fr om hi m sp ea k fo r th em seJ ves:

·'Most hon ore d Professo r -to him who loo ks ov er th e joyo u_s fac es a ll th os yo u ass e mbl ed here 111 honor of thi s o cc as ion It ts revealed t_h at th ere is a gr ea t asp ir ati n of ma n t? th at w hi ch is gre at e st and n ob le st tn htm se lf , a nd th at th re is a 11-a tlaw of bet wee n man a nd ma n. or so me ttm e, more th an a year n ow, you we h ave been as so c iat ed in rela ti ons of mt:m acy seco nd onl y to th os e i nt imate re-• la tl o ?s. bet wee n th e par e nt and th e chi ld , an_d It IS but n:'ltura l with th e appro ac h of thhts th ehf o rt y -mnth ann ive rsa ry of yo ur l if e, w en t oug ht s of th t . d yo u are more fr eque nt , a our m1n s sh o ld fl 1 Of th u re ec t on th e r es u ts 1s assoct at ton T . mos t o- t' f · · o md ee d, th ey are . <=>dra f1 ytng. Th e lnstn.t c ti on we h av e recetve rom yo · . th t b . u IS th e m os t 1m po rt a nt a can e gtve n to . t th 1 f man- that w htch relat es o e sou o man . d . th an we ll we th mk h as IS mstruc t1 on be . . · . en g1ve n. Ftr st pre se nt- mg to o ur mmd s · se n ted b e-fo _ ' as tt had n eve r been pr eh h re, th e bo und less poss ibiliti es of e ac um an so ul h o- re at t _ th th ' yo ur next less on wa s t at ·d thr u ' ·Ide. ur:r ecog niti on of wh ic h I e WOI ll1 It S f . 'j' h 11 pro gress o c1 v1 tzatron mo re t :'1- 11 oth er fa ct o rs co mb ined, - th at the rea lr za twn of th ose .b. 1. . d ds 1 po ss1 1 ttr es epen . s_o _ely upo n th e choice, th e w ill a nd the a ctiVIt y of eac h ; no matt er how muc h on e mi g ht wish to elev ate th e plane of ano th e r's lif e, on e cannot dir ec tl y do so . I h ave so me tim es thou g ht that in t hose h ou rs of ea rn es tn ess d · the . . ow n m roo m th e se ni or cl ass es p ec ia ll y h ad 1t b ee n poss ible, yo u wo uld h 1 ' se d . . f ave ra us m s ptt e o ou r se lves to yo 1 e of . ur pa n thought and yet you ha ve stood a sid e ; y ou ha ve pomt ed th e way; yo u h av e sa id to

us, · · 'l im b, lh ('n· is no o h -r mc··tn.. \ (' h a\C' plac ·dour l111a c ·us t om ·cl r th ·asce nt. c· ha,· · cl imlw I and w • fa ll ·n ; ag ain ,,. · ha\'C' c lim lJC' I w, h av -· fall ·n; s till you, tnw to pri n ·i1 h- , h ·e ·a rn ·s tl y ·cl us to <·ffo n. \\ h· h result wil l b · tlw lu ur · alone ca n .·a. Bu t th is we kn o\\', :hv i lc·al yo u h e..\\ • · pi a. :ci 1 ·fore' l!S· th C' lon g1ng o real izc it y u ha, -, I lac ·d 111 our !wa rt s : and no ma tt · 1- h . I " much at t1m J)' our a ·t10n s w · m ay indica t · th a th · H .l <·a l fa llt-n. th at t ht J ll '-1'-

i n ,; h as _ ce a sed, y <· t u pun tlw a Ita r: 1 r sec ret ltv s, tru · manho c_I a nd tl -ut· W< manh ood must for cv ·r r ·m a 1n <· nsht·i11 ·d.

th t:: y un g bird of tlw ll1 Hlnt a in s from -·yri · up n th ' ·r ·st. ha ,-i n g- on ce f ·It th t·· p ow ·r of hi s pin ions in th <· fr ·c a it · of h a\· ·n

ca nn ot b · mad · to for r ·t, s) \\ '(· nn t f rg t flights of th. sp il-it in w hi h r u

h av_ •: ctcd us ; <t \·vay frr)tn Lh , ia. f

nat JO na !t ty; fr om th ·. Li as of 1 li ti _. a way from th b1as of ·d u at l n and r li · away fr om a ll thos · t hin ·s th at 1 ·ort 1 1 hn . d f I :-.... t ' mtn and dw ar t 1 · so u I. Th · 1 Ian , \\' , th en _reached _th ou gh 111 111 i. tboo hdrgh, th_e v 1_ of lt f · fr 111 th ..- i t r oa , to msp 1nn g t pe rm1 t tiS to f Ha v ing a ll thi s in min 1, a a in it , r b t. na tur al th at we should confer un on ut 1 c ur se ves as to th e means thr ou o- h. I . I 1 \\T m1g 1t mos t fittm g y ex pr es_ o ut· re ·ard f r yo u. W h av · so co nfe n- cl and th " l T . - ·h . l ' l1 t you se e. o x pt e ss t e char ac t r of 1 r ega r d, I have but to refer vo u to tl1 1t1 tt f d . · . c lar- act er o th e pr ece mg ente rt at nm e t1t . mark of honor to you ass em bl d s a facu lty a nd e nt ir e sc hoo l. Fo r )'Our , th · 1 ·d e nt r- 1av e prov_t e el _ th e 111 0 t xquJs tte mu sic and as a g tft o± l ov e a b k. ' as· t of flo we rs · thin o-s valuable only as th peal to th e' h ea r1 and soul, a nd th oroe) _a1 P.l · I b 1 · · l Uo 1 } on y y 1IJ;l1 111 w 1o se sou ] th ' rt'

IS a co rd of s ymp a th y for a ll th at is -t It d . d b . 111 cu ur e 111 man an mo st ea uttfu l in nat I . . c u rt:n reg ard to th e flow er s, It Is_ worthy of rcthat wh en they were bemg c onsid r, 1 and 1t wa s th ou g ht shou ld se nd to so nw for a c h_01c e bo uqu et, one sa id, -and 1t was imm ediat ely a cc e pt ed- th at a bouqu et of the w il d Row ers of na tur e, ,o·a th -

fu ll a1 pr ·ciat i n of th gift by ittin g in it ahd roc kin o· in a h ee ry way wh ile th e ba nd ao-ain pia ; Th n th e f ri e nds p as sed up \\·h r 1\ Tr _ ·ort n h ad jo in ed him and expr ed th ir o·o I \Vish s.

Th ·a ion bro ug ht a ll pre e nt int o cl r ym pa thy ; th oppor tunit y fo r a ll und -r Pr of. Or ton to e xpr ess th e ir ]o, -e f r h im th -ir app r cia tion of hi s un t irin o· ff rt s in th ir b ha lf. c aus ed a that rema in s w ith the m. o one pr ese nt o uJ d d ub t fo r an instant th e str eng th and p rm an nc of th e Jo, e of th ose pr ese nt for him no r hi s recipr oca tion of it .

Th e fac ult y had b ee n in v it ed by M r. an d )lr . V·:tn 1iddl S\· o rtlno sp nd a social ho ur \ri th him in th eir room in M t. \ e rn on Ha ll. 1 1a n) of th e s tud nts knowin g thi s h ad arrant:;ed th e msel:ves on e ith er side of th e e ntranc a nd as he. a nd 1r s. I orton pas s ed in th e · : lapp ed_th e1r ha nds in a jo y ful ma nn e r.

Da1nt_) re fr e s_hm e nt s we re se n e el a nd on e of th e mo st o cc as ions th at eve r clo s d th e. re adin g of th e fo lmg po m by Mt ss Wmn e:

A:\' OFFE RI NG 0:\' TH E B I!{ THBAV OF A. W. 1'\

We th a nk th ee , Fa th et·, for thi s gift of life

Bo rn wh en on sky, a nd w ave , an d sh ore '

An al l pe rv a din o- b ea ut y see ,ns to say: ' God's l ove a nd power are one· and th U ni ted in th is g ift ' ey , ha ll co m fo rt, s tr e1n o- th en a d .

In uni so n w ith Uplift

'l'h e bri g htn ess of th e hum an co u nt

Afl a 111 e with love a nd truth . euan ce, HatJ1 power to g ladd en so li t.ttde fa ir es t fo rm s

It s play of s mil e , th e m ag i c. of a .,. .

Ha th p owe r to t ea ch ,., l ance, Th e l esso ns which the many 1

Fros t wrea th s, s pri ng l ea v es co _s ki es, Foreve rm ore re p ea t an pa 1nted butt e rfli es

In va ri ed ton es a nd swee t

That b ea ut y is an a ttr·b ' 1 ut e of God

Th e cra dle a nth e ru of th e Sav· , . ·

Glory to God and p eace un to t1Jo ur s b1rth ,

F . . th b. th 1e e arth• We' d ot \ m e 1r of _every c hild ·

ViTh o mak es h1s life a pr a

And lik e th e ha rv es t sun g iv es yer,

To th e net tl e plant as to the sw ee t bri

Lov e's pe rfe ct share e r-rose

Is bo rn a Savi o ur. '

O, strong a nd ge ntl e fri e nd ,

Th e of th e hum an co tt nt en an ce

C an tl a h a ga m th e s m.o uld e rin o- fi re

Lift th oug ht and pmp o ·e hi gh e";-, h ighe r·

Th y eye cau ee , th y h an d ca n c till '

Th e co mmon thin gs, th e b ea ut if ul ;

In th ee G od's love a nd power u nite

To wre t th e tr uth fr om a ll th e wal k. of li fe

An d pl ace it as a gem

In wi ·dom 's r oya l s et t in g.

THE NORMAL COURIER.

BUSINDSS DE,Ff\RTMENT.

Ad ve rtisin g Rat es ,P er mch, column, in gle in ser tio

Spec1a1 rates furn1 shed on appl ication to 8 0 111·

" c. us m ess , anagers.

THOS . F. DOBB ·, 0. J. ' TANDLEY.

Bu in e. s Man age rs.

A. W. NORTON A ""' p ' • UJ.., Rl NC lP A!

Tea cher of Psycho log y, Ethic s, Logic and th S ·• e ci ence and Art of Teach in g.

M IS S ELI ZA C. MO R GAN P , ,

Teo.c her of Liter a tu re Rh e tort ' R ECE I T RESS , ' c. Gen era( His to ry and Phy s iolo gy.

H. B. D UNCANSON, B. S.,

Te a. cher Of Bota ny, Geology and Z oo l og y.

HERBERT BR OWNELL

Te ache r of Chemist ry Ph ' • YBICs and Ast ronomy

G. W. ELLI S B A

Teach er of Math .' • ·' emat1 ca and Lat in.

MI SS FLOR ENCE M:. WRI GHT

Teacher of Dra t ' and Wr itten Arlt hment c.

Miss J ENN IE M:

Teacher of United State CLAI N, 8 Hi sto ry an d Ge ogra p hy

MISS MARTHA W

Te ach er of Lan ! NNE, guag e and Gra mmar

MIS S LILLIAN

Te:1ch er of Re adin g, Dra w ;, R. KE LL OGG , g, c,.,, Gouernment and Booh Keeping

MISS ANNA re ach er of Prin ci pl es of 1 B. HERRIG , nst ru ct; 0

M S 11 and Superinte nd e nt of Pra ct1c e.

I S FL?RENCE G. BENNETT

Pnmar y and K' d ' In er garten

MISS MATTIE "'L

Pre parat .c. LI S. ory Departm e nt.

FRANcors B

Teacher of Voc at OUCHER, and lnrttr um e nt a/ Mu si c.

JEFFERY , Librarian

JOHN BL ANKENS HI P J anitor ' =----

BOARD OF EDU CATIO N

H on. A. K. Go ud y Su t p ' .

R on . J os S. Ba rtley t Ins ., ex-ufficir>, L mcoin

Ho n. B. E. B. Kenned .. a e r ea ·., ex-offi cio, L inco n.

H on J. T. Sp encer .. ·?m a_ha; te rm

H on . C hurch H owe 0 a Ctty ; te rm exp tres 1 ·

ED ITORI A L.

Deco ra ti on Da

1 his ·is th day sc· a1 an for hall th m "mor of h s I li TS whc fc· ll in h caus f th ir c un ry ( r ig- i na II y [

ti n r ay was I ·sig-n ·d ;Is an ()(' ·asi th s urv i ors of war to pay t ri l ut ·

d ad c mr aJ s. anJ the: fit tin .l!' sy 111 J

first icl a wo ul I b · lw mai •wei v r n

b n cli ng O\' r a llm\'<-r -s 1'{'\\' 11 .-4-..; l\· ·. bu t i

h as g ra lu a lly br a I ' tHJ cl in 111 1 nin r ·1.n 1 I fi l d -•p··n <. 1n stg nt 1 ·a n ·c· un il it ;11 n:

r at h r a g rat·ful PJ pi· l ay ing t1·ih ur· tf

l ov in g r ·m mbr an · · to th sc· wh fa t' 1

cl - ob eli en T to f patri t i:: 111 •

T ht s tn but • f r ·spe ·t 1s du l' l tho · who el i d in ·th s ·r vi ·c· ·tn I th s. wh vived th p r il s c f "·1r. \II l. n I a ll to qk th hazards f fi ·I I_ ·t_n I ·a111 1 lh. ra nk s of th lt v tn g v t·r·u1. t hin nin g fas t. :yla ny th ow:n nd s who to be a nd r wh ·n th . 1 ft the S fVIC. h av S lll C -•. d1 •J fr Ill th , [at nt s ee ds of dts as· th e S) st 111 by th x po sur es of so iJ1er l if e. lt vvas th oltl pa r ab le rea li z d of th -· n my who d ta: e se ds wh il th ood man sl pt. \\ 1t mtght hav b n manY ) ea rs I for e th e ha rve st, but years of ex r os ur to a ll t of and at a ll s a ons, in tend 1n most cas ·s. to short n li f . t th) lon ge st, the boy s 111 I lu e wi ll s 0011 s . d ' ur vtv o nl y tn mem ?ry, a_n. we r: e Dec t·ation . co n fi ned to Jts ongmal 1·t ld) · \ Vou no t h av e many more r- cl t n- n ets I . e vo lut ion it a positionit y. Gene rat ton s_ co me an? go, li ke th e le av es of th e fot e st, e ac h sp t· 111 0 - 1• · 11 · · I t> 11 w- mg what e ac h fa w 1t 1ers and d ec ay b D . D '11 s, ut e co ra tt on ay w1 · t em at n, It s obs 1., , . d 'an 't be co m1 ng mo re an more general as a ,_ ciation of th e U ni on d ee pens and e ns to.

H on . W. E. Ma'ors. · ·· ·· ···-Auburn; te rm ex pir es 1895.

es

··Be nk e lm a n, te rm e xpires 1898.

Ho J s w f ·············Peru ; te rm expires 1896 . n. ·

OFFICERS OF 'l' HE BOARD

B. E. B. . : ..... Pres ident

A. K. Go u dy Secr eta ry. Jo eph 8. B art ley T reasu rer.

EXECUT I VE COMM ITT EE Ch urch Howe, W. E. Majo r , A. W. Nor t on

What th e heroes, gr av es , ill b. de corated thi s day a cl11 eved was wo n w m ay fee l ass ur e d, fo r a ll t_im e. '

THE Un ited States is an ex amp le of rapid and glorious adva nceme nt Ou r t1·id c.

TilE _\ .OH_1/_ ·JL C OL /r /ER

for\\'arcl sin · th · n of lnJ •pen-

d ·n '(· han· b<'t'll g- ig..tnti , bu t n i ·

b 'Y n I nur s · p ·.

ur cr >v ·rn m nt \\'a f un ded n a mtr a

i \\.. lS f nt n I · I ll_l 1: th C' - l_ut i n f ma th -

Go c.l th at our cou nt ry \\'a sa , ·ed fr e fi·om th ' ta in f Ia v r,y.

\\ h il e ,,, bu il d but f \\' mo nu me nt of marbl · to o mm morat o ur so ldi er d ea d, ,,. ach nd \ ·ry one h as an nd urin o·

J m·tti ·al imp )Ss !ltlny th at 1., thirt ,, ·n·

c I

rna 1 o n< ', tn l one t 1trtc<· n. by the m n um ,nt t lo,· a nd g-ra titud e in our • >!1- tit uti on.

\ h i 1 . 0 " '.· on .· tit uti

nc 1 ti o n, 1t wa. a l.·

c 1 I · ·all 111·11 . I ar : c

It ,. usl · IO' I10r ·d tl w stu uJ J · "'

11 ' 'a s ,-._T a nd in it , ·t fa ll aq·, f r wh il free a t11 qu a l' ' it sh.,· 'S of th · ni t d

s. . . . . .. .

Thi. tgn< n ng OJ 111 1 r mJ wi th th

1 wc r , a a l1 "tStr us n11 sta k wh i h

1 in a Ion ,.._· and bl ly fratr i -ida !

• I "' hi ·h n v ·r b ' 11 e 1ua 1 d i 11 bra \ ·-

'a.Il d h ·r 1 • lc ·d s.

· I l bl e.- - _- 01- to ur· c ng an

1 tn was t rn " ith a ll .ot 111 -o f a Civ il wa r. th 11

·r ' I . I

} 1 ot . co n vu s1v · s t1 ·u ,..: g- e 'th ,:l

Y ar- o ur tunn o il and -la · · 1 pow r "''' ·d.

_. j g- !1 o- h th · war h as lon o· b ee ' )th OU:::. 1 I . f d n a t hin )as t, we ho _c 111 o n_ r eg_a rd · and p a , I I d t ts sur-

f t 1 a ud glory In 0 111 0 s. rvJc es of lo vi vo rs. G. A. R. As 3. clt esl tJm ony of our th e have de cr ee t1 at the "Ot l f tO ·d W · -:> 1 o 1' g o. ' ' 11 be a cl ay of se _t to our n ob le ,r "'Y sh a d the!r he rotc bt oth ers a . J. o- 5 an m on o . Idi r ' b

5 h 0 de ad. . D ay sho ul d not be a d t ·at!O t1 f I " ay D col. I d ec or at ion o t 1e gr aves of rely tor ne ' of the De ad . It should trl e_ Gra nd h to in sti ll the l ov e of

h .a rt s, f r them indi ,·idua lly an 1 co lle ti ,. ly.

1 c r a_t i n D ay cou_ld be of ·peci al importa nc 111 t ac h111 g h1 t or y or ch ics On that c a ion a r s ea rch fot · th e ca u ·e f D ora ti n ay mi o- ht be ca ll ed . T he p u1 il w u ld na tura ll y r ad a mu h as po ssIbl e abo ut th \Va r. th us o·e tti n o- not on}y a kn o w] d o- of hi to r) , but also of th e cont ituti onal PO\ .1· of th Pr sid nt a nd of th

S OCIETY NOTES

N ote s.

LL 1. EVA.::-.I S.

The stud) of Sh ak e sp e at·e 1 · I f. r h . k s a st uc y o man . n IS wor s we fi nd d 1 mo t eve ry ph as e of human I1aptortray e a ll .f ]'] h · ur e so rea 50 t e-1<e. t at tn pe rus in o- h' ' 1 ' 1 · h ;::, Is p ays we find o urs e v s In t e pr esen ce of r . . ' act e rs act uated by impu lses Ivmg ch a ras eve r i mp e ll ed ma n to act:as nob le or bas e D . h. t on un ng t IS term we ha ve · _ duc ed to Sh ak e sp e ar es' 1 b ee n mtt ose nt ed _i n Julius C d?. ser a 1frac te rs re pr eing the1r acqua intanc e. 0 la ve b ee n m akaur a da y in w 11 C l1 ear ts of yo ung Ame ric a. be . to th e " 1r· . I .. ntrY 111 1 her soc 1e rs ett 1er to a rri ed home u po n th eir or to C·cher vo u ths on to d ee ds

cO l< 1 s uro·tno ; •x r 1 hl·e]ds, tHI :::. bf cl i' so-rac e. v\e t a<:e a s b fear o ;::, of val or Y d to en co ura ge our yo uths to b tt er meth o_ \N e sh ow th em a e f th etr cou n ti Y· I fj g ·ht or . b d' 1a in tender ov e ov er I t na tJ on en II b 1 11 . 1 f11 ig 1 Y f h . b av e so n s, 1a owmg t 1e ·aves o e r 1 f . . c. the gJ . 1 tl e o- r at ef ul teats o s1xty-uve rou nd wtt 1 1 b g illi ons of pe op le.

