America Past and Present, Brief Edition, Volume 2, 8E Robert A Divine Test Bank

TEST BANK

AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT BRIEF EIGHTH EDITION

Robert A. Divine University of Texas

T.H. Breen Northwestern University

George M. Frederickson Late of Stanford University

R. Hal Williams Southern Methodist University

Ariela J. Gross University of Southern California

H.W. Brands University of Texas

Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Chapter 32

New World Encounters 1 New World Experiments: England's Seventeenth-Century Colonies 12 Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society 24 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 38 The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763-1783 50 The Republican Experiment 63 Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788-1800 76 Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision 89 Nation Building and Nationalism 103 The Triumph of White Men's Democracy 117 Slaves and Masters 130 The Pursuit of Perfection 143 An Age of Expansionism 157 The Sectional Crisis 170 Secession and the Civil War 184 The Agony of Reconstruction 198 The West: Exploiting an Empire 212 The Industrial Society 226 Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900 239 Political Realignments in the 1890s 253 Toward Empire 268 The Progressive Era 284 From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism 299 The Nation at War 313 Transition to Modern America 328 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 342 America and the World, 1921-1945 356 The Onset of the Cold War 369 Affluence and Anxiety 384 The Turbulent Sixties 397 The Rise of a New Conservatism, 1969-1988 411 To the Twenty-first Century, 1989-2009 425

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 1 New World Encounters 1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The most significant factor that allowed large numbers of nomadic hunters to enter the heart of North America was A) the domestication of horses. B) global warming. C) population growth. D) the search for new food supplies. E) the growing diversity of people. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 2) Which of the following revolutionized early Native American cultures? A) the discovery of hunting B) the development of agriculture C) tribal political alliances D) the emergence of a written language E) the domestication of the horse Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 3) Cahokia, a large Indian city in what is now Illinois, was built by A) the Mississippians. B) the Anasazs. C) the Adena and Hopewell cultures. D) the Aztecs. E) the Comanches. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 4) The aggressive Native American people who occupied the valley of Mexico when the Spanish arrived were the A) Mayas. B) Apaches. C) Aztecs. D) Incas. E) Toltecs. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3

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5) By the time Europeans arrived, the peoples of central Mexico had all of the following EXCEPT A) large cities ruled by effective bureaucracies. B) tools and weapons made of iron and bronze. C) hieroglyphic writing. D) an accurate solar calendar. E) a religion which involved human sacrifice. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 6) The Atlantic tribal group with whom the English had the most contact was called the A) Algonquian. B) Mayan. C) Apache. D) Sioux. E) Cherokee. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 7) The tribes of eastern North America defined their place in society through A) patricide. B) monotheism. C) kinship. D) intertribal marriages. E) land ownership. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 8) What Indians desired most, upon encountering Europeans, was A) cultural enlightenment. B) peaceful trade. C) religious instruction. D) allies to help them defeat their enemies. E) victims for human sacrifice rituals. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 9) The single greatest factor that caused the destruction of Native Americans after contact with Europeans was A) warfare. B) planned genocide. C) disease. D) forced conversions to Christianity. E) forced removal from tribal lands. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6

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10) In the Columbian Exchange, the Old World and the New exchanged A) animal, plant, and microbial life forms. B) technologies. C) religious beliefs. D) political systems. E) scientific theories. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 11) Which of the following statements about West Africa during the era of the European slave trade is true? A) Africans were quite isolated from the rest of the world. B) Africans had a simple, self-sufficient economy. C) A single monolithic culture covered most of the African continent. D) Muslim missionaries were having some success in making converts there. E) Africans were united by a single language. Answer: D [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 12) The first European nation to establish contact with sub-Saharan Africa was A) France. B) Italy. C) the Netherlands. D) Portugal. E) Germany. Answer: D [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 13) The Portuguese explored West Africa searching for A) slaves. B) gold. C) ancient artifacts. D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: D [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 14) All of the following contributed to the rise of nation-states in Europe in the fifteenth century EXCEPT A) population growth. B) a general prosperity. C) the centralization of political authority under a monarchy. D) feudalism. E) the effects of the Renaissance. Answer: D [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8

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15) Columbus originally was determined to prove that A) a westward water route to China existed. B) the world was not flat. C) the continents of North and South America existed. D) the lost continent of Atlantis was actually part of South America. E) the world was smaller than scientists believed at the time. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 16) At the time of Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, A) most educated Europeans believed the earth was flat. B) no European nation had any interest in exploration. C) most educated Europeans did not believe the earth was flat. D) no one thought he would find anything. E) the Catholic Church condemned this kind of exploration. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 17) The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 resulted in A) war between Spain and Portugal. B) Portuguese control of Brazil. C) English control of Canada. D) French control of Martinique. E) the withdrawal of the Spanish from the New World. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 18) The men largely responsible for Spain’s conquest of the New World were known as A) conquistadores. B) coureurs de bois. C) “Sea Dogs.” D) condottiere. E) comerciante. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 19) The conquistador of Mexico was A) Bernal Diaz del Castillo. B) Hernán Cortés. C) Vasco de Gama. D) Hernando de Soto. E) Christopher Columbus. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9

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20) In order to better control the conquistadores in the New World, the Spanish government created A) the Inquisition. B) the hacienda. C) the encomienda. D) the missions. E) colonial governments. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 21) Most Spanish colonists were A) wealthy families. B) more racially tolerant than their English counterparts. C) unconcerned about economic opportunities. D) unwilling to have contact with native groups. E) incredibly racist. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 22) From the beginning of colonization, Spain regarded her New World domain as primarily A) a source of precious metals. B) a place to send exiled Moors and Jews. C) an opportunity to further promote the Catholic faith. D) a supplier of cheap Native American labor to be used on Spanish estates. E) a place to establish penal colonies. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 23) The first French explorers were A) interested in finding the mythical “northwest passage” to China. B) determined to find gold and silver. C) eager to Christianize the Native Americans. D) ruthless and exploitive of the native peoples. E) considered stupid by the Native Americans. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 24) In their relations with the Native Americans, the French A) were as obsessed with Christian conversion as the Spanish. B) tended to cultivate good relations because of the Native Americans’ knowledge of fur trapping. C) were ruthless in their treatment of the Native Americans. D) drove them from their land in order to set up plantations. E) were at a distinct disadvantage. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11

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25) The financial success of the French empire in North America depended upon the A) fur trade. B) complete annihilation of the Native American tribes in Canada. C) discovery of huge amounts of gold. D) Armada. E) withdrawal of the Spanish. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 26) Geographically, the French claimed and settled A) the Southwest. B) the entire Atlantic seaboard. C) the Mississippi Valley and Canada. D) Brazil. E) the Southeast. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 27) Which of the following is NOT related to the French experience in the New World? A) the fur trade B) Samuel de Champlain C) encomiendas D) coureurs de bois E) lack of royal support for colonizing efforts Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 28) Whose voyages established English claims in North America? A) Richard Hakluyt B) Sir Walter Raleigh C) John Cabot D) Henry VII E) Jacques Cartier Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 29) What sixteenth-century European upheaval had a profound impact upon England’s settlement of the New World? A) the Crusades B) the War of the Roses C) the Reformation D) the Hundred Years’ War E) the experience of the Marian exiles Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11

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30) All of the following provided a basis for the Reformation in England EXCEPT A) popular disaffection for the Catholic Church. B) intense anticlericalism. C) a literate and devout clergy. D) Henry VIII’s desire for total control of state and church. E) resentment of paying money to Rome. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11-12 31) The first Bible written in English was published in A) 1520. B) 1529. C) 1530. D) 1539. E) 1540. Answer: D [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 32) After the death of Henry VIII, A) his son ruled wisely and fairly. B) militant Protestants pushed for further reforms. C) Mary Tudor continued leading the Reformation. D) little change occurred for the people. E) there were no Catholics in England. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 33) Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and A) Catherine of Aragon. B) Jane Seymour. C) Elizabeth of York. D) Lady Jane Grey. E) Anne Boleyn. Answer: E [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 34) Which of the following individuals was responsible for starting the Protestant Revolt in Europe? A) Henry Tudor B) Martin Luther C) John Calvin D) John Foxe E) Elizabeth I Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11

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35) The most influential early theologian to build on the ideas of Martin Luther was A) Henry VIII. B) Oliver Cromwell. C) John Calvin. D) Mary Tudor. E) Elizabeth I. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 36) According to the religious philosophy of John Calvin and his followers, A) women and men were saved by a combination of faith and works. B) humans had total control over their destinies. C) God controlled who would receive salvation. D) humans should accept their faith and merely exist on earth. E) Hell did not exist. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 37) The English monarch responsible for consolidating the Protestant Reformation and restoring English nationalism was A) Henry VII. B) Henry VIII. C) Elizabeth I. D) Mary Tudor. E) James I. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12-13 38) The mission of the Spanish Armada was to A) suppress a revolt in the Netherlands. B) defend Queen Elizabeth I of England against challenges to her rule. C) eliminate Queen Elizabeth I and make England a Catholic country. D) replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary Queen of Scots. E) get revenge against the English for their seizure of Spanish treasure galleons. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 39) The English rehearsed for settlement in the New World by colonizing A) Scotland. B) Jamaica. C) Ireland. D) Wales. E) the Virgin Islands. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13

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40) English territory in the New World was initially named after the epithet of A) Walter Raleigh. B) Henry VIII. C) Elizabeth I. D) Richard Hakluyt. E) Richard Grenville. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 41) The first colonization efforts undertaken by the English in the New World were largely the schemes of A) the Crown. B) wealthy gentlemen. C) Italians acting on behalf of the English monarch. D) Parliament. E) fleeing Catholics. Answer: B [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 42) In the 1580s, the English attempted to make a settlement at A) Jamestown. B) Newfoundland. C) Roanoke. D) Plymouth. E) Hatteras. Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 43) The sponsor of the failed Roanoke colony was A) Walter Raleigh. B) Francis Drake. C) Humphrey Gilbert. D) Richard Hakluyt. E) Richard Grenville. Answer: A [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 44) Who developed strong arguments for England’s continued efforts at colonizing the New World, despite early failures? A) Humphrey Gilbert B) Walter Raleigh C) Richard Hakluyt D) Francis Drake E) Arthur Barlow Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14

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1.2 True/False Questions 1) The cultures of the different groups of Native Americans in North America were remarkably similar. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 [Factual] 2) Native American women were more likely than men to join Christian churches during the colonial period. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 [Factual] 3) African and Native American cultures had little in common. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 [Factual] 4) No diseases native to the New World affected European society as a result of exploration and colonization. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 [Factual] 5) More Africans than Europeans came to the Americas in the seventeenth century. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 [Factual] 6) Christopher Columbus was probably the first European to set foot in the New World. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 [Factual] 7) The Spanish Armada established Spain’s dominance in the New World. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 [Factual] 8) For Spain, the American colonies were a source of great economic wealth. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 [Factual] 1.3 Essay Questions 1) Compare the cultures that could be found in the New World prior to the Europeans. Why were some groups more advanced than others throughout the same region? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2-4 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Describe the process by which early Portuguese traders acquired slaves in West Africa. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 [Factual]

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3) Describe the social, economic, and political changes that occurred in Europe and led to exploration and colonization of the New World. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7-8 [Factual] 4) Why did England colonize the New World later than the rest of Europe? What political and religious conditions had created a century of conflict in England? What factors finally pushed the English west, across the ocean? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11-14 [Conceptual] 5) Compare the experience of the French, Spanish, and English in colonizing the New World. What common perception of the region did they share? Discuss the differences in their relationship with Native Americans. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-13 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 2 New World Experiments: England’s Seventeenth-Century Colonies 2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) English settlers in seventeenth-century America could be characterized best in terms of their A) striking social diversity. B) similarity to French and Spanish migrants of the same period. C) unity of purpose and motivation. D) desire to help each other. E) homogeneity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 [Conceptual] 2) Which one of the following was NOT a factor that stimulated English migration to the New World? A) religious disagreements in England B) poverty or the fear of falling into poverty C) a desire for land ownership D) government laws that forced the migration of the poorer classes E) rapid population growth Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 [Conceptual] 3) Upon arriving in the New World, English settlers A) quickly abandoned English beliefs and values. B) generally adapted old beliefs to the new environment. C) rarely were forced to significantly change their old English ways. D) usually adopted the customs of the local Indian tribes as a way to survive. E) immediately focused on converting the Native Americans. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16-17 [Factual] 4) To resolve the problem of the vast expenses New World settlement required, English merchant-capitalists introduced the concept of A) proprietorship. B) primogeniture. C) the joint-stock company. D) feudalism. E) mercantilism. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 [Factual]

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5) The joint-stock company A) required large capital investment. B) promised immense wealth to investors. C) encouraged investment in colonial enterprises, without fear of bankruptcy. D) was not required to obtain a royal charter. E) proved to be a failure in providing capital for colonization. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 [Factual] 6) The selection of a site for Jamestown was primarily based on the settlers’ A) fear of surprise attacks. B) desire for a healthful place to live. C) belief that friendly Indians lived nearby. D) need for close proximity to the open ocean. E) fear of diseases in the swamps. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 [Factual] 7) The ________ Company was responsible for the settlement of Jamestown in Virginia. A) New England B) Royal African C) Virginia D) American E) New World Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 [Factual] 8) Jamestown might have gone the way of Roanoke had it not been for the perseverance of A) John Winthrop. B) Captain John Smith. C) Pocahontas. D) Richard Hakluyt. E) Cotton Mather. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 [Factual] 9) The first three years of Jamestown’s history witnessed A) terrible hardship and suffering. B) the discovery of gold and silver. C) successful attempts at growing many profitable crops. D) the establishment of a representative form of government. E) the erection of the first Christian church in North America. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 [Factual]

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A tobacco company advertisement from 1659, lauding the drug as a medical “panacea.” Tobacco became one of the leading cash crops of the early colonies. (Library of Congress) 10) Examine the advertisement shown above, which was printed in London in 1659. The product shown proved to be the economic salvation of which colony? A) Massachusetts Bay Colony B) Georgia C) New York D) Jamestown E) Plymouth Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17-18 [Factual] 11) The man who taught Virginians how to grow tobacco was A) Captain John Smith. B) Powhatan. C) John Rolfe. D) Sir Edwin Sandys. E) the Duke of Marlboro. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 [Factual]

