B
o
d hi
The Future of Yoga
Front page picture- (61, Google.nl, 2017)
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Graduation Studio “The Future of Leisure”
Eindhoven University of Technology / Department of the Built Environment
“Bodhi- The Future of Yoga” Author: Neha Purandare / 0991304 Tutors: prof. ir. D. (David) Gianotten / ir. M.H.P.M. (Maarten) Willems / ir. J.J.P.M. (Sjef) van Hoof Graduation Colloquium: 09-11-2017
“Yoga is like music: the rhythm of the body, the melody of the mind, and the harmony of the soul create the symbphny of life” - B.K.S. Iyengar
B
o
d hi
The Future of Yoga
ABSTRACT
“Bodhi- The Future of Yoga� is a yoga center in San Francisco aimed at strengthening yoga ideologies in the region due to heavy influences of yoga practices. At the same time integration of yoga with architecture and space is another crucial focus element in the design process. The ultimate goal was to make a foundation place in San Francisco which blends with nature, body, architecture and in effect can bring harmony for person involved in yoga activity. Project was highly based on theoretical understanding of body as a subject and entire process revolved around integrating physical, mental and spiritual elements. Therefore, first part of the project is based on the research and second part is an application of the research and interpretation in architectural language. Research was particularly based on books by Indian authors on yoga and some part of the research regarding latest trends were analysed from reports published online. Some demographic ,aps were extracted from American Universities for site analysis.
PREFACE
This Graduation studio ‘The Future of Leisure’ is about delving into contemporary leisure concepts which are applicable in 2030. Project commenced from broader research involving latest personal leisure definition and leisure concepts across the world, in which I chose to make yoga center due to my personal affection of the subject and a daily engagement with yoga practice. At the same time, my roots are founded in Indian culture, where yoga is an integral part of daily life. B.K.S. Iyengar (Guruji) was one of the most influential personalities in yoga practices and belonged to Pune city, which is also my native place. Today, Iyengar yoga style is taught across the world and Guruji plays enormous influence in shaping my life as my yoga teacher Mrs. Shobha Malkhare is a student of B.K.S. Iyengar. Furthermore, yoga not only helped me in achieving health benefits, but also benefited in attaining mental stability in difficult situations in my life. First phase of the project involved broader research about yoga in modern society and allied theories developed by grand masters in India and based on which site is chosen for future yoga center. In the later phase concept is defined and design is further developed for future yoga center. The project went from micro to macro level, starting from fundamentals of yoga practices, statistical analysis of yoga practices in the world and research of
site location till concept design, design development and detail design product. The entire journey of the project elevated my understanding of the subject and made the experience fulfilling. I would first like to express my sincere gratitude to my teachers prof. ir. David Gianotten, ir. Maarten Willems and ir. Sjef van Hoof for their genuine guidance and constant support. I would like to thank them for providing the direction that helped me to focus on the most essential elements of this project. I would also like to thank TU/e for providing the facilities essential to convert the project efficiently. I would specially like to thank my friend Sachin Daga for helping me in generating site images and surrounding areas. This journey would not have been possible without the support of my family and friends. My mother’s blessings have always given me the strength to carry on in tough times. My father has been a backbone throughout my life and especially in the stint of my master’s education. Special thanks to my husband Siddharth for his constant motivation throughout this phase. I hope the reader will be delighted after reading this thesis and take first step towards personal development through yoga practices.
CONTENT
01.
INTRODUCTION:
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Leisure Definition, Global Leisure Industry, Growth and Changes Leisure & Spirituality State of the Art Problem Statement-1 San Francisco & Problem Statement-2 Research Question Research Methodology
02 03 05 07 07 07 07
02.
PERSONAL LEISURE DEFINITION
09
03.
RESEARCH ON SPIRITUALITY & LEISURE
3.1 3.2 3.3
04. 4.1 4.2 4.3
05. 5.1 5.2
Leisure as Finding Meaning in Life Spirituality &Health Benefits The Future of Yoga
12 13 13
RESEARCH ON YOGA
Yoga - Origin, History & Basic PrinciplesEnergy Center Theory Kundalini- The Ultimate Union & Yoga 4.3.1 Root Center 4.3.2 Water Center 4.3.3 Fire Center 4.3.4 Air Center 4.3.5 Sound Center 4.3.6 Light Center 4.3.7 Thought Center
20 26 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55
YOGA, ARCHITECTURE AND UNIVERSAL FORMS Spirituality & Architecture Creation of Universe & Matter
60 61
5.3
Forms, Human Body & Proportions
06.
SITE ANALYSIS
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
07.
Why America?? Why San Francisco? Mapping Analysis Site analysis
Parent Center concept Research on Program Final Frogram
08.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
09. 9.1
68 71 75 83
PROGRAM & PROJECT CONCEPT
7.1 7.2 7.3
8.1 8.2 8.3
63
Design Concept Masterplan Development Principles & Process Final Matsterplan Strategy
94 95 96
100 103 107
DETAIL DESIGN
Individual Centers 9.1.1 Root Center 9.1.2 Water Center 9.1.3 Fire Center 9.1.4 Air Center 9.1.5 Sound, Light & Thought Center 9.2 Details & Materiality
121 137 155 173 175 177
1O. REFLECTION
188
11.
192
REFERENCES
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01 INTRODUCTION “The monotony and solitude of quite mind stimulates the creative mind� – Albert Einstein
1.1 Leisure Definition, Global Leisure Industry, Growth and Changes The rate of societal change is accelerated due to phenomenon of contemporary society, which has greatly influenced the way we live life and concept of recreation and leisure (Leisure and spirituality biblical, historical, and contemporary perspectives, 2017). At the same time, increasing population, changing family size, shape and composition, emphasis on integral family, rising older population have significant implications on leisure choices (Domestic Leisure Tourism Trends for the Next Decade, 2017). Leisure not only benefits to physical and mental health, but also contributes in well-being of people around. Person involved in leisure activities experience the benefit in personal relationships, family operation and in creating social network (Domestic Leisure Tourism Trends for the Next Decade, 2017).
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In last few years there has been tremendous shift in the field of leisure studies as well as the way people address leisure in their free time (Domestic Leisure Tourism Trends for the Next Decade, 2017). One of the important reasons behind this shift is- easy access to information due to technology, which in turn has impacted customer behavior (Domestic Leisure Tourism Trends for the Next Decade, 2017). In addition, the complexity of choices increases dramatically due to wide range of options available. Technology in effect is helping in making tailored leisure experience for an individual, which will intensify and develop in future with more reliance (Domestic Leisure Tourism Trends for the Next Decade, 2017). In effect, these growing changes have made structural changes in the working of the society and has influenced values and attitudes leading to increase or decrease in the number of working hours in individual country (Leisure and spirituality biblical, historical, and contemporary perspectives, 2017). As leisure and luxury are becoming central part of modern lives, ‘work ethics’ are feeding fodder to this growth and spending due to fading boundaries between work and leisure (Leisure and spirituality biblical, historical, and contemporary perspectives, 2017). At the same time busier work life and work pressure increases more breaks and reliance on leisure time (Leisure and spirituality biblical, historical, and contemporary perspectives, 2017). Land is increasingly used for leisure activities like sport clubs, organizational shows, shopping malls, resorts and avocational activities are showing increase in sport bars, museums, libraries and gardens (Leisure and spirituality biblical, historical, and contemporary perspectives, 2017). There are believed to be many reason behind these growing sentiments, out of which monetary rewards, opportunity to boost self-esteem and identity development
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are considered primary (Leisure and spirituality biblical, historical, and contemporary perspectives, 2017). Nevertheless, this increasing significance is adding responsibility for organized effort to prepare people, youth and children for leisure, where family, education systems, religious organizations play a key role in educating people on leisure (Leisure and spirituality biblical, historical, and contemporary perspectives, 2017). Research on leisure began in the middle of twentieth century and focused on three main aspects known as serious leisure, casual leisure and project-based leisure (fig.3) (Domestic Leisure Tourism Trends for the Next Decade, 2017) (The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP), 2017). Along with these types variety of subtypes emerged through the years. Serious leisure is a systematic pursuit in which the core activity is highly fulfilling and substantial. Amateurs, hobbyists and volunteers working in arts, sports and entertainment are inevitably linked with one way or another are involved in this type of leisure (fig 3) (The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP), 2017). Casual leisure is short lived and pleasurable which includes relaxation, play, passive and active entertainment, social meetings (fig 3) (The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP), 2017). However, Project based leisure is more complicated, where activity last for one short occasion carried out in free time and involves activities such as sport events, art festivals (fig 3) (The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP), 2017).
1.2 Leisure and Spirituality: Spirituality fosters a “sense of meaning, inner wholeness, harmony and connection with others, a unity with all nature and the universe” (Walsh, 1999:6) (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017)
cti
on
Leisure is propertionate with mental Freedom fig. 1 Leisure & Freedom Dependency
fig. 2 Leisure Outcomes
(30, Google.nl, 2017)
Leisure & Freedom Dependency
Proximity to Nature
Co m
pl et
en
es s
Solitude
m
fa
Fr ee do
tis
Finding Meaning
Sa
Consciousness M in df ul ln es s
Leisure Casual Leisure
Project Based Leisure
Serious Leisure
Play Relxation Passive Entertainment Active Entertainment Social Conversation Sensory Stimulation Casual Volunteering
-Occassional Projects
-Amateur
-One-Shot Projects Making/Thinking Liberal Arts Activity Participation Volunteering Arts Projects
Art Science Sports Entertainment
-Devotee Work
Liberal Professions Counsulting Skilled Trades Samll Businesses
-Volunteer
Popular Idea based Material Floral Entertainment
-Hobbyist
fig. 3 Research on Type of Leisures
Collecting Making & thinking Activity Participation Sports & Games Liberal Arts Pursuit
(The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP), 2017)
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Leisure is required for spiritual development. A person needs to be in a complete state of mental freedom to experience spirituality (fig 1) (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). This mental state is explicitly present in leisure time, when mind is free of duties and responsibilities (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). Thus, carrying out spiritual practices in leisure time can benefit an individual on physical as well as on mental level.
ultimate or absolute person (Purusha or Bramhana) (Anon, 2009). Thirdly, it describes the constituents of body such as senses, mind, intellect etc., which are metaphysical grounds of Yoga (Anon, 2009). These categories hierarchically ordered can help in realization of higher state of consciousness (Anon, 2009). In the end yoga helps a person transforming consciousness into attaining highest state of liberation (Mokshya) from karma and rebirth (Anon, 2009).
Spirituality needn’t imbibe the belief in supreme power or an ultimate state of being, but can be a mean in seeking personal ideology of harmony and meaning in life (fig 9) (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). Everyone has an individual system of morality, communication and fulfillment, which can be identical to the supreme-being or may differ in expression (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). However, the aim of spirituality in the end is to transcend the limitations of ordinary (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). Spiritual connection can develop positive emotions in individuals like hope, faith, optimism, forgiveness, internal peace, sense of responsibility and self-control (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017).
1.3 State of the Art: Over the past decades yoga has become a part of western societies attracting housewives and, young and old people, gym and corporate culture into a multi-dollar co-operation (Anon, 2017). As the philosophy suggest, Yoga is for everyone. The modern life is stressful, which causes people to neglect body and eventually leading to physical pain and illnesses. Stress can also lead to mental suffering, feeling of inadequacy, isolation and powerlessness (Anon, 2017). Yoga can help in aligning physical and mental plane, which can bring inner and outer balance by discipline and repetition (Anon, 2017).
Yoga has a close link with spiritual teachings as it connects body and mind. Yoga practices were initiated in India in 3000 B.C. and Hindu Kathaka Upanisad (KU) describes systematic account of Yoga and bridge the gap from the earlier Vedic uses of term Yoga (Anon, 2009). Three elements of this text summaries the agenda which was followed for centuries (Anon, 2009). First, it introduces a yogic philosophy in which body is a ‘Fort of eleven gates’ and ‘evoking a thumb size person’ who dwelling inside (Anon, 2009). Secondly, it identifies person with
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Worldwide, 300 million people practice yoga (Anon, 2017) (fig 4). Countries considered wealthiest such as United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Singapore, India (fig 4) (origin of yoga) are increasingly adapting the concept (Anon, 2017). While in the United States yoga has become a product. In the United States, yoga is the fourth largest growing industry, where 36.7 million people practice yoga in 2016, which is expected to rise to 80 million in next 12 months (Anon, 2017) (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016). At the same time spending on yoga is increasing in multi-folds and becoming a part of the real estate mar-
300 Million
People Practice Yoga Worldwide
5 2
3 87 6 1
9
4
01 India 02 United States 03 United Kingdom 04 Australia 05 Canada 06 France 07 Germany 08 Netherlands 09 Singapore
fig. 4 Top 10 Countries Across The World Involved in Yoga (Anon, 2017).
Spitituality Way of Life Synthesis
Yoga fig. 5 B.K.S. Iyengar in Yoga Pose (31, Google.nl, 2017)
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ket in many parts of the USA (Anon, 2017). For most of the world yoga means to go to a studio with yoga mats, cloths, accessories and learning under a guidance of a teacher or a trainer (Anon, 2017).
1.4 Problem Statement-1: Some entrepreneurs have invented new brands of yoga practices like ‘Bikram’s’ workouts started offering ‘Doga’practicing yoga with dogs (fig 6) (Anon, 2017). Similarly many other parallel new studio franchise have opened with packaged over Sanskrit names and adapted with life style issues and leisure activities like spa and wellness retreats (fig 6) (fig 8) (Anon, 2017). Although, this is not the first time such attempts have been made, while yoga has a wider range of meanings and pertains to varied interpretations (Anon, 2017). Yoga has become a mainstream and unarguably adapted practices with adjustments as per convenient business model (Anon, 2017). In fact, yoga taught in modern has very little learning from Yoga Sutras and ancient theories. All our assumption of yoga are mostly based on theories from 12th century onwards and there has been attempts to rediscover the philosophies (Anon, 2017). Evidently there is something missing in the yoga theories as they were written in ancient yoga tradition and yoga as we are practicing. Furthermore, we would like to go back to the ancient terminology of yoga and understand the core principles. 1.5 San Francisco and Problem Statement-2: After researching statics across the world, San Francisco was chosen as a location for further studies for the project. San Francisco is one of the biggest cities experiencing increasing Yoga practices in the USA, where 50 different styles of Yoga are practiced each year (fig 6)(Anon, 2017). Not only San Francisco, but the entire
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Bay area is encompassed with Yoga studios, retreats and schools (Yoga near San Francisco, 2017). 65% people in San Francisco do not affiliate themselves to any religion and Yogic practices become a significant part of the urban fabric (Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project, 2015). Although, these yoga practices sometimes deviate from the roots of the principle theories of Yoga and focuses on body as an isolated subject. The ultimate union can only be achieved through seamless blend between mind, body and surroundings, where architecture plays pivotal role in achieving ultimate consciousness. The idea is to investigate varied ancient Yoga theories and investigate their application in architecture to create unique environment for leisure and finding peace, as there are no attempts in the region to blend yoga philosophies with architecture in order to create perfect union (fig 7).
1.6 Research Question: Yogic practices are deviating from the roots in modern life and very few carry on with ancient philosophies, while most of them need to channelize energies in right direction in order to get benefit in improving physical and mental health. Although, yoga has been explored as a union of body and mind, however, the architectural influence on the activity in the process is underdeveloped. 1.7 Research Methodology: Various research methods were used to obtain knowledge about yoga, out of which yoga books of Indian authors were a primary source to gain information on the subject, while specfic research about American trends in yoga were sourced from recent reports published on internet. Maps for San Francisco were generated based availabile demograhic information on the internet and some maps were taken from American university websites.
Bee
Yo ga
Iyen gar Yog Ha a th aY og a
Ashtanga Yoga
ga sa Yo Vinya
de
a og tY Ho
Nu
l
da
n Ku
r Yo
ga
Yo ini
m Bikra
ga
Acro Yoga
Yoga
Power Yoga
Pren
a t Yog Goa a og Y ra sa u An
Ae
ga
lY og a
ga
o n’s Y
Restorative Yoga
ga Yo ro Ac
me Wo
Siv an an da Yo ga Sen ior Y oga
ria
atal Yo
fig. 6 Famous Yoga Styles Acorss the World (37, Google.nl, 2017)
dy Bo d in M
Goal
Space
fig. 7 Body, Mind & Space Connection
Leisure & Freedom Dependency
fig. 8 Goat Yoga
(Well+Good, 2017)
Research Questions: 1. What should be the architectural strategy to strengthen inherent yoga theory in Bay Area, California in order to gain maximum benefit for better modern life? 2. How architecture can be integrated in yoga practices in order to achieve harmony between body mind and space for future generations?
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02 PERSONAL LEISURE DEFINITION Leisure for me, is a conscious isolation (mental/physical) to strengthen self-image, which helps in enhancing time management and increasing work efficiency. Time invested in leisure activity must uplift mindfulness, and help in paying detail attention to thoughts, feelings and awareness of surroundings. Space is a medium to make leisure experience full-filling, where architecture plays a key role in producing various social effects. Consciousness, solitude, philosophical understanding of life and proximity to nature makes my leisure experience inclusive. Daily connection with inner self with small activities is as important for me as prolonged leisure time. The ability to cutoff from outside world in routine activities and to anchor core principles to lead a meaningful life makes leisure work for me.
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(34, Vishwaamara.com, 2017)
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03 LEISURE & SPIRITUALITY RESEARCH 3.1 Leisure as Finding Meaning in Life: Leisure and spirituality have an interdependent relationship in finding meaning in life (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). Often it has been observed that wilderness and proximity to nature have unique ability to positively enrich spiritual experience which help us find meaning in life (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). Stillness, peace and serenity of nature brings us a sense of completeness and thus, often becomes a part of a meditative process (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). These spaces with unique settings often offer conducive environment to reach a state of enlightenment. Hence, we always come across people enjoying vacation times in the proximity of nature and trying to find peace from busy city life. Through leisure people always find a path to spirituality and eventually finding inner-self. This form of leisure doesn’t stop in finding in oneself, but goes towards the immersion and experiencing life in its true form (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017).. Therefore connecting with people is one of the important means to experience leisure and spirituality. While leisure and spirituality are strongly interlinked, then
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both must operate in sync with each other’s components (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). Thus, it is important to understand that leisure is, at least in parts made out of components of spiritualty and vice a versa (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017). It is indeed important to understand that, it is possible to experience spirituality without experiencing components of leisure, but it is difficult to enjoy leisure without having affection in spiritual practices (Leisure and spirituality: a theoretical model, 2017).
