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The Pathophysiological Effects of Fluid-Structure Interaction of Species Transported and Transformed from Ambience to Human Digestive System
Indira Ribeiro and Kazeem Olanrewaju Chemical Engineering Department, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446
Abstract
The human physiological system comprises of numerous biological units that are meticulously design to bio-physicochemically interact with the complex fluid which serve to convey the different nutrients necessary for proper functioning of the human systems. Dysfunctionalities in these mechanisms of interaction are the leading causes of an array of pathological conditions which can be fatal and paralytic in their end effects on the affected individual. The nutrients transported are product of enzymatic and mechanical monomerization of life-supporting macromolecular compound such as polysaccharides, protein and lipid into simple molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. These mechanisms are made possible by a group of specialized organs grouped under the digestive system. These specialized organs is responsible for the diminution of nutritious macromolecular compound into various forms that can be transported and absorbed into various cells of the body. Alteration in the digestive processes, which include motility, secretion, digestion and absorption of nutritional species, can lead to an array of pathophysiological conditions. Thus, this study intends to investigate the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction in human digestive system. A detail qualitative study will be conducted to gather data on the various parameters responsible for the physiological functionality of the digestive system. The data will be subsequently couple into a modelling platform that will help in quantifying and systematically study the mechanism of species transport and physicochemical interaction of species as they relate to the digestive system. The goal of this work is to use the modelling platform as a tool to better understand the pathophysiological behavior of the system and help enhances the conventional diagnostic and therapeutic measures currently in place to address range of pathophysiological effects connected to the digestive system.
Introduction
Digestion has to do with how the food one eats is transformed into nutrients in his or her organism which later on becomes a source of fuel , development, and cell repair.
The alimentary canal, which is also known as the gastrointestinal tract, is a digestive tube that goes within the body. Its purpose is to breakdown the food in small fragments and engrosses it into the blood. The alimentary canal involves the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The large intestine leads to the terminal opening(anus).
The accessory digestive organs involve the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, and a number of large digestive gland, the salivary. glands, liver, and pancreas. The teeth and tongue are located in the oral cavity, the digestive glands and gallbladder are located in the exterior of the GI tract and link to it by ducts. The accessory digestive glands create a variation of discharges that support the breakdown of food.
Transportation Mechanisms within the Human Digestive System
The digestive process starts when food enters the mouth. When the food gets in the mouth it moves through the GI tract, once the food is swallowed, the tongue shoves it into the throat. After that, the epiglottis folds over the windpipe to avoid choking and the food goes to the esophagus. Once the swallowing process begins, the progression becomes involuntary. The brain gives signals to the muscles of the esophagus and peristalsis (the automatic constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward) begins. When sustenance gets the end of the esophagus, a muscle the looks like a ring, lower esophageal sphincter, loosens and allows the food to go to the stomach. The sphincter typically stays locked to keep what is in the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus.
Transformation of Species Transported within the Human Digestive System Work in Progress
LICENSED IMAGE DATA BANK: X-RAY IMAGES OF THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
COMSOL MULTI-PHYSICS PLATFORM: A SIMULATION DESGNIATED FOR THE SIMULATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Motivation
The survival and the wellness of the human system and the digestive in particular depends on two major mechanisms which are transportation and transformation of species. Methods
Image to model object:
Due to the complex structure of human digestive system and complications attributable to generating convoluted images of the human physiological structures in general, images of human digestive organs will be imported, visualized, processed and converted to simulation ready model object within the SimpleWare modeling platform.
Two routes are considered for image generation: 1) Human immune Image data from CT-Scan, MRI scanned images and saves as digital image communication in medicine (DICOM). This image will be afterward imported into SimpleWare modeling environment for further conversion into high quality model object fitted for simulation. 2) Image obtain as JPEG from licensed image data bank which is converted and save as DICOM image file. It is subsequently imported into SimpleWare for analysis as in (1).
Model Object Importation into Comsol Multi-Physics
Human digestive model object is imported into COMSOL Multi-physics simulation environment to study the pathophysiological effect of fluidstructure interaction of transported and transformed species in this system
Conclusion and Future Work
Qualitative analysis of the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction of species transported and transformed is near completion. The research work is currently position to step into modeling of the human digestive system using Simpleware and Comsol Multiphysics platforms to quantify the numerical implication of the focus of this work. The qualitative analysis of the fluid-structure interaction of species will end the review process and precede the numerical simulation of the various transport and transformation of species digestive system. The transportation mechanisms perpetuated within the system will be carefully quantified while species transformation (chemical reaction) within the digestive system will be numerically evaluated to predict their effect on the functionality of the digestive organs.
Acknowledgments
R&I’s Office of Undergraduate Research (OUR and Undergraduate Medical Academy, Prairie View A&M University.