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12) The attitude of King James I toward tobacco A) demonstrated his concern for the health of his people. B) showed that, in the end, he valued revenue more than good health. C) changed very little during the course of his reign. D) was strongly influenced by his own habit of smoking. E) was influenced by its religious usage. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 [Factual] 13) After 1618, the Virginia Company’s principal means of attracting new settlers was A) the granting of religious freedom. B) liberal suffrage requirements. C) a system of land grants. D) payment of passage by the company. E) impressment. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18 [Factual] 14) Under the “headright” system in Virginia, A) every adult male could vote. B) every child was guaranteed a primary education. C) all new arrivals who had paid their trans-Atlantic fares received fifty-acre land grants. D) new immigrants were guaranteed a year’s provisions. E) every new settler was entitled to one slave. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18 [Factual] 15) Indentured servants A) were working off the cost of their passage to America. B) all served the same number of years regardless of age or experience. C) had no more legal rights than slaves. D) received grants of land when their terms were up. E) usually lived long enough to complete their terms of service. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18 [Factual] 16) Those who migrated to the Chesapeake Bay area as indentured servants were A) usually from the dregs of English society. B) English farmers who saw a better future in the New World. C) normally single males. D) married individuals who came with their families. E) generally convicted criminals who traded jail time in England for indentures. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18 [Factual]

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17) After 1618, the Virginia colonists were allowed to elect a representative assembly known as the A) House of Burgesses. B) House of Commons. C) House of Representatives. D) House of Delegates. E) General Court. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18 [Factual] 18) In 1622, the Native American tribes of Virginia A) attacked the English settlements. B) formed an alliance with the Native American tribes of New England. C) established permanently good relations with the English settlers. D) learned from the English settlers how to grow tobacco. E) migrated westward to avoid future contact with settlers. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 [Factual] 19) In 1624, Virginia became A) an independent commonwealth. B) a proprietary colony. C) a royal colony. D) part of Maryland. E) the primary destination for female settlers. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18 [Factual] 20) The most important institution of local government in colonial Virginia was the A) parish vestry. B) Anglican church. C) county court. D) House of Burgesses. E) Virginia Company board of directors. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18 [Factual] 21) The first capital of colonial Maryland was A) Annapolis. B) Jamestown. C) Baltimore. D) St. Mary’s City. E) Williamsburg. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18 [Factual]

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22) The individual largely responsible for Maryland’s settlement was A) Sir George Calvert. B) William Penn. C) Sir Edwin Penn. D) Richard Hakluyt. E) Sir Walter Raleigh. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 [Factual] 23) Initially, Lord Baltimore intended that Maryland be a haven for A) Quakers. B) Puritans. C) Catholics. D) Baptists. E) Separatists. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 [Factual] 24) Lord Baltimore’s settlement in Maryland A) became a successful feudal outpost in America. B) declared war on Virginia in 1639. C) never succeeded in becoming a feudal society. D) became a haven for persecuted Protestants. E) was a total failure. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 [Factual] 25) Unlike their southern counterparts, the first Englishmen who established colonies in New England were A) in search of land and riches. B) religious refugees. C) Catholic missionaries. D) wealthy aristocrats, hoping to establish a feudal system in America. E) commercial traders. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 [Factual] 26) The Pilgrims, who left Holland to settle in America, A) were non-Separatists. B) did so because they believed that their way of life was being undermined by the ways of their Dutch hosts. C) had few alternatives because they were being harassed by the Dutch government. D) arrived in Virginia, even though their destination was Massachusetts Bay. E) were Catholic radicals. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 [Factual]

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27) The document in which the Pilgrims established a civil government for their Plymouth colony has become known as the A) Bill of Rights. B) Mayflower Compact. C) Statement of Principles. D) Cambridge Agreement. E) Plymouth Agreement. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 [Factual] 28) Seventeenth-century English Puritans A) were only a tiny minority of all Englishmen. B) were individuals committed to significant institutional change. C) were firmly supportive of the status quo. D) accepted the tenets of Catholicism with only a few reservations. E) were neurotic and self-righteous. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 [Factual] 29) King Charles I disbanded Parliament in 1629 because he could not deal with intense criticism from the A) Puritans. B) Baptists. C) Catholics. D) Anglicans. E) Presbyterians. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 [Factual] 30) The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay believed that the best way to reform the Church of England was to A) separate from it and reform it from the outside. B) rely on help from the English monarchy. C) separate from it. D) refuse to associate with it in any way. E) actively work to destroy the tenets with which they disagreed. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 [Factual] 31) In Massachusetts Bay, “freeman” status was granted to adult males who A) were Congregationalists. B) were no longer indentured servants. C) owned land. D) agreed to abide by the colony’s legal codes. E) were married. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 [Factual] 18 .

32) Because of its policy of religious toleration, ________ attracted unusual numbers of independent-minded people. A) Maryland B) Connecticut C) Pennsylvania D) New York E) Rhode Island Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 [Factual] 33) In 1636, authorities in Massachusetts Bay banished Roger Williams because A) of his conversion to Roman Catholicism. B) of his bitter hostility toward the Native Americans. C) of his defense of Native American rights and demand for separation of church and state. D) of his desire to launch a new colony in Connecticut. E) of his crass pursuit of profit. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 [Factual] 34) Puritan dissenter Roger Williams established the colony of A) New York. B) Connecticut. C) Rhode Island. D) Maryland. E) New Jersey. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 [Factual] 35) Anne Hutchinson’s skillful self-defense at her trial before the magistrates of Massachusetts Bay was ruined by A) her affinity for the dictum of works. B) her claim of personal revelation. C) her reliance on the Scriptures. D) her rejection of free grace. E) the fact that she was female. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 [Factual] 36) The English takeover of New Netherland (which was subsequently renamed New York) A) had little immediate effect on the colony. B) was followed by the expulsion of the Dutch. C) led to the prompt creation of a legislature. D) met with armed resistance by the Dutch. E) sparked a war between the English and the Dutch. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 [Factual]

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37) Seventeenth-century Quakers were known for their A) aggressive and overbearing personalities. B) belief in personal humility and pacifism. C) concept of predestination. D) unwillingness to seek the conversion of other individuals to their faith. E) belief in the necessity of an educated clergy. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 [Factual] 38) William Penn guaranteed the commercial success of Philadelphia by purchasing A) Delaware. B) Maryland. C) Connecticut. D) New Jersey. E) New Hampshire. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 [Factual] 39) The man most responsible for the survival of Carolina was A) James Oglethorpe. B) John Winthrop. C) Captain John Smith. D) William Penn. E) Anthony Ashley Cooper. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 [Factual] 40) Large numbers of the first English settlers in the Carolinas came from A) Ireland. B) Barbados. C) Rhode Island. D) Jamaica. E) the Virgin Islands. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 [Factual] 41) The main staple of the Carolina colonies’ economy by the close of the seventeenth century was A) rice. B) cotton. C) tobacco. D) timber. E) indigo. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 [Factual]

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42) The colony of Pennsylvania was established as a religious sanctuary for A) Puritans. B) Catholics. C) Baptists. D) Quakers. E) Presbyterians. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 [Factual] 43) To its founding leaders, ________ would be a “City on a Hill.” A) Massachusetts B) Rhode Island C) Connecticut D) Maryland E) Pennsylvania Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 [Factual] 44) Which one of the following individuals is INCORRECTLY associated with the colony he established? A) John Smith/Virginia B) George Calvert/Pennsylvania C) Roger Williams/Rhode Island D) John Winthrop/Massachusetts E) Sir George Carteret/New Jersey Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15-25 [Factual] 45) A feudal land system was associated with which one of the following colonies? A) Plymouth B) Rhode Island C) New Jersey D) Massachusetts E) Maryland Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 [Factual] 46) In which one of the following were religious reasons the least important in explaining the founding of that colony? A) Massachusetts B) Rhode Island C) Maryland D) Virginia E) Pennsylvania Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 [Factual]

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47) In which one of the following colonies was the death rate for the early colonists the most severe? A) Massachusetts B) New York C) Rhode Island D) Virginia E) Pennsylvania Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 [Factual] 48) Which of the following was a New England colony? A) South Carolina B) Connecticut C) New Jersey D) Maryland E) Pennsylvania Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 [Factual] 2.2 True/False Questions 1) The only major factor behind the migration of thousands of English men and women to the New World was the intense and greedy desire for money. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19-20 [Factual] 2) The lives of New Englanders differed considerably from those of their Chesapeake counterparts. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 [Factual] 3) Because of New York’s ethnic diversity, the English cautiously asserted their hegemony over the area. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 [Factual] 4) William Penn went to great lengths to make Pennsylvania into an efficient and prosperous colony. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 [Factual] 5) From its very inception, the Jamestown colony was a success. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 [Factual]

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6) The Puritans were a highly neurotic religious group that condemned liquor and sex. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 [Factual] 7) The Fundamental Orders were the blueprint for government in colonial Connecticut. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 22 [Factual] 8) The Dutch were the first to establish a colony in Maryland. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18-19 [Factual] 2.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe the nature of England’s first colonial settlement, Jamestown, as it evolved from a floundering, haphazard enterprise to a stable community. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16-18 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Compare and contrast the English colonies of the Chesapeake with their counterparts at Massachusetts Bay. What were their similarities and their differences? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16-22 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Describe the Puritans. What were their beliefs? Why did they leave England for Massachusetts Bay? What did they hope to accomplish in the New World? How did the dynamics of their faith affect their New World existence? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 18-20 [Factual and Conceptual] 4) Explain how the economies and social structures of New England, the Chesapeake, and the middle colonies differed from one another. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16-25 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) In what ways was Pennsylvania unique in colonial America? What role did religion play in explaining that uniqueness? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24-25 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 3 Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society 3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The character of the first English settlements in the New World A) remained remarkably similar throughout the seventeenth century. B) differed from colony to colony because of government rules. C) differed substantially from colony to colony from the very beginning of colonization. D) was determined primarily by the religious preference of each colony. E) was not significantly influenced by geography. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 [Conceptual] 2) By 1700, the population of New England had reached ________ people. A) 10,000 B) 120,000 C) 1,000,000 D) 1,200,000 E) 3,000,000 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30 [Factual] 3) The society created by Puritans in New England A) copied the social order they had left behind in England. B) was modeled on contemporary Dutch society. C) represented a near-total rejection of traditional English ways. D) was quite similar to that of the Chesapeake region. E) adapted to include slavery. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 [Factual] 4) Puritans viewed which of the following as essential to their New England commonwealth? A) strict adherence to personal hygiene measures B) a flexible form of colonial administration C) a healthy family life D) the rapid creation of an urban society in New England E) honest public officials Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 [Factual]

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5) The explanation for the tremendous population growth of seventeenth-century New England can be found in the A) extraordinary fertility of New England women. B) emphasis Puritans placed on having large families. C) fact that local Native American tribes were remarkably friendly. D) long lives of New England settlers. E) agricultural richness of the New World. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 [Factual] 6) New England families were unique because of the presence of A) Native American wives. B) grandparents. C) polygamy. D) widows. E) extended families living in one household. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30 [Factual] 7) The Half-Way Covenant of seventeenth-century New England A) lessened, somewhat, the requirements for baptism as a Congregationalist. B) made it significantly harder to practice Puritan teachings. C) applied primarily to the property rights of New England settlers. D) allowed the admission of slaves and Indians to Congregationalism. E) allowed unmarried males to participate in the Congregational Church. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 [Conceptual]

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Reading Lesson, c. 1660 (The New York Public Library) The Old Deluder Satan Law of 1647 “It being one chiefe project of that old deluder, Satan, to keepe men from the knowledge of the scriptures, .... It is therefore ordered .... [that] after the Lord hath increased [the settlement] to the number of fifty howshoulders (households), [they] shall forthwith appoint one within theire towne, to teach all such children as shall resorte to him, to write and read ... . 8) Examine the woodcut print and the quotation given above. Based upon the information provided in both, which colony was probably the origin of these two primary source documents? A) Pennsylvania B) Jamestown C) the Carolinas D) New York E) Massachusetts Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30-31 [Conceptual] 9) The first institution of higher learning founded in England’s mainland colonies was A) Yale. B) William and Mary. C) Princeton. D) Brown. E) Harvard. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 [Factual]

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10) In New England, women A) enjoyed rights and powers equal to those of men. B) outnumbered men in church by two to one. C) had no economic power whatsoever. D) could easily divorce their husbands. E) began to lobby for voting rights during the colonial period. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 [Factual] 11) In New England, A) most farm families had several servants. B) the social structure was characterized by wide gaps between the rich and the poor. C) land ownership was widespread. D) few colonists owned their own land. E) all free males could vote. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 [Factual] 12) Sumptuary laws A) made excessive gluttony a crime. B) prohibited anyone who was not wealthy and prominent from wearing fine clothes. C) criminalized frivolity on the Sabbath. D) provided that only “visible saints” could be buried in the church cemetery. E) made church attendance compulsory. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 [Factual] 13) The most important reason for the difference between the New England and Chesapeake colonies was based on A) differing environmental conditions. B) the much higher mortality rate of the Chesapeake colonies. C) the practice of slavery in the southern colonies. D) contrasting economic systems. E) varying degrees of ethnic diversity in the populations. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 [Conceptual]

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14) Factors which retarded population growth in seventeenth-century Virginia and Maryland included each of the following EXCEPT A) many young women had to delay marriage until their terms of service were complete. B) infant mortality rates were very high. C) marauding Indians kidnapped many women and children. D) life expectancies were short. E) the gender ratio was seriously unbalanced. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 32-33 [Conceptual] 15) Compared to New England, Chesapeake society A) was more democratic. B) was characterized by small farms. C) possessed fewer families. D) had a more demographically concentrated population. E) had fewer slaves. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 [Factual] 16) By the end of the seventeenth century, Virginia could best be described as A) a plantation society, dominated by a slaveholding aristocracy. B) a diversified society and economy, with minimal social stratification. C) a society of small farmers, committed to multicrop agriculture. D) a successful commercial enterprise that returned large profits to the Crown. E) a society struggling with the question of slavery. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33-34 [Conceptual] 17) By the late 1600s, the gap between rich and poor in white Chesapeake society A) steadily shrank. B) steadily widened. C) remained unchanged. D) could not be estimated. E) was not commented on by contemporary chroniclers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 [Factual] 18) Of the estimated 11 million African slaves carried to America, the great majority were sent to A) Brazil and the Caribbean. B) British North America. C) Chile. D) Argentina. E) Central America. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35 [Factual]

