Artist Typeface

Module TFD1064.

Design for Communication Project – “Artist typeface” Klaudyna Joczyn u1258977 u1258977@unimail.hud.ac.uk klaudyna.j1994@gmail.com 07540159894

Artist Typeface

Artist Typeface What is a Font Bureau?

• digital type studio, founded in 1998 by publication designer and media strategist Roger Black and type designer David Berlow • one of the leading design companies designing typefaces, they have designed typefaces for most of the maor American companies • co-founded Webtype in 2010 to provide highend fonts for outline typography • co-founded Ready-Media • remains small and private • designers from all around the world can submit their designs for typefaces to them

Examples of their work:

Artist Typeface

These are screenshots of Font Bureau Website. I have looked at its structure, so that I would be able to put my tyeface design onto their website later on.

Artist Typeface Before I went into researching artists and creating fonts for them I started off by experimenting with type to get my imagination working. This is what I came up with:

Artist Typeface

On this page I’ve tried to come up with shapes representing each letter, so that I could write a full line (from one edge of a paper to the other) of this letter without lifting the pen up. I have done this for each letter of the alphabet. To create this I’ve used inks.

On this page I written down typographical terminology. Each word is written down in different direction and with different typefaces. To create this I have used ink.

Artist Typeface Bauhaus This art movement, started in German school called Bauhaus; founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius.

They wanted to unite creativity and manufacturing, bringing design to everyday life. They made crafts part of the art, and placed them on the same level as sculpture or painting.

They created artistic media, interior design, ingustrial design, graphic design, architecture and.

In terms of typography they always were going for simplicity. Use of serifs was forbidden.

Artist Typeface

I started to experiment with typefaces for Bauhaus art movement by looking at shapes used by its artists. These are few of my design ideas. I think that I am going to research more into this movement and consider coming up with more detailed ideas as I really enjoyed working in this style.

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Aurel Schmidt Born: 1982 Lives in New York She creates poetic drawings with use of beer cans, cigarettes, condoms and other addictions to produce her work.

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Artist Typeface To me Aurel Schmidt’s art work is very intriguing.

It fascinates and disgusts, makes me shiver at the same time. There is one part of me which want to walk away from her work, but there is also a part of me which cannot stop looking at it. That is my favourite kind of art, the one that makes you think twice. This type of spiritual dualism is like watching a horror movie when you cover your face with hands, but still watch it through your fingers.

Because of that you can’t stop thinking about it, the art stays within you. If the art piece only looked nice, but wouldn’t cause any emotional battle inside me then I would forget all about it within a few minutes.

This image creates a monster face out of insects.

I think that face represents our fears and how we tend to exagerrate them and make them seem more dreadful.

I think that it was a really good choice to create this image with insects, as most of the people are scared and disgusted by them.

I think that the light is a metaphore of human addictions and moths are people. Moths, just like people attracted to thing, which at first sight seem to be desired, but in the end it often turns out to be destructive. They are blinded by it and want more and more of it, not realising that it is putting their lifes in danger. The same happens with people and their addictions, they often can’t see these addictions as a problem.

It is a very simple piece of work, but carries out a strong message to the viewer.

There is beauty and horror combined in thies piece.

Everything is created with use of bugs, worms, snakes and all sorts of crawling creatures, which makes us shiver. The beauty of it is that at first we see this perfect, fairytale world and as we look closer it turnes into a nightmare.

to makes us aware that this is why we should never judge a book by its cover and people by the way they look. To me it also shows the world of addictions, drugs, alcohol etc. and how it feels good at first, but once you sink into it this world turns into a nightmare.

I think that she wanted to show that in life not everything what seems to be amazing really turns out this way once you get to know it. She tries

In my opinion this dream like image is a really good metaphore of life and all the bad things that we meet on our way.

Artist Typeface

I’ve started to experiment with type to create font for Aurel Schmidt. I’ve looked at burning letters in paper as well as using features from her drawings such as moths, snakes, worms or ciggerette ends.

I think t is quite hard to create which would reflect on her work, however I really admire her art and I think it is a good challenge to let typography be influenced by her.

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Jean Dubuffet Born: 1901 Died: 1985 In 1918 he started to study painting at the Academie ulian in Paris, but left after six months. In 1924 he stopped painting, as he doubted in the sense and value of art and he took over his father’s business.

