GreenFleet Europe 2.4

PARIS MOTOR SHOW

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FREIGHT & LOGISTICS

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ISSUE 2.4

DRIVING FLEET SUSTAINABILITY ACROSS THE CONTINENT

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

IS HYDROGEN HAPPENING? Will 2015 kick off an age where hydrogen is a viable alternative fuel?

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IN THE NEWS: EUROPEAN ELECTRIC VEHICLE SALES CLIMB BY 77 PER CENT

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COMMENT

PARIS MOTOR SHOW

® GREENFLEET MAGAZINE Bienvenue • Willkommen •

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Dear Readers ALTERNATIVE FUELS

IS HYDROGEN HAPPENING? Will 2015 kick off an age where hydrogen is a viable alternative fuel?

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IN THE NEWS: EUROPEAN ELECTRIC VEHICLE SALES CLIMB BY 77 PER CENT

Good news for electric vehicles in Europe; sales have jumped 77 per cent from where they were at this point last year.

This is according to the latest figures from electric mobility association, Avere France.

The figures which look at the first two financial quarters of this year show that uptake is especially strong in Norway where 9,550 new EVs were registered, up 302 per cent on last year, while France, which is in second position, saw a small decrease in sales to 6,405. Countries like Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria and Belgium all experienced significant increases, while Italy had a more modest one.

Governments around Europe are still working hard to push-up the uptake of electric vehicles. The German electric market, which some critics say is underperforming, could get a boost if a piece of draft

legislation is passed, which would allow EV drivers certain perks, such as being able to use bus lanes and have free parking.

Moving onto a different alternative fuel, 2015 has been hailed as the year that the hydrogen age could really kick off. Toyota and Hyundai have plans to launch their fuel cell vehicles onto the market next year and we are getting promises from around Europe that the refuelling infrastructure will be improved.

On page 17, we examine the current state of play with hydrogen and investigate whether it really could become a viable alternative fuel.

Angela Pisanu, editor

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226 High Rd, Loughton, Essex IG10 1ET. Tel: 020 8532 0055 Fax: 020 8532 0066 Web: www.psi-media.co.uk EDITOR Angela Pisanu EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Arthur Walsh EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Danny Wright PRODUCTION EDITOR Richard Gooding PRODUCTION CONTROL Jacqueline Lawford, Jo Golding WEB PRODUCTION Reiss Malone PUBLISHER Martin Freedman ACCOUNT MANAGER Kylie Glover ADMINISTRATION Victoria Leftwich REPRODUCTION & PRINT Argent Media

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Volume 2.4 | GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

3

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CONTENTS

Contents GreenFleet Europe 2.4 06 News

European electric vehicle sales climb by 77 per cent; new coal power stations could threaten EU carbon efforts; Leasing professionals confident for second half of 2014

11 Frieght & logistics 06

Some may argue that there are too many heavy goods vehicles on European roads, causing pollution and congestion. But what would happen if all road freight operations stopped? Havoc to our economy as well as our health, writes the FTA’s Don Armour who argues that this vital industry is in fact getting greener

17 Alternative fuels: hydrogen

With the hydrogen-powered Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell and Toyota Fuel Cell Sedan due to hit the market next year, and the promise of an improving refuelling infrastructure, how close are we to driving around in hydrogen-fuelled cars?

GreenFleet Europe investigates

21 Paris Motor Show

The Paris Motor Show in October will feature new car reveals, concept vehicles and revamped models, as well as a special test drive centre for electric and hybrid vehicles

17 07 09

11

21

GreenFleet Europe magazine

www.greenfleeteurope.com Volume 2.4 | GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

5

NEWS

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

New bioethanol plant in Finland

European electric vehicle sales climb by 77 per cent

A new bioethanol plant is scheduled to begin construction in Kajaani, Finland next summer. The plant will have a production capacity of 10 million litres per year of bioethanol and will be leased to bioproduct and oil traders North European Oil Trade Oy (NEOT).

The plant, which will use locally sourced sawdust as its raw material, is expected to start production in 2016.

It will receive a total of €40 million in investment, 30 per cent of which will come from a fund granted by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy to assist the production of biofuels for transport.

READ MORE tinyurl.com/p6pzxs4

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Volvo launches gas-powered truck

Figures recently published by the electromobility association Avere France for the first two financial quarters of this year show that the electric vehicle market in Europe is steadily rising, with uptake especially strong in Norway where 9,550 new EVs were registered over the period in question. Data for Europe as a whole shows a 77 per cent rise in electric car sales from the same period last year.

Sales in Norway were up 302 per

cent on last year, while France, which is in second position, saw a small decrease in sales to 6,405. Countries like Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria and Belgium all experienced significant increases, while Italy had a more modest one.

READ MORE tinyurl.com/qf2b4qm

New rules to boost German EV market

Volvo Trucks has launched a new version of the Volvo FE running entirely on methane gas. The Volvo FE CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) has been primarily developed for operations involving short driving cycles with repeated stopping and starting, such as refuse collection and local distribution.

It is equipped with a new 9-litre Euro-6 gas-powered engine featuring spark plug technology and automatic transmission.

Methane gas is odourless when combusted and it contains very low levels of harmful particles. If the methane is a biogas, that is to say based on organic materials, emissions of carbon dioxide are up to 70 per cent lower than those of a diesel truck.

READ MORE tinyurl.com/le35x2t

6

Amid reports that the German electric vehicle market is under-performing on expectations, the country’s government is rolling out a number of new incentives to encourage its uptake. A piece of draft legislation currently in the works could, if passed, lead to EVs being given permission to use bus lanes, as well as being offered free parking and reserved parking in areas where charging points are installed. This would follow on from legislation already in place that makes EVs exempt from VED for ten years.

