Constructing Environments Log Book
QIULIANG LI 621722 TUTORIAL 18
Contents
W01: Loads.………………...3 Basic structural forces and materials…………………4 W02: Structural forms…………………6 Structural joints…………………8 W03: Footings and foundations…………………9 Structural elements…………….….10 Mass construction and materials……………….11 Campus tour……….....……12 W04: Floor systems.………………14 Technical terms…………...…..15 Scale, annotation and drawing conventions……………….16 W05: Wall systems...……………..17 Common systems...……………..18 Timber…..…………...19 Engineered timber…………….....20 Oval Pavilion……………….21 W06: Metals.…………..…..23 Roofing systems….……………25 Site presentations……………….26 W07: Detailing for moisture……………….27 Detailing for heat……………….29 Plastic, rubber, paint……………….30 W08: Glass……………….31 Openings……………….33 Section drawing……………….34 W09: Construction detailing……………….35 Composite materials…………….…36 Site visit……………….37 W10: Failures…………….…38 Oval Pavilion….……………39 Glossary: Key terms……………….40 Referencing: Reference list……………….41
W01 Loads
The structural system of a building must be able to support dynamic and static loads. (Ching, 2008) Dynamic loads: Applied suddenly to a structure with rapid change in magnitude and point of application. The structure will develop inertial forces in relation to its mass. Maximum deformation does not necessarily correspond to the maximum magnitude of the applied force (Ching, 2008). Wind loads: forces exerted by the kinetic energy of a moving mass of air, coming from horizontal directions. Roof angle >30 degrees exerts positive pressure horizontally from wind. <30 degrees exert negative pressure. Earthquake loads: more critical to the structure with horizontal forces. Static loads: Applied slowly to a structure until the static force is maximized without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position (Ching, 2008). Live loads: moving or movable loads on a structure, such as collected snow and water. Live loads can act both vertically and horizontally due to the dynamic nature. Occupancy loads: weight of people, furniture and stored materials. Snow loads: weight of snow accumulating on the building. Rain loads: weight of water accumulating in the building. Impact loads: kinetic loads of short duration, such as vehicles. Dead loads: static loads acting vertically downwards on a structure, comprising the weight of the structure. Settlement loads: imposed on a structure by subsidence cause by the differentiation in supporting soil. Ground pressure: horizontal force of a soil mass acting on a vertical retaining structure. Water pressure: hydraulic force of ground water exerting upon the foundation. Thermal stresses: compressive or tensile stresses in materials caused by thermal expansion or contraction.
W01 Basic structural forces and materials Activity: compression Force: It is any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body. It is a vector quantity possessing both magnitude and direction. Force can be represented by an arrow whose length is proportional to the magnitude and whose orientation represents the direction (Newton, 2014).
Initial structural concepts:
Tension forces: When an external load pulls on a structure member, the particles composing the material move apart and undergo tension. The amount of elongation depends on the stiffness of the material, cross section area and the magnitude of the load (Newton, 2014).
The above structures have weak horizontal links , thus, weight cannot be widely distributed to the blocks. As a result, increases compression vertically downwards.
Compression forces: Produces the opposite effect of a tension force. When an external load pushes on a structural member, the particles of the material compact together (Newton, 2014).
This concept inter-locks each block together, which enhances the dispersion of dead load and static loads. Therefore, creating a dependent and very stable structure as a whole.
Weight load
W01 Basic structural forces and materials Activity: compression continued… Disadvantages: the constructing process of the structure is very time and material consuming. During the demolition phase, there were fewer blocks we could take out as the blocks were dependent on another compared to the other groups, such as below:
The material used for construction is MDF, which is relatively lighter compared to steel and timber. Thus, it does not need a complex structure to support its loads and will still be able to be compressed.
Taking out blocks in our structure caused the forces to become unequally distributed and acting onto one direction. This led to the separation of the tower and ultimately caused it to collapse.
Material properties: • • • • • •
Strength Stiffness Shape Material behaviors Economy/cost Sustainability
Note: Melbourne is built using mostly basalt rock due to the volcanoes that surround Melbourne (Melbourne’s Bluestone 2014).
W02 Structural forms Structural systems: Solid: used in early architecture, such as Egypt. Compression is the main structural action. Surface: plain structure, such as Sydney opera house’s shell structure. Skeletal: most common structure as it is very efficient in transferring loads down to the ground. Membrane: often used to enclose large areas efficiently and cheaply, such as stadiums. Hybrid: structural frames including cladding, skeletal, membrane, etc. Constructing systems: Considerations: • Performance requirements • Aesthetic qualities • Economic efficiencies • Environmental impacts
Figure 1
Enclosure systems: cover of the building, consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows and doors.
