Urban precincits studio report by qinyang zhu

Grattan Street-Town & Gown Urban Precinct Studio ABPL 30051 Module 3 Individual Report Coordinator: Barrie Shelton

Tutors: Chiu chen-yu Fernando Li Dan Group 9 Qinyang zhu 380214 (Aland) 1

Contents Grattan Street-Town Gown

00 Introduction 01 Urban context analysis: 1.1 Regional access 1.2 Local access 1.3 Function Analysis 1.4 Activity Analysis 1.5 Heritage Building Analysis 1.6 Urban Fabrics 1.7 Building Interfaces 1.8 Landscape and open space

3 4 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

02 Development Strategies 03 Development Framework

15 16

3.1 City-scale Vision: a polycentric City 3.2 Regional Access 3.3 Local Access 3.4 Activities 3.5 Functional Use 3.5 Urban Fabrics 3.6 Building Interfaces 3.7 Open Space Activation 04 Deliverary 4.1 University Square 4.2 Grattan Street 4.3 New Medical Building Site 4.4 laneways 4.5 Pelham street 2

05 Conclusion 06 Reference List

16 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 32

00 Introduction

University’s 'window':

A ‘window’ (Grattan street and its south university precinct) in a ‘house’ (university) is a relationship between the inside of the house and the outside world (surrounding A 'window' (university square and suburbs as well as Melbourne metropolitan). It transmits south university precinct) in a 'house' light and air, and it allows glimpses between the public (university) is When a relationship between the and private realms. it fails to operate in these ways, inside of athe the Kunstler outside world it becomes merehouse whole inand the wall’. (1996: 83)

(surrounding suburbs as well as Melbourne metropolitan). It transmits light and air, and it allows glimpses between the public and private realms. When it fails to operate in these ways, it becomes a mere whole in the wall'. Kunstler (1996: 83)

Sens The study area (university main campus and the Parkville suburb along the Grattan street transect) is located 1.3 km north of Melbourne CBD. As the inner city suburbs, Parkville & Carlton possess very strong character of knowledge and health precinct. However, these two key characters are limited within the university area(house). At the same time, the Grattan street carrying heavy traffic is acting as a ‘wall’ isolates university with the surrounding suburbs. University has viewed this challenge and started to de-

Group 9

Team Members: Bond Chong, Iris Ding, Jane Wong, Qin Yang Zhu (Aland)

velop university expansion, which integrated surroundings in its precinct(TCLLA, 2011). Recently, in 2001, the creation of university square, which was a private owned land formerly occupied by a bowling club, is one very significant move transforming the Grattan street and its southern blocks to a university’s ‘window’(Buckridge,2001). Our vision seeks to reinforce the strategy, focusing on blurring the boundary between ‘town’ and ‘gown’, opening up university and integrated it with the general public..

Creating Enhanci

OPENING UP UNIVE

01 Urban Context Analysis 1.1.1 Traffic Analysis: East-west Disconnection

1.1 Regional Access Study Eastern Fw Case Study: Traffic Distribution Cross Broader Area

phase 1

Large Scale Analysis: In the city scale, the disconnection of east-west link namely, eastern freeway, (140,000 vpd), City link toll way (130,000 vpd),Western ring road (113,000 vpd),Prince highway (60,000 vpd), Racecource Road (39,000 vpd) Dynon Road (35,000 vpd)and Dockland hwy (11,000 vpd)(city-wide distributors), force massive non local traffic flowing into the Alexandra Parade(87,000 vpd)/Princes Street(56,000 vpd), Flemington Road(35,000 vpd), Victoria Parade/Victoria Street(28,000 vpd) (district distributors) (EWLNA, 2008)(Eddington, 2008). Due to the additional traffic, these district distributors suffers heavy traffic congestions during the peak periods.

Legends: District distributor Local distributor Collector (minor local road) Grattan St

This then further force many drivers to access through local streets. Grattan street as a local street, carries large amount of nonlocal traffic(20,000 vpd) from northeast(Princes street, Alexandra parade, Nicholson street & Hohnston street) to west and south west (Peel street, Flemington rd, Victoria street & Dudley street)(RATIO,2000).

More specifically, the traffic congestion during peak time is due to:  A mix of local traffic movement and commuter traffic. Indicated in the diagram, it is this east-west 10% nonlocal traffic from Eastern freeway occupies 60-70% traffic volume along the Grattan street(Eddington, 2008)(RATIO,2000).  Give priority for trams service operation (the public transportation along these roads also experience additional delay)(RATIO,2000).  priority for A number of institutional uses (e.g. hospitals along Flemington Road)(RATIO,2000). As the result, Grattan street as the local road even experience light/medium traffic delay 1-10/10-20 min during peak hours(EWLNA, 2008)(RATIO,2000). This then form the barrier between campus and Carlton south.

University Scale Analysis: Impermeable university superblock canalize traffic along its boundary, where heavy traffic segregates university from its surroundings & general public. Most small retailer units, open public spaces and activities are concentrated at center. This ‘grid erosion’ is a short step to the ‘Gated community‘, which is the university(Carmona, 2010).

1.1.2 Public Transport Analysis: Public transport Experience similar east-west disconnection issue. Because of the transport capacity constraints, delays as well as further 30% population growth by 2030, urgent improvement of public transport system are required(Eddington, 2008; EWLNA, 2008).

The key issues are:

Royal Park

New Market

Flemington Bridge

Clifton Hill

Victoria Park

Melbourne Uni

REB Footscray

Melbourne Uni

North Melbourne

Melbourne Central Southern Cross

Colling Wood

REB Parliament

Flinders St Flinders St

Rail Network Capacity Constrains East Richmond

Legends: Train line Tram line Bus line Main Transport Interchange Point

North Richmond

 Railway: During peak periods, many passengers particularly in northern and Clifton Hill groups are unable to board. In public transportation, the issue of east-west connection also exists(EWLNA, 2008).  According to East West transport supply and demand, all rail groups will experience significant growth in demand over the next two decades(6.6% on average). In which, Pressure on the Northern Group will be the greatest (9.5% peak hour growth) with a doubling in patronage within the next 8 to 10 years(EWLNA, 2008).  Tram & bus at Key east-west routes,(e.g. Victoria Street, prince st) and North-south route (e.g. Elizabeth st and swanston st,)experiences additional delays due to giving priority over traffic movements(EWLNA, 2008).  Inferior public transport system and city-wide traffic disconnection lead to the heavy non-local traffic along Grattan St.

Shrine of Remebrance

1.2 Local Access Study 1.2.2 Pedestrian Network

1.2.1 Cyclist Network The key challenges are:

 In general, most cycling routes are provided along the main street. Heavy traffic along the Grattan street and Royal parade becomes the safety concern for cyclists.  Along the key access routes, namely royal parade, Elizabeth Street and Flemington Road, there is no sign for bicycle lane.  In a regional scale, the bicycle network seems disconnected and fragmented. Limited bicycle route discourage the bicycle use(Public Transport Victoria, 2010).