3.2 Spirituality & Health Benefits: Spiritual well-being is increasingly identified as a significant component in generating holistic approach towards health and considered as multidimensional development including physical, emotional, social, mental and spiritual health (fig 9) (Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure, 2010). High level of hope, faith, consistency and commitment has proven to be key principles in bringing meaning and sense of purpose in individuals (fig 9, 10). There has been growing interest in leisure and spirituality in overall development, especially in coping up with stress caused by modern life (Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure, 2010). There are various ways that leisure can help in dealing with stress such as, strengthening self- determination, enhancing social behaviour, empowerment and uplifting mood patterns (fig 9, 10) (Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure, 2010). At the same time spiritually motivated person is characterised by empathetic feeling towards other and carry sense of responsibility in life, which is motivated by truth, beauty and unity (fig 9) (Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure, 2010).
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Leisure helps in nurturing and nourishing spiritual life and provides enough space and time for a person to grow within the physical dimensions (Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure, 2010). In addition, leisure also provides opportunity for a person to explore and encounter dimensions of natural environments, especially important for individual harmony (Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure, 2010). There are various types of spiritual practices performed by individual as per faith and belief systems. Some focuses on human life and nature as supreme entities, energy as oneness principle, supreme creator theory, theory of consciousness, yoga practices, meditation, chanting theory and god as a supreme theory (Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure, 2010). Although, these all practices differ in their expression the end cause remains identical. Leisure and spirituality are complimentary tools to free from chaotic thoughts and a way to explore dimensions of physical existence for each individual through a different lenses (Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure, 2010).
3.3 The Future of Yoga: Popularity is evident with the amount of studios in the USA and the amount of money spend on yoga accessories as well as knowledge that runs through the cities about yoga and meditation (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016) (Anon, 2017). As per the survey carried out by ‘Yoga Journal’, yoga practitioners have already doubled in last three years and are likely to increase with the same pace in next coming years or likely to evolve as well (fig 12). Also Americans spent $16 billion as against
Spiritual or Transcendental World Worship Connecting with God Faith in a Higher Power Serving a Higher Purpose
Meaning
Serving the greater Good Engagement with what matters Seld-transcendence Self-reflection Courage Conscience Justice Gratitude Compassion Social Norms Forgiveness Cultural values Integrity Humanity Virtue Love
Random kindness Treating Others Well
Appriciation Affirmation Freedom Autonomy Authentic
True Self
Responsibility
Hedonic Achievements Physical Passion Financial
Well-Being
Passive Emotion Creative Play
Social World
Personal World
fig. 9 Leisure Connection With Spirituality, Social Life & Personal life (Wong, 2017)
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Cognitive
How Yoga Transforms body?
Better Visual Discrimination Enhances Creativity Improves Memory
Better Concentrattion
Improves Cardiovascular Health
Emotional
Reduces Anxiety
Increased Self Control and Will Power
Reduces Stress Boosts Immune System
Reduces Depression
Lowers Blood Pressure
Reduces Addiction
Improves Mood
After One Class
Physical
Reduces Aging Fewer colds Greater Empathy & Compassion
Social
Space
Air
Tranquil
Agile
Meditation
Concentration
Warm
Fire Confident
vs
Attending
Playful
Playful
Water
Earth
Malleable
Upright
After Few Months
Clear
Open-Monitoring
fig. 10 Health Benefits of Yoga (32, Google.nl, 2017)
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Improved Brian Function
02
Lower Stree Level
03
Increase Flexibility
04
Lowers Blood Pressure
05
Improves Lung Capacity
06
Improves Sexual Functions
07
Reduces Anxiety
08
Relieves Chronic Back Pain
09
Lowers Blood Sugar in Diebetics
10
Improves Poster and Balance
11
Stronger Bones
12
Healthy Weight
13
Lowered Risk of Heart Disease
Mindfulness
After Years
Open
01
fig. 11 Basic Yoga Poses (Flaticon, 2017)
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$10 billion three years ago which is rising equally high as spending on studio itself (fig12) (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016) (Anon, 2017). Yoga is equally popular in young people as adults and old age people. Schools are offering yoga as a part of curriculum while helping them in getting calm and focusing well on studies (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016) (Anon, 2017). While it is common factor that along with physical benefits yoga is providing long lasting benefits for brain activity which help kids in overall development. One of the biggest reason for yoga growth is ‘non-religious sentiments’, which will continue to grow each year (Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project, 2015). People need to believe in some entity superior to them and have faith in order to develop holistically and become better human beings (Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project, 2015). Yoga has helped people to strengthen their faith in spirituality with meditation practices and understanding personal definition of God to become one with the supreme power. In future, increasing spiritual sentiment humans can find themselves in peace with their inner-self and spirituality will help people immerse into the supreme entity with yoga as a medium. People in America closely relate religious places to spirituality, where experiment was made to practice yoga in a cathedral in San Francisco. Therefore, it is possible in future by 2030 that religious places could be taken over by spiritual sentiments in America (fig 13).
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80 Million
36.7 Millionn
End 2017
2016
20% 4th
Increase each year
Largest industry
87% Spending increased in last 5 years on yoga
fig. 12 Yoga Growth in America (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
fig. 13 Yoga in Cathedral in San Francisco (38, Google.nl, 2017)
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03 RESEARCH ON YOGA 4.1 Yoga - Origin, History & Basic PrinciplesNo one knows the absolute supreme creator and the existence of the universe as we call (Anon, 2017). Universe and God existed long before humans appeared and the concepts of God (Purusa), nature (Prakriti) and religion (Dharma) surfaced (Anon, 2017). The interpretations of these concepts are different for individual according to their understanding. While human existence was caught into polarities of material world such as love-hatred, good-evil, he detached himself from god and eventually felt the need to understand the personal divinity (Purusha), who is eternal, unaffected by affections, attachments, free from joy and sorrow (Anon, 2017). This eventually led a humans to search for highest ideal exemplified into perfect being (Pursha), who he called Lord (Isvara), guru and became the focus of life (Anon, 2017). In the process of finding Lord, man derived a code of conduct to live in harmony with nature (Anon, 2017). Then came the science of duty (Dharma) and Dr. S. Radhakrishnan wrote, “it is Dharma which upholds, sustains, supports and guides mankind to live a higher life irrespective of race, class, caste, faith� (Light on Pranayama, 1981). In order to experience Dharma and divinity within, man realized to keep his body clean and strong (Light on
(37, Google.nl, 2017)
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Samkhya theory is philosophical and Yoga is practical (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Combination of these two gives a dynamic approach towards system of thoughts, while can’t be distinguished as knowledge and actions are complementary (Light on Pranayama, 1981). The system of Yoga practices was first collected in ‘Yoga Sutras’ of Patanjali and directives of yoga practices are explained with how one should walk the path towards the end stages of yogic practices (Light on Pranayama, 1981). It is explained that when a person practices and walks all eight stages of yoga, he experiences coherence with creator and loses distinction between body, mind and self (Light on Pranayama, 1981). These eight stages are eight limbs of yoga and start from Yama, Niayama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara to Dhyan, Dharana and Samadhi (fig
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mix
union
sum discipline
balance
Samkhya theory says that creation is a product of accumulation of twenty five elements (tattvas) and doesn’t distinguish creator, while Yoga recognizes creator (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Nyaya relies on logic, laws of thoughts and reasoning. Vaisesika believes in the notion of space, time and matter and is complementary to Vaisesika. Mimamsa has two schools and is dependent on Vedas (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Purva Mimamsa depends on significance to action (karma), while Uttar Mimamsa accepts God and stresses on spiritual knowledge (Light on Pranayama, 1981).
perfection
Pranayama, 1981). Indians studied these science since many centuries and accumulated these writings in Vedas, Upanisadas, Darsanas (Mirror of spiritual perceptions) (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Darsanas are further divided into different schools: Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisesika, Purva, Mimamsa, Uttara Mimamsa (Light on Pranayama, 1981).
fig. 14 Meaning of Yoga (Light on Pranayama, 1981)
23) (Light on Pranayama, 1981).
“Yoga is a union of individual self (Jivatma) and Universal Self (Paramatma)” (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Yoga (Yog- in Sanskrit) means any form of ultimate ‘union’ or ‘connection’ encapsulating physicality, mentality and spirituality (fig 14) (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Although, ‘Yoga’ has wider range of meanings than merely one objective definition, the word Yoga has been employed to denote: mix, perfection, charm, discipline, sum, union, and endless exhaustive list of varied interpretation (fig 14) (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Further meaning of yoga is “to attain what is not attainable” (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Another aspect of yoga
Spirit SubConscious
Energy
Body
Emotions
Awareness
Mind
fig. 15 Spirit, Body & Mind Connection
Conscious Mind
Active
Deep Sleep Latent
Breath
Action/Senses
?
State of Bliss
Body
Dreaming
Waking
(56, Google.nl, 2017)
Unconscious Mind
fig. 16 Body & Mind Connection Through Yoga (42, Google.nl, 2017)
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is to act in a way that total focus is on the activity in which one is engaged (fig 19,20) (Light on Pranayama, 1981). The more focused attention is on the activity there is better attentiveness in the action and yoga process begins (Light on Pranayama, 1981). The entire purpose of yoga is to bring attentiveness in every action other than poses, that there comes a state in which the person is always present, in every action and every moment (Light on Pranayama, 1981). It is a task to get better and better with every attempt in each activity. There can be many interpretations for yoga practices depending upon each individual. Although yoga practices were rooted in India, the content and application is universal. The individual can lead on path of yoga as per one’s understanding and there is no necessity for an individual to follow the ideology of God, while yoga practice only requires attentiveness in actions (Light on Pranayama, 1981). With time there will be detailed attention to thoughts and one clearly understands the direction where to go and how to (fig 20) (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Moreover, the person can discover new situation on the journey and the way each individual discovers his God or supreme entity is a personal matter (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Yoga brings balance into physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels of individuals (fig 18, 20). Yoga is being practiced in India since 3000 centuries, while it is increasingly getting popular in western world due to benefits on many levels (Light on Pranayama, 1981). As mentioned before, Indian Rishi (highly educated people) understood that, to perform Raja-Yoga (liberation of soul from bondage of maya-material world) needs healthy body and thus, Hatha Yoga was developed in which 84 Lakh asanas (pos-
es) were introduced and 300 are most popularly practiced (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Elementary course of yoga focuses on physical postures and bending coupled with breathing exercises (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Researchers believe that these yoga techniques have proven improvements in physical and mental health through improved flows of hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis (Light on Pranayama, 1981). Modern diseases like hypertension and diabetes are vastly related to stress and can be prevented or controlled through regular practices.
7th ATMA_spirit the higher self_Absolute divine
6th BUDDHI_spiritual soul the vehicle of pure universal spirit 5th MANAS_human soul Higher-Permanent Reincarnating individuality, The higher ego, Lower- Personal Mind- Present personality 4th KAMA_Animal Soul, Desire and passions 3rd PRANA_Life Energy, vitality 2nd LINGA SHARIRA_ Atral Body- Subtle, unseen of the physical body 1st STHULA SHARIRA_Physical body-Vehicle of all the other principles during the life fig. 17 Seven Principles of Body & Mind (44, Google.nl, 2017)
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What is this union?
Matter
Spirit
opposite forces
Body
Earth
Antimatter
Heaven
fig. 19 Opposite Forces In The Universe
fig. 18 Balancing Pose in Yoga
(Light on Pranayama, 1981)
(40, Google.nl, 2017)
What connects these opposite forces? Subtle Body
Body
Breath
Mind
The Ultimate Goal
Physical Body
Universal Law
equilibrium fig. 20 Connecting Force Between Mind & Body (Light on Pranayama, 1981)
fig. 21 Physical Body & Subtle Body (Light on Pranayama, 1981)
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01 Etheric 02 Emotional 03 Mental 04 Astral 05 Casual 06 Spiritual 07 Integrated Spiritual
1 2 3 4 5 6
fig. 22 Different Aspects ofSubtle Body (43, Google.nl, 2017)
Union Absorption
Samadhi
Meditation
Dharana
Focus
Dhyan
Withdrawal
Pratyahara
Beath
Pranayama Asanas
Postures Personal Conduct
Saucha (Purity)
Santosha (Contentment)
Niyamas Svadyaya (Sel-study)
Tapas (Discipline)
Yamas
Moral Code
Bramhacharya Aprigraha Ahimsa Satya Asteya (Non Violence) (Truth) (Non-Stealing) (Non wate of vital Energy) (Non-Greed) fig. 23 Eight Limbs of Yoga (41, Google.nl, 2017)
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Ishvar Dharana(Surrender)
4.2 Energy Center (Chakra) Theory: Another important Indian Philosophy is mind being a part of the body, which is ‘Sixth sense’ located in heart and is responsible for hearing, seeing, tasting, touching, and smelling, as well as their associated bodily organs (Anon, n.d.). This means that, Indian philosophy rejects the mind and body distinction (fig 15, 16) (Anon, n.d.). In early scriptures it is described that Yoga is an apparatus in disengaging higher cognitive sense from the matter- the body and the senses (Anon, n.d.). In addition, this theory describes the intersection of mind and body at seven crucial energy centers called Chakras (wheels) (Anon, n.d.). These seven centers are basic Chakras which exist within subtle body, interpenetrating the physical body. Subtle body is non-physical and superimposed on physical body, which can be called as an electromagnetic fields around the physical forms (fig 21, 22) (Wheels of Life, 2002). These Chakras are organizing centers for energy reception, organization and transmission, which co-ordinate network of our mind/body system (Wheels of Life, 2002). These seven vibratory modules are a connecting passage linking heaven and earth, mind and body, spirit and matter, past and future (fig 19) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Chakras are also associated with emotions and thought, which brings another dimension to the physical body (Wheels of Life, 2002). Seven Chakras are energy centers which are located at the inner core along the spine and carrying vital life forces through these intersections (Wheels of Life, 2002). This combination of seven chakras form a complete system integrating mind, body and spirit which is essential for
overall growth towards ultimate consciousness(fig 15, 24) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Each chakra a carrier of matter and consciousness and represent our lives on somatic level and physical level. When all chakras are opened and well connected without obstruction then there is a balanced physical, mental and spiritual health (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is considered that the lower chakras provide foundation to the spiritual growth of upper chakras just like a root of a tree determining the overall health of a tree (Wheels of Life, 2002). Chakras can also be characterized as lotuses, indicating opening of a petal (Wheels of Life, 2002). In India lotus is considered sacred symbol of consciousness which grows from mud into a fully blossomed flower. It can be compared to a primitive state of being a human into a fully conscious sprit (Wheels of Life, 2002). Like lotus, chakras have petals, starting from four at root chakra to thousand petal for thought chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). Overall, sum of all seven Chakras form a vertical column called Sushumna (fig 24, 26) (Wheels of Life, 2002). It can be said that Chakras represent like major cities connecting highways, while Nadis are alternate channels connected to the individual Chakras (Wheels of Life, 2002). Chakaras are receiving and transmitting energies, which can be positive or negative depending upon karmic influence on the energy body (fig 24)(Wheels of Life, 2002). These influences determine the openness or closeness of individual chakras, where there are repetitive patterns or felling of getting stuck (Wheels of Life, 2002). While in some case there is underdeveloped chakras resulting into difficult emotions such as fear, depression or anger (Wheels of Life, 2002). The objective is to break these repetitive patterns to overcome certain energy influence
26
towards positive influence (Wheels of Life, 2002). In some cases ailing chakras are into a state which can’t be changed easily, and hence need healing from external sources to uncover the element which is affecting the flow of energy of that chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). If there is an excessive openness in the chakra, it gives away too much energy than required and make a person feel exhausted (Wheels of Life, 2002). While closed chakra is complete denial of acceptance of certain type of energies (Wheels of Life, 2002). At the same time chakras are related to different activities. As a child is growing up, the chakras are opening in sequence starting from root chakra at the age of one till crown chakra till the age of eighteen (Wheels of Life, 2002). In adulthood there is more focus on certain chakras like sexuality, personality development and relationships (Wheels of Life, 2002). While later stages of life involves spiritual development. “There is no power-holder without power. No power without power-holder. The power-holder is Shiva. Power is Shakti, the Great Mother of the universe. There is no Shiva without Shakti, or Shakti without Shiva.”_ (Wheels of Life, 2002). Shakti (power) is the other part of sedentary consciousness, which is responsible for physical existence of the universe (Wheels of Life, 2002). Shakti (power) gives energy to the formation of life just like a female and responsible for creation of universe and inventor of maya referred as illusion. Shakti (power) is not a consciousness but it is only a projection. But through the union of Shakti and Shiva (the ultimate consciousness) the universe can be channelized towards consciousness (fig 24) (Wheels of
27
Life, 2002). In each human being Shiva and Shakti are residing, while it is only up to each individuals to practice principle of which help in bringing these elements together to get ultimate experience (Wheels of Life, 2002). Shiva and Shakti are two opposite current in chakras, one moving upward and other moving downward (Wheels of Life, 2002). The downward current of Siva is a manifestation, where consciousness becomes denser as it passes through each chakra (fig 24) (Wheels of Life, 2002). While Shakti is an upward current of liberation and gets lighter as it passes through each chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). In this case matter gets lighter in each state and becomes limitless(fig 24) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Manifesting current is important as it helps in choosing conscious action which is a creative act in itself (Wheels of Life, 2002). To manifest it is important to limit oneself and choosing boundaries and giving a structure or a form ((fig 24) Wheels of Life, 2002). Liberating current brings us excitement and energy, while manifesting current brings us peace and stability (fig 24) (Wheels of Life, 2002). If chakras are not fully open or are stuck then the experience of these chakras is vague and scattered (Wheels of Life, 2002).
4.3 Kundalini- The Ultimate Union & Yoga: In Yoga Sutas of Patanjali it is explained that, the soul is called the Purusha Shakti and Prakriti is called energy of nature, while ultimate union of these two energies is called Kundalini (cosmic energy) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Kundalini is latent form in everyone at the bottom of the spine (First Chakra) and when it is awakened, it rises above towards (Purusha Shakti) the crown (fig 24)(Seventh Chakra) (Wheels of Life, 2002). This ultimate conscious-
E=mc2 Sahasrara Chakra
Manifesting Current - Pull of Body, Potential Energy
Thought
Ajna Chakra Light
Vissudha Chakra Sound
Anahata Chakra Air
Manipura Chakra Fire Svadhisthana Chakra Water
Kinetic Energy, Pull of Mind/spirit - Liberating Current
“Time is, Love is, Death is, And the Wheel Turns, And we are all bound to the whee�_ (Wheels of Life, 2002).
Muadhara Chakra Earth
fig. 24 Seven Centers in the Body (Wheels of Life, 2002)
28
ness can be achieved through regular yogic practices at various levels such as asanas and pranayama, which is directed in awakening energy within each human being and causes Chakras to vibrate in order to generate energy eventually circulating to Nadis (Wheels of Life, 2002). Kundalini yoga is an ancient science of practicing yoga, which involves direction from guru in order to get pleasant experience from kundalini awakening. As not all kundalini awakening experience are positive and depend upon the mental situation each person is in (Wheels of Life, 2002).
