REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL • SEXUAL – •human being •plants •
DEFINITIONS: REPRODUCTION – the production of a new generation of individuals from pre-existing ones. It is to ensure the continuity of the species. Two types of reproduction: ASEXUAL and SEXUAL
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
production of offspring by fusion of specialised sex cells or gametes male and female gametes fused by a process known as fertilisation. this results in the formation of zygote there are two types of fertilisation: Internal External external - sperms and eggs are shed into water and fertilised in the water. internal - the sperms are deposited into female reproductive tract.
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
SIMILARITIES INVOLVES THE PRODUCTION OF NEW INDIVIDUALS DIFFERENCES ONE
No of parents involved
USU. TWO
NO
Gametes involved
MALE & FEMALE
IDENTICAL WITH PARENTS
Genetic
DIFFERENT. HAVE GENETIC VARIATION
PRODUCE MANY OFFSPRING
Offspring
FEWER OFFSPRING
RAPID
Speed of reproduction
LESS RAPID
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
PERSAMAAN KEDUA-DUA MENGHASILKAN INDIVIDU BARU PERBEZAAN Sat u
Bilangan induk
Kebanyakan dua
Tidak
Melibatkan gamet
Jantan/betina atau lelaki/wanita
Serupa dengan induk
Genetik
Tidak serupa dan mempunyai variasi genetik
Banyak
Bilangan anak
Sedikit
Cepat
Kadar penghasilan anak
Perlahan
MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM PART
FUNCTION
SCROTUM
PROTECTS AND HOLD TESTES OUTSIDE BODY
TESTIS
PRODUCE SPERMS
EPIDYDIMIS SPERM DUCTS
STORES SPERMS CARRY SPERMS FROM TESTES TO URETHRA
MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM PART
FUNCTION
SCROTUM
Menempat dan melindungi testis
TESTIS EPIDYDIMIS SPERM DUCTS
Menghasilkan sperma (hidup 72 jam) dan hormon testosterone Menyimpan sperma Membawa sperma dari testes ke urethra
MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
PART
FUNCTION
SEMINAL VESICLES
PROVIDES NOURISHMENT FOR SPERM
PROSTATE GLANDS
NEUTRALISE ACIDITY OF URINE AND VAGINA
URETHRA
CARRY SPERMS AND URINE OUT OF BODY
MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM PART
FUNCTION
SEMINAL VESICLES
Menghasilkan bendalir mengandungi nourishment/ makanan bagi mengaktifkan sperma
PROSTATE GLANDS
Mengeluarkan rembesan bagi mengaktifkan sperma
URETHRA
Saluran bagi mengeluarkan sperma dari badan
FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM PART
FUNCTION
OVARY
PRODUCES OVUM
FALLOPIAN CARRIES OVUM FROM TUBE OVARY TO THE UTERUS UTERUS
DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO
CERVIX
PREVENT FOREIGN BODIES, SECRETES MUCOUS
VAGINA
BIRTHS CANAL & SPERM DEPOSITED HERE
FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM BAHAGIAN
FUNGSI
OVARY
Menghasilkan ovum (hidup 24-36 jam) dan hormon estrogen & progesterone
FALLOPIAN TUBE
Membawa ovum dari ovary ke uterus
UTERUS
Ruang bagi embryo membesar
CERVIX
Melindungi uterus dari dimasuki benda asing eg bacteria Menerima sperma dan laluan
The menstrual cycle Days in the cycle
Events
1–5
6 – 13
Menstruation: discharge of uterine lining, unfertilised eggs and blood Thickening of uterine lining
14
OVULATION
15 – 25
Uterine lining continue to thicken (increase blood supply and tissue) Uterine lining begins to break down
26 – 28
KITARAN HAID Days in the Apa yang berlaku…. cycle 1–5 Dinding uterus merosot dan reput.Ovum yang tidak disenyawakan dirembeskan bersama lapisan uterus dan pendarahan berlaku 6 – 13 Dinding uterus akan terbentuk dan menebal 14 PENGOVULAN berlaku 15 – 25
26 – 28
Lapisan uterus makin menebal dengan pembentukan tisu dan salur darah baru Jika ovum tidak disenyawakan,
UTERUS TERUS MENEBAL. JIKA TIADA PERSENYAWAAN DINDING UTERUS MEREPUT.