Opportunities:

 Some inner suburbs(e.g. North Melbourne) don’t have direct access to public transport, due to relative short distance to CBD and key services. However, the physical distance is too long for pedestrian walking. At these area, bicycles access routes connecting to key services could be vital.  By compare with car, bicycle perform much better in contributing to the street life without disturbing pedestrian. This can be great opportunity for opening up the university, if more direct riding routes could be provided with the large ‘gated’ blocks.

Along the Grattan street transect the key issues associated with the pedestrian network are listed below.

Inside University:

• Some paths are visually impermeable(e.g. medical building area), this erode the use of these streets. • Some areas within university are disconnected with streets(e.g. royal botanic garden).

Grattan street south:

• Most small laneways are underused and maintain low level of permeability. • Inferior laneway amenity discourage pedestrian access, and causing safety concerns. According the diagram, the orange areas indicated most problematic areas, which mostly are concentrated at south campus boundary, medical building and infrastructure engineering building, where street life is disappeared. This partially contributes to the segregation of town and gown as well.

1.3 Function Analysis The intermediate building function map also demonstrate the issue of town gown segregation.  The Parkville campus is occupied by university buildings which on the on hand give its strong local identity, however at the same time this makes the area mono functional.  East and west campus as the health precincts started to build certain relationship with general public. However, only necessary activities are accommodated (hospitals).  At the south campus (Grattan street south), the integration between university and Carlton suburbs though mixed building functions could be noticed. However, as the matter of fact, street life doesn’t thrive. This is because these

university buildings normally have on linear relationship with general public. In addition to access restrictions, such as Melbourne business school, the intention of inclusive university has not been fully achieved.  In general, the whole south Carlton area is underdeveloped. Function distribution of pedestrian friendly unit (e.g. restaurant, cafes) are fragmented. Meanwhile, the buildings at this area is vertically nonfunctional, which suppress street life.  Due to distinctive function difference between university and surrounding suburbs(west & east), University become an island segregated with surroundings.

Existing Functional use map Health/medical Education University general

The following diagram specifically examines if the building function has direct relationship with pedestrian at the street level. The active units indicated in green lines stands for, exhibits, Shops, sideway cafe, restaurants and yards, which attract pedestrians and stimulate more stationary activities. And the passive units, such as educational use only accommodate necessary activities and are used by certain group of people. The passive units do not contribute to street life but lead to ‘movement space’(Gehl, 2006). At the ground level:  Only Barry street, west Pelham street and GrattanSwanston street intersection can be ranked as ‘Social space’, where interaction between pedestrians occurs.  Due to the lack of continuous active units network, these fragmented areas provided little contribution to street life.  Grattan street occupied by large proportation of passive unit lead to the gown-town segregation.

Business residential Public park mixed Others: car parking, uniton, factory, construction site, undefined areas.

Active unit Medium Passice unit

Builing Function Along At Street level:

1.4 Activity Analysis: Places with social activities has been mapped in the diagram. The intention here is to unfold the issue between town gown disconnection through the aspect of activity distribution and disconnection. The key challenges revealed in this diagram are:  Activities in the campus are concentrated within the super block. In addition to the complex street network organization, these activities are isolated from the public (as mentioned in traffic session).  Some spaces are too open, which make people feel empty, and have dispersal effect on human activity(Gehl, 2006). e.g. university square.  Some places, in reverse, do not have a proper open space to accommodate the activities. e.g royal hospital  Many activities precincts are isolated, due to heavy traffic barrier, low number of street connection and poor street amenity. Some others are ‘hidden’ which is less visually

permeable. Opportunities: Lygon street gives a good example, which make whole street as an activity spine. As the matter of fact, certain degree of street activities has occurred across the Grattan street. In addition to the proximity to Lygon street, This gives base for Grattan street to develop into a new activities spine linking town and gown as well as Lygon street, therefore forming a more resilient activity network. Secondly potentials should be noticed, that many activities precincts do have different characters(i.e. people with diverse background). By encouraging cross background interaction, street activities will be increased exponentially. For instance, in front of royal Melbourne hospital, peoples who interact are mainly patients and their families. If the Grattan street is highly activated and accessible, patients and

Existing Activity Pricincts Study

The second diagram examines the night activity intensity through assessing the buildings' opening hour within a intermediate scale.  Lygon street and part of Swanston street exhibit high degree of night activities, whereas activities long Grattan street, university campus and south Carlton started to disappear since 6pm.  partially demonstrated in this diagram, Grattan street only provide limited number and types of activities and interactions.

Bulidng Closing Hours (to Public) Quality of activity pricincts: Gated Pleasing Medium Inferior

Closing hours 6pm

1am

their families may take a walk to south lawn and university square while they waiting, rambling or smoking. The energy of youth will help to release pressure and pains, helping them regain the joy and confidence in life. According to Allan Jacobs: ‘people should find the city a place where they can break from traditional moulds, extend their experience, meet new people, learn other viewpoints, and have fun’(Jacobs,1961).

Contemporary heritage value

1.5 Heritage Building Analysis Heritage value facades

Heritage telling our where we are from, Historical urban spaces provide an emotionally nourishfor the sense of idenity, its our root ing environment. The optimization of the visual, acoustical and tactile signals transmit rich content, forming strong local characters(Arida, 2002). The Parkville main campus extending from Grattan street to Swanston street, is the major historical core and is recognized with strong cultural values(Jackson, 2008)(City of Melbourne, 2010). These heritage buildings distinguish university with its surrounding terrace houses as two different sets of characters(City of Melbourne, 2012).

From the analysis the key challenges are:

 The concentration of heritage buildings maintains identical character of the main campus. However, partially due to the historical reasons, most heritage buildings are concentrated at the center. And the sequential educational buildings constructed around mid 20th century along the street exhibit low heritage value. The spatial isolation of major heritage buildings inhibit ‘the collective memory and common identity ‘ shared by general public.  Some heritage built forms prohibit the free movement between campus and outside. For instance, the heritage fence in front of the 1888 building, makes university exclusive. The lofty welcome building(John Medley), and high stairs discourage visitor access to the south lawn.  Grattan street south contains few number of heritage buildings. Meanwhile most of them are terrace houses. This strong contrasts segregate gown and town.

Opportunities: Moderate heritage value High heritage value Contemporary heritage value Heritage value facades

Many existing activities precincts, e.g. south lawn, are accommodated by heritages buildings. The heritage buildings do encourage the stationary activities, due to rich visual and historical content they transmit. New activities spines linking existing activities nodes or with the aim of connecting town and gown could be established along these buildings.

