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Content:
Serpentine Gallery Pavilion
Town center of ivry-sur-seine
Part A: The Case of Innovation 01 Architecture as Discourse 02. Introduction to Computing in Architecture
Part B: The Cut Project
Part C: The Gateway Project
Part A: The Case of Innovation
‘Computers must be achknowledged not only as machines for imitating what is understood, but also as vehicles for exploring what is not understood.’ -Kostas Terzidis
01. Architecture as Discourse
Accessibility movement Circulation:
Focal point, events:
Green corridor connectin Green ings ings
edges
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High Point Extensive View:
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Small Scale Diversity, Active Edges:
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Making Focal PointsArticulate Public Events:
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Good Access Is Good Design:
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Green Corrido Ecological Fre
I am the third year environments student ,majoring urban design and planning. Landscape studio urban open space was the last studio i did. In this studio, the major project was the university lawn redevelopment. Apart from this, the interrelationships between university lawn, campus and city scale were also examined holistically, and the vision for whole campus was discussed.
Qinyang zhu 380214
Design Psychology: UNIVERSITY IS NOT THE ‘CITY’, UNIVERSITY IS A HUMBLE PLACE:
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Cities possess major influence on human society. The university also does so. However different from the way that city does, university changes the society more unobtrusively and imperceptibly.
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The university’s identity differs from global metropolis like Tokyo, New York, Singapore and Melbourne, which is outward, broadcasting, showing off and fashionable, the university is more inward, sedimentary, subtle and academic.
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Passive space enclosure: ng greater surroundvisually partially enclosed, physically ce- noise place open visually partially enclosed, physically limited
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Accessibility movement Circulation: active space Visually open, physically open
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human nature human human space
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PRODUCT
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Tranquillizing Space, Enclosure:
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PRODUCE
or As A eeway:
Refreshing Space, Interactivity:
Although the soil is never eye-catching, it nests all sorts of life. Thus the soil is ‘humble’. The university’s characteristics is just like the soil, because it enlightens beings and nests human civilization. University is a humble place. PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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If Melbourne is ‘flower’, then, the university is ‘leaf’, if the city is ‘tree’ , then the university is ‘soil’.
Two major themes that connect the sense of humbleness are the rich spatial experience and multi-purpose use. By addressing these, the street life and inter-person interactions can be greatly stimulated.
Before this course, in my mind, there is no clear boundary between ‘computerization‘ and ‘computational design’. I consider all the software as a tool that help us to ‘design‘ objects. Within all of them, Grasshopper is also a tool ,a time-saver. It just does better than others. However, I did consider that Grasshopper may be helpful for designing an object or a building that beyond people’s imagination. It allows exploration on more structural and geometrical complexity in architecture sphere. In the developing country, such as China, efficiency is the key. Large quantity of buildings are constructed every day. My parent’s colleague once said, ‘There is nearly no time for designing process. No chance is given to test even few options. ‘ (CAD drafting are mostly used in China) They understand that sometimes, the ventilation is not energy-efficient; or if design properply, less columns will be used. However, their is no time to start everything again. Both aesthetic value and energy performance of constructed buildings are constrained. Revit by comparison, is more efficient than normal CAD dafting. Sections can be automatically generated whenever 3D model is modified. The top-down approach is partially achieved through this program. In terms of geometry flexibility, however, the restriction is still substantial. Probablely, I have ever considered the sphere of computer aided ‘design‘. The discourse of ‘Digital Architecture’ is still a new field for me.
The Serpentine Gallery Pavilion is constituted of simple line network (lines connect half point to the third point of each side of the square). The major breakthough of Serpentine gallery pavilion was empolying the recursive algorithms. This mathematic method helps to regulate the order of interlocking chaotic lines system. Thus the geometric genesis can be easily percevied by users without losing its spatial dynamism. The initmate relationships between formation and materialisation is also achieved in this project. In organism system, the material and structure serves dual functions, produce mass and support the structure. The combination use of glass and aluminum panels here serves the puspose of structural supporting, defining interior space and control solar peneration. These functions are all reached through the facades design.