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19) In the eighteenth century, which of the following colonies had the largest African-American population? A) Rhode Island B) New Jersey C) Massachusetts D) New York E) Virginia Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 [Factual] 20) The eighteenth-century population of the lowlands of South Carolina was ________ percent black. A) 30 B) 40 C) 50 D) 60 E) 70 Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 [Factual] 21) In which colony were African Americans most able to preserve their African identity? A) New Jersey B) South Carolina C) Pennsylvania D) New York E) North Carolina Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 [Factual] 22) A major turning point for blacks in England’s mainland colonies was in the early eighteenth century was when A) Africans were no longer imported as slaves. B) slaves were forbidden to practice Christianity. C) the number of live births among slaves exceeded deaths. D) a Virginia statute forbade masters to kill slaves. E) slaves were forbidden to speak English. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35 [Factual]

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23) The most serious slave rebellion of the colonial period was A) the Stono Uprising. B) the Denmark Vesey Conspiracy. C) Nat Turner’s Rebellion. D) the Jamestown Massacre. E) Bacon’s Rebellion. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35 [Factual] 24) British authorities based their colonial commercial policies on the theory of A) feudalism. B) monopolism. C) mercantilism. D) federalism. E) republicanism. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35 [Factual] 25) The Navigation Acts established the principle that A) certain American products could be sold only in England. B) only English or colonial merchants could engage in colonial trade. C) all colonial goods that were to be sold in England had to be shipped in English vessels. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36 [Factual] 26) The intention of the Navigation Acts was to A) allow England to monopolize American trade. B) promote English industrial development. C) keep the American colonies weak and dependent. D) stimulate colonial economic diversification. E) finance the British navy. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36-37 [Factual] 27) A major objective of the Navigation Acts was to eliminate the ________ from the American trade. A) Dutch B) Spanish C) Portuguese D) English E) Swedes Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36 [Factual]

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28) Enumerated goods A) were not covered under the Navigation Acts. B) could only be sold to foreign nations if transported on English ships. C) were restricted to trade in the Western Hemisphere. D) could be sold only to the mother country. E) had to be counted or weighed by a royal official before export. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36 [Factual] 29) People from which colonial region tended to be the most flagrant violators of the Navigation Acts? A) The Chesapeake B) The Middle Colonies C) The Carolinas D) New England E) The southern colonies Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36 [Factual] 30) The Staple Act of 1663 stated that A) Americans must stop raising corn and wheat. B) certain products could only be sold directly to England. C) Americans could not produce iron products. D) rum had to be manufactured in the West Indies. E) Americans could only produce staple foodstuffs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36 [Factual] 31) One of the major causes of ________ was the disfranchisement of landless freemen by the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1670. A) Bacon’s Rebellion B) Coode’s Rebellion C) Leisler’s Rebellion D) the Stono Uprising E) Shays’ Rebellion Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 37 [Factual] 32) Which statement about Bacon’s Rebellion is false? A) Bacon would probably have been accepted into the ruling clique had he only waited. B) Bacon led a rebellion to prevent Governor Berkeley from waging a war of extermination against the Susquehannock Indians. C) Bacon was perceived as a hero by the common people of Virginia. D) Bacon and his men burned Jamestown to the ground. E) Bacon, a member of a respectable English family, had only recently arrived in Virginia. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 37-38 [Factual] 31 .

33) After Bacon died of fever, the rebellion A) collapsed. B) went “underground” but returned a century later during the American Revolution. C) was ended by Berkeley’s charitable pardoning of rebel leaders. D) was ended by a royal commission and investigation. E) was carried on by his first lieutenant. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 37 [Factual] 34) The armed conflict which pitted Native Americans against New Englanders in 1675 was led by A) Massasoit. B) Powhatan. C) Metacomet (aka King Philip). D) Tecumseh. E) Opechancanough. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 [Factual] 35) Each of the following colonies was part of the Dominion of New England EXCEPT A) Massachusetts. B) Pennsylvania. C) New Jersey. D) Connecticut. E) Rhode Island. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 [Factual] 36) From 1686 until 1689, the royal governor of the Dominion of New England was A) William Berkeley. B) Edmund Andros. C) Nathaniel Bacon. D) John Winthrop. E) Cotton Mather. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 [Factual] 37) The peaceful ousting of James II by Parliament in 1688 was known as A) King James’ War. B) the Restoration. C) Parliament’s Rebellion. D) the Glorious Revolution. E) the People’s War. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 [Factual]

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38) After ousting James II from the throne, Parliament offered the English monarchy to A) William and Mary. B) Charles III. C) James III. D) George I. E) Elizabeth I. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 [Factual]

(Scott Foresman Addison Wesley) 39) This pamphlet title page printed in Boston in 1693 by Increase Mather was directly related to startling events in what location? A) Philadelphia B) Concord and Lexington C) Jamestown D) Salem E) Charleston Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 [Factual]

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40) As a result of the Salem witchcraft trials, A) nineteen people were hanged. B) twenty-three people were banished. C) eight people were pressed to death with heavy weights. D) fourteen people were burned at the stake. E) nine people were executed by firing squad. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual] 41) The sources of the witchcraft hysteria in Salem A) are known to have been primarily economic. B) reflected the community’s underlying resistance to the teachings of Calvinism. C) lay in the community’s dislike of English authority. D) are a subject of debate among historians. E) may have been related to the presence of real witches. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual] 42) Which of the following was NOT a possible cause of the Salem witchcraft hysteria? A) the community’s history of religious discord B) disagreements between Salem’s poor people and its upper classes C) Salem’s history of engaging in occult practices D) jealousy and bitterness within the community E) the underlying misogyny of the entire colonial culture Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual] 43) During the Salem witchcraft hysteria, Increase Mather and other leading Congregational ministers A) called for the execution of the accused witches. B) completely ignored the controversy. C) urged restraint and caution. D) called for colony-wide searches for accused witches. E) questioned the validity of the testimony of minors. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual] 44) The central figure of the Glorious Revolution in New York was A) Jacob Leisler. B) John Coode. C) Nathaniel Bacon. D) Thomas Paine. E) Cotton Mather. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual]

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45) Which of the following was an outgrowth of tensions between the older Dutch patrons and the new Anglo-Dutch elite? A) Bacon’s Rebellion B) Coode’s Rebellion C) Leisler’s uprising D) the Glorious Rebellion E) Shays’ Rebellion Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual] 46) The Glorious Revolution in Maryland was strongly influenced by A) economic disagreements among the colonists. B) debates over the treatment of the region’s Indian population. C) charges of favoritism toward tobacco growers. D) pent-up antiproprietary and anti-Catholic sentiment. E) the debate over slavery. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual] 47) The leader of the anti-Catholic, antiproprietary rebellion in Maryland in 1689 was A) Jacob Leisler. B) William Berkeley. C) John Coode. D) Edmund Andros. E) Nathaniel Bacon. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual] 48) Of all the rebellions that occurred in late seventeenth-century America, which of the following was the only one that could be considered successful? A) Bacon’s Rebellion B) Coode’s Rebellion C) Berkeley’s Uprising D) the Stono Uprising E) Leisler’s Rebellion Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual] 49) Which one of the following rebellions is incorrectly matched with its location? A) Bacon’s Rebellion/Virginia B) Leisler’s Rebellion/New York C) Glorious Revolution/England D) Coode’s Rebellion/South Carolina E) Stono Rebellion/South Carolina Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 [Factual]

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3.2 True/False Questions 1) Although women played important economic roles in seventeenth-century New England, they had relatively few legal rights. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 [Factual] 2) Emphasis on domestic life was a low priority in the values of seventeenth-century New Englanders. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30-31 [Factual] 3) Race was an important factor that led Englishmen to make permanent slaves of their black servants. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 [Factual] 4) The Glorious Revolution brought the Stuart monarch Charles II to the English throne. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 [Factual] 5) New Englanders opposed the idea of tax-supported public schools. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 [Factual] 6) During the seventeenth century, the New England colonies attracted neither noblemen nor paupers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 [Factual] 7) Slaves vastly outnumbered freemen in seventeenth-century Virginia. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 [Factual] 8) African culture was completely wiped out among seventeenth-century African Americans. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35 [Factual] 9) Although the British imperial policies were resented in America, they did serve to eliminate sectional differences between the colonies. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 [Factual]

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3.3 Essay Questions 1) Assess the transformation the American colonies underwent between 1650 and 1700. Did all of the colonies experience the same changes? How did they differ? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31-35 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Describe the significant changes in New England society, culture, economy, and politics, as well as the influence of Puritanism in the late 1600s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29-31 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Compare and contrast social and economic life in seventeenth-century New England with that of the Chesapeake colonies. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29-35 [Factual and Conceptual] 4) What was mercantilism and how did it shape the economic and political relationship between England and its colonies? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36-37 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) Discuss, in some detail, the origin and key characteristics of slavery in British North America during the seventeenth century. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34-35 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 4 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 4.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) After 1690, Americans increasingly A) isolated themselves from British and European influence. B) became part of the larger Anglo-American world. C) turned away from Britain, and toward France and Germany. D) adopted Native American ways and customs. E) moved away from towns. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 [Factual] 2) The factor most responsible for the growth in the colonial population between 1700 and 1770 was the A) natural reproduction of colonial families. B) great wave of immigration during that period. C) program of forced migration instituted by the monarchy. D) dramatic upsurge in the importation of slaves. E) increasing intermarriage between settlers and Native Americans. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42 [Factual] 3) The largest group of white, non-English immigrants to the colonies in the 1700s were A) the Dutch. B) the Germans. C) the Swedish. D) the Scots-Irish. E) the French. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 [Factual] 4) The first large group of German immigrants moved to America seeking A) free land. B) religious tolerance. C) an opportunity to become wealthy farmers. D) markets for their craft products. E) work. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 43 [Factual]

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5) Under the ________, thousands of convicted felons migrated to the colonies during the eighteenth century. A) Transportation Act B) Debtor’s Law C) Recidivist Act D) Convicted Felon’s Law E) Impressment Act Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 43 [Factual] 6) The first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States was A) Jamestown. B) Boston. C) St. Augustine. D) Plymouth. E) Roanoke. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45 [Factual] 7) Spanish colonization in Florida resulted from A) the continuing search for the Fountain of Youth. B) reports of advanced Indian tribes possessing large amounts of gold. C) concern over French encroachment in the Southeast. D) alarm over the English settlements at Jamestown and Plymouth. E) the need to find a haven for aging conquistadors ready for retirement. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45 [Factual] 8) Which one of the following regions was not considered part of the Spanish borderlands in the eighteenth century? A) California B) New Mexico C) Minnesota D) Texas E) Florida Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45 [Factual] 9) Which tribe was most successful at resisting efforts to convert them to Catholicism? A) Pueblos B) Coahuiltecans C) Aztecs D) Pimas E) Conchos Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45 [Factual]

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10) For many Americans, the main appeal of the Enlightenment was its focus on A) searching for useful, practical knowledge. B) reviving interest in classical education. C) defending traditional Christian beliefs. D) pure scientific research. E) achieving a classless society. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 46 [Factual] 11) The one American who, more than anyone else, symbolized the spirit of the Enlightenment was A) Jonathan Edwards. B) George Washington. C) Cotton Mather. D) George Whitefield. E) Benjamin Franklin. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 46 [Factual] 12) By the 1760s, a substantial percentage of American exports involved trade with A) the West Indies. B) Africa. C) Holland. D) Brazil. E) France. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47 [Factual] 13) The West Indies played a vital role in the colonial economy by A) providing colonial merchants with profits that offset their British debts. B) supplying New England merchants with naval stores. C) acting as the midpoint in the burgeoning African slave trade. D) facilitating colonial smuggling activity. E) providing rum to the colonies. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47 [Factual] 14) A major financial problem that confronted mid-eighteenth-century America involved the A) heavy debt owed to the British. B) colonists’ refusal to buy English products. C) shortage of gold and silver coinage. D) colonies’ failure to print paper money. E) lack of credit available to merchants. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47 [Factual]

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15) The shifting patterns of eighteenth-century colonial trade helped to A) separate the colonies from British culture. B) widen differences between regions of the colonies. C) “anglicize” American culture. D) promote the growth of a totally unique American culture. E) expose the colonists to more diverse religions. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 48 [Conceptual] 16) The Great Awakening A) had less impact on ordinary Americans than the Enlightenment. B) was a highly unified and coordinated religious revival movement. C) took place in many regions of the colonies, over several decades of the eighteenth century. D) affected, for the most part, only Congregationalists. E) spread quickly, but faded even faster. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48 [Conceptual] 17) The two most important leaders of the Great Awakening in colonial America were A) Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. B) John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards. C) John Locke and Benjamin Franklin. D) Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard. E) Cotton Mather and George Whitefield. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48 [Factual] 18) The preaching of Jonathan Edwards emphasized A) emotionalism rather than serious theology. B) the Calvinistic teachings of the Puritans. C) the humanistic values of the Enlightenment. D) achieving salvation through good works. E) carrying the gospel to the Indians. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 49 [Factual] 19) Followers of the Great Awakening, who emphasized a powerful, emotional religion, were known as A) “Old Lights.” B) “New Lights.” C) Presbyterians. D) deists. E) evangelicals. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 49 [Factual]