1.6.1 Grain Size:

1.6.2 Building Height:

When a street is cover by few large units, such as north side of Grattan street, the empty space is more likely to occur on the build¬ing facades. Street then, becomes monotonous. However, in a street with high density of units, this street tend to attract more people who have various interests. Secondly, large number of units make a street more spontaneous and unpredictable, because it is controlled by large number of owners. The street with large number of small units enhance the street diversity and stimulate street life(Gehl, 2006).  According to the map, university campus is defined as coarse grain area, which is occupied by large buildings.  In contrast, south Carlton contains more small units. This can be exemplified with Grattan street & Swanston street junction, Barry street and east Pelham street. According the activity analysis, normally, these areas also provide opportunities for activities to thrive.  The sharp contrast in terms of grain size between south and north Grattan street differentiates university from Carlton.  The educational buildings constructed at south Grattan street area also are large units, e.g. Alan Gilbert building, law building and economics buildings, which suppress street life.

The major aspects that relate to building height are ‘interactiveness’, ‘enclosure’ and ‘Micro-climate’. • ‘Interactiveness’: the meaningful contact of human only possible from first few floors. Low buildings along a street are in harmony with people movement and the way that function is sensed. Tall build¬ings are not. Meanwhile, according to Life between Buildings(Gehl, 2006), the distance for meaningful conversa¬tion is 1-3.75m (social distance), the most interactive part of the building are restricted at first two floors. In the study area, Barry street and south side of Grattan street show advantage on this criteria.  For Sitte(1889), s building height & street width ratio should kept between 1:2.5 and 1:1 which provide good sense of enclosure and light penetration. Along the Grattan street, medical building, Infrastructure engineering building tend to over-shade the street, while, buildings along the Leicester street failed to create the closure for university square.  ‘Micro-climate: Wind tends to bypass the low, densely built areas. However it is captured and directed downward, and intensified by tall and free standing buildings (e.g. Melbourne law building)(Gehl, 2006). • Tall building as landmark: In fact, especially when they are sitting among many low buildings, tall buildings with

Buliding Grain size

1.6 Urban Fabrics: interesting forms could become identical landmark(e.g. Finance and Economics build¬ing). These tall buildings could also facilitate orientation (Lynch, 1984). The analysis of building height demonstrates that nothing is absolutely positive or negative. The locality and surrounding environment needs to be well-considered for the sake of better social, environmental and visual performance.

Buliding Height & Human’s Vision Field

Buliding Height

Buliding Height & Micro-Climate

10 or more floors 5 - 9 floors 3 - 4 floors

1 - 2 floors

1.7 Building Interfaces: Flexible transitional zone often function as connecting links, that makes physically and psychologically easier for residents and activities to move between private and public(Gehl, 2006). Five transitional space elements are listed at right side of presentation. • Front yards: semi-public zones between street and facades (2-4m in depth) is visually accessible. It potentially gives chance for conservation between house owners and pedestrians, thereby activating public environment. e.g.Terrace house yard along the Barry street. • Green Space: Green space in front of the large buildings give pedestrian visual relaxing and diffuse public and private

sphere to some extent. • Low fence: Low fence reduces the visual barrier between public and private, but maintains space ownership. • Human scale building edges: Active edges such as half shade, colonnades, awnings and sunshades, and physical support have high potential allowing stationary activities to occur. The edge of a space provides best opportunities for surveying street due to less exposure under the public (when one’s back is protected, others can approach only frontally, making it easy to keep watch and to react)(Gehl, 2006). e.g. Giblin Eunson library.  Relatable seats provided by small cafes and dinning shops are arranged in the street. This gives pedes¬trian more

control on public space(Larice & Macdonald, 2007). • Transparent materials: through windows, by-passers will be able to see what is going on from the public. Public and private interface is activated. e.g. Business and economics building. On the contrary, sharply demarcated borders such as those found in some multi-storey residences make private and public interaction difficult. Indicated through those highlighted green area, overall, transitional zones are well designed at North Royal parade, Barry street and most parts of Grattan street and Swanston street. Places occupied by high proportion of hard edges are Berkeley street, some part of Pelham street and Bouverie street and most secondary laneways at south Carlton.

Front yard; green space (Bring visual interests) Soft edge Hard edge Low fence (Ensure visibility) Public

Semi-Public space

Active Edge:

Public

Human scale building edges (allow sitting and relying)

Transparent material (Ensure visibility)

1.8 Landscape and Open Space Analysis:

1.8.1 Sitting Spaces Due to time constrains, only formal outdoor sitting places were mapped. According to the outdoor sitting space distributions, university campus possess high proportion of sitting space. Whereas south Grattan street area only contains limited number of sitting places.  Along the Grattan street transect, formal sitting space only concentrates at Swanston street intersection. The uneven distribution explains the unbalanced stationary activity distribution between town and gown.  People feel comfortable in a space at least partly enclosed such as by trees(Gehl, 2006). When a person looks a place to sit down, he rarely chooses to sit exposed in the middle of and open space. Fixed chairs are awkward in open spaces, because there are so much space around them(Carmona, 2010). At university square, this issue becomes very noticeable.  Arrangement of seats: Inside university campus, many seats are arranged to facilitate interaction. This number reduces at Carlton south.  Many sitting spaces at Carlton south is made with concrete and blue stone which is physically uncomfortable to sit.

onment

Existing Street Furniture

Grass cover

Proposed Sitting Areasture

Shrubs cover

Proposed Bicycle Stations ture Proposed other Street Furnitures (Bins, Drinking Water) ture

Tree cover Tree cover (small) Modification area

1.8.2 Vegetation Analysis:

 University is characterized by a botanic garden quality with diverse vegetation types. This also provide habit for 1. Increase vegetation diversity small animals (TCLLA, 2011). along the university square.  In contrast, south Grattan street area does not perform this landscape quality as campus. Vegetation diversity is limited along Grattan street and university square (most of them are deciduous trees), Where during the winter, place

2 Increase medium height vegetastion cover makes square psychologically protected. enhance

tend to become dull and monotonous. This area, then perform weak ecological function.  In lack of medium height vegetation cover, open space (university square) seems empty and psychologically unprotected.  Multiple landscaped corridors gives campus a strong identity, while most small laneways at south blocks do not possess any vegetation, which discourage usage and feel unwelcoming.

BEFORE

1.8.3 Lighting Night lighting not only reflect the street amenity and safety at night, it is also an indicator of night activities.  From the map, west part of campus, Elisabeth Murdoch and the Ian Potter museum and most secondary laneway at south Carlton do not have proper lighting, which makes place unsafe.  Both Grattan street south and north campus possess reasonable amount of effect lighting which has positive effect on night life. However, the color of effect lighting is similar to normal street lighting.  Campus and Grattan street as well as the south block have different light style, this lead to incoherent identity between south campus and main campus.

Asphalt Grassland Blue stone Paving University Grey Brick Paving others (Sandpatch, stones, concrete bricks)

1 2 3 4

Effect lighting

1Very bright area 2Bright area 3Dark area 4Very dark area

1.8.4 Materiality  With the whole study area, many pedestrian prioritized street, such as gate 10, use asphalt as pavement material which seems pedestrian un friendly.  University is characterized with its yellow brick as it main surface pavement material. On the contrary, asphalt(main street) and blue stone(small lane ways) are most used at Grattan street south.  In general, the pavement continuity and consistence is required in order to achieve a more coherent identity between town and gown.