Serpentine Gallery Pavilion Kensington Gardens, London, Toyo Ito & Associates with Arup AGU 2002
In this pavilion, the habitable space, circulation, solar gain, structure and pattern are integrated and considered as one entity (system), which shows the great potential of computational design during the early period (2002). However, it is manifest to see the limited use of computation in this project. The scripting essentially is facades based(2D oriented). Because its function was set as a pavilion, the complexity of internal movement and functions is at a very low level. This makes early experiment of computational design possible.
The computater aided design did not exist at the time, that ivry-sur-seine was in construction. However regardless of computation, the essence of computational design thinking are found in this project. In another word, it can be defined as ‘system thinking’ or ‘top-down approach‘, just like Antoni Gaudi. Top down approach in Renaudie’s mind was considering the building among the urban context, social context and finally down to architectural sphere. Although this building project was set as public housing. Enormous efforts on addressing social and urban issues can be seen. The dazzling gemotrical form becomes a sharp contrast with the surrounding dull housing blocks (public housing as well). This proves that the building with high aesthetic value can also be afforadble housing for lower class, which can not be realized without constant exploration on creating novel possiblitities (e.g.the requirements for solar gain, dense housing units, sloping terrian).
Town center of ivry-sur-seine
Credac Jean Renaudie 1970-75
My study area is urban design and planning. By contrast with form, i am more care about if the building stimulate street life. How much interaction with public space that each building has. Because the way that city works is encouraging information exchange and envoking new ideas. As an fine grain element, faciliting interaction should be one basic function for architecture. The ivry-sur-seine does relate building to urbanism. The active frontage with mixed commurical use at ground levels , numerous semi-privative yard and central court yard shared by community ehanace the public domain and human-human activities both interrnally (within the public housing) and externally (intimate experience between building and street as well as mountain). This, in fact, is worthwhile to study, especially for those who are able to master scripting but lack ‘computational design thinking’.
Summery: The key idea that I intend to bring here is ‘systems thinking’. Aristotle’s defination of Holism gives the first understanding of system, which is more that the sum of part. In the discourse of architecture, this is defined as ‘Computational Design Thinking‘ by Achim Menges and Sean Ahlquist. It has been argued that computational approach is required to play considerable role in connecting to adjacent fields, including histrorical context and relating to local culture. This in fact, can be major chanllege in todays computational design. How to set a system, that consideraing all the related elements. In serpentine gallery pavilion, computation is probablely integrated with structue, solar gain and architectural language. In ivry-sur-seine, its success approved by 37 years use, show that his architecture dose archieve the social and cultural requirements. This demonstrate the importance of system thinking in architecture. Computational design is seen as a great breakthough in the architectural sphere. However, beyond testing more methaticically complex form a lot of aspects should be further explored for the sake of a holistic design. Because 1+1>2 is one of the major driving force in conputational design.
Reference: Ahlquist, S and Menges, 2011, A Computational design thinking, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: West sussex, United Kindom. Hyde, J., 2004, Jean Renaudie, ART IN AMERICA; JAN, 92; 1; p113-p113 Legendre, L,G,2011, Mathematics of space, Architectural design; v. 81, no. 4, London : John Wiley & Sons Richard Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 16 Patrik Schumacher, ‘Introduction : Architecture as Autopoietic System’, in The Autopoiesis of Architecture (Chichester: J. Wiley, 2011), pp. 1 - 28
From the ‘making of form’ to the ‘finding of form‘.
