The Pathophysiological Effects of Fluid-Structure Interaction Of Species Transported and Transformed in Human Urinary System

The Pathophysiological Effects of Fluid -Structure Interaction of Species Transported and Transformed in Human Urinary System

Abstract

The human body is a complex network of interrelated systems and units that operate to maintain homeostatic equilibrium and physiological orderliness. These phenomena are realizable if the different physiological components such as cells, tissues and organs relate properly to make feasible the delivery of nutrients (molecular species) to appropriate site and the disposal of waste from the site. The preceding mechanism is possible due to the physicochemical interactions of the complex fluid (medium of species transport) with the organs of the body. The distortion in the mechanism of transport and interaction is leading precursor to the pathological conditions. This study intends to investigate the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction conducted in to human urinary system. A detail qualitative study will gather data on the various parameters responsible for be the physiological functionality of the urinary system. The data will subsequently be couple into a modelling platform that will help in quantifying and systematically study the mechanism of species transport and physicochemical interaction of these species as they are deliver and dispose from site of interest within the system under investigation. The anticipated goal of this work is to use the modelling platform as a tool to better under the pathophysiological behavior of the system and help enhances measures currently in place to

connected to the urinary system. the conventional diagnostic and therapeutic address range of pathophysiological effects

Introduction

The functions of the urinary system is more than just removing urine in our body. Its primary purpose is the removal of metabolic waste, in addition to that it regulates blood volume and blood pressure and secretion of hormones in response to how much blood is flowing through them. Fluid deficiency or excessiveness of fluid has an effect on this regulation. The urinary system also regulates the plasma concentration of various electrolytes and minerals such as sodium, potassium, chlorides etc. It helps stabilize blood ph, and conserves valuable nutrients. The most important organ in the urinary system are the kidneys. They consist of two, one on either side of the spine, and it is where the urine is produced. One liter of blood flows through each kidney per minute which makes it one of the main organs in our body, Besides the kidneys, there are other organs that are crucial to the task of the urinary system such as the ureters which are the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to a temporary storage. The urinary bladder which can store between 400-1000 ml of liquid, and the urethra which is the canal that takes the urine finally out of the body; it is longer in males and shorter in females.

Urine is a waste product composed of mainly water, ions, nitrogenuos waste and small soluble compounds. It is fabricated in the kidneys and its composition can determine whether our kidneys are in good or poor health. The kidneys are the working unit in this systems, and the rest of the system transports the urine where out of the body. When the large blood supply enters the kidneys the nephrons remove waste, regulate the fluid composition , the ions , the acid base composition so that the blood leaving the kidneys is regulated, filtered and returned to the body and general circulation.

Motivation

Understanding the mechanisms for species transport and transformation within the urinary system is a prerequisite for many clinical diagnoses and therapeutic interventions, including kidney dialysis and transplantation. Aminata Diagne and Dr. Kazeem Olanrewaju

Chemical Engineering Department, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446

WORK IN PROGRESS

⮚ Review of the physiological operation of the urinary system which focus primarily on the removal of metabolic waste and regulation of blood volume and blood pressure has been conducted. ⮚ The transportation mechanisms within the system was equally explored qualitatively to affirmed the two most prominent mechanisms which include diffusion (transport of solute within a very small length scale (capillary) < 100nm) and convection for a relatively long distances (>200nm). ⮚ There are other transport mechanism which are not as prominent as the former two and these are neurotransmission (ions and neuron to urinary organ) via conduction and binding interaction of ligands within the urinary system. ⮚ The Transformation (chemical reaction) of species transported within the system and the various fluid-structure interactive mechanisms such as glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, plasma clearance of species within the system were reviewed. ⮚ The qualitative aspect of the work is almost completed and as such well position to move into the quantitative analysis. ⮚ This step involve numerical experimentation of the various processes reviewed using comsol multiphysics and simpleware as the computational platform for these analysis.

COMSOL MULTI-PHYSICS PLATFORM: MODELING FRAMEWORK DESGNIATED FOR THE SIMULATION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Methods

Image to model object: Due to the complex structure of human urinary system and complications attributable to generating convoluted images of the human physiological structures in general, images of human urinary organs will be imported, visualized, processed and converted to simulation ready model object within the SimpleWare modeling platform.

Two routes are considered for image generation: 1) Human urinary Image data from CT -Scan, MRI scanned images and saves as digital image communication in medicine (DICOM). This image will be afterward imported into

SimpleWare modeling environment for further conversion into high quality model object fitted for simulation. 2) Image obtain as JPEG from licensed image data bank which is converted and save as DICOM image file. It is subsequently imported into SimpleWare for analysis as in (1).