1.8.5 Spatial Experience Analysis

Analysis Spatial Experience Analysis al Experience Analysis ial Experience Analysis

Visual Experience: Culmination Scale of Place: Open Space Visual Experience: Culmination Visual Experience: Culmination Scale of Place: Open Space Audience: Pedestrian Scale of Place: Open Space Audience: Pedestrian Landscape: Deciduous/ EvergreenLandscape: Audience: Pedestrian Evergreen Deciduous/ Topography: Flat Topography: Flat Landscape: Deciduous/ Evergreen Topography: Flat

Visual Experience: Anticipation Visual Experience: Anticipation Scale of Place: Intimate Space Visual Experience: Anticipation ScaleScale of Place: Intimate Space of Place: Intimate Space Audience: Pedestrian Audience: Pedestrian Audience: Pedestrian Landscape: Evergreen Landscape: Evergreen Landscape: Evergreenslope Topography: Medium slope Topography: Medium Topography: Medium slope

Visual Experience: Entrance Visual Experience: Entrance Scale of Place: Monumental scaleVisual Experience: Entrance Scale of Place: Monumental scale Audience: Automobile/ PedestrianScale of Place: Monumental scale Audience: Automobile/ Pedestrian Audience: Automobile/ Pedestrian Landscape: Deciduous Landscape: Deciduous Landscape: Deciduous Topography: Flat Flat Topography: Flat Topography:

Visual Experience:Entrance?? Visual Experience:Entrance?? Visual Experience:Entrance?? Scale of Place: Lack of human scale Scale of Place: Lack of human scale Scale of Place: Lack/ of human scale Audience:Traffic Pedestrian Audience:Traffic / Pedestrian Audience:Traffic / Pedestrian Landscape: Deciduous Landscape: Deciduous Landscape: Deciduous Topography: Gentleslope slope Topography: Gentle Topography: Gentle slope Visual Experience: Anticipation Visual Experience: Anticipation Scale of Place: Lack of human scale Visual Experience: Anticipation Scale of Place: Lack of human scale ScaleAudience: of Place: Pedestrian Lack of human scale Audience: Pedestrian Audience: Pedestrian Landscape: Deciduous Landscape: Deciduous Landscape: Deciduous Topography: Gentle slope Topography: Gentle slope Topography: Gentle slope Visual Experience: Culmilation

Visual Experience: Culmilation Scale of Place: lack of human scale Visual Experience: Culmilation Scale of Place: lack of human scale Audience: Pedestrian Scale of Place: lack of human scale Audience: Pedestrian Landscape: Deciduous Audience: Pedestrian Landscape: Deciduous Topography: Gentle slope Landscape: Deciduous Topography: Gentle slope Topography: Gentle slope

Visual Experience: Culmination Place: Open Space This session combines Scale both of Kevin Lynch(Lynch, Audience: Pedestrian 2010) 1984) and Gordon Cullen's(Carmona, Landscape: Deciduous/ Evergreen Methods examine the spatial experience across Topography: Flat the university square and south lawn transect. The

transect is selected as one key illustration helping understand the relationship between town and Visual Experience: Anticipation gown.

From the are:

 The north-south transect contains very dynamic spatial experience, however the change of Visual Experience: Entrance experience is too dramatic, which weakens the Scale of Place: Monumental relationship between campus and south area. scale Audience: Automobile/diverse Pedestrian  North part of transect maintains Deciduousheights, and dense vegetationsLandscape: with various Topography: Flat occupies whereas at university deciduous plants most area.  Strong sense of entrance could be sensed at the north part, while there no sense of entering Visual Experience:Entrance?? at south. In fact the sense of entrance also segreScale of Place: Lack of human scale gate the university with south suburbs to some Audience:Traffic / Pedestrian degree. Landscape: Deciduous  The stairs (in front of john medley) gives Topography: Gentle slope dramatic visual changes for audience. But limited topographic change can be found at south, which makes university square empty. Visual Experience: Anticipation  South lawn is wellScale surrounded by numof Place: Lack ofahuman scale ber of medium height Audience: buildingsPedestrian with multiple narrow routes connecting open space. Whereas Landscape: Deciduous university is surround byTopography: very low buildings Gentle slope with few wide streets connecting the open space.  In general, north part facilitate activities Experience: and interactions while Visual maintain strong Culmilation locality. Scale of Place: lack of scale The south part, university square, in reverse,human transAudience: Pedestrian mits a empty feeling and have dispersal effect on Landscape: Deciduous activities.

Urban Precinct Studio

ng, Iris Ding, Jane Wong, Qin Yang Zhu (Aland)

Group 9

Team Members: Bond Chong, Iris Ding, Jane Wong, Qin Yang Zhu (Aland) s: Bond Chong, Iris Ding, Jane Wong, Qin Yang Zhu (Aland)

Urban Precinct Studio

ABPL 30052 Course Coordinator: Barrie Shelton

Urban Precinct Studio

ABPL 30052 Course Coordinator: Barrie Shelton

50m

Scale of Place: Intimate Space Audience: Pedestrian analysisLandscape: the key issues Evergreen Topography: Medium slope

Topography: Gentle slope

Urban Precinct Studio

ABPL 30052 Course Coordinator: Barrie Shelton

02. Development Strategies: B. Filling city-wide traffic gap

A. Shifting Melbourne into a polycentric city, connecting Parkville to the polycentric Melbourne

C. Making more reliable public transport, reinforce precincts as a important transport node D. Enriching and activating inter pedestrian and cycling links

Identity

Movement

Town & Gown Built Forms Function & Activity H. Creating a more pedestrian-friendly urban environment, enhancing streetscape vitality and robustness. G. Establishing a more enclosed, fine grain urban fabrics cooperated with soft edges 15

E. Diversifying functional use F. Activating a 24 hour city/campus

03 Development Framework: 3.1 City-scale Vision: A Polycentric City Epping airport Sydenham Greensborough

Broadmeadows

melton

Parkville/carlton:

sun shine

Education and health pricinct

Footscray:

Urban dencification and multiculture pricinct Doncaster

CBD

central pricinct werribee

Camberwell

Docklands:

Financial, insurance service and recreation caufield

Southbank: Arts, recreation

ST. kilda:

Business service Dandenong

Frankston

Ringwood

The vision, shifting Melbourne into a polycentric city is based on the understanding of the role and character of each precinct within the city, as well as the current traffic issue in the city. The strategies underlying this vision are: • Reinforce the identical character of each precinct, making stronger locality. • Increase the diversity within the city. • Promote urban self-resilience. • Relieve land pressure. • Certain functions will still be maintained and developed to ensure the lively places(e.g. restaurants and retailers). • Allow people to access opportunity more efficiently (through more fluid traffic flow). • Reinforce the connection(traffic, PT, cyclist and pedestrian) between precincts. Provide alternative transport routes to relieve the traffic pressure at CBD

3.2 Regional Access: Phase 2: 2020 +

It has been demonstrated in several traffic analysis papers, that significant improvements in railway, bus and tram speeds and reliability cannot be achieved without some impact on other road users. Rather than single way of solution, multi-model approach will be implemented. A package of traffic, transport, cycling and pedestrian strategies will be discussed in the interests of overall transport efficiency.