M
S
H
B
The self & its field of awareness
The self operates through 3 centers of consciousness
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
Each center operates through 3 sub-centers
fig. 25 Body Centers and Interdependency (Wheels of Life, 2002)
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PRANA = INHALE
PINGALA
IDA
SUSHUMNA
UPWARD ENERGY, ABOVE THE NAVEL
LEFT SIDE
RIGHT SIDE
LONG CALM, SLOW, DEEP BREATHING
SHORT, HOT, TONIFYING BREATHING
APANA = EXHALE
DOWNWARD ENERGY, BELOW THE NAVEL
fig. 26 Three Principle Forces in the Body (Wheels of Life, 2002)
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Earth
Muladhara Chakra
Base/Foundation Root Support Grounding Stillness Solidity Potential Energy Rigidity
fig. 27 Root Center Form & Characteristics (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“Grounding is simplifying force”- (Wheel of Life 2002) “We may therefore regard matter as being constituted by the region of space in which the field is extremely intense…There is no place in this new kind of physics both for the field and matter, for the field is the only reality”- Albert Einstein
31
(45,Google.nl, 2017)
“Sanskrit name: Muladhara Meaning- Roof Support Location- Base of Spine Element- Earth Function: Grounding Inner State- Stability, Stillness Outer Manifestation-Solid Glands- Adrenals Colour- Red Other Body Parts- Legs, feet, Bones, Large intestine, teeth Food- Proteins Yoga Path- Hath Yoga Guna- Tamas Operating Force- Gravity� - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
4.3.1 Root Center: Our journey in a physical body starts at the base of the spine which is also the home of a first chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). This chakra is a foundation and a building block of system and all other chakras are supported to this chakras, hence it is extremely import to have a healthy first chakra (Muladhara Chakara). This chakra relates to element earth and has properties associated with it like solidity, health, survival, material world and monetary existence (fig 27) (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is associated with colour red as the colour of creation and colour with longest wavelength and shortest vibration (fiig 27)(Wheels of Life, 2002). The Sanskrit name of this chakra is Muladhara, Mula-Root, Adhara- Support. Sciatic nerve travelling through the leg is the longest nerve in the body which acts like a root support to the entire nervous system (Wheels of Life, 2002). Our legs make connection with the ground making our material existence more profound (fig 28) (Wheels of Life, 2002). This center is symbolized with four petals, each representing four directions and base of the material world (Wheels of Life, 2002). At the end of this center is kundalini spiralled in a latent form waiting to meet Shiva (Wheels of Life, 2002). This is the dense part in the body where all forces are coming together (Wheels of Life, 2002). First chakra is associated with consciousness required for survival, like in case of threat our chakra activates and fight for response (fig 27)(Wheels of Life, 2002). When there is threat to the survival, there is a fear which is a demon of this chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). Growing fear can affect this chakra and create blocks in order to act upon it.
32
GRAVITY
STABILITY
I AM
SURVIVAL
BLOCKED BY FEAR fig. 28 Root Center & Body Connection (Wheels of Life, 2002)
33
Grounding is important for chakra as it involves connection of our legs with ground and strengthen the fact that who we are, which eventually help us in bringing stillness and stability in our life (fig 28) (Wheels of Life, 2002). There is a less possibility of us to fall and make wrong decisions if first chakra is active (Wheels of Life, 2002). Especially in urban world, grounding is becoming less common and there is a rare connection with mother earth and hence the bodies are in pain and hurt from stress and competition (Wheels of Life, 2002). Limitation is essential principle of grounding (Wheels of Life, 2002). As we limit our activities, we can limit our thoughts and allows energies to build in to substance (Wheels of Life, 2002). “Grounding is simplifying force”- (Wheels of Life, 2002) When there is too much negative energy in our surrounding, our body is filtering and allowing only certain matching vibrations into the internal core and chakras protect the subtle body from these surroundings (Wheels of Life, 2002). If a person has lost touch with ground there are techniques to make him/her feel at home and bring closer to self and material world (Wheels of Life, 2002). If we are changing constantly then there is no anchoring and constant struggle for survival (Wheels of Life, 2002). Only through focus and repetitive effort one can bring achieve larger aims in life.
But survival instincts in human has been persistent. A person struggling from basic health and money related issues is usually caught in first chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). Such people need to feel that the body is our house and to keep it in good shape (Wheels of Life, 2002). Healing the body is important to work on first chakra as physical form and existence is what makes spiritual experience fulfilling. With broken bodies one can’t master spiritual growth (Wheels of Life, 2002). Eating solid foods, full of nutrition help in healing first chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). These healthy food transform into energy blocks to give structure to our bodies (Wheels of Life, 2002). Most commonly people are prescribed to eat vegetarian diet to raise consciousness (Wheels of Life, 2002). “We may therefore regard matter as being constituted by the region of space in which the field is extremely intense…There is no place in this new kind of physics both for the field and matter, for the field is the only reality”Albert Einstein (Wheels of Life, 2002).
Survival always help in awakening consciousness (Wheels of Life, 2002). As the feeling of survival is stimulated, there is adrenal secretion to boost energy to fight and awareness is increased (Wheels of Life, 2002). In previous times humans worked on their basic survival for food and shelter, while in today the survival factor have changed into hunting for jobs and illnesses (Wheels of Life, 2002).
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Water
Svadhisthana Chakra
Sweetness Desire Pleasure Feelings Movement Change Liquid
fig. 29 Water Center Form & Characteristics (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“Change is fundamental element of consciousness� - (Wheel of Life 2002)
35
(46, Google.nl, 2017)
“Meaning- Sweetness Location- Lower Abdomen, womb Element-Water Function- Desire, Pleasure, Sexuality Inner State-Feelings Outer State- Liquid Glands- Ovaries, Testicles Colour- Orange Sense- Taste Guna-Tamas Food- liquids Petals- Six” - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
4.3.2 Water Center: Human journey starts with first chakra with solidity and stillness, while second chakra creates movement by polarities between two and forms mutual attraction (fig 29) (Wheels of Life, 2002). If one needs to transcend into limitless consciousness, then there should be infinite movement and only then there is a commencement of the process (Wheels of Life, 2002). Entire cosmos is moving constantly and it is an essential property of an energy and matter (fig 30) (Wheels of Life, 2002). If there is no movement then the universe is static and fixed in time (Wheels of Life, 2002). Second chakra is positioned in the lower abdomen and between the naval and reproduction system (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is also a part where sacral plexus is located which is connected to sciatic nerve (Wheels of Life, 2002). This chakra is an element of water and related to bodily functions such as kidney, bladder, reproduction and sexuality (Wheels of Life, 2002). Sanskrit name of this chakra is ‘Svadhisthana’ which means “one’s own abode” (Wheels of Life, 2002). The root ‘Svad’ means to “taste sweet” (Wheels of Life, 2002). If one needs to work on second chakra then he/she should drink plenty of water and immerse in it (Wheels of Life, 2002). As mentioned before all the chakra are connected with an subtle energy force called Sushumna which is connected to opposite polarities Ida and Pingala which are lunar and solar aspects of the energies (Wheels of Life, 2002). When there is a movement in the chakras they start spinning in the opposite direction and act like a gears generating energy (fig 30) (Wheels of Life, 2002). These energies push movement upward and downward driving
36
PLEASURE IS A ROOT CAUSE OF DESIRE
I FEEL
PLEASURE
BLOCKED BY GUILT fig. 30 Water Center & Body connection (Wheels of Life, 2002)
37
energy flow through Ida and Pingala (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is similar to the concept of Yin and Ting introduced in Chinese philosophy. Second chakra is ruled by moon and affect the movement of water just like tides and our desires which are a vast pool of energy (Wheels of Life, 2002). Moon rules unconscious mind, which is mysterious and dwells on pleasures of feminine energies (Wheels of Life, 2002). Humans have tendencies to attract towards pleasure and to run away from pain which takes them away from basic consciousness and illusion is the truth for such minds (fig 30)(Wheels of Life, 2002). Pleasure is govern by lower part of the brain called limbic system which helps in regulating hormones and stress levels (Wheels of Life, 2002). Although pleasure is an important part of the second chakra, pleasure is the root cause of the desire which develops into a seed of movement (Wheels of Life, 2002).
The pineal gland is closed linked with sixth chakra as it is rich in derivative of serotonin called melatonin and can be easily transformed into hallucinogenic compound called Methoxyharmalan (Wheels of Life, 2002). There is an evidence suggestion the connection of melatonin and pineal gland in producing effect on male and female hormones (Wheels of Life, 2002). Although, getting involved in excessive sexual activity can adversely affect the sixth chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). Celibacy under trained gurus is one of the methods to bypass the old habits which help kundalini to bypass and move quickly towards upper centers (Wheels of Life, 2002). As energies starts to climb up the column there is less feeling of boundaries and only realization of being one is apparent (Wheels of Life, 2002).
Emotions- Emotion came from a Latin word which means to move away from (Wheels of Life, 2002). This is effect means emotions help in unconscious mind into the conscious mind (Wheels of Life, 2002). A child only can communicate through emotions and the response to these emotions affect a person in the adulthood, as it represents the conscious state of a person and how freely he/she can move into certain emotions without creating blocks and unhappy feeling (Wheels of Life, 2002). Sexuality- Sexuality is an essential and sacred rituals in many cultures as it represents expansion of life through a reproductive force (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is observed that Kundalini and chakras have a close relation with sexuality (Wheels of Life, 2002).
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Fire
Manipura Chakra
Will Power Assertiveness Anger Laughter Joy
fig. 31 Fire Center Form & Characteristics (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“With strength we fight the dark, pushing and straining, to realize it is part of ourselves, part of our strength, part of our fear.�- (Wheels of Life, 2002)
39
(47, Google.nl, 2017)
“Meaning- Lustrous Gem Location- naval to Solar Plexus Element- Fire Outer Form- Plasma Function- Will, Power, Assertiveness Inner State- Laughter, Joy, Anger Glands- Pancreas, Adrenals Other Body Parts- Digestive Parts- Digestive System Colour- Yellow Petals- ten Metal- Iron Foods- Starches Guna- Rajas� - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
4.3.3 Fire Center: From first chakra of matter and stability to movement of seconds chakra ignites light of consciousness of third chakra as we emerge from unconsciousness (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is also a basic principle of material existence explained by Einstein in his equation of E=MC2. It is place of transformation from matter and movement into energy ((fig 32)Wheels of Life, 2002). Fire is constantly destroying passiveness created by earth and water and taking light and consciousness into higher dimensions (Wheels of Life, 2002). The first thing is required for this chakra is to break from inertia and fire should keep burning with the ignition (fig 32)(Wheels of Life, 2002). When matter comes in contact with other mass there is heat generation and gets a stimulus for movement (Wheels of Life, 2002). The whole body is a machine of consciousness with each chakra representing different facets (Wheels of Life, 2002). Third chakra is responsible for metabolism which mean the rate of conversion of matter into energy (fig 32) (Wheels of Life, 2002). To burn fire oxygen is essential which we get from chakra four (Wheels of Life, 2002). When there is less air in the body there the digestion process is slow and energy generation is lower (Wheels of Life, 2002). People with tight or pot bellies are responsible for malfunction of third chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). People who need to be excessive in power have large bellies, while tight bellies indicate fear of power or low self-esteem (Wheels of Life, 2002).
PowerTo develop third chakra it is essential to connect with the
40
POWER
I CAN
WILL
BLOCKED BY IINERTIA & ANGER fig. 32 Fire Center & Body Connection (Wheels of Life, 2002)
41
IGNITION OF CONSCIOUSNESS
ENERGY E=MC2
surrounding and people to feel that you are a part of the system and life force around (Wheels of Life, 2002). At the same time it is important to understand that it is equally important to not be controlling and dominating (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is important to yourself and others along with you in order to smoothly transit inti fourth chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). Our power should not threaten people but rather feel comfortable and cooperative (Wheels of Life, 2002). The moment people become dominating they start isolating themselves and become lonely (Wheels of Life, 2002). Power should come from unity rather than separation (Wheels of Life, 2002). A true character of country or nation comes from the coherency and unity of people and culture (Wheels of Life, 2002). Today we have lost connect with people and humans operate separately and get stuck in third chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002).
and strength will not waste on showing them rather use it consciously upon the need and efficiency (Wheels of Life, 2002).
WillOne must have will to change something (Wheels of Life, 2002). Will is an aspect of consciousness which helps in changing and overcoming inertia (fig 32)(Wheels of Life, 2002). It is a signal from mind which is manifested in an action (Wheels of Life, 2002). Therefore, will is an essential factor in the development of third chakra (Wheels of Life, 2002). Will works at its best when it intelligent (Wheels of Life, 2002). Once the fire is ignited through will it not difficult to maintain (Wheels of Life, 2002). When Kundalini reaches third chakra she starts to burns and ignorance is shattered and karmic patterns break away (Wheels of Life, 2002). Will always requires recognition from within and acceptance to take on the circumstance after the action is finished (Wheels of Life, 2002). Once humans know their will it is easier to work on it and channelize it (Wheels of Life, 2002). Man with true will
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Air
Anahata Chakra
Love Gaseous Compassion
fig. 33 Air Center Form & Characteristics (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“Like you, they laugh and cry and play, Ceaseless rhythm through each day. Feel the heart so like your own. Hoping, healing, breathing, feeling. Let there be no sound of striking, Only that of love and liking. - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
43
(48, Google.nl, 2017)
“Sanskrit Name- Anahata Meaning-Unstruck Location- Heart Element- Air Outer State- gaseous Function- Love Inner State- Compassion, Love Glands- Thymus Other Parts- Lungs, Heart, Arms, Hands Colour- Green Petals- Twelve Metal- Copper Sense- Touch Guna- Rajas or Sattva” - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
4.3.4 Air Center: Chakra four is our spiritual center where all our forces above and below come together. Fourth chakra is responsible for balancing these forces where spirit and matter come together (fig 33,34) (Wheels of Life, 2002). This is a place where Shiva and Shakti Unite and love radiates throughout the universe (Wheels of Life, 2002). They help in keeping the forces together. Love generate at this chakra is different than the desire generated by second chakra, which is more about a certain person or for a pleasure experience (fig 33) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Love generated at this chakra is pure and without any need (Wheels of Life, 2002). There is a deep empathetic connection and sense of peace. This chakra is responsible for function of heart, lungs and thymus glands (Wheels of Life, 2002). Sanskrit name of this chakra is Anahata which means “unstruck” or “unhurt” (fig 33)(Wheels of Life, 2002). Air is the element of the first chakra. Air represents freedom, openness lightness, simplicity and softness (fig 33,34) (Wheels of Life, 2002). When a person is in love, there is a sense of lightness and a feeling of suffocation when there is no space in the relation which implicate the need for more air (Wheels of Life, 2002). Air is essential to keep us alive which is a vital force. Hindu call it prana, which means pra-first and na-unit (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is the vital force to form a life, therefore it is essential to control breathing to balance other forces in the body to achieve equilibrium (fig 34) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Surrendering is one the essential factors in overcoming troubles of fourth chakra, which also mean to rise above your ego (Wheels of Life, 2002). People who are pursuing money or power are often in search of love in the form
44
MATTER
UNITE
I LOVE
UNSTRUCK
BLOCKED BY ATTACHMENT fig. 34 Air Center & Body Connection (Wheels of Life, 2002)
45
BALANCE THROUGH BREATHING
VITAL FORCE SPIRIT
they can be admired. Love and acceptance help in shaping and healing the state of this center (Wheels of Life, 2002). Excessive attachment to a person or a thing can disturb the flow of this chakra and can create blockages (fig 34) (Wheels of Life, 2002).
Life, 2002). The whole system of yoga and pranayama is developed on focused breathing and physical postures to purify the body by which energy can freely move in the body (Wheels of Life, 2002).
Relationship BalanceLove is an essential factor in keeping us harmonious and binding. It can only be nurtured through closeness and distance (Wheels of Life, 2002). If the person is balanced, the relation and people in it are happy and in equilibrium which brings enduring grace (Wheels of Life, 2002). Balance between inhalation and exhalation help in getting the balance which taught in most pranayama techniques as well as in yoga poses where the focus remains on controlling the breath which is supported by an action (Wheels of Life, 2002). HealingHealing is required when there has been an injury, imbalance in emotions or metal stress which destroys our ability to be in equilibrium (Wheels of Life, 2002). Connecting with people, compassion, empathy help in healing heart chakra and naturally restore the flow (fig 34) (Wheels of Life, 2002). When we are in balance we can easily spread love, joy and happiness around (Wheels of Life, 2002). Humans breath on an average of 18,000 to 20,000 gallons of air each day (Wheels of Life, 2002). This air contains many toxins and harmful substances and can hamper the oxygen flow to each cell of the body (Wheels of Life, 2002). To clean our respirator system and bring more oxygen in the body there are forceful techniques through which such toxins can be eliminated (Wheels of
46
Sound
Vissudha Chakra
Communication Creativity Vibration Purification
fig. 35 Sound Center Form & Characteristic (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“In the beginning the great, unmanifest became vibration in its own recognition of being. And that vibration was a sound from which all the other sounds were born.�- (Wheels of Life, 2002)
47
(49, Google.nl, 2017)
“Sanskrit Name- Visuddha Meaning- Purification Location- Throat Element- Sound Function- Communication, creativity Inner State- Synthesis of ideas into symbol Outer Manifestation- Vibration Glands- Thyroid Other Parts of Body- Neck, Shoulders, hands Malfunction- Sore Throat, Stiff Neck, Colds, Thyroid problems, Hearing problems Colour- Bright Blue Sense- hearing Metal Mercury Foods- Fruits Guna- Rajas - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
4.3.5 Sound Center: We connect with people through communication which is possible due to nerve impulses generated in the brain to connect mind and body (fig 35) (Wheels of Life, 2002). These sound waves are the only connecting principle, by which humans coordinate the activities they want to execute with each other (Wheels of Life, 2002). If there is no communication between mind and body there is no action performed (Wheels of Life, 2002). Similarly, there is an absence of connection between two people until there is no communication (Wheels of Life, 2002). Chakra five is a center for communication, expression, creativity and vibration (fig 35)(Wheels of Life, 2002). This center is responsible for blending dynamic ideas into a communicative attributes such as speaking, listening, writing and telepathy (Wheels of Life, 2002). Our brain filters symbols and translates into a concrete image carrying information, which creates different patterns (Wheels of Life, 2002). As energy start moving toward lower to upper center, we take a step forward from physical properties towards expanding telepathic and intuitive energies which are formless and experiential (Wheels of Life, 2002). Lower chakras are individualistic and have properties of their own which correspond to physical aspect of the existence, while when energy reaches seventh chakra there is no border between self and surrounding as energies are one with the greater whole (Wheels of Life, 2002). “Communication is uniting principle of upper chakras.”_ (Wheels of Life, 2002). As energies are down they are limiting, while moving up-
48
I SPEAK
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESTOWARDS INTUTIVE
VIBRATIONS
PURIFICATION
BLOCKED BY ABSENCE OF COMMUNICATION fig. 36 Sound Center & Body Connection (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“From one sound does it all emerge and to one sound shall it return. And the sound is AUM…Aaa-uuu-humm”- (Wheels of Life, 2002) “Om MANI PADME HUM- the jewel of lotus resides within. M sound- material world A-Father, the non-material, like mother H-light and airy (like ether) R- heavy closing (earth) energetic Hard sounds represent material world While chakra five represents vowels.”(Wheels of Life, 2002) 49
wards they are manifesting (Wheels of Life, 2002). More the energies are limited towards lower chakras, faster they transcend into well thought and communicated ideas (Wheels of Life, 2002). In Sanskrit, words represent the spirit or energy generated by individual letter and a combination of those letter create a vibration (fig 36)(Wheels of Life, 2002). Throat chakra is located in the region between neck and shoulders (fig 36)(Wheels of Life, 2002). To have fifth chakra fully open and working our body must have balanced lower chakras and attained a level of purification in order to receive and transmit energies to upper chakras (Wheels of Life, 2002). Sky (Akasha) is an element of this chakra.
and good thoughts spends the entire day based on those vibrational patterns (Wheels of Life, 2002). Mantra‘Man’ means mind and ‘tra’ means to protect (Wheels of Life, 2002). Mantras are repetitive cycles of words which carry certain frequencies and vibrations which open our mind from ignorance and non-productive patterns through focus on single word or a sentence (Wheels of Life, 2002).
