Lordez Asafo-Boakye, Lauren Davidson, Brittany James, Trang Nguyen, Conrad Sander

INTERCULTURAL GLOBAL HEALTH & NUTRITION

OBESITY

Insights on the prevalence of obesity and 10 possible solutions. Brittany James, BSPS candidate LUNCH DIABETES

Find out Perspective different ways toon the incoming diabetes crisis and a revamp your plate.projection of how it will affect everyday life. Lauren Davidson, BSPS candidate

MALNUTRITION

Reasons for malnutrition and solutions to mitigate the problem. Trang Nguyen, BSPS candidate

HYPERTENSION

Education on hypertension, its nutritional causes, and potential treatment, Lordez Asafo-Boakye, BSPS student

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Management of chronic diseases caused by insufficient/over-sufficient nutrition. Conrad Sander, BSPS student

NUTRITION

Nutrition is the assimilation by living organisms of food materials that enable them to grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce. Nutrition is related to many aspects of global health issues. Every country suffers from the problems with nutrition. In this publication, we will discuss the different forms of conditions and diseases caused by malnutrition and the management of them. Some of the topics we will be discussing are obesity rates, malnutrition, disease management, hypertension, and diabetes. Globally, all of these topics pose a significant risk to human health. As students in the pharmaceutical science program at Purdue University, we are interested in how these threats impact us globally, and how we can create healthier generations.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

OBESITY

BY BRITTANY JAMES

Background

Since 1975, obesity rates have nearly tripled. In 2016, 1.9 billion adults were overweight and of those, 650 million were obese. Obesity rates are consistently over increasing despite it being preventable. In the U.S., 70.9% of men and 61.9% of women are overweight or obese compared to 38% of men and 36.9% of women worldwide.

Global Implications

Prevalence of Adult Obesity: Asia vs the USA

Compared to the United States, Asian countries have significantly lower rates of obesity. The highest rates of obesity in Asia are in Thailand and the lowest rates are in India. It is possible that low obesity rates in India are due to cultural traditions of food and/or religion. Prevalences of obesity are rising in Asia due to globalization and urbanization.

30.2% 6.8% 2.2%

USA Thailand India

USA: Fast Food and Obesity Rates

It is no secret that U.S. obesity rates are rising due to the number of fast-food chains. Not only are these fast-food chains so dominant in society, but they also serve many chemicals that are banned in some other countries because of the implications they have on our health. One example of this is astaxanthin, which is a food dye that gives farm-raised salmon its coral color. It can be hazardous to our health and is banned in Australia and New Zealand, but still approved as safe to use in the U.S.

Socioeconomic Status and Obesity

According to a study done by Lindsay McLaren, evidence from different countries including Europe, the U.S., Australia, and Canada, higher socioeconomic groups tended to have healthier diets and less obesity rates. This conclusion is also true for individuals that live in poverty within the U.S.

Ritchie H, Roser M. Obesity. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/obesity. Published August 11, 2017. Accessed April 11, 2022.

By definition, "obesity" is a condition involving excessive bodily fat. The standard BMI for a healthy adult male and female is between 18.5 and 24.9. Overweight is a BMI between 25 and 29.9. Obesity is a BMI over 30. Despite the controversy behind the metric used for considering patients as overweight or obese, it is still a reference used in medical practices today.

Solutions

Consume less processed foods.

Engage in exercise every day.

Eat more fruits and vegetables.

Eat more fiber.

Get 7-8+ hours of sleep per day.

Focus on reducing stress levels.

Consume low-glycemic foods.

Contact your doctor to check for hormonal imbalances.

Professional Opinion

There are so many factors that may cause obesity. I believe that society is becoming much more stressed with work that our health is not prioritized anymore. Better education on how our daily choices (lack of exercise, excess consumption of processed foods, etc.) have tremendous impacts on our health must be done.

Brittany James, BSPS candidate, Spring 2022 Purdue University Fun fact: Some countries in Africa and other regions in the world consider overweight and/or obese individuals as wealthy.

