Useful Commands for Redhat
Introduction The Linux Directory Layout File/Directory Basics File Viewing •File Compression •File Comparison •File Text Manipulation •Disks and File Systems •File Location •Backups and Remote Storage •Audio and Video •Hosts •Spelling Operations •Networking •Printing
The Linux Directory Layout Directory Description /bin
Essential command binaries (programs)are stored here(bash, ls, mount,tetc.)
/boot
Static files of the boot loader.
/dev
Device files. In Linux, hardware devices are acceessd just like other files, andthey are kept under this directory.
/etc
Host-specific system configuration files.
/home
Location of users' personal home directories (e.g. /home/Raj).
/lib
Essential shared libraries and kernel modules.
Directory
Description
/proc
Process information pseudo-filesystem. An interface to kernel data structures.
/root
The root (superuser) home directory.
/sbin
Essential system binaries (fdisk, fsck, init, etc).
/tmp
Temporary files. All users have permission to place temporary files here.
/usr
The base directory for most shareable, read-only data (programs, l ibraries,documentation, and much ore).
/usr/bin
Most user programs are kept here (cc, find, du, etc.).
/usr/include
Header files for compiling C programs.
Directory Description /usr/lib
Libraries for most binary programs.
/usr/sbin
Non-vital system binaries (lpd, useradd, etc.)
/usr/share
Architecture-independent data (icons, backgrounds, documentation, terminfo, man pages, etc.).
/usr/src
Program source code. E.g. The Linux Kernel, source RPMs, etc.
/usr/X11R6 The X Window System /var
Variable data: mail and printer spools, log files, lock files, etc.
/usr/local
“Locally� installed files. This directory only really matters in environments where files are stored on the network. Locallyinstalled files go in /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, etc.). Also often used forsoftware packages installed from source,or software not officially shipped with the distribution.
X File/Directory Basics Command ls cp mv rm ln cd pwd mkdir rmdir
Task List files Copy files Rename files Delete files Link files Change directory Print current Create directory Delete directory
File Viewing Command
Task
cat less head tail nl od Xxd gv xdvi
View files Page through files View file beginning View ending of file Number lines of file View binary data of file View binary data with charecter View Postscript/PDF files View TeX DVI files
File Properties Command
Task
stat wc du file touch chown chgrp chmod chattr
Display file attributes Count bytes/words/lines Measure disk usage Identify file types /ASCII Files Create new file timestamps Change file owner Change file group Change file rotections/Permision Change advanced file attributes/ Special Characters List advanced file attributes
lsattr
File Compression Command
Task
gzip compress bzip2 zip
Compress files (GNU Zip) Compress files (Unix) Compress files (BZip2) Compress files (Windows Zip)
File Comparison Command
Task
diff comm cmp md5sum
Compare files line by line Compare sorted files Compare files byte by byte Compute checksums
File Text Manipulation Command
Task
grep cut paste tr sort uniq tee
Search text for matching lines Extract columns Append columns Translate characters Sort lines Locate identical lines Copy stdin to a file and to stdout simultaneously
Disks and File Systems Command
Task
df Dir. mount fsck sync
Show free disk space file & Make a disk accessible Check a disk for errors Flush disk caches
File Location Command
Task
find slocate which whereis
Locate files Locate files via index Locate commands Locate standard files
Backups and Remote Storage Command
Task
mt dump restore tar cdrecord rsync
Control a tape drive Back up a disk Restore a dump Read/write tape archives Burn a CD Mirror a set of files
Audio and Video Command
Task
grip xmms cdparanoia audacity xcdroast
Play CDs and rip MP3s Play audio files Rip audio Edit audio Burn CDs
Hosts Command
Task
uname hostname ifconfig host whois ping traceroute
Print system information Print the system’s hostname Set/display network information Look up DNS Look up domain registrants Check if host is reachable View network path to a host
Spelling Operations Command
Task
look aspell spell
Look up spelling Check spelling interactively Check spelling in batch
Networking Command
Task
ssh telnet scp sftp ftp evolution mutt mail
Securely log into remote hosts Log into remote hosts Securely copy files between hosts Securely files transfer between hosts Copy /Transfer files between hosts GUI email client Text-based email client Minimal email client
Command
Task
mozilla lynx wget slrn gaim talk write mesg
Web browser Text-only web browser Retrieve web pages to disk Read Usenet news Instant messaging/IRC Linux/Unix chat Send messages to a terminal Prohibit talk/write
Printing Command
Task
lpr lpq lprm
Print files View print queue Remove print jobs
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