 Giving opportunity to improve public transport priority, reliability & street amenity on the surface. This ensures public transport will not be eroded by natural growth in traffic over time after the opening up of the tunnel.

3.2.1 Traffic:

 Break down university superblock, opening up Tin Alley to even up traffic along Grattan St. Interactions between university and public could thus be enhanced(Carmona, 2010).  Encourage non-local traffic access along Bouverie Street, Pelham Street, Morrah street & Gate House street to share the traffic load on Grattan street. These are intermediate solution which will be implemented during the first phase between 2012-2020.  Lighter traffic allows pedestrian activities to thrive along Grattan St. Opportunity to develop university’s window will be given(Jacobs,1961).  After the construction of new link in 2020, traffic along these local street will not even disturb street activity at all. Further decreased traffic(60-70%) enhances street robustness along the Grattan street.

Proposal Addressing Large Scale Issue:

New east-west tunnel linking Eastern Free way, Western Ring Road & City Link (finished in phase 2, 2020)(Eddington, 2008)(EWLNA, 2008)(EWLNA, 2008):  Aim is to fill the gap of Melbourne’s road network.  Carrying 30,000-60,000 Vehicles per day: Substantial non-local traffic will be removed (include Grattan Street).  Relieving congestion in the inner city and northern suburb arterial routes.

Phase 1: 2012-2020

Legends: New city wide distributor District distributor Local distributor Collector (minor local road) Grattan St

Proposal Addressing Issue Generated by University:

Predicted Traffic Reducation after the Construction of New Tunnel in 2021

Legends:

3.2.2 Public Transport

New Train line (Caufield-Footscray)

Proposals:

New Train line (Doncaster-Suthern Cross)

Establishing two New CBD rail links between West Footscray & Caulfield, Doncaster & CBD(EWLNA, 2008)(Eddington, 2008)(Public Transport Victoria, 2010).  Provide direct access for commuters travelling between the eastern and western suburbs.  The key interchange nodes, Collingwood, Melbourne university, Footscray, Flinders street & Shrine of Remembrance are set to feed existing travelling needs.

Train line Tram line Bus line Main Transport interchange point New/enhanced interchange point

Royal Park New Market

Flemington Bridge

Clifton Hill

Victoria Park

Melbourne Uni REB Footscray

Melbourne Uni

North Melbourne

Melbourne Central Southern Cross

Colling Wood

REB

Parliament

North Richmond

Flinders St Flinders St

East Richmond Shrine of Remebrance

 It also helps mitigate the east-west traffic congestion.  The introduction of new train station on southern university square, within the Carlton and Parkville will become a new traffic hub (pedestrian), which provide base for activity to thrive and promote interactions.

Tram, Bus & Taxis:

 More signal priority for trams and buses at intersections.  Built bus only lanes at Grattan street, princes street ,College Crescent and Cemetery road, ensuring the priority of public transportation.  Work with the Department of Transport, VicRoads and the Bus Association to improve bus frequency (401,402,546,205).  Increase bus services to meet late night travel demand. Expand the times and days of NightRider services. This will enable and promote the street activation on proposed activities precincts (Public Transport Victoria, 2010).  Managing taxi parking zones around activity precincts(Public Transport Victoria, 2010).

Logic of Station Placement:

By considering social, economic and physical factors, station are decided to put at Pelham street with two outlets at each side of station.  At the centre of urban renewal area(south Carlton), new railway link will greatly promote urban redevelopment (City of Melbourne, 2012).  The station is set along Pelham street in-between east (Swanston street) and west (Elizabeth street) tram & bus interchange nodes.  The balanced placement feed pedestrian flow to hospital, Lygon street, RGB, Melbourne Museum, Victoria market and Melbourne university.  This train station location is aim to increase the surrounding land value, where the potential is higher at south Carlton than Melbourne university and royal hospital site (’rent-gap theory’) (Smith, 1986).  The placement of station selection aims to reduce overall travelling distance between east and west, and reduce construction cost among the city.  The depth of building foundation (through measuring building height) and the possible places that two railway route could meet together were also been considered.  The high population flow (train station) + public open space will work together to enhance street life on university’s window.

3.3 Local Access

3.3.1 Cycling Network: A step further contribute to the inclusiveness of university campus could be achieved through a new bicycle network, the key proposals include: Larger Scale: • More routes connecting inner suburbs. • More bicycle priority routes & economy routes to ensure cycling safety. • A better connected network promoting cyclist accessing to university.  Reducing road pressure caused by vehicle traffic and rising chance for street activation. • Provide more bike sharing and parking facilities along key routes.

Enriching Internal Cycling and Pedestrian Links

Cyclist Network

Pedestria Network 500 m

Cyclist IntensiveNetwork Green

Pedestria Cyclist Network Network

Roof Network

500 m Major/minor transport interchange point Proposed bicycle lane Proposed informal bicycle path

egends:

Existing bicycle lane

Existing crossing

Existing pathway Internal pathway

Grattan Street Area:  Bicycle only lane will be established on Grattan street. • Enhance direct north-south, east-west connection within blocks. This encourage bicyclists to riding through the university, even if they are the outsiders. This, then could contribute to a more inclusive campus. Issues: laneways for informal cycling paths con• Few secondary Gtrattan St south: necting university square brings life to small lanes at south University: Grattan street area.paths are visually imper- 3. Most small laneways are 1. Some

500 m

Proposed bicycle lane Existing informal bicycle path Proposed informal bicycle path

meable, which undermines usage. underused with low level of 2. Some areas within uni are physical permeability. 4. Roof top space is underused. disconnected with streets.

500 m

Proposals: Larger scale:

• More routes connecting inner suburbs. • More and better connected bicycle & pedestrian priority routes to ensure traveling safety and enlarge choices. • More bike sharing and parking facilities along key routes.

Grattan street area:

• Enhance direct internal connection within blocks. Thus, contributing to inclusive campus and grattan St area. • Connect transport nodes, activity nodes, incooperat

Issues:

University:

Cyclist Network

ensive Green of Network

3.3.2

1. Some paths are visually imper- 3. Most small laneways are Pedestrians Network: meable, which undermines usage. underused with low level of 2. Some areas within uni are physical permeability. 4. Roof top space is underused. disconnected with streets.