These new, relaxed rules on EVs have been called for due to the fact that Germany lags behind fellow EU nations like Norway (the European leader) and France on electric

car uptake. The Centre for Automotive Research (CAR) has found that 16,900 electric cars were in use on German roads in the first two quarters of this year, about four for every 10,000 conventional vehicles – less than half the rate seen in France.

Transport Minister Alexander Dobrindt recently said the government was confident that Chancellor Merkel’s 2009 vision of one million EVs on German roads by 2020 could be met, but CAR’s Ferdinand Dudenhoeffer has expressed scepticism, saying that Merkel “might have just as easily said that we would have 100,000 cars driving on the moon by 2020.”

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

LPG taxi for disabled passengers in Milan A new environmentally friendly taxi service has been launched in Milan which accommodates passengers with physical disabilities. The Citroën Berlingo Freespace for All taxis operate on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which delivers reduced operating costs and lower carbon emissions.

Davide Cavagna of LPG equipment manufacturer the Cavagna Group said: “We

DRIVING FLEET SUSTAINABILITY ACROSS THE CONTINENT | www.greenfleeteurope.com

decided to enter into this partnership because of our group’s commitment to the CRM activities, and in particular to those activities that are able to improve people’s general well-being and protect the environment.”

READ MORE tinyurl.com/lb7thxl

EMISSIONS

New coal power stations threaten EU carbon efforts

Scotland considering low‑emission zones

New coal power stations designed to burn lignite, also known as brown coal, pose a serious threat to Europe’s decarbonisation efforts, according Analysts from Greenpeace’s Energydesk.

The charity compiled data from the German government that shows burning Europe’s reserves of lignite would wipe out the EU’s entire carbon budget from 2020 until the end of the century.

Greenpeace said that if Europe is to continue to play its part in keeping the world within the internationally accepted limit of 2°C of warming, 90 per cent of the carbon contained in its lignite reserves must remain buried.

Despite this, lignite-fuelled power stations are still being built; there are 19 such facilities in various stages of approval, planning or construction in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Germany, Poland, Romania and Slovenia. Greenpeace figures show these new projects alone would emit almost 120m tonnes of CO2

every year – equivalent to three-quarters of the annual carbon output of the UK’s energy sector. The average lifespan for a coal power station is about 40 years, meaning the plants could release nearly 5bn tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere But Max Grünig, an energy sector economist at the Ecologic Institute in Germany, said the continued burning of lignite did not represent an immediate threat to carbon targets.

“The total cap for the EU emissions trading scheme is decreasing and ensures that the energy sector is on track to meet the climate targets.

“If there are more coal power plants, they will have to compensate by buying emissions allowances from other sectors, but net emissions of CO2 cannot increase.”

NEWS

EMISSIONS

The Scottish Government is considering introducing Low Emission Zones (LEZs) in cities as it looks to meet more stringent European Union targets on air quality.

Glasgow and Edinburgh are both expected to miss their EU emissions targets, Edinburgh City Council transport officials have said.

READ MORE tinyurl.com/k2yy972

LEASING

Leasing professionals confident for second half of 2014 According to latest European Business Confidence Survey from Leaseurope/Invigors, 90 per cent of leasing professionals surveyed expect new business volumes to increase in the next six months, while just two per cent anticipate a decline.

Expectations on the level of bad debt remain at a similar level to the previous survey with the majority of participants (62 per cent) forecasting that bad debt will remain unchanged over the Semmaris, the company that manages Rungis International Market in Paris, has invested in a fleet of Renault ZOE electric vehicles for its field team.

The electric vehicles form part of an ambitious programme to raise awareness of electric mobility at Rungis International Market, which houses around 1,200 companies that attract 25,000 customers.

The City of Paris has begun to install charging stations, which will allow market users to work and move about in electric vehicles. A car-sharing system with online booking will be also be available for short‑distance use across the site’s 234 hectares.

coming six months. Similarly, 57 per cent expect no change in margins, while 29 per cent predict that margins will decrease in their organisations, the same as in the previous survey.

The Leaseurope/Invigors results also show over 58 per cent of survey respondents forecast that net profits for their business will increase over the same period, again a similar percentage to that recorded last December.

The introduction of LEZs could mean older buses and heavy goods vehicles in particular would face a total ban from designated streets or be excluded at certain times of day. Other vehicles, such as large four-wheel drives, which do not meet emission standards, could be hit with a financial penalty.

The Scottish Government will host a series of public events to discuss a new Low Emission Strategy later this year.

READ MORE tinyurl.com/ppr7h9s

International market in Paris adopts electric ZOEs

READ MORE tinyurl.com/l4ddm7q

Volume 2.4 | GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

7

NEWS

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Solar energy to power Toyota UK’s engine production site

Charging points and vehicle price more important than range

Almost 13,000 solar panels will provide up to 10 per cent of all the electricity required for manufacturing at Toyota UK’s engine production centre in Deeside, North Wales, the site which makes petrol and hybrid engines for Toyota Avensis and Auris models sold throughout Europe.

The solar array, which covers an area that’s the equivalent of almost eight football pitches, was commissioned as a multi-millionpound project delivered by British Gas. The facility can generate up to 3,475,000 kWh of electricity each year – enough to produce up to 22,500 car engines. The Toyota plant’s carbon emissions will fall by 1,800 tonnes a year, a figure matching the combined weight of 1,260 Auris hatchbacks.

A recent study carried out at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee has concluded that lower vehicle prices and improved charging infrastructure are more important in helping the electric vehicle sector to grow than increased vehicle range.

Researcher Zhenhong Lin identified optimum vehicle ranges based on the driving patterns of 36,664 American drivers, finding that for most consumers cars offering a range of 100 miles or less are satisfactory – provided that charging infrastructure continues to grow.