Jean Dubuffet turned back to art in 1942, when he started to paint nude females.

His paintings were impersonal, childlike and primitive. He used strong, unbroken colours to create them. His main subject became people in everyday life and the work that he produced was deliberately anti - personal and anti - psychological.

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I took Dubuffet artwork and traced out letter forms hich I could find in it. Then I started to add some stripes etc to this work, to look at different variations of the font. I didn’t quite enjoy creating work influenced by him, as I dont feel like there is a lot that I could create out of it and all of the ideas which I had were very obvious and anyone could come up with them.

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Kara Walker Born: 1969 She is a contemporary Artist from America.

To create her work she uses clack paper silhouettes. Her artwork comments on sexuality, races, gender, violence and identity. She reveals the brutal world of racism in America and ducuments historical slavery in South America.

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Artist Typeface Personally I find the work of Kara Walker very sad and touching. Her artwork is very simple, but it’s full of metaphores. It takes the viewer onto a historical journey through the salery, racism and humiliation. It made me realise that the problem of racism still exist nowadays and that it makes life of millions of people miserable.

I am now going to look at some of my favourite pieces of this artist in more detail.

This piece is quite unusual for this artist, as she usually uses only blak and white colours and this time she has chosen to create it on dark grey background. She has chosen grey probably because she still wanted to get away from the colour, and if she would do it only in black and white one of the women would not be visible.

This image illustrates how White American used to treat African Americans as their slaves. First of all it is shown by the fact that black silhouette is carrying the white one. It is also visible in clothes that they are wearing, as the whit silhouette seems to have a fancier dress, which means that she’s richer and that relates to the fact that she would be the one having power. White and black colours of these silhouettes symbolize races. these silhouettes are quite simple, but at the same time very detailed in some places, such as feet or hands.

This is my favourite piece of work created by this artist. It is a part of installation titled “Gone: An Historical Romance of a Civil War as it Occurred b’tween the Dusky Thighs of One Young Negress and Her Heart”. I think it’s very moving, shocking and quite vulgar image, but that’s why it works so well. It carries a strong message that stays with a viewer for a long time.

The whole installation was about how African Americans were treated during the American Civil War. It enters the world of violence, inequality, racism, power, stereotyping and oppression. This image refutes the romance and shows sexual abuse of these times.

Once we start to look closer at the image and analyse it, we realise that characters on these image arn’t two adults cought in a sexual act, but in fact these are two children. This image could have three different themes hidden in it. One could be that these children were forced to do things for which they were way too immature, so that someone would watch them while they were doing it, what would be considered as a pedophile behaviour. Second, it could be that these children were caught in a sexual act, as they have seen or heard about it somewhere around them, they weren’t aware of what they are doing and that this kind of behaviour is not acceptable. They were

‘robbed’ of their childchood because of that. At last it could be shoving how people used to stereotype African Americans, how they used to think that they are active sexually even from very young age, that they always had big families with many children and they always start a family at a very young age.

I think that it is very hard to represent such a delicate subject with use of paper-cut silhouettes, but Kara Walker handled it really well.

I’ve looked at experimenting with type for this artist. I hae mainly looked at using human silhouettes to create people out of them. I think that it is a challenge to create a font based on her artwork. However I really like her work and I think that I will carry out more research about her and experiment some more later on.

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Liubov Popova Born: 1889 Died: 1924 Russian painter and designer. She started her official art lessons at the age of 11. Then she travelled around the world to learn from different styles of painting. After exploring impressionism she became interested in Cubo-Futurism and this is the style in which she mainly produced her work.

Artist Typeface I mainly liked shading which Liubov Popova has used in her artwork, so that I’ve decided to concentrate on it. I though that I would get the best shading effect by using charcoal and blending it. I came up with two main ideas. I quite enjoyed experimenting with her work and I will consider taking my experiments further.

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Sagmeister: Born: 1962 New York graphic designer mainly known for his record covers. He always pays attention to every detail of the design and puts his heart into it

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What I like the most about this artist is how much heart and soul he puts into his work and that this is visible in his art. I like the fact that he really works hard on every piece that he creates.

I think that his work is very inspirational, especially for the young artists and designers.

I think that in this piece the content is more important than context. I find it really amazing that he just could be asked to get out of the house and fly to another country just to build the words, which then on the photographs put together would create a sentence representing his thoughts.