Structural system: to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its members. • Superstructure: vertical extension of the building above the foundation. • Substructure: foundation. Service systems: provide essential services to the building. • Water supply. • Sewage disposal. • Heating, ventilating and air conditioning. • Electrical systems. • Transport systems. • Fire fighting system. • Recycling system. (Ching, 2008)
Source: (Ching 2008, p. 2.03)
W02 Structural forms Environmentally sustainable design (ESD) considerations (Newton, 2014):
• The utilization of natural elements, such as sun light to save electricity consumption. • Embodied energy: the total energy (oil, water, power) used during all stages of a material’s life. • Recyclability. • Use of materials, such as using wood instead of steel allows less CO2 to be produced. Thus, wood has a more positive carbon footprint. • Carbon footprint: a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication, transportation and use of a particular product. Activity: frame With a limited amount of balsa wood available for tower constructing, we limited ourselves into using a triangular structure. This is because it is both material efficient and strong. On the left shows the full height of the tower, however, it was unable to support itself due to the bent supporting columns. Thus, a diagonal supporting column was constructed:
The picture above is the collapsed tower after the demolition process.
This single column allowed the whole structure to support itself upright.
The vertical support columns were cut apart, as a result, the only supporting column could not support the load on top.
W02 Structural joints
Pin joint (W02 s2 Structural joints 2014): Rotation allowed
Fixed joint (W02 s2 Structural joints 2014): No movement allowed
Roller joint (W02 s2 Structural joints 2014): Horizontal movement allowed
W03 Footings and foundations Footing
Foundation
Shallow footing
Substructure
Stable soil
Transfer loads to the ground
Vertical load transfer to the Resist soil pressure ground adequate
Retaining wall
Point load
Pad footing
Creating basement
Linear loads
Strip footing
Joining footings together Timber
Concrete
Raft foundation Deep foundation Unstable soil
Steel Footed at bed rock
End bearing piles
Resistance of surrounding earth
Friction piles
W03 Structural elements
Strut
Compression Tension Bending resistance
Parallel to long axis
Tie Beam
Carry vertical load
Supported by beams
Slab/plate
Carry horizontal load
Loads = Reaction forces
panels
Equilibrium
W03 Mass construction and materials
This is a contemporary building with concrete and steel reinforcement construction style, which is very strong and durable. It is supported by concrete beams and struts. Reason for these materials to be used is to allow maximum supporting load with minimum space taken and for the installation of large glass windows.
W03 Campus tour
Typical masonry constructed building with a hybrid system and clay bricks bonded in stretcher course. There are also steel beams as vertical load supports to the roof. The beams are stabilized by steel ties connected with pin joints to use tension and maintain flexibility to the lower beams under the stairs. The entrance of the South Lawn car park is constructed with concrete and steel framing. The slab/plate structure as the roof of the car park allows support for vertical loads on top, such as pedestrians. The slab/plate is supported by concrete beams as well as struts. E.g. the white column. This is a membrane structure framed by steel and covered mostly by plastic to maximum space and coverage with little supporting structures. The South Lawn car park is supported by struts at regular intervals. The space is covered entirely by concrete with steel reinforcement. The flooring creates a raft foundation, which joins all the isolated footings into a single floor. The struts also support the slab/plate on top in order to support the load of the South Lawn. The Unimelb swimming pool is a hybrid structure supported by steel struts and beams that support both the glass paneled walls and the roof. The use of steel is very effect in supporting heavy loads with minimum space used. Thus, the swimming pool is able to absorb a large amount of natural lighting and view to lighten up the atmosphere.
This particular roof uses a hybrid steel structure with steel beams. The loads are being transferred through the beams to the concrete columns. The structure is also a panel with can support both horizontal and vertical loads.
The Unimelb gym has a mixture of masonry construction using clay bricks as well as using steel beams and struts to support heavy loads and to allow long windows. The column like structures outside the building are used to cover up the gutters.
W03 Campus tour
The Oval Pavilion uses concrete and steel reinforcement as its main hybrid structure. Timber is used to cover the structure to increase the aesthetics of the building. The back side of the pavilion uses masonry construction with clay bricks in a stretch course and brick on edge course.