Currently, there are over 400 million people with diabetes worldwide and over 1.9 million deaths per year from diabetes. By 2045 projections show that 700 million people will have diabetes worldwide. predict that over ⅕ of the And by 2060 they U.S population will have diabetes. The majority of those new patients start in childhood. This global health crisis projects a future that affects three main parts of everyday life.

ADVERSE EFFECTS:

DIABETES

BY LAUREN DAVIDSON BSPS student

Chronic diseases such as diabetes come with a bevy of side effects that appear and intensify with time. The longer you have diabetes the more likely you are to get adverse effects such as peripheral diabetic neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, or strokes. In the future, as more children get diabetes these effects will increase in prevalence.

HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

Due to the young patient population, and increasing prevalence of debilitating side effects more patients will be hospitalized for longer. An increased hospitalized population creates a new burden that will increase wait time and prices for medications and therapies.

JOBS, MONEY, AND THE ECONOMY

Finally, individuals' ability to work and provide for themselves will be affected by the increase in diabetes patients. For example out of the 50% that live with painful diabetic neuropathy an estimated 35-43% have their employment status affected, missing upwards of 5.5 days per month due to chronic neuropathy caused by diabetes.

SOLUTIONS/Personal Opinion

Overall, future diabetes populations will affect all aspects of life worldwide. To combat diabetes obesity, malnutrition, and lifestyle choices, which are further discussed in other articles within this journal, need to be a topic of early education for adults to children. Awareness along with good nutrition options are the key to halting this crisis. - L. Davidson

DIABETES: a chronic disease that affects how your body turns food into energy. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking cells that create insulin. While type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance that is created by an unhealthy diet or obesity.

MALNUTRITION

BY TRANG NGUYEN

Malnutrition has been a concerned problem around the world with only a few countries can meet the nutrition targets. Accroding to the World Health Organization, malnutrition can be classified into two categories (1) undernutrition (stunning, wasting, underweight) and (2) overweight, obeisty, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases. Source: 2021 Global Nutrition Report

The most common cause of undernutrition and inadequate vitamins or minerals is the lack of access to food and/or nutritious food due to poverty and geographical constraints. This is especially true in regions such as West and Central Africa and Asia where the prevalence of malnutrition is very high. The consequences are tremendous, including delayed growth, impaired brain function, and even death, without timely intervention.

Culture, religion, and social media are other indirect factors resulting in inadequate food intake. In some countries, especially in Asia, there is a strict standard to be considered as a good-looking person with the physical appearance of a slim body and pale white skin. People are obssessed with these standards, believing it to be more admirable and is likely to obtain more opportunities and promotions in life. Social media also spreads the image of slim celebrities with a low nutrition diet for the purpose of losing weight in a short period of time. Some even stop eating and drink water for a few days or just have one meal a day to lose weight at a faster speed.

As malnutrition becomes a major public health problem in developing countries, many governments and non-profit organizations are donating nutritious food and technology to help people access food more easily. There are also some solutions to address and promote nutritional information in public such as schools' lunch programs and community campaigns. Social media should be used more efficiently to inform people about nutrition and maintain healthy diets.

Overall, malnutrition is the inadequate intake of food and it is one's responsibility to make nutritious and healthy food choices. In addition, it is crucial to appreciate and minimize food waste due to food disparity based on geography and economy. ~ T. Nguyen

Hypertension, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is defined as blood pressure levels over 140/90 mmHg. Over a billion adults across the globe struggle with high blood pressure. The condition may be caused by underlying, uncontrollable factors such as old age, family history or preexisting health conditions such as diabetes. Other causes can include a lack of exercise, obesity and high alcohol and caffeine consumption. However, hypertension has causes that relate to poor nutrition.

A study done by BMC Public Health, suggests that higher prevalence rates of hypertension in the Who Africa region could be due to a major lack of awareness, especially in the elderly. And due to this, people with hypertension may not know how to monitor, treat, or simply know what is causing their condition, or the fact that they even have it. The study concluded that with educating the population and providing treatment, people with hypertension were able to control and properly manage their condition.