I like the fact that he spend his time to build up the letters and then set them on fire, so that in a sence he destroyed his own work within few seconds, just so that he could make the photograph of it and keep this beautiful momen within it.

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In this idea my aim was to use ink and a brush and create letters just by gently pressing the side of a brush against paper. Then I created a pattern out of letter Z.

I’ve tried to make a similar effect that Sagmeister achieved with word “DEVELOPMENT” in a phrase “KEEPING A DIARY SUPPORTS PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT”. I’ve used toothpicks and threads to create small letters out of them and set them on fire. I did not work as one side burned down before I could set the other side on fire and also all of this burned down too quickly.

I think that for this to work I would have to use thicker blocks of wood as well as making the whole thing bigger. I would also have to set all sides of a letter on fire at the same time, so that I’d probably have to have another person to do it with me.

Apart from this experiment I have also created few quick sketches with ideas for a Segmaister font.

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Surrealism Surrealism is one of my favourite art movements.

It allows to use all of your imagination and create dream-like pieces.

It developed out of Dadaism (Dada) and its center was Paris (France). It had similar origins to abstract art, only with different interpretation as to what these origins meant. It challenged concepts of normal and rational. Artists in this movement studied and analysed works of phillosophs such as Sigmunt Freud and Carl Jung. Artists in this movement represented in concrete terms imagery of dream and fantasy.

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What I really like about the surrealism is its dream-like form. All of the paintinnggs created in this movementare very intriguing, mysterious, irrational. It often takes quite a while to see what the painter really wanted to communicate. They were shownig part of real world mixed with the dream reality. I’ve observed that they often used very pale, pastel colours in their paintings.

I think that this is one of my favourite surrealist paintings. I really like the way light and shadow were used in this painting. I also really like how they have made the skin look very soft, delicate; the piece of material lying on the bottom looks like silk or some other delicate material; also the clouds add this softnes to the image, what all together makes it look pure, innocent.

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For letter ‘A’ I have created a homemade print. I have done this with use kitchen cutting board and a rolling pin. I’ve placed a piece of paper on the table put some oil paint or ink creating an “A” shape. Then I covered it with another piece ot paper, placed cutting board on top and went over it with rolling pin. This is how I achieved letter “A” with different textures.

For the next part I have used ink and water and with splashes I created letters.

The last bit was created with charcoal.

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Then I have creatd some cloud-like shaped, surreal letters by putting drops of black ink into the water and photographing it.

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On the right handside there are some of my design ideas for a typeface influenced

by Dadaism. As I could not come up with many ideas I decided to move away from this art movement and work more on other artists.

Dadaism It is a post World War I cultural movements. It was protesting against the barbarism of the War. Symbolised by irrationality and nonsense, the movement was more an anti-art - everything what art stood for dada represented the opposite.

Dadaism was a way to express confiusion and frustration of people whose world was turned upside down by war. It strived for freedom and purity.

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David Carson Born: 1954 When talking about typography I cannot skip the subject of David Carson. He is one of the most known typographers. Famos for his boundary breaking, experimental typography. He was the art director of the Ray Gun magazine, which was braking the boundaries of a design. It was in chaotic, abstract style, often very hard to read or not readable at all. David Carson probably had the most influence on graphic design in 1990s.

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I really admire David Carson for his typography.

I love the way in which he experiments with it breaking the generally accepted rules of type. His grunge typefaces has made many designs more interesting, and his layout makes the design alive.

I really like this advertisement created by David Carson. It’s very dynamic and unusual, what I think makes it stand out. The way in which text has been layed out it suggests, movement, physical activity.

Even the word bounce was layd ou in a ‘bouncing’ way, which makes our eyes hop around he page.

The only disadvantage to this adertisement would be that it takes a while to read exactly what’s written on there, so that most of the people could not get it, as they are in constant rush and do not have time to stand by a read an ad on the street.

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To create these letters I have used two different rollers and oil paint. I have used one smooth and one textured roller. It gave me a grunge effect which David Carson often used in his designs.

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To achieve this grunge effect I have also used potatoe stamps and covered them with ink. Then I stampped them few times onto a piece of paper, as each time letters were coming out more ‘destroyed’.

Artist Typeface Erik Spiekermann I really admire Erik Spiekermann, who is a German typographer. I find his interviews very interesting, full of tips and advices for designing type.

He has shown me how important typography is and how massive impact on our lives it has.