DAY 1 TO 5 – HAID BERLAKU
LAPISAN UTERUS MENEBAL SEMULA
OVULASI BERLAKU HARI-14
FERTILIZATION & IMPLANTATIO N
And indeed We created man (Adam) out of an extract of clay (water and earth). Thereafter We made him (the offspring of Adam) as a Nutfah (mixed drops of the male and female sexual discharge) (and lodged it) in a safe lodging (womb of the woman). Then We made the Nutfah into a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood), then We made the clot into a little lump of flesh, then We made out of that lump of flesh bones, then We clothed the bones with flesh, and then We brought it forth as another creation. So blessed be Allah, the Best of creators. After that, surely, you will die. Then [again], surely, you will be resurrected on the Day of Resurrection.)) (23:12-14)
FUNGSI-FUNGSI PLACENTA (URI) pertukaran bahan terlarut seperti makanan , oksigen dan bahan buangan antara ibu dan anak menjaga anak dari tekanan darah ibu yang berubah-ubah menghasilkan hormon bagi memastikan uri sihat Mengangkut antibodi dari ibu ke anak. hubungan fizikal ibu & anak
STERILITY/INFERTILITY: the failure of a couple to reproduce despite seriously attempting to do so for at least 12 months
MALE STERILITY
FEMALE STERILITY
a. Low sperm counts b. Low motility/energy of sperm c. Drug abuse d. Chronic alcoholism e. malnutrition a. Blocked fallopian tube b. Fibroids in uterus c. Hormonal
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
RHYTHM METHOD
CONDOMS
IUCD (INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE)
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
PILLS
SPERMICIDES
VASECTOMY/TUBAL LIGATION
SISTEM PEMBIAKAN BAGI TUMBUHAN BERBUNGA.
Fertilisation in plants 1. When a pollen grain lands on the stigma, it germinates and grows a pollen tube. 2. The germination of the pollen grain is stimulated by the sugary, sticky secretion on the surface of the stigma. 3. The pollen tube grows through the length of the style to reach the ovary. 4. The male gametes move down the pollen tube towards the ovary as shown below. 5. When the male gametes have reached the end of the pollen tube, a male gamete enters the ovule and fertilises the egg. 6. A zygote is formed in the ovule.
The formation of fruits and seeds 1. After fertilisation, the ovary develops into a fruit. 2. The zygote in the ovule develops into an embryo and the ovule becomes a seed. 3. The fruit protects the seed during its development. 4. The other parts of the flowers, such as the petals, sepals, stigma and stamen will degenerate and drop off.
GERMINATION
A seed consists of the embryo and a seed coat or testa. The testa has a small hole called the micropyle. The testa protects the seed. The micropyle enables water and air ti enter the seed. The hilum is the part of the seed that attaches the seed to the fruit. The embryo is made up of the plumule, radicle and cotyledon. The embryo will develop into a seedling during germination. The plumule is the part of the embryo that will develop into a shoot while the radicle will become a root. The cotyledons of a dicotyledonus seed store food for use during germination. In a monocotyledonous seed, food is stored in the endosperm.
The physical changes of a seed during germination 1. Germination is the growth of the embryo in a seed to become a seedling. 2. Once a seed germinates, many physical changes can be seen. 3. First, the testa breaks. The radicle is the first part of the seedling to emerge from the testa. 4. The radicle grows downwards into the soil and lateral roots grow from it. 5. The plumule emerges from the cotyledons. 6. The shoot is bent to protect the plumule from damage. 7. The plumule grows upwards to form two leaves. 8. The cotyledons shrink and drop off as the food stored in them are used up. 9. The seedling is now able to make its own food by photosynthesis
The condition needed for germination. 1.Germination of seeds will only take place if there is sufficient a. water, b. air and c. suitable temperature.