. . .

rn h "' tl of May we umt e lll pay mg

. On t e 30 1 1 h . 1 . to th e mem ory of t 1e e r01c 1ost homag e d tl _, f d h f U o- ht for our co untr y an 1e r ee om w 0 0 b of th e_i r fe ll ow men and 111 g1v 111 g pr a1se to

The fo ll owin o- are the b ee n carr ied pro g rams tha t ha ve

FI RST EV EN ! G

Work pr e para t ory to th · the play . e rea] s tu dy of

S EC O ND

Hi s tory of Roman

St udy of act I. E VE Ir G. Gov e rn me nt.

St ory of sc ene I tol d.

Sc ene I read .

St ory of sc ene I I to ld.

Sto ry of sc ene III t old .

• TFiiRO E VEN I NG :

S tu dy of ac t II :

Story of sc enes I, II I and IV told.

Cce sa r of h is t or y.

Ccesar ,of Shakespeare.

Brutus Portia.

FO URT H EVENT; G

Study of act III: · Stories of sce n es I, II and Ill.

Pap er on Brutus.

Was th e assi n at ion of C . 'li bl ?

P A cesa r JU St J a a per on nton y.

Roman so ldi e rs and th e·

Sto · f 1r e qu1 Jm nt s. o sc enes I a nd I I.

Re ad1 ng sce ne III.

Qu e stio n· ''W h d

k B · Y oes

Shakesp ear ma e rutus a be tt er ma h C ..,, n t an cesa r r

Wel/ingtonian Society.

FRA NC ES II .\1 EAD ER.

T hi s soc iety is ' . it ne ed not b . h g a r eco rd of w h1 ch e as amed 0 I F .d e vening an exc e ll · n ast n ay de red. Th e sub_ent program was w'e ll r c: nin Sprin g a nd s) e ct Was, ''Out Door Lif e Limm er " B ] ·ve th e progra m in full: · e ow we g1

Paper- Th e Awakening f S 0 Prtn g In Wood s

Re citation-Sp-r; in g i 1'lrd s.

.P. M. Whiteh e ad.

Agne s Watt. n own

Paper-Common Wild F

· Florence Stratton. Pa per-T he Glory of S l owe rs (local ) .... Le tti e M. LottR · . A urnlller J t Y or k. e c1tat10n - rnong the 1'

es a P Th M ree s... H N as h. aper-e ts tOn of th Re citation-Birds of R'l e In sec t .. Pearl Ma tthews Flower Le gend 1 hngworth L. Rich a rd so n.

.. .... May er es Blessi ng th e Agricultunst. Th e fo ll ow in g i h , work . 5 t e plan for this te rm s

Ontdoor: lif e in ge 1 0 d . ne ra ut oor lrf e in sn · ·

Ou td oor lif e · t'nng and summer. In autumn d · Be auties of an w rnt e r. own land. Outdoor lrfe In va riou . s countnes.

Th e pub lic w ill occur May 3 I st.

Th e progra m wr ll be a partial r ev iew of th e te rms wo rk. · Everett Society.

The E ve re tt has always be en a progr essive soc iety and has always he ld a firm be, !i ef th at of any soc iety 1s to ac qwr e an msight mt o th os e qu es tions

w hi ch r · lo politi al !if<·, or t th ·sta ndi ng f th rc·lation h ·tween h an I th gov rn m('n .

1n rd r th at hc·r m ·ml ·rs may acq ui r a m r thor oug h knowlc;dg(· of th · g- r , th. d lopm nt, and w Jrk i ng of the diff r n parts of th rn •rica n g( ,. ·rnm n . th Ev r tt has tak· n Am·•·ica n Hi .t r· fu r thi s t rm's wo rk.

Th · las t p rog r am was w hi ch th gr owth f th · g ,. -rnm nt ,,. · tr ac ·d f rom th fir s hnd in g- on Am ·ri can soil to th pr ·s n't tim·. \\ "h il th tim f' was ex · ·<.l in g- I y sh< rt !'or :u ·h a sui j ct st ill all pr ·s ·n t r · ·iv(' I nt \\' li tr ht on th work of · pl ain ly p ·rc iv ur countr y's gov rn m nt.

Th pr og ram f r th ,',Wars on Am r an pe tty quarr Is of th ol nial la viv e d,_ and th e ju s tn and th e unju of th e 1r cau s s w r d 1sc u ss "' d, and. th a nd s, th s u-ff rin . s an 1 joy re volutiOnar y w ar were touc h d. \\' : th e

lat e Ili on was also discuss d th mo st mt er est mg fe at ur of th dis u was "Th e ev in c in g of a spirit of forgiv n for th e Rebel and a f ee lin g of broth rly lov e for th e pe opl e of th e so uth.

The pro g ram fo r May 1 Ith is on' Slav ry.

Y. M. and Y. W. C • .4. Reception.

On Sa turday eve nin g, M ay 14th th t associations th e Stat e' 1 th e ir joint r ec e ption in th e chapet Th e attendance was :r e ry larg .e and th e a udie nc e one of th e bn g ht es t e ver ass e rnbl d for social e njoym e nt. .

Th e visitors were .r ece iv ed at th e door b)' th e rece ption comml_tte_e, · pr e sented to th officers of th e association and esco rt d to th e chap e l.wh ere thr ee railroads, th e Northe rn, Central and South e rn Pacific , w r, laid out. Th ere wer e nin e' stations on a h road. Each station was named as D lt1th. Bismarck , Mil es City and Hele na o':l th

Normal • Notes.

:£ !lis E. Goo d at alentine, Nebras ka i e of the ve r y_ strong e st pr_in c ip a ls in his 0 n . 1 of the stat e. ale ntrn e will d ll tJ OI . h owe seC jcl h•m a not er yea r. S ev er 1 hO a crtres tO hi111·

vJ Ed ith Clark IS 1n de mand 'th · . fi sS nstitut e work. Is sumfo r I

01 er and Mrs. F. J2.· L ege r. me mbers of ReV·rooi of N. S. spent a week visithe ds in Pe ru , Apnl 14-2 1, and on 1 ,f f rl e n. CJ' of th e 17th, .\lr. L ege r de loivered lecture in th e Chapel on t rnt er .... ·b·1· · The 1 ' verY it s po s s1 I 1t1es. ecture was within itself,_ but was mad e much re restrnp b th e cunos. su..:h as spears. tfl e vivrcl Y I · 1o- mad e by th e natives es a nd clot 111 if he is ableto do I ntV · has prom ' h N S d < Le CJ'e r h visit to t e . . an IVlr· 0 anot 1er summary of his work so, t mor e co mp e te Jr iv e aD rk Continent. . in th e a f nd time eve n rh the prof Norton has of the ye a r. · to b sy of th e las f the work theN ormal u 1 g ood news o 1 f rrY t 1e f . ds in ot1 er parts o ca . to our nen A '] 6 1 do1ng. d vening pn 2 , 1e tS Thurs ay e ' p b th e st.ate. t Broken Bow, on ude livered a Friday evening lie Schoolls an C 11 ay he aave an Illus· ril 2 7t 1', at a ow o Ap. L · · Morals. May 5th, he uve esson 1n , A . . tra ded th e Sup e rintend e nts ssoc ta tton 1 and 011 May 1 2 tb he addressed in Lrnco n, '

th As ociation in Seward county , n th Power to Do.

Th e militaq co mpany is doing "o rk n ' r ec ruits are constantly entenng the we_ hop e ach you ng man will a' a il hims If of the opportunity for physical de ve lopm e nt.

1 he stu de nts of o rmal a nd a numb er of itiz ns e njo yed a ve r) pl easant ex c ursion to e brask a ,Cit y, Saturda y l\lay 5th. ome of th e stud e nts mad e good use of th e time in th e city , visiting th e places of int eres t. such as the Cereal mills. Star ch factory Blind Asylum, but the ma in at tracti on was the mat ch ga me of b a:::.e ball be twe en th e City team and No rmal boys th e ga me was full of int ere st resultin o- in fa vor of th e ormal boys, by a of 3 r to r 7. Th e boys are d ese rvin o· of cr e dit for th e manner in which th ey the ga me.

Samuel_ Ba ughman of th e class of ' 93. has go ne 1n s ea rch of his fortune in the far west; at last writi·ng Sam . was in R eyno lds , Idah o, but had not succeed ed in securino- a b pos1t1on.

J. vV. Miller , a s-raduate of the E lem entary _course, _c<;>r;npleted his work May 4 th, and 1s now VISitrng friends at th e ormal

The 9th monthly Musicale on the eve nin g of May was a grand success W 1 th e prom1se f · e 1a ve -11 b' d . 0 one mor e musical e which wr e unng commencem k Tl program will . ent wee ; 1e h · consist of sel e ctions from t e vanous programs of th e year.

Mr. Mill er, e ditor 0 c t•h I h W ] I f E . ' e ort - es t er n ourna o ducatlon, visited th e N I Ma y 2nd. orma ,

Governor Crouns e is expected h . . h N S among t e v1s1tkors tot e I during commencement wee ,

Comm.e ncement week b eg ins May 3ot h and contmu es to Jun e 6th. A cord ial invitation is extended to all friends of e ducation to be pr ese nt at eac h or a ny part of the following program:

Wed n esday

TJ !!:.: \ ·a HJ/ ·JL CO ( R

Thur day May 30, 7:30 P. M ., Cl ass D a.y " 31 " We llin gto n ian Soci ety

Frid ay Jun e 1 " oc iety Reunion ,.,

S at urd ay '· 2 " Ev erett ociety

S unday 3 11 :00 A. M. B accalaureate A ld re s Lik e Lea ve n Pro f. A. W. N or to n.

Su nd ay

Mo nd ay

Mon d ay

Tue d ay

Tu e.·day

Tue ctay J 2: 30 P. M. Y. :'If. a nd Y .W . C. A. 4 8:00 A. M . .. .......... Field D ay · 4 7:30 P. M. Phil oma th ean Socie ty 5 10:00 A. )1 Public Ex e rc ises , Fir t Elementary l ass - 4: 15 P. M .. . R ec i tal. 5 5:45 ·. t ude nt · Re uni o n. Pr ayer Me et in g.

Tue sday 5 8:00 Alumni

Wednes day

Wedn esday Jun e 6 9:00 A. M .. Co rn mm enc ment Exer ci se :. 6 7: 00 P. M B attalion He view by Adj 't. Ge neral J arue.· D. Gag e, and Lie ut Go ve rnor T. J. Majo •·::;

Our Summ er Sc hool.

Ce rtain c onditions ar e nece ss ary fo r a s umm er s cho ol that ar e not re quir ed for a ny other school. Summ er schools are held at that tim e of ye ar wh en thos e who a re memare lik e ly to be ex haus t ed by th e contmua l la bor s of the ye ar. A pl ace th erefore where. one ma y find in vig orat ion for th e bo dy IS th e first absolute nece ssity . Var iety and hea lthf uln ess mu st h 1 · e th e c arac enz su r rou ndm gs It is for this r ea son we find summ er schools located in al rr ost all pl aces where natur e ha s spread her allur eme nts. But _th ese school s ar e to do far more th an fu r ms h kno wledge Th · enlargeme nt to th e b. . ey to to . . e tn g a nd ms ptratwn fu ll ne ss of h fe 1n a ll dt' · Th e for·e h r ec t10n s. er t e ae sth e tic el eme nt is · d B auty . d re qutr e . e · va ne ty an ha rmon y must be found in dan ce on all s id es . N 0 pla ce in th e st ate equals l oc ation of th e State Norma l sch oo l 1n all of th ese pa rticul ars. Wh e t_h er the views clo se at ha nd or th e farones of th e river, plain and bluff ?e cons td ered th e surroundin o-s s ee m to be Id eal ones Th e de lig htful and driv es and th e r estful s urr o undings are a ll th at cou ld be for r es torin g th e ph ys ica l as we ll as sp tn tual man to h ealth a nd happm es s. .-\ noth er fe at ure, a nd on e of no

li LLi e in Ler ·sL; pric ·of 60 I bard ru ral l is Lrict wh ·r · ta:'\{ 'S lo n L m high r ' nl s and high pri c<·s. f >r pnH·t ton.·. is most favo ra le l :..sp <.n< dly is this th case wh th Community arc· :1. • ·u51 m d t f ur ni s hin g- accomJnod ;IL ion ..; : 11 n al>I rat es

Sui tabl · lab or <llo ric·s in '·ltich work ma 1 • d n · according to Lh c m r · ·:t pj r ,. d meth ds and a li b ra ry sc i J et J cl ' i th a , .j

t the w rk to be accom plish ed. ar · tn ·spen sibl

.VI o st fa ll a facu l ty is n · · \L en a nd worn ·n apt in Vac hi ng-. ri ·h in kn \\' 1·d ge and strong in ( ur fa ully select e I fr ont h un dreds f ·q p li ca nt. , h, 't' h ad the v ry 1 st yr of Jnal jJ J rtun it.i · · a nd ar am pl y 'd 111 · dir ec ti on to th e wo rk f JJ 1pi l·. m th ad yi ld so mu ch 1 tL r r on e. ca nn ot a ffo rd t ' "ast ·tim up n any oth er as h as b en Ion · 1 1- d L e a dvan tage s of p_r of nal L ac her.· nd mode rn meth od IS th fa ct th at a ll st udi .will _be so tau ght that stu I nt m ay u rsu e Jt a ll su mm er by h1 ms lf at h m . Improvement in. w rk a nd o utl o k up on th va nous s ubJ ects wi ll 1 r ov ry e conomi cal in the e nd .

A ll su?j ec ts taug ht at any tim ma y b pursu ed In the s umm er sc ho -:.. 1' ac co rdin · to th e fo llow in g co ur ses: "'

r. R ev i w in a ll br anch es .

2. ew wo rk in a ll br anche s.

3· Iethod a nd cl a_s s man age me nt.

4· Special cla ss. cl as s ma na g m nt a nd gen eral su pe rv tston.

In thi s cl ass fi ve ho urs da il y will be sp nt in di sc uss in g v ital probl ems in sc ho ol or ga nization a nd man ag ement. On ly gr a<:l u at f rom. adv a nc ed c our se of th e no 1·mal and suc h oth e rs ha ve had a wid e e xp e ri n ee in school work will be elig ibl e to th e cl a Five doll ars wi ll be charged stud e nts ,;v.ho have pa id th eir f ee to th e sch ool. A ll oth ers will pay 111 a dd i tion th e e ntt·an ce fee of fiv e doll ars. Th e te rm co mm en ces J un e 7, and clos es JulY 3 rd .

NEB R AS KA STATE NoRMA L ScH oO L.

Er ect ed Enlar ge d 1885. Dedi cate d D ece m be r 23 , l t:i73

--fON TIILY BY •. ·s 1 ;\ !I'·· J3 r ..:r'

e

tan• En r'1' 11 8 · :"\'I AXAGF. H S:

'l'Jros F. D Ti ll S, · J. TAx or.r-: v.

'!'r ea -u•·e•·

Te rm s or S ub sc ription: per sch ool y ea ···. oo· C co PY

0•1 c p•e"''

each

· S ir• A' Je ;on> :1rc consode red pc rm nncn1 un ti l Or dered di . b Sc n Pt Add a ll co mmuni ca ti ons to THE NoR sco ntonu eJ ,. 11 su "'"t Co uRJER.

•o. r M! --. d 11 r r• oo t office at Pe m, Ne br ., as S ec ond Cla ss M 11

t th e p os _ ered il sc HOOL DIRECTORY.

PH I LOMATHEAN

1g dur in g th e sc hool terms at 7 o'er f ri daY to join us in o ur lit e rar y wo rk, e o ck f'! verY II" itW1te tJARR tE M. DUN CANSO N, Pr e spde c oa ly s oc ietY e co rd •n 'urs e s• em.

stud e nt s co EVE RETT S OC I ETY

osc of th • th e sc hool te rm s. New st ude nts are es,, " dun n l: l'terarv work W. E. ROB ERT s Pres cvenl ,... inour a .: E ry .fri do.Yd to join us GTON IAN S OC IET Y. ve v•te ELL IN 111 W Pres id e nt.

c utllt: US E LI TUM

MI SS GR AC E: CORP , and s pri ng vacat 1on. du r in !; Ho l1 da ) s ANNA Mc COY, P re side nt ..,e n•n J::' Every Fri cl aY c N SOC IETY p HILLl PP IA r Especia ll y for !1i gher st ud e nt s . the s um me . d ur ing v ac a !l on. . in g dunn g, g th e L• brarb J STAND LEY , Pr es •de nt. Eve ry Fr id aY At umn • us•n lnd mem be rs of AL M ILITIA

THE NORM Comma nde r of Cad e ts , d Lie ute na nt. H. B. DUNCANS ON, 2 STA fF. · Ad ju ta nt . na nt and Serge ant MaJor. J, Ch ur c h, Firs I and ac t•n g Q M. lt, Good. S eco nd_ and ac t•n g · NY A. t_ H. Be ed le, S g IN J. M. Richard son, 2d Lie ut ,. W Delze ll , ,st L• eu '

·cl< Nea l, Capt; m. co MPANY B. C 5 Norson 2d Li e ut ' Lie ut · · · ' . G C. Me rrill , rs t. ' •11 L. Dave n po rt, Capt • · CIATI O N. •W• , ATHL E TIC ASS O Se cret ary, Will L. Da ve np ort. 1 esi de nt , Dtck Nea l. C A. fr. Y. M. · ·n S ec ret ar y, Geo. C. Mernll. res i de nt. T ho s. F. Do bb s. Co rre spo nd t g --1' Y. W. C. A. Secr etar y M ary Buc hanan. t Vin a C an on. Correspond in g ' ) pres•de n ' AND NO RM AL MILITA RY B . t W E R ob ert s L Ser g ea n . · · · ,l- eade r. P rof Bo ucher.

HISTORY OF TilE NEBRASKA STATE N ORMAL SCHOOL.

,1,1;"' H E N br as ka tat No rm al Sc hoo l has co mJl t·dits n t)·Se\en ). ears. _J t may b fit ting to o·n sho rt of hi t ry durin g- tl;1 s The it a rli r yea rs ts o·n en 111 th e ·'Hi story of N bra ka.··

Fr om this we lea rn th at the N o nn al School had it b o·innin g in !J. t .. oll o·c th n unci r th auspices of th e M. E Ch ur h in braska, th at Vl/m Da il y; H. Bu rch and D r. J. F. eal ith thcrs gave li bera l! ) to its su ppo rt. b uil ding 4ox8o fee t, thr ee sto ri es hi gh, wa rec t d at a c ost of ro , ooo and J. M. Mch.enzi , \. M. was plac ed at th e he ad of th e sc hoo l.

T hi s Co ll eo·e op ened in th e fa ll of 1864 and co n t inn ed unt il 1866 . Me ssrs. W m . Da il y a nd T. ]. Ma jors , me mb e rs of th e Stat e Co un c il and H?use of Repr es e nt a ti ves fo r Nemaha co unt y, m th e w int er of 1866 -7 , tendered th e pr op erty, va lu ed at $ r o,ooo, to the State for a J o rm al Sc h oo l. prop erty was acc epted Legisla tur e appropr iated $" 000 a nd th e to fi ni sh th e b uil d in o- a r1d .:> • · ga ve an e nd ow me nt of twe nt y sect lO ns of land ly in o- in Lan cast er co unt y. b

·will give s uffi cie nt ans we r to th e qu est 10 n so of ten as ked '' Wh y was th e N ebr as ka State No rm al Sc h oo l loca t ed at Pe ru so fa r from th e ce nt er of p op ul at io n?"

Th e Ac t to l oca te, esta bli sh a nd e ndo w a State No rm al was · p assed Juo e 21, I 867 , a nd by pr ov 1s1ons th ere in set forth th e sc h oo l v,·as es t ab li shed at Pe ru Nemaha co unt y. 1 of l and acl jac e nt to were s·1ven m f ee s im ple as a s it e fo r sa1d No r mal sc h oo l, pr ov ision al so, for a

No. w.

Boa rd of Ed u cat ion to b appo int ed by the Go ve rn or, th e St at e and S 't of Pub li c In s tru c ti On to be m mb 15 up · h' B d of thi s bo ard, ex o ffi cio ; t IS to appo in t a P rin c ipa l, who b c hi f ex. cuti ve in a ll matters preta mtn g to th e manag eme nt of the sch oo l. _ . . .

Th fi rst Board of E du ca ti on consist ed of S. P. Ma j ors , Preside nt ; D. C. Co le, S,e cretar y; Dr. J. eal, A. B. Fu ll er, m. Da il y, james (S tate Tr as ur er) S. B. B ea le, (S tate Su pt.)