The Subtle world of vibration: Ether is considered as a subtle vibrating field uniformly spread across the uniform and giving form to the matter through resonating nodes (Wheels of Life, 2002). To have this chakra open we must tune our energies with subtle etheric energies and vibration field around us (fig 36) (Wheels of Life, 2002). It is considered this etheric field is responsible for our action as it carries patterns of karma, emotions and thoughts. If a person’s behaviour is negative and vibrating at lower frequency, then the pattern around his field are tended to be carrying those frequencies with or without physical body (Wheels of Life, 2002). In Hindu scriptures it is written that the whole universe is a creation of a sound ‘OM’ which is spread across the universe (fig 36)(Wheels of Life, 2002). Vibration are nothing but rhythmic pattern and movement in space and time, which is a function of consciousness (Wheels of Life, 2002). A person who starts his/her day with calm
50
Light Ajna Chakra
Image Perceive Command Seeing Intuition
fig. 37 Light Center Form & Characteristic (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“Imagination is more important than knowledge”- Albert Einstein “Colour like features, follow the changes of the emotions”- Pablo Picasso “Colour is the form through which we see light”- (Wheels of Life, 2002) “Looking is the action of seeing, but seeing is the internalizing of the image into understanding”- (Wheels of Life, 2002) 51
(50, Google.nl, 2017)
“Sanskrit name- Ajna Meaning- To perceive, to command Location- Center of the head, slightly above eye level. Element- Light Essential form- image Function- Seeing, intuition Gland- Pineal Other part of the body- Eyes Colour- Indigo Seed Sound- Om Petals- two Planets- Jupiter, Neptune Metal- Silver Yoga Path- Yantra Yoga Guna- Sattva” - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
4.3.6 Light Center: Sixth chakra enables us to see the inner and outer state, while two eyes are observer of a physical world (Wheels of Life, 2002). Sanskrit name of this chakra is Ajna, which means “to perceive” (fig37)(Wheels of Life, 2002). Open chakra six is characterized by reality and creative imagination (fig 37, 38) (Wheels of Life, 2002). If there is in image in our mind, then the materialization of an ideas into reality is a process of manifestation with a lustre of consciousness (Wheels of Life, 2002). In many cases imagination don’t manifest due to obstacles in the though process and absence of clarity (Wheels of Life, 2002). This is the chakra where two nadis (vital forces) come together and surround the third eye (Wheels of Life, 2002). Our intuitive power and perception ability is dependent on openness and closeness of sixth chakra, which affects the distance between reality and imagination (Wheels of Life, 2002). People who are gifted and with unobstructed energy flow have ability to see auras and looking beyond physical boy of a person (Wheels of Life, 2002). As this chakra is located in the head, it connects major nadis and responses of a person’s perceiving ability (Wheels of Life, 2002). The Pineal gland acts like transmitter of hormonal signals and related to the development of a sexual organs, which is matured at the age of seven (Wheels of Life, 2002). Melatonin is a hormone related to the pineal gland is responsible for response of light exposure to our eyes (Wheels of Life, 2002). In addition, Melatonin is responsible in building healthy immune system if a person gets good sleep and rest (Wheels of Life, 2002). Some studies have shown effect of light on good health and behaviour of a person (Wheels of Life, 2002). Chakra
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OM IMAGINATION
I THINK
PERCEIVE
BLOCKED BY OBSTRUCTION IN LOWER CENTERS fig. 38 Light Center & Body Connection (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“A light comes more gently now, rainbow colours, healing, soothing, illuminating coming at will. Active yellow, healing green, soothing blue, potent violet. All that is alive grows with light.”- (Wheels of Life, 2002)
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six has higher vibration pattern than chakra five of sound, just like light vibration frequency is higher than sound frequency (Wheels of Life, 2002). When we reach sixth chakra our energies expand and we lose the sense of time, just like a person travelling at speed of light would not feel light as explained in Einstein’s theory of relativity (Wheels of Life, 2002). With each colour there is a difference experience and vividness (Wheels of Life, 2002). Warm colours such as red, orange, yellow have lower frequencies and thus, they vibrate less (Wheels of Life, 2002). While, lighter colours such as blue, violet, green have higher frequencies and they vibrate more (Wheels of Life, 2002). If we consider a physical form, it is perceived as a configuration of colours and colours are associated with frequencies and vibrations (Wheels of Life, 2002). Hence, we perceive a positive or negative feeling when we meet a person or visit a destination (Wheels of Life, 2002). Today, in many healing methods include colour therapy to treat certain mental disorders. People always choose colours which complement their personality or according to development of their chakras,
ClairvoyanceClairvoyance means to see things clearly, which is not cluttered by objectivity or materiality (Wheels of Life, 2002). To be able to see into the spaces which are clear and filled with abundant energy (Wheels of Life, 2002). When we perceive a space, we imagine the colours, materiality and feeling the space carries (fig 38) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Third eye enables to open this mental slate and clarifies all the dimensions (Wheels of Life, 2002).
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Thought Sahasrara Chakra
Information Understanding Bliss
fig. 39 Thought Center Form & Characteristic (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“The key within our minds we hold, to mysteries we shall unfold; Gateway to the worlds beyond, In sacred space and peace we bond.�- (Wheels of Life, 2002)
55
(51, Google.nl, 2017)
“Sanskrit Name- Sahasrara Meaning- Thousandfold Location- Top of Head Element- Thought Manifestation- Information Personal function- Understanding Psychological State- Bliss Glands- Pituitary Other Body Parts- Central nervous System Colour- Violet to White Seed Sound- None Petals- Thousand Planet- Uranus Metal- Gold Foods- None, Fasting Corresponding verb-to Know Yoga Path- Meditation Guna- Sattvas” - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
4.3.7 Thought Center: Seventh chakra is like kings’ crown, symbolising the governing principle of life (Wheels of Life, 2002). This is the seat of consciousness and final goal of liberation current. In Sanskrit Sahasrara means thousand-folds, where each petal is a symbol of intelligence, awareness and infinite consciousness (fig 39, 40) (Wheels of Life, 2002). The field surrounding this chakra is delicate and can be disturbed by minute variation in thoughts, just like lotus which shines only on a calm and still water (fig 39, 40) (Wheels of Life, 2002). When seed is sprouted at earth chakra it starts nurturing and growing at other chakras, which eventually blossoms into infinite awareness and expanding is energies are experienced t this level (Wheels of Life, 2002). At this stage, a person loses sense of self and surroundings, which is state of enlightenment through different paths of yoga (Wheels of Life, 2002). Fundament property of this chakra is thought which is infinite and can’t be measured, just like consciousness (fig 40) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Person’s mental state depends upon the state of consciousness he/she is in and the emotions are experienced at that level (Wheels of Life, 2002). Human brain consists of thirteen billion connection between nerve cells, which is close to limitless connections and make humans more sensitive to our internal setting than the external (Wheels of Life, 2002). This is the first place of manifestation current where conception starts in the form of ideas and patterns, which are manifested into a substance into later stage of descending current (Wheels of Life, 2002). With father’s seed conception of a life is formed and with mother’s energy the seed gets substance, which comes to matter (Wheels of Life, 2002).
56
CONCEPTION
BOUNDLESS
CONSCIOUSNESS
BLOCKED BY OBSTRUCTION IN LOWER CENTERS fig. 40 Thought Center & Body Connection (Wheels of Life, 2002)
“When consciousness is released from thousand mental, vital, physical vibrations in which it lies, there is joy”- Sri Aurobindo- (Wheels of Life, 2002) “Space/time coordinates are not primary coordinates of physical reality, but are organizing principles invoked by consciousness to put its information in order”.- Robert Jahn - (Wheels of Life, 2002)
57
When we look around, there are cities people, houses around us which is nothing but consciousness in a manifested form (Wheels of Life, 2002). When we enter into a state of highest consciousness, there is no limitation of a material world and sense of space-time is lost, which makes a person feel liberated (fig 40) (Wheels of Life, 2002). Each chakra carries a level of conscious field and qualities which can be transformed towards consciousness (Wheels of Life, 2002). Searching for meaning in life has been man’s quest since the day one of his entry on earth and this meaning gives a man purpose of living and finding drive to experience life (Wheels of Life, 2002).
58
(60, Google.nl, 2017)
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05 ARCHITECTURE & UNIVERSAL FORMS 5.1 Yoga and Architecture: Humans have been suffering from a deprivation and sense of missing something constantly which can complete us physically, mentally, by an experience or by knowledge (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). Since the beginning religion and humans are facing question regarding meaning of life and existence, which lead to creating ‘place’ in the world (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). Architecture has been fulfilling these sentiments by providing symbolic meaning to these previous places (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). Such architecture often play a critical role in mediating and connecting humans what they are seeking, worshiping (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). Moreover, these architecture make more profound meaning with the setting they are in, otherwise they can become meaningless (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). These places make an apt environment for performing the act for which it is built and to be entirely immerse into it. Architecture of these places is characterized by individual and collective places for rituals to find the divinity (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012).
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Important aspect of architecture is that it responds to social, political, economic and environmental context (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). As Bernard Tschumi has argued, architecture can be considered as a ‘form of knowledge’ (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). In many places scale, form, proportions create communicative experience (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). Any sacred place often characterized by psychological responses and place which is deprived of these aspect create discomfort, anxiety. Light quality, dark ambience can create different moods and can contribute to comfort and discomfort in the place (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). Similarly scale and form can create sense of grandeur or irreverence according to the architecture (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). Such places are always affected by the materiality, details and surface treatment which become a part of the atmosphere (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). While our consciousness has the ability to connect with these physical settings and creates meaning for themselves. As suggested in Upanishadas, man has evolved from same process of evolution as other universe at all levels ranging from principle forms and patterns (Vedic Spirit in Architecture, 2011). These all forms are made of matter or particles as suggested in physics (Vedic Spirit in Architecture, 2011). These matter particles are further divided in three parts that is satva- particle concept of matter, rajenergy and tama- solid particle of matter (Vedic Spirit in Architecture, 2011). While human mind consists of satva properties with no limitations raj and tama are properties of human physical existence in the form of matter and hence is confined in a form (Vedic Spirit in Architecture,
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2011). Architecture has been supporting all human endeavours since the existence and has been representing evolutionary process with respect to space, time and matter (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). These processes were also a representation of mind, body and energies. Our mind is a receiver for our responses with respect to space and time, while physical body is a mean to sense these messages through the system and make us aware of our existence (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). Architecture helps in accentuating our responses to identify the quality of spaces and enhancing experience with each step in the evolutionary process (Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture, 2012). As yoga is a union between body and mind, space and matter, male and female, kinetic energy and potential energy and many more opposites as we come across in the universe. To make this union and experience between these opposites worthwhile, architecture must enhance the experience on each step of yoga practices and must get better. Understanding core principle of yoga practice help in making suitable architecture for such sacred causes.
5.2 Creation of Universe and Matter: Wave & Vibrations: Standing wave theory derived by Milo Wolff in 1986 proposes that matter is focal point of a standing wave, which is created due to interference of two waves moving in opposite direction (fig 42) (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). These are spherical waves in the space and they tie all the matter together due to its mutually independent structure (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). Aether dynamics states that aether has both mechanical as well
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as electromagnetic properties (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). Mechanical property of aether gives matter its mass, which is simply the inertia created by aether vortexes (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). This spin of the vortexes is assumed to be formed by tremendous called as G-force, which is considered to be the reason for the creation of the universe (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004).
Vibration: To understand how energy behaves it is important to understand vibrations, frequency and resonance (Dhost. info, 2006). Everything is energy in the world is moving energy at atomic level as well as subatomic level (Dhost. info, 2006). Whenever there is energy movement there is vibration and it can be described as a periodic motion towards two extremes from a midpoint (Dhost.info, 2006). For example, when the guitar is plucked, it moves at two extremes in a cycle generating certain frequency (Dhost. info, 2006). Frequency & Resonance: Frequency is how many cycles are repeated in one second (Dhost.info, 2006). When the motion is slowed down it is seen that sine wave goes through series of changes passing through the mid-point (Dhost.info, 2006). By law of creation, everything that vibrates resonates at a fundamental frequency (Dhost.info, 2006). Frequency which is separated into bands is called visible light frequency spectrum (Dhost.info, 2006). Frequency spectrum moves from visible light spectrum to subatomic band widths and beyond (Dhost.info, 2006). At this level kundalini manifest, which is subtle frequency (Dhost.info, 2006).
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Harmonics: There are many frequencies appearing to be vibrating at the fundamental frequency ((Dhost.info, 2006). Fundamental frequency in itself is a first harmonic (Dhost. info, 2006). By fundamental law of creation, there is a sub- harmonic generated, which is not measured by science (Dhost.info, 2006). This creation is not captured by science and, hence it is non-physical (Dhost.info, 2006). Although, polarity will always be expressed in physical or non-physical (Dhost.info, 2006). Frequencies resonate together when they are in harmony with each other. 5.3 Forms, Human Body & Proportions: The Human Expression: Human body consists of many elements like skin, bone, liquids, minerals which are vibrating at different frequencies which collectively make a human form (Dhost. info, 2006). Body’s frequency is constantly vibrating or resonating with broad vibrational frequencies at a subtle as well as gross level (Dhost.info, 2006). Subtle energies can be tuned by using various subtle energies. Although one’s resonance frequency is unique to oneself, they are resonating with earth’s own frequency or the frequency or creation at large (Dhost.info, 2006). At large, emotions, spirituality, mental and physical journey is to transcend darkness and embrace higher tones such as happiness, joy, love and freedom. Thought plays a powerful role in changing vibrational frequencies and it is said that, light can’t shine without darkness. Sacred Geometry: When universe is made of one substance, the only way to give to give physical world a seemingly different appearance is through form (Dhost.info, 2006). Hence, geometry of the aether is the crux in creating the material world
Point of Zero Energy/Consciousness
Matter
Aether
Space-Time
Quantum Physics Newton/Einstein Theory String Theory
Vibratations
Waves
Light Waves & Electromagnetic Waves Sound Waves Frequency, Resonance, Standing Wave
fig. 43 Experient By Buckminster Fuller (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004)
Forms
Maths- Platonic Solids Golden Ratio Universal Forms
Matter
fig. 42 Waves, frequency & Resonance
Human Body, Nature Energy Centers Kundalini, Nadis
Mind-Body Union
Yog
fig. 41 Interrelation between Yoga, Science & Consciousness
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(Dhost.info, 2006). Buckminster Fuller was the first person to discover relation between musical frequencies and form through an experiment (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). In his experiment, the balloon was dipped in the dye and vibrated with musical frequencies in which platonic solids showed up on the surface of the balloon (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). At nodal points vibrations are canceled and geometrical patterns are formed due to interference of the waves (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). Now, all scientists believe that entire creation is a result of aether vibrations just like Hindu philosophy talks about vibrations created by ‘Ohm’ sound (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). Hence, matter is the stable flow emerging from aether and geometrical shapes are formed through vibration of formless energy (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). “The secret of ‘Sacred geometry’ is not about geometry per se, it’s about vibrations that take on geometrical patterns!” _(Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004).
Platonic Solids: Sacred geometry is derived from primary vibrations, which takes shapes such as triangle, square, pentagon and together they are called Polyhedrons (fig 45) (Dhost.info, 2006). Platonic solids are five forms inside the cube of Metatron (Dhost.info, 2006). When nodes starts to cluster, they create three dimensional shapes just as two dimensional shapes are formed in circle (Dhost.info, 2006). These five platonic solids have remarkable characteristics, in which they fit perfectly in the sphere and same process can be reversed when centers of each face is connected (Dhost.info, 2006). In relation to polarity, each energy generates opposite movement of energy (Dhost.info, 2006). Every face and line in platonic solid is identical to
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one another and symmetric at the same time (Dhost.info, 2006). This is the three dimensional representation of energy in their basic forms (Dhost.info, 2006).
Phi and Golden Mean: Phi is an irrational number and its exact value can’t be calculated, while only approximation is possible (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). This ratio is expressed as golden section. For Example, if the line is divided in two parts then, ratio of the length of the longer part to the whole line is equal to the length of the shorter part to the longer part, which is equal to 1.618 (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). A+B / A = Phi A / B = Phi The same applies to the golden rectangle, where short side is 1 and longer side is length of the Phi (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). Golden Mean Spiral is derived from a golden rectangle, in which shorter side of the golden rectangle is attached with longer side of the second rectangle (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). In this way the second rectangle is scaled to fit with the shorter side and the same process is repeated (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). When arcs of all squares are joined together, the inward and outward continual mean golden spiral is formed (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). The spiral gets smaller towards inside, while increasingly getting bigger on outer side (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). The Fibonacci sequence is a mathematical variant of golden mean spiral (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004).