The study suggests that the industry should change its approach from concentrating on higher-capacity batteries to rolling out more charging points, as until manufacturing costs drop to less than $100 per kWh of electricity, lower range vehicles make more economic sense.

The study, Optimizing and Diversifying Electric Vehicle Driving Range for U.S. Drivers, is published in the

READ MORE tinyurl.com/pxztuy3

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

AUTONOMOUS CARS

Hyundai’s record hydrogen-powered drive

UK Government fast tracks driverless cars

A Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell vehicle has driven a record distance for a hydrogen-powered production car on a single tank, covering 700 kilometres across three countries.

Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell was driven by Marius Bornstein and Arnt G. Hartvig, independent Norwegian non-profit eco-pioneers.

The ix35 Fuel Cell was driven between Oslo (Norway) and Malmö (Sweden) via

Gothenburg (Sweden) and Copenhagen (Denmark). The journey took 10 hours to complete, at an average speed of 76km/h, taking in city and highway driving.

The vehicle was in production-standard specification, and exceeded its stated range of 594 kilometres, with the trip computer still indicating nearly 10 kilometres of range available at the journey’s conclusion.

READ MORE tinyurl.com/lak4t4z

New Tesla Model S can be started using smartphone It has been revealed that the latest software update for the Tesla Model S car, Version 6.0, will include enhanced smartphone keyless functionality which will allow drivers to unlock and start their vehicles using only their phone. The Model S’ current software package allows users to unlock the car’s doors with iPhone and Android OS apps, but starting the car has until now always required the use of Tesla’s remote control.

8

Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) journal Transportation Science.

DRIVING FLEET SUSTAINABILITY ACROSS THE CONTINENT | www.greenfleeteurope.com

The UK government has announced new measures that give the green light for driverless cars to take to UK roads from January 2015. UK cities can now bid for a share of a £10 million competition to host a driverless cars trial. The government is calling on cities to join together with businesses and research organisations to put forward proposals to become a test location. Up to three cities will be selected to host the trials from next year (2015) – and each project is expected to last between 18 and 36 months and start in January 2015.

Ministers have also launched a review to look at current road regulations to establish how the UK can remain at the forefront of driverless car technology and ensure there is an appropriate regime for testing driverless cars in the UK. Two areas of driverless technology will be covered in the review: cars with a qualified driver who can take over control of the driverless car and fully autonomous vehicles where there is no driver.

Transport Minister Claire Perry said: “Driverless cars have huge potential to transform the UK’s transport network – they could improve safety, reduce congestion and lower emissions, particularly CO2. Driverless cars can fulfil this potential and we are reviewing regulatory obstacles to create the right framework for trialling these vehicles on British roads.”

NEWS

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

EMISSIONS

Diesel electric hybrid bus trial in London

New ‘clean diesels’ more polluting than previously thought

London’s Transport for London (TfL) will be trialling new technology that will enable specially designed buses to wirelessly charge their batteries while they wait at bus stands.

The inductive charging technology will be trialled on up to four extended range diesel electric hybrid buses in east London from next year.

The Alexander Dennis Enviro400H E400 buses (above) will be fitted with special technology enabling on-board batteries to receive a charge boost at bus stands at either end of the route, rather than needing to be plugged in. It is hoped this will enable the buses to operate in pure electric mode for a significant period of the time they are in passenger service. But if the buses do run out of battery, they have a diesel engine.

New research indicates that the new Euro 6 standard for cleaner diesel vehicles is unlikely to reduce harmful emissions by a significant degree. Scientists working for the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment found that Euro 6 compliant cars emit up to six times more nitrogen oxide than the designated limit, or 500mg/km compared to a limit of 80mg, in line with the Euro 4 and 5 standards.

Some have criticised testing procedures that give official emission levels much lower than those found in the real world. Greg Archer of NGO Transport and Environment said: “What the real-world testing shows is that Euro 6 cars are no better than previous standards in terms of pollution. London and other cities considering a diesel change should not exempt any diesel cars, including Euro 6 vehicles. City-centre charges and fuel and vehicle taxes should reflect the pollution that cars actually emit on the road.”

READ MORE tinyurl.com/l9pq2up

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Old newspapers turned to biofuel Scientists at Tulane University in New Orleans have successfully transformed old newspapers into bio-butanol, which can be used as transport fuel.

A team led by researcher Harshad Velankar has discovered that a bacteria strain know as TU-103 is effective at converting organic matter into bio-butanol.

Originally, thought to be present only in animal faeces, the bacteria has now been found to thrive in other organic cellulose too, including newspapers.

Using a patent-pending method, the scientists successfully used this bacteria to process the old papers into biofuel.

The research team estimate that as much as 323 million tonnes of material containing the bacteria are sent to landfill every year, which instead could be converted to a clean source of biofuel.

Bio-butanol fuel produces lower levels of CO2, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide than conventional fuels, and can be used with ordinary combustion cars, with minor adaptations, meaning that uptake could quickly take off.

READ MORE tinyurl.com/kj2qo3c

TELEMATICS

Europe to lead on telematics Recent growth figures indicate that Europe is set to become the world leader in telematics technology, outstripping the US by 2016 to become the largest market for telematics products. Research organisation Pyramid looked at the various business models being used in conjunction with the technology and found that in 2013 the number of machine-to-machine devices grew to 37 million in Europe, or around four per cent of the entire global car market.

Growth is expected to climb to more than 12 per cent by 2018, with telematics devices making up a fifth of this figure.

The dominance of the European market is predicted owing to a number of factors, including legislation – a number of countries, including Italy, are introducing laws to

make telematics compulsory in new cars.

Italy passed the legislation to reduce the number of fraudulent claims for whiplash.

READ MORE tinyurl.com/oyyy564

READ MORE tinyurl.com/o8n7gws

EMISSIONS

App to use any EV charge point in Germany A new, free app has been developed in Germany which will allow EV owners to find and pay for electric vehicle charging sessions, no matter which charging network they use.