The strategy is to establish a more permeable, legible pedestrian network enhance connection between town and gown.  Grattan street, gate 10 entrance, Wilson ave, Leicester street(phase 1, 2012-2020), pelham street, Medical road(the extension at exiting Largermedical scale: building site)(phase 2, 2020) will be major pedestrian prioritized routes. Barry street will be• More routes connecting inner suburbs. come fully pedestrianized street and be integrated as a part • More during and better connected of university square phase 2. bicycle & pedestrian priority ensure traveling safety and choices.  Vitalizeroutes directtointernal connections at enlarge both southern • More campus. bike sharing and parking facilities along key routes. area and university  Major public transport nodes will be better connected with pedestrian paths.street area: Grattan  Incooperate major historic buildings and greatblocks. public • Enhance direct internal connection within Thus, buildings. contributing to inclusive campus and grattan St area.  Public space & activities precincts will be better con• Connect transport nodes, activity nodes, incooperat nected. major historic & public buildings.  Increase permeability of small laneways(develop more Increase permeability ‘X’ junctions). •this enables choicesoftosmall be laneways(Xjunction sensed(Carmona,and intermediated markers). 2010). • Encourage deformed gridaccess in laneways to relate topologi Using some ‘C’ shape minor within the block to maintain certain permeability ofspatial finest experience. laneways(Carmona, cal features and enrich 2010). • Few secondary laneways for informal cycling paths could  Encourage bringdeformed life to smallgrid lanes.in local accesses: it enhances the topological features(nature locality) of the site and cir• Create a seconday roof top landscape as a tranquilizing culation variability(Marshall, 2005). space allowing moreindynamic public use.  local accesses could vary width of through: (a) Adding & connecting small intermediate open spaces; (b)increasing the path way width at turning point & entrance(awareness of choice)(Bentley, 1985).  Add intermediate markers at the ‘T’ junctions in local accesses to enhance visual legibility(Bentley, 1985).  Combining the grid structure(‘X’ junction) with tributary structures(cul-de-sac), maintain the relative connectivity and relative complexity(Marshall, 2005).

Proposals:

nds: Existing crossing Existing pathway Internal pathway Proposed crossing Proposed pathway Proposed internal pathway

Roof top semipublic space

Major/minor transport interchange point

Roof top connections

Pedestria Network

External access point (Roof garden)

Pedestrian Network

500 m Existing crossing Existing pathway Internal pathway Proposed crossing Proposed pathway Proposed internal pathway

Major/minor transport interchange point

Gtrattan St south:

3.4 Activities: The strategy is to take the advantage of existing activities precincts and places with activities potentials extending and linking them together forming a activity network. Major focus will be located on central north-south transect and Grattan street.  Grattan street will become a new activity spine connect existing activity precincts at royal Melbourne hospital, Swanston street intersection and Lygon street.  Taking advantage of pedestrian prioritized northsouth routes activating southwest part of campus, (current medical building site) and middle part (current infrastructure engineering site) linking them to Grattan street and south routes.  University square will be developed as new activity core linking its surrounding blocks as well as main campus.  A few number of small laneway will be activated as the intermediate nodes connecting main activity spines.  Activities along Pelham street will be business oriented which at the same time acting as lateral route connect major green spaces.

Gated activity precinct Enhanced existing activity precinct New activity spine

3.5 Functional Use: Because the role of south Grattan street area is acting as an extension of university, and more importantly, as an medium integrating university and suburbs, simply shifting university function to the south campus is not encouraged. Previous analysis has been proved that many university buildings at south Grattan street actually suppress street life. Due to the specific role of south precinct, we suggest to adding more active university buildings to the south campus. E,g, music, architecture and design, ecology and university owned museum. The facilities which possess very frequent exhibitions and performances, not only building stronger interaction with general public but also enlighten beings. This essentially, fits the role of university as well. Diversifying the function mix, especially along Grattan street and university square, thereby providing a more vibrant environment for people from different background to interact. More active small units can be added at the ground level of those large buildings, such as economics, law building, Giblin Eunson library & Melbourne business school. The vertical functions of the existing building should also be diversified and mixed. If possible situate passive units at the back with only entrance facing street. For banks and office which must be located along the street, the street frontage width should be restricted to avoid â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;void spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Danish cities have passed building codes to restrict the establishment of banks and offices at street level. whose street frontage of building are limited within 5 meters(Gehl, 2006).

Health/medical Education University general Business residential Public park mixed Others: car parking, uniton, factory, construction site, undefined areas.

Arrange and concentrate active units (e.g. news paper, kiosks, sideway cafe, photography exhibits, theatre, clothing store) along key pedestrian prioritized routes, Wilson ave, Grattan street, Barry street Leicester street and Pelham street. Making those activities precincts into activities spines and a continuous network. Locate passive units along the traffic oriented route such as Bouverie street. Remove the ID card access for certain university buildings to encourage public access(e.g. libraries, public lecture theater, internal gardens and roof gardens). Extending opening hour, so that university facilities could better facilitate students and general public use.

3.5 Urban Fabrics 3.5.1 Block Size and Grain Size Further subdivide block size: ‘The main cause for small blocks and a dense pattern can be primarily economic, it is this very same reason which has created the intimate character of a highly urban environment. Such an environment is the basis of urban culture, of intense social cultural and economic exchange Whereas, larger block compete with street and internalize public life (university) (Krier 1990: 198).’ Within the study area, the major modification areas are existing medical building site, infrastructure engineering building, west Berkeley street area, where the existing block will be broken down and subdivided, and the LANEWAYS will be widened which will function as pedestrian STREET. Vary the block size: Allow and encourage block size to be different. Rather than a single repeated block size, a range of block size(include small blocks) will encourage and facilitate greater diversity of building types and land uses (Carmona, 2010).

Proposed new building

Existing building

3.5.2 Building Height The strategies:

 With the intention of accommodate future population growth and making closure, buildings height on average will be increase to 6-10 floors.  The building height and street width ratio will be kept at around 1:1. However, because most new building will have only first 4 or 5 floors constructed along the street, with

the setback of higher part, sense of ‘outside’ and solar penetration will be maintained.  All existing heritage terrace house will be maintained at south Grattan street area with the new high building siting behind.  Freestanding tall building will be avoided. Windbreak will be installed on existing ones with more trees surrounded to reduce strong downward wind.

Maintain some large blocks: Larger blocks can be more efficient in terms of distribute built form and open space, because there is less circulation space. This could give way to vital development site, such as important buildings, historical buildings and major open spaces(Larice & Macdonald, 2007). However more internal entrances and direct access should be provided to maintain physical permeability. Arrange more small units along the street: situated large units behind or above the small units along the facades to increase ground level street robustness. Keep newly added buildings facades facing university square with warm colour: Warm color seems to advance, a space surrounded by facades in warm color will tend to feel smaller. Secondly, warm colour makes space more psychologically energetic and active. N.B. All suggested modification area is based on the study of buildings heritage and potential development site (Jackson,2008)(City of Melbourne, 2010)(City of Melbourne, 2012).