The fi r st m ee t in g of th e B oa rd was held in Au gust, r866 .J ·. M. McK enzie was el ec ted the fi rst Pnn c1pa l, a nd Mrs. Charlotte McKenzie, Pr ecep tr e ss Th e fir st r eg ul ar term co mm enced Oc t. 24, 186 7. In Ap ril , r868 , S. Pe rr y Ma rtin was employ ed as te ac her of Ma th ema ti cs . The numb er of s tu den ts th e fi rst te rm wa s i 20, of whom 2 5 ·we re in th e · o rm al Depa rtm e nt prop e r.

In I 869 , J. M. Mc Kenzie, P rin cipa l, se cond term, A nn a A lc o tt , Precep tr e ss

No . st ud e nt s e nr o ll ed, r so

o. s tud e nt s in No rmal De pt. , so. r8 7o.

J. M. McK enzie, Princi p al. Carr ie F ull er, Precep tr e ss .

Mar y E. Osb urn , Te ac her Prim ary De pt. M r. Me h av in g been elected St ate Sup t. Pubhc In s tru c ti o n, e ntered up on th e d uti es of th at o ffi ce, a nd P.r6 f. H. H · St raig ht w as e l_ected Prin ci pa l and of N atura l Sc 1ences. R. Wa t so n Smrth , A. B., Te ac her of Music a nd La tin.

No . s tu den ts en ro ll ed, 2 00 N o. st ud ents in r or mal Dep t. , r Qo. r87 r -2.

At th e co mm encement of th e fa ll te rm 18 71 -2 th e F acu it y was co ns titut ed as fo ll o ws :

Dr. A. D. vV illi ams, Prin cipa l. H. H. Straig ht , Nat. Sc iences. Kate E lli ott, Preceptre ss . Emma Dick e rm an, P rin . Mod el Sc h oo l.

o. s tud ents en ro ll ed, 2 ro.

No . s tud en ts o nn al Dept., r 10.

r8n-4 .

Gen. T. J. Mo r ga n, P rin. , Te ac her of Me nta l and Mo ral Sci e nc e.

E li za . J lor an , Pr c I rC' ss . R h ·t ri.. and En g li sh Li t rat ur ·.

H. H. tr aig- ht. ·an ral S i('n . : Langu a, s.

Jam 13 ll an -·, :Vl at h •ma t1 ·s h

Mary H. B urt , l' ri nci1 al \I I ·I S .

Kat Dicke rm an , lns tr um ·nta l lus1

A li ce Hitt and IZZI · L itt le. Tc ac h r lr1

Mod I 'ch o l.

In th wint "r f 187 1. I I n. S. l .

·wd Hon. W m. I a il y, m :mb 'rs

LJgislat ur · f. r 7\ ·maha · un ty _ from th' L"cr 1 latu r · an ·t ·t g- 1\ a n fo urth mill tax am un tin :-; t ... 30, ooo) f r th e erec ti on of a o rm al h I b uil d in g.

W ith th e proc e ds of t hi s t ax as h oo l bu il:in g wa s r ct d in · g- r un Is ·a st of t 11 _ buil d in g th en cc up 1 l by th · sc h ol, co s tru cted of b ri ck, . with a li m ston · fo und :: ti on 90x6 3 f With thr sto ri s an d_ bas ll me nt . Here It m ay b sa i I that v. 1th th e b road ·id as of its foun I r s, as to 1t5 f utur e gr ow th , th y, in pa rt, fa il l to th at th e gr ow th mi g ht b v n r ater th <t d th ei r h op e s, a nd th rou o- h f ar th at th e w ould pr ov e in ad equat th e arc hi tect s, Ro e rt s and Be ll an gee (or th e bu il d rs, as the c ase ma y be,) were d to co nt rac t th: ori g in al p lan of th e bud d in g, in of w hich th e bea uty of design was so me wb a dimini shed, and to da y, we h av e so me rooms re all y foo sma ll fo r th e class s w hi C oc cup y th e m. . hC

In th e fall of 18 72 , th e fo und a ti on of .ti dn ew buildin g was co mpl ete d, but th e ?til hC in g was not r ea dy for oc cu pa n cy until t ,., fa ll of 18 73 . It \Vas de di ca ted Dec. 2 J' r873. d

Be cau se of th e limit at io ns as to r oo m, an in appli a nc es for s ch oo l w ork , Ge n;. T. J. Mor ga n it wise th1 s 1 87 2 -3, to a im c h1 efly, a -lm os t who ll y, he th e b es t a nd hi ghest devel op me nt s tud e nt s pr ese nt ra th er th an to p ut f_o of, e ffort s to se cur e a gr ea ter 11umb e 1 la-1 - - -· d f s tud e nts · thu s p1 epa tm g a br oa th e " ' k b . d 111 tion for th e w or . to e ca rn e 0 11 Jtur e,\ n ew buildin g, te ndm g t ow ards cu l1ich h . A . . JJ!e v.r broad s cholar s rp. Wrse p nn cl f th e h as large ly pr eva il ed in a ll th e hi story 0 s ch oo l. \ t .,

77 a nd "·as su cc ee ded by that offi 'Ja n. 1 Dr. urry

F C L 1'\'

Rob rt Curr y. A. Ph. D. ;. M. C. D. : Prin cipa l. e · L ter at ur f I C lVfor O"a n. Rh e tor ic\ t ' IZa . s· . Che m- H. H. N icholsoi1. Physica l Cie t1c e.

istry. B ok k ee pina. B to ne. Ma th e ma tt cs , 0 d ·D. . . c· L o·e an ra'·' <:>' Ly dia BeII , N · · angua <=> .. h Re adSalli J. N. G.' Geogr ap y. . in a. Dra \\ mg. . · B v\ o rl e ). Vo cal a nd I ns t. MusJC . . . . 1\r d 1 s I I G)' mn astl cs Jos i . L. o wd en, lv o e c lOO o. st uden ts e nr o ll e d, 265

No. s tu de nts Pr im ary Dep t. , 7°· r 877 -8.

T ,0 tea chers added to th e Fac ult ), : h " _ t[ E D 1 eac er l r. Je nm e B. C urt) , . · ·· of Meth ods

. D ·1 . N G Dra \\'ii w Re ad tn g-. !J c at y, . ., . ·>' D t

No. stud ents exc lu sn e of Mod el ep · ·

Ii ss Dowden

1:. L. Snodgr as s. a ppo int e d. . Draw in g. A rith Gram.·

0 st uden ts e xcl usive of Mod. Sch oo l. 23 2·

1879-

In the fa ll Pro f. Stone resigned and appo intm e nt s. we:e made as fo ll ow s : ]. JVL Mch .. enzte, A. M. , Mat h. B oo k-k eepmg.

Prof. He nr y M. Bl ake, Music, Re acl mg. Ca li s th e ni cs.

O lli e Ol e so n, N. G G ra m., R ea d in g. J ess ie Ba in, N. G., Geog .. U. S. H is tory. Ma ry Emer so n, N. G., A rith.

In 1879 th e tim e for iss uin g th e ca talogue was , chan ge d. th at the t im e mi ght co n- espo nd w ith th e fi sca l ye a r. 188o.

· FA CULTY.

Ro be rt C urr y, A. M., Ph . D., Prin. , Te ac her of Psyc hology, E thi cs, and the Sc ience and th e A rt of T eac hin g.

E li za C. Mo rgan, Rh e tor ic, L it eratt1r e.

•'

ioo

·T.f/E N OR i J!/A L CO URIER .

H. H. Nic hol son, A. lVi ., Ph ys ica l Sc ience, a nd Ch e mist ry

J. M. M cK enzie, A. M., Ma th. , Boo k-k ee pmg.

Mrs. Je nni e B. Cu rry , Sc h oo l Economy and Me th ods

E. Da il y, N. G. Re ad in g and Drawmg.

Jes si e E. Bain , . G., S. Hi story and Geogr ap hy.

Ma ry Eme rso n, T. G. , Oral and W ri tt n Arithm e ti c.

He nr y M. Bl ak e, Voca l Mu sic, Elocut i n, a nd Ca li s th e ni cs - o. s tud e nt s, 276. Hi gher Cour se, 8o

E l. Co ur se, 196 .

18 8 !.

E. M. Li pp itt, Voca l and lns t. Music to succ ee d !l iss ] e ssi e St ock in g-, r si gned. No . st ud e nt s, 2 74· Higher Cou rse , 8o.

E !. Cou rs e, 194 ·

188 r. ·

H. L. Gran t, Ph ys ica l Science and Ch e mi s-

t:y to succ ee d H. H. licholson , r e-

Sign ed to enter N. S. Un ive rs ity as Pr of es sor of Che mi stry .

El o. st ud e nt s, 3 r8 HiO' her Co ur s e, 8o C · Co ur s e, 2 30 Gradua t es in bot h ou rs e s, 45 ·

· Dr : R ob ert Cu rry hi s ad minhJ a n. r, r8 77 , a nd rema in ed at th e 1fea_ o t e sc h oo l until Ju ne I88,., a pe ri od o stx , ·ears f h , ' J ' or t e schoo l a {Je nod of co nst ant O' r ow th '

<:> •

His long t erm ff d d . · t b · b a or e hun O[JIJo rtunlti eS o nng a out SL h d t b . . tc goo res ul ts as cann o e att al!1 ed In a s in gle ye ar le av in g to hi s succ e ssor a fir m f d . ' . tl d ou n at10 n fo r ca rr ymg on 11e goo wo rk , a nd t hi s b rin gs us to th e at er un w ntt en hi st ory of th e sc h oo L 188" .) · FAC ULTY

Geo . L. Farn h am, A ..M., P rin. , Teac her of Psycho log) , Et hi cs, a nd th e Sci ence . and Art of Te ac hin g.

Eb za C. Morgan ,. Pr e cep tre ss , Tr. of Liter aH tur e, Rhetonc and Hi s tor y.

· S. Gra?t , M. S., Physica l Sc ien ce a nd Ch e mistr y.

J. M. Mc Kc nzi , s ·tn okk pi ng,

A. h Gou dy, af and \\ rit <' 11 • rith.

Ma r ga r t R.· mith, S h I . F n m y, M thods an d T ra i nina :-.,

Mr s. lie oudy, I l'aJitw·, l ·r win and P nm ansh ip ·

Clara E. P mith , I anguag c·

Isab ·I R. 'c tt , I li st Jry nd raph y.

E .. I. Lippit t, \ o. s tud nts, 1 li g- h ·r 7..

E l. Cour s ' 242 ;rad ua t ·s b t h, l·arnh am s 11 sa w th . n , ·-sit) of an add ttt n to th, ':\ rm ll S ·ho 1 B uil din ·. I;! e I ·li v ·d th at i \\"ts. nl , n · ·ssary t tn fo rm th · L ·gislatur . f t hi s T at nee d. to s c:c ur·· an a 1 1 r ri a. ti 11 f a u111 t mak' su h ad li ti n. but n ta ll fnends of th : sch ol w ·r . sc h 1 ·ful. t the nex t sess iOll f· th 1 · · 8 · · ' -g- tsh.tu r · 111 t • th e . . . B ar I la tcl th . .1 s. b ·for th · and ol tain ·d the c1 ·s ir d ctj pro))n af ton tn a ll 26 oo f 1 · J1 ? 0 oo f ' • W ll, w re or the ad Ji tion t th , s h oo l b uildi ng s, ooo fo r a st ea m h "lt i ng- plant. and .., woo · fo r wat a ,..,, ·ll, a bo il r huus and p um p fo r ratsmg th · ,.._ at 'r to a ta nk in the t ow er. \o\'h nee th" w·:tt r is dis tri b ut 1 to a ls o to ot her pa rt s of th e and to t!1 e ba th -rooms and th e la un · dry 111 th e Do rmtt or v. th e o rk w as b c; CT un an.d as a capac it y of th e N Scho ol Bud cl tn g ts more do ubl ed. The large chapel h as a se at mg ca p ac i ty £01- 40 o s tude nts.

Op e nin g fr?m the . c hap el are t wo lar ge cla s_s -roon:s w ith fo ldtn g d oo rs. Th ese are ava t!abl e In c as e an a udi ence is too lar ge fo r th e a udi e nc e ro om prope r.

On th e fir st flo or !3- re two la bor a tori eS , on e th e _o th er bi ol og ic a l. E ach is s upplted w ith s Uit a bl e app ara tus, a nd thm gs n ee ded by s tud e nts in doing indivtdual work.

Th ere is a lso a g;e ne ral rece ption room on th e fir st flo or be std es th e famil y rooms of th e Princip a l. In .t he ba se me nt are we ll -

tS sca r I '' 4·

FA t:L T\'

L. Fa rnh am, M P sy h_ Jo _...., y, E thi s, ·r ·a htn g.

Ji t3

r ms

n\· rt d in to f th Phil -

T ac h r of ctenc a nd rt f

Ph "to ri c, Lit era tur n. .£:... ' Hi.·t ry.

1_.. . G1·a_n t. M. · .. P h) sica l Science and 1 Ch ITII St J-y

I. Me Kenzi . A. M.. M ath ema ti cs a nd ) . _As tronomy.

.. ret I<. S mith, Sc h oo l E . a nd _Tr a inin o- . co no my ,

,. . M. VI/ ng ht, Oral and \F · t' enc . ·v ntt n

J ;JO ·ithm dlC.

1 S Hu bba rd. U. S. H 1 'st d h·t · or y an ,.; i I P c"· ,0 o·rap h Y·

f./ r( \XTinn e. Lang u?-ge aud Grammar.

1::t rtha ,. S tr oc k. R ea dm g and Dra,v inoc. . o·

J1 (1 3. i J pitt, MUS IC.

IVf . L lld e nt s, 3 39 · H tgher Cours e, 78. J/ N 0 s tL ? 6 r. N o. g raduat es in both - co ur se .j· ). 4,.. 8 __, ) cs eS. J' I 8 5· 3." ' c D Je nkins, School Econom y,

- Sa ra · d TraininQ', to succe ed .r::. · d an ,_, d

Me th o 5 K S mith , re si g ne . Marg ar et · High er Cours e, 7 1.

No s tud e nts, g raduates both cla s s-

)S l· Co ur se, 3 2 4· · 5 53· 1886.

t;:;· • 1 ed succ ee ded by G. ·

M. McK e nzi e re st gAt 'Mathematics and ]- W. E llis , B. ·•

As tr onomy. Higher Course , 88.

N o. s tud e nts , 49 2 • d tes' 39 . C G a ua ' . . :f: l. our se , 4°4· r · th en te ach er of In r88 6, Prof. mall te lesco e s tronom y, co nstruct ed a s

d hi tude nt s to ga in more co m pr ehensi \· vi ,,. of th e subj ec t.

In r '7. a fiv -in ch tel scop e was purchas •d It w as fo und th at th e obs e n·atory ,, as n t ad quat to th n ee ds . and in 18 an bs ·n ato ry ,, as cr ct ed of bric k. "·ith a t \\' h· · f ot do m ··. and with an adjo ining ro m for stud · and fo r apparat us.

I 87

\A,. Ed 0 ·ar T ay lo r. Biolo o·ica l Phy ·ica l nee ro ucc ed H. L. Gra nt M. ..-\. H. ·\ ·an\,1 t Ass istant in c1ence Depa rtm nt.

arah N. Butl er, ss ista nt in Tra inin g· and · Kind .rga rt en.

M. \· lyn B ir ss, . Class.

No .· s tu de nt s. 438 · Hi gher Co ur se, 78. £ 1. o ur s . 360 . o. gra du ates, bo th o ur s s. 6 r.

In 188 7. th e L eg isla tur e app ro pri at ed 5 :; ooo fo r r epa irin g th e Do rmit o ry and a ddirw to it a w in g· 40x46 f t. co nt a in in o· on b I b fi rst Aoo r, kit e 1en. ·store- r oom and t\\' O be dr oo m s. Se co nd st ory , t hr ee rooms fo r s tud e nts. As the Do rmi to ry is the buil d in g fo rm e rl ) occ upied by M t. Ve rnon Co ll eg e, th ere is a di spos ition to ca ll it Mt \ e rn on. Ha ll. ·

1888 .

A. H. V an 'lee t, Ch e_mi s tr y and Ph y si cs

Je nni e _R. Fa ddi s, As sist a nt in Trainin g and Ktnd erg art e n.

M. Smith , Dra v, in g.

Gove rnm e nt, 111 plac e of A i111 a R. Strock , vvho had lea , e of absence to N s tud y on e yea r in B os ton, 1\II ass o .. stud e nts. 49 1_. Hi gher Co ur se, 7_; £ 1. Co ur se, 4I8. No . gra du at es from th e . two cour ses, 55.

<J. !l et '-c. e a .. . . . . 1889 .

Be ll e Th o mas, E co nom y, l\'I e th od s, a nd Sup e nnt e nd e nt of . to Mr s. Sara D. Je nkin s. o'

A nn a S tr oc k re turn e d.

No . s tud e nt s, 57?· Hi gher Co ti rs e, S6. El. Co urs e, 486 . No . gra du ates in bot h :; 9.

A d - c. t d s maJ1 o bs erwator y and .so m

In .1 L eg isla tur e granted an ;tt >propt:latlOn of $I 3, o oo fo r th e p ur pos e of ·er ec tm g up on th e ca mpu s a b uil d in g for the ,'·. . \,.,.

libr ar y, kn m.n1 as the L ibr ary b uil d in·g, a nd a bo il er house Th e \\·ork b eg·an in th · s umm er of r8 89 and \\ as co mpl ·ted so that the li bra ry was tr ansfe rr ed to it fr om tb · sc hool b uil d in g in th s pr in g f t 890.

Th ere is a re ad in g room adjo inin g th · li brary 1 rop r, · ar · to be fo un I a large num b r of clai l) a nd w }·dy pap ers.

Th e b oo ks are topica ll y a rr ange d in s ·cti ons in a lc o ve s upon one side of the li br.a ry on th e o th er sic! are long t ab ! s) with rac ks m agaz in es, vvhere a ll th e lea lin g are to b fo und ; th ere ar other long ta bl es w ith se ats where s tu de nt s co ns ult reference boo ks in 1 re pa nn g the ir le sso ns.

Of bo un d vo lum es th e num ber is ,.. -49 inclu d in g pub lic doc um e nt s ro an.d p hl ets bes id es u nb ? un d mJag az in es .

Je nm e H oy t was appo mt e cl libr a ri an to su cc ee d A tki nso n,. who resigned to acc ept 111 th e Pe nst on Offi ce, W as hin gton,

ElNo stud e nts, 55 5· Hi gher C ou rse, 8 7.

· 468 . .No . g radu ates f ro m bo th. 1 2 7· N ?· 111 Scho ol admitt ed w itho ut mat:Iculat!On , 9 !. Th e ir nam es do not ap p ea r In th e ca talog ue.

J Th e f acult y was th e sam e as in r 89 0. N umb er of s tud e nts e nr o ll ed. 4'" 6. Hi gher Cour se 104 El ' J p . ' S h. eme ntar y Co urs e 3 52 de ool, 9 5· Th e 95 not a ncu at e .

Om a ha opened T · · pa re its own Sr a hmm gl Scho ol to . . . . . c oo g radu ates 01 pos ition s m Its c tt y schools Th. nts f or th e diminish ed Is a ccou

This ye ar ap p ropriat ed $I' 000 to put 111 go od w orkin g o rd e·r th e fo r h ea tin g th e sc hool buildin g and t e . nd er Dr. Fa rnh a m's wi se su pe rv.Isi ?n this w ork was we ll done, a nd th e are th oroug hl y heate d. Later th e L eg is latur e .an appr op riati on of $ 3, ?C?O for an elec tn c hg ht pla nt. By hi s Untinn g e ff orts Dr. Fa rnh am se cured th e e ff ec ti ve wo rkin g of the plan t and now th e sc hool bu il d in g, li bra ry and lad ies' do rmitory are lighted by elec tr icity.

D urin g t hi s tim e as e\ ·c r sine its fou.n.d--

in g-, th sc h ol was known hroug- h its acr di t d s tu d nt s, and h · cl<·m;,u1 I [ Jr th s tud n ts as t ·a ·h ·rs \\'as g"IT;tl('r t han th · su ppl ).

Th fac ulty in 189- was Lh <' sa m · 189 1. umb ·r .f stuu'nts, -1-.1.:- .

Co ur s:, 121. ·<u r s' , Graduat ·s fr m High -r '< ursv , 7, .1 :1 tar y C u rs ·, 2 .