According to the company PlugSurfing who designed the app, until now drivers in Germany have needed as many as 70 different charging cards to use charging points across the country. The new app will work with some of the country’s biggest providers of charging infrastructure including RWE and Belectric. The key hanger will work with operators which are not yet able to use iOS and Android apps, such as those on the EnBW network.

While currently only in use in Germany, PlugSurfing plans to expand the compatibility of its apps and launch the service in Austria, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Belgium and the UK before the end of the year.

The app was designed by PlugSurfing, an independent, crowd‑funded company which launched in 2012 with the purpose of making electric car ownership easier and charging more straight‑forward. Visit www.plugsurfing.com for details.

GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

9

Conception : Chaïkana - Crédits photos : Thinkstock

37 COUNTRIES 1 GLOBAL COMMITMENT 1 million thanks!

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Road freight transport is a key component in everyone’s daily life as trucks collect and deliver to and from factories, stores, restaurants and homes. They carry everything, from TVs and computers to clothes, medicine, children’s toys, food and construction materials – all part of the supply chains we rely on – and can justly be regarded as the number one transport mode of choice for most businesses.

The industry is highly fragmented, with many owner operators and small businesses of up to five to seven vehicles. Businesses with a significant fleet of, say, over 100 vehicles, are very few and far between in comparison.

From the customer service point of view,

this means that trucks can provide a very flexible and prompt service, can cross borders within Europe without delay and are the only transport mode that can carry goods from door to door. This is why nearly 75 per cent of the volume and 90 per cent of the value of all freight transiting the member states is moved by truck. In modern economies, 85 per cent of road freight tonnage is carried over distances of 150km or less, for which there is no economically viable alternative, and less than one per cent is carried over 1,000km.

Travelling by motorway, most of us would

A partnership model Many people believe that goods should be increasingly transported by rail and taken off the roads but usually use of the other modes requires transhipment to enable the goods to reach their destination, adding time to the supply chain. Truck transport can replace most other forms of transport but is not itself easily replaced by them. Road freight transport companies are increasingly using rail services for their customers in central Europe, both trans-Alpine and East-West, using a technique called combined transport, where entire trucks or just trailers or cargo transport units may be transported on freight trains. Logistics companies in particular are committed to working in partnership with transport service 

From a custom point of er’s trucks c view, a flexible an provide service, and prompt c withoutross borders carry go delay and o door to ds from door

Volume 2.4 | GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

Written by Donald Armour, manager, international affairs, FTA

Some may argue that there are too many heavy goods vehicles on European roads, causing pollution and congestion. But what would happen if all road freight operations stopped? Havoc to our economy as well as our health, writes the FTA’s Don Armour who argues that this vital industry is in fact getting greener

FREIGHT & LOGISTICS

Moving goods around Europe

come to the conclusion that there are far too many enormous goods vehicles on the road but actually close to 90 per cent of trucks are relatively small vehicles not much bigger than a large van. They are mainly used for local distribution on short runs, delivering goods from regional centres to the local store, or home delivery services, for example. Heavy goods vehicles or trucks above 16 tonnes represent only six per cent of the European commercial vehicle fleet.

11

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Fuel consumption (l/100 km)/CO2 emissions (g/km): urban 5.9/138, extra-urban 5.0/116, combined 5.1/119.

The 19th edition of FTA’s European Road Transport Guide is now available, containing essential information for UK-based road transport operators visiting 58 countries in the EU and beyond, including updated driving restrictions and public holidays, country details, customs and ferries information, and much more.

Companies in international membership of FTA receive a free copy of the guide as part of their subscription package and they can buy further copies for £35 each, no VAT. The cost for non-international FTA members is £55 a copy and for non-members £75, with price reductions for multiple copies. Orders can be placed via the Shopfta website at www.shop.fta.co.uk or call +44 8717 11 11 11, quoting code 4055.

 providers across all modes, to find the best combinations for their supply chains and to provide a reliable service to their customers.

Targeting emissions An important part of the industry’s story is its sustainable progress. Modern trucks are now more comfortable for the driver, equipped with more fuel efficient engines, produce less damaging emissions and are quieter than ever before. In the UK, new products, technologies and innovations are being developed which demonstrate exemplary research and have the potential to transform the performance of future vehicles.

Thanks to the investment made by vehicle manufacturers, pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulates from new Euro VI engine models have been reduced by up to 98 per cent compared with the emission levels of engines used in 1990. Work continues on reducing CO2 emissions even further, which will apply to both trucks and vans. Trucks built today are also much more fuel-efficient than older 32 tonne models which typically consumed around 50 litres per 100km.

Today, on average, a modern 40 tonne truck uses around 32 litres per 100km.

Nothing is more wasteful for business and damaging for the environment than cars, buses and trucks stuck in traffic. Trucks of all sizes represent about 10 per cent of the total number of vehicles on roads across Europe; and 20 per cent of all kilometres driven; while private cars, representing close to 80 per cent of vehicles on the road, are the main users of the road transport network. Traffic jams and bottlenecks increase emissions and fuel consumption compared to free flowing traffic. One of the industry’s big issues in Europe today

is that due to environmental concerns, road construction has slowed, night and weekend truck bans are imposed, as well as restrictive delivery times in urban centres: all these have a negative impact on the environment, road safety and mobility as they compel transport operators to run their delivery fleet during peak hours.

A freight-free Europe Although European road freight operations may be subject to traffic congestion, road tolls, low emission zones, weekend lorry bans, stowaways, bad weather, demonstrations, weights and dimensions restrictions and curtailed delivery times for example, thanks to the sector’s ability to react quickly to situations it has little or no control over, the goods that you need and those you want are usually delivered on time. But what if it all stopped without warning for a week? What would the practical implications be? How long would stocks last in shops and hospitals?