Fibonacci sequence: Fibonacci sequence is a sequence of sum of two preced-
ing numbers (fig 44)(Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). The Fibonacci sequence progresses into golden mean when we divide two successive numbers in the sequence (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144 etc. 1/1 = 1 2/1 = 2.0 3/2 = 1.5 5/3 = 1.667 8/5 = 1.60 144/89 = 1.618 This Fibonacci sequence is also found in nature with tornados & hurricanes (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004). Nautilus shell is another peculiar example of Golden Spiral (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004).
fig. 44 Fibonacci Spiral (Soul of Distortion Awakening, 2004)
fig. 45 Platonic Solids (57, Google.nl, 2017)
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67
06
SITE ANALYSIS
6.1 Why USA? Yoga practices entered western world in 19th century with translated transcripts of ancient texts (Sengupta, 2017). Following that, in 1893 Swami Vivekananda introduced yoga in USA in World Parliament of Religions in Chicago (Sengupta, 2017). Many teachers who learned yoga practices in India and migrated to west and taught yoga practices (Sengupta, 2017). “An almost faddish burst of interest in hatha yoga� book was published in the USA in 1950 and eventually yoga was spread into health institutes and beauty salons (Sengupta, 2017). Many more books were published on yoga during this time and around 1970 yoga started spreading widely and many professional yoga institutes and professional associations were founded (Sengupta, 2017). Yoga is one of the powerful memes and has yet founded its place in 21st century across the world. America is no exception for these trends and in fact, is one of the leading countries in practicing yoga in terms of population. Currently in USA, yoga is a fourth largest growing industry with 36 million people practicing yoga in 2016 and is expected to rise to 80 million, which is 1/4th of the population of the country (fig 46) (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016). Yoga is considered as a spiritual practice
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as well as physical exercise in the USA in order to improve health benefits. In USA, one in three people is practicing yoga or has tried at least once (fig 46) (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016). These trends have given birth to many alternative yoga style and created a world within, which has transformed into a booming industry (fig 46) (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016). As per survey conducted by Yoga Journal & Yoga Alliance in 2016, Population of Western and Eastern parts of USA are practicing yoga 20% and 15% respectively than central and northern parts practicing 10% each (fig 48)(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016). This includes more female practitioners, which is 72% than male practitioners being 28%, while there was less disparity in the percentage of practitioners by age group (fig 52)(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016). One of the largest reasons behind this thriving industry is growing stress in the society due to work culture and modern life problems. In addition, yoga provides wide ranges of physical postures depending on the age, sex and physical condition of a practitioner, which attracted all ages and this percentage is growing each year. Health issues such as cancer and obesity are rooted in American lifestyle and yoga provides an alternative treatment to these conditions. On the other hand, yoga can be easily practiced at home, school or at office and in fact, many companies in America offer yoga sessions to relieve employees from work stress. In addition, American people are feeling less affectionate towards religion and these sentiments are reducing among young generation. Survey conducted in 2014 presented that, Christian population has reduced from 78.4% to 70.6%, while unaffiliated population has
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increased to 22.8% from 16.1% (fig47) (Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project, 2015). It is possible to conclude that, spirituality in America is founding its roots and faith is getting transformed in the form of yoga (Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project, 2015). There are four primary yoga schools of thoughts such as Iyenger, Viniyoga/Desikachar, Sivananda and Asthanga, which are popular in USA are still taught on the tradition Indian yoga principles (fig 46) (Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project, 2015). Although, these schools are not in every American city and have less capacity to accommodate large number of students. Other style taught in many part of different cities are based on individual interpretations and have transformed into a physical activity. Thus, making a yoga center in America can channelize the energies in a right direction, which are based on original theories written in Indian scriptures and developed further by important personalities like B.K.S. Iyengar and Desikachar. By making a yoga center on a larger scale will help in bringing pool of people together, who are already making effort in developing yoga skills. The seed of yoga is already rooted in American soil and needs only nurturing, which can be introduced by making a yoga foundation. American people are inherently free in their thinking and nature, which has helped in keeping open culture and society. By introducing a connecting principle in the form of yoga center can help the society come closer and be more focused on personality development. Making yoga center at this time is boosting the autonomous system to approach in a right direction, which is already running like an effortless phenomenon. Societies are built on strong foundations, which are determined by morals and principles of a nation, family or a person. Yoga provides one of
Number of American yoga practitioners
0.5
70.6
.4 78
.8 22
.1 16
36 Million
0.8
Why USA?
Christian
4.7
Religion 2007
Unaffiliated
Religion 2014
5.9
Non- Christian Faith Don’t Know/ Refused
16 Billion spending on yoga eac year
fig. 47 Religion in America
(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
One in three Americans has tried yoga on their own
75%
Amricans agree that ‘yoga is good for you’
Iyenger Kundalini Viniyoga/Desikachar Ashtanga Power Yoga Bikram
Growth in American Yoga 40 35 30 25 20 15
Sivananda
10 5 0
08
12 20
20
16 20
20%
15-20%
10-15%
Less than 10%
fig. 48 Percentage of People Practicing Yoga in America by Region
fig. 46 General Statistics of American Yoga Trends
(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
Key Findings: Yoga practitioners have a more positive view of their capabilities than non-practitioners: -80% of practitioners self-report they have good balance compared to 64% of non-practitioners. -75% of practitioners self-report being physically strong compared to 57% of non-practitioners. Practitioners have stronger minds: -86% of practitioners report having a strong sense of mental clarity compared to 77% of non-practitioners.
31%
34%
21%
14%
A yoga retreat
28%
34%
24%
14%
A yoga event at a studio
46%
A free yoga class
64% 02
39%
9% 6%
29% 04
06
08
0
4% 100
fig. 49 People Interested in Attending Yoga Event 63%
(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
19 %
% 28
% 23
%
%
21
23
Yoga event in a public place
60+
37%
50-59
Region
72%
Gender
Age 17%
22
23%
%
30-39
Under 18
18-29
South
Female
Northeast
Male
20
%
% 32
40-49
Yes
General Conditioning
47%
Improve Health
48%
Physical Fitness
42%
Strength
40%
Mental Health
35%
Spiritual Development
23%
Weight Loss
20%
Physical Therapy
20%
West
50-59
Practitioners having children under 18 who have precticed yoga
60+ Practitioner
fig. 53 Yoga Statistics by Age & Gender
General Population
(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
40 30
6%
31%
53%
No
30-39 40-49
50
59%
18-29
Midwest 60
Flexibility Stress Reduction
22%
14%
6%
12%
9%
20
h
ew
S
om
Don’t remember
Less than a month
Ve
t
i w of no g d t k in ar n’ yth e o h d an er ut ev ,b N rd
Once a month
r
ilia
m Fa at
Many times in month
r
ilia
m Fa ry
Once a week
0
2-4 times in week more
10
5 times or more
Mental Condition 14% Prenatal Health
9%
None of the above
3%
Other
2%
01
02
03
04
05
06
0
a
He
fig. 52 Familiar with Yoga
(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
fig. 51 Frequency of Practice
(2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
fig. 50 Motivation in Practicing Yoga (2016 Yoga in America Study Result, 2016)
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the robust foundations on which individuals and country can form a firm base for future societies and generations. 6.2 Why San Francisco? Cybergnosis is one of the recent topic of study, which refers to interrelation between technology and spirituality (New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). The terms can be explained in terms of a space of cyber technology leading to a quest for spiritual experience (New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). The term was recently used in the publication cybergnosis: Technology, religion & secular (2008) by Stef Aupers, Dick Houtman and Peter Pels. From the historical perspective, Gnosticism referred to roman times where gnostics referred to “a prison and an illusion, created by a false god (the Demiurg) and guarded by evil demons (the Archons)� (Jonas 1958: 44) (New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). This research on Cybergnosis influenced my choice of location to be in Bay Area, California as both spirituality and technology emerged in Bay Area around the same time1960 (New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). The hippy culture in Bay area has been a part of the society since then, while many companies such as Apple, Turner, Ceruzzi are forces behind bringing technology culture in this area (fig 54)(New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). The combination of the two have close proximity with leisure and were one the key ingredients in the research phase as well as targeting user group for the project.
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(52, Google.nl, 2017)
72
The region normally referred as Silicon Valley consists of north and south part of Bay Area, which is encompassed with magnificent nature. This area is popular among spiritual campers where many people perform ‘neopagan’ rituals in Santa-Cruz Hills, which is south part of Silicon Valley (New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). Many people living in the vicinity use backyards of their house to perform these ritual, while mountains in North part of Silicon Valley are famous among musical events involving rave as well as hallucinogenic activities (New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). Some dessert part of Nevada are contributing to these activities with Burning Man festival, which is especially famous within technical community (New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). The entire Bay Are contributes spiritual practices, where artists, technical companies and political systems are entwined together (New edge: technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area, 2011). At the same time these individual don’t affiliate themselves to any particular religion, which makes up to 60% of the overall population of the entire bay Area (Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project, 2015). Information Technology hub has moreover brought in cultural mix within the region. Hence, these factors greatly influenced my choice being in the south of Silicon Valley. Although, the target group for the project is entire Bay Area which covers San Francisco, Oakland, San Mateo, Palo Alto, San Leandro, Hayward, Union City and San Jose. After mapping yoga activity in this area it was discovered that, the entire Bay Area is occupied with numerous type of yoga activities. These included from various wellness centers, yoga studios, yoga retreats and yoga schools (Yoga near San Francisco,
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2017). Many of them differed from each other in terms of their philosophy and the style of yoga which is taught in each type (fig 55). Although, very few rarely include the theoretical understanding of original Indian philosophies and are inadequate to bring in the holistic experience the users ideally obtains. The Bodhi Yoga Venter will definitely benefit these users which are already practicing yoga and can help in developing and elevate their understanding of the subject. At the same time, yoga is greatly connected with leisure and spirituality, which bring down work stress and help in gaining several benefits on a physical and mental level. The stress level encountered by working employees in Bay Area is an additional reason to bring the yoga center in the region and help the society to ease the daily pressure by focusing on mind and body. The site is chosen away from all these cities which are a part of Bay Area, as there are many smaller and mid seized yoga center already present. At the same time, the location of the site needed natural setting, where yoga experienced can be fulfilling with five elements of nature such as earth, water, fire, wind, space and ultimate union of these elements in architecture can be enhanced yogic experience. Hence, site is located on a mountain near the forest in South of Silicon Valley in Ben Lomond village and near Loch Lomond Lake, while other elements are harmonized with architectural design. Flowing river has been given importance in Indian mythology due to its ability to wash away all the sins, while forest can generate abundant oxygen and fresh air. At the same time, weather in San Francisco is moderate throughout the year except three months, where temperature is relatively low and outdoor activity can’t be performed. Also there is ample sunshine throughout the year with moderate rain fall due to proximity with sea.
Bay area has a perfect blend with nature for this Bodhi Yoga Parent Center and at the same time has a great
fig. 54 Hippie Culture in San Francisco
(58, Google.nl, 2017)
fig. 55 Vikram Yoga Studio in San Francisco
(59, Google.nl, 2017)
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San Francis
connection with city. In addition, growing Yoga activity in the region and affiliation towards spirituality makes it an apt location for the project.
6.3 Mapping Analysis: Connectivity: Site is located in the south of Silicon Valley on a mountain adjacent to Loch Lomond Lake and facing Ben Lomond settlement. Site is perfectly embedded between the natural settings, which was one of the primary criteria in making a selection. Furthermore, the distance between each city was analyzed to understand the accessibility and effectiveness of the site location. It is observed that the maximum time required to reach the site by personal vehicle is 1 hour and 20 minutes from San Francisco and Palo Alto, while San Jose is the closest city with travelling distance of 50 minutes (fig 56)(San Francisco, 2017). The location of the site is purposely chosen not in the city, while not too far away in order to offer people opportunity to stay in Bodhi yoga center and learn techniques in their personal leisure time. Proximity to these cities can provide people an enriching experiencing on the weekends, holiday period or in between casual breaks.
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Cities Around
Distance From Cities
1. San Francisco 2. San Mateo 3. Palo Alto 4. San Jose 5. Union City 6. Hayward 7. San Leandro 8. Oakland
From San Francisco- 1 Hr 20 Mins From Palo Alto- 52 Mins From San Jose- 50 Mins From Union City- 1 Hr From Oakland- 1 Hr 20 Mins
Oakland
sco San Leandro
Hayward
Union City
San Mateo
Palo Alto
Palo Jose
fig. 56 Connectivity of Site with Cities in bay Area
(San Francisco, 2017)
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Yoga Activity: Another exercise was carried out to understand yoga culture and activity within the Bay Area region. The result showed maximum yoga activity in San Francisco, Palo Alto and San Jose, while relatively less activity is observed in Oakland, San Leandro and Union City (fig 57) (Yoga near San Francisco, 2017). At the same time, the activity in these region are mainly smaller yoga studio and wellness center, which can be visited by residents on a daily basis schools(fig 57) (Yoga near San Francisco, 2017). Some yoga schools are based in the east region of Oakland city, which includes Iyengar School focusing on old Indian techniques of performing yoga schools (Yoga near San Francisco, 2017).
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fig. 57 Yoga Activity in Bay Area
(Yoga near san francisco, 2017)
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Racial AnalysisBay Area is known for home-ground of cultural mix due to information technology hub in Silicon Valley and spiritual influences attracting people from different countries (Anon, 2017). The influence of site location was also an outcome of racial mapping exercise, which helped in connecting yoga activity and the culture people belong to (Anon, 2017). San Francisco and San Jose have maximum population of White, Asian and Hispanic races, which has been one of the major influences in developing the yoga culture within the region (fig 58) (Anon, 2017). Much of Asian population is observed to be living in cities, while white population lives in cities as well as on the outskirts (fig 58)(Anon, 2017). Loch Lomond and bend Lomond are mainly populated with white population and South of San Jose is inhabited by Hispanic migrants (Anon, 2017). Black population is only limited in north region of Bay Area (Anon, 2017).
1.6% 1.6% 3.8%
%
9 5. 7.4
%
15%
Religion 64.
7%
fig. 58 Relion in Bay Area
White Black Asian Hispanic Other 79
None Catholic Mainline Protestant Other Evangelical Protestant Black Protestant Orthodox
fig. 59 Racial Analysis in Bay Area
fig. 60 Racial Analysis in Bat Area
(Demographics.coopercenter.org, 2017)
80
Boulder Creek
Brookdale
Ben Lomond 81
Loch Lomond
Lompico
fig. 61 Site Analysis
(TopoZone, 2017)
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6.4. Site Analysis: Location Analysis: Site is located on a bank of Loch Lomond Lake in Sata Cruz area, which is located on the South part of Silicon Valley (fig 61) (San Francisco, 2017). Site is encompassed by spectacular view of Loch Lomond Lake and surrounding hill in the region, which is one of the highest points in the vicinity (fig 61) (San Francisco, 2017). Famous Lompico settlement with many private houses is on the east side of the hill, while Ben Lomond settlement is on the south side from which the hill can be accessed (fig 61) (San Francisco, 2017). At the base of the hill, dam is built to contain the water of Loch Lomond Lake, which is supplied to the nearby towns around. There are two primary roads to access the site, one comes from Ben Lomond village, Newell creek road at the base of the hill and Vine Land Road reaches at the top of the mountain (fig 61)(San Francisco, 2017).
426 Meters
365 Meters
304 Meters
243 Meters
182 Meters
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April
June
October
December fig. 63 Shadow Analysis of the Site
fig. 62 Site 3D Model
84
85
(Bing Maps, 2017)
86
87
(Bing Maps, 2017)
88
89
PHOTOS OF SURROUNDING AREAS (Bing Maps, 2017) Surrounding Area Photos By Sachin Daga
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25 20
High Low
15 10 5 0
n b r Ja Fe Ma
Ap r M ay Ju n Ju l Au g Se p O ct N ov De c
Grading and Vegetation: The site is located at the base of the hill (TopoZone, 2017). The base of the mountain is at 182 meters from sea level and peak of the hill is at 426meters, which makes a difference of 344meters from top to bottom (fig 62) (TopoZone, 2017). At the base of the site the gradient of is much shallow than the middle and top portion are relatively steep and difficult to construct on (TopoZone, 2017). Left part of the hill where the site is located consists of hard rock and hence, there is very less vegetation on the plateau and helps the project with minimum innervations in the hill (fig 62)(San Francisco, 2017). On the contrary, the right side of the mountain is filled with forest and abundant vegetation. Forest around the entire area helps in generating fresh air, which is an essential ingredient of the project.
fig. 64 Temperature in Bay Area (Holiday-weather.com, 2017)
15 12 9 6 3 0
Ap M r ay Ju n Ju Au l g Se p O ct N o Dev c
n b r Ja Fe Ma
fig. 65 Sunshine in Bay Area (Holiday-weather.com, 2017)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
n b r Ja Fe Ma
Ap M r ay Ju n Ju Au l g Se p O c N t o Dev c
Sun, Wind & Shadow Analysis: The ridge of divides the hill into two part, out of which left part is rocky site without vegetation and right is contrastingly filled with forest (fig 68) (Holiday-weather.com, 2017). This particular contrast is due to the sun direction, where rocky hill patch is facing the south side and exposed to sun most of the part during the day, while right part of the hill is facing east and exposed to only morning sun (fig 65) (Holiday-weather.com, 2017). This makes the terrain an advantages location for the project as the sunlight is abundant on site, which is essential for yoga (Holiday-weather.com, 2017). At the same time there is no obstruction to hamper the view or a direction of the light, which is an essential factor in the project. Due to height of the hill and south face, site receives for almost the entire day and no part is shade except the month of December when the intensity of the sun is low.
fig. 66 Rainfall in Bay Area (Holiday-weather.com, 2017)
fig. 67 Site Section
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fig. 68 Vegetation Analysis
fig. 69 Grading Analysis
fig. 70 Sun & Wind Analysis
fig. 71 Connectivity Analysis
(TopoZone, 2017)
(San Francisco, 2017)
(TopoZone, 2017)
(TopoZone, 2017)
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07PROJECT CONCEPT & PROGRAM 7.1 Parent Center Concept: All humans are striving to transform oneself to higher level, which is considered sacred and it is that pursuit which fulfils the purpose of human body. Bodhi Yoga Parent Center will be a permanent destination for yogis, teachers and scholars carrying accurate knowledge about yogic philosophies and way of translating in practices. These scholars will carry retreats throughout the year for people aspiring to gain knowledge of Yoga and continue to practice in personal life. The Parent Center in San Francisco will be a guiding force for present and future yogic practices, where people can experience the campus for one day, few weeks or for months. The center will give an opportunity for people to be in harmony with nature through yoga and architecture, where theoretical understanding of yoga is translated in the atmosphere and is essential for gaining maximum benefit after each session. In San Francisco, many small and medium scale yoga activities are present and Bodhi yoga center will act like a foundation to these centers, where teachers can learn yoga in a true form and can be taught across the region in individual centers (fig 72). Foundation or Parent Center are nothing but guiding forces, where yogic abilities of a person can be nurtured in a right direction (fig 72).