In J.u n , . 1892 , .1 r. F an1 ham P'- ·s nt ·d' hi s r ·s1gnat1 n w· s ·1 · ·pt . I I th

B oa rd of elu cat 1 n t l'l k · ff · t J n. 1, 1893. Thet ny·ars'a lmin i: tnt i n f r. F a rnh ar:' p ch of i 111 1 r m nt. Th mam bu tl clln g: cl ul .l · I in ·a1 ac it), th lar ge and co mm cl 1 us IJ! r· ry u il d in ,, th · ob s rvator y, th -· lar rr _ • st ·am h •rt ti n · and' lec tri c rl an t, th-· im pr 1 rr und ' a nd th g rad ed str . ts I ·ad in ,. t th ·s r u n ds ,. a ll stand mat nal m num ·nt . f hi s wo rk, but sc h oo l was !'1 a rk ·d n ot s imrl y b matenal grow th d unn Dr. a rnh am's ad. r. Fa rn ham b ]i v d th at rowt h, st imul at 1 by a fo rc e '.t IS not a. cra mmin of kn ow leda nor. IS 1t fr om xt rn a! inAu nces. Hi s· fe lt th at e du cat ion a hi gher functton th an t.h at of 111 re kn ow ledge, th at tru f un.c ti on is th e cl ev lo pme nt of se lf 111 eve ry d1r c ti on th e s tr n o- the nin g of th e sp iritu al and mo'ral as we ft as . th e int e ll ec tual li f .

Wh en Dr. Fa rnh am re tir d from activ e s chool work tru e e ducation l os t an abl e a nd loyal servant, on e w ho had e arn ed his re st and to whom it mi g ht be sa id , "Nobly hast thou don e w ork . May G od's choic e st blessin gs att end th ee ."

Each and e ve ry stud e nt of Dr. Fa r nham has s om e pers on al r ea son for a ratitud e to him, and each w ill reme mb er kindly w ord of ch ee r, s om e he lp in tri al a nd abo ve a ll · th at be ni gn influ ence \.v ra diat ed from him , ca us in g a l.I who ca me in c ont ac t with him to f ee l w ithtn th e ir brea st s a longin g for a hi gher lif e a nd a· resolve to be truer men a nd women.

Th e lov e and bl e ss in g of th e s tud e nts of th e No rmal Sch oo l a tt e nd D r. Fa rnh am a nd the ir pr a ye rs th at in a ll hi s fu t ur e,.

T I-lE '\ ORJ f.. IL

f I I · rs m·t\·. ])l' l11·s.· 111 hi · hr- h ,n·rs o _ ; nl)" h Ill '11 r in· r si le 'al.

I <• C ., • F. \ TI.T\'.

,\. w. N HT · I .. .E II'AI..

h logy Eth ics Logic an d t he Sct e nce and Art of T<tachtng

h tl r of P• yc o •

TefiC !f gL I ;I,. \ '. i\I f< ; \ N. _P to-: 'EI'Tt<E

r eache r 0/

• Litera tll re. Rhe tonc. Oen ral Htstory a nd Physiolog

H. H. D ' \ ' )N. B .• · of Botany, Geo l ogy a nd Zoology

A. H. AN LEET

Teacher of Che mi stry, Phy sics and As tr onomy

G. \\ EL L! , B. Teac her of Mat hematics cwd Latin

:MI FL RE E 1\ L WRI H'l' Teacher of Om/ and Written Arithmetic.

11 · · JE NNI E 1\IIc LA I , Te ach er of United S tat es His to ry a nd Ge ography.

MI :MA RTH A " IN E, Toac hor of Lan guag e and Gr amm ar.

MI S LIL LI AN R. K ELLO GG , c /J tl r of Read in g. Dr awing. Ci uil Goue mment and Book Kee pit>g f e::t :M I BE LLE TH MAS

Pri nc ipl es of Instruc tion and S up e rint e nd e nt f r of 0 Pr aL tt ce.

/J ci18 MI SS M. EVEL YN B IR S f i! Fir st Cr iti c Teao ll er in Pra oti oe Soll oo t:

:M I SS MA '!'TI E E LLI S. d Cri ti o Teaoll er in Prao tio e Soh oo l S eo on , ·

E. :M LI P PI'!''!',

f Voc al and In s trum e ntal Mu sto. reacher o

MI SS JE NNI E HO YT , Librar ian a nd St enog raph er.

fiN BLA NKEN S HIP , JO Jan i tor

ber of s tu de nt s, 49 1, Gr adnuH\ o·her Co ur se, · 26, from El _ "V v f rom o tes Cour se, 57 v 11,tarY I 894 · e; is fo UI1cl in th e (il f. r thi s ye ar pe fa cult y o. of thi s iss ue of Tn E 1 1 Dir ec to 1 Y

at es fr om Hi ghe r.C o ur se, coV vrnb er of gra dur Co ur se, 55 · rJfrorn El eme nt a Y. nds our g radu ates comme d .. ..z A-' of Norton re abl e of a mmtstr a;; f!' · 1 lv es c a. o · · hpow t 1ems e . . · ex istm g 111 t e ottO s und er a cc e pt appointt io'\za.tion to whtch y cr radu a ll y as th e de mand. B eof th e sc s the middle of th e 0 ing as he eli 10 had a practic al rrt !l 1 ear our students :Y 'f h. th y Unit y of purp os e tratwn o IS eor . j]ltJ 5 •

and [ tct ian o th pa rt of b ot h facult Y and tud is hi k -' )no te. He li stened f r it wh n he ca me, and s truck the f ull r un I to ne \\ hich has ne,· r ' a ered for a Ill me nt 111 e.

Hi I c tur e t hr u ·h the sta te , "' ith his Talks to T ac her , ' th rouo·h th e Co RTER , ha,· t fo rth his idea , "' bi ch are th e ba s is

f ur r or ,. :a ni zation, go in g on as rapidl y a he al th ) ac ti' it of th e s cb o ol indi cat es r ad in ss to mak ne '' app li cat ion of truth , and tren th to us , bu t not a bu se, a li b rt ) .- o, not Pr of orton 's ide as . He 1 im nl) the .g- roup in g, ap pli ca tion , and x cution of ' hat our le adin g e du cators a ll hold in theory.

His lo,·e of li fe is hi gh as it is deep a nd br oa d. He recog ni zes on e proof of li fe, nd but one, a cti on,-. ·a r ea chin g o ut in th e a nd th e !te·re, of th e lif e that is for th e 1t { li f that sha ll be.

To be re li a bl e. fi o·ur es should be ta ken at once . T" ice two are fo ur , no le s.s no mor e; . d if it were fo ur on ye sterda y, tt wa s we ll an f est e rd a) to w nt e It o ur , th at as It w as, 50 th e wo rld s hall know it e ve rex F h bb h" " O[·e acts, too, t e '' stu orn t ma s, 111 • b are mor e not ed at the 0111 e nt th an reca ll e d. But l ife may saf e ly 111 wait repo rtm g.

Histori a ns often say , '' We are too ne ar ev e htS t? w rit e a histor y this e poch. Vve mu st wa it for o ur e nthusi as m to crystali ze into ju d ge me nt , a nd for distance to focus visio n. So ,,.e feel about th e la st y ear 's life of our sc hool. It is very n ea r to us. We y et feel throbbing of its pulse; and at a se as on , to o, when this my st ery l ife is he ight e nin g th e eff e ct of eve ry s had e tint .in and of eve ry grac ef,ul outlm e, and de lt ca cy of me anin g in the wo rld a bout us.

If on e half th e co lorin g of th e hills and sky be thro wn upon a ca nva ss ; th e world pr ? nounc es it , at '·a pa intin g, ove rpamt ed .and vVh y? It does not look wtth a rti sts eye . The arti st s ee s ben ea th th e color to th e lif e that colors , and paints lif e. Th e a rti st cl ea rs th e fin e st co bweb fr om hi s vision for he kn ows:

THE N OR 11IAL CO R/ ER .

Fi ve lit tle b ea rd· of ches he ld n ea r the e ye, can hid e fr om vi ew '

Th e_whole five hun dred ac re fi e ld of g old en wh e at , In w hi ch th ey gr ew.

l'f And so , we s ay we ' ll wait to write this I e, !or s ki es of so ber g ray to c ontra s t, a nd for t1m"' to · ..... gtve perspe ctiv e.

@

The Home and the School.

A -:\ .'A B. ll EK I<I (; ,

.Nebr rz s ka State Vo rmal Sc!t oo l.

thr ough th_e 1 ag es _of

· nat iO nal hi stoq· we d 1scov r vnth no ln tl' ffi · ·' ·

d gra 1 catt on to o ur se lve s, th · home an th e sc ho I · · I

H . ll · 0 grow1n g LIJJ s icl 1 y s1 c ". arc y h ad 0 p · on PI ur lint-a n pare nt s la nd ed f " _y m ou th Rock, \Vhen th ey w re Y t e \\ tn nu mbe h · '11

I. k r, w en th ' lr hom es s tl

et c ·eel a ll but th b · · f l'f · 1 e are nece ss 1t1 es o 1 ' t 1ey tur ned the· · 1· h

lr a tt e nti on to th e cs tab IS -

me nt of plac f 1 · -

l ·ld es or th e "du cati on of t

sa me hal h nH·s. th · s m li g ht f l_o · in th · fac · . f th · m _ h r.

H r 1n th h m' b ·g- ms th · fr rst lu a-

ti n 0f th" c hil d. T he u n i n b t\\· · ·n mo th ·r and hil d, th · I ,. · )r th · n ., and th c n fi lin g tr ust f t lw o lwr , th c..:s . tr · th c n li ti 11 s und ·r \\'hi ·h tl <' li rst I ·ss ns

mu st b · tau gh t. ' nhappy hem · \\' h -r · t hi s I v-'- bo nd is 11 t kni t ·I sv ly an I s ·c ur I) ··n ugh tor sist n·n lin g, wh th · g- r ow in fr ·d m an I ir H.I CJ ·n I ·n · · f the · c hild d mand th · lay in _g· asi dt of tlw I "'d.din g-s trin gs . Th · p·trt that th · hil I tak s in af t r li f · in larg T ·omm u n it it' s. a nd th rela ti on h · susta in t th ·m. \\·ill I p nd Jan;r ly up on th · pia ·c ht· n \\ ' ) ·u1 i ·s an I th r ·lat i n h · is no \\' I · I to sus ta in t " • rc.l thi s fi rst li tt l<: ·o mmuni ty, tlw fa mil y. If h · be I o un l cl s ·ly by l v , if h . h tau g- ht to r-·cog ni z hi s du ty to\ ar l in li, ·ic.lu a1 m ' 111ber fi of thi s li tt le cir ·J '. h \\'ill I 'a rn the fir st I sso n th at w ill in th , fu tu 1· . mak him a s tr ong f so ·i ' t). Th · fa mil y i_s· th e fir t l1 nk 1n th rga ni z;.tti 11 { hum a nic 1I ren We h 1 ft h · ave mu ch to be th a nkfu 01 o t es stur dy old S · h e l · a xo ns for th ey av cone more th a . ' · he un ity of th h n \\ e kn ow to es ta blt sh . t

. o- . • orn e a nd th e sc h oo l. Spnn g-u\:, Int o existen ce at th . . th e tr sist h d e sa me t1m e, · er oo recog ni ze d f h fi t th ey h av e co me h . rom t e rs ' f h . a nd In ha nd thr ough th e yea rs o ou r Ist on· · · d

I I f 1 ; ' giv in g mutual s tr eng th an 1e p u ne ss ca d f he ' re or and pr ote ct ed by t same pow e rf ul h ea d th S

I d , e tate. n acco r ance ,- l h th e h 'l d' fi '' lt1 t e la w of natur e, c 1 s rs t te ac h . Th e . ers ar e 1ts pare nts. love 1n hea rt of fa th er and t?,,,. ard the one ea rl y manif es ts its e lf w a ca re ov er It s depe nd e nc e and a prote ction that no t e nl y of th e pr ese nt but looks u nto th tim e •v hen th e littl e one w ill lea ve the hom e- n es t. W ith pr ofo und inter es t is the gr ad ual manif es tati on of co nSCiousn e ss and_th e sl ow unfoldin g of each facu lty- pro mts es of th e li fe to be.

Be ho ld pic tur e of th e Holy Famil yfa th e r, mo th er, a nd C hil d, bo und to ge th er b) lo ve- th at is home. It is not s tran ge that a rtists pai nt the C hild w ith a ha lo about its he ad . H ad we bu t the s piritual se ns e to s ee, how often we \vo uld recog niz e th e

ty. th e s cia! c mmuni ty If t hi s f1rst l111k be 11111 crf c t, ho\v an \v , cJ ·p ·nd up on th e s tr eng th of the ....,.h 1 ?

Many r ·suit s in e du ca ti on depe nd on th -·ir fir st co mm encemen ts , an'd th s =- are iri th · hand s of th e mo th ers. In c hi! \h oo d ancl its pe rv e rt ed man ag eme nt li es mu ch of tlw wron g: and mise ry of mankind. M oth e rl y lov e ,_1f not moth e rl y instin c t, ha s led ev en th e Simpl es t of wo m:n to ac co mpli sh ders. But th e g row111 g' needs of hum a n1t y de mand mor e than thi s. Pe stalo zz i a nd Fro ebe l, and all gre at e ducator s in th e ir tim e, hav e mad e a pl ea fo 11 th e e ducation of th e moth e r. Th e cry has not r ea ch ed us in vain, for in all lat ge communiti es we find to -day ''moth e rs' class es" consi s tin o- of wom en sens ibl e to th e dut y' that re sts with wom en ar e not too proud to admit ts s om e thin g to be le arn ed eve n rn th e ir work_. Th e day is p ast when P es talo zz i's cry IS nece ssar y, ''l\r1 o th er s, moth e rs! how oft en hav e we wish .d to gath er you und er th e she lt er of .;, isdom , humanity, and Christianity, as a hen g ath e rs her brood und er he t; win o-s, and ye would not. " Wh en onc e class es be com e

ir of in find of with aded when tors would e

Tf/E .Y OR J/. L C( 205

Geography.

BY JE-:\:'\ lE .\I C I..'\ 1:\ .tV eb ras ka Stal l! \ ·a n nal Sclt oo l.

gH E hil d _b e v· in s th e. s tu dy of lon o· b efo re he lea rn s to o·et thoug ht s 1:::> 'b l from the print ed p ag e. He ca n d se n e t 1. e 11 - jo- hb o rin g· hill s. th e ri ver a nd th e br anchin tr<=>rind ets \-v ith more acc ur acy th an in aft er ve7t rs. Th li vely in terest· w hi ch th e·c hild i' · ls in a ll thin gs abo ut him , the c uri os it y to li scov er so me thin o· is o ft en a less on to f 1:::> • th os e o .m a tur er ) ears. In no st{td y IS th ere mor . oppo rtunit y for the en co u rag e?f ti:I s sp irit of di scov er y, of per so nal th an in ge og ra ph y.

1 he stud y b eg ins at home a nd goes o ut to th e home of hi s neio·hbor a nd on to th e more 'di sta nt of o th er -la nd s. In prop o rti on to per so nal obser ·ati on in hi s ovm co untr y is he ·pr epared to s tud y oth er la nd s. Th e more th e s tud e nt ca n find in his own reg ion th e mor e mat e ri al he has tocompar e w' ith that of oth er regions.

Th e c ontin e nts ar e mad e up of mo untains , plat ea u s, pl,ain s and ri ver ba sin s. .

Th e . plat e au s are el evated plams: th e

2o8

TilE NO R JVJAL CO. 'R/ER.

and the fo !l o,vin cr p ri ncipl ·s thor u. hly ta1 g ht : r,

affec ts thf. a pp ar nt fo rm of all xc pt th sph r .

1stan ce a ff cts th ap pa r"nt s iz e.

A plan fi gur pa ra ll ·I with th e pi cturC'

ap_p ea rs ft s tr_u· sh :;-t. J .

g s para !! l WJth th pic tur · plan r app ea r para !] J. ·

Th fart her ab ov . or th th ey , th e f ace at an an cr le with nr plane, th e wider it ars.

I v ·l f th pict-

. As befo r s tat ed simp le \·ro rk. in dec ration shou lcl h ave b , 1 . l . en co ne w1th th , pr ccctn g wo rk. At thi s tim it should b ta k ·p

LI Q thdor oughly. As units of cl es icr n ar btam from ge om ·t -· f r, 1 f . e r1 c ·orm s, fr om na tur a conv n tJ ona li z d. and from Histo r ic hrnam en ts, it is necessa ry th at a st udy of t _eh latter shou ld b mad in co nn ect ion

Wit the WO J·k.

T?

cha_r ac t r isti cs of th e l ea ling sty les Egy pti an, Gr k ancl

S oman ;_ Me di a::va l, in c lu d in g· Byzant in ·, a rac en1c a nd ( tl · · R . ' ..r o 11c; a nd the r e na1 ssanc · shoulcl b . e el b cl ·.' · e tau g ht a nd J!l us trat. y ra wmgs and pic tu re's Th Egy l)t- lan lotu s pa"' · · ci ' r?w us and wa·ve scro LL; th Gr ean Anth em zon eclzin us t' d .fret. th e Ro A ', a ca n an .J , ' t' fl m_an and scroll; th By za nfon_ l th e Gothic trifoz'Ls quartrezclsan u sed In e corat ion c· . t' · . JVe as th oro ugh wo rk as 1me and matenal ,.vill · If p oss ib le b . · pe rm it. a nd brin g b, fo taJn of wall p ape r,! 1 · h e ore the class any de coratec c 1In a t at may be b . Ob · · 0 tamed for th e purpos e. from the stud ents th e ide as th at th e 't"h'a s ohf oludr r oo ms. ar e plane s urfac es th at ey s ou app ear 1 ( h ' cr -d P an e, t e sa me in reoal to our floor s), that th e a er on the sho uld fo rm a go od b fc:kP d for pi c tur es th gr ou n ft ' . at na tura l r ep rese ntat ions of owe rs give an uneve n a pp ea ranc e to th e s urfa ce , hen ce should not be us e d. In rega rd to Aoo rs, we do not li ke, to st ep on b ea utiful fl owe rs or bouqu t f ft e rs h e so ow ·' en ce th ey s hou ld not be repres t d ·n ou r d 1 1 h -e n e I an 01 c ot s: sh ou ld oa ny d esigns be u se d that w ill give an un eve n appea ran ce

THE 1V RMAL CO R JER,

Kn O\ led e a nd Phy s ical Dev lopme nt to f orm the sa lt , whi ch s ho ul d s a, our the "h ole art h. T he gentl e man 's fo r mula was o-ood but I am much af r aid th at it w ould prec ipitat e a majo rit y of men to th e lo' e. t r ou nd of the ladd e r, wh o, through th e ir ,, ry indi idnal ity ar l eade rs amo no· m en . T he r fo re I am h er to plea d th e .caus e of in di v idu alism , fo r it is th r ough this th at eac h mu st vv in h is way to th at nich e in th at spir i tua l t emple. no t bu ilt' by hu man han ds. ete rn al in t he hea en s .

Th e Cu ltivation of Indi v idualism.