A study published by the International Road Transport Union (IRU) reported that: Within a day of truck transport ceasing, hospitals would run out of clean linen and staff clothing. Delayed deliveries of linen and clothing affects a large part of the health care system and means that planned operations must be delayed. Milk will quickly become unavailable at food stores. Only letters that are already at the post office can be distributed; new letters or packages cannot be sent away.

After two days there will be a lack of fresh produce in the food stores. Large supermarkets routinely have 10-15 deliveries by truck daily, maybe more. Some products will no longer be found in the stores. Pharmacies and doctor’s surgeries depend on daily deliveries of products and certain medicines will soon be out of stock. Non-supply of spare parts for

FREIGHT & LOGISTICS

FTA European Road Transport Guide

buses can result in interrupted services. There will be less fresh food in restaurants and in hotels as freezer supplies are not delivered.

Day three: fuel is now out of stock or restricted at many service stations. Storage tanks at waste treatment plants are now full. It may be pumped out into rivers with insufficient treatment. Restaurants’ supplies are now limited and many items are taken off the menu. Buses are still running but due to the lack of fuel there are service interruptions and some routes are cancelled.

The supply of aviation fuel runs out today.

Hotels no longer have clean sheets.

On day four, outside shops, restaurants and apartments bags of waste are accumulating, causing a potential health hazard. The lack of fuel forces public transport, and air traffic, to stop. No newspapers are printed as the supply of newsprint has run out.

After five days water supplies are affected as the regular delivery of chemicals means that plants cannot guarantee that water is fit to drink.

In schools, old people’s homes and hospitals food is in short supply. Restaurants close. Hotels close due to a lack of both customers and supplies. Industrial production has stopped due to a lack of room to stock finished products, or due to lack of inbound raw materials and parts.

Paving the way forward Through its membership of the IRU and its contacts within the European institutions in Brussels, FTA continues to work towards a level playing field for its members in the international road freight marketplace. This is because, as this article has demonstrated, trucks play a unique role in the European freight system. Whether it is in local transport or as part of a longer-distance supply chain, road freight remains a crucial industry, from underpinning the European economy to the delivery of Christmas presents on time.  FURTHER INFORMATION www.fta.co.uk

Volume 2.4 | GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

13

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Thoroughly understanding a company’s business model and long-term objectives is essential for creating management solutions that work. This is especially true when it comes to fleet management and eMobility. Nowadays, meeting the complex challenges of modern Business Mobility requires an in-depth look into a company’s mobility needs. With this knowledge in hand, fleet consultants can provide the right advice and create mobility solutions tailored to customer-specific demands.

Consultancy As one of Europe’s leading Business Mobility providers, Alphabet reaches outside the scope of classic fleet management with its so-called consultancy approach. By listening to and analysing customer needs, Alphabet can offer impartial advice about more efficient resource use and increased sustainability as well as reduction in Total Cost of Mobility (TCM).

Over the years, Alphabet has become reputable for its comprehensive take on Business Mobility, the basis of its holistic fleet solutions and services portfolio.

Alphabet employs its extensive leasing business know-how and its future-oriented thinking in the development of innovative solutions that incorporate cutting-edge

mobility concepts and mixed modal methods.

One of these solutions is Alphabet’s eMobility approach, AlphaElectric.

The positive effects of electric vehicles Integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into fleets requires a company to first consider its targets in regard to the environment and TCM. Through the consultancy process, Alphabet is able to give customers a clear plan for reducing their CO2 emissions, and saving Business Mobility costs. Companies can also look forward to another eMobility benefit: a fleet with EVs portrays a company as responsible and has a positive effect on its corporate image.

As a sustainable mobility solution, AlphaElectric reduces total fuel consumption and CO2 emissions through fleets composed of electric and conventional vehicles. On the financial side, AlphaElectric cuts costs by reducing fuel expenditures. For eMobility sceptics put off by the potential inconvenience of electric vehicles, AlphaElectric responds with simple implementation and uninterrupted corporate mobility. The solution is integrated in a few easy steps and it comes with suitable cars, accessible and appropriate charging facilities, and a wide range of Add-on Mobility services, such as electric vehicle driver training

and handy car rental for longer journeys.

These features round out the comprehensive AlphaElectric approach and ensure that customers enjoy smooth, hassle-free eMobility.

Identifying potential for CO2 reduction As part of its consultancy approach, Alphabet experts undertake a thorough Electrification Potential Analysis (EPA) of a company’s fleet to lie the foundation for each tailor‑made eMobility solution. Ascertaining the potential benefits with EPA occurs in the following process: track, evaluate, consult.

By tracking how a company currently uses its fleet, Alphabet can later create a driving profile that reflects its actual business mobility demands. Parameters such as speed, distance travelled, acceleration behaviour and parking are temporarily recorded.

“Evaluate” refers to retrieving the data and then crunching them to calculate total fleet energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Alphabet also uses the data to precisely determine the percentage of routes that could be more efficiently driven by electric cars. Further, the data is used to find strategic locations for charging stations.

In the final step, Alphabet consults with its customer to share its findings and make recommendations. The customer receives an accurate driving profile of its fleet and the proposed eMobility solution, including the optimum number of EVs and the according charging infrastructure. They also hear about the potential reductions in carbon emissions and fuel costs that correspond to the solution.

Ultimately, the number of EVs that are incorporated into a fleet greatly depends on a company’s sustainability targets. By opting for more fleet electrification and exchanging additional fuel-driven vehicles for either electric, hybrid or range extenders, a company can reduce its emissions even further.