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20) Colonial ministers who opposed the Great Awakening were known as A) “New Lights.” B) “Old Lights.” C) evangelicals. D) pietists. E) contraries. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 49 [Factual] 21) Which of the following was NOT an important effect of the Great Awakening? A) It stimulated higher education in the colonies. B) It strengthened the authority of the old colonial religions. C) It encouraged the development of individualism. D) It fostered an optimistic view of the future among those touched by it. E) It evoked a sense of “new birth” among believers. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 [Factual] 22) Each of the following colleges was established as a result of the Great Awakening EXCEPT A) Princeton. B) Columbia. C) Rutgers. D) Brown. E) Dartmouth. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 49 [Factual] 23) In 1715, A) virtually all men and women in England could vote. B) virtually all men in England could vote. C) approximately 20 percent of adult men in England could vote. D) less than one percent of men in England could vote. E) approximately 25 percent of adult men in England could vote. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 24) The most famous Commonwealthmen were A) John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. B) Benjamin Franklin and John Dickinson. C) John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon. D) Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. E) John Wesley and Sir William Blackstone. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 [Factual]

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25) An author of Cato’s Letters was A) John Trenchard. B) Jonathan Edwards. C) John Locke. D) George Whitefield. E) Benjamin Franklin. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 26) Concerning royal governors in colonial America, which of the following is INCORRECT? A) They had the power to dismiss judges. B) They were military commanders in each colony. C) They had the power to appoint colonial officials. D) They had the power to tax the colonies. E) They had the right to veto legislation. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 27) Which one of the following was NOT a power possessed by royal governors in the American colonies? A) the right to veto legislation passed by the colonial assemblies B) the right to dismiss judges C) the right to dismiss elected members of the colonial assemblies D) the right to serve as commander-in-chief E) the right to appoint colonial officials Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 28) Colonial legislators saw their primary function as A) improving the lives of their constituents. B) preventing encroachments on the people’s rights. C) implementing the governor’s policies. D) mediating between the royal governor and the people. E) ingratiating themselves to the governor in hopes of attaining patronage appointments. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 29) A major source of political information in the colonies came in the form of A) imported political treatises. B) weekly journals. C) pamphlets. D) public debates. E) daily newspapers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 [Factual]

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30) Royal governors frequently found colonial assemblies A) uncooperative to the point of hostility. B) totally acquiescent to the needs of the royal government. C) stubborn concerning every issue, except money. D) easily led and managed. E) surprisingly comparable to the House of Commons in England. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 31) By the mid-1700s, the colonial assemblies A) had surrendered most powers to royal assemblies. B) were gaining steadily in power. C) were able to elect the colonial governors. D) were completely independent in their actions from the mother country. E) were full of mid-level bureaucrats seeking better patronage jobs. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 32) One of the most important factors binding Americans from different colonies into a single political culture was A) the English common law. B) cooperative royal governors. C) similar social systems between the northern and southern colonies. D) a respect for the sovereignty of Parliament. E) fear of attack by Indians. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 33) Which one of the following was not a colonial war between France and England? A) King William’s War B) Queen Anne’s War C) King George’s War D) the War of the Austrian Succession E) King Philip’s War Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51 [Factual] 34) Colonial involvement with imperial wars began with A) the French and Indian War. B) King William’s War. C) King Philip’s War. D) the Thirty Years’ War. E) Queen Anne’s War. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51 [Factual]

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35) The major source of Anglo-French conflict in the colonies was A) slavery. B) international naval supremacy. C) an ongoing argument about relations and treaties with Native Americans. D) political grievances. E) control of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51 [Factual] 36) At the end of King George’s War, colonists were stunned when ________ was given back to the French. A) Fort Duquesne B) New Orleans C) Port Royal D) Louisbourg E) Quebec Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 52 [Factual] 37) The leading figure at the Albany Congress, and designer of the Albany Plan, was A) Thomas Jefferson. B) George Washington. C) William Pitt. D) John Adams. E) Benjamin Franklin. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 52 [Factual]

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Join or Die Ben Franklin, Philadelphia Gazette, May 9, 1754 38) The colonial political cartoon shown above was printed by Ben Franklin in 1754. Which of the following statements most accurately describes its purpose? A) an attempt to drum up colonial support for troops fighting in the French and Indian War B) sought to emphasize the importance of the Albany Plan of Union which Franklin had offered at the Albany Congress C) expressed anger over Grenville’s taxes and encouraged colonial union against revenues in the thirteen North American colonies D) encouraged the young nation to unify under the new Constitution which had been written at Philadelphia E) suggested that events like Bacon’s and Shays’ Rebellions would destroy the young nation Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 52 [Conceptual] 39) The failure of the Albany Plan can be attributed, primarily, to the A) opposition of British authorities. B) fiscal jealousies of colonial assemblies. C) beginning of the French and Indian War. D) refusal of the Iroquois tribes to support it. E) lack of interest from colonial representatives. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 [Factual] 40) Which of the following wars between England and France had the greatest political and economic impact on colonial America? A) King William’s War B) Queen Anne’s War C) King George’s War D) the French and Indian War E) King Philip’s War Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 53 [Factual] 46 .

41) The man who led Great Britain to victory in the Seven Years’ War was A) Lord North. B) John Trenchard. C) Horatio Nelson. D) King George II. E) William Pitt. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 53 [Factual] 42) The British general responsible for the seizure of Quebec in 1759 was A) William Pitt. B) Jeffrey Amherst. C) Edward Braddock. D) William Sims. E) James Wolfe. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 53 [Factual] 43) The Peace of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years’ War, made each of the following territorial changes EXCEPT A) Spain gained Louisiana. B) Britain gained Florida. C) France lost its entire land claim in continental North America. D) Spain gained Guadelupe and Martinique in the Caribbean. E) Britain gained Canada. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 53 [Factual] 44) Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Seven Years’ War? A) It made colonists more aware of their land. B) It led to the creation of several new English colonies. C) It trained a corps of American officers. D) It revealed British discontent with America’s contribution to its own defense. E) It forced the colonists to cooperate on an unprecedented scale. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 54 [Factual] 4.2 True/False Questions 1) By 1763, colonists assumed that Britain’s rulers regarded them as enemies. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 54 [Factual] 2) Americans contributed very little in the way of men and revenue to the conduct of the Seven Years’ War. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 54 [Factual] 47 .

3) For several decades into the eighteenth century, American colonists continued to lead rather backward lives, isolated from British society and culture. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 [Factual] 4) In early America, royal governors exercised essentially dictatorial power over provincial assemblies. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 [Factual] 5) Eighteenth-century German immigrants to Pennsylvania never represented a significant or influential segment of that colony’s cultural or economic life. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 43 [Factual] 6) In the first half of the seventeenth century, the population of the thirteen colonies doubled every twenty-five years. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 [Factual] 7) Most of the 50,000 convicts sent by England to the thirteen colonies in the eighteenth century were nonviolent petty criminals. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 43 [Factual] 8) By 1775, most Americans lived in cities. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 46 [Factual] 9) The main reason the Navigation Acts controlling American trade did not create much discontent in the colonies was because Britain did not effectively enforce the laws. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 46 [Factual] 10) One of the effects of the flood of British consumer goods in colonial America during the eighteenth century was to erode local and regional identities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48 [Factual] 4.3 Essay Questions 1) How did the Anglo-American economic relationship change during the eighteenth century? What impact did those changes have on the colonial economy? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 46-48 [Factual and Conceptual]

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2) Discuss the origins of the Seven Years’ War and what effect the conflict had on the American colonies. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51-53 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Describe the Great Awakening and the impact it had on colonial America. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48-49 [Conceptual] 4) Describe the meaning of the term “middle ground” as it referred to Native Americans in the eighteenth century. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 44-45 [Conceptual] 5) Discuss the powers of colonial governors and assemblies. Give their strengths and weaknesses. Which were more powerful and why? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 49-50 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 5 The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763–1783 5.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) For American colonists, the postwar years following the conclusion of the Seven Years’ War could be characterized best as A) hostile toward the British. B) a time of optimism about the future. C) apathetic about colonial-British relations. D) eager for independence from Great Britain. E) trying to rebuild. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56 [Conceptual] 2) George III believed A) Parliament should run the empire. B) the monarch should make policies for the empire. C) the monarch should be a figurehead. D) qualified men should run the government. E) the monarch should consider parliamentary opinion when making decisions. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57 [Factual] 3) In the 1760s and 1770s, most members of Parliament A) were well-informed in colonial affairs. B) were creative in their solutions to colonial problems. C) had little understanding or knowledge of colonial affairs. D) feared the power of the colonial assemblies. E) had invested money in the colonies. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57 [Conceptual] 4) The central issue in the Anglo-American debate over governance was A) divine sovereignty. B) laissez faire. C) parliamentary sovereignty. D) absolute rule. E) colonial sovereignty. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57 [Factual]

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5) Central to the colonists’ position in the Anglo-American debate over parliamentary powers was A) their strong belief in the powers of their own provincial assemblies. B) their unswerving support of the monarchy. C) their willingness to defer to the wishes of Parliament. D) their desire for an authoritarian government. E) their desire for revolution. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57-58 [Factual] 6) In the 1760s and 1770s, colonists viewed the political struggle with Britain in terms of A) haves against have-nots. B) democracy against aristocracy. C) virtue. D) West against East. E) agriculture against industrialization. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58 [Conceptual] 7) A major source of information for the colonists was A) newspapers. B) books. C) church meetings. D) the market-place. E) the town crier. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 58 [Factual] 8) The most significant consequence of the Seven Years’ War was A) its virtual destruction of American Indians. B) that it left Britain with an enormous debt. C) that France retained a foothold in Quebec. D) the assassination of George II. E) that it made the colonists less eager to go to war with Britain. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 58 [Factual] 9) Which of the following prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains? A) Navigation Act of 1772 B) Proclamation of 1763 C) Sugar Act of 1764 D) Townshend Acts of 1767 E) Settlement Act of 1765 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 58 [Factual] 51 .

10) As a result of the Sugar Act, the duty on molasses was A) Designed to raise revenue. B) raised dramatically. C) removed entirely. D) kept at essentially the same level. E) replaced with a duty on processed sugar. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 58 [Factual] 11) The Stamp Act of 1765 affected A) only businessmen and merchants. B) primarily colonial manufacturers. C) the lives of ordinary people, as well as those of the elite. D) only those who engaged in direct trade with Great Britain. E) notaries and other public officials. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 [Factual] 12) The leader of the anti-Stamp Act movement in Virginia was A) Thomas Jefferson. B) George Washington. C) Patrick Henry. D) Sam Adams. E) John Hancock. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 [Factual]

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On the Death of Five young Men who was [sic Murthered, March 5th 1770. By the 29th Regiment. (Library of Congress) 13) The handbill printed by Boston leaders during 1770 would be most directly connected to which of the following groups? A) Paxton Boys B) Regulators C) Sons of Liberty D) Jayhawks E) Border Ruffians Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 [Conceptual] 14) The radical American group that first emerged during the Stamp Act crisis was known as A) the Loyalists. B) the Sons of Liberty. C) the Democratic Republicans. D) the Federalists. E) Oliver’s Raiders. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 [Factual]

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15) The tone of the Stamp Act Congress reflected A) extreme radicalism, with some delegates calling for an immediate declaration of independence. B) restraint and conciliation, with no mention of independence or disloyalty. C) a bitter division between pro-independence radicals and Loyalists who favored acquiescence to British rule. D) angry disputes between various colonies and regions. E) the strength of the Loyalist faction in the colonies. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 [Factual] 16) Which of the following stated Parliament’s belief in its own sovereignty? A) Townshend Acts B) Declaratory Act C) Coercive Acts D) Stamp Act E) Sovereignty Act Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 [Factual] 17) One consequence of the Townshend Acts was A) the strengthening of intercolonial unity. B) the weakening of intercolonial unity. C) the strengthening of the powers of colonial governors. D) the strengthening of the presence of the British army. E) the dissolution of colonial assemblies. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 60 [Factual] 18) Massachusetts reacted to the passage of the Townshend Acts with the A) Minutemen. B) Circular Letter. C) Virginia Resolves. D) First Continental Congress. E) Boston Tea Party. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 60 [Factual]

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19) The fundamental issue leading to the Boston Massacre in 1770 was the A) British attempt to enforce the Tea Act. B) Boston Tea Party. C) passage of the Townshend Acts. D) sinking of the Gaspee. E) presence of so many British troops in American cities. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 60 [Factual] 20) The Boston Massacre A) proved the importance of the British army in the colonies. B) raised the possibility of colonial armed resistance. C) had little effect on Anglo-colonial relations. D) had little support from colonial leaders. E) left fifty-three Americans dead. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 60-61[Conceptual] 21) Each of the following developments took place between the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party EXCEPT A) the activities of British customs commissioners eroded the loyalty of many colonists. B) the Quebec Act extended the boundary of Quebec southward to the Ohio River. C) Rhode Islanders burned a British customs vessel, the Gaspee. D) colonial protest leaders organized the committees of correspondence. E) colonial Loyalists emerged as an identifiable group. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 [Factual] 22) Samuel Adams’s role prior to 1774 can best be described as A) pacifier. B) compromiser. C) genuine revolutionary. D) pragmatist. E) guerilla fighter. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 [Conceptual] 23) The Tea Act of 1773 was passed in order to A) save the East India Company. B) raise revenue to pay royal governors’ salaries. C) punish colonists for the Boston Massacre. D) support the stationing of British troops in America. E) recover revenue lost by reducing the tax on molasses. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 [Factual] 55 .