1.. A. (.l 1\'E\'

Class of'93 ·

::.,·up'l City Srh ools, Coleridge, Jl.'eb

J-{1 S is a sub j ect whi ch w ill _be ar a gre at @f deal of co nce ntrated, lo gica l th ought . which h as b ee n br ought to my mi d It rs in my wi th a grea rs I can distinctl y remember 011 d tuto · 1 e an e of you t 1 who al w ays of th 1 ·ned of my bem g so much unlik e m comp ar n cl, in a mistaken id ea of her d ut/ m:at e s,oafo rm me •in that mou ld which tned_ pe rfect, and to -cla y I still am th at my par e nts chose ,to move t me fr om that fa te . E ve r since it h as been a patent fa_ct to me that o ur o ll ege t utors and our te ach ers c th e ir id e as of pe rfectio n 111 man and have ot satis fie d unl e ss th ey c::n form the are 11 • h · ds un der the ir tuition 111 t e ir own ma n- mi n f · · _ I once ha d th e pleasure o meet ing a lnet - ed ae ntle man who ha d at l ast got his ear n b h · . d f th e pe rf ec t man cl ow n to a c e mical 1 ea 0 1a It was hi s opinion th at e ver y one fo rmu · 1 · h ld be cons titut ed i.n th e fo l owm g ma ns ou Ps R G 2 P; i. e., tha t there sh ould be a ner, 2 3 f 1. . d t b of th r ee pa rt s o re IgJO n an wo parts 0 ;s e Psycholo g y, with e no u gh Gene ra l

N 0\\T , in an app eal to yo ur ;;e sthetic nat ure. in di' idu c>.lism come s fo r wa rd st ro n g!) on its ir tue as th e 'spice of l ife . A bri ck.is a ve l') neat lo oki ng piece of workman sh ip, as it sta nd s out before us in its full r elief, its thr ee dime nsi o ns clearly d.efi n ed . but af te r thorou o-hly e xa min ing a nd studying you r firs t b rick, y ou ''" ill find it a di fficult ta sk to rous e e' en a pa ssing in te rest in th e tho usa nds of ot he rs in the yar d bes ide it So is ; ce rta in m an inte rest in g pa-rt of nature. but im ag m e, 1f you ca n. the po ss ib il it) th at man in th e wo rl d w ere e xactl y' li ke thrs fi rst ma n. eve ry feature exactl y th e sam e, every _m ent al a nd spi ri tu al facult y ou t th e sam e pr opor tions. an d r ea h ze how s 1c k• you wou ld get of the li k en e ss,_ ho_w very the h uman r ace m Its beau tiful (?) simi li tud e, woul d bec ome .. t?e n, b efore we clos e this dr ain on Ima gmatw n, conjure up the fac t that y ou , by the hypothe sis. would be an copy , spm tually, me nt ally ph ysica ll y, of your f at her , broth er and ali ot he r fe ll owmen. Wher e, then, wo u ld be yo ur pride? c aus e would be given you f or e go tis m. By h ypothesis you are equal, he _nc e you ca nn ot rise ab ove your fe ll o ws This ,_ mu st s ee, wo u ld crush all a mb it iO n, wo ul d kil l emula ti on, and th ere by e ff ec t ually l ower the me n tal and mora l stan da r? of the ra ce . Back v. ard we wo uld re gre ss 10 the scal e of civiliza t ion, down wa rd we wou ld go yea r by year, cent uries wo uld dis t in ctl y ma rk our r trogression, and a g-e s would s ee us al most in the sam·e co nditi on whe n ce we c ame .

Th ere for e, we can arr ive at one co n clusion and o nl ) on e. That is, individuali sm

210

1!-JE N OR 11AL CO URIEI<

is one of t?e nec e ssary, ind ee d .mo st effictent components f ' on e of th e life. I claim and base my cf. a su cce ssful gument adv a nced heretofore 0 .n t?e arality is the cause of ambitio ' t 1at Individu· n that a b. · is th e mcentiv e of concentr d m ItJon labor is the only true road ta e labor, a nd you doubt this? otice succ es s. Can the individual. ''I am re ason in a- of . an Ind· .d o dowed by my Cr e ator with 1.v1 ual;- enwhich are not held in cena111 faculti es I commo b men. can accompli h .n Y oth er would be impossible to m s f whi ch I am so differently consfi e ows, be caus e is one drawback to my h 1 Yet th ere e·r men are individuals afpin e ss. All o thgifts peculiar to a slo e ndowed with each and e very one ve s. More ov er through his endowme my fe llows is forming certain acts capable of pe rent within my power not at pr e sfactory to me. I ml;st !Skis ve ry unsatiswor h d . d that I may rem e dy th 'I . ar In or er · s e vil " R · thus he will work and st . · e asomn g order that he may beco raJnhev e ry faculty in ers in ev e ry way. Gai t e equal of othforts all th e ' his e fth en po sse ss es an a Is fe llows, he him he ad and sho' uld e g-grebgat e which puts rs a ov h has becom e what the world ke t em, and he cessful man. nows as a sue-

As I have intimated b f character which mark th e ore, thes e traits of ual distinct and se pa e man as an individ- rat e fr 1 me n, are not ac quir ed b om 11s fellowtraining, nor an; th ey lon g cours e of with th e world. It is ed by a contact that there are no two acknowl edg ed fact of th e. g lob e who ar e upon the face of each oth e r; and thft ytsJcal counterparts minds form ed e xactly 1 he re ar e no two hardl y more nece ssar t 1e f sam e, is a fact This , in my est imatio Y. 0 demonstratiOn. n, IS a pr { h ommsci e nt Cr e ator wh b OVIsion o t e of hi s childr en is YH the happin e ss c hild ga in ed its first . a rdly has in g c ir c um sta n ce s w h· 1 atton of th e ex is tIc 1 surro d . b f it has sho·wn so me t · . un It e or.e raJt whi ch 'd 'fi t from eve ry ot he r chil d T I .es I h - · hese Ind 1·ndual c arac t en stics se em to c om e t d b . . h . o, an y our asso c1 at 111 g t em w 1th him fit tl ' 1 .1d ' 1e c 11 as

na tur a ll y as does the n am e w gi e him. Th e hi story of th e fi J"St c hildr n \\ ho e,·er on th_e glob e be ar m ou t in t his. C ain, with a ll h1 s se nsual ti a li ty, w ith his fi e rc e an d pass io ns , w as the exa.ct op po It of h1s Sf iritu I a nd , for that pe nocl In the hi story of man r efi ned brotl I I . , H::r Ab e · t Is a m ost u nn c s sa ry pro cee din g to th e hi stor y of th r ae on down for wa r cl more pr oo f of th e indiha ex ist d s in ce the foundatiOn whi ch f un d i ts pr e- ex iste nc e in th e att;J ?u tes of th e di ffe r nt me mb e rs of th e Tnmty.

th e fact that our mdtvidua!It y IS born with u s, it is yet a truth.' cap a bl e of th e:: m os t lo g ical demonth at th ese distin gu ishing marks of the can be culti va ted in the hi g hest In fac t, can be brou o- ht into such that th e me nt al of the man will be a h' 1 b I w Ic 1 can not e equa ed 111 th e physical ld A d . d' _ t d. . . w or . n m 1 rec contra ts t mct 1on th e .t b ne glected and ev en se mah e so son may re a ch the low:sets sde tlat ft edl?erTh · eo- ree o me wcnty. ere IS th en in tl1·. 0 ll h ts as we as m every ot er portion of ou _ 1. h h' h · r 1ves a appY meanh WHic It lS de sirable• all may re ac enc e that w what th e world, d . . e may be ne tth er h enommates a crank nor reac those lower den.ths wh' h . ' h h c1· · · r 1c receive t e un appy Istmction of being . t' g pe rhaps f 1 1 untnteres 111 , ' a. oo ' we s 1ould e arnestly striye to as c;e rtam th e ways and hereby h d means w eac an every one of ou _ f 1 . m - 1 h · 1 acu t1es a y re aC1 t at prommence which will mak e it an equal of the others and o- · 1 part a full and well-ro o_Ive menta ·r unded outlme. Ha p- P1 y, we are so created that 1 1 th t r h. h 1 · 1 <e e wa e w Ic a ways se eks 1ts level ·d l'k 1 c · · , an 1 e e etnctty, wherem· the current 1 sses from the positive· to the negat<:t wayls ptaode, . . ll 1 1v e e ec r we as an mte . people, im re ss upon each oth er our mdtviduality dpb me ntal shocks, to equali_ze ou; a nd thereby a tta 111 tha,t uniformi ty nece ss a rY to th e prop er de velopm e nt of a. race. The of this developm e nt, however , dtff_er according to the various stations which we hold in life, and through this fact

" \. rc ·< neil· the pf th rag. and tlw 11laint ·n·u1 r Tencra l a,·_ ur indi ,·idu. aliry .

Ho"·· th ·n, t aid th' :-.r winO' mi nd t gain th is appar nt parad x in it me n ta l mak ·-up, is a pr bl ·m t which r ach r: may w II g·!''e the 1 r found st co n id rati n. Th e 1ault f m t t ·ach r li rat her· in rh · r pr -·s ·i n f the in li,·idualit) in t he child than in its undue culti , ·ation. . I haY ai I b f r ·. almost Y ry ne ha

· f th w el l-r un ci d man and ,.._ thcr person b) that m a ur , nd jf th y n •t xa tl c n fo rm \\ ith th at i dea . cek so to 111 uld th ·m th at in tim th y w ill r ach th mo le i. or in tanc e. many teac h- r ha\·e an rr n ou id a of th e deg r t:: ( b di nee cl ue tO\\ arc! th ms lv s lt· m th- ch ild . on e qu e ntly it is a. fr qu nt ccurr nc to h ar th x pr: JO n: ''I'll c nq u r tint hild .., Hap p ily, 1t can b stat' I th ::.lt this ve nt d oe s n t o ft n h al p n: b ut u nhap pi l ·. n th e other han d, . t he t ac h r om e o ut co n que r d. H ap! II). 1 s3.y for s houl l th t acher conqu er h ha irr para b!) in j ur ed t he child . rar be it fr m us as t ach rs to ha e it sa id that w- ha br ol en th childs wil l power, an l in th at ubj ct i n tr an sformed him in to a cr ino·ing. tr ac herous und e rling. In sta nces ot r pressi on of in dividual ism are t oo DJ..Ime 1·ous to mentio n, a nd we mu st has te n o n. ·

I mai n ta in th at an y t eac her who s ee ks to rn ak e th child a mere .au tomaton, work i ng by certa in set rul e s, d oes wro.ng . Kn owin g tha t in ou r ovn1 char ac ter li es o ur success, how ca n an y te ac h e. r, hee dmg th e cl ea r a nd pro mpt111 g·s of _ co nsci en ce, r- ep r ess 111 d!vidua l 111 th e chtld To me it s eems m exp h cable . Natu ra ll y, ther e fo ll ows the que stion as to h o\V th er e_ m ay be a comp !ete a nd fr ee c ulti vat ion of th e min d, wh er em the re sh all be a ful l and harmon ious a nd yet w ith out th e t otal de s.tru c tJ on of m divi dual .rn a k in gs . Fo JJ o,.vi ng on_ my own r ea sonin g, I see k n'o t gl\re a f?rmu_la, b ut wish -r o pr esent. ce r ta in _ su g ges tiOn s for tho ugh tf ul

F1rst and fo r emost, as ) .may find 111 eve t·y boo k on pedagogy , is th e

requ lm t dema nd , th at the r hall be a t ud · f th e ch ild . No curs ory examinali n. n r fu ll ow in <Y of fir t impre ssions , but a om ple t and xhausti\ e leading to a fin al un de r tanding of the su bject. Th is is done in ma n) way . The best, mo t pre babl-y, is th stud of t he stud y of th · nu from a p ychologi ca l a nd ethical ra ndp o int a nd b) a de terminatt n of th e di ffe re ntiati o ns whi ch distinguish th e p articul ar peci mens of the g-e mts jrueri fro m all oth er . Ha' ino· ma de y our cliao-n is, if it ma) be o called, yo u. \\i ll p ro ceed with th e tre atment. Let this be "·ith g n tl ne s, y et with determ i nation eek to stren o·then, up to a certain cle o- re e of \ hi ch ) OL! b.e your own arbiter, ) th e \\ ht th ha e met the app ro a! of the Prune' those wh ich are unna tu ra l untd you have brought them do' n to th e no rmal. Further inst r uction it i im p os ib le to g i\ e, you on ly are th e. Fortunate ly, shou ld you fail, , ;en IUS IS ha rd to c ur b, and you ca n on) y ha rm weak er o nes to any great extent. Yet ae mu may be checked for a time, and co nseq uen tly not re ach the plac e in t he intel! e ctua l firm ame nt for which it was clesi o·.ne d. Now for one suppositi onal case and th is mmt c! ose. You have a ,, hose wh ole mt ncl ru ns toward literature and its kindr ed stud ies , r hetor ic is his Eng:ish literat u re .a joy, wh ile mathematics ana the e xact sc ienc es an abom ination: No . se k to advance t hi s pu pi I in ]11 s p et studtes a lone, make him grade up in the o th er s, but do n ot exp e ct per fection in the m,. and of all, sympa t hize with him in h1s des1: es,. ur o- e him to close and appltc a tion therein , and when he has fims.h ed Y?ur .course , let him leav e scho ol w1 th an I_ nsat ta? le desir e for a u ni versity. 111 h1s spec i:=tl and , a proa fte:w a rcl wl:1c h li es in hi s line. By do mg this you satisfy a so ul a ncl <Y iy e t the ·worl d one v.rh o m ay at some ti 0 . h n1e da zz le a natiOn , ev- 1: .t e by his add·itio ns to the crud 1t10.n 1n his SJ ecialtie . Let us , th er efore, cult i vat e in th e child a well -buil t, general f?u ndati on, up on which he may. r ear a m ag mficent su pe rs tr ucture in

2T2

TJ:lE JVO RMA J. COURiER.

that special work toward whi ch his indi v iduality leads him. Cultivate indi v idu a lism. then. and receive tl}e g ratitud e which will justly follow from a world ben e fited by yo ur foresight.

The Violin.

F. BOU CHE R. Neb r aska Sta le No nnal Scli ool.

t1.rHE violin is th e most popular a nd us eful of all portable instrum e nts, and indeed of all instrum e nts e xcept th e piano. a nd it has co nsiderabl e imp o rtan ce as be in g the principal instrum e nt in th e orch es tra, ma_in of is composed of v10lms, m th e 1r four s1zes of violins, Altos or or Tenors, Violincello and Doubl e B ases . It is n ea rer to the human in quality. compass, power of e xpression and fe elin a than any other instrum e nt. Th e v iolin , as it is tod ay, is abo ut three centuri es old; of all musical it is the o nl) on e that · has su_rv tve? un chang- ed througho ut modern mus1cal htstory. V. incl instrum e nts a_ll kinds ha ve completely r ev olutwmzed, but th e vto lm has rema in ed fo r three hundred yea rs th e sam e. and it is pro bably d es tined to re main so music e xists, for numb e rl es s attempts ha ve be en mad e to tmprov e it, they hav e all be en aba nd oned

.Viol in making is so littl e pr ac ti sed in this c<:)Untry. th at a ::ew words on it s construct_IOn. m1 g ht prove int e restin g. · The question 1s often as ked wh e ther th e be lly a nd back of .th e violin are not ' ·be nt " to th e re quired shape, and the e nquirer hear s with that on th e contrar y, th ey are ··digged o ut of the plank " to use th e word s of Christoph er Simpson, 'with infinit e la bor a nd care. The only parts of the violin to wh ich th e bendin g p roc e ss is ap pli ed ar e the ribs or sid es.

of se parat e pi ces of wood w htch are g lued to get her fo r th e fix ed structure of the vio lin is as fo llows: Back. 2 pieces; _Be ll y, 2 _pi ec es ; Blocks, 6 piec es; Ribs or stdes, 6 pteces; Linin gs, 1 2 pieces ; Bar, r piece; Pu rRing, 24 pi ece s; Nut, I,

rin ge r boa r d, t; l I. L \\' r nut, 1. T.:,tal. 57 p-tec s. Th ·' m vab l · fittinoco mpn. thi ne n additi nal 1 ar t. : Tailpiece , L p. Buu on. f ur f ur st rin gs. ound post. and h1·i l g- Th e vio lin th us c n sists of s ·vc•nty cliff 1· nt parts. all of which , <·xc ·pt th. str ino·s ;,1 ncL loop , ar f w o I. Th \\'O c1 " 1np1 d i · of th r ee sorts -m ap! . r t• th... ba k. n cl ' ribs and brid ge;_ o ny for th _ fi 1 g- ·r b ard , nut s, sc r ' ws, tad pi ct: an tl IJutton; th purHin g is J artl y of e iJony part!) f mapl ; the bar. block s. and so und 1 . t ar ?f A I_ I m tal is a 1 r fa n e: u b ta n " m vw ltn ma kln o-; no fra gm ·nt f it sh uld be e mplo y d, wh -t h r c n·stru tiv ly r o rnam e nta l_l y. Th [<Lrts 111 ust '· I_ut togeth er \\ tth th finest o·lu . and '' 1th Illv isibl e joints. Th ton , r thi n g·s bein · the sam e, dep nel s lar er ·l y 011 th e qLnlity of th e mapl e a nd pin Th , oo I must not be new; it shou ld h av b n cut tt least or six yea1·s, a nd b we ll seas n ed. Both_ pme and mapl e should be as <vvhit e as poss 1bl e, w ith a rai 11 mod r ate ! y wi d , e ven, an? a rul e pe rf ctl y st raig ht. T he old es t Vlo-lm s date fro 111 abo ut 18 so an d were mad e . b): Gaspar el i alo. the t wo Zanettos, . Roclian a. a nd Mag-g ini. Th e characte nstic s of th ese m ake rs, who c?tnpose w hat is somet im es ca ll ed the Bresc tan in fact share 1 by Andre as A:matl, th e e arh e_s t kn own ma ker of C1· nta Th e m ost fa m'JUs 111 aker of th Ama_tL N icho_las ( r 590 1684 _) After t1m e t 1e VIolin was ca rri ed to Its pe rf ec tiOn by hi s pupil Stra( r649- I 73 (.) was clos e ly · o ll owed by . th e_G_uarn1en_ous family of which Jos ep h <;; uarnten del Ces u w 8 s th e m ost ce lebrated.

0£ all mu sica l in s trun1e nts th e v iolin is the cheap es t a nd most e xp e nsiv e, a rai1 ge of pric e a ll wa y f rom one to ten thousand dollars. 1 h ave e ·en r e<l _ of on e "A Stradivari ': to have l( ee n fifteen thousand doll ars. . Th <: , often aske d, ar e ol? It alia n v10 1tn s d fdr .worth· th e high pn ces which are th em, and are not th e b es t mod e rn 11 d ) I · -'s op1 n· me nts eq ua y goo : , n th e wnt ei

italian , ·iolin . be t r hio-h ir intrin ic xa nd more t han · ny u ·h - np ur ha and ab \.

sum in th ,. n clor f r

Pla y.

FLOREKCE G. BEKXETT.

JV eb ra ska S ta te iVo r mat 4 HE

act iv it y by w h·

lSI' fac ulu es are ?evel ope:J is pia . Ich d ga 111 es remam mate na ll y Chd?h00 race, as th ey ar th e m ea ns b sam e_ 111 e ach I pme nt b eg ins . Throu o·h tt( ' ;..'h 1ch dev e no t only the grov,, tl1 of : ve _rr: ayd, al but th e adva nceme nt of th e Ind1 V1 u ·s' n atur e's fir st r equ ir e ment e rac e. b1eo·ins by pound in g Th c hd1 dies eve r ything; later he run:·1 _th en 1-. e 1an · · 1 · If 1Hher P d 1 ithe r acq u am tin g 11ms e with II . o t1 h l a hJ s a.. __ unclin o·s. '\ It eac 1n ewplay h b tJil o o .1. '11 1' .e e s es more famt tar wtt 1 t 1e .t lings abc'?rn He is t ak in o· in th e oute r th at" he out ptJ11· . a m ea ns sh ow his inne 1- 111!fay 1-. ave . 1 . 1 e J• ou ah doin o· he o·ams w 1at Ins t ru c t· · 'f h r o .-:::- o ton Jcl never bnno· to hun. is ·his first a.nd cJ:ie f rneans d va n cement. The c hd d w dl 'a lw of da some amus eme nt whi,ch ·will r eq tays fin h' 1 lir e (flotion fromftmh: e He maly on)y a n inut es o 1s time to eac 1 t 11ner or lle feW I d . . o a , spe nd ays tn try in g to acco n1 pli sh ) l ans . \ t\The n he pl ays with Na ture t est in g one of her law s.

find_ he mu t comply with the r eq uirements .·he m:1ke \ A. h n "·ith bo) and girl friend s, hi p lay ften b co me care less. un kind c\· n cru I. H ldom has any defimte purpo in min d. H must be do ing somethino- Hi . r ulrs are usuall y di ffuse and half work d out. \ hen some olde r person m s t pia ' with th hild enteri ng in the play "ith z I. h i ure to b welcome. h hould not imply direct but be able t play howin o· th be st '' ay s of doing and wh) thos ,,. a s used are t he best. Trustino- as th e hi lcl does ·in those about him wh:::>o are o- r ow n, he delights in being t ld how to d thing by them.