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Yoga Studio Teaching Learning Meditating
Yoga Wellness Teaching Learning Meditating Theraphy Staying
Yoga Retreat Teaching Learning Meditating Relaxing Staying
Yoga School Foundation/Base Teaching Learning Meditating
Yoga Parent Center
Foundation/Base Teaching Learning Relaxing Research Therapy Healing Meditating Chanting Staying
fig. 72 Parent Center Concept Leisure & Freedom Dependency
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Such yoga foundations are spread across India, where people learn yoga techniques in their leisure time or devote entire career in developing yoga practices. In India, larger yoga centers are often run by grand master and yoga is not looked at as a casual activity. These yoga schools often go into the depth of ancient philosophies, where yoga is not looked at as a way of merely achieving nirvana and considered as a process which can only be developed after a years of devoted practice. Similar yoga Parent Center does not exist in San Francisco at the moment, which is essential at this point of time, where massive number of people are directing their efforts in learning yoga. Contribution of space and surroundings are equally important in developing higher vibration, which help in accelerating the process of perfection and creates vital atmosphere and hence, most of these foundations are usually in the presence of nature. At the same time Bodhi Yoga Center not only has a blend with surrounding, but also has an integrated nature in architecture which brings each person more close to the element of creation.
7.2 Research on Program: Case study of a yoga center in India was performed to understand the requirements of yoga foundation. Isha Yoga Center is situated on the foothills of Velliangiri mountains, which is forty kilometres away from Coimbatore in South India (Ishayoga.org, 2017). Isha Yoga Center offers four types of teaching paths such as gnana (knowledge), karma (action), kriya (energy) and bhakti (devotion) (Ishayoga.org, 2017). In addition, the center is equipped with large amount of staying facility in order to occupy thousands of people (Ishayoga.org, 2017). At the same time, Isha Center offers rejuvenation center, home school,
meditation facility a common gathering hall and many small rooms for yoga practices (Ishayoga.org, 2017). In India, almost every second person is a part of a spiritual process and hence, more activity is encountered in these yoga foundations and space requirement is much larger. While, in San Francisco yoga activity is limited as compared to Indian scenario and hence, space requirement for the project is comparatively less.
7.3 Final Program: Use group analysis was charted to understand the activity people will perform in the yoga center in which, special coaching will be given to students who are willing to surrender to fulltime yogic practices (fig 73). At the same time special attention will be given to children and people about 60 years, as both of the age groups need more concentrated efforts. Furthermore, people with physical injuries, disorders, diseases and special needs will be treated with different techniques and postures (fig 73)(asanas). Research is equally important and hence, experimental laboratories will keep supporting scholastic approach. Unified meditation sessions are given highest recognition in ancient scriptures, where large amount of positive energy is generated through concentration and such meditation places will be a part of the center, while smaller chanting rooms for yogis will be provided to meditate for longer time in one place (fig73). This center will be an ultimate example for future Yoga retreats, which will make place for people to attend different sessions of Yogic practices and enjoy the beautiful surrounds of the campus. They will be served with pure vegetarian food from the farms in the campus and will be provided with unique accommodation facility.
program was formulated to suit requirements of Bodhi Yoga Center. The project is based on five pillars such as yoga center, meditation center, healing center, celebration theatre and chanting rooms, while other activities are related to one of the functions (fig 74). Although, there are common activities such as accommodation, restaurant and administration which are used by all type of users. In addition, there are other facilities which are allied only to certain facilities such like lecture rooms, laboratories and publication department have an interdependency with yoga centers, while message therapy and rehabilitation program is related to healing center (fig 74). Area calculation is made to understand the total footprint of the project which is 7750 Sq.m approximately. The figure area doesn’t include circulation spaces and common urban spaces which is left as a free module to develop design freely.
Based on user group analysis and case study analysis final
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People Interested in Yoga
People Coming to Become Teachers
Yogi & Teachers
Staff
Support
Regular people coming to retreat for short & long time for basic yoga course
People learning to teach outside the center
Yogis chanting everyday
Administration staff
People aged less than18 for basic course
People learning to teach in the center
Yogis conducting meditation sessions everyday
People who cook food everyday for the center People taking care of hygene of the accomodation
People above 60 for basic course
Yogis conducting healing sessions
People coming for advance courses with all age group
Teachers conducting various yoga retreats on daily basis
People coming for advance courses with all age group People with physical injuries, diseases, psychological disorders & with special needs People attending festivals & cultural events
fig. 73 Usergroup Analysis Leisure & Freedom Dependency
Doctors for small medical and health problems Publising team for the center Donation center People pursing research on herbal medicine & new theraphies on
Program
Massage Theraphy
Meditation Center For Common people
Rehabilitation Program
Lecture Rooms
Healing Center
Accomodation for people coming for retreats
Yoga Centers
Small & large yoga rooms for different age groups & categories
Publication Department
Researcher
Accomodation for teachers & yogis
Kitchen & Restaurant Administration
Research Laboratory
Celebration Theatre
Open Air Theatre
Chanting Room For yogis & teachers
fig. 74 Interdependency of Different Programs
- Yoga Centers - Meditation Centers - Healing Center - Chanting Rooms - Celebration Theatre
Dependant Facilities - Publication Department - Lecture Rooms - Research Laboratories - Massage Theraphy - Rehabilation Program - Open air theatre
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Publication
Meditation Center Healing Center
Chanting Rooms
Accomodation, Restaurant
Main Facilities
Research
Theatre
- Accomodation for people coming for retreats - Accomodation for teachers and yogis - Administration -Kitchen & Restaurant
Yoga Rooms
Common Facilities
Administartion
Leisure & Freedom Dependency
Detailed Program 1. Yoga traing room for basic course with capacity of 100- 650 Sq.m 2. Yoga training room for advance course with capacity of 100- 650 Sq.m 3. Yoga training room for children below 18 with capacity of 50- 340 Sq.m 4. Yoga training room for senior citizens with capacity of 50- 340 Sq.m 5. Yoga training for people with physical disorders or with special needs with capacity of 50- 340 Sq.m 6. Yoga Training Room for teachers with capacity of 50- 340 Sq.m Meditation Center: Common meditation facility for everyone with capacity of 250 people- 1000 Sq.m Small Mediation Center for teachers and yogis with capacity of 15 people- 75 Sq.m Chanting rooms: Individual Chanting Rooms 5 to 8 No- 10 Sq.m Each- 80 Sq.m Common Changting Room with capacity of 25 people-200 Sq.m Celebration Theatre: 1200 Sq.m Healing Center: 250 Sq.m Rehabilitation Program: 175 Sq.m Lecture Rooms: 300 Sq.m Research laboratory: 300 Sq.m Publication Department: 180 Sq.m Accomodation for people coming for retreats- 830 Sq.m Accomodation for teachers & yogis- 375 Sq.m Kitchen & Restaurant- 520 Sq.m Administration Center- 257 Sq.m Total- 7747 Sq.m
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08 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 8.1 Design Concept: The first design sketch is a representation of energy formula E=mc2 discovered by Einstein, in which long masses are accelerated at speed of light coming from all directions (fig 75). This phenomenon is applicable to all material world, which is filled with energy and consciousness. Similar to the material world, human body and centers have potential energy (manifesting current) and kinetic energy (liberating current) flowing in opposite directions in order to give body a form. However, after balancing these two current with yoga practices it is possible to evoke third current located in the spine and travelling towards thought center, which is a state of consciousness or enlightenment. In the second sketch, these three forces were represented by three walls meeting at a point of convergence or a consciousness depicted by circle- a first principle of consciousness (fig 76, 80). Moreover, these walls are representing the upward movement and acceleration, which is an essential part of evoking kundalini and generating a feeling of bliss (fig 76, 80). The journey between the walls involves primary and secondary path. Primary path connects all the centers homogeneously leading towards the highest point of the mountain, while secondary path starts from primary path
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fig. 75 Priliminary Sketch
leading to individual center which is enclosed by walls. This principle of arranging paths is similar to human body in which nervous system is a primary channel for energy transmission, while connecting network of veins and arteries are carrying energy towards individual organs (fig 82). The path leading from each center and connecting next center is a journey and a feeling experienced by a person in his/her personal life. At the end of the journey there is discovery of a true form of each center, which is filled with abundant energy and providing energy to each person while practicing yoga.
fig. 76 Concept Sketch-1
101 fig. 79 Concept Sketch-4
CONCEPT
fig. 78 Concept Sketch-3
SKETCHES
fig. 77 Concept Sketch-2
The idea was to place functions inside these walls and create an experience from each stage of development in yoga (fig 82, 83, 84, 86). While performing yoga, humans strive for higher vibrations as their experiences of life starts elevating. Therefore, each function is designed to provoke feeling of inquisitiveness similar to human life, which is full of discoveries, experiences and development. Hence, various functions are associated with each center in the body which has its own property carrying emotion and feelings (fig 83). Furthermore, eight stages of yoga are placed on each level of the mountain, suggesting the difficulty in mastering each stage and conquering the perfection at the end of last stage of yoga, which is linked to meditation center- the highest state of existence. This discovery starts from root center and at the conception starting from spine and head which eventually develops into a full grown adult. Although, the baby is only in a primitive stage and only develops other centers with progression of consciousness associated with each center. Hence, age groups are divided and are linked to each center.
fig. 80 Primary Forces in Body
fig. 82 Placement of Functions Along the Route
fig. 87 Massing Render-1
Root Water Fire Air Aether
fig. 81 Route Between the Forces
fig. 83 Placement of Different Centers Aligned on the Path
fig. 88 Massing Render-2
fig. 84 Masssing Between Walls
fig. 85 Functions
fig. 89 Massing Render-3
Accomodation Administration Publication & Media Yoga center Yoga Center Auditorium Yoga Center Meditation Center
fig. 86 Wall Alignment
fig. 90 Massing Render-4
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fig. 91 Site & Massing Model-1
8.2 Masterplan Development Principles & Process Conceptual Sketches Conceptual sketches were made based on starting principles of integrating energy centers in the body with architecture and translating into a masterplan strategy. First few sketches contained curved walls representing primary forces in the body and juxtaposition of masses carrying energy centers were placed between the walls (fig 75 to 79). The position of these volumes were in a hierarchy in order to make use of the contours on site and connecting similar principle to human body. These primary ideas were key principle in germinating design principles for next stage of the design and making conceptual framework. Abstraction is used in most of the sketches to simplify the interrelation between the volumes as well as to define the space between the masses, which helps in determining space, light and scale in next stage of the design.
fig. 92 Site & Massing Model-2
Site Model After formulating first design principles and making framework for the project, it was essential to understand site contours for accurate position of volumes and relation with surrounding (fig 91 to 95). Thus, site model was made with foam and volumes were placed from first design concept based on sketches. After making the model it was understood that the site is heavily contoured and using complete mountain for the project is difficult and hence, it was necessary to use only bottom of the mountain, where contours are less dense and site is easily approachable. Volumetric Analysis of Blocks on Site In site model, volumes were placed based on first con-
fig. 93 Site & Massing Model-3
103 fig. 94 Site & Massing Model-4
fig. 95 Site & Massing Model-5
fig. 96 Concept Plan-1
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fig. 97 Master Plan Development Sketch-1
cept sketch and design principles of different volumes for individual energy center (fig 91 to 95). After placing the volumes on site, it was comprehended that the relation between each volume is scattered and needs homogeneity. This situation was a result of scale of the mountain in relation with scale of the volumes, which needed to be resolved and hence, more sketches were made to take a second step in the design and foam model on bigger scale was made to get a grip on the site.
Second Concept Model In second model, volumes were interacting tightly and much coherently than in the first concept model. But, some parts of the volumes were still spaced out, such as air center and meditation center, which were placed on a high part of the mountain and reachability was a persistent issue due to heavy contours (fig 101 to 105). Furthermore, the focus of the project was getting more towards adjusting volumes with respect to site and direction and the atmosphere in individual center was lacking attention and hence, next step was made to bring atmosphere in individual block based on characteristic of energy center in the body. Making Sketches for Atmosphere & Application in Individual Center: Sketches were one of the primary mediums in developing the design from step to step and yet again, atmosphere sketches were made to visualize individual center and its characteristics. While doing this exercise many barriers were broken from previous phases of massing exercise and helped in developing spatial experience for individual center starting from earth center, water, fire, air, sound, light to though center, which is essentially a journey of a human body.
fig. 98 Master Plan Development Sketch-2
fig. 99 Master Plan Development Sketch-3
fig. 100 Master Plan Development Sketch-4
105
fig. 102 Stage2 Model-
fig. 103 Stage2 Model-2
fig. 101 Master Plan Stage-2
fig. 105 Stage2 Model-4
fig. 104 Stage2 Model-3
106
E A S T
Final Alignment of Centers & Adjusting the Volumes with Site Contours: Individual atmosphere almost determined the space and interconnection between each center. By this time the drawings were transferred from sketches and concept to concrete plans and sections, which helped in understanding the level differences and hierarchy of internal spaces within the center. Furthermore, the volumes were adjusted in relation with the lake and mountain in order to achieve better connection with the surroundings.
fig. 106 Placement of Forces Towards Top
fig. 107 Placement of Functions Along East Between the Walls
E A S T
Primary design decisions were driven by core principles of yoga practices and how each stage in yoga reflects on human body, mind and feelings. Hence, conceptual ideas were mainly based on theoretical understanding, while heavily contoured site and magnificent views of the lake determined orientation of different centers. These individual centers were made with different properties which are associated with feelings and emotions as per location of each center in the human body. Therefore, centers are placed after one another in order to continue the journey from one stage to another. At the same time these centers were distinguished by placing them on different levels to bring individuality (fig 109, 110). The user group in each center is entirely separate from one another, hence no connection was established between any two centers (fig 112). Sun and direction are one of the main factors in yoga practices, in which yoga sessions starts early morning with sunrise and east is considered as most beneficial while practicing (fig 106 to108). Therefore, all the yoga rooms, pranayama rooms, mediation and chanting
E A S T
8.2 Final Masterplan Strategy:
fig. 108 Opening of Wall Towards East & Lake
107
S P I N E
ROUTE
E A S T fig. 109 Concept of Route Along the Spine
108
YOGA
Air Center
PRANAYAMA
Functions
Yoga Center Accomodation Administration
fig. 110 Integration Concept of Centers in the Body & Eight Stages of Yoga With Functions
109
YAMA/NIYAMA
E A S T
PRATYAHARA
ASANAS
Sound Center
STAGES
OF
Meditation Center
THOUGHT CENTER LIGHT CENTER SOUND CENTER
People coming for meditation -all age groups
People coming for chanting All age groups
AIR CENTER
People coming for pranayama (breathing exercises) -all age groups with different batches
FIRE CENTER
People coming to learn yoga poses - All age groups - Special batches for age group between 35 to 60 - People with digestion probems - People with low eseteem issues -Fat people with inertia issues
WATER CENTER
People coming to learn yoga poses - All age groups - Special batches for age group between 13 to 35 - People with sexual disorders - People with hormonal problems - Pregnant women - People with excretory organ issues
ROOT CENTER
People coming to learn yoga poses -All age groups -Special batches for age group between 13 to 35 -People with sexual disorders - People with hormonal problems - Pregnant women - People with excretory organ issues
fig. 112 Concept of Route Along the Spine
110
fig. 113 Final Master Plan
111
Accomodation Administration Auditorium Root Center Healing Center Water Center Fire Center Restaurant
fig. 114 Master Plan 3D-1
Air Center Meditation Center
fig. 115 Master Plan 3D-2
fig. 116 Master Plan 3D-3
fig. 117 Master Plan 3D-4
fig. 118 Master Plan 3D-5
fig. 119 Master Plan 3D-6
112
01 Entrance 02 Administration 03 Entrance Canopy 04 Plaza 05 Accomodation 06 Administration 07 Root Center 08 Healing Center 09 Water Center 10 Restaurant 11 Fire center 12 Air Center 13 Sound, Light & Thought Center
13
+22.5M
12
+13.5M
10 09
11
06 +7.5M
08
-1.5M
+4.5M
07
04
+4.5M
05
02 03 +3M -1.5M
01 +-00M
fig. 120 Final Mastrer Plan 0 12 4 6
113
10
20
fig. 121 MaserPlan Progress-1
fig. 125 MaserPlan Progress-5
rooms are facing east. When all the blocks are juxtaposed towards east, the spectacular view of the lake opens to an individual room and makes yoga experience fulfilling (fig 106 to 108).
fig. 122 MaserPlan Progress-2
fig. 126 MaserPlan Progress-6
fig. 123 MaserPlan Progress-3
fig. 127 Final Mastrer Plan
fig. 124 MaserPlan Progress-4
In ancient scriptures, yoga practices are taught with eight stages and a person should start from basics of these practices and keep elevating towards the eighth stage. Therefore, different functions are placed on a hierarchy starting from administration, accommodation and lecture rooms, theatre which are a part of first and second stage of yoga which involves Yama and Niyama (fig 110). Here, the moral and principles of yoga practices are set before going to the actual activity. After the body and mind are prepared and cleaned, the third stage is practiced including Asanas (Postures) (fig 110). In asanas body acquires complete control which is necessary for the development of higher centers. Only heath body can get benefit from processes and techniques involved in these centers and hence, majority part of the project is involved in physical aspect of the consciousness. Pranayama is next stage in which breathing exercises are taught in order to acquire control on breathing and expanding the Prana (oxygen, spirit) in the body (fig 110). The longer the time between the two breathes, the longer the life of a person. In Pratyahara, Dharana and Dhyana are all linked to higher stages of consciousness and hence, can only be practiced after complete control on the lower centers. Therefore, meditation center and chanting room are situated at the highest part of the mountain, which is considered as the most difficult stage to reach in yoga practices (fig 110). Samadhi the highest form of consciousness and a liberation of soul after which physical form of the body no longer exist, hence this aspect of consciousness is not included in the building.
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fig. 128 Levels
fig. 131 Cutting & Filling Strategy
Primary Path Secondary Path
fig. 129 Routing Administration Accomodation Auditorium Root Center Fire Center Water & Healing Center Air Center Sound Center Meditation & Light Center
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fig. 130 Functions
fig. 132 Placement of Functions on Levels
B A
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Root Center
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fig. 136 Site Section D-D 01 2 4
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DETAIL DESIGN
9.1 Detail Design: After getting resolution in masterplan and freezing location and relation between each center detail design was made of individual centers. The character of the each center is determined by its location in the body and yoga poses taught inside the center. Atomsphere sketches were made to diffenentiate and determine character of each center, which gave an overview in understanding space inside each block. At the same time process of relating each center to their position in the body became easier with this exercise. The order of the ceters and the position is similar to the alignment of these centers in the body, hence they are arranged in the same order in this chapter.