24) England passed the Coercive Acts in response to A) the colonial boycott of the Stamp Act. B) the Boston Tea Party. C) the American victory at Saratoga. D) the Declaratory Act. E) the Tea Act. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 [Factual] 25) Committees of correspondence were initially formed A) to communicate grievances to villages throughout Massachusetts. B) to communicate grievances to George III. C) to limit correspondence between the colonies and Parliament. D) to create legislation in response to the Coercive Acts. E) to organize colonists who were sympathetic to the Crown. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 [Factual] 26) A major difficulty that confronted the First Continental Congress was A) the refusal of its delegates to challenge British authority. B) Parliament’s decision to declare the meeting illegal. C) the bad weather that prevented some delegates from attending. D) Virginia’s refusal to send delegates. E) the fact that the delegates from different regions were unfamiliar with one another. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 62 [Factual] 27) The Suffolk Resolves advocated A) forcible resistance to the Coercive Acts. B) the assassination of British tax collectors. C) the formation of an American navy. D) the repeal of the Stamp Act. E) the formation of the Sons of Liberty. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 62 [Factual] 28) The purpose of the continental “Association” was to A) foster improved relations between the various colonies. B) seek a conservative, peaceful resolution of the political crises of the mid 1770s. C) raise money to help feed starving Indians displaced by the western settlements. D) maintain a total boycott of all British imports. E) raise and equip armies to fight for the American cause. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 62 [Factual]

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29) The most important responsibility facing the Second Continental Congress was to A) convince the colonists of the necessity for war. B) win loyalty from the Indians. C) organize the colonies for war. D) find a strong political leader for the nation. E) draft the Declaration of Independence. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 62 [Factual] 30) In December 1775, Parliament passed the ________, which declared war on American international commerce. A) Declaratory Act B) Prohibitory Act C) Commerce Act D) Tea Act E) Trade Act Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 [Factual] 31) Common Sense A) provided the colonists with a rationale for revolution. B) acknowledged the sovereignty of the monarch. C) criticized colonial resistance. D) had little popularity among the colonists. E) did not criticize all monarchs, just George III. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 [Conceptual] 32) The author of the Declaration of Independence was A) George Washington. B) Benjamin Franklin. C) Samuel Adams. D) Patrick Henry. E) Thomas Jefferson. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 [Factual] 33) The Declaration of Independence A) stated that all men “are created equal.” B) blamed George III for much of the impasse. C) was unanimously approved with no alterations. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 [Factual] 57 .

34) During the early months of the Revolutionary War, American soldiers A) received excellent training. B) despaired of ever defeating the superior British army. C) were overconfident about their chances of victory. D) rebelled against Washington’s leadership. E) were mentally prepared for a long, difficult fight. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 [Factual] 35) Which of the following explains why England lost the war? A) The British government did not believe it could win the war. B) British finances could not support the war. C) British strategists did not understand how to fight the war. D) George III never supported the war effort. E) British soldiers sympathized with the Americans. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 [Factual] 36) The colonial militias A) played a decisive role in several major battles. B) kept the slave populations in line. C) maintained political control over large areas of the colonies unoccupied by British troops. D) consisted mainly of African Americans. E) would sometimes switch sides if they did not get paid. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 [Factual] 37) The American victory that brought about the French alliance occurred at A) Saratoga. B) Yorktown. C) Breed’s Hill. D) Philadelphia. E) Trenton. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 [Factual] 38) Essential to the establishment of a colonial alliance with the French was the work of A) Thomas Paine. B) John Adams. C) John Dickinson. D) Thomas Jefferson. E) Benjamin Franklin. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 [Factual]

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39) For the British, French intervention meant A) a change in military strategy. B) little change in their military strategy. C) little challenge to their empire. D) a new ally in the war effort. E) fighting a two-front war, both in the colonies and in Europe. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 [Factual] 40) In 1779, military strategists predicted that Britain’s last chance for victory over the colonies lay in A) a more effective use of its great navy. B) the breaking of the French-American alliance. C) calling on its European allies for help. D) a successful campaign in the American South. E) increasing the British army in the colonies by 25,000 men. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 [Factual] 41) The British commander who surrendered at Yorktown in 1781 was A) Howe. B) Gage. C) Cornwallis. D) Paine. E) Clinton. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 [Factual] 42) The Treaty of Paris of 1783 A) established the American borders at the Appalachian Mountains. B) ensured Loyalists would not be compensated for their lands. C) did not provide a favorable conclusion to the war. D) guaranteed the independence of the United States. E) did not include compensation for Loyalists whose lands had been confiscated. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 68 [Factual]

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The Tory’s Day of Judgment, E. Tisdale, 1795 (Library of Congress) 43) The event depicted in the cartoon shown above is most accurately described by which of the following? A) treatment given government revenue agents attempting to collect Hamilton’s whiskey tax in western Pennsylvania B) punishment rendered judges and bankers by rebels in western Massachusetts during Shays’ Rebellion C) public embarrassment extended to loyalist supporters of the King during the American Revolution D) mob treatment of an early abolitionist E) Connecticut’s treatment of a sinner who violated one of its “Blue Laws” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67-68 [Factual] 44) American Loyalists, who sided with the British during the War for Independence, A) tended to be wealthy conservatives. B) were known for their wickedness and immorality. C) favored a strongly centralized, authoritarian form of government. D) came from all occupations and social classes. E) were pacifists who opposed war for any reason. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 [Factual]

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45) Approximately ________ Loyalists left America after the war. A) 10,000 B) 100,000 C) 200,000 D) 300,000 E) 500,000 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 [Factual] 46) Which of the following was NOT a task facing the new nation? A) what form the new government would take B) how political power would be distributed C) how to ensure political equality for all D) how to fend off French attempts to control our country E) the division of state and federal authority Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 69 [Factual] 5.2 True/False Questions 1) By 1763, there was little hope of compromise between the British government and the American colonists. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 56 [Conceptual] 2) American Loyalists found the British to be reliable and supportive partners during the Revolutionary War. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 [Factual] 3) American forces enjoyed considerable success in the early phases of the Revolutionary War. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 64-66 [Factual] 4) Widespread poverty in colonial America explains much of the motivation behind the American Revolution. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 56-57 [Factual] 5) The Battle of Yorktown brought defeat for the English. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 [Factual]

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6) In eighteenth-century Britain, Parliament had achieved political sovereignty, and even the king had become subordinate to it. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57 [Factual] 7) The Sons of Liberty virtually led a terrorist campaign against British tax collectors during the colonial agitation over the Stamp Act. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 [Factual] 8) With the Declaratory Act, Parliament finally recognized the sovereignty of the colonial assemblies. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 [Factual] 9) Thomas Hutchinson was the leading advocate of colonial independence in New York. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 [Factual] 10) Although most American patriots disagreed with the Loyalists, they tended to treat them with respect after the Revolutionary War. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67-68 [Factual] 5.3 Essay Questions 1) What was the relationship between England’s internal political problems and the loss of its colonial empire in America? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66-67 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Describe the American perception of the idea of parliamentary sovereignty. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Trace the development of the Anglo-American conflict. Could the relationship have been saved? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 56-61[Factual and Conceptual] 4) Compare British and American strategies for fighting the American Revolutionary War. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64-67 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) Imagine that you are a farmer in Massachusetts when war breaks out. Explain your reasons for supporting the Revolution. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61-63 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 6 The Republican Experiment 6.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The best definition of republican, as it was understood in the late 1700s, was A) a government without monarchy or aristocracy. B) a new political party. C) a continuation of the British monarchy. D) a strong central government. E) “one man, one vote.” Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 70 [Conceptual] 2) In the 1780s, Americans disagreed sharply over the relative importance of A) good and evil. B) republicanism and tyranny. C) current cultural trends and traditional values. D) faith and skepticism. E) liberty and order. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 71 [Factual] 3) Compared with the French, Russian, and Chinese Revolutions, the American Revolution could be characterized as A) much more radical and violent. B) about the same in terms of the degree of change. C) less defined in terms of the needs of the people. D) more tame and less wrenching. E) happening much more quickly. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 71 [Conceptual] 4) Which of the following was NOT a result of the American Revolution? A) the end of primogeniture B) the disestablishment of the Anglican Church in several southern states C) the abolition of slavery in several southern states D) reductions in the minimum property requirement for voting E) the continued uneven distribution of wealth Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 [Factual]

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5) The most obvious contradiction to the principles expressed in the founding of the American republic was A) the way it treated women. B) its failure to allow businessmen a say in planning the nation’s future. C) the continued existence of slavery in much of the nation. D) the fact that some states continued to require property as a prerequisite for voting. E) its failure to address matters of religion. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 [Conceptual] 6) ________ caused the most important changes in voting patterns in the immediate post-war years. A) The tremendous loss of male lives B) Western migration C) The dramatically increased standard of living D) The Articles of Confederation E) The movement of state capitols to more central locations Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 [Factual] 7) The leading African-American scientist and mathematician in early America was A) John Woolman. B) Richard Allen. C) Benjamin Banneker. D) Sojourner Truth. E) Phillis Wheatley. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 [Factual] 8) Even before achieving statehood, ________ prohibited slavery in its constitution. A) Connecticut B) New Jersey C) Massachusetts D) Pennsylvania E) Vermont Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 [Factual] 9) With respect to women, the political ideology of the American Revolution A) had little interest for them. B) brought dramatic changes in their lifestyles and opportunities. C) caused them to be more assertive about their roles in the family. D) gave them the right to participate actively in government. E) brought them together to demand suffrage. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 73 [Factual] 64 .

He that ne’er learns his A, B, C, For ever will a Blockhead be: But he that learn thefe (these) Letters fair Shall have a Coach to take the Air. 10) Examine this child’s alphabet book used in the United States during 1779. Which of the following statements accurately describes the values expressed in the lesson? A) strong sense of patriotic loyalty to the new nation B) support for republican ideals and the revolution C) good education will lead to wealth D) importance of religion in daily life E) underlining the importance of strong moral values Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 71-72 [Factual] 11) How many states did not have to draft new constitutions, since they already had republican governments as part of their colonial charters? A) none B) one C) two D) three E) four Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 73 [Factual] 12) An important fact about the Americans who wrote the first state constitutions was that they A) totally rejected British traditions and ideas in creating them. B) demanded written documents. C) refused to include bills of rights. D) made the constitutions vague and imprecise where basic rights were concerned. E) followed the example of the British constitution. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 74 [Factual] 65 .

13) Most new state constitutions after the American Revolution A) strengthened the power of the governors. B) weakened the power of the legislature. C) avoided the creation of a written constitution. D) included Declarations of Rights. E) affirmed the freedom of speech and press but not of religion. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74 [Factual] 14) Which of the following was NOT typical of the post-revolutionary state constitutions? A) that they claimed the people at large as the basis of political authority B) the inclusion of specific guarantees of rights C) the office of governor being either reduced or eliminated entirely D) the fact that they were written documents E) the use of bicameral legislatures Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 74 [Factual] 15) John Dickinson’s 1776 plan for a new United States government revolved around the concept of A) a weak central government. B) extremely powerful state governments. C) unification with Canada. D) a strong central government. E) a centralized banking system. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75 [Factual] 16) The Articles of Confederation A) gave too much power to the central government. B) provided for state representation by population. C) jealously guarded state sovereignty at the expense of national power. D) created a powerful presidency. E) changed little from first draft to final document. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 [Factual] 17) The controversy which delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation involved A) slavery. B) the disposition of western lands. C) American relations with European countries. D) regulating trade with British manufacturers. E) boundaries between the states. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75 [Factual]

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18) Which of the following was NOT a criticism of American government under the Articles of Confederation? A) that it failed to deal with the nation’s economic problems B) that it gave too much power to a central government C) that it failed to adequately confront threats from Britain and Spain along U.S. borders D) that it was unable to deal with the country’s fiscal instability E) that its single legislative body gave some states an unfair advantage Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 [Factual] 19) He was considered the most important political figure of the Confederation period. A) James Madison B) Robert Morris C) Alexander Hamilton D) Benjamin Franklin E) John Hancock Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75 [Factual] 20) The most important accomplishment of Congress under the Articles of Confederation was its A) disposition of the Florida border problem with Spain. B) passage of ordinances organizing the Northwest Territory. C) management of the nation’s financial affairs. D) rejection of British demands for territory along the country’s borders with Canada. E) set of rules for interstate trade and tariffs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75 [Conceptual] 21) Under the terms of the ________, an orderly process for laying out lands and towns in the western territory was established. A) Land Ordinance of 1785 B) Northwest Ordinance of 1787 C) Proclamation of 1763 D) Cumberland Agreement E) Ordinance of 1784 Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 76 [Factual] 22) The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 A) defined the process by which a territory became a state. B) provided for the surveying of the Northwest Territory. C) ignored the basic rights of settlers in the region. D) specifically allowed slavery to exist in the region. E) was one of the first acts passed under the Confederation. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 [Factual] 67 .

23) During the Confederation period, nationalists were people who A) supported the Articles of Confederation. B) believed the national government was too powerful. C) called for major constitutional reforms that would strengthen the national government. D) believed the states deserved more power. E) wanted to maintain close ties to England. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 [Factual] 24) The Newburgh Conspiracy involved A) discontented officers of the Continental Army. B) supporters of the Articles of Confederation. C) those who believed the Articles gave too much power to the national government. D) individuals dissatisfied with the military leadership of George Washington. E) French soldiers who had not been paid. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 [Factual] 25) The proposed Jay-Gardoqui Treaty would have A) repealed the Articles of Confederation. B) postponed free navigation of the Mississippi River for twenty-five years. C) expelled British soldiers from forts in the Northwest. D) established a military alliance with Spain. E) paid Continental Army officers the pensions they were owed. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 [Factual] 26) The European philosopher whose ideas supported the theory of state sovereignty was A) Locke. B) Montesquieu. C) Voltaire. D) Machiavelli. E) Rousseau. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 [Conceptual] 27) The most brilliant American political theorist of the post-revolutionary period was A) James Madison. B) George Washington. C) John Locke. D) John Adams. E) Thomas Jefferson. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 [Conceptual]

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28) The most important result of the Annapolis Meeting of 1786 was A) that it added support for the Articles of Confederation. B) the establishment of new, more efficient trade regulations for the United States. C) the settlement of problems involving Spain’s control of the Mississippi River. D) the nationalists’ recommendation to Congress for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. E) the growing political power and influence of James Madison. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 [Conceptual]

The Massachusetts Centennial, Boston, January 30, 1788 “From observation, and good information, we venture to assure the world that the MASSACHUSETENIAN PILLAR of the great FEDERAL EDIFICE rises daily.” 29) The political cartoon shown above is a direct call for support in which of the following events in U.S. history? A) asking colonial legislatures to pass resolutions supporting Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union B) radicals celebrating a series of “peoples’“ revolts in the new states to protest inflation, high taxes and interest rates culminating in Shays’ Rebellion in Massachusetts C) abolitionists praising the organization of state chapters of the American Anti-Slavery Society and the first publication of William Garrison’s anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator D) encouraging states to ratify the new Constitution written at the Philadelphia Convention and listing those which had already ratified that document E) applauding the growing list of colonies that agreed to send delegates to the Second Continental Congress Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80-81 [Conceptual]

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30) Shays’ Rebellion involved A) discontented New England merchants. B) western settlers demanding Indian territory. C) supporters of freer trade with Great Britain. D) discontented farmers in Massachusetts. E) Continental Army officers who had been denied their pensions. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 [Factual] 31) The Constitutional Convention took place in A) 1778. B) 1781. C) 1787. D) 1791. E) 1793. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 [Factual] 32) Under his intellectual guidance, the Constitutional Convention formed a new government. A) Robert Morris B) Alexander Hamilton C) James Madison D) Benjamin Franklin E) Thomas Jefferson Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 [Factual] 33) An important procedural decision approved at the opening of the Constitutional Convention involved A) publicizing the convention’s meetings and debates. B) its refusal to allow the small states to present their plans for constitutional revisions. C) the decision to keep deliberations as secret as possible. D) the election of James Madison as chairman. E) the requirement of a plurality rather than a simple majority to implement changes. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 [Factual] 34) The Virginia Plan was the handiwork of A) William Ruffin. B) Patrick Henry. C) Thomas Jefferson. D) Ben Franklin. E) James Madison. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 [Factual] 70 .