Th adult or t ache r should ha,·e in mind pa rticular r suits to be gained . should 0 fro m one step to another .carry mg on a i o·ical l ine of thouo·ht. The chi ld could not p lay in this \\'hen alone:

Fro b l recogmzed that pla : ts t he ch1ef 111 an of dev elopme nt _ in childh_ood He ·a\r th r suits of ungu id ed play 111 all the hilclren about .him . the pos' bili tie for children throu o·h du·ected play, b o·an a kind ergarten In his child gaTd1, 1 h aimed to de' elop th e little on es by Cl' f I " H . '::trt in a garm ent o pay. ne ver us cl a play he kne\\ _1 t would tou ch th 1t1fe of ch ild . He )Ut the chdd 111 a ng 1t att1tu e to nature , I a 11 ci God v\ hat he did first many are man · . strivin o· to do . By m ean s of th e se n o"' - · 1 1 -s the chdcl wdl grow to h ave a O\ e for about him . He will think of th eir t : 0 1ts and n eels as --..vei l as his ow n. He wa1 . f h' .·11 o-r ow to ha ve a person ality o 1s own WI L;st '. thin k only in the ]' es o·iven hun Ill t he dtrected pJay Or Wea - l!: of b eino- told always what to do, he r)h ' ld 1-e· criven tim for free play. H ere s ou u o Th 1 . he fo ll ows his own thoughts . e I d e \rith the teac h er, wdl gtve h1m a p a) on h 1 . 1- · f . prec edure . I-I ma ys ow w 1at 111uasls OI b' J' h I f l . ventive and creative a ' It )' e 1as o 11S 1']11 olJ!Yh his fr e dom the teacher own . ;-. .. d' . 1 1. may speciall y r·'ad his Jn 1\ .1 ua tty

In order to en able the t c1chc1 to carry 0 11 t his play wi th the chiJclt: n, sh must ha' e her tools . The t,,-o c ht ef s w re car efully plann ed by Fro eb I. 1 h ey are

the gifts and the occ u pat ion s. Th e g- if ts cons i st of bu i ld i ng mat -·rial se l ctcd t sp (·cially to show form and arc hi tecture . Th ey an: mad e of the m ate ri al m'os t fa milli ar to th<:: child, ftn ish ecl ctnd unFini sh ·d "·ood and iron These· g- ifts bt:g.in \Y ith the mo st simp] typ , of u ni ty, th ha ll , in -reasing in d ifficulty unti l th ey sh O\\" so li d, fac<-'. edges. conwr, line and po int. Th (' ch il d plays ahYa y :-; ana l yt ica ll y \\·i th th t· l,. i f t. This line of i_s espec ia ll y df's ig: n t> d to sbm\· th(' P9SSJbd ltles by m eans of di vision and artistic arrangcmc: nt. of a hu] k of m aterial. Through the direc ti on of th e te ach er, th' ch i ld may make forms of life of oo·mtion and of beauty ' ·""'

Turni ng to o cc Ltp at ion s, \Y find in place of ana l ys1s, sy nth ·sis. The c hil d is gi ven diff use _material to be br oug ht t oge t hC'r and made mto a wh ?k . Th e occup at ions that th e m ay sec the law of up and hi s ow n n <"cess it y in th r::. \\'Orld about h1m of co mbi n in g mate ria ls to mak e a ''"hole .. Th e c hild fo ll ows in hi s· p la y th e most typ1ca l li nes of occ up ation in ra cr:> developmen t, sucl1 as st w in g, wea v ing a nd pottery maktng. ·

. The is _to sho\\' child th e po ss i_bilitlC? ot diffri nt m ate nals \\·ell com bt ned an?. to ei_:ta ble teac h r to fi nd o ut th e abrbty ot thE-' ch dd in i1we ntin o- a nd cre ating from th e se mate ri als a sa'?isfa ct ory result .

In t he play deals dir ec tl y wtth symbolism nd er sta ndin g- a nd sympathy are made s tr on ge r by sy mbols. Through a h_tghe r m eanin g ap pli ed to th e common . thmgs abo ut us. the child is brought 1nto cl os r re lati on with natur e, man and God .

Each song, eac h story a nd e ach 6-am e h as its aim . Throu}:;h imitatio n of fl 0 , ve rs and birds, th e chi ld comes n ea rer to na tur e and disco' the Cr eato r in natur e. Throug-h th ese symbo li c action so ngs and games, he grows· to lo"e Chris t.

Action is th- mak i ng rea l of th e c hil d's id eas and thf' sho\\' i ng of his indi v idualit y. Throug-h the ga mes es pecia ll y. th e c hiJd may Ji;-e the life in imaginatio n of th e plant s and anima ls . 1n play in g he is · caring for

the m, he \\ ill soon bv lo Yinc th ·m J-lc-, m ay imi tate th differ ·nt tra lc-s of man. ·] cin o.- a bla ·ksm it h, a COO !JlT 0r a sho mak r. ·sc in l ust r ies <··sp · ·ialh · int('r cst him I ·au se th ·'y ;.u • fu ll of 1110 ;C)n. Th ey l ring h im in to sy m pathy \\ ith manual hbc r.

Th <:· c hi ef aim of thl' S\' mb oli · \\' OI· k is to IJ rin g th t.. hil d in ro a ri ;ht relatio n J:i s s urr o 11n Jm gs L3 y clothin o- the h milll a1- l1 f< abo ut him \\' ith a C()\'( >f b -·auty the c hild is turn ed to tiH hi o· lwr th LJO' h ts sug-ue st e cl. 1n hi s play thcs< ' s ym b-. ]s come fo hirn in clu ct i n' ly.

Th e c hil d 's na tur e is so ma 1 that it clpen ds c hi Ay· on ]l ay f r its d cv ·lo 1 m- nt. Tf th at play be cl gradc·cl r elevat in g th res ult \\ill sh ow in the ·hilcl 's !i f'. Thk ind e rgartn er should s I- t th m ost truthfu l a nd ha ppi es t of pl ays. Th e c hil d w ill us c th em b h apJ y. Fr o bel sa) s, "Real hum an JOY 1s o nl y ]i,·in c wors hi p for i't is o rd red by (; o d. ·· '

Biology and Chemistry.

H. B. DU • 'A?\SOl\i

Neb ms ka .<:;tatr• N 01 •111 at Srh oo t

According to th e or jes it w.as suppo_sed that th e_ oxrdation w hi ch occu rs in soils was du e s1mply to contact 'w ith oxyat. pres e nt we t ake a , ery differe nt v1ew w1th r egard t? th ese chang es v.re know that the 1n att er of soi ls is broken up and by me ans of Our fertil e so ils ar e tee ming w1th life 1n forms. Ma ny of th ese fo rms are m1nu te to be se en \Vithout th (;; aid of th e mtcros cope . ye t th ey are producing on a mam n: ot !1 scale, up on w hich th e. va nous fo rms of hr gher v eo·et atio n depend. ::, ·

VI e may snmr:'arize th ese li v in o- a o-en ts 3 5 (r) a nimal anc} ( 2 ) veget ab le li fe -f un gr and bacteria. The v ege:matter left £:om forn 1 er cr ops is oxlchzed in th e bodr es of the lar v e:e . e tc., as dioxid e ,_ th e nttrogen 1s exc reted 111 simpl e forms co mbination Th e fungi fe ed uo on th e .nitrogenous organic matter of soi.ls and ltke

THE i QR JJ>.J.L CO

tRiER .

SCIEN CE NOTES.

No tes From the Astronon!y Cla ss

HERBERT 1-J.R OW:'\ELL. 1\ "ebra ka taft- cliool

r. PRECE '1 :'\ (IF Tl-11:: EQlT'\O XE

e y notin o· a' ura t ly th pia e of th s un IW \\'ith rcft'r 'ncc t th · tar upon the ba k ,.., r und f the h aYcn · \\·h ' nit is at the \" - rna I Equin x, it h as been found that \\'h - n n xt it is in the am ·quinoxal point (aft r th e · of 01_1e y 'a r) it is not _ in i_ts form ·r pos1t1 n r ·latin' to th -· tar . -1· till

1 little . h rt f ha Yin,..: compl eted a circuit of th' hca \' llS . [t has COillC in its p ath -tht: E ·lipti -t th ·· ECJui no ti al at a po int to the \\'. t \r ard of the f rm cr point of th' inters. ti n of the:c oTcat irclc -. Each y ea r it is f und that the e quin octi-tl point s 1110\' · further \\' st\\·ard.

!uf c nccrning th e r 'lati,·c let igths of our yea r (fr m to eCJu in o x.-cr;u inortial l'c ar ) and ot the ttm c r equi r ed for tht sun to mak e a ompl .te circui t of the lwa, ens tsidtrod war ) l" rom the _r aJ m eani ngof the ':' ord on, u':) . thL' sign ifi _ ctll <' ol the c:-.:pres ston , jJretessimt tltt· ·q?tiJI0.\'1:

t The La titude ()j stars is found b ,· rdcr, 1 L' to t ables pr(·par cd at man\ · diffcr,·nt Cl j • ' I. t ·s to h;n -c pract1 cal ly unc hano·cd c ,I R 11' . "" f r tng hom wh ::t t L 'ttitu clc (Ul esltal) 1s r \Ylnt in/e rmt'c is J··ducecl?

Th e D ecl tn at1on ot t ar s JS +ound to ,·an· from y ea r to year. ,,·hat ](' tion is. and that the of t he star s . ·e fi x ed to u:. make mfer eu({' the refr om . ell · T) . I \ ·, · f. II

·1he ·ug 1t s ce ns1 on o a the stars is foun d to ha 1n crcase.d a i_J out 3?o('ac h in 2 00 ,·ears. 1_1 0\\' tl-11s 1s C alcula tl' \\'hat has b een thts per year. Calcula tv th e n um ber ot y ea rs_ m·ce ssary to make this ,' 6? 0 • "·hat this tell s of tlw \' er na l 1-:-qutno:.:.

1t is l ang-l e forme l b,· tbc planes oi' th \ E cltpt lc and the is constant hy llSe <1 1/;e slclc!on sjlurc illus tr ate all thes e ·ha ng es .

R ecalli ng which of th ·'S<·' planes is shittinn· its p osit ion r elatire to th e otlwr: rc,

1'HE NORMAL COURIER

th e relation of axis and pol e to plan e, £nf. conc e rning th eN . Pole (of Equinoct ial) relativ e to th e N. po le of th e Ecli ptic. h if. concern ing the Pole Star a nd th e star Polar is.

II OF THE ZODIAC

Ce nturi es ago that po rti on of the hea ve ns ex te ndi ng as a be lt so wide on e ith er sic!

.the _w hol e t:xte nt of th e Ec l ipti c. was dt v id ed tnto e qu al par ts ca ll ed Si gn s, and numb er ed 111 ord er froni th Vern af Equino x. Al l th e stars w ithin eac h of th es

Signs (a 30 ox r6 o) grouped as a th e stars in by hn e s, fari.cifu l re pr ese ntatio ns of ammals. or parts of a nimal s we re made and to th e. Conste ll a tion was gi th e nam e of th e an1mal, as th e Ram ( ries), th e Bull (Ta uru s), To th e Sign in w hich such conste ll a tiOn appea red was give n the sam e n ame th e names of th ese

Signs of th e In o rd e r. w ith th e sy mbol fo r each. l f!if th e position of th e Verna l Equmox relat iv e bot h to th e sign and th e Ar ies a nd to th e sign a nd th e conste llati on Pi sces R 11 . a d . . . . . . eca 111 <=> t hat th e . !VISIOn .m to is from th e Vernal Anes bemg th e fi rst. 1-12 of the zodtac, Taurus the next part, e tc ; reca lltng th e _amount of re troo-ression of the Equin ox, znf. th e r lati ve positions of th e Signs and of th e Conste ll at ions at this tim e.

Notes From the Laboratory.

SU:'.DIA RY OUTLI:\E E'OR ACIDS, BASES A)ID SALTS I. ACldS .

• 1 Prop e rti es

(a) sour taste

(b) blue litmus red

(c) 111 exc h ang·e for a t 1 h • c me a t ey _::' tv e up of their H (basic I-f)

2 . Compos iti on

(a) a ll ac ids conta in H exc hang eable who ll y or i11 t f t 1 par or a mea

(b) this H is combin ed e ith er vv ith an eleme nt or a gro up of el e_men ts Rad£cal)

(c) somet tm es thi s union is dire ct (Hydracz' ds )

(d) sometimes it is by m ea ns of 0 ( Oxacz'ds 0?1-Jydroxyl adds)

(e) the ac id ra li ca l r I m nt is fre d at th e + cl · tr c.l (is -el ectro -?tcgati< c)

3· D efi niti ons of an 1\ ci 1

(I) Th un ton f 1 [ w it h

(a) a n n-nwtal r a 11 11m 'tall ic .rrou1

(b an · tr - 11 rra tiv ,-. lmcnt or gr ut

(2 a sa lt of hydr <P n

4· T erm in ology .-,

(r) ltyp(J -,- -ou s: -ic; pc1'-

(z) lt;·dr - and -z'c, in hyd r ac ids

(3) ?JZO?Zv- , d1·-. tri -, u d w ith 1·efr t basic H. nh ydrid s

wh at re main s f an ac id aft r rm ov ing from it th ba ic I-I and eno ugh 0 to mak w at r fo rm erly w r- call 1 ac id s (anlzydrous), as C0 2

II. B ases

r. Pr ope r ties

d estroy . (ne ut ra li ze) the prop e rti es:. of ac id s ·

2. Composition

(a) all conta in a m eta l or a m etaT · li e gr oup •

(b) thi srad ica li sfree dat elect rod e (is electro -pos-itive)'

(c) many contain H a nd 0 (Hj'- dra t es, ltydrn xides ) where a metal is s ubstituted for one-ha lf the H of a water m?l ec ul e ( 01- molec ul es ) a umon of a me tal w ith hy droxyl (OH) .

(d) some . o nl y 0 with th e po s Jtnre (Basic O x-ides) co mbtn ed w ith H 20, hycl r ates of the me tals are fo rm ed

a wate r• mol ec ul e all of , ;o,rhos e H h as b ee n re pl aced by a metal

an a nh ydro us h yd rat e

3· De finition -s ub stanc es which ne utrali ze ac ids , c onsist in a often of an elec tr o -p os itive radical a nd H connected by 0.

4· A lk a li es

11. . al

1. F rma r inn -1 \' IWutralizing- an a id

\\' i th a ha sv ·

I L.: C is a S( '. n uan· pr duct

·tinition -a n m-1 uhd ( rm I

• hy n·1 hcing 1nrt )r all f th

ln s ic II of an ·t id 1 \' a 111 t'otl ,, I- in Is

( 1) ':\ ·u t1·a I n rm al - \\·here all

I h J J f tht ·t id ha b' ·n r 'pia C'd

-) :\ 'd- \\' h ·r' 1 Lit part f th

II 1 f th' a ·id h as I n ref)la · ·d ') Hasi ·-

\a) wh 'IT th l' me tal i .. substitu t d :

pa rtly f< r th _, H of th a id molecul e

I· art ly fo r th, H of a . \\' ate r m I u]

(b) In natur e it is : partly a sal t . partly a base

4· T rtTlm ol og: y

-?·rle; - ite; - ate ( wi th re lati on to a id s)

Til e JV,o rma/ Battalion.

C. S. :'liC l F:.T0 :\1'. I

. are :. aso n. \rhich ju ti fy the ma!llt nan ' f department in our . h o ls ,\ g-r - at in the phy1 al den: I pm e nt ot th mdi,·idual results fr m milit·tr · trainin , :. Th . In fantry tact ics onta in wlnt ar called ''s ttin o· up 'Xercis s ·• t.lc_ ig-n d to k ep th · mus I ·u1 pi and e_lastJc. and capable f st r ong-, h alt hy a tt n, and at th e same tim e th sh ou ld rs . Du rin o· th '"int r t rrn . the No rm al B attalion, a w -e k. too k x 'r ises in Indi an club besid es othe r li ght ;"Ymnas tics. At all t im es the m n arc r quired to m ai n tain an er ect ca rria;· \Yith h ad up and shoulders we ll back . If th w ath ·r per mits , all !rill is ca rri ed on o ut of tin.' g·ivin g air exeri. . 1n ·1 len tally 1t may be remarked that no mall amount of exer cise is de riv ed from carr yin a a h avy ,..:n n during- drill exe rcis e s.

But far abon:· 1 hysic al benefit is the tnin in g of ones powe r of ex e cutio n. It requir · s ·mall degr ee of pers o na l po" er and abtltty to pr o pe rly ex ecut the command s. and to successfu ll y perform the e' olutio n . ·It requir es ale rtn e ss of all th faculty " an_.- re sp ite. It trains the r ecruit to s e qutck ly. to hea r correctly. an d, having- h ea rd , to do in stantly . An ac ti\·e attitude of m ind is ne ce ssary at all t im es and t his activity \vill b-· of se n·ice in any pursuit

nat ions b ,come ci vi li zed war b d eco mes mo1·c an m re a thin o· of tl . . . b 1 <=> 1e past. Ch nstia ni ty r oug 1t pe ac e on ea rth o·oocl will to w·:trcl me n, a nd th e· 111 • 0 - ' I"' 1 . . . . · te en JO' ltene cl our en dJ z att on b ec on1 e-s· tl <=> . . · · , 1e n1 ore we s tn ve to attain unto t his Ch .· t' · ·d . 1 __ 1 .tis Ian 1 ea I: or _so me tim e c trfi cu l ti es be tw een co rp oratl o_n: e m_ pl oxes haY e been se ttl ed by bO cl i ds of and r ecentlv Eno·lan d nd the U nit ·d St t · "1 1 , '"' a. a es e. evatec thems el ves a- nd ma n kin d to a hi o·her plar1c b b · · _. • <=> " y su mitt jn O' an Int e rn at i onal disput e to · -b· · <=> f - · · el i Itration ;YlJ._n)' 0 o ut Wis est a nd b est men of to -d a. IJ eh en:: _t!1 e of :VIars is bt- oken th (;lt the:: ell th no more b -' tr o ubk:d \\ ·ith 1n of the se facts, there is :a doubt"! .th e mJn ds of som e in r ega rd to. tlnc aclvisab tltty of e i_l COu rag in g and ma inta1n1n•cr milit ary co mp a ni es in om schools , ing that it fost e rs a mark ed sp.i.rh 1Nhich ic; t ,,·elfar a nd pro-

On th e dr ill gr ound th e d iff erences in men ma nif e st themselv es ve ry quickly . It is not diffic ul t to select those wh o ha ve in dividual po,ve r and who will succe ed in \\'hateve r th ey unde rtak e. It is fo r th e d evelopme nt of this hi o·her char acter d rill is mainly in stituted . Nor mal Batalli on consists of t\\' O com pani es, gracl·cl according to he ight, Co. A havin o· the talle r me n. and Co B tlw sh o rt e r. "l:'> Th ere is still another co m pany of pract ice school members ;vho dr ill __ \\·ith \\·oocl en o·u ns an d h a\'e their own otncers, -, hut an:.' under th e sup n-ision of the comma ncl1;,uut. This c mp any does vny cr ditahle wo rk for soldie rs of their age a nd x per ience Th e batta li on is in charg of Commanda nt Dun ca nson, who holds his co mm issiOn as I ,i ., utenant fr om the State L' niY ersi -

THE 1VORMAL COU-RIER:

ty . Each company is mann ed by th e full g<;t n to s tir , and then to str t h his l ittl quota of co mmission ed and non-c o mmis- ar ms up, and hi s lit,tl · f ct as far do,,·n as sionecl office rs. Th office rs ar sele ct ed · he co uld reach. a nd g rad ed according to th e ir stand in g and T ap! t ap! tap' canie th(' su und again .. pos iti on in school, a nd the ir ex pe ri en ce and "D ar m , " thought the "·akcd u1 baby abi l ity in dr illi ng . Th e state furni sh es "w hat can that bu? I crt te ss 1 II to th _ g uns , are ke pt in cas es in the a rm ory, doo r a nd see·." T ap! tap! tcq ! a aga in "·hen not m use A ll of th e office rs a nd th v ry ge ntly, but still a dett.:rmin ·d sou nd as ma jority of pr i vates h ave un iforms, al-if th visitor m ant to k cp on tap J in O" unthou gh it is not co mpul sory Th e men dri ll t il h ar oused som • O IW in tlw h u s· twic e a_ v.- ee k on Monda y and rid a y, Mon- t last the li ttle round babY mana rr d t · clay be 1ng d evo t ed to ma nu al of arms and g t to door, and pu t his little h ad utcompany drill. wh il e Fri?a y is occup ied by s id e of tt. Dress Parad e and battal to_n mar c hin gs. At . ''Come, come, ·· said th \'IStlor . · 'why Dres; Parad e the con:pam s arc ass isted by don't yo u p .OI?Ie in th r wal · · llJ. ? Th un

Band w h1 ch r ncl ers ve ry c ffi - h as be n s htnm g, th h1rcl_s 't r a ll si n gi n ,...: ct e nt se r vtce. At inter va ls clttr in g an d "" · ar h a\ tng a fin · ttm · out here. ,;. 0 th e te rm_targ et p ra_ct tcc 1s indu lge d in , th e , an d ca ll to yom broth ·rs and sisters . and on e makmg th e ht gh est s core re ceiv in g a te l! th_em th at h av · sh•pt 1 ng cnouo·h. medal at th e cl ose of th e ve ar. It 1s to get up and com< ut of doo r.