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GRAVITY
STABILITY fig. 137 Root Center Concept Sketch-1
fig. 140 Property of Root Center in the Body
I AM
SURVIVAL
BLOCKED BY FEAR
Base/Foundation Root Support Grounding Stillness Solidity Potential Energy Rigidity
ROOT
CENTER
fig. 138 Root Center Concept Sketch-2
fig. 139 Root Center Concept Sketch-3
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fig. 141 Root Center Form & Characteristic
9.1.1 Root Center: Root is the bottom part of the tree which provides foundation for the entire tree and without strong foundation it is not possible to nurture strong tree (fig 140, 141). Similarly, root center is at the bottom of the spine and first center for the material existence which is manifested in a most stable form square. The principle was to build yoga room in a square form sunken in the ground, which represents the idea of grounding and stability. The path leading towards the center in the basement evokes similar feeling in a person coming to practice yoga.
fig. 142 Earth Center Concept
The journey of human body start at this center, where soul is considered to germinate at this point, which resulted in placing root center at the beginning of the journey through Bodhi Yoga center. The idea was to create an earthy atmosphere within the center by making courtyards and walkways through them (fig 137, 138, 139). At the heart of the center lies a yoga center and a path leads to the center through pockets of forests indicating a journey of a plant, which starts with anchoring and nourishing roots (fig 142). Square is a symbol of stability and also a sign of this center in human body, hence square glass box open to sky is made to connect with green pockets around. At the same time poses taught in this center are mainly related in elevating condition of a root center in the body. Development of the root center in the body at from the birth till the adulthood. Therefore, focus on children between 5 to15 is given in this center and poses strengthening the root center are taught.
fig. 143 Functions- Ground Floor Yoga Center Circulation Gardens Offices Therapy Rooms Toilets
fig. 144 Functions- First Floor
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Total Form Finish Concrete- Walls
Grass & Trees- Gardens
Toughened Glass- Yoga Room Facade
Roof Steel Grey Leather Granite- Circulation Floor
San Stone- Yoga Room Floor fig. 146 Materials Used in Root Center
Basement + Ground Floor 04
02 02 02
01 03
fig. 147 Yoga Room Layout
Ground Floor 04
02
02
02
ENTRY
01 03
Basement Floor
04 04
02
02 02 01
fig. 145 Axonometric Root Center
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06
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01 Yoga Room 02 Gardens 03 Offices 04 Toilets 05 Lobby & Circulation 06 Therapy Rooms
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fig. 148 Ground Floor Plan
Scale 1:500
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fig. 149 Basement Plan
Scale 1:500
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fig. 150 Root Center Section E-E
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fig. 151 Root Center Section F-F 0
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B fig. 152 Root Center Yoga Room
Concrete Slab
Concrete Walls
A
Concrete Beam to Support Glass facade
Toughened Glass Facade
fig. 153 Yoga Room Structure in Plan
Aluminum Frame fixed on concrete beam for curtain wall assembly 15mm thk toughened glass fixed between the frames 15 mm thk toughened glass flange to support single glass panel 6mm thk silicon sealant 15mm thk single panel toughened glass fig. 154 Detail at A Scale 1:20
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20 mm thk toughened glass to cap the glass assempby Silicon Sealant between two glass joints
15mm thk toughened glass fixed between the frames
concrete beam to support glass assembly Aluminum Frame fixed on concrete beam for curtain wall assembly Aluminum frame in elevation
15 mm thick toughened glass single panel outside curtain wall assembly Ss profile fixed in the floor with clamping to support curtain wall assembly Floor Screed
fig. 155 Detaill at B
Scale 1:20
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fig. 156 Water Center Concept Sketch-1
PLEASURE IS A ROOT CAUSE OF DESIRE
fig. 160 Property of Water Center in the Body
I FEEL
fig. 157 Water Center Concept Sketch-2
PLEASURE
BLOCKED BY GUILT
Sweetness Desire Pleasure Feelings Movement Change Liquid
CENTER
fig. 161 Property of Water Form & Characteristic
WATER
fig. 158 Water Center Concept Sketch-3
fig. 159 Water Center Concept Sketch-4
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9.1.2 Water & Healing Center: Water is malleable and continuously moving and creates acceleration (fig 160, 161). Earth is made of 75% of water which is similar to human body. Thus, water and fluids in the body plays crucial role in our physical wellbeing. Representation of this movement was presented with the second principle of creation circle and arc (fig 160). In addition, physical presence of water was important to create emotion in the user.
fig. 162 Water Center- Concept
fig. 163 Ground Floor Function
A journey of a human body is highly dependent on pleasure and desires, which are related to karma and patterns of evolution of a soul. Thus, water center is highly crucial in balancing movement caused by desire. Movement of water was represented by a curved path leads to a point where the expanse of water is discovered (fig 156 to 159). Furthermore, this water is placed on a glass and yoga room is placed beneath in order to get visual soothing effect produced by reflection of water (fig 162). Property of water is fluid and is represented by circle. The atmosphere desired in this center was primarily translucent and hence, only a glass and water were used to add the transparency to the space. Healing center is connected with water center by a walking bridge running from the surface of the water. Although, healing center is a completely different entity it is bounded by once form of the curved wall, which is a symbol of soft character of this center. Within the center two main rooms are placed, one with music therapy room and other is colour therapy room. Counselling rooms are provided for individual consultancy.
Yoga Center Circulation Water Toilets
fig. 164 First Floor Function
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Restaurant
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Form Finish Concrete- Walls
Water- on Glass Roof & Water Body
Total
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White Granite- Circulation Areas 13
Hewn natural Stone- Indoor Healing Room
02
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Wooden Screens- Restaurant Facade
01
Roof
fig. 166 Material Used in Water Center 03 11 02
10
Ground Floor
Walls
03 11 10 02
fig. 165 Axonometry Water Center
139
Basement Floor
01 Bridge On Water 02 Water on Glass 03 Lobby & Circulation 04 Entrance 05 Colour Healing Room 06 Sound Healing Room 07 Counseling Room 08 Toilets 09 Restaurant 10 Open Yoga Room 11 Closed Yoga Room 12 Courtyard 13 Praying Room
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fig. 167 Restaurant Floor
Scale 1:500
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fig. 168 Ground Floor
Scale 1:500
140
01 Bridge On Water 02 Water on Glass 03 Lobby & Circulation 04 Entrance 05 Colour Healing Room 06 Sound Healing Room 07 Counseling Room 08 Toilets 09 Restaurant 10 Open Yoga Room 11 Closed Yoga Room 12 Courtyard 13 Praying Room
03 03
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fig. 169 -1 Floor Scale 1:500
fig. 170 Ground Floor
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fig. 172 Section H-H 0 1 2
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A fig. 173 Water Center Yoga Room
Steel frame for Glass Roof
Steel Frame
Concrete Ring Beam Concrete Walls
Circular Ring Beam
12mm thk Toughened glass Circular Column
B
Water Line Floor Screed
C
fig. 174 Structural Plan of Yoga Room
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fig. 175 Detail at A Scale 1:50
Water Line MS frame to support glass assembly Water Line MS base plate to support steel frame MS frame to support Groove for water dripping glass assembly MS base plate to Aluminum anodized support frame frame tosteel support glass 12mm thk toughened glass Groove for water dripping Circular concrete column Aluminum anodized frame to support glass 12mm thk toughened glass Circular concrete column
fig. 176 Detail at B
Scale 1:20
Concrete ring beam to support steel framing Aluminum anodized frame to support glass Concrete ring beam to MS base plate to support support steel steel framing frame Aluminum anodized Circular concrete frame to support glass column MS base plate to MS frame to support support steel frame glass assembly Circular concrete column MS frame to support glass assembly
fig. 177 Detail at C Scale 1:20
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POWER
fig. 178 Fire Center Concept Sketch-1
IGNITION OF CONSCIOUSNESS
ENERGY E=MC2
fig. 181 Property of Fire Center in the Body
I CAN
WILL
BLOCKED BY IINERTIA & ANGER Will
Power Assertiveness Anger Laughter Joy fig. 179 Fire Center Concept Sketch-2
FIRE
CENTER
fig. 182 Fire Center Form & Characteristic
fig. 180 Fire Center Concept Sketch-3
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9.1.3 Fire Center: Fire is hunger, fire is power, fire is also warmth and fire is energy (fig 181). Tringle is a principle form of energy and represented with a presence of fireplace warming up the place(fig 182). The form needs to be hidden in order to generate inquisitive feeling to experience the journey. Fire is essential for digression and immunity in the body, which is a location of power, hence atmosphere in fire center is aimed at generating warmth and sharpness(fig 178 to 180). The symbol for fire is triangle and the space is enclosed by perforated brick walls from two sides, while semicircular concrete wall is made for a fireplace and covered by glass which generates glow due to fire and provide warmth to people doing yoga and helping boosting metabolism (fig 183). Semi-enclosed yoga room was placed facing lake next to main yoga room. Power generating yoga poses are taught in this yoga room and the user group is similarly linked to the center. fig. 183 Fire Center- Concept
Closed Yoga Room Circulation Open Yoga Space Toilets
fig. 184 Functions
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Total
Form Finish Concrete- Guidling Walls
Fire- Fire Place
Toughened Glass- Facade of the Fire Place
Roof
Exposed Brick Wall- Closed Yoga Room
White Textured Concrete Floor- Yoga Room
Lime Stone- Circulation Floor fig. 186 Materials Used in the Fire Center
Entrance + Ground +Walls 01 03 03
02
04
05
Walls
fig. 187 Yoga Room Layout
Ground Floor 01
03
04 02
05
03
Entrance fig. 185 Axonometry Fire Center
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01 Closed Yoga Room 02 Entrance for Yoga Room 03 Circulation 04 Open-Air Yoga Room 05 Toilet
03
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fig. 188 Fire Center Plan
Scale 1:500
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fig. 189 Fire Center Plan
Scale 1:500
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Fire Center Entrance
fig. 190 Section I-I
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fig. 191 Section J-J 01 2
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A
fig. 192 Fire Center Yoga Room
Brick Wall
D Concrete column embeded in brcick wall to support glass ssembly
B 12mm thk toughened glass Concrete wall
E
C
D
fig. 193 Fire Center Structural Plan
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12mm Thk Granite Stone Brick bat Water Proofing 200mm Thk Slab Glass set inside SS profile & fixed on the ceiling con concrete slab with metal clamping system 12mm thk toughened glass
ss profile fixed on a steel beam with metal clamping system
ms steel beam to support glass assembly
MS steel beam to support glass assembly
ss profile fixed on a steel beam with metal clamping system 12mm thk toughened glass
12mm thk toughened glass
ss profile fixed on a steel beam with metal clamping system
fig. 194 Detail at A Scale 1:50
162
Concrete wall
Concrete slab 12mm thk toughened glass Ss steel frame to support glass MS steel beam to support glass assembly
MS steel beam to support glass assembly Ss steel frame to support glass 12mm thk toughened glass
fig. 195 Detail Section D-D Scale 1:50
600mm thk brick wall
Concrete slab above
12mm thk toughened glass Ss frame to fix glass assembly Aluminum frame fixed in the concrete column to support glass MS steel beam connecting concrete beam to support glass assembly MS base plate to support MS steel beam
fig. 196 Detail at B
Scale 1:20
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Brick Wall
12mm thk toughened glass
Ss steel frame to support glass MS steel beam to support glass assembly
fig. 197 Detail Elevation E
Scale 1:50
Concrete Wall MS steel beam to support glass assembly Anodized aluminum frame to support glass Ss steel frame to support glass 12mm thk toughened glass
fig. 198 Detail at C Scale 1:20
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MATTER
UNITE
fig. 199 Air Center Concept Sketch-1
BALANCE THROUGH BREATHING
VITAL FORCE SPIRIT
fig. 202 Property of Air Center in the Body
I LOVE
UNSTRUCK
BLOCKED BY ATTACHMENT
Love Gaseous Compassion
fig. 200 Air Center Concept Sketch-1
CENTER
fig. 203 Air Center Form & Characteristic
AIR
fig. 201 Air Center Concept Sketch-3
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9.1.4 Air center: Air is free, without barrier and abundant. A person should be at highest point or a location to experience sense of freeness (fig 202, 203). Similarly, the center is located on an airy location to get abundant fresh air, which is essential for Pranayama, the function of the center. Air can only get structure with channeling and therefore, spiral channeling towards highest point is a guiding force for this center.
UP DN
fig. 204 Air Center Concept Plan
Air is omnipresent and an essential factor in balancing most of the functions in the body. All forces in the body meet at this point and hence, it is the most crucial element. Two ramps are made with one going up and reaching common Pranayama room, while the other goes down to individual pranayama rooms (fig 204, 205). These ramps travelling in oppositedirection represent opposite forces and union just likeaproperty of the air center in the body.These ramps are placed along one concrete walls in order to give a spiraling form which gives stricture to air. Although, only experience has been designed for this center due to large scope of the project.
fig. 205 Air Center Concept Section
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SOUND, LIGHT & THOUGHT
CENTER
VIBRATIONS
fig. 206 Sound, Light & Though Center Concept Sketch-1
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESTOWARDS INTUTIVE
OM
CONCEPTION
IMAGINATION
fig. 209 Sound, Light & Though Property in the Body
I SPEAK
PERCEIVE CONSCIOUSNESS BOUNDLESS BLOCKED BY OBSTRUCTION IN LOWER CENTERS BLOCKED BY ABSENCE OF COMMUNICATION BLOCKED BY OBSTRUCTION IN LOWER PURIFICATION I THINK
Communication Creativity Vibration Purification
fig. 207 Sound, Light & Though Center Concept Sketch-2
fig. 210 Sound Center Form & Characteristic
Image Perceive Command Seeing Intuition
fig. 211 Light Center Form & Characteristic
Information Understanding Bliss
fig. 208 Sound, Light & Though Center Concept Sketch-3
fig. 212 Thought Center Form & Characteristic
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OM CHANTING
MEDITATION
9.1.5 Sound, Light & Thought Center:
MEDITATION
Sound means rhythm, sound is harmonious, while light is omnipresent, both have vibrations and are considered as first principles of creation of universe (fig 209 to 212). All three properties represent the higher conscious mind which is a located on the top part of the mountain and to reach the point is a quest through all other enters. A perfect circle is a manifestation of consciousness transcending at each level higher up.
SOUND
fig. 213 Sound, Light & Though Center Concept Section
PATH
Combination of sound light and thought are designed in a single unit acting coherently with each other. Bottom part of the unit is cone shaped, which is funneling chanting sound and at the top of the cone is attached to the dome, which captures this ‘OM’ chanting (fig 213, 214). The dome is used for communal meditation activity, where enormous amount of energy is generated through the process. Tip of the dome has an opening of one meter which is throwing light on people meditating and further it reaches sound center (fig 213, 214). At the same time water is running around the dome and slit is provided at the bottom of the dome, which reflects water in to the dome. Only experienced is designed for these centers due to the scope of the project.
fig. 214 Sound, Light & Though Center Concept Plan
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9.2 Materiality & Detail Design: Natural materials were selected for individual centers due to the subject of the project. Form finish concrete with lines and holes are used for guiding walls and paths to achieve soothing effect and help in giving direction and guidance to the user to find a way. At the same time flooring for the plaza and common areas have light grey textured concrete flooring to achieve calmness and smoothness. Further, each center is individualistic with its own character. Thus different materials are used to bring varied emotions.
Root Center: In root center, earthy materials are used such as granite, sand stone for floor tiles, while for yoga room is made in glass in order to offer visual continuation in the gardens around. This glass box is made with double glazed glass connected with beams on all four sides between two floors, while single panel is used outside and taking support from glass flange connected with assembly behind in order to minimize joints on the faรงade. Water & Healing center: In water center, guiding walls are concrete like other structures, while yoga center is an open space covered with glass roof filled with water, throwing water reflection on the floor. Glass roof is provided with a radial steel structure, which is taking support from concrete ring beam. This assembly is supported on four three walls and one column. Fire Center: Warm materials are used in fire center to achieve desired character. Thus, load bearing brick walls are used on
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two sides of a triangle, while third side is enclosed with semicircular concrete wall. This concrete wall contains fire place which is covered by glass and has a slit in the center in order to illuminate the space by fire. To support glass assembly ion brick wall, dummy concrete column is placed inside brickwork and on the other side glass is supported in the concrete wall with frame fitted within the concrete wall. Steel beam is introduced between the semicircular wall in order to maintain the slit between the glass.
Form Finish Concrete- Walls
Form Finish Concrete- Walls
Grass & Trees- Gardens
Water- on Glass Roof & Water Body
Toughened Glass- Yoga Room Facade
Toughened Glass- Yoga Room Roof
Steel Grey Leather Granite- Circulation Floor
White Textured Concrete Floor- Yoga Room
San Stone- Yoga Room Floor
White Granite- Circulation Areas
fig. 215 Materials Used in Root Center
Hewn natural Stone- Indoor Healing Room
Form Finish Concrete- Guidling Walls
Lime Stone- Oudoor Areas Healing Room
Fire- Fire Place
Wooden Screens- Restaurant Facade fig. 216 Material Used in Water Center
Toughened Glass- Facade of the Fire Place
Exposed Brick Wall- Closed Yoga Room
White Textured Concrete Floor- Yoga Room
Lime Stone- Circulation Floor fig. 217 Materials Used in the Fire Center
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REFLECTION
Research goal of the project was to bring a place in San Francisco which can bring inherent yoga theories back to the area and people will try to learn yoga as a serious leisure rather than mere casual leisure. Furthermore, union between architecture, body and mind was second part of the research question. In the end both the research questions were answered by making Bodhi Yoga Center which offers a place for people from different category to come together for one cause and learn yoga from basic to higher level. Yoga theory was integrated with the masterplan and special qualities of individual center, which help an individual to get into the subject and union is made between space, body and mind. Project went through all stages starting from extensive research on yoga, followed by generating a concept from theory to translation in architectural language. Research phase of the project was extremely informative and helped in understanding the subject in detail. At the same time a large proportion of time was spent in analyzing yoga influence in America and Bay Area, which helped in identifying valid justification for the site location. Location of the project helped in drawings parallel connection with body, architecture and site, which made easy to lay function on a hierarchy. Furthermore, site analysis and model of the site simplified decision making for conceptual phase and
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understanding the surrounding. Although, due to large scope of the project, complexity of the site and limited time restricted model making process which resulted in making plan, section and 3D resolution of the project. Nevertheless, root, water and fire centers were completely made in detail starting from conceptual drawings, plans, section, axonometric view for routing, materiality to details of crucial junctions. Furthermore, sound, light and thought centers and air center are only designed for an experience and need more detailed attention for making the complete building. Administration, accommodation facility and theatre were purposely left out of the due to the large scope of the project and only designed for a masterplan strategy. The project is encompassed with many nitty-gritties of spiritual practices in yoga, which directly relates to architecture and language used in designing. Subject for the project provided freedom to nurture creative design process which helped in bringing many different spaces with individual characters. Although, more time would have helped in making experimental models and volumetric study of different spaces, which help in understanding, scale, proportion and scale. In addition, ergonomics study can bring perfection to the subject as use of props is one of the essential factors in yoga practices. In the end, the success of the project is determined by conceptual visualization of a space in the first sketch and realization in the product based on that, which was achieved in making Bodhi Yoga Center. It was a process of creativity, analysis, understanding, making mistakes and learning. I hope the reader is delighted after reading the thesis and the experience and knowledge of yoga is elevated in an individual.