Listening to his speaches and blog helped me to start off on creating my own typography. It also forced me to create a lot experiments. They have made realise that only by practising and making thousands of mistakes I can actually accomplish something.

I think that he’s “lectures” are the best ones I have ever heard. I can actually listen them again and again and I don’t get bored. In fact every time I listen to Erik Spiekermann’s speeches I find in them something new, something inspirational, new information.

http://spiekermann.com/en/

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Font - set of characters in one size and style

I thought that I need to research the basic typographic terminology and the practical use of it.

Stress - the axis at which the character has been written Serif - short lines at the ends of the strokes Brackets - curved shapes which join vertical stroke with horizontal stroke Contrast - difference between strokes (horizontal and vertical)

Typ o g r aphy

cap height

baseline

ascender height

x - height

descender height

tracking kerning

Typography

tracking -75

Italic

Typography

Typography

tracking 0

Regular

Typography

Typography

tracking 75

Bold

Typography Typography

Type is measured from the ascender height to the descender height:

72 pt

Typography

Here is an example of the use of kerning. First is the aoutomatic kerning of a typeface and second a fixed version of it.

1 inch

I think when designing a typeface it is important to think about these three basic versions of a font.

6 picas

Here are examples of tight, normal and wide trackings:

Typography Minion Pro 24pt

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When I have chosen my three main artists to experiment some more with them I’ve decided I need to do some moodboard-like collages just to help me come up with ideas. I have printed out some of those artists work and sticked it onto a wall above my desk. Then I took small pieces on paper and wrotr on them phrases commenting on this work and sticked them around. I also did look for already existing tyefaces, which would reflect on these artists work to get some inspiration from them. I thought that this would really help me to come up with ideas, as I’d have to look at this all the time (even when I’m going to sleep or straight after waking up) and it’d make me think about my work constantly.

Artist Typeface From all of these artists I havchosen four for further research and development: • Kara Walker • Aurel Schmidt • Bauhaus

Kara Walker Kara Walker’s work is provocative and sometimes it can offend people. She’s creating the silhouettes out of cheap materials and devalued craft methods in opposite to the rich paint loaded pieces in canvas. She’s creating these silhouettes in unsubtle poses. These detailed figures are full of emotion and symbolism. White - the master; black - a slave.

Kara Walker herself says: “ The silhouette says a lot with very little information, but that’s also what the stereotype does. So I saw the silhouette and stereotype as linked.”. While she mastered the colour and its theories, she’s mainly using black, which dating few decades back was illegal. Her work reflects on American history. She’s showing the history of racism, hatred and slavery, history of violence - both physical and psychological.

“Walker’s imagesaggressivly assert that art can be aesthetic pleasure, providing delectation as well as blunt, thought - provoking force that tests our tolerance, actions and values.”. She’s using silhouettes to reflect on race and how it’s represented. Walker is well informed about the past and the present and she clearly reflects this in her work. She’s capturing the violent history of her present; the physical and psychological abuse of her ancestry, which still exists now and has left its mark on her. Kara Walker’s provocative imagery looks deeply into taboos, into the unspoken. We think that we live in a very open, free world, in which taboos don’t exist and Walker with her work proves this wrong. Her images full of sexual deviance, dicrimination, exploitation, racism, rage, showing cannibalis is still shocking and to some people offensive.

Shirin Neshat

There are two different artists who also create ork about such difficult subjects, from whom I can get some inspiration as well: • Shirin Neshat - an artist from Iran, talks about being a woman in a male dominatet culture. Her work is very personal and political. She’s using photography and writes on top of it with ink.

• Glenn Ligon - an American artist, he’s homosexual and an African American. He talks about being a black person in America.

Glenn Ligon

Artist Typeface HISTORY LESSON African Americans (facts): • citizens of USA • have ancestors in Africa, who have been shipped to the America as slaves in XVII and XVIII century • today there are about 40 million African Americans in USA • in the pas they have been called with disrespectful names such as: “Negros”, “Blacks”, “Coloureds” • name “Nigger” was mainly used in south region of USA where they were mostly discriminated • term “African American” has become an official name about 30 years ago • they had to work for white people (“masters”) in cotton and tobbaco farms, without being paid and in bad living conditions • women mainly cooked, cleaned and raised their “Master’s” children • they couldn’t have a political view or meet with white people • When Abraham Lincoln became president (1860) the Civil War started, as he strongly disagreed with slavery and because of that southern states created their own country.

