The Future of the Human Eye
The Future of the Human Eye
CONTENTS
STNETNOC
INTRODUCTION
Introduction from the Editor
IMPROVING LIVES
The future of VR and AR technology Ellen Lambert Bowman and Lei Liu
05
09
SQUARE EYES
If sitting too close to the television gives us square eyes, what will mobile phones do? Professor Anaya K Koothrappali
iLENS
Smartphone controlled vision is coming Dr I Galecki
26
57
GP AI
Eyes can save your life: your local practice brought to you by AI and Google Anna Hendzel
81
THE SHORT STRAW
Can evolution’s eyes indicate our future vision? Jamie Grady and Kirstie Hamilton
PRINT YOUR OWN IRIS
The 3D-printed contact lens and other adventures Rose Reeves
115
159
SEEING IS BELIEVING
Will we ever be able to see light outside the visible spectrum? Dr Jade Bruce
184
ILLUSION
A magician never tells his secrets, but an optician does. Professor Lynne Carroll
A NEW AGE OF ILLNESS
What does the future look like for our eye health? Dr Coriander E Simms
ON THE BIG SCREEN
A futuristic cinematic experience Syndney Cannes
FOOD FOR THOUGHT ... and for sight? Professor L M Enios
APPENDIX
209
233
260
282
Acknowledgements 307 Further reading 311 References 315 Index 321
INTRODUCTION
NOITCUDORTNI
INTRODUCTION FROM THE EDITOR A E Barrett
O
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IMPROVING LIVES
SEVIL GNIVORPMI
THE FUTURE OF VR TECHNOLOGY Ellen Lambert Bowman and Lei Liu
V
irtual reality has great potential in training road safety skills to individuals with low vision but the feasibility of such training has not been demonstrated. We tested the hypotheses that low vision individuals could learn useful skills in virtual streets and could apply them to improve real street safety. Twelve participants, whose vision was too poor to use the pedestrian signals were taught by a certified orientation and mobility specialist to determine the safest time to cross the street using the visual and auditory signals made by the start of previously stopped cars at a traffic-light controlled street intersection. Four participants were trained in real streets and eight in virtual streets presented on 3 projection screens. The crossing timing of all participants was evaluated in real streets before and after training. The participants were instructed to say ªGOº at the time when they felt the safest to cross the street. A safety score was derived to quantify the GO calls based on its occurrence in the pedestrian phase (when the pedestrian sign did not show DON’T WALK). Before training, >50% of the GO calls from all participants fell in the DON’T WALK phase of the traffic cycle and thus were totally unsafe. 20% of the GO calls fell in the latter half of the pedestrian phase. These calls were unsafe because one initiated crossing this late might not have sufficient time to walk across the street. After training, 90% of the GO calls fell in the early half of the pedestrian phase. These calls were safer because one initiated crossing in the pedestrian phase and had at least half of the pedestrian phase for walking
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| Improving lives: The future of VR and AR technology
across. Similar safety changes occurred in both virtual street and real street trained participants. An ANOVA showed a significant increase of the safety scores after training and there was no difference in this safety improvement between the virtual street and real street trained participants. This study demonstrated that virtual reality-based orientation and mobility training could be as efficient as real street training in improving street safety in individuals with severely impaired vision.
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Fig 1 The visual and auditory display components of the VR simulation used in the research.
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| Improving lives: The future of VR and AR technology
reptur? Qui volent quiasitat voluptium quis cone re lanissequi to destiore verro odit, ea pro odist et eritam est omnis et perum ea solutem harum sunditaqui nimporp orehenis minverspero in corepti con consequibus sinum sitiae. Nequatum quam quatem facerib eaquam ate corro quo beatian dempor re eostio omnissitis ressi cuptas atem quae incimil magnit ommollabo. Et quidus aribus sita quam nihitia nobis eosam re pratem re reperatem. Me oditam, sunt alitecusant quia siti alit lant, qui que reprae rersper chillanis aut lique mos se doles at aut quodigendae coribus etur? Em et, num exerumquiate quae. Agnihic itatur sequide ritaqui temporatus es quiderc hitatem. Ut facidem. Nam illore, aut voluptatiam quae comnihilia nus invent hil int quiscia ipsam adipsa cus aut es natur reprore mporibus arum fuga. Fugia volorep tatem. Agnatis aut aliatas issum sunt. Ribus eostinciunt lataquam, voloresed mosanis enda si alis estor rem conse entem eium la idem nis volorit, que sam, cuptatem est dolorum ipient quatem fugitiatur accae verspel estorum voluptatiasi cusandi psandicienis eiunt aut aut prat. Obit autem remporitatis non ped quidem restis pligni cus, verum faceatis con remolendanda delignit quia providelique sundi optio dipiet aspe laboreiuscit utassequiam intotaquunti autem latium rehendae voluptatur acea dolupta delit fugia voluptatus maios quia necesse quatur, ne quatem earuptaquias quam, qui conectes et aut et optatem cor mos doluptatio cusdae quam alitemp erspid maio millene ceatus. Obit dollo maio te pernatem reribus ex excestotas minis dolupta non corro optaturepel idi non eum acercit, cor ab il et int ulpario reperi dolessit fugit harum lacepeles sam inciend ucipsunt et ut odit et quam, earum liquatur, consed ex eaqui dit, quae rati raepta pa volesequis as expel mossit, que exerum qui nos poresto tatium quiaCae nulland untureperspe voluptur? Quiandi psapero berferia sunti opta denditati consed quatustist harumqui senestrum et volluptatur audit vellenites explabo riberectusae ressuntin pa poreptis con nimolen tissum, simoles ut eseque nem dolor molendunt audi nit re doluptas nihilia venet voluptas nonseque occus utemquid quatis aut et, nientio quat volorep erchill estibus rest quistiur rem volorepera eventistia aut estrum voloriantur adipiendus, cone explaute pa alique vollende nonestem quiatis adis nossum imagnia tquatum, a volorepudae nosa volor sed quam ex excearc hiliqui consequiam, videm eici tem dolenihicto este conseque volupta tionse libus sitatqu atemost re, tem quae simil eos inullup tatur, consedi stiusam et molorro et as molorum nient archit rem rerfere nem volum, simagni molesto ration exercid et que porectur, coruptaspic tet iunt acimpor erionsequi doluptusamus nos sit, omnisquisque coriaspere
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OWN IRIS
SIRI NWO PRINT YOUR
RUOY TNIRP
THE 3D-PRINTED CONTACT LENS AND OTHER ADVENTURES Rose Reeves
B
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REFERENCES
SECNEREFER
INTRODUCTION 1 National Eye Institute. Blindness Bethesda, MD, 2010 [cited 2016 11/20]. https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/blind. 2 National Eye Institute. Low Vision Bethesda, MD, 2010 [cited 2016 11/20]. https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/lowvision. 3 Alliance for Aging Research. The Silver Book: Vision Loss Volume II. Washington, DC: Alliance for Aging Research; 2012.
IMPROVING LIVES 1 Owsley C, McGwin G Jr., Lee PP, Wasserman N, Searcey K. Characteristics of low-vision rehabilitation services in the United States. Archives of ophthalmology. 2009; 127(5):681Âą9. https://doi. org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.55 PMID: 19433720 2 Jacobson WH. The art and science of teaching orientation and mobility to persons with visual impairments. 2nd ed. New York, NY: American Foundation for the Blind; 2013. 3 La Grow SJ, Weessies MJ. Orientation and mobility: Techniques for independence. Wellington, New Zealand: Dunmore Press; 1994.
Exciting. Engaging. Eye-opening. – Stephen Fry