“The Electrification Potential Analysis is a persuasive argument for more widespread fleet eMobility,” said Carsten Kwirandt, Head of Marketing and Business Developement at Alphabet International. “Overwhelmingly our customers are satisfied with the potential sustainability and financial benefits the EPA provides. Plus, they’re positively surprised by how simple it is to integrate and use EVs with AlphaElectric.”  FURTHER INFORMATION www.alphabet.com/alphaelectric

Volume 2.4 | GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

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GreenFleet magazine is now available on iOS and Android platforms, offering an interactive experience for fleet managers and those responsible for keeping transport emissions to a minimum.

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ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Toyota Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle concept (image copyright Toyota)

Written by Angela Pisanu

Is hydrogen happening?

With the hydrogen-powered Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell and Toyota Fuel Cell Sedan due to hit the market next year, and the promise of an improving refuelling infrastructure, how close are we to driving around in hydrogen-fuelled cars? GreenFleet Europe investigates Some 15 years ago, there was much talk about hydrogen becoming a widely adopted fuel, but it never came to fruition. Why was that?

It has been likened to the ‘chicken and the egg’ scenario; the manufacturers didn’t make the cars because there was nowhere to refuel them, and the hydrogen firms didn’t install the refuelling infrastructure because there were no cars to refuel. Plus the technology wasn’t quite there, as the degradation of the fuel cells was too great. But if you talk to the stakeholders involved now – the car makers, the refuelling infrastructure providers, and indeed, policy makers – it does seem like they are on the same page.

The cars Let’s start with the cars. Hyundai is building an initial 1,000 Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell models by 2015, building up to 10,000 units, in line with customer demand. And Toyota will be launching a hydrogen-powered Fuel Cell Sedan to European markets in the summer of 2015.

Honda’s fuel cell vehicle, the FCX and its successor, the FCX Clarity, have been leased in America and Japan since 2002, enabling Honda to gain valuable data concerning real-world use of fuel cell electric vehicles. Honda plans to launch the successor of FCX Clarity in Japan and the United States in 2015, and then in Europe.

Meanwhile, General Motors (GM) has

been researching hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in its Project Driveway programme since 2007, which has accumulated nearly 3 million miles of real-world driving in a fleet of 119 hydrogen-powered vehicles.

What’s more, BMW Group and Toyota have entered an agreement to share technologies to jointly develop fuel‑cell vehicle systems by 2020.

Interestingly, however, a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is essentially an electric vehicle because it is driven by electricity. But rather than having to recharge your vehicle, you refuel it with hydrogen, which generates electricity on-board (via a chemical reaction in the fuel cell) to power the motor.

Finding the power A So we have the cars, but hydrogen where to refuel? There are various hydrogen refuelling fuel cell ve h stations cropping up ic le is essentia around Europe, and indeed, across the globe. electric veh lly an ic le According to the sixth , b u t rather tha annual assessment by n having to recharg H2stations.org, a website e it, you

by Ludwig‑Bölkowrefuel it w Systemtechnik (LBST) ith and TÜV SÜD, there were hydrogen 11 new hydrogen refuelling

The refuelling experience Crucially, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have been designed to offer the same driving experience as an internal combustion engine, so no radical change of driver behaviour is needed. In the case of the Hyundai ix35, that means a maximum speed of 100mph, 0-62mph in 12.5 seconds and a range of almost 370 miles from each tank. And it can be refiled in two to three minutes at the pumps, comparable to refuelling with diesel or petrol. Therefore, hydrogen fuel cell cars won’t have the same limitations as battery electric vehicles, for example, where drivers have to consider the range of the battery and how long it will take to recharge.

stations opened throughout the world in 2013, bringing the total number of hydrogen refuelling stations in operation to 186 as of March 2014.

This breaks down as 72 hydrogen refuelling stations in Europe, 67 in North America, one in South America, and 46 in Asia. However, only 70 of these are open to the public, as some refuelling stations are dedicated only to power hydrogen fleet trials. 

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ALTERNATIVE FUELS

 In London, there are currently two hydrogen refuelling stations; a publicly accessible one at Heathrow Airport, which was used to refuel the five fuel cell black cabs during the Olympic games, and one in Stratford, which powers a fleet of hydrogen fuel cell buses. Now, as part of the London Hydrogen Network Expansion, there are plans for further stations in and around the capital.

Moving forwards, it is expected there will many as 65 hydrogen refuelling stations in the UK by 2015, according to low‑carbon energy consultancy firm Element Energy. It is forecast that there will be 300 stations by 2025 and 1,150 by 2030.

In Germany, there are 26 hydrogen stations, of which 14 are open to the public. As part of the country’s National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Innovation Programme (NIP), this is to be expanded to a total of 50 sites by 2015.

What’s more, the H2 Mobility Initiative in Germany, with its partners Air Liquide, Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell and Total, plans to build and operate hydrogen stations, mitigating the initial risk through a joint venture. The initiative aims to invest €350 million to build a total of 400 refuelling stations in Germany by 2023. The objective is to provide an H2 refuelling station at least every 90 kilometres of motorway between densely populated areas.

Driving hydrogen forwards The main body driving forward research, development and demonstration of fuel cell vehicles in Europe is the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) project, which is a public private partnership.

The three members of the FCH JU are the European Commission, fuel cell and hydrogen industries represented by the NEW Industry Grouping and the research community represented by Research Grouping N.ERGHY. In April 2014, a £31 million deal was announced, called the HyFive project, to help make hydrogen vehicles a viable choice for motorists across Europe. The project involves motor manufacturers, hydrogen fuel suppliers, the Mayor of London’s Office and energy consultancies from around the globe collaborating to put a total of 110 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles on European roads and develop new clusters of hydrogen refuelling stations.

The hydrogen infrastructure will be built in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Austria and Italy, as well as in London, and these stations will share internationally agreed fuel and re-fuelling standards.