Northern States have won the war and slaves were free.

• next they had to overwhelm the poverty, some people still discriminated them • the most famous grout to discriminate them was the Ku Klux Klan, who beat up and murdered many black people • After World War II the movement of Civil Rights gained the court decision which stated that segregation in schools was against the constitution.

• in 1963 the Civil Rights Act was founded and people could no longer be discriminated in public placesand African Americans gained the right to vote • there is still 25% of Afrincan Americans who live in poverty, discrimination still takes place in some areas, they earn less than other groups and their unemployment is higher • however they have gaind a lot of right since the Civil War.

Civil War Symbols

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Here are some more experiments for Kara Walker.

I have created them with use of inks, pencil and card.

They are more informed now, because of the information that I have gained in my research.

I think that the font shown below is my favourite one out of them and I am going to develop it further.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7pcLdn72hw When Aurel Schmidt moved from British Columbia to New York her work has changed. She said that there is no free, quite space in the city, there is always a background noise. That is represented by the crowded features in her work (insects, rats, cigarettes etc.) in her fiures. After moving to New York she has been doing drugs, she was lonely and paranoid, what strongly influenced her artwork. It was her way to deal with these emotions. Bugs, rats, ciggarete ends etc. show that everything what’s beautiful dies someday. Symbols of death and decay are visible throughout her work, as because of her paranoia she saw death waiting for her everywhere, she saw dead bodies on the streets, when it really were only piles of garbage. Aurel Schmidt shows there is a badness to everything around us.

I think that the tools which she uses to create her artwork (bugs etc) are mainly thinkgs that she’s afraid of or addicted to. I’ve observed that her work is very similar to the artwork of shizophrenics.

Here are some of the Aurel Schmidt’s pieces put together in this short video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qjlOYSA_ns

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mPG5aijILw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6jc1lt9YwM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyYmbvKlSgs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWYwckFrksg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vvU-Ajwbok

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMxD8RV3n8E

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While listening to stimulations of schizophrenia and paranoia I drawn letters based on wht was going through my mind at that time.

Artist Typeface

Bauhaus was centre of design in XX century. It affected everything. It was founded in Weimar (small, provincial town in Germany) during political and economical chaos. Bauhaus started the revolution of the way in which people were educated in art schools. They have started the workshop based method of education. These workshops trained people as artists and craftsmen at the same time. Students didn't design things on paper but were actually making them by hand.

Workshops were taught by the craftsmen under the supervision of the artists. Before Bauhaus art students used to sit in the studio and all did the same thing, copying previous artists work, painting with watercolours etc. They also learned art history.

Bauhaus was very free. Students could create whatever they wanted.

Bauhaus allowed both men and women to apply to their courses. Bauhaus started to combine art with practical use of the object. They were producing designs whit future mass production in mind.

At first, elegant and simple objects created in Bauhaus were considered very plain. There was an emphasison use of primary colours and geometrical shapes.

In 1923 more and more people were supporting socialism in Weimar. As Bauhaus were against National Socialists Party, they were communists and they had to close the school. In 1925 the Bauhaus re-opened in Dessau as it was politically more liberal.

Typography in Bauhaus was bright, bold and simple without any decorations – even serifs. Graphic design was all about optics and communication theory.

In theatre they were pushing the boundaries of design, architecture and form. They could experiment with everything. People wanted their children not to look at the Bauhaus students.

Women from Bauhaus wore trousers and man ponytails. They were seen as the punks of Dessau.

As Nazis took control over the Dessau’s council they have closed the school. Because of the fact that Bauhaus has been making connections between art and technology Nazis said that ‘they were on the wrong path’. Bauhaus re-opened in Berlin, where it then ended.

Teachers and students of Bauhaus spread all over the world taking their ideas with them.

Artist Typeface

I’ve made a letter “T” with cut outs of card, to make them look like stairs. I came up with this idea after watching a documentary about Bauhaus and how they have worked with papper and paper cuts to create artwork.

Artist Typeface

Here are some more Bauhaus influenced design ideas that I came up with after watching a Bauhaus documentary.

I’ve made most of them in blask and white with use of pencils and/or indian ink. I have created them with geometrical figuras and also some of them in primary colours, because these are features used in Bauhaus.