02. Introduction to Computing in Architecture
Architecture’s New Media: Computing in architecture field are featured with its superior ‘analytical’ and ‘creative’ functions. As long as certain program is input. Computers is able to doing repeatively work in a short amount of time and make no mistake. It generates more accurate information of site environment (wind, solar, precipitation, moisture.etc) and cost-prediction, loads calculation. Computers also have certain problem solving ability. By providing a database, it can draw rational conclusions through comparing various precedents. The rationality and inner logic (e.g. architectural function and performance) of design, thereby, are enhanced. The term ‘creative’ is more advanced. In building industry this can be referred to structure modeling, and paratermic design, which evaluate the whole system rather than individuals independentlely. In the ground of digital architectural , Infinite possibility of results can be tested which maxmize the final results. Furthermore, computing force and also allows multi-disciplinary collaboration. Common languages are shared in computers, Such as NURBS 3D modeling system. thus buildings with greater geometrical complexity can be constructed by builders. This easy-to-understand shared language further encourages the engagement of general public. In fact, architecture sphere are becoming more inclusive and holistic though this collaboration.
Responsive surface structures
HfG, Offenbach, Germany, Achim Menges 2006-2007
The project use 'smart' object, pine tree wood as the tool to create a veneer surface. The veneer changes surface shape in response to an increase level of relative humidity. The key design parameters, fiber orientation, the ratio of thickness, length and width were tested in relation to the moisture change and intensity(time interval) of moisture change. The parametric setup at the same time also incorporates the constraints of manufacturing, construction, cutting patterns and assembling. This allows seamless procedure from designing to fabrication and manufacturing.
Architecture in the Digital Age : In the digital architecture age, the issue of embodied meaning of contemporary architecture is discussed. In contemporary architecture, the notion of urbanism and structural typology, continuity and morphology of historic style are rejected. In turns, digital architectural tend to represent an ideological, conceptual and a new formal language. However, in many ways, it actually have reference to history. The Einteinturn (1921) by Erich Mendelsohn and Chapel at Ronchamp (1955) by Le Corbusier are two expressive precedents. The only different from history is that this curvilinear is transforming from a minor group to the mainstream architecture. Personally, internally, it also maintains tight link to current social trends. From Mis van der rhon’s point, that architecture should be a true reflection to the human civilization. According to his logic he always choose the latest materials (glass and steel) to impose the modern age. From this aspect, digital architecture, itself essential is the reflection of the digital age. The computer-aided design software largely originated from ship, vehicle and plane manufactory(e.g. CATIA). Similarly, the form of vehicles and planes are also with ‘blobby’ form. Thus, technically speaking, digital architecture is a reflection of human civilization. In spite of this, in fact, this with social and history are too weak to perceived by general public. In fact, among many architecture design, the site context are totally ignored. Some of them are becoming pure mathematic practice. Issues like this are necessary to be considered in digital architecture discourse.
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain Frank Gehry 1997
Guggenheim Museum, regardless of its technology breakthrough and inter-configuration. As a city’s landmark, Bilbao became well-known after its construction. It attracts numerous tourist annually and generates significant amount of income (Bilbao effect). However, because this building, an entirely new image is imposed to the city- the image of an architect’s signature, the original local identity is disappearing.
Genetics: Driven from nature evolution, the concept of genetics is applying this rule into architecture, a generative process for architecture for development. It is also described as all about search. Large number of architecture prototype are evaluated. After this process, the common traits of ‘fit’ form are recoded and passing to the new generation. Essentionally, Genetics is focosing the internal design pross and logic. From my personal understanding, Genetics develops a more intelligent ideology, in which computation not only engages the ‘creation’ process, but also the selection process. This discourse shows potential of developing large amount of architectural forms and reducing the time of manually selection and evaluation process. However, the scripting that defines ‘fitness criteria’ is crucial, which need to be considered holistically beforehand.
AA Strawberry Bar
Achim Menges 2003
Based on population selection (fitness criteria), and reproduction, Genetric algorthm generates a form across multiple generations. The algorithm evolves evaluating complex relationships between distribution of program allocations, voids and overall articulated massing.
Reference:
Ahlquist, S and Menges, 2011, A Computational design thinking, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: West sussex, United Kindom. Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), pp. 3 - 28 Menges ,A, 2008, Material Performance Castle, Architectural Design, Vol 72, no 2, London, Artmedia Press, pp 34-41. Yehuda E. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25.