The modern new school of architecture building utilizes the strength of steel hybrid framing. Steel beams and struts are wielded together to supporting a large overhang as in the photo. The bend and flexibility of steel is much better than masonry or concrete in constructing heavy load buildings as it is able to withstand extreme heavy loads with efficient load transfer abilities.
The building structure outside Frank Tate is a modern construction supported by steel hybrid structure proven by the steel strut and beam. The exterior is covered by timber to increase aesthetics. This structure relies on equilibrium and gravitational forces as it is very irregular in terms of its shape and the supporting frames.
This is a masonry constructed building. The slab/plate acting as a extended roof is possibility supported by steel framing covered by the plastic looking covers.
Overall, from the 12 different buildings observed in the tour, a majority uses the hybrid system structure which utilizes steel framing to maximize strength and load capacity as well as saving more space for human utilisations. All masonry buildings were bonded in stretch course using clay bricks. Concrete was used to express a modern style building as well as strengthen the structure. Timber was used mainly for aesthetics.
W04 Floor systems Steel
Timber
Concrete
Supported by joists, beams and struts. Bearers
Girders Structural steel Light gauge
Slab/plate
One way or 2 way spans Pier stamps
Formworks
Props and bracings
Joist span
Reinforced concrete Steel mash or bar reinforcement Span
permeable Hydration chemical process Pouring Precast concrete
Vibration Curing
Divide construction to smaller manageable sections Long term movement change in concrete controled
Shotcrete Construction joints Control joints
W04 Technical terms
Span is the distance measured between two structural supports.
Spacing is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.
A beam is a (mostly) horizontal structural element. The function of a beam is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports. A Cantilever is created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions of a member are significant). The function of a cantilever is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support.
W04 Scale, annotation and drawing conventions In groups of 3, this weekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tutorial focused on understanding construction drawings. In our group, we have finalized the use of scale in drawings as it allows drawings to stay in accurate proportion to the original design. The drawings will also be in proportion to the actual structure. This allows the stakeholders, such as clients, architects and engineers to perceive accurate exterior, interior, structural, elevations and plans of the building. Scales also allow large buildings to be viewed in a smaller proportional scale on paper. Thus, it is much easier to work and modify on, saving time and increases efficiency. Scale is generally used in 1:100, 1:50, 1:20 and 1:10. different scales represent different sections of the construction site. For example, 1:100 might be the site plan, whereas, 1:50 might be the floor plan. Scale helps to change the size and proportion of sections on paper to include the important sections and cutting out the irrelevant sections.
Section of roof The actual Oval Pavilion is the 1:1 scale. Whereas, much smaller perspectives were presented in the drawings with scales ranging from 1:20, which were mostly structural drawings showing intense details of joints and structures presented by engineers. 1:50 scales showing elevation and floor plans of the pavilion, drawn by architects. Thus, architectural drawings are often in larger scales than structural drawings because architectural drawings show the arrangements of layouts and how different systems are joined together, e.g. walls, windows and doors, as sometimes we might not be able to perceive the entire building in real life, however, scaling down to a single A1 paper can. Structural drawings show much more detailed supporting joints and structures and how each system is being installed together,. Thus, more close up scales are needed to show more details.
W05 Wall systems Steel
Timber
Concrete
Structural frames Stud wall
Load bearing wall
Column grid connected by beam Light gauge Girders
Post and poles
Bracing
Spandrel panels
Link to structural elements Reinforced masonry Core/grout filled Reinforced concrete column
Solid masonry Single, multiple skins Cavity masonry 2 skins Better thermal and waterproofing
W05 Common systems
Masonry construction with clay bricks is common in Melbourne suburban houses. The above birds eye view of two types of brick laying are all cavity masonry which are great at thermal performances and waterproofing. The weep holes and damp proof course between the skins allow water to drain through, avoiding leakage to interior spaces. Stud framing is another common construction system used in Melbourne. The site we have visited in New Port is a residential house using timber stud framing as well as steel bracing. Rows of noggins and steel bracing are applied to prevent buckling of the structure as the lengths are restrained.
W05 Timber Grain Strong & stiff parallel to grain Weak perpendicular to grain Seasoning Stability & controlled moisture Air seasoning, 6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;24 months Kiln seasoning, 20-40 hrs. Solar kiln seasoning, less cost Seasoned timber = 15% moisture softwood hardwood Quarter saw Back saw Radial saw
W05 Engineered Timber
W05 Oval Pavilion
Our group have been assigned to do the left half of the front roof of the Oval Pavilion.