Model Object Importation into Comsol Multi-Physics Human urinary model object is imported into COMSOL Multiphysics simulation environment to study the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction of transported and transformed species in this system.

Conclusion and Future Work

Qualitative review of the project focus is nearly completed. The next stage is to conduct the numerical quantification of the mechanism of species transport and transformation and their corresponding impact on the physiological and pathophysiological operations within the urinary system.

Acknowledgments

R&I’s Office of Undergraduate Research (OUR Financial supports provided by the National Natural Science and Undergraduate Medical Academy, Prairie View A&M University.

References

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https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/ https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-andprevention/anatomy-of-the-urinary-system Truskey, George A., et al. Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. Zimmermann, Kim Ann. “Urinary System: Our Avenue for Gas Exchange.” LiveScience, Purch, Aug. 2019, www.livescience.com/22616-urinary-system.html. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/human-kidneymagnification-body-medical-diagram-104159000

THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF SPECIES TRANSPORTED AND TRANSFORMED IN HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM

Aminata Diagne and Kazeem Olanrewaju | Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering

Introduction

The human body is a complex network of interrelated systems and units that operate to maintain homeostatic equilibrium and physiological orderliness. These phenomena are realizable if the different physiological components such as cells, tissues, and organs relate properly to make feasible the delivery of nutrients (molecular species) to appropriate sites and the disposal of waste from the site. The other mechanism is possible due to the physicochemical interactions of the complex fluid (medium of species transport) with the body’s organs. The distortion in the mechanism of transport and interaction is a leading precursor to the pathological conditions. This study intends to investigate the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction in the human urinary system. A detailed qualitative study will be conducted to gather data on the parameters responsible for the urinary system’s physiological functionality. The data will subsequently be couple into a modeling platform that will help in quantifying and systematically study the mechanism of species transport and physicochemical interaction of these species as they are delivered and dispose of from site of interest within the system under investigation. The anticipated goal of this work is to use the modeling platform as a tool to better understand the pathophysiological behavior of the system and help enhance the conventional diagnostic and therapeutic measures currently in place to address the range of pathophysiological effects connected to the urinary system.

Materials and Methods

Image to Model Object Due to the complex structure of the human urinary system and complications attributable to generating convoluted images of the human physiological structures in general, images of human urinary organs will be imported, visualized, processed and converted to simulation ready model object within the SimpleWare modeling platform.

Two routes are considered for image generation: 1) Human urinary Image data from CT-Scan, MRI scanned images and saves as digital image communication in medicine (DICOM). This image will be afterward imported into a SimpleWare modeling environment for further conversion into a high-quality model object fitted for simulation. 2) Image obtain as JPEG from the licensed image data bank, which is converted and save as a DICOM image file. It is subsequently imported into SimpleWare for analysis as in (1).

Model Object Importation into Comsol Multi-Physics The human urinary model object is imported into COMSOL Multi-physics simulation environment to study the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction of transported and transformed species in this system.

Preliminary Results and Discussion (Work in Progress)

A review of the urinary system’s physiological operation, which focuses primarily on the removal of metabolic waste and regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, has been conducted. The transportation mechanisms within the system were equally explored qualitatively to affirmed the two most prominent mechanisms, which include diffusion (transport of solute within a tiny length scale (capillary) < 100nm) and convection for a relatively long distance (>200nm). Other transport mechanisms are not as prominent as the former two. These are neurotransmission (ions and neuron to a urinary organ) via conduction and binding interaction of ligands within the urinary system. The transformation (chemical reaction) of species transported within the system, and the various fluid-structure interactive mechanisms such as glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion, and plasma clearance of species within the system were reviewed. The qualitative aspect of the work is almost completed and, as such, an excellent position to move into the quantitative analysis. This step involves numerical experimentation of the various processes reviewed using comsol multiphysics and simpleware as the computational platform for these analyses.

Summary

A qualitative review of the project focus is nearly completed. The next stage is to conduct the numerical quantification of the mechanism of species transport and transformation and their corresponding impact on the urinary system’s physiological and pathophysiological operations.

References

[1] https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/ components/ [2] https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellnessand-prevention/anatomy-of-the-urinary-system [3] Truskey, George A., et al. Transport Phenomena In Biological Systems. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. [4] Zimmermann, Kim Ann. “Urinary System: Our Avenue for Gas Exchange.” LiveScience, Purch, Aug. 2019, www. livescience.com/22616-urinary-system.html.

Aminata Diagne is a junior, majoring in Chemical Engineering. Dr. Kazeem Olarenwaju is a Professor with research interests in Fluid-Structure interaction in Human Systems, Bio- renewable, and Supercritical Fluid Reaction, Energy and Environmental Systems Sustainability.