3.6 Building Interfaces: The key concept is to establish a more intimate streetscape for pedestrians:  New building interface will be integrated with transitional space to blurring the boundary between public and private. This includes direct opacity, small landscaping, informal human scale edges (e.g. half shade, colonnades, which allowing sitting and back supporting)(Gehl, 2006).  Higher staircases are restricted, which could act as physical and psychological barriers for outsiders.  Add more direct opacity on the secondary laneways. For instance some restaurants could have two opening both facing main street and laneways. If possible, managing vegetation to cover blank walls.  Arrange more active frontages along pedestrian prioritized street [Grattan street, gate 10 entrance, Wilson ave, Leicester street (phase 1), Pelham street, the new south extension part of Medical rod (phase 2)] and pedestrianized street [Barry street (phase 2)].

Active soft edge Passive soft edge Hard edge

3.7 Open Space Activation: 3.7.1 Sitting, Lighting & infrastructures: Sitting:

1 2 Existing formal sitting space

Effect lighting

Dark 3 area

Proposed formal sitting space

Very 1 bright area

Very 4 dark area

Bright 2 area

3 4

 Provide more physically comfortable and psychologically protected (formal and informal)sitting space. Provide sitting space with different level of privacy to accommodate different preference such as gender (Larice & Macdonald, 2007).  Seats could be designed to allow sitting on both side, facing street or back to street(Larice & Macdonald, 2007).  Arrange more reloadable sitting space giving strong local control(Gehl, 2006).  More sitting space should be arranged to facilitate group interaction(L or C shape), while consideration should also be given for singles(Bentley, 1985).  In formal sitting space could also set with whole range of heights to enrich users experience(Larice & Macdonald, 2007).  Arrange some sits with back rest, making a place useable for everyone(Larice & Macdonald, 2007). Lighting:  laneways in general should be better illuminated.  Adding more effect lighting along the street and open space to enhance the spatial character at night. The colour of effect lighting should be more distinctive from normal lighting.  Adding more warm and friendly light (Larice & Macdonald, 2007).

General:

 Wherever possible, integrate and combine elements into a single unit. For instance, making flat surface do double duty as seat and table (Larice & Macdonald, 2007).  Consider street furniture as a family of items, in keeping the quality of environment and assisting in the unification of the urban area to provide a coherent sense of identity (Larice & Macdonald, 2007).

Grattan Street

Issues: The pedestrians and cyclists not only share the path but also use the same material.

3.7.2: Surface Material

Grattan Street

Issues: Strategies: The pedestrians and cyclists not only share the path 1. Change different paving materials for pedestrians but alsoStreet use the same material. Grattan and cyclists Issues: 2. Remove the street car parks and extend the footStrategies: The pedestrians and cyclists not only share the path path 1. Change paving materials for pedestrians but also usedifferent the same material. Traffic Intersection and cyclists Issues: 2. Remove the street car parks and extend the footStrategies: This is major problematic traffic intersection where 1.path Change different paving materials for pedestrians pedestrians , cylcists and cars meet each other. It is and cyclists Traffic unsafeIntersection and not fluid. 2.Issues: Remove the street car parks and extend the footThis is major problematic traffic intersection where path Strategies: pedestrians , cylcists and cars meet each other. It is Traffic Intersection Use uni grey bricks for the crossing paving to slow unsafe and not fluid. Issues: down the traffic and increase the priority of pedestriThis is major problematic traffic intersection where ans Strategies: , cylcists and cars meet each other. It is pedestrians Laneways Use uniand grey bricks unsafe not fluid.for the crossing paving to slow Issues: down the traffic and increase the priority of pedestriConnect east and west physically, ans Strategies: but not visually accessible and comfortable for peUse uni grey bricks for the crossing paving to slow Laneways destrians and cyclists Issues:the traffic and increase the priority of pedestridown Connect east and west physically, ans Strategies: but not visually accessible and comfortable for peLaneways 1.Pedestrian paving-Use uni grey bricks destrians and cyclists Issues: 2. Permanant Street sign-Pedestrian& cyclists only Connect east and west physically, University Square and Pelham Strategies: but not visually accessible andStreet comfortable for peIssues: 1.Pedestrian paving-Use uni grey bricksand not effidestrians and cyclists The space is car park or car dominated 2. Permanant Street sign-Pedestrian& cyclists only ciently used. Strategies: University Square and Pelham Street Issues: 1.Pedestrian Strategies: paving-Use uni grey bricks space is car parksign-Pedestrian& or car dominated and not effi2.The Permanant Street cyclists only Using pedestrian-friendly paving to increase the priorciently used. University Square and Pelham Street ity of pedestrians and cyclists. Using vegetation to Issues: create a better walking/cycling environment. Linking Strategies: The space is car park or car dominated and not effito the future pedestrian dominated Plaza. Using pedestrian-friendly paving to increase the priorciently used. ity of pedestrians and cyclists. Using vegetation to create a better walking/cycling environment. Linking Strategies: to thepedestrian-friendly future pedestrian dominated Plaza. the priorUsing paving to increase ity of pedestrians and cyclists. Using vegetation to create a better walking/cycling environment. Linking to the future pedestrian dominated Plaza.

 Replacing current asphalt pedestrians and cyclists paving materials at existing streets. The material should be in constant with most used existing ones.  Extending footpath at major pedestrian prioritized streets. Asphalt

Asphalt

University Grey Bricks Asphalt

Asphalt

University Grey Bricks

University Grey Bricks Asphalt

University Grey Bricks

Concret Paving

Stones

Concret Paving

Uni Grey Bricks

Vegetation

Uni Grey Bricks

Concret Paving

Stones

Concret Paving

Uni Grey Bricks

Vegetation

Uni Grey Bricks

Concret Paving

Stones

Concret Paving

Uni Grey Bricks

Vegetation

Major modification zone

Asphalt

Uni Grey Bricks

Grassland

Concret

Asphalt

Concret

Blue stones

Vegetation

Blue stones

Concret

Asphalt

Concret

Blue stones

Vegetation

Blue stones

Concret

Asphalt

Concret

Blue stones

Vegetation

Blue stone Paving University Grey Brick Paving

Blue stones

others (Sandpatch, stones, concrete bricks)

 Use distinctive pedestrian friendly material for the crossing paving to slow down the traffic and indicate the priority of pedestrians.  At Barry street, Kernot road, and pedestrian paths at university square, change asphalt pavement to university yellow brick forming a continuous pedestrian system linking town and gown.  At Traffic Intersections along pedestrian prioritized routes, use university bricks for the crossing paving to slow down the traffic and increase the priority of pedestrians.  Replacing asphalt pavement to pedestrian friendly pavement, university yellow brick or blue stone at laneways.  The existing blue stone pavement material at laneways will be maintained. For the laneways which will be shared by both bicycle and pedestrians, pavement should be polished for easy access.  Through carving, surface paving could also add atristic value, thereby giving stronger local character.