First of all, we have identified it is a roofing structure, which must contain supporting structure within the roof to support the large overhang. Thus, I have drawn up a birds eye view of the roof with sloping of the roof in black and ceiling sloping in red.
From the diagram above, it is proven that steel framing structure is used. The structure is hybrid with bracings to restrain the lengths and shape of steel beams. Steel is used to maximize the strength of the supporting structure as well as saving space. It is also used as the weight of the roof is not too significant for reinforced concrete to be used. Thus, steel is efficient in transferring load to the columns in red. The large overhang also require the flexibility of the steel structure, whereas, concrete would be too rigid and timber too weak. Thus, steel is a perfect structural material to be used in this large overhang.
W05 Oval Pavilion
The exterior of the roof is covered by timber strips. This material is used for the solely purpose of aesthetics. The royal brown gives the building a classy style along with good contrast with the white concrete flooring. Timber is comparably a lighter material than steel and concrete, thus it is smart to be used as a ceiling material. The base of our section consists of a concrete constructed foundation. Shallow footing with pad footings were constructed as the building contribute light loads to the soil. There are retaining walls built to construct the basement with stairs reaching to the ground floor. The overhang and the floor is connected by 3 concrete poles since concrete is an excellent compression material. The load from the roof travels through the steel structure to the poles and vertically down to the pad footings.
Steel structure Roof
Comparing to other groups, we have very similar structure systems as the entire building is small in size, thus, light weight and effective steel structure is used throughout the building.
Concrete pole
Ground floor
Footing
W06 Metals Alloys
Non-ferrous
Ferrous
Less reaction to oxide
Iron
Combined metals
Aluminum
Ironless=non-ferrous alloy Zinc Iron=ferrous alloy
Oxidation Cost effective
Copper
Low fragility High ductility
Galvanic series
High flexibility Impermeable High density Good conductor Durable
Galvanized steel with zinc coating
W06 Metals Wrought iron
Cast iron
Steel
Melted and molded Iron and carbon
Heated and hammered Bars for windows and doors
Very strong
decorations
High ductility Structural steel Framing Primary structure
Secondary structure Tensile resistance used to produce reinforced concrete
Hot rolled
Cold formed Reinforcing bars Sheeting
Cladding and roofing Stainless steel Chromium (>12%) Used in harsh envs
W06 Roofing systems
Wear course Reinforced concrete roofing has many layers that protect the roof from weathers and water. Flat structural steel roof uses a combination of primary and secondary roof beams for heavy roof finishes. Sloping structural steel roof uses a combination of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofing.
Portal frames uses a combination of braced rigid frames with purlins for the roof and girts for the wall.
Roofing membrane Rigid form Vapor retarder Reinforced concrete slab
Truss roofs are constructed in open web type steel or timber. Components are fixed together to be able to span long distances, e.g. bridges.
W06 Site presentations Williamstown There was a big excavation of foundation before our visit. Excavator had worked for 6 weeks to move out 560 m続 soil, which loaded 57 trucks. Deep foundation
Pad footings Pile cap pad footings
This building had been planned for 16 months. There are 4 stories, 7 units of this structure. And a terrace on the rooftop. Reinforced concrete frame structure Concrete and steel cages
The current construction phase in Williamstown is the foundation construction. It is a 4 floors apartment building. Thus, reinforced concrete is used to construct the foundations as it is excellent in withstanding compression and tension. Thus, effective in carrying tensile loads through the pad footing and the deep foundation to stable soil or rocks to maintain stability.
Strong in compression and tension Reinforced concrete columns Concrete slab flooring Masonry brick walls form ground floor up
North Melbourne Reinforced concrete foundation Pad footings Shallow footings The residential house has already reached to its exterior wall construction. However, from the reinforced concrete flooring, we can tell that the foundation is reinforced concrete as well with shallow pad footings as the soil is stable and the house light weighted with small loads. The timber stud frame structure is similar to my site, which is New Port, where steel framing and noggins are used to restrain the lengths and shape of timber structure.