35) The plan proposed by William Paterson A) gave too much power to the national government. B) proposed a two-house national legislature. C) represented the wishes of the smaller states. D) was strongly supported by Madison and his colleagues. E) denied Congress power to tax or regulate trade. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 [Factual] 36) The ________ proposed a unicameral Congress in which the states would be represented equally. A) Virginia Plan B) “three-fifths rule” C) Connecticut Plan D) Franklin Compromise E) New Jersey Plan Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 [Factual] 37) The compromise which resolved the dispute between the large and the small states included each of the following EXCEPT A) the states would be equally represented in the upper house. B) all bills pertaining to taxation or spending would begin in the upper house. C) the states would be proportionally represented according to population in the lower house. D) slave-holding states could count sixty percent of their slaves for purposes of representation. E) in the lower house, at the beginning, there would be one representative for every 30,000 inhabitants. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 [Factual] 38) The three-fifths rule concerned the issue of A) slavery. B) the number of branches in the national government. C) checks and balances. D) presidential power. E) the number of votes required in the House to pass legislation. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 [Factual]

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39) At the Constitutional Convention, the question of slavery A) caused few real problems. B) generally saw northerners willing to support southern concerns. C) threatened to disrupt and destroy the work of the convention. D) found the southern delegates eager to compromise on most significant arguments. E) was resolved, but left the South at a disadvantage. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 [Factual] 40) Regarding slavery, one of the Constitutional Convention’s most important decisions A) allowed the slave trade to continue indefinitely. B) permitted Congress to outlaw the importation of slaves in 1808. C) provided for an immediate end to the importation of African slaves. D) declared slavery to be illegal as of 1808. E) declared that slaves could not be purchased in the U.S. after 1808. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 81 [Factual] 41) The proposed new Constitution of 1787 called for the election of a president by A) a direct vote of the people. B) the state legislatures. C) an electoral college. D) the federal congress. E) the Senate. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 [Factual] 42) In order for the Constitution to be accepted, A) nine state legislatures needed to ratify it. B) a unanimous vote among the states needed to occur. C) nine state conventions needed to ratify it. D) the public needed to ratify it. E) three-fifths of all state legislators needed to ratify it. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 81 [Factual] 43) Those who campaigned actively for ratification of the Constitution were called A) Nationalists. B) Federalists. C) Constitutionalists. D) States’ Righters. E) Antifederalists. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 82 [Factual]

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44) Those who opposed ratification of the Constitution were called A) Antifederalists. B) Federalists. C) States’ Righters. D) Radicals. E) Nationalists. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 82 [Factual] 45) The first state to ratify the new Constitution was A) South Carolina. B) Massachusetts. C) Delaware. D) New Hampshire. E) Rhode Island. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 83 [Factual] 46) The Federalist was a series of essays written by A) Washington and Adams. B) Thomas Jefferson. C) Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. D) Randolph and Franklin. E) Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 82 [Factual] 47) Federalists can be closely associated with A) a desire to preserve the Articles of Confederation. B) proposing that the Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution. C) the idea of a strong central government. D) the idea of states’ rights. E) the early abolition movement. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 [Factual] 48) A major fear of the Antifederalists was that A) voters would be too distanced from their representatives. B) voters would have too much direct contact and, thus, influence on their representatives. C) voters would corrupt their national representatives. D) national representatives would rely too consistently on local voters for their ideas and decisions. E) the average voter was not educated enough to make good decisions. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 [Conceptual]

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49) The Constitution was ratified A) easily in all the major states. B) by close votes in the major states. C) with little opposition from farmers. D) with great opposition from artisans and merchants. E) within eight months. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 [Factual] 50) The author of the original proposal for the Bill of Rights was A) Patrick Henry. B) George Washington. C) Alexander Hamilton. D) James Madison. E) Thomas Jefferson. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 84 [Factual] 6.2 True/False Questions 1) Under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, slavery was explicitly allowed in the Northwest Territory. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 [Factual] 2) Most new state constitutions dramatically increased the power of state governors. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74 [Factual] 3) Most prominent political figures supported the Constitution. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 82 [Factual] 4) Shays’ Rebellion demonstrated the ability of the national government to maintain order and stability in the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 [Factual] 5) After the American Revolution, several northern states abolished slavery. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 [Factual] 6) After the American Revolution, African Americans in the North enjoyed equal treatment before the law. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 [Factual] 74 .

7) After the American Revolution, state governments insisted that their new state constitutions be specific, written documents. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74 [Factual] 8) The Bill of Rights became law just before the Constitution was ratified. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 84 [Factual] 9) James Madison had much to do with writing the Constitution but nothing to do with writing the Bill of Rights. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 [Factual] 6.3 Essay Questions 1) How successful was the new Republic in implementing the goals of the Revolution? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72-84 [Conceptual] 2) Compare the strengths and weaknesses of the Confederation government. Was it doomed to failure? Why? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72-74 [Conceptual] 3) What role did the issue of slavery play in the Constitutional Convention? How was the issue dealt with in the final version of the Constitution? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 [Conceptual] 4) Discuss anti-slavery sentiment in America during the Revolution and the years immediately following the Revolution. Was the opposition to slavery limited to northern states? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 [Conceptual] 5) Imagine you are either Federalist or Antifederalist. Argue for (or against) ratification of the Constitution. Include economic status, geographic region, and political ideals in your argument. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 7 Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788–1800 7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) For many Americans, George Washington was A) a symbol of the new republic. B) a routine, typical political leader. C) not a popular leader. D) a threat to proclaim himself king. E) a good general, but not necessarily a good politician. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 86 [Conceptual] 2) President Washington considered his role as first president to include A) having his own face put on the new one-dollar bill. B) publishing a series of “hearthside chats” in which he addressed the people directly. C) personally demonstrating the existence of a strong republic. D) transforming the White House into a national symbol. E) enlarging the U.S. Army and building military bases in every state. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 86 [Conceptual] 3) The passage of which act created the federal court system? A) Judiciary Act of 1800 B) Judiciary Act of 1789 C) Holmes Act of 1792 D) Franklin-Marshall Act of 1796 E) Ellsworth Act of 1789 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 [Factual] 4) Which of the following individuals was not a member of George Washington’s first cabinet? A) Thomas Jefferson B) William Simmons C) Edmund Randolph D) Alexander Hamilton E) Henry Knox Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 86 [Factual]

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5) The first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court was A) Alexander Hamilton. B) Oliver Ellsworth. C) John Jay. D) Edmund Randolph. E) Benjamin Franklin. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 [Factual] 6) Which of the following did Hamilton and Jefferson have in common? A) faith in a republican society B) belief that the national government should be strong C) faith in the common man D) fears of the effect of the French Revolution on American society E) great respect for the purity of the British constitution Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 [Conceptual] 7) Which of the following was NOT a Hamiltonian idea? A) The government should try to foster commercial and industrial development. B) The new central government would survive if the wealthiest people supported it. C) France was the United States’ most important ally. D) A national bank was necessary for the country’s economic health. E) The development of cities was key to the success of the nation. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 [Factual] 8) Federalists were very enthusiastic about capitalism but A) doubted the United States would ever become a great commercial power. B) admitted that the Jeffersonians probably had stronger public appeal. C) would only be successful in the United States if the franchise was expanded. D) were afraid power would become concentrated in cities. E) did not trust the people or local government to make good decisions about financial matters. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 [Factual] 9) The greatest challenge facing the first Washington administration was A) foreign affairs. B) war with Native Americans. C) financial. D) territorial expansion. E) interstate trade. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 [Factual]

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10) Hamilton’s Report On The Public Credit recommended A) the renunciation of all old government debts. B) that the federal government assume remaining state debts. C) that the states fund most government activities. D) that bankers be restricted in their dealings with the federal government. E) that the federal government offer its creditors 80 percent of the face value of its obligations. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 [Factual] 11) James Madison opposed Hamilton’s proposal for the public debt because A) he feared Hamilton’s growing political power. B) the powers of state government would be reduced. C) he believed only a chosen few would benefit. D) it did not foster the government of the Revolution. E) many soldiers had lost the old loan certificates that entitled them to payment. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 [Factual] 12) Opposition to Hamilton’s proposed national bank A) was led by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. B) reflected the fears of private bankers. C) was justified because his plans so clearly favored a few “monied interests.” D) generally did not involve the general public. E) resented that the enterprise would be wholly private, with no real ties to the federal government. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 [Factual] 13) Which of the following would Alexander Hamilton have proposed? A) strong diplomatic ties with France B) the purchase of western lands C) giving the common man the vote D) providing government subsidies to manufacturers E) modeling the banking system on the German model Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 14) The Bank of the United States was based on the doctrine of A) strict construction. B) states’ rights. C) implied powers. D) judicial review. E) checks and balances. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 78 .

15) The Report On Manufacturers suggested A) low tariffs on imported goods. B) congressional taxes on industrial goods. C) protective tariffs. D) strict laissez faire. E) a fluctuating tariff schedule. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 [Conceptual] 16) Jeffersonians’ fear of strong financial institutions was based on A) the fact that most were simple farmers who did not understand banking policy. B) their resentment of Federalists, who tended to have more money. C) religious beliefs about the sin of greed. D) anti-Semitism, because they thought banks were controlled by Jewish interests. E) their belief that they were the root of corruption in the British government. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 17) Alexander Hamilton failed to achieve his economic policy objectives in his attempt to secure A) funding of the national debt. B) assumption of the state debts. C) creation of a national bank. D) passage of a protective tariff. E) approval of a standardized currency schedule. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 18) By the end of Washington’s first term of office, A) political harmony had unified the cabinet. B) political squabbling threatened to divide the government. C) political parties appeared in the campaigning. D) the machinery of government had been brought to a standstill. E) politicians understood the force of public opinion. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 19) During Washington’s second term in office, A) foreign affairs became a much more important focus. B) relations with Great Britain and France improved dramatically. C) Hamilton and Jefferson resolved their differences over domestic policy. D) Hamilton ceased to be a force in American politics. E) the European war unified American officials in support of France. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 [Factual]

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20) In the early 1790s, British actions toward the United States indicated A) respect for the status of the new nation. B) a desire to recruit the United States as a close ally. C) disdain for American rights. D) a willingness to join the French in taking advantage of the new country. E) the need for American resources to feed and clothe British troops. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 21) When war broke out in Europe, Washington A) used the war to foster new economic ties. B) upheld the Treaty of 1778 and supported France. C) steered a path of neutrality for the nation. D) placed an embargo on all goods to Europe. E) doubled the budget for the navy. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 22) Thomas Jefferson felt it was important that the new government A) foster strong ties with Great Britain. B) support business and industrial development. C) decrease the role agriculture played in the American economy. D) lean toward France in the event it clashed with Britain. E) expand the franchise. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90 [Conceptual] 23) The Genêt affair involved A) American interference in French-British relations. B) American financial assistance offered to the French during their revolution. C) America’s refusal to repay debts incurred as a result of the French-American alliance. D) France’s use of American ships as privateers, in violation of the United States’ pledge of neutrality. E) a secret arms agreement with the French foreign minister. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 [Factual] 24) Jay’s Treaty succeeded in A) getting British troops to withdraw from the northwest forts. B) opening New Orleans to U.S. commerce. C) pacifying southerners who had lost slaves during the war. D) humiliating the French. E) calming Washington’s anxieties. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90 [Factual]

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25) As a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, A) Great Britain continued to dominate the western frontier. B) the United States asserted its authority on the western frontier. C) the Indians scored a decisive victory. D) the inadequacy of the American army was made evident. E) the British encouraged Native Americans in the Northwest Territory to give up their land without further violence. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90 [Factual] 26) Why did Spain agree to the terms of the Pinckney Treaty? A) It mistook Jay’s Treaty for an Anglo-American alliance. B) It needed the additional sources of revenue. C) It needed protection on its southwest borders. D) The United States threatened direct military action. E) It thought there was a secret agreement between the United States and France to take Spain’s North American possessions. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91[Factual] 27) Which treaty gave the United States access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans for trade? A) Grenville’s Treaty B) Saratoga Treaty C) Pinckney’s Treaty D) Jay’s Treaty E) Jefferson’s Treaty Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91[Factual] 28) The emergence of political parties in the 1790s A) created a harmonious atmosphere for political debate. B) was a totally negative experience in the history of the time. C) led to closer relations between the factions that had appeared during Washington’s administration. D) had both good and bad consequences for the nation at that time. E) meant one of George Washington’s goals for the new government was realized. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 [Conceptual]

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29) Which of the following was responsible for changing the nation’s political life? A) newspapers B) political clubs C) officially sponsored debates D) A and B E) B and C Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91[Factual] 30) Washington believed that the Whiskey Rebellion A) was not something with which to be concerned. B) presented a direct threat to the nation. C) should have been dealt with by the state of Pennsylvania. D) indicated the importance of repealing the excise tax. E) was the result of a legitimate complaint on the part of distillers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91[Factual] 31) The Whiskey Rebellion took place in A) Massachusetts. B) South Carolina. C) Kentucky. D) Rhode Island. E) Pennsylvania. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91[Factual] 32) Washington’s Farewell Address A) warned against creating a strong military. B) attempted to bring harmony to the political system. C) supported the political ideology of Jefferson and Madison. D) advised against permanent alliances with nations that weren’t interested in promoting American security. E) wholeheartedly endorsed the two-party system. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 92 [Factual] 33) The election of 1796 was complicated by A) changes in the nation’s voting laws. B) interference from British diplomats. C) behind-the-scenes manipulations by Alexander Hamilton. D) Washington’s refusal to stay out of politics. E) confusion over the differences between Federalists and Republicans. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 93 [Factual]