3.7.3: Landscape and Vegetation:

onment Roof top semipublic space Roof top connections External access point (Roof garden)

 Increase vegetation diversity along the university square and south blocks.  Arrange ground cover and medium height vegetations along pedestrian prioritized street to create a buffer for pedestrian, while offering certain ecological function (e.g. animal movement) at the same time(Larice & Macdonald, 2007).  Removing elegance and absolute clarity of space. Increase medium height vegetation cover to delineate the pedestrian routes at university square thus enhance the sense of progression. However extensive grassland will still be largely maintained to accommodate various social activities.  Add more high vegetations alongside the major university square entrance, so the visitors will not be able to see exit directly while they enter the square. This give space strong locality and encourage people to lingering(Sitte, 1889).  Plant more trees and vegetations along the small laneways and major pedestrianized street to encourage pedestrian access(Bentley, 1985) .  Maintain 1888 building garden as a space with tranquil landscape quality linking Lincoln square though vegetated laneways.

Secondary Roof Top Green Network. Existing Street Furniture

Grass cover

Proposed Sitting Areasture

Shrubs cover

Proposed Bicycle Stations ture Proposed other Street Furnitures (Bins, Drinking Water) ture

Tree cover

Tree cover (small) Modification area

1. Increase vegetation diversity along the university square.

 Establish Bouverie street and Berkeley street as car and pedestrian shared streets maintaing boulevard quality. Establishing the roof-top semi public green network. These places will be vegetation oriented providing a quiet and ecological space as alternatives for pedestrians after university become fully activated.  At the semi public secondary roof top (above podium), shrubs and small trees will be vegetated (intensive green roof). The inter-building links and external accesses are provided to encourage public access and act a alternative way connecting town and gown.  Extensive green roof will be installed at very top of the buildings, where places are fully privatized and less accessible.

GRATTAN STREET

Barry street

In this session the vision of framework will be illustrated with five parts where most modifications occur. They are namely: university square associated with new train station, Grattan street, section of new medical building site, laneways and Pelham street.

3 7 1

The Lawn

1 10

13 LEGEND

= TREE = BENCH

= TRAIN STATION EXIT = ROAD

Pedestrian friendly material

GRATTAN STREET

TO MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY NORTH

GRATTAN STREET

Station Exit Square: A Transportation & Activity Node

2 5 BUS STOP

1 TO UNIVERSITY SQUARE

3 BICYCLE PARKING

TO LINCOLN SQUARE

Transportation facilities are concentrated within the square, whilst activity along the edges ensures eyes on the street (and comGRATTAN STREET muter safety) throughout the day.

6 GRATTAN STREET

8 10 9

4.1 University Square

04 Deliverary:

Leicester Street: Public Transport-Pedestrian Priority

To maintain safe pedestrian movement to and from the larger University Square.

1 Added accesses linking university square 2 New path among the university square feeds the pedestrian circulation pattern (material yellow brick) 3 Ramps connecting square and streets 4 Fully pedestrianized Barry street (yellow brick) as an integrated part of university square with extended grassland. 5 New building situated at the top of heritage terrace house 6 Public toilet 7 Shaded sitting space for study, rest and interactions. 8 Sitting space facing the street. 9 Seats arrangement accommodates communication. 10 Grassland for group social activity. 11 Topographic changes enrich spatial experience (sunken/elevated space: 1.5m below/above ground). 12 Enlarged pavement opening in order to integrated university square to the surrounding streets. 13 Maintained existing trees. 14 Added vegetations along the street making enclosure of space. 15 Occasional truck parking point, facilitate large events

Train Station:

1 New building with green roof top network. 2 Inner block access connecting train station. 3 New station outlet 4 Sideway cafe 5 Modified bus stop(401) along Leicester street. 6 Vegetated pedestrian path linking transport nodes at Swanston street and Elisabeth street. 7 bicycle parking facility. 8 Pedestrian friendly crossing pavement 9 Parking 10 Bicycle lane 11 Car lane

4.2 Grattan Street (phase 2): `

1 Widened Foot Paths for anticipated pedestrian volume, by closing off one automobile 2 Cyclist Protection from Cars by making parking as a buffer zone 3 Raised pedestrian pavement path to act as traffic calming speed hump. 4 Embedded bus stop accommodating a safer access 5 Pedestrianized Barry street allowing better connection university. 6 Sideway cafe 7 Street sitting place

v Grattan 4

3 2 2

1 6

0 10

4.3 Section of New Medical Building Site: 1 Active frontage and university general service at ground level 2 Lecture theater 3 Tutorial and study zone 4 Staff office 5 Green roof top pedestrian system 6 Increased porosity for pedestrian flow and adherence 7 Vertical setback for solar access

4.4 laneway Section:

4 5 4

1 es

2 Internal restaurant opening accommodate street seating and eating. 3 Office zone 4 Apartment. 5 Vertical setbacks for solar access. 6 Increased laneway lighting 7 Green roof top pedestrian system

6 3

3 1 2

Widened laneway allows supplies for small business-

20m

10m

10 10

10m

20m

Laneways

4.5 Pelham Street (phase 2) 8

1 Increased building height giving stronger sense of closure ` 2 Remove one traffic lane on each side 3 New cyclist path 4 Extended green wedge 5 Sideways 6 Active frontages 7 Business, office area 8 Apartment

v Pelham

Grattan

05 Conclusion Based on the proposal of new city-wide traffic tunnel connecting east and west Melbourne; two new railways feeds city scale traveling need; better connected pedestrian and cycling networks, Grattan street will receive substantial traffic reduction by 2020. These then rise the chance of giving priorities for cyclists and pedestrians along the Grattan street as well as its surrounding local streets. The placement of new train station not only feed the potential pedestrian flow, but also brings more people into the south precincts. Huge potentials for south precinct to develop as an new activity hub will be given. The streetscape activation strategies could be implemented along the Grattan street and university square, which connect the university main campus as well as its surrounding blocks. The secondary rooftop landscape network act as an alternatives provide a tranquil space for pedestrians, after university becoming fully activated. Meanwhile, this system also connecting north and south blocks together. According to this overall strategy, by the time of phase 2, Grattan street and university will be fully transforming to universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s window, where town and gown could integrated as an entity.

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Public Transport Victoria, (2010) The Victorian Transport Plan, Victoria Government, viewed: 07/9/2012, <http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0013/31342/vtp.pdf> RATIO,(2000) University of Melbourne Traffic/ Transport Strategic Overview Issues & Options Report, university of Melbourne, viewed: 15/09/2012,< http://www.pcs.unimelb. edu.au/standards_policies/master_plans/traffic_study/traffic_strategy_report > Sitte, C (1889), City Planning According to Artistic Principles, trasnlated by Collins G R & Collins C C,1965) Phaidon Press, London Smith,N (1986), The New Urban Frontier, Routledge, New York. Taylor Cullity Lethlean Landscape Architects, (2011),The University of Mebourne Landscape Framework Plan, Melbourne University, Melbourne, viewed: 10/08/2012. <http://pcs.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0014/523220/111223_Final_landscape_framework_ plan_TCL.pdf>