It is a residential house that is currently in the process of exterior wall construction. Foundation have already been completed. Timber stud frame structure Steel bracing Reinforced concrete flooring
W07 Detailing for moisture
Anti-water penetrating strategies Keeping water away from openings
Opening
Unplanned
Planned
Grading roof Gutters
Poor construction
Windows, doors
Deterioration of materials Downpipes
Remove openings
Storm water systems
Sealants (silicone)
Overlapping cladding
Gasket (rubber frames)
Neutralising forces that move water
Exposed to weathering
Gravity Capillary action & surface tension Momentum Air pressure differential
W07 Detailing for moisture Neutralising forces that move water: Gravity strategies include slopes and overlaps to carry water away from the building. Flashings are used to transport water.
To prevent water penetrating:
from
â&#x20AC;˘ Remove opening â&#x20AC;˘ Keep water away from opening â&#x20AC;˘ Neutralise the forces that move water through openings.
Surface tension and capillary actions use a drip or break between surfaces to prevent water from clinging to the underside of surfaces (e.g. window sills). The surface tension of the water is broken at the drip/gap location. Instead, the capillary action movement of the water stops and the water is released in drop form.
Tanking applied where the foundation is covered by waterproof membrane layer.
Momentum methods include constructing gaps in more complex labyrinth shapes, which slow the momentum of moisture and helps to deflect the water away from the gap entry. Air pressure differential forces water to be pumped from a high pressure environment to a low pressure environment. Rain screen assemblies introduces an air barrier on the internal side of the labyrinth, a ventilated and drained pressure equilisation chamber (PEC) is created and the water can no longer to pumped into the assembly.
W07 Detailing for heat
Controlling heat through conduction: Thermal insulation to reduce heat conduction. Thermal breaks made from low conductive materials, such as plastic to reduce heat transfer from outside to inside, vice versa.
Radiation is controlled by using reflective surfaces to reduce building elements from absorbing heat and becoming hot.
Above shows my site in New Port, which uses thermal insulation to reduce the conduction of heat from escaping the house. It is places within the timber stud framing and steel bracing.
Thermal mass is effective when there is a large area of exposed thermal mass, often concrete masonry or water bodies that can absorb and store heat over time.
Double glazing or triple glazing reduces the flow of heat in the air space through the glazed elements.
Shading systems are used, as such verandahs, blinds and vegetation to prevent radiation from striking the building envelop directly.
When temperature drops, the heat is released, which works well in conditions where day/night temperatures ranges in a great scale.
Air leakage is similar to water intrusion with similar characteristics. Solutions are to wrap the building in polyethylene or reflective foil sarking to provide an air barrier.
Weather stripping can be installed around doors, windows and other openings.
W07 Plastic, rubber, paint
Plastic: Thermoplastic moldable when heated and hardens when cooled. • Polyethylene
Thermosetting plastics can only be molded once. Melamide formaldehyde (laminex)
Elastomers rubbers) • EPDM
Polystyrene (insolation panels) • Neoprene • Polymethyl (acrylic)
• Silicone Paint: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Oil based and water based. Oil based has very good high glass finishes. Water based are flexible and durable. Paint creates a protective layer for walls from temporary moisture, heat and other minor weathering.
• Polycarbonate
(synthetic
W08 Glass
Formers
I century BC – blown glass
Ingredients to produce glass Fluxes
11-13 cent – sheet glass
Lower the melting temperature Stabilisers
17 cent – lead crystal/plate glass 1910 - lamination
Formers + fluxes
1959 – float glass Flat/shaped glass Cheapest, break into shards
Clear float glass
Plastic interlayer (PVB) between 2 glass panes
Laminated glass
Heated to 650 degrees then rapidly cooled with high compression, break into shatters
Tempered glass Tinted glass
Reduce visible light transfer Steel mesh between 2 glass panes Creates privacy and absorbs light
Patterned glass
Molded to specific shapes Integrated solar cells Façade systems Design features
Wired glass
Curved glass
Photovoltaic glass Glass channels
Slumped & formed glass
telecommunications
Glass fibres
W08 Glass Description
Thickness (mm)
Lowe (-)
STC (decibel)
U-value (W/m2K)
Single glazing
3
N
24 dB
5.9
Conventional double glazing
3-6-3
N
26 dB
3.4
Standard double glazing
4-16-4
Y
32 dB
1.1
Sun protection double glazing
6-16-4
Y
36 dB
1.1
Quality triple glazing
4-12-4-12-4
Y
33 dB
0.7
Double and triple glazing glass are effective in decreasing heat loss as well as direct sunlight penetration. This is because the heat flow in the air space between the glazed element is slowed down. Glazing also generates noise cancellation. Can be used in libraries, private housing, etc.