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REFERENCES
01. SPECIAL FOCUS: MEASURING LEISURE IN OECD COUNTRIES Your Bibliography: Special Focus: Measuring Leisure in OECD Countries. (2017). [ebook] OECD Social Indicators, pp.20, 21. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/berlin/42675407.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2017]. 02. CONCEPTS Your Bibliography: The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP). (2017). Concepts. [online] Available at: http://www.seriousleisure.net/concepts.html [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. 03. DOMESTIC LEISURE TOURISM TRENDS FOR THE NEXT DECADE Your Bibliography: Domestic Leisure Tourism Trends for the Next Decade. (2017). [ebook] London: visit England, pp.2-10. Available at: https://www.visitbritain.org/sites/ default/files/vb-corporate/Documents-Library/documents/ England-documents/dom_leis_t_trends.pdf [Accessed 12 Jun. 2017]. 04. LEISURE AND SPIRITUALITY BIBLICAL, HISTORICAL, AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECT IVES Your Bibliography: leisure and spirituality biblical, historical, and contemporary perspect ives. (2017). [ebook] Michigan: Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, pp.1-47. Available at: https://cbfa-jbib.org/index. php/jbib/article/view/113 [Accessed 17 Aug. 2017]. 05. SENGUPTA, P. Health Impacts of Yoga and Pranayama: A State-of-theArt Review Your Bibliography: Sengupta, P. (2017). Health Impacts of Yoga and Pranayama: A State-of-the-Art Review. [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Available at: https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415184/ [Accessed 8 Jun. 2017].
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06. INDIA’S TOP FIVE YOGA CENTERS Your Bibliography: The Economic Times. (2017). India’s top five yoga centers. [online] Available at: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indias-top-five-yoga-centers/ articleshow/2971604.cms [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017] 07. LEISURE AND SPIRITUALITY: A THEORETICAL MODEL In-text: (LEISURE AND SPIRITUALITY: A THEORETICAL MODEL, 2017) Your Bibliography: LEISURE AND SPIRITUALITY: A THEORETICAL MODEL. (2017). 25th ed. [ebook] tandoline. com, pp.1-13. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0 7053436.2002.10707584 [Accessed 14 May 2017]. 08. SPIRITUAL FUNCTIONS OF LEISURE AND SPIRITUAL WELL- BEING: COPING WITH TIME PRESSURE Your Bibliography: Spiritual Functions of Leisure and Spiritual Well- Being: Coping with Time Pressure. (2010). [ebook] tandoline.com, pp.1-25. Available at: http://dx. doi.org/10.1080/01490400306563 [Accessed 5 Apr. 2017]. 09. CULLIGAN, K. AND MURPHY, J. The future of leisure Your Bibliography: Culligan, K. and Murphy, J. (2017). The future of leisure. 10. ANON Your Bibliography: Anon, (2009). [online] Available at: https://www.whitehutchinson.com/leisure/articles/The_future_of_leisure_time.shtml [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. 11. WONG, P. The Meaning Hypothesis of Living a Good Life: Virtue, Happiness, and Meaning | Dr. Paul T. P. Wong Your Bibliography: Wong, P. (2017). The Meaning Hypothesis of Living a Good Life: Virtue, Happiness, and Meaning | Dr. Paul T. P. Wong. [online] Dr. Paul T. P. Wong. Available at: http://www.drpaulwong.com/the-meaninghypothesis-of-living-a-good-life-virtue-happiness-andmeaning/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. 12. FORBES WELCOME Your Bibliography: Forbes.com. (2017). Forbes Welcome.
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[online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2016/03/15/how-yoga-is-spreading-in-the-us/#c6eb17c449f4 [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. 13. ANON Your Bibliography: Anon, (n.d.). [online] Available at: http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf [Accessed 4 Mar. 2017]. 14. SACRED SPACE AND THE MEDIATING ROLES OF ARCHITECTURE Your Bibliography: Sacred Space and the Mediating Roles of Architecture. (2012). 20th ed. [ebook] European Review, pp.1-16. Available at: https://www. cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1062798711000330 [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017]. 15. WHEELS OF LIFE Your Bibliography: Wheels of Life. (2002). Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, pp.1-382. Please enable flash to have the best experience 16. LIGHT ON PRANAYAMA Your Bibliography: Light on Pranayama. (1981). London: Unwin Paperbacks, pp.1-160. Please enable flash to have the best experience 17. 99 FACTS ABOUTS YOGA - THE MOST SUCCESSFUL GLOBAL PHENOMENON Your Bibliography: Anon, (2017). 99 facts abouts Yoga The most successful global phenomenon. [online] Available at: https://www.dr-discount.nl/blog/english/99-factsabouts-yoga [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 18. 2016 YOGA IN AMERICA STUDY RESULT Your Bibliography: 2016 Yoga in America Study Result. (2016). Yoga Journal, pp.1-87. Please enable flash to have the best experience 19. YOGA NEAR SAN FRANCISCO Your Bibliography: Yoga near san francisco. (2017). Yoga near san francisco. [online] Available at: https:// www.google.nl/maps?dcr=0&q=san+francisco+yoga&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI35LAxYvXAhXFZ1AKHWTUBIEQ_AUICigB [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017].
5!4d-122.4194155?dcr=0 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. AMERICA’S CHANGING RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE Your Bibliography: Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project. (2015). America’s Changing Religious Landscape. [online] Available at: http://www.pewforum. org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2005]. 20. SENGUPTA, P. Health Impacts of Yoga and Pranayama: A State-of-theArt Review Your Bibliography: Sengupta, P. (2017). Health Impacts of Yoga and Pranayama: A State-of-the-Art Review. [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Available at: https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415184/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 21. VEDIC SPIRIT IN ARCHITECTURE Your Bibliography: Vedic Spirit in Architecture. (2011). Pro Quest LLC. 22. SOUL OF DISTORTION AWAKENING Your Bibliography: Soul of Distortion Awakening. (2004). pp.2-206. 23. VIBRATIONS, FREQUENCIES, HARMONICS Your Bibliography: Dhost.info. (2006). Vibrations, Frequencies, Harmonics. [online] Available at: http://dhost. info/waterput/exploring/ken/vibration_freq_harmonics. htm [Accessed 18 May 2017]. 24. 5NEW EDGE : TECHNOLOGY AND SPIRITUALITY IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA Your Bibliography: New edge : technology and spirituality in the San Francisco Bay Area. (2011). [ebook] Leiden: LeidenUniversity, pp.1-272. Available at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17671 [Accessed 16 Jul. 2017]. 25. SAN FRANCISCO Your Bibliography: San Francisco. (2017). San Francisco. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/ maps/place/San+Francisco,+Californi%C3%AB,+Verenigde+Staten/@37.7576171,-122.577684 4,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x80859a6d00690021:0x4a501367f076adff!8m2!3d37.774929
26. ANON Your Bibliography: Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://demographics.virginia.edu/DotMap/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2017]. 27. CALIFORNIA TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS BY TOPO ZONE Your Bibliography: TopoZone. (2017). California Topographic Maps by Topo Zone. [online] Available at: https:// www.topozone.com/california/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 28. WEATHER AND TEMPERATURE AVERAGES FOR SAN FRANCISCO, USA Your Bibliography: Holiday-weather.com. (2017). Weather and temperature averages for San Francisco, USA. [online] Available at: http://www.holiday-weather.com/ san_francisco/averages/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 29. HOME Your Bibliography: Ishayoga.org. (2017). HOME. [online] Available at: http://www.ishayoga.org/en [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 30. 76D05CFE28FB0187C9B7E695D79D5A78--SELF-PORTRAITS-ABSTRACT-PAINTINGS - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). 76d05cfe28fb0187c9b7e695d79d5a78--self-portraits-abstract-paintings - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?q=76d05cfe28fb0187c9b7e695d79d5a78--self-portraits-abstract-paintings&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix06v3kozXAhXOLFAKHQZEDYMQ_AUICigB&biw=1517&bih=777#imgrc=XOkYlcMFdxDxaM: [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 31. AFBEELDING: VIDEO) YOGA GURU B.K.S. IYENGAR DIES AT 95 - YOGA MORNINGS Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). Afbeelding: VIDEO) Yoga guru B.K.S. Iyengar dies at 95 - Yoga Mornings. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/ imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fyogamornings.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F08%2FBKS-Iyengar.png&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fyogamornings.
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com%2Fvideo-yoga-guru-b-k-s-iyengar-dies-at-95%2F&docid=JOEn31uIVpcPIM&tbnid=a39RalrkyiGr0M%3A&vet=1&w=1512&h=834&bih=777&biw=1517&ved=0ahUKEwiZttPAk4zXAhVDblAKHVwPC3U4rAIQMwhKKEgwSA&iact=c&ictx=1 [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. 32. 10EE6C4A1A816B2672DFE65C5D6D372D--YOGA-BENEFITS-THE-BENEFITS GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). 10ee6c4a1a816b2672dfe65c5d6d372d--yoga-benefits-the-benefits - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/search?q=10ee6c4a1a816b2672dfe65c5d6d372d--yoga-benefits-the-benefits&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio2ev-k4zXAhXHEVAKHb7MCoIQ_AUICigB&biw=1517&bih=777#imgrc=S3Hw8bxaD98JBM: [Accessed 21 Jun. 2017]. 33. THERE’S A NEW ANIMAL TO DO YOGA WITH: GOATS Your Bibliography: Well+Good. (2017). There’s a new animal to do yoga with: goats. [online] Available at: https://www.wellandgood.com/good-sweat/goat-yoga-goga/slide/6/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. 34. VISHWAAMARA » SPIRITUALITY — OUR TRUE NATURE Your Bibliography: Vishwaamara.com. (2017). VishwaAmara » Spirituality — Our True Nature. [online] Available at: http://www.vishwaamara.com/spiritual-practices/spirituality-our-true-nature/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 35. WONG, P. The Meaning Hypothesis of Living a Good Life: Virtue, Happiness, and Meaning | Dr. Paul T. P. Wong In-text: (Wong, 2017) Your Bibliography: Wong, P. (2017). The Meaning Hypothesis of Living a Good Life: Virtue, Happiness, and Meaning | Dr. Paul T. P. Wong. [online] Dr. Paul T. P. Wong. Available at: http://www.drpaulwong.com/the-meaninghypothesis-of-living-a-good-life-virtue-happiness-andmeaning/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 36. FLATICON 195
Your Bibliography: Flaticon. (2017). Flaticon. [online] Available at: https://www.flaticon.com/search?word=YOGA [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 37. 531EC146504EAFA0FBED297046093E88 GOOGLE ZOEKEN In-text: (Google.nl, 2017) Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). 531ec146504eafa0fbed297046093e88 - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/ search?q=531ec146504eafa0fbed297046093e88&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjk05Tfl4zXAhWGfFAKHUuyBXkQ_AUICygC&biw=1517&bih=777#imgrc=WvmlkHnuV33Q-M: [Accessed 20 Aug. 2017]. 38. SAN FRANCISCO YOGA CATHEDRAL - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). san francisco yoga cathedral - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https:// www.google.nl/search?dcr=0&tbm=isch&q=san+francisco+yoga+cathedral&spell=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW0veUmIzXAhWGYlAKHboAA4cQvwUIIygA&biw=1517&bih=777&dpr=0.9#imgrc=PRvPedCdS7ZoSM: [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 39. IN-DEFENSE-OF-SPIRITUALITY-WITH-ORWITHOUT-RELIGION-SOURCE_SITEBUILDERREPORT2 - GOOGLE SEARCH Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). In-Defense-ofSpirituality-With-or-Without-Religion-SOURCE_sitebuilderreport2 - Google Search. [online] Available at: https:// www.google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=777&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=In-Defense-of-Spirituality-With-or-Without-Religion-SOURCE_sitebuilderreport2&oq=In-Defense-of-Spirituality-With-or-Without-Religion-SOURCE_ sitebuilderreport2&gs_l=psyab.3...90580.90580.0.91004.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0 ...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.wseW9fU-b0c#imgrc=xuuVEYeK2L0NzM: [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. 40. YOGA-LIFE-BALANCE1 - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). yoga-life-balance1 - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=777&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=yoga-life-balance1&oq=yoga-life-bal-
ance1&gs_l=psyab.3...134761.134761.0.135208.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0. ...0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.XtNqfwgDI3E#imgrc=jrt4VcXPujOIEM: [Accessed 13 Jun. 2017]. 41. EIGHT-LIMBS - GOOGLE ZOEKEN In-text: (Google.nl, 2017) Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). eight-limbs Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=777&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=eight-limbs&oq=eight-limbs&gs_l=psyab.3...91521.91521.0.91944.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0 ...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.NH3SNXfNXo4#imgrc=4N1QExm00yR7XM: [Accessed 11 May 2017]. 42. BODY AND CONSCIOUS MIND DIAGRAM GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). body and conscious mind diagram - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/ search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=777&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=body+and+conscious+mind+diagram&oq=body+and+conscious+mind+diagram&gs_l=psyab.3...78649.84695.0.84997.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0.. .1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.WvGTHdpMXFk#imgrc=ceTv7vYrLyBGAM: [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017]. 43. TRY-COCOONGG-I-2 - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). try-cocoongg-i-2 - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=try-cocoongg-i-2&oq=try-cocoongg-i-2&gs_l=psyab.3...174443.174443.0.174922.0.0.0.0.0.0.0. 0..0.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.2Uwx7cDaXP4#imgrc=cPL574p19sv0oM: [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. 44. SEVENPRINCIPLESOFMAN - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). sevenprinciplesofman - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=sevenprinciplesofman&oq=sevenprinciplesofman&gs_l=psyab.3...1432131.1432131.0.1433523.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 .0..0.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.Aob7T0KgDXE#imgrc=mQsagfvAedYAnM: [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017].
45. 533881-TREE - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). 533881-tree - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=533881-tree&oq=533881-tree&gs_l=psyab.3...58930.58930.0.59542.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0. ..1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.yYjbJCS4gTQ#imgrc=orCsHNuBhMZQ6M: [Accessed 14 May 2017]. 46. DROPS-OF-WATER-578897_960_720 - GOOGLE SEARCH Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). dropsof-water-578897_960_720 - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/ search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=drops-of-water-578897_960_720&oq=drops-of-water-578897_960_720&gs_l=psyab.3...88585.88585.0.90423.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0.. .1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.nKDbxj8x_pE#imgrc=_931zHbYqtTXHM: [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017]. 47. GENERIC+FIRE+2 - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). generic+fire+2 - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=generic%2Bfire%2B2&oq=generic%2Bfire%2B2&gs_l=psyab.3...78197.78197.0.78980.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0. ..1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.V7IrToaDCkg#imgrc=ObYs0j2XVgR_9M: [Accessed 17 Jul. 2017]. 48. AIR IMAGES - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). air images Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=air+images&oq=air+images&gs_l=psyab.3...32819.34482.0.34946.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0. ..1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.xQFRB6SlcZo#imgrc=BdOgfnnVt4Bq-M: [Accessed 18 May 2017]. 49. 635946079369292663704993993_SOUNDWAVES_1024 - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). 635946079369292663704993993_sound-waves_1024
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- Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa =1&q=635946079369292663704993993_sound-wa ves_1024&oq=635946079369292663704993993_ sound-waves_1024&gs_l=psyab.3...98950.98950.0.100302.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0 ...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.Of5PEbifQJw#imgrc=nFLtK7whPGjwMM: [Accessed 17 Jun. 2017]. 50. LIGHT_SHINING1 - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). Light_shining1 - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=Light_shining1&oq=Light_shining1&gs_ l=psyab.3...80133.80133.0.81662.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0. ..1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.4h9IAIo9iKg#imgrc=A0kEmflzKRzWvM: [Accessed 18 May 2017]. 51. 469309MAIN_20100711ECLIPSE - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). 469309main_20100711eclipse - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/ search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=469309main_20100711eclipse&oq=469309main_20100711eclipse&gs_l=psyab.3...109000.109000.0.110021.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0. ...0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.PoJcQpFdxns#imgrc=bbRHYSdnQptOKM: [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. 52. OUTDOOR-YOGA-SAN-FRANCISCO - GOOGLE SEARCH Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). outdoor-yoga-san-francisco - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=723&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=outdoor-yoga-san-francisco&oq=outdoor-yoga-san-francisco&gs_l=psyab.3...119181.119181.0.126959.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0. ...0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.Gv1JGFwJzuo#imgrc=Rb84cT5-J5xlLM: [Accessed 17 May 2017]. 53. BING MAPS Your Bibliography: Bing Maps. (2017). Bing Maps. [online] Available at: https://www.bing.com/maps [Accessed 18 Jul. 2017].
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54. SPIRIT BODY AND MIND DIAGRAM - GOOGLE SEARCH Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). spirit body and mind diagram - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/search?q=spirit+body+and+mind+diagram&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_k_-57pbXAhUMKFAKHdipCAYQ_AUICigB&biw=1517&bih=777#imgrc=CvlhGWtCNcs0aM: [Accessed 21 Apr. 2017]. 55. THE RACIAL DOT MAP | DEMOGRAPHICS Your Bibliography: Demographics.coopercenter.org. (2017). The Racial Dot Map | Demographics. [online] Available at: http://demographics.coopercenter.org/racial-dot-map/ [Accessed 22 May 2017]. 56. 3-SELF-MIND-HEART-BODY - GOOGLE ZOEKEN Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). 3-Self-Mind-HeartBody - Google zoeken. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?q=3-Self-Mind-Heart-Body&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT6IW3iJjXAhWJWRoKHUhoA7AQ_AUICigB&biw=1517&bih=777#imgrc=0N3EmUl0mBjEKM: [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017]. 57. PLATONICSOLIDS - GOOGLE SEARCH Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). platonicsolids - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www. google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=777&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=NfX2WYrFAoaxaYLLotAK&q=platonicsolids&oq=platonicsolids&gs_l=psyab.3...193180.196913.0.197208.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 ..0.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.OeGhIksNNgA#imgrc=4wwzrp7efX0yAM: [Accessed 30 Apr. 2017]. 58. HIPPIE CULTURE IN SAN FRANCISCO GOOGLE SEARCH Your Bibliography: Google.nl. (2017). hippie culture in san francisco - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google.nl/search?dcr=0&biw=1517&bih=777&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=_PX2WdnqKcGGaLGniNAK&q=hippie+culture+in+san+francisco&oq=hippie+culture+in+san+francisco&gs_l=psy-
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