Thi . br ief i . out lin e of th e n O\\'.

\\·o rk the :Vldttary De partm e nt of the Th e d ar, li ttle l; aby nodded hi s Sta_te_ or ma_l Schoo l. prev ious ly stat- h ea d a nd se m ed to smd ·a ·'thank you .;' e el 1t IS aun to mak e 1t mor e and more It was so good in the a ir and an e du catiOn al featu re of the schoo l, as we ll to h ea r_ th e chirp in g of the ] ir Is and se as dth e m eans and exe rcis e, ho w t htn gs look ed out doors an we trust t IS obJect is be ing attain ed. . So in stead of goi n r the de li ght d

CHILDREN'S STORIES li t tl e fe ll ow called to ht s br th 'rS and s isOn a Rainy Day.

KA THARIX V. LAX G ER.

tt&\ LO -G time ago th 1. . _ 'P\ 1 1 b ere 1ved m a qu ee r

. o c . ro":n house some v. ee , vee ba bi e s. Tm y bttl e round to t l ' ]]I S 11 h -s, o 1 so sma rna er t an midgets or fa·1. ·

Th h rtes

e ouse m which they 1·1 d _ . ld h d ve vvas a ve ry o ouse, an a ve ry dark h

I d k . ouse

twas so ar- _m s id e of thi s o ld hous e that th e funny littl e br own bab ' fter h· · b · 1es , a eekn put mc e, soft wa rm beds, 1 not ,,.a e up for a long 1011 0. t.

D d d , <=> tm e.

te r_s to co m? out. . A nd soo n they a ll ca me. ga dy no dd1n g the 11· and say in g· as \\·ell th ey a bl e: · '1 hank yo u ·T1•• Rain , thank you for yo ur ta p! tap! tap 1

A nd th ra in s em cl t l.auo·h o-oo d naturedly and say : '' llri erJ1 t D ·?

dP 'kl h /:") ats v. an 111 I t 1t was ti 111 for y ou all to that 1s w hy I ra ppt.:cl ta 1 ta p! tap! so long at your doo r. " p ·

The Call of the Flowe _ rs.

\ G:\ ES J ACK

. ays an ays passsed by a nd s till th e babt es sle pt on. \Vhat funny littl e sl ee )\' h ea ds th ey were!

,we ll ," said th e s un. . ·\i\Thy do n t_ tho_se sl ee py littl e flowers

[ -

By and by there came a gent le t 1 tap! tap! at th door of th e bi o- brown 11 ap ·J Th o ouse

e tappmg was so cre ntlc at fi t th e b b. d'd h . ;:, IS a 1es 1. not 1 ea r 1 It. But tap! tap! tap! came aga1n . tap . tap . tap 1 we nt on just outside, until at last one little ro un d baby be-

It IS q u1te late a nd th , h ave not stt:red y et ." So down he se nt be ams to r emove th e w hit e cove d1d w h1 ch th e sn ovv; h ad spr ead ove r the earth last fa ll short ly aft er th e wi nd call ed th e le aves to th e ir wi n try bed s, a nd after th e birds _had go ne to th e y so uth to spe nd the wmter.

.

Th sun 1 rig-hter and brighter and soon th tl \\' vrs t ·It '' anmh. tH:' l ittl' ,·iol ruhbecl its t·yc · ;,t.nd pc p ·d rh e _I t ird · . ingmg. ·tnd the spnng- \\'tnds wht:p 'rl nlr anH.>no· th · tr' ·s ancl

t • b · iL out intn tlw \\' a rm sun:hin ·. Th · Jittl · ,.i let call d L< th<' oth ·r tin\\' r. and s n th' hi! bid· "·as dntt <'d ,,.j h ··tlw darling-s f th · 1 ril rai n: " rlw m od ·st littl, ,·i ol that ha ,. ' tal · ·n a bit f tlw blut· h a,· :n s f t' their c lor_: tlw squirr ·l corn that amt' t br tth I rth fngr anc and th clan 1 lions that "Hc h th e golden beams [ sunshin

L ucl r and l ucl r . ung the bird:: wa rm T a ncl w·trmc r sh n' th e sun until finally th . e_t-\\ illiams h ard_ th e call an sw r d. SJ nn <.rt n ll l s fast that tn a v ry f , lays th w ods were · with th em. Th n h w hst the c lumb111 es cam . ca lling ,,·ith th ir. tr ump et unttl tv ry flow er " as touch ,d 1n to and , how d 1ts oT.?. ti tud - by li [t in UJ tts hapJ Y fa c · t '=' I . gr t th · 1 len __

Miss Butterfly's Vis it.

'M t ired of liYin g am ong the li o\\'c rs all t• l ·-l Jo'n o· ' "ith nothin•r to do but cat hcr c a) "'. . "" . .· . ;:-.. . J ]w !J evC f ]] take cl \ ISlt to tlw 1 ne) · · · 10 d.. Th ey tl "·ays loo k so ch '<··dul. " whi te butte r fly l)llC' cl ay in s<:L tcl ·ay sh fl \\. to a laq;;c old oa k on :t a nc ]1 -sicl e. . ,- , )'JJ , •I sha ll fly n ght to your t op, .O ak d s ee ·what m akes yo u so

A d-'a r li tt le bi t- cl with her 'lo u,_· baby i'l'di es lived in this tree Sh e h ean ng the 'lj sco nt nt d. butt erfly out loud lyc 0 cl ea t- Mr . Oal· it ts so k1ncl ot vou to • t "- .; -.d out yo ur la t·o·e ha n dso me lea\ es , mak·e t• l .-:::. I' I d a sw ee t 1ome for my 1tt c ones, a nd a l 0 ;::::> 1 shade ben ea th whic h l ittl e c hil dre n ]0 ,C00J}c1y, a1:d un der who se fr iendly_bra nch ,s tO Itt ' red fath er r ests . y ou call the li ttle the · - drops ±ron:t the clou ls to come and th e pre tt y. flow ers , th en you keep the b und mo i st w 1th your d eep shad e fo r our dro d 1. '' 1 h ftttl e fri en . tn e ll'lOss . r ou ,;:eep t e ho t

, un from burning h r soft o-re_n c oa t. -\t nig-ht you im·ite the h c ry little de"·drop to ,.j -it h 'r. making he r softer and pr ttier. ·1nd happie r.

\" ur C ll in, th' \\'illO\\·, OTO\\'S el0\\'11 nc ar the· brool·l t O\'Cr it "·ith hcr bran he •. · H c:r th littl rippl s laug-h and hat ter gaily t geth- r a th y haste n on their \n y. Th y ar thankin,..: the tree for kee1 ing the un 's ho t ray. from comin; do\\·n at d carrying th m 3.\\'ay to the loudle t . , o mc o{ y our brother s liY c in larcre pature. Th er on the h t _ umm r da,· , the cattle a nd heq r' ti n the and colts reach th ir h ad hi, :h u 1 int o th tree to 't th' fr c ·h .,_,T .en I ·a,· . . The tr i g·lad to gin' UJ his lt•a \· s for he knO\\' th e · lt. "·ill soon b · do in (•· kind dee ds for others. " ""

\\ h ·n birdi e had lin isl1 d h r wo rds of pra is e to the oak and his n car r 'l ati\· s. ),fi s Butt rtly qui kly r epl ied "l do n't ee ,,·by that ·h uld make the trc s so happy. I don 't kn O\\' what T should Jo if I had to "·ork for others. 1 o·ct \·cry t ir c1 of m\· 0\\' 11 little \\'Ork: ., :-- ·

', 0 you funny litt le butt · rfly 1 \\'hy don't y u fly clo\\'n amon,..; th e little chi ld ren and sh o\,. yo ur pr ·tty c lors? Th ey to s ee ,·ou ancl l am :urc you \\ ould be m uc h h apj)i r. That is \\·hat makes the trt'<' , so hapPY· ;.Jo\\' Hy to the Ho\\·ers. Carry kin d t okens ot !on·· ±rom one Ho,\·er to anothe r. Th (· y \\'il l be delighted to ce yuo conung . 1 kn o\,. yo u \\'lll th en be happy .

L et us h ear h ear \\' ha t \' Ou ha,·e· to say i\lr Oak '· - · - '

Tbl ·· oak the m a rock no 1 d cd a

Miss ion of Birds.

A ' TOR\' SL' GC ESTCO B\' l.U:\GFELLOW 's BIRD ,· UF J.;JL LT :\ .\\'ORTIT

JUDAH HO \\'AR IJ

_c:.. PR IN G had come. that time of 'the year @.} when eve ry one is so l')usy.

A ll the trees wer e p uttin <Y out their rrreen ]eaves to th e warm su n. The apple tr<-' es were v,rh ite with pr etty bloss om s. To

th se, th bird hom es, and rnak ch e rful s ngs .

had c m t buil d Lh ir p pi ha pi "r wi h th e ir

Th robin came as s n as Lh _, sn J\V had gone, s his · nest was a lmo st rna ·. Th t' pretty br wn thrus h an l th · IJu sy liLLi e wr - n work all day ca rr y in g sr ic l· s a nd st r aw for their c zy n esLs Th hltr · jays qu a rr ! d. a nd wo rk ·d ·tnd sa ng an I \\ ·r · th e noisiest of the I i rcls. xcq t Llw cr ws.

Afte r the farm e rs had 1 l Ll c fi e ld s and plant d the corn, th es noisy. hun g- ry crows went many tim es t the li ·lc.l s Lo e·LL the corn wh ich was n ot hi dden t I in th e g roun d. The fa rm ers saw th .. r ow s in th e fields and sa id. • •\\ e wil l n t ha v mu ch corn this yea r."

Th en the fa r mers m et tog her and tal ked a gr ea t dea l and what t d?· At)asttheysa id, •· \ Ve must ki ll the bird s, not only the c ro ws l ut a ll bird s, fo r th e others take thes e "ds fr om th gar l n . "

So the birds w re ki ll e d. \Vh " 11 th ·hot, summe r days came no bi rd s wer s in ging in the tre s.

Out in th e g ard ens and fi elds th e 1 OJ' plants we re having a v " ry bar I ti.me. A many worms, bu.r:: s. be ·tl -: s a nd cate rwere eat in g th e r,l an ts.

l hen how the t;la n.ts wish ed th e bird s would come and c atch th es · hu ,rs and wo I h h )Ut th e h rm ers also, to 1111 ss t l' btrds and fo rgot th at tlw) · ha l eve r them · ·rh ie ves' '.

rh e m et to ue ther <l,f;cllll an l some mo re. ··Why .·· they sa id, · few see ds the b ir ds tak e w wo ul d n ot mts s. \V e ou g ht to o· ive th em th e see ds in ret li f h ;--.

T rn or t e wo rk they do for us . bey se nt away in to a noth er co unfrr a '! c .-::.·or so me bird s and let th em 0 ?5 e ll1 the fi elds a nd woods . No on e eve r satd th b. d · Th e Ir were u se less ao·ain. ese u se ful l itt le b ir ds ha pp y and busy al ways . To prov e thi s just."Thiuk, eve•·y m · The ui 111 , ''ih en th e sun p ee p· th ro ugh H CJw jubilant the hc;d Wtn?ow ;; of th e gr ove, The ir old me lod' PPY b_trd s r enew

And when 10.u · m adngal. · of l ove! 'Ti. 1 you tht_nk of th is r etn emb er too Tl a W<LYS :noru mg so mewhere and <Lb ovc S te awhakeulllg cont in e nts. fr ord to shore

Olltew ere th e h irde · · ' · '"a re Stng tn g ev e nn ore. ·· /

SOC/ TY OT

PflilomatllCilll No t es

Tlw li \\ ork 11f tlw pas t h

IJ •t ·n on a diffc n·nt h,t o.; i-.; . I ns tt ·ad nf h c·a ch progr am a 1 n llc-ct ion of su bj · IC) rt ·ir..:·n to c·ach oth <'r. ;r -.;lJ l> jc·n lor tl w t t. ·rm·. ,,. rk h as lwc·r1 c hns c·n a nd a ft t. 'l' a " tr ·fu] sLud,· l> y tlw pro g -;tm cc >mmit ·. an >utlin. h as l wl'll rnadc· and lollcl\\ t·d out in he· li ·-

fC'IT il s ·ss ions of tlw "'cwic t\·.

Thi s plan nl s tudy has- don t' mu h t mak '.' it 's _m t ·rnlwrs d cTJ >. c l111pn _ h :nsi \T tlunkf ·r<.; . \\ r· an· JII Sl f1ni : hin h s tu 1y of Sha kc·s1 warl' 's Juliu s ;.c s ar :--..

\t Lh !' () p t: n sc ·ssion in Junt· the· l Ia- f

Jul iu s \\·ill lw illu sl ra ·d l y th, ci ·ty.

Eve r ett Socict

Th e: 1..-:n:r r: tt is a;..;<(in s in.t.!· rw { it'

most s11 · Tss ful Lvrm 's \\'O rl · ". i th a Jar ·e ancl int ·ns ·ly list ·of 111 ·m l ;. T h c ( 1u c:d it y of tl w "'or I· has I v c: n 1111 p r y _

rng

Th · l·x_c·rclt lc r th l' mo st 1 art -1 soc iety t thc U c·nH·nta ry co ur se, the .-·ubj · ·t. U. llis tory h as ;dfo rd <:·u ex ·-' 11 nt O ]J IJc rt un Jtres sonn· j><t l:t i u! ar pha. c t f th (' su i >J CC I: 1s d1s ·uss ·d. l ·u r rn stan 'C' , at t )ll l' me ·tin g· th 'to ! )i c, '· .\ Tat e ri al . .. is cli sc u ssc: cl. at ano th e.: r r-l w "Ri sc · and I"all of t !l l.' Slav <.: Pc)\,. r. " anti the pt-in i pal s ul Jccts \Yh lc _h ro m ake up a n·t tJO ns hi stor y arc s tuci Jc cl.

Tn re li cv c· the pr os in ess of th e program. an occas i onal ta ble au and s ce nes ar e i ntr oclu cecl. Th' na tur e is 1 by th cj vo ca l an d 1nstru men ta l mu s tc t hat 1s h ea rd at eve ry m ee tin g.

Th e ge ne ra l s pirit of pat ri ot ism pe rvad es every pa rt of wo rk w hil e th e folds of th e sta rs a nd st np es eve r sta nd unfurl ed bfor· th e eyes of the soci ety

Th e society ow es many thank s to Prof. Brown e ll and l\li ss Be nn ett . for it is through th eir help th at th e \;o,rork h as b ee n so sue- i

c sful. and th · snc iv h .l ap r ia ti t n of tlwir lw_ll' . to h n m l.· tnlll'r : lu l' .

sh \\ n iL rcat h · t• lt- ·tin•T h '111 .

Welling 1 on ian oc..ie ty .

"In all la bor tlwn · is p rnti . ·· erm has wi n<ss('d a d(·cidnl in w rk. Tho s t· \\'hn ha\ v l:th \l rcd .-n la1 hfully r tJW hi o·h vs l ;ld\· l lllTilH'Ill I f till' .' O-

J y. ar, nf mu ·h praist ·. .

Th pr gram f >r pul li' is .1: I !lows:

rlu ic

and T abl au - "Jnn HI s :-.in g- tlh' 11:-.

;lu ic- 0 11 g. "1 a r·arl ll,··

Pape r- ''Titt' rd··r 1f ..

Paper- "F lk-hn· • f !a nt:-.''

R ci atiou - '"l'lt r 'tri ti d F •nt"

P ape r- ·T it \\- n.bw t·th ia n 'cho I of P ' try

Mu ic-Pi a.no

1

P '''I'J1 r.'ff · t f \y 11 rYan ape r- ""

Papc r-" Lif. an t.! \\' rk -. of

ketc h- •T u It ,.; f N alnt'l' · Bnl't' n g- hs

Rc ci tati n- "A Tal· f '1 11 ll :ut d

Mu ·ic-V oca l. ol o "A Le af fr 111 the ::pray. " ·

Talk ·:Ou tofD o rLi f ·i11 th•Aip.;;.

Out of D oor Li fc in the .N l'th ut of D or Li fe Ant u g· li te l11 dia n ,;.

Life o tt the S a. M · M·le ()u a rtet - "Br 'ak Drl' ak Bt •ak ."

J U JC-,1

Th su bj ec t {o r study n_cxl h_ll i_· H_ist ry of Hum an Slav e ry. " l_t 1s mt "' re t_Ing ·ts w 11 as a profit able . tt 1 e ·u·. · d 1r c ctl y

Son1 e of the l1 v1ng· 1s su cs ot th da y. upo n

state Normal Junior Soc i et y.

1n few sch ools vYhcrc pu pils of all are in atte ndan ce do we fi nd tha_t th ose _ In th e Elem e ntar y cl asses the in literary work and an d pa rl_t <.un entaL: p ractic e th at th ey h ave ing th e g rad es \\·here h tera ry \\·ork co ns id ered a pa rt of th e r eg ul ar co urs e ot st udy. Findin g this to be tr ue in our State No rmal Sch ool, Pr of. Nor to n pr opos ed ti :at a soc iety be or o·ani ze cl in wh ich th e pu pils b of th e l ower classes m1 ght h av e an op por1 ..

f r r n ·, air ad ,-

d u1 n th f II \Yin ·

I. bir L. r \' ti n ,, ith r o·ard t habit f -· 1--:.in d f ird -wad r . w1mmer L. 't

Primiti \ f rm f. bi rds -+ ·

me mb e rs not difthat

th e \· ar e ma kin o· ;:::, ra is e th e stan da rd of when they bec ome

Norm al TP.xt at Linc oln Bo ok Exc han g e. 126 So. I 2 th S t. Lin coln , Ne b.

S end to the Lin coln B oo k Exchange f or n ew and se co nd- han d bo oks of all kind s, at l owest p ri ces in th e we st . H un dre cl s of b ooks s uita bl e for pres en ts.

THE NO RIV.fAL CO URI ER .-

THE No RMA L C ouR I ER

BU8 1N 588 DE,Pf\RTMENT.

A d vertislng Rate s.

Per i nch, sin gle c olum n. i.ng- le i.n c rtio n 50c

Spec >al rates furn ished on appli cat ion lo Busin ess ManaJ:"e rs, TH OS. F. D B BS 0. J. STAN DL EY Bus in e. Man ag er ..

STATE NO R MAL SCH OOL.

FA CG LT Y.

A. \V. NORTON, A. M., PR!:\C IPM

Tea r, he r of Ps ycholog y, Ethic s, Log ic and the SCience and Art of Teachin g.

MI::>S ELIZA C. MOR GAN . P RECE l''J'KcSS .

Teacher of Li te r atu re, Rheto r ic (hne ral Histo ry and Physiol og y.

H. B. D UNCANSON, B. S.,

Teacher of Botan y. G•ol oJy and Zo o lo gy.

HERBERT BROW E LL.

Teach er of Che mist ry, Ph ys i cs and Astronom y.

G. W. ELLIS , B. A

Teacher of Ma th ema ti cs a nd Lati n.

:VIIS FLORE'N CE' ) f. WR IGHT , · Tea che r of Oral a nd Written Ar ith me tic.

MI ·s JE !\NIE Mc LA IN, Teac h er of Un ite d St ates His tory and Ge og r aphy.

:VIISS ::,\IARTHA WI NNE

Teac her of Lang uag e a nd Gramm ar.

LILLI AN R. KE LL OGG-.

Te;c her of Rea din g, Dra wing, Ciui l Go ve rnment and Book Kee ping.

MI 'S 1\ NNA R. H ERRI G. Teac her of Principles of In st ru c ti on and Superint e nde nt of Pr actic e. ;.\li S F LO REN CE G. BEN NETT. Prim ary and Ki nde rga rte n.

MI MAT T IE EL LI ::> Pr eparatory De partm ent.

FRAN C OIS BO t. CHE R. Te acher of Voc al and In str ume nt al Mus1c.

IDI L LA JEFFE R Y, Librar ian.

JuHN BLANKENS HI P, Jrznit or

BOARD OF ED L'CAT IO N.

Ho n. A. I\:. G ou dy . .. Supt. P ub. Ins .. ex -uffic i<'. Lin co l n. H on . J o,. . · . Bayrtley . .. .St ate Tre<L;,·.. ex-ojji ciu . Lin co lu .

Hon. B. Ke nn edy Om ah a; te rm e xpir es 1897.

Hon ;. J. T. Spe nc e •· D akota City : te rm ex p ir es 189 -:!" ·

H u. H?wc A uburu; te rlll e'X pi r es l 89::J.