Bert De Colvenaer, Executive Director of the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, said: “With a total of 110 FCEVs and six new refuelling stations, HyFIVE will represent the largest single project of its kind financed by the FCH JU. The high level of technology readiness of this zero emission transport technology will be showcased in five European Member States, thus ensuring a broad geographical outreach. In addition, the project will also contribute to the build up of the first networks at local levels necessary to support the market introduction of the vehicles in the coming years. With the participation of leading

18

Toyota Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle concept (image copyright Toyota)

The technology works, we have a promise of fuel cell cars and hydrogen refuelling stations and there’s support from various policy makers, so the future looks promising. But it will no doubt boil down to price automakers and infrastructure providers, HyFIVE illustrates the commitment from leading industrial players in the EU and the spirit of cooperation that I am convinced will enable the success of these technologies.“ Byung Kwon Rhim, President of Hyundai Motor Europe, said: “The 15 partners of the HyFIVE project will work together to advance the awareness, understanding, viability and uptake of zero-emission hydrogen-powered vehicles, like the Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell.

The collective mid-term goal is to grow a pan‑European refuelling network and ensure more vehicles are seen on the road.”

Fleets powered by hydrogen There are a handful of examples of companies that are using hydrogen to power their fleets. For example, business and IT services firm Commercial Group in the UK has announced the launch of its London-based fleet of hydrogen hybrid delivery vans. They will operate across the Capital as part of Commercial Group’s office supplies division.

DRIVING FLEET SUSTAINABILITY ACROSS THE CONTINENT | www.greenfleeteurope.com

An IKEA in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, near Lyon in France, has had its first hydrogen fueling station installed to supply around 20 forklift trucks fitted with hydrogen fuel cells.

Scotland has six hydrogen fuel cell buses in Aberdeen as part of the ‘HyTransit’ project and four under the High V.LO-City project. Meanwhile, five hydrogen buses will run in the northern region of the city of Antwerp in Belgium from this September.

Birmingham in the UK will get a hydrogen refuelling station as part of the SWARM project, to support a fleet of more than 90 small, specifically designed fuel cell vehicles operating in local clusters.

In London, as part of the London Hydrogen Network Expansion project, five Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell models and a number of Revolve hydrogen powered vans will be leased to key public and private fleet users in the capital and the infrastructure will be put in place to support their operation.

The question now is, how environmentally‑friendly is hydrogen?

What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen is the lightest of all chemical elements, some 14 times lighter than air.

It also has the simplest atomic structure, its nucleus composed of one proton orbited by one electron. Its chemical symbol is H2.

Where can it be found?

Everywhere. It exists in unlimited quantities on our planet and is one of two atoms composing water -and water covers 70 per cent of the world’s surface. Unlike oil, hydrogen will never run out.

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Hydrogen explained

How is hydrogen used as an energy source?

It is not an energy source, but an energy carrier. When used in a fuel cell, it generates electricity via a chemical reaction with the electricity used to power the motor of an FCEV (fuel cell electric vehicle).

Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell

At the tail pipe, it emits no harmful emissions, only water vapour. But what about the process to create hydrogen?

Hydrogen is not found on its own, but exists as a component within many different materials, like water (H2O) for instance. It therefore must be extracted, and this process requires energy.

Currently, the main method of generating hydrogen is by steam reforming of natural gas but it does result in greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen can also be produced by electrolysis of water. ‘Brown’ hydrogen is currently the most common hydrogen that’s commercially available, and is generated using non‑renewable sources of energy during the separation process. In addition, supplies are usually delivered to the refuelling station, therefore carbon emissions are released during both the distribution and separation processes.

But, importantly, hydrogen can be made ‘greener’ if renewable energy sources are used during the extraction process.

Electrolysis is one such way to make hydrogen production greener. The electricity needed for electrolysis can be sourced from a renewable source such as wind or solar. It can also be made on-site, meaning there are no emissions released during the delivery.

Refuelling a fuel cell car is done under high pressure through a secure locked seal to ensure no hydrogen escapes. If it does, being lighter than air, the hydrogen will float away and disperse. Therefore it is crucial

that refuelling is always conducted either in the open air or in a well-ventilated space.

To quote Hyundai: “Like all fuels, hydrogen must be treated with respect but when used with proper safety controls it is as safe as petrol or diesel.”

So will it take off?

The technology works, we have a promise of fuel cell cars and hydrogen refuelling stations, and there’s support from various policy makers around Europe, so the future looks promising.

But it will no doubt boil down to price.

Pricing has been revealed for Toyota’s Fuel Cell Sedan in Japan, which will be approximately seven million yen (about £40,450). As yet, Hyundai has not announced the cost of its cars. The company admits that at first they will be expensive as the technology is new, but that by 2030, with 300,000 predicted for UK roads, the cost will come down. Then fuel‑cell vehicles will be at least cost-competitive with conventional vehicles, they say.

Ben Madden from energy consultancy Element Energy sums up the future barriers:

How does a fuel cell work?

In a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, hydrogen generates electricity via a chemical reaction.

The basic component of a fuel cell is composed of two electrodes – a negatively charged anode and a positively charged cathode. The anode is supplied with hydrogen and the cathode with oxygen but although the hydrogen molecules are attracted to the cathode, the membrane is designed to allow only the protons to pass through not the electrons.

The H+ ions (the protons minus their electron) pass through the membrane combine with the oxygen to create the only by-product of the process, H2O or water. The electrons, meanwhile, are blocked at the anode level and can only move in an external circuit, thus generating an electric current.

“While there are further improvements to lifetime cycles and efficiency to come, as well as the cost reductions that come with large volumes and cost reduction, fundamentally the technology as far as the cars are concerned is there. The next challenge is the infrastructure, the refuelling network, because without that you won’t get the volume sales of the cars.