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34) John Adams’s presidency was made much more difficult by A) his lack of experience with government. B) the interference of Alexander Hamilton. C) Jefferson’s refusal to cooperate with a Federalist president. D) continued problems with the British on the seas. E) his inability to communicate with Jefferson. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 [Factual] 35) During the Adams administration, A) Great Britain continued to pose problems for the nation. B) domestic problems occupied the president’s full attention. C) France reacted negatively to the terms of Jay’s Treaty. D) few Americans seemed concerned with foreign affairs. E) France became a closer ally thanks to the terms of Jay’s Treaty. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 93 [Factual] 36) One consequence of the XYZ affair was that A) Adams declared war with France. B) France suffered diplomatic humiliation. C) Adams supported the idea of a strong army. D) Adams and Jefferson reached a political impasse. E) High Federalists used the tensions it created as an excuse for military expansion. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 93 [Factual] 37) The intention of the Naturalization Law was to A) help immigrants assimilate into society. B) allow the government to deport undesirable aliens. C) allow the Federalists to maintain political control. D) create a heterogeneous society for America. E) keep out eastern European immigrants. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 [Factual]

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Congressional Pugilists, Philadelphia, 1798 “He in a trice struck Lyon thrice Upon his head, enrag’d sir, Who seiz’d the tongs to ease his wrongs, And Griswold thus engag’d, sir.” (Library of Congress) 38) The disgraceful fight in the House of Representatives in 1798 between Lyon and Griswold represented angry political differences between which two parties? A) Republicans and Federalists B) Democrats and Whigs C) Democrats and Know Nothing party members D) Republicans and Democrats E) Progressives and Populists Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 [Factual] 39) Why did the Sedition Act distress many Americans? A) It threatened their political rights. B) It kept the Federalists in power. C) It suspended free elections. D) It expanded the powers of Congress. E) It allowed libel convictions without a jury trial. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 [Factual] 40) In 1798, the Federalists sponsored a military buildup with the intention of A) taking the French West Indies. B) suppressing internal political dissent. C) conquering Canada. D) pacifying the Indian tribes of the Ohio Valley. E) pumping federal dollars into a sagging economy. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 [Factual] 84 .

41) In the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson and Madison called for a restoration of A) a strong central government. B) states’ rights. C) the Articles of Confederation. D) the Bill of Rights. E) a standardized currency. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94-95 [Factual] 42) According to the Kentucky Resolutions, A) ultimate power always remained with the federal government. B) states had the right to nullify federal law under certain circumstances. C) the Sedition Act was worthy of enforcement by the states. D) the state of Kentucky chose to remain neutral in the contest between Hamilton and Jefferson. E) the “general welfare” of the nation should be the guiding principle in state decisions. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 [Factual] 43) As a result of the actions taken by John Adams while president, A) he was overwhelmingly reelected in 1800. B) the United States had harmony with France. C) the Federalist Party remained the major party. D) France compensated the United States for ships taken. E) the French added even more restrictions on U.S. commerce. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 95 [Factual] 44) In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson almost lost to A) Aaron Burr. B) Thomas Knox. C) Henry Adams. D) George Washington. E) Alexander Hamilton. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 95 [Factual] 45) Each of the following is true of the election of 1800 EXCEPT A) Alexander Hamilton intrigued to keep his own party’s candidate from winning. B) the Federalist Party was hopelessly split. C) the electoral college chose Thomas Jefferson to be the third president. D) John Adams refused to attend Jefferson’s inauguration. E) it led to changes in the presidential electoral process. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 95 [Factual] 85 .

46) The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution A) changed the process of electing the president and vice president. B) decreased presidential power. C) heightened the potential for further political conflict. D) stopped the African slave trade. E) dealt with the judicial power of the United States. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 95 [Factual] President

National Political Experience Prior to Assuming Presidency:

George Washington

Virginia planter, militia officer, delegate to the 1st and 2nd Continental Congress, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, delegate to Philadelphia 1787 Constitutional Convention

John Adams

Massachusetts lawyer, delegate to 1st and 2nd Continental Congress, ambassador to Great Britain, Vice President of the United States

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia planter, delegate to the 2nd Continental Congress, Governor of Virginia, ambassador to France, Secretary of State, Vice President of the United States, headed the DemocraticRepublican party

James Madison

Virginia planter, delegate to the 2nd Continental Congress, delegate to the Philadelphia 1787 Constitutional Convention, coauthored the Federalist Papers, authored the Bill of Rights, Secretary of State

James Monroe

Officer in the Continental Army, delegate to the Continental Congress (1783), U.S. Senator, ambassador to France, Secretary of State

John Quincy Adams

Ambassador to the Netherlands, U.S. Senator, ambassador to Russia, Secretary of State

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47) Examining the data provided in the chart above for the first six presidents of the United States, all of the following statements are supported by the information found there EXCEPT: A) military experience was not essential in the background of a candidate for the U.S. presidency. B) most presidential aspirants had experience representing the nation overseas as a diplomat. C) all presidential candidates had previously been leaders of their political parties. D) position of Secretary of State seemed to be a stepping stone to the presidency for several men. E) most presidents had experience as delegates to the Continental Congresses or to the Constitutional Convention or both. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85-97 [Factual] 7.2 True/False Questions 1) Alexander Hamilton’s foolish electoral schemes were the major reason for the decline in Federalist fortunes in 1800. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 [Factual] 2) Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed over whether Great Britain or France should be America’s closest European ally. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 3) Thomas Jefferson tended to emphasize the importance of industrial development when forecasting the future of the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 [Factual] 4) Jay’s Treaty accomplished little of what John Jay had hoped to achieve when he began his negotiations with the British. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 [Factual] 5) The Alien Acts were designed to curb out-of-control immigration from Germany and Sweden toward the end of the eighteenth century. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 [Factual] 6) The Alien and Sedition Acts posed no real threat to civil liberties in the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 [Factual]

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7) The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the federal judicial system, including the Supreme Court. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 [Factual] 8) Alexander Hamilton favored low tariffs, a national bank, and funding of the national debt. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 [Factual] 9) Jay’s Treaty was extremely unpopular with the American public. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90 [Factual] 10) Hamilton’s political faction was known as the High Federalists. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 [Factual] 7.3 Essay Questions 1) In the 1790s, why did the revolutionary political leaders become divided over the course of the new nation? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85-87 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) How did the views of Hamilton and Jefferson give birth to political parties? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87-90 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Why did the Federalist Party lose popularity and influence in the late 1790s? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91-94 [Factual and Conceptual] 4) Compare the foreign policies of Washington and Adams. Could better policies have been devised? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89-94 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) As an ordinary United States citizen in the 1790s, what would you have to fear in the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 8 Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision 8.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Under Jeffersonian Republicanism, A) many Americans believed opportunities were available to them. B) few Americans were able to advance in society. C) the social structure of society was well-defined. D) blacks were provided opportunities in society. E) servants “knew their place.” Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 100 [Factual] 2) By 1810, one-fifth of the American population was made up of A) Indians. B) immigrants. C) blacks. D) women. E) Catholics. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 100 [Factual] 3) The large increase in the national population reflected in the 1810 census resulted mainly from A) the assimilation of whole tribes of Native Americans into the general population. B) natural biological increase. C) a huge increase in the importation of slaves from Africa. D) the immigration of many thousands of Europeans fleeing the Napoleonic wars. E) fabrication of census records by corrupt state officials who hoped to increase their congressional representation. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 101 [Factual] 4) The rise of regional identities in the early nineteenth century resulted from each of the following EXCEPT A) people of each region found common cause in defending their shared economic interests. B) New England’s aggressive devotion to radical democracy made the other regions uneasy. C) transportation improvements made it easier to get around within, but not necessarily between, the major areas. D) southerners increasingly felt defensive about possible attacks on slavery. E) distinct regional subcultures promoted sectional identities. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 [Factual] 89 .

5) Upon arriving in the West, many settlers A) tried to transplant their eastern customs. B) had to adapt to a new environment. C) were able to generate distinctive folkways. D) depended on water transportation. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 101 [Factual] 6) Thomas Jefferson’s attitude toward Native Americans showed that he A) considered them to be expendable. B) believed their way of life to be worth protecting and preserving. C) found them to be savages unworthy of serious concern. D) respected them as people, but was not impressed by their culture. E) wanted to try to assimilate them into the nascent culture of the United States. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 102 [Conceptual] 7) Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa A) worked to persuade the Indians of the Indiana Territory to hold onto their tribal cultures and their land. B) represented themselves as tribal leaders and sold off huge tracts of land for whiskey and trinkets. C) led an Indian rebellion which was crushed by Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. D) accepted President Jefferson’s promise of a vast Indian reservation west of the Mississippi River. E) developed a written language for the Shawnees and worked for gradual assimilation into white culture. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 102 [Factual] 8) American prosperity in the early 1800s was based on A) an industrial economy. B) manufacturing. C) monetary supplies. D) agriculture and commerce. E) the slave system. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 102 [Factual]

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9) The chief function of American cities during the Jeffersonian era was as A) cultural centers. B) depots for international trade. C) agricultural marketplaces. D) financial centers. E) places to exchange ideas and keep up with news. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 102 [Factual] 10) Under his direction, the United States took its first steps into the factory system. A) Eli Whitney B) Samuel Slater C) Benjamin Reed D) Robert Lowell E) James Stubblefield Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 102 [Factual] 11) How did Jefferson and Gallatin deal with the national debt? A) They continued Hamilton’s programs. B) They increased excise taxes and tariff taxes. C) They demanded greater cooperation from the states. D) They decreased the functions of the national government. E) They reallocated funds that had supported European embassies to fund the army. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 103 [Factual] 12) Which of the following statements is NOT true of President Thomas Jefferson? A) He was a man of great intellectual ability. B) He created the military academy at West Point. C) He hated the national debt. D) He wanted to cut government spending. E) He loved the military and saw it as America’s greatest asset. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103 [Factual] 13) As the chief negotiator with France, he engineered the Louisiana Purchase. A) James Madison B) John Quincy Adams C) John Marshall D) James Monroe E) Thomas Jefferson Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 104 [Factual]

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14) Which of the following factors contributed to Thomas Jefferson’s decision to make the Louisiana Purchase? A) Spain closing the port of New Orleans to American commerce B) Great Britain invading Cuba C) the citizens of New Orleans petitioning him to do so D) Napoleon sending troops to the Dominican Republic E) Jefferson’s realization that it would include Florida Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 104 [Factual] 15) What difficulty did Jefferson face in purchasing the Louisiana Territory? A) possible confrontation with Great Britain B) lack of support from the American people C) the constitutionality of his actions D) whether to accept foreign citizens on the land E) finding $15 million in the federal budget Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 104 [Factual] 16) Who first explored the Far West all the way to the Pacific? A) Burk and Wills B) Lewis and Clark C) Pike and Johnson D) DeSoto and Grant E) Mason and Dixon Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 104 [Factual] 17) The Barbary States were located in A) North Africa. B) South America. C) the Caribbean. D) South Africa. E) southern Europe. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 104 [Factual] 18) The United States’ success in dealing with the Barbary States during the war from 1801 to 1805 A) was the result of the American invasion of those nations. B) was the result of the American naval blockade of those nations. C) was the result of Thomas Jefferson’s decision to give in to the Barbary demands. D) was the result of several political revolutions in the Barbary States. E) was the result of payments for safe passage. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 [Factual] 92 .

19) In the election of 1804, Thomas Jefferson defeated A) John Quincy Adams. B) Aaron Burr. C) Charles Pinckney. D) John Randolph. E) Alexander Hamilton. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 [Factual] 20) Chief Justice John Marshall believed in A) states’ rights. B) a weak central government. C) judicial review. D) overturning the Articles of Confederation. E) a broad interpretation of what constituted treason. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 105 [Factual] 21) The decision in Marbury v. Madison was the first time the Supreme Court A) ruled on the constitutionality of federal laws. B) compelled federal officials. C) discussed the powers of the judiciary. D) had a unanimous ruling. E) asserted its right to judge the constitutionality of congressional acts. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 [Factual] 22) After 1800, Federalists retained control of A) the presidency. B) Congress. C) the judiciary. D) the military. E) the Supreme Court. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 [Factual] 23) Samuel Chase’s impeachment trial A) destroyed the authority of the courts. B) forced Marshall to resign. C) maintained the independence of the judiciary. D) showed Jefferson to be a conciliatory leader. E) was a rather dull affair. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 [Factual]

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24) The so-called Yazoo controversy involved A) illegal bond sales by Federalist politicians. B) the fraudulent sale of public lands by the Georgia legislature to private investors. C) repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts. D) repeal of the national bank. E) illegal removal of Cherokee Indians from their tribal lands. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106 [Factual] 25) In Fletcher v. Peck, A) the court supported the arguments of the state. B) the court upheld the sanctity of contracts. C) the court voided contracts impaired by legislative fraud. D) the court decided that it could not rule on the constitutionality of state laws. E) the justices were divided in their opinion. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106 [Factual] 26) In the famous duel of July 11, 1804, Aaron Burr killed A) Thomas Jefferson. B) John Adams. C) Alexander Hamilton. D) George Randolph. E) Charles Pinckney. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106 [Factual] 27) Aaron Burr was charged with treason for trying to A) separate the West from the rest of the United States. B) create a military rebellion. C) force Jefferson to acknowledge his political power. D) secure control over Cuba. E) encourage New Orleans to secede. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106 [Factual] 28) For John Marshall, charges of treason A) had to be clearly defined to protect civil rights. B) could be supported with circumstantial evidence. C) allowed future presidents the opportunity to silence their opposition. D) were not applicable to a republican society. E) required the testimony of at least three witnesses to the treasonous act. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106 [Factual]

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29) On the issue of slavery, Jefferson A) supported the institution. B) wanted the slave trade outlawed. C) believed states should regulate it. D) wanted to repeal the “three-fifths rule.” E) wanted the practice abolished in the United States. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106 [Factual] 30) As the Napoleonic wars broke out in Europe, the United States A) was forced to take sides. B) isolated itself from the war. C) took advantage of the situation. D) feared for the safety of its citizens. E) threw its support behind France, in recognition of their support during the Revolutionary War. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 [Factual] 31) The Orders in Council A) allowed broken voyages to occur. B) forbade neutral commerce with continental Europe. C) had little effect on American shipping. D) gave Great Britain control of the seas. E) allowed the British navy to monitor every Continental port. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 [Factual] 32) Which acts created a “paper blockade” of the Continent? A) Orders in Council B) Rule of 1756 C) Berlin/Milan Decrees D) Intolerable Acts E) Defensive Acts Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 [Factual]

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British Impress American Merchant Sailor (Library of Congress) 33) The action occurring in the 19th-century drawing shown above contributed significantly to which of the following events? A) Ostend Manifesto B) Amistad trial C) War of 1812 D) Convention of 1800 E) Wilmot Proviso Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 [Conceptual] 34) In response to the European war, Jefferson A) tried to avoid American involvement. B) prepared the country for war. C) declared the United States to be officially neutral. D) believed the Europeans would behave rationally. E) demanded revenge for the deaths of sailors on the Chesapeake. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 [Factual] 35) According to the policy of peaceable coercion, A) a nation declares its neutrality. B) a nation avoids all military confrontation. C) peaceful relations should be sought through negotiations. D) economics are used as a diplomatic weapon. E) neutral nations can have limited trade with belligerents. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 [Factual] 96 .