Nutritional Causes of Hypertension

Poor nutritional habits are a major contribution to elevated blood pressure levels. Dietary practices such as high salt intake, eating foods rich in fats (especially unsaturated), and the lack of vegetables and fruits in the diet are all reasons one may develop hypertension.

Statistics from WHO show that about 1.3B adults around the world have high blood pressure. The WHO region with the highest prevalence of hypertension is the Africa region. The Americas on the other hand, had the lowest prevalence of hypertension within the population at a rate of 18%. The disparity seen in these prevalence rates could be due to differences that may be seen in quality of nutrition and the varying socioeconomic levels.

Regional disparities

Across the Globe Potential Complications & Treatment

Numerous complications arise from hypertension, some of which include arrhythmias, myocardial infarctions, and heart failure. Treating and monitoring hypertension is crucial to preventing more concerning health conditions. Hypertension can be prevented or even improved by making simple lifestyle changes such as frequent monitoring, balanced diets, and exercising more. There are also many drugs on the market to treat the condition and prevent any further complications.

Opinions

In my opinion, hypertension can be easily prevented or even managed with simple lifetsyle changes. Long-term therapies to reduce blood pressure may be costly for some and so making simple lifestyle changes such as reduced sodium diets and exercising regularly could be highly beneficial . 53 LAsafo-Boakye.

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

BY CONRAD SANDER Chronic diseases and complications that stem from from insufficient or oversufficient caloric intake can have major effects on the body's ability to operate and function. Proper nutrition is essential for children's development. If not properly treated, children that are suffering from oversufficiency and undersufficiency of nutrition are at a high risk of developing serious chronic conditions. Learning the ways to manage and prevent these diseases are crucial to living with them.

Oversufficiency Management

Diseases and complications associated with excessive nutrition intake include;

Obesity

Heart Disease and Stroke

Type 2 Diabetes

Certain Types of Cancers Obesity is the most prevalent of these diseases in the United States. Management of this disease is crucial to prevent further complications through health eating plans, regular physical activity, changing of dietary habits, and (if necessary) weight-loss medicines/surgery. Heart disease and strokes are serious diseases that are common in individuals with poor nutrition habits. To prevent this; monitor blood pressure, manage high cholesterol and triglyceride levels with fish pills and use. Type 2 diabetes is limit alcohol and cigarette another serious disease that can be managed by consuming foods rich in fiber and healthy carbs to keep blood glucose levels steady and monitoring and recording these levels. Certain cancers like colon and uterine can result of an unhealthy diet. Cancers should be managed by treatment using surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Diseases and complications caused by insufficient nutrition that develop from a young age have long-term effects on growth, immunity and psychology.

Dietary changes are conducted in a rural a challenge for everyone. A study Peruvian village has shown the difficulty of dietary changes due to cultural and environmental factors. These variables must be accounted for when promoting healthy diets.

4

HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN UNDER 5 IN THE INDIAN STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH THAT SUFFER FROM MALNUTRITION BY DISTRICT

District Bahraich

Stunted 52.1%

Underweight Wasted 38% 14.3%

Shravasti 50.9% 40.8% 20.3%

Balrampur 41.1% 37.2% 24.9%

All India 35.5% 32.1% 19.3%

Statistics courtesy of National Family Health Survery of India 2019-2021 http://rchiips.org/nfhs/factsheet _ NFHS-5.shtml

Undersufficiency Management

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor are conditions that are mostly found in children and are caused by lack of access to food resulting in severe undernutrition. Marasmus is caused by longterm expenditure of more energy than a person is taking in and results in sever weight loss, dehydration, and diarrhea. Marasmus can be managed by;

Rehydration and Nutrition Rehabilitation

Gradually Increasing Nutrient Up-Take Kwashiorkor is caused by a protein deficiency and causes stunted growth and swelling of the appendages and stomach. Kwashiorkor can be managed by a treatment plan that starts with an increase of carbohydrates, sugars and fats until the person is stabilized then supplied with proteins.

Professional Opinion

If you or someone you know if suffering from a nutrition disorder, please contact your doctor or dietician. These treatments vary and are diet and lifestyle focused. C. Sander

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