“My personal feeling is that fuel cell vehicles stand a much better chance of success than battery EVs as there are no range‑limitation or refuelling time issues. The only issue is whether it’s possible to roll out the refuelling network sufficiently quickly to keep up with consumer expectations.”

So will hydrogen become a commonplace green fuel? With the launch of the Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell and the Toyota Fuel Cell Sedan next year, and a commitment from many countries to install a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, we are getting closer to finding out.  FURTHER INFORMATION www.fch-ju.eu

Volume 2.4 | GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

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THE FUTURE OF THE AUTOMOBILE IS IN PARIS

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PARIS MOTOR SHOW

All eyes on Paris The Paris Motor Show in October will feature new car reveals, concept vehicles and revamped models, as well as a test drive centre for electric and hybrid vehicles 250 manufacturers from 18 countries have already registered to take part in the Paris Motor Show, with many new world premières scheduled.

The Paris Motor Show takes place on 4-19 October at the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles.

It is a vibrant show where each visitor is an active participant. The show will, once again, be equipped with a test drive centre for electric and hybrid vehicles. After an indoor circuit in pavilion 2/1, the visitor will take the passenger seat while the instructor talks through the vehicle features. The test drives will first take place within the exhibition park and then on an urban circuit in Paris. A dozen manufacturers have confirmed to participate in these test drives, such as BMW, Courb, Kia, Mercedes, Nissan, Renault, smart, and Tesla.

The Paris Motor Show will also hold workshops organised by the CCFA (The French Automobile Manufacturer Committee). These round-table discussions will bring a new

dimension to the different considerations concerning the Automobile World. Essential topics will be discussed, such as social, technical and economical issues.

New unveils Following its reveal in London in September, the Jaguar XE will be shown to the public for the first time in Paris.

The XE has over 75 per cent aluminium content, which allows for a body structure with unrivalled low weight.

This weight reduction makes the XE the most fuelefficient Jaguar yet with fuel consumption and CO2 emissions on the NEDC combined cycle of over 75mpg and less than 100g/km respectively.

The smart fortwo and forfour will be unveiled following a string of concept cars dating back to 2011. The smart fortwo has undergone improvements in virtually all areas to make it more comfortable, and the rear engine concept is being offered for the first time in the four-seater smart forfour as well.

The new Volvo XC90 is the first Volvo to be based on the firm’s Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) platform, which creates a far wider range of design options, improves driveability and permits the inclusion of the latest safety features and connected in‑car technologies, while at the same time increasing interior space.

Volvo also say the new interior is the most luxurious to have been designed for a Volvo.

Volvo’s own four‑cylinder petrol and diesel engines will power the car, while a petrol-electric hybrid version also be available from launch.

250 ers car makstered gi have re ris Motor Pa for the -19 October), 4 Show ( ith many w s remière p d l r o w led schedu

Updated models Opel’s (Vauxhall) fourth‑generation Corsa will be unveiled at the Paris Motor Show, which has new engines and transmissions. E Volume 2.4 | GREENFLEET EUROPE MAGAZINE

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PARIS MOTOR SHOW

Opel/Vauxhall Corsa

 A 1.0-litre, three-cylinder ECOTEC Direct Injection Turbo will headline in the petrol offerings, while a much-improved 1.3 CDTi, which meets stringent Euro-6 regulations, will appeal to diesel buyers.

Volkswagen will also be revealing the eighth-generation of the Passat, with weight reductions of up to 85kg and fuel economy figures that have been improved by up to 20 per cent. For the first time, there will also be a Passat with a plug-in hybrid drive system.

Hyundai will reveal its new generation i20, which the firm hopes will open its appeal to an even wider audience. The new generation model has better interior space, a host of high-technology, is more comfortable and has a new distinctive, refined design.

The show offers a free app in partnership with Auto Plus to discover new releases, visit the Show in pictures and videos, follow events and access all useful information with maps, lists of exhibitors and geolocation within the pavilions. It will be easier for you to find your favorite stands. Available on the App Store before the opening of the show.

The event is open to the public 4-19 October from 10.00 am – 8.00 pm, with late openings on Thursdays 9 & 16 October and Fridays 10 & 17 October, from 8.00pm- 10.00 pm. L

Volkswagen Passat

FURTHER INFORMATION www.mondial-automobile.com

Cars and fashion As it does every year, the show will once again host a historical exhibition. This year the chosen theme is ‘Automobiles and Fashion’, in partnership with INA (the French Broadcasting Institute), and takes place in Pavilion 8.

Media partnerships include Paris Première, Vogue as well as the Studios Harcourt.

Both born at the heart of the Industrial Revolution, Automobiles and Fashion have never stopped intertwining thanks to their shared taste for Style. Concours d’élégance, craftsmanship, icons, a passion for shapes, colours and lines are all the shared interests which have brought them closer together.

The exhibition sequence will follow the timeline of the great eras which have left their mark on the history of Automobiles and Fashion. These include pre-war (Haute Couture and Concours d’élégance), post‑war (the Automobile dream), the Pop Art years, the Seventies and Eighties combining futuristic concept cars and legendary advertisements, up until our contemporary era marked by the boom of niches, eco‑friendly design and customisation.

In harmony with this theme over 50 cars will be displayed, including the 1936 Delahaye 135 MS by Figoni-Faslaschi, the 1968 Peugeot 404 Cabriolet Pininfarina, the 1975 Matra Bagheera Coupe by Courrèges, the 1981 Vogue Range Rover, the 1995 Renault Initial Concept Car with Vuitton Luggage, the 1998 Paul Smith Mini, the 2008 Citroën 2CV by Hermès, the 2014 Nissan CC by Lolita Lempicka.

Smart fourtwo and Smart forfour

Prepare your visit to the show Tickets are available to buy on the website, and you can print them at home, which is a good way for visitors to avoid long lines at the show.

New Volvo XC90

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