Glass is waterproof. It can be a strong material with high fragility when hardened, but high flexibility when molten. It is low in ductility. It is durable and highly recyclable, however costly to transport.
W08 Openings Door leaf
Doors & windows
Rough opening
Timber
Head
Residential
Jamb
Aluminum
Stop
Commercial/office
Handle, latch & lock
Steel
Architrave
Security/safety
Sill/threshold
Doors and windows are openings that create moisture and heat movements. Thus, the joining between the openings to the walls are very detailed and important in preventing leakage and heat loss.
Door swing Top rail Stile Panel elements Mid rail Bottom rail
Mitred joint Window frame
Wood
Aluminum
Steel
Timber lintel over opening
Above show the 3D view of a head detail of a window frame.
W08 Section drawing
Cover Compressible insulation EPDM flashing Lap sealant
EPDM roof membrane Rigid insulation Roof deck
The above is a scale 1:20 drawing of a detailed expansion joint used on roofing systems. Steel roofing expands and contracts with changes in temperature. Thus, the expansion joint is placed to allow steel movement in relation to temperature. As a result, buckling and bending of steel roofing is avoided. The joint is commonly used on projects with long runs of roof sheeting. In addition to allowing for expansion, it provides an effective solution for end lapping sheeting. The expansion joint is located on roof tops and cannot be observed from below.
The photos of the actual site are taken on the ground floor showing the ceiling of the roof, which is covered and decorated with timber strips. However, the roofing system is supported by steel truss system. Corrugated iron sheets were used to construct the roof. Thus, expansion joints were used to allow the expansion and contraction of steel in response to temperature.
W09 Construction detailing Movement joints Compressed
As installed
Elongated
Health and safety Material selection (fire level) Stepping of stairs Ageing Repairable surfaces Corner bead
Resistance to damage Cleanable surfaces
Easy to assemble
Constructability
W09 Composite materials Combined materials Distinguishable Bonded with retaining properties Dis/continuous fibres
Fibrous
Sandwich panels
Laminar
Gravel and resins Combined composite types Cladding
Particular Hybrid
Fibre reinforced cement (FRC) Transparent cladding
Cladding with flexibility
Aluminum sheet
Beams and trusses
Structural elements
Fibreglass
Timber
Fibre reinforced polymers
W09 Site visit This weekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tutorial, we visited 485 Spencer St West Melbourne. It is a renovating building with timber stud structure and steel framing. The exterior wall uses horizontal cladding. Skylights are installed with timber framing to increase light sources.
W10 Failures Galvanic corrosion Iron
Lateral forces Wind & earthquakes Connects horizontally, allowing loads to be transferred to vertical bearings.
Diaphragms K-bracing
W10 Oval Pavilion
The photos of the actual site are taken on the ground floor showing the ceiling of the roof, which is covered and decorated with timber strips. However, the roofing system is supported by steel truss system. Corrugated iron sheets were used to construct the roof. Thus, expansion joints were used to allow the expansion and contraction of steel in response to temperature. Waterproofing is evident with the use of galvanized steel sheeting roof and glass skylights.
Glossary Key terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
Beam Bracing Column Compression Frame Load path Masonry Point load Reaction force Stability Structural joint Tension Moment Pad footing Retaining wall Strip footing Slab on ground Substructure Joist Steel decking span Girder Concrete plank Spacing Stud Nogging Lintel Axial load Buckling Seasoned timber Rafter Purlin Cantilever Portal frame Eave Alloy Soffit Top chord Drip Vapour barrier Gutter Parapet Downpipe Flashing Insulation Sealant Window sash Deflection Moment of inertia Door furniture Stress Shear force Sandwich panel Bending Skirting Composite beam Shadow line joint Cornice Shear wall Soft story Braced frame Life cycle Defect Fascia Corrosion IEQ
Referencing
Reference list: Ching, FDK 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J. Construction environments 2014, video recording, University of Melbourne ENVS 10003, Melbourne. Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bluestone 2014, video recording, University of Melbourne ENVS 10003, Melbourne. Newton, C 2014, Basic structural forces, Online recording, University of Melbourne, Melbourne. Newton, C 2014, Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) considerations , Online recording, University of Melbourne, Melbourne. W02 s2 Structural joints 2014, video recording, University of Melbourne ENVS 10003, Melbourne. USG 2007, Details, USG, U.S. Viewed on 12 May 2014, http://www.usgdesignstudio.com/downloaddetails.asp?globalnav_referrer=download-details.