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Artist Typeface Designing my own font

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84pt = x x = (84*1) / 72 x = 1,16666667

48pt = x x = (84*1) / 72 x = 0,666666667

36pt = x x = (36*1) / 72 x = 0,5

24pt = x x = (24*1) / 72 x = 0,(3)

14pt = x x = (14*1) / 72 x = 0,19(4)

12pt = x 10pt = x x = (12*1) / 72 x = (10*1) / 72 x = 0,1(6) x = 0,13(8)

24pt

36pt

48pt

60pt

72pt

84pt

60pt = x x = (60*1) / 72 x = 0,8(3) Artist Typeface

72pt = 1in 84pt = x x = (84*1) / 72 x = 1,16666667

72pt = 1in 48pt = x x = (84*1) / 72 x = 0,666666667

72pt = 1in 36pt = x x = (36*1) / 72 x = 0,5

72pt = 1in 84pt = x x = (84*1) / 72 x = 1,16666667

72pt = 1in 48pt = x x = (84*1) / 72 x = 0,666666667

72pt = 1in 36pt = x x = (36*1) / 72 x = 0,5

72pt = 1in 24pt = x x = (24*1) / 72 x = 0,(3) 84pt

72pt = 1in 60pt = x x = (60*1) / 72 x = 0,8(3)

4pt

10pt

12pt

14pt

72pt = 1in 60pt = x x = (60*1) / 72 x = 0,8(3)

72pt = 1in 14pt = x x = (14*1) / 72 x = 0,19(4)

72pt = 1in 72pt = 1in 12pt = x 10pt = x x = (12*1) / 72 x = (10*1) / 72 x = 0,1(6) x = 0,13(8)

72pt 24pt x=( x=0

Artist Typeface Looking into existing specimen Sheets

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Artist Typeface

84pt

72pt

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48pt

36pt

24pt

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10pt

Designing Specimen Sheet

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Artist Typeface Final Manual (Specimen Sheet)

270

100

2.4mm

40.6mm

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Artist Typeface Specimen Sheet (Poster Design)

270

100

2.4mm

40.6mm

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270

270

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270

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100

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100

2.4mm

2.4mm

2.4mm 2.4mm

40.6mm

40.6mm

40.6mm

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270

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2.4mm

40.6mm

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Web Design

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I’ve looked at existing Font Bureau front covers for their Type Specimens. This will help me in designing my own book cover and keeping their usual style at the same time.

Their covers are very simple. They use three colours - black white and red. Words ‘FONT BUREAU’ are always written in the same font.

Artist Typeface

My Book Cover

Artist Typeface Advertisement Design Ideas

Word ‘bauhaus’ in my typeface, would be an explenation of the origin of this font.

Part of the image which inspired my work. I have used this part to create my alphabet.

I would make letters out of wood. It would represent how bauhaus was all about workshops and learning crafts.

In here, there would be writing explaining how this font can be used.

Artist Typeface Final Design for Advertisement The whole design is handmade. As I did not have a white wall to paint onto I had to make an immitation of it by sticking four A1 pieces of mountboard together and painting it white with a wall paint.

Originally my design would be painted straight onto a wall, so that it would not look as much as a poster.

Then I have painted the line and circle with guache paints and I’ve glued my letters down. I have also written down information about how this font might be used underneath. I have done this by preparing stencil cut outs with lasercutter and mountboard and then I’ve transferred these letters onto my ‘wall’ with paint.

36pt

24pt

14pt

12pt

10pt

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84pt

72pt

60pt

48pt

FONT BUREAU TYPE SPECIMEN

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Artist Typeface Artnet Worldwide Corporation. (2012). no title.

Available: http://www.artnet.com/ag/fineartdetail. asp?wid=426210697&gid=117663. Last accessed 15th Feb 2013.

DEBBY EMADIAN. (2010). Making dens: Kara Walker. Available: http://debbyemadian.blogspot. co.uk/2010/07/i-am-invisible-man.html. Last accessed 15th Feb 2013.

being-in-exodus. (2011). no title. Available: http:// beinginexodus.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/513/.

Last accessed 15th Feb 2013.

Alexander Boguslawski. (unknown). Liubov' Sergeevna Popova (1889-1924). Available: http:// myweb.rollins.edu/aboguslawski/Ruspaint/popova. html. Last accessed 15th Feb 2013.

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