Ho n. W. FJ. Pen t: term ex pir e :; 1896

Ho u. J. S. V\ e ,t ... ·· .. ... Be nke lm an. te nn ex pires 1898 .

OFF LCE RS OF '!'H E BO A RD

EDITORI A L.

\V i th t hi s iss u th pr s nt mana cre ment of Til E C L.'R I ER mak !; it fi nal bow and ste ps do wn and o ut. B fo r· \\·e go we wa nt to ex pr e so ur th a nk s to (; \' rybod y in any way co nnected \\' ith th is paper ith · r a co ntribut or r r ad r. To th t ·ach rs we are grat· fu l for the ir ne ve r fa ilin g z ea l a nd int r es t in behalf of Tm:: C 'Rl ER without w hi ch T il £ Co RIEK co uld n eve r h c:l\ e atta in ed the high plac amona du cat ional jo urna ls that it n ow occ up i es . \ l\/ e feel th at the yea r has been a h "' I ph il one to us a llto o ur selves p rh aps mo st of a ll in th e experience and 1 Ie asu re \\' e h av . de ri ved from be in g co nn e ct ed wit h s uc h a ;r re at th oug ht dir e cto r as an cl uc at ional jo urn al ought to be.

There has b ee n m uc h ac co mp li she d, but the \·vork mu st go on t ill th hi ghe st good . h as be n r ea li ze d. 'vV e mu st co ns id er o ursel ves un it s, must n ot l ose o ur pe r so na lit y, but at th same t im e and in ha rm ony w ith the hi ghe st good to ourselves we mu st co n- · s id er that W.l' ar e fr act ional pa rt s to one gr eat uni t and th at in wo rkin g o ut th e so lution of t hi s gr e at unit we o ut th · fulles t sol ut ion of a ll its fa ct on; vV ith r·eg•·et we lea ve th Ne br as ka State No rm al a nd TH E C ou RIER we h av e b ee n pr ou d of o ur co nn ec tion w ith it Pro ud in a sma ll in offens iv e wa y, n ot be li ev in o· vv e we re th e lever that moY es the wo rld b:.t fee lin g th at ''-e h ad a hand in so me sma ll m ea sur e in aidi ng an d g ui d in g stude nt op ini on to wa rd wh at is hi g- her and be tt er- a nd wo rthi er.

EXECC'l'l\'E COi\1:\flTTEE W. E. :VIajo r s, Ch 11rch Howe .

B. E. B. K ennedy Pre id e nt. A. K. Goudy ····· ·.·.· Sec re tar y. J ose ph S. Bart l ey Tt·ea ur er. A. \\ '. No rt on.

And as we go \.V e le av e o ur bl ess iri g u po n th e pap er th at h as be co me so dear to us. ViJ e sha ll watc h w ith int er es t 1ts futu: e growth a nd de ve lo pme nt. lVI ay it g ro w 111 cr rac e a nd influ en ce , ad va ncin <T a lik e th e b b d hon or and us ef uln e ss of e dit ors a nd s tu e nt s a nd de ar old A lm a Ma te r.

A Pl ensa nt Pr ofe sion.

. . . . . . lc ll <''

Th . t ·a ·hi ng· pr 1 ·:.I n ·'

\\·i h so m. in i lenni li a h ·a rH agT :, at kas L

11 a h·antag"<" th at in tlw h t r_nid s irtnllll' l'

d s 111 .., 1 \' C'I'\ ' Vl1\ ia 1 1<· tliH ', !l<11 1H.' Iy a

a\ ., < • • •

1 ""' ·a ion fr m th . h.ttl'r 1nn nt Junt'

t fi r·st f s 1 tC'ml c r. ·tnd. in th ' ns<·

f l1 R :s a nd hi ,,..., h s h Is, vxt t ·nding n t infr qu · ntl y to th: mi ld1 c· nf th(' li r:t

T hi s rs o'(' n ralh· 111 n th f autumn . .-.. .

· tl 1 n · ya at i n". n t to men· kn wn as · 1 ;-.

1 fa t th at usua ll y at ur lay f ca h ti n t 1 ·' ' ·

k 1 · 1 t rm ti m IS a ho lt lay. \\' (. \1 1' 11 •

1 ) h a w • h av sa1 I, th ,.a ·a-· out t ug 1,

. · ·_. 1 5 em v r) n \' Iabl to m . t tiOn I I IOC s . .

k . ot h r pu rs Ui tS. man) f \\' h m w r rs In f t at if th )' su cc d e st rn th ms lv 5 r .un ·

· . t\V w cks· ,·acat ion rn a y .ar 111 cr t tm o· a

d h b. t. th 01 wo rkrn g, as f r In sta nc an man) o ' ll

k "S n ot o n! ) on a sma 'r sa la- cler s In s to r • h h . ra cre te ac he r. but also wo rkry t an t a' ;:-. . I .. per ci a) the g neral pub lt c in g more 10 t.ll 5 1 1 ·h fa ct t 1at t 1 g- - nuin ·' · a cr re d UJ on t IS · . . t' tled to a ll the va ca t1on he t eac her 1s n I d l') e is ,;<,,o rth more to the co mmuni · g et s, an . 1 . I b)' re aso n of t 1ese vac at ions as a t eac 1er . . . . tyh wo rk in w hi ch he IS eng ag ed IS th e imp o rt a nt th.a t ·ca n be to any 1 a nd th e p ubli c h as lea rn ed fi om e xp eone, · d · . ce th at th e b es t wo rk 111 e u cat ion reth e b es t co nditi on of body mi nd q h t f th e te ac he r. To In su re th e on t e pa r o 1 b es t re turn it pa y s, th er ef or e, t 1e whole .. fa ir sa la d fo r ab o ut th1 ee mo nth s of <:1 r y, an , I h eye ar ,·Ieaves th et eac he rto co _w hat he by way of r ec l:e ati on a nd se lf-Impr ov eJ11 e nt.

T eac hin g is, in fact, or m ay be and s hould b e, a pl ea sa nt a nd in sp mn g- pr of e sion · If it is not so to th os e wl:·o fo lit it is b eca use th ey are fo ll o,.,.. In g a rof ession to whi ch th ey are n ot is onl y ano th er cas e of the t oo fr equent

ll is a dap rat i< ns w ht · rou nd in ·d[ f lift> \ I if the . ubjt·rt rl s t> l)- foll o \\·ed up • 11<. • • it ,,·nuld he fo.und th.ar tht· gr ea t b od y t di:cnlllt'IH in professi on or bo dy of I I t·o t hi. mi:- '' or k('rs in :\ mt'I' IC'l 1s arg e )' pl ace d c on ti ng e nt whi ch h ,,.r,·' I' is 'I H tig·h and lou d to a lm o. t ma ke 1t 0\\' 11 .pt·ndiar ,,. ri c,·a nct· : et> m the of tlw c hss f \\' o rkcrs to ,,·hom it be long·s. tint tlwr : ·u·e no r ea l gr ic,·an .,. n to <T nuim · t <' a 'lwrs. \\'ri re r., artist . ;-... and ot h ·rs , but to th e a rn e t cle rk , fa ith fu l ,,. rk r ada pt e I t hi ". rk th gTi , -a nce. f \Y hi h he OlllJ la in s ar more im ao·in ar y th an r ea l in m o:t c as es. and at leas t em Ji o·ht \\'h en ,.i '"' I in th <:> ir true re la tio n to hi h s n lif ,, rk In th ma tt er of t ac hin g S- ·o a year e ms a sal a ry y t _ 5 a y ar ,,·as th e hi gh es t n· Ly o n. the fo und er ot one ot m· n ca s be t sc h oo ls fo r g ir ls , ·e r r ece iY e d. It is a pity , of co ur · . that u h an ca rn rs t. in sp i_rin ·. fa ith f ul t eac her \\' as not bet ter pa1d b ut. so far a. \\' E" kn O\\' , she \\' as not I ... ha ppy on tha t acco unt. ·'Th e Jle asa nt pr of ·s ion of teac hin g'' is a s ub je ct :1 ot discu se d as o ft en as it sho ul d be. we be ii e,·e by t eac hers themse lv es, a nd not half as fu lly be li eved in as it oug ht to be.

Th e d es ign on th e cove r p age of THE C oU RIE R this mo nth is th e produ c tion of the s tu de nt s of th e Ar t De partm e nt of th e State No nn al Sc h oo l. The pr airi e ro se is the cl ass Ao \;<, er of the Cla ss of '94.

NORMAL NOTES.

Sc h oo l clos es June 6 th , a nd m ost of the stud en ts wi ll prob a bly re turn to th e ir hom es on th e fo ll ow ing day. :\ l os t of th e are pla nn ing to th eir for mer homes.

Pr of. a nd Mr s. Brow ne ll \\' ill sr end the vaca ti on at th e ir home near l' ti a, • 1 ew Yo r k.

THE ORMAL CO {. ' R.IER .

Prof. and Mrs. J)uncanson e xp e ct to s pend the summer in th e inter e st of sci en ce tra ve llin g in th e northwes t ern part of th e st at e, and probab ly crossi ng to th e Pa c ifi c co a st makin g Botanical and Zoo li g ical co llections .

Prof. and ::\I rs. Bouch er will re main m Peru .

Miss vV :-ight w ill attend the te ach rs at Asb ur y P ark, stopp in g a f c:w days tn Ch tcago, on th e way, th e rema ind r of th e vaca ti on w ill be spe nt at her hom e in ew York.

Miss Morgan spends her vacat ion at her ho me in Avo n, Y.

(\s soon as the Summer Schoo l clos es , lVI1ss \Vinne w ill go to Asubury Park , a nd the close of the Teachers' Association Will spend th e r ema ind er of on the .J coas t. in Bosto n a nd lD the h1 s ton c New Engla nd states

M_i ss McLain goes to her hom e at Fort Collms , v isitin g Denver, Fast Park a nd Lungs Park

Lilli an IT 11 ·11 fe\ V '-- e egg w1 spe nd a days m :Nl tchtgan visiti_ng fr iends th en go to A sbur y· afte ] 1 h r w 11c 1 she w ill o-o to er home in e"· y k b ·1 . or· state and re main untl t1me to resume her labo r . c b s In .:Jep tem e r.

Mi s Ellis spe nds her vacat ion at her ''old home" in Minnesota.

Bennet t s d . y , · s s ummer at Ruttan, 1 stoppmg at Chica go and ! e\k·e an en route a nd e xpects to spend a 1wee or mor e e · · h 0 .,. xam mm g wo rk at t e sweo-o l '< o rmal Tr · · S '- T ,, o amm g cho ol at Osv.rege -" · 1 and ant tctpate b•. . t L ]- G· s a n ef outm o- a a e eorge and th e Ad' d k o Ir on ac s.

M iss He · rng re mains t·n I=> ' '1 J ly d · - e ru unt1 u J,r ' to ass tst In the wo rk of th e Su mrner School. After spendi n f d . l f · d · - g a ew - ays wtt 1 nen s m C!11cago w ill sp d h . d f 1 en t e rema111 er e t 1e vacat 1on visit in o- he . S . l\1. l . o r parents m aglh naw, - ICk1 .. returnmg in th e fall to r es ume er wor .

Sal u tat o ry it orial;.. Why ot? N I.

H ow to '.(each . S. Hi st ory. Mann , \\ e bb, Fa rnham , Eve ry-day P oe try.

A St ud y iu Z oo logy. Th e Philoruath e an 'oc ic ty, Th e Eve 1·ett So cie tv Faculty Ch an ge::. , · A lumni ote s,

Th e Yo un g Men's hri tian As soc iation, Th e Re cept ion :VIi l itary D ep<trtmen t, Norm al Note s, Library D ay, . Li st of th e· L ocation of th e Cl ass

'

Rela tion of Di s ci plin e at

Fo rm St u dy a nd J)r awi

Prof. and Mrs . Ellis ,., 1 ·11 • re main 1n Pe ru. Con t ents to Volume If ..

Am

e A

ce nt en t. , Str eng th en th e Hom e, Moth ers and th e Kind erg art en, So ng ,

Sele ction fr om Jam es Ru sse ll Lo well , Sele ction fr o 111 Ali ce Ca ry,

· Anna B. Herrig

Lillian R. Kellogg

W. H. Skinner

Primary Stor ies, Language Tr a inin g, Form Study and Drawing , En g li sh Co mp os iti on, Entomology; Ab so lut i.· m in Franc e, Tbank sg ivin g, A Than.k sg iving Id yl, John G. Wh.itt e r, Normal Notes , R eso lution of Condo le nce, Pe rsonals, Editorial s, Announc e rn en t s, Among th e Ma ga zines, Fl orence G. Bennett

Till; .\'ORJ!.IL L OCRIER.

Fo rm ud · <1l1d l rawin '· Li lli an R 1\: e ll ;.:" h ug •e:-tion for l) • • mh ·r o ri •,. , , · , I ;,;

F o<Jt-U all in he lli • h, J. \\' L'r.thtr •c: 111 th·Pil\·,..i ·•ll Lahl r.ll >l',\' · - · · I kr b,•rt Hr< wndl , • .H ,au\)'.

·rhe '' ft ·r-t; lo w. lufl ue n <' > and \\' ,. f :. ru ,.. ic. :\l at·th a f'l :'-1. Fn· yn Hir., • 11 F. B • 1 hen Mi rg1·aphy.

Tb J.., ibrary.

' hri s lli HI.-. iu A ad 'tllk t>'partnl • ut. ' hr is bn a;; in rimat'Y l> <•parttll'lll L •. , n fr 111 Hi;.t nif £ ii ll1 ina iu a;,.., Ecl.iton a l.

Is t '1> 1 . \'.

nn onn e lll n ::.,

Hi to ry f :'l[a th m at i :-;

c· . .... . .... "ort n

C • .J on <!.

\\h at \\ e }{ •ar u •tt the T eac h er' s Li ra tu r , \Y. K. I• wi er J r. a t·d f'lt·ad .\ .E. 'l'ayl r < E n11 ll::t R 'Mil le r

- D evelop 111 11 t. _ ap ol eon Don <' pan ·. P oe m, . otc H_fro 11 1 Ph;.- si ·a I '\Va. lu n gto n. >arl R cl,w ood Ft auk Becdl 100 10 .-y. H rb c1· t Bro wn II 1 Fl r 11 ·c ,- B uu etr 10-1 Di k ea l 10· )1ilit ary Depal'tut "'[ n t.

Y. 1.r C. A

Y.W . •.. , .

llltp o rt a nt E,·c nt. ·.

Fifth M nthly R ci ta1, · Re s oluti ns of Tha nk ,; n ts

Edit o rial s, 'flt os F. D 1 bs 1 .o Vi na a un on lOi G. '. 1\l ni ll 10.

N onn al Note

N . \I.

pictures at th e Worl 1,. • . 1\,r ,· ss G. M. You ng- ll S · c s 11 au· .L :.L A 'fr·acltt!O n of \-Va sl·t' ' p., ar! Roc kw o od 117 - - - tn g· tou rl'h e Stgn afi ca nc e Of th e G . . . . . est ut e. ce G Be n nett 11 7 Fl ore t! · Entomology, . · Law 1·e nc e B run er 11 9

"Note s f · 1 · · - tom t te Ph_v st ca l L . torv::t bor a .H e rb e rt Bro wJLe ll ]'l o ra. . 122

:gxerct ses iu n· · M D 1Se ase , 'f C. S \\·er?. ey • 1-.:> plul.o · · • gn es Ja ck 126 JZ e vt ew of Fan ,.,., · · · t s ·et , -'-ern1 's 'T T 1 - Eve ret • OCl ) , . · '' or c 1 tl " E. lYia r tin 127 we llingtoni au . Ot es :E)d tt onal s , :rJonnal Note s · 128 '130 131 NO. vrr : ':['he State and th e "" A. K. Go udy 133 -'- eache 1·, d'

Who IS th e Be tt et· L M 1 er th e Iu tan or th e P 1 F a,.,T a< ' W. E. Ta)•lo t· 1"-' a e ace?

Pictut·es at th e \Vorld's Fair. Mi ss G. M. Young- 135

Th" hiloanat h ca n. Fir,..t \\' ·ll i nb<i. mi ; pe n • · rm;tl ·ot 'L'hc c Prt.lg r:tu l Lill i au R. .K e llogg

Suggestive Story of Spring , Floren ce G._Be nn ett 137 ':['he Rel igion and Super ,;; titi ons of th e Ancte JLt Ge L"· •uau s, . . . . . Et hel Dav e np o rt 139 ay . lodt'ling . .\m fl!!' the :'.1 a!!aziu -·

o a io le t.

.\ ,.,\ ronou:y utes 1\ote fr om th e

_R da \i us of

K. Fowler Jr

Kate hu t·ch

wre nce Br un er 179 £nto ntnlo gy · · 'priu g in Hot p1·ing , o uth Dakota Jenni. Borst 'N' ot fr om th ' Plw ic al Lab_o 1·atory · ·

lT l\1.au if .' Florenc e

pr f. No rton's Fo rty -Ninth

Phil o wathe an N' tt·-.

F,dito rial Lnln Evans 191 Fra n cis H. Meader

\\ elling-t ni an Ro ie ty.

Ey ere tt Y. N ·tnd Y W. A R· ceptinn 192 192 193 r onna l Note · Qn l' hool N' O. X

H .: torY of the Ne br aska State Normal Sch ool 197 h • • ?04 'fl te Hom and th ' hoo l._ Geogra phy . . Je nn ie McLatn 20;> ])'onn Stu dy and Dr a win g, Lill ian R. K ll_ogg- 206 '!'he ult iYation of Indi\·id ua li -m L. A Qutve y 09 'f he Violin F. Bo uch et· 2e pl ay, Bi ology a ncl Ch emi try , Sci 11 ce Notes, 'fh e o nn al Ba ta ll ion.

On U1 Ra iny Day , 'I'he Ca ll of th Flowe1·s Mi ss Butt e rfl y'. Visit Mi:sio n of Ut e Birds, Philo ma th e;t n Notes :Everett S ciety · Well ingto ni an Society Sta te Nor111a l Ju niot· Socie ty

Editoria l · No rm al Notes Ind ex

Floren ce G Beu ne tt 213 H. B. Duucans on '214 H et·bert Bt-o \\·nell 215 No r ton 217 K at h ari n V. Lang r ::!18 Agne J ack ::ns

An ua ?deCoy 21 9 Judah Howard 219 230 220 221 321 2- -

D.9 ...!YJ!.!.... ....!.Q .... ....... T

L·MA ,N'S GAL ERY.

For th e· Fin est Photographs, ·[L=A ll Sizes and Styles o v

We ta ke Sp ec ial to Pl ea se our Cu stom er s, and a llow no.ne to go a way Diss atisfied , 810 Cen tra l A v en ue, N EBRASKA OITY, NE BRASI<A: . . . .. . C.r!LL AND SEE CS . .. .

BRRNGfl GflllERY fiT PERU

OrEN ONGt f\ MONT fl . · .J . SIC.flL .'S·

@lothi ngl (@u f'nish in Q ESTABLISH MENT T S. H. MOR RISON 11 - DEALER INatG h6S, IO GKS, J8 W61FU,

DIAMONDS, SI LVERWARE AND OP TICAL GOODS.

OUR srR ING at Weber, Wh eeloG k, Lindem an, and Stuyvesant Pianos. LOWEST P RICE S. It wi ll pay yo u to look us up JEste\? an b & <t la rJi

NEB RASKA CI TY · 715 GENTRft L ftVfo. NEBRftSKft GITY, ,f'IEBR ;. J. P. GILLILAN a co., 0. N. J<.'f\RSTE NS, oruos f\rt.IGlP" FunriturB BaiGr '· ' U UV • EMBA LMING OF BODIES A 8PECI11LTY.

PriGes Moderate F. f. 61DDELL, Ma nager. 900 GB nt ral f\ V6. NEBRf\SKf\ GITY, NEB'.. , ..... . D. OONLEY, THE LEAD ING WAIGH MA KE R :& ·,c)_EWELER'.. Deal er in w h 1 f Gom oet1t 10n 0 0 atG•CS, Diamonds and Fine Jewe ru, at Pri Ges that De U . NEBRASKA CITY. Gas Admini stered for ;:;i;;;ess. ... DRf,SS MI\ KiNu . GUTTIN G and fiTTING ..

· ·Ex trac ti on of Teeth . ft LL WO RK WfiR Rft NTED IN PERU EVE RY MON ' , J. E. B AB C OCK D AY MRS . M. 0. M ADSEGG

709Gentral ft ve., NebraskaGitu. DENTIST . one BioGkEast otDelmon! Go, PERU, Satis f aCt ion Guara nte ed t