References
1. Boldyreff, W.N. Surgical method in the physiology of digestion.
Description of the most important operations on digestive system.
Ergebnisse der Physiologie 24, 399–444 (1925).. 2. Savoie, L., Digestion and absorption of food: usefulness and limitations of in vitro models; Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 1994, 72:407-414, 3. Patricia JJ, Dhamoon AS. Physiology, Digestion. [Updated 2019 Jul 7].
In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/ 4. [4] Truskey, George A., et al. Transport Phenomena in Biological
Systems. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. 5. [5] Ogobuiro I, Tuma F. Physiology, Gastrointestinal. [Updated 2020
Mar 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537103/
Indira Ribeiro and Kazeem B. Olanrewaju | Affiliation(s): Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering
Introduction
The human physiological system comprises numerous biological units that are meticulously designed to bio-physicochemically interact with the complex fluid, which conveys the different nutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the human systems. Dysfunctionalities in these mechanisms of interaction are the leading causes of an array of pathological conditions that can be fatal and paralytic in their end effects on the affected individual. The nutrients transported are a product of enzymatic and mechanical monomerization of life-supporting macromolecular compounds such as polysaccharides, protein, and lipid into simple molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. These mechanisms are made possible by a group of specialized organs grouped under the digestive system. These specialized organs are responsible for the diminution of the nutritious macromolecular compound into various forms that can be transported and absorbed into the body’s various cells. Alteration in the digestive processes, including motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption of nutritional species, can lead to an array of pathophysiological conditions. Thus, this study intends to investigate the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction in the human digestive system. A detailed qualitative study will be conducted to gather data on the various parameters responsible for the physiological functions of the digestive system. The data will be subsequently couple into a modeling platform that will help in quantifying and systematically study the mechanism of species transport and physicochemical interaction of species as they relate to the digestive system. The goal of this work is to use the modeling platform as a tool to better understand the pathophysiological behavior of the system and help enhances the conventional diagnostic and therapeutic measures currently in place to address the range of pathophysiological effects connected to the digestive system. Hypothesis: Alteration in the mechanism of transport and transformation of species in the digestive system is the primary precursor of most pathophysiological conditions associated with the system.
Materials and Methods
Image to model object: Due to the complex structure of the human digestive system and complications attributable to generating convoluted images of the human physiological structures in general, images of human digestive organs will be imported, visualized, processed and converted to simulation ready model object within the SimpleWare modeling platform.
Two routes are considered for image generation: 1) Human digestive Image data from CT-Scan, MRI scanned images, and saves as digital image communication in medicine (DICOM). Afterward, this image will be imported into a SimpleWare modeling environment for further conversion into a high-quality model object fitted for simulation. 2) Image obtain as JPEG from the licensed image data bank, which is converted and saved as a DICOM image file. It is subsequently imported into SimpleWare for analysis as in (1).
Model Object Importation into Comsol Multi-Physics The human digestive model object is imported into COMSOL Multi-physics simulation environment to study the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction of transported and transformed species in this system
Preliminary Results and Discussion (Work in Progress)
Qualitative analysis of the pathophysiological effect of fluidstructure interaction of species transported and transformed is near completion. The research work is currently position to step into the modeling of the human digestive system using Simpleware and Comsol Multiphysics platforms to quantify the numerical implication of the focus of this work. The qualitative analysis of the fluid-structure interaction of species will end the review process and precede the numerical simulation of the various transport and transformation of species digestive system. The transportation mechanisms perpetuated within the system will be carefully quantified. In contrast, species transformation (chemical reaction) within the digestive system will be numerically evaluated to predict their effect on the functionality of the digestive organs.
Summary
A qualitative review of the subject guiding this study has virtually be completed. Two computational platform simpleware and comsol multiphysics are intended to be used to quantitatively study the numerical implication of the pathophysiological effect of fluid-structure interaction of species transported and transformed.
References
[1] Boldyreff, W.N. Surgical method in the physiology of digestion. Description of the most important operations on the digestive system. Ergebnisse der Physiologie 24, 399–444 (1925)... [2] Savoie, L., Digestion, and absorption of food: usefulness and limitations of in vitro models; Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 1994, 72:407-414, [3] Patricia JJ, Dhamoon AS. Physiology, Digestion. [Updated 2019 Jul 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/ [4] Truskey, George A., et al. Transport Phenomena In Biological Systems. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. [5] Ogobuiro I, Tuma F. Physiology, Gastrointestinal. [Updated 2020 Mar 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537103/
Indira Ribeiro is a junior, majoring in Chemical Engineering. Dr. Kazeem Olanrewaju Professor with research interests in FluidStructure interaction in Human Systems, Bio-renewable, and Supercritical Fluid Reaction, Energy and Environmental Systems Sustainability