36) The effect of the Embargo Act was A) strong public support in the Northeast. B) England agreed to respect American rights. C) severe depression in France. D) economic mayhem in the United States. E) a severe shortage of food supplies for both the French and British armies. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 [Factual] 37) The Chesapeake Affair of 1807 A) violated American sovereignty. B) forced the French to rescind the Berlin Decree. C) damaged the British navy. D) had little effect on Anglo-American relations. E) influenced the Americans to support the French. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 [Factual] 38) In the election of 1808, A) John Randolph and the Quids made sure that the Republicans nominated Madison and not Monroe. B) Madison defeated Charles Pinckney by a wider margin than had Jefferson in 1804. C) the Federalists lost seats in the House of Representatives. D) James Madison became the first presidential candidate nominated by a congressional party caucus. E) with the electoral college deadlocked, the House of Representatives chose James Madison as president. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 108 [Factual] 39) Which of the following authorized American trade with all nations except Britain and France? A) Orders in Council B) Non-Intercourse Act C) Berlin Decrees D) Embargo Act E) Peaceable Coercion Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 108 [Factual]

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40) In the election of 1808, the Federalist Party A) seemed unable to adapt to the changes of society. B) made impressive gains in Congress. C) had won new support in the West. D) was dominated by innovative new political leaders. E) nominated George Clinton for president. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 108 [Factual] 41) Jefferson’s foreign policy of “peaceable coercion” A) allowed Madison to return to domestic concerns. B) had seriously damaged the British economy. C) brought an alliance with France. D) created more harm than good for the United States. E) strengthened relations with Europe, despite the war. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 108 [Factual] 42) The effect of Macon’s Bill Number Two was that A) Napoleon promised to rescind the Berlin and Milan decrees. B) Great Britain promised to rescind the Orders in Council. C) Napoleon declared war on the United States. D) Madison received strong public support. E) even diplomatic contact with Britain and France was severed. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 108 [Factual] 43) The key to Madison’s strategy against Great Britain was A) the West Indies. B) France. C) Canada. D) Mexico. E) Cuba. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 109 [Factual] 44) These congressmen believed it was imperative that the United States acquire Canada. A) War Hawks B) Status Quos C) Quids D) Federalists E) Expansionists Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 109 [Factual]

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A Scene on the Frontiers as Practiced by the Humane British and Their Worthy Allies! William Charles, Philadelphia, 1812 (Library of Congress) 45) The artist of the cartoon shown above was attempting to suggest which of the following? A) British forces were under attack by Indians paid for by French provocateurs. B) Iroquois chiefs were paying reparations to the British for their unprovoked attacks on British troops. C) American forces were rendering financial aid to Huron forces who allied with the U.S. against the British. D) British agents were provoking attacks by Indians upon American frontiersmen and troops. E) Humanitarian agencies were attempting to bribe the Indian forces into peace with money and rewards. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 109 [Conceptual] 46) Which of the following groups opposed war with Great Britain? A) Southerners B) Republicans C) Anglicans D) Westerners E) New Englanders Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 109 [Factual]

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47) Which of the following was NOT a major British strategic objective in the War of 1812? A) protection of the Canadian frontier B) assault on the Chesapeake regions C) occupation of New Orleans D) occupation of New York City E) blockage of the U.S. navy Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 [Factual] 48) ________ led the Americans to victory over the British at the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813. A) John Paul Jones B) Oliver Hazard Perry C) Daniel Boone D) William Henry Harrison E) Thomas Macdonough Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 [Factual] 49) At the Battle of New Orleans, A) British forces retreated when they saw how strong American defenses were. B) British forces won and forced the surrender of the city. C) British forces were defeated by Andrew Jackson and his troops. D) Andrew Jackson proved to be an ineffective political leader. E) Andrew Jackson was briefly held as a prisoner. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 [Factual] 50) At the Hartford Convention, A) a resolution threatening New England’s secession was adopted. B) Federalists demanded a unanimous vote in the Senate before war could be declared. C) New Englanders gave strong support for the war effort. D) the principles of the “three-fifths rule” concerning slavery were opposed. E) Federalists continued to show their support of the embargo. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 [Factual] 51) The Treaty of Ghent A) awarded part of Canada to the U.S. B) did little more than end hostilities and postpone other issues for future negotiations. C) gave the British navigation rights on the Mississippi River. D) restored Quebec to France. E) was negotiated quickly and quietly, since there were no real debates. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 [Factual] 100 .

8.2 True/False Questions 1) The Lewis and Clark expedition accomplished little of permanent value to the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 104 [Factual] 2) In his trial for treason, Aaron Burr was found not guilty. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106 [Factual] 3) The importation of slaves totally stopped after 1807. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 106 [Factual] 4) In 1812, the United States was well-prepared for war with Great Britain. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107-108 [Factual] 5) The Treaty of Ghent did not resolve the major differences between the United States and England. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 109 [Factual] 6) President Thomas Jefferson was intent on destroying Native Americans to open up land for white settlers. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 102 [Factual] 7) In the early 1800s, the merchant marine was one of the weakest sectors of the American economy. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 102 [Factual] 8) In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court disallowed the authority of the federal courts to overturn state laws. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 [Factual] 9) The War of 1812 proved to be an enormous military victory for the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110-111 [Factual] 10) The Hartford Convention proved to be a political disaster for New England Federalists. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 [Factual] 101 .

8.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe the major issues that eventually led the United States to declare war on Great Britain in 1812. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 108-110 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Once in office, how did Jefferson carry out his political beliefs? Explain your answer. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 102-105 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Describe the major regional identities that began to appear in the United States in the early 1880s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 101 [Factual and Conceptual] 4) Was it inevitable for the United States to be drawn into war with Great Britain? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 108-110 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) How did the Battle of New Orleans and the Hartford Convention contribute to the demise of the Federalist Party? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 9 Nation Building and Nationalism 9.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The first goal of postwar expansionists in the United States after 1815 was A) to obtain the Pacific Northwest from Great Britain. B) to obtain Florida from Spain. C) to acquire the former French colony of Louisiana. D) to develop the trans-Appalachian West. E) to eradicate the Native Americans. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 114 [Factual] 2) After 1815, the United States A) grew rapidly in size and population. B) was threatened by foreign invasion. C) revised its form of government. D) was unable to expand its economy. E) invaded and occupied Canada. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 114 [Factual] 3) In 1800, which of the following states was not part of the United States? A) Florida B) Tennessee C) Kentucky D) Georgia E) Maryland Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 114 [Factual] 4) The Adams-Onis Treaty A) excluded Spain from the North American continent. B) reduced British influence in Florida. C) granted the Northwest Territory to the United States. D) weakened the Spanish position in Latin America. E) made Florida a U.S. territory. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 114 [Factual]

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5) The founder of the American Fur Company was A) Jedediah Smith. B) John Jacob Astor. C) Kit Carson. D) Andrew Jackson. E) George Vanderbilt. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 115 [Factual] 6) The largest of the “Five Civilized Tribes” was the A) Choctaw. B) Cherokee. C) Chickasaw. D) Seminole. E) Creek. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 115 [Factual] 7) By the mid 1820s, the Cherokee had each of the following EXCEPT A) a written language. B) a written constitution providing a republican form of government. C) a system of slavery regulated by law. D) a military force capable of defending their lands against white encroachment. E) a salaried government bureaucracy. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 [Factual] 8) The last resistance of Indians to white settlement in the Old Northwest came in 18311832 under Chief A) Tecumseh. B) Sitting Bull. C) Osceola. D) Black Hawk. E) Rain-in-Face. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 116 [Factual] 9) The term preemption referred to the right of A) squatters to secure title to land they had improved. B) Native Americans to refuse to move to reservations. C) land speculators to have first rights to purchase public domain land. D) the government to seize land from farmers. E) squatters to occupy Native American camps while they were away hunting. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 116 [Factual]

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10) The characteristic unit of western agriculture was a A) small frontier settlement. B) family farm or owner-operated plantation. C) ranch devoted to raising beef cattle. D) communally owned and operated farm. E) large plantation farmed by sharecroppers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 116 [Factual] 11) Frontier pioneers A) created new ways of living in the West. B) attempted to recreate the life they had left behind in the East. C) relied on local government for the necessities of living. D) failed to establish a self-sufficient lifestyle. E) quickly established a network of mercantilism. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117 [Factual] 12) The first great federal transportation project was the A) building of the National Road. B) Lancaster Turnpike. C) Erie Canal. D) transcontinental railroad. E) Union and Pacific Railroad. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual] 13) When President James Madison talked about the need for “internal improvements,” he was referring to A) improved reservations for Native American tribes. B) reconstruction of the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. C) construction of a reliable transportation system for the United States. D) a more efficient method of moving proposed legislation through Congress. E) a pay raise for Congress. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual] 14) Which of the following forms of transportation predominated before the 1820s and 1830s? A) national road systems B) canal systems C) steam boats D) flatboats E) railroads Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual] 105 .

Fulton’s Clermont, c. 1830 (New York Public Library) 15) Fulton’s Clermont, first tested on the Hudson River, would have which of the following impacts on the Mississippi, the Hudson, the Great Lakes, and other major inland waterways in the United States? A) It created easy and comfortable transportation systems in the Trans-Mississippi West for settlers desiring to settle the Great Plains. B) It introduced slavery into the territories of the Ohio River Valley. C) It turned the costly and debt-ridden cotton industry into a profitable agricultural enterprise in the south. D) It made inexpensive two-way shipment of goods on inland waterways a practical reality. E) It destroyed the myth of the Great American Desert and made farming in the far west a practical reality. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Conceptual] 16) Who was credited with the introduction of the steamboat? A) Robert Fulton B) Eli Whitney C) DeWitt Clinton D) Robert Lowell E) Jerry Mahoney Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual] 17) A significant reason for America’s rapid economic development was A) the high level of federal support. B) the rapid establishment of a strong manufacturing base. C) the great national transportation system created by the nation’s river network. D) the absence of international economic competition. E) the development of web presses for printing money. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 118 [Factual]

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18) The Erie Canal connected what two cities? A) New York City and Philadelphia B) Philadelphia and Pittsburgh C) Cleveland and Cincinnati D) Wheeling and Vandalia E) Albany and Buffalo Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual]

Philadelphia, 1839 (National Archives) 19) Which of the following groups would most likely be the source of this poster produced in Philadelphia in 1839? A) canal promoters B) steel manufacturers C) southern plantation owners D) New England seaborne shippers E) western farmer groups Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 119 [Factual]

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20) The most spectacular engineering achievement of the young United States was the A) Cumberland Trail. B) Erie Canal. C) Intercoastal Waterway. D) Baltimore Turnpike. E) Washington Monument. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual] 21) The great canal building boom of the 1820s and 1830s ended A) when canals proved to be an unprofitable means for transportation. B) because of the limited useful lifespan of canals. C) as a result of natural barriers to canals. D) because of the lack of popular support for canals. E) when environmentalists won legislation to stop canal projects. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 118 [Factual] 22) The economic revolution in the United States between 1810 and 1840 was one of ________ rather than production. A) design B) technology C) hand work D) domestic work E) distribution Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119 [Factual] 23) Most of the credit for getting the Erie Canal built belongs to A) Alexander Hamilton. B) DeWitt Clinton. C) Henry Clay. D) Robert Fulton. E) James Madison. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual] 24) In the early nineteenth century, financing for canal projects came mainly from A) privately held corporations. B) the federal government. C) tolls and user fees. D) state and local government. E) European investors. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual]

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25) The development of profitable commercial farming resulted from A) the availability of good land and the revolution in marketing. B) an available supply of cheap labor. C) dramatic advances in agricultural technology. D) major increases in the prices paid for staple crops. E) the population boom on the East Coast, which created increased demand for farm products. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119 [Factual] 26) Crucial to the development of an agricultural marketing system was A) the development of an effective means for the extension of credit. B) the establishment of urban populations in the West. C) a change in constitutional limitations in financing. D) the establishment of methods for advertising the availability of agricultural products. E) the development of cold storage. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119 [Factual] 27) The postwar demand for money and credit led to A) more state banks. B) tighter money policies. C) farm subsidies. D) the charter of new federal mints. E) the creation of new jobs. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 120 [Factual] 28) Between 1815 and 1820, the state banking systems A) represented an effective source of reliable currency. B) were the most important factor in expanding the market economy. C) were unreliable and often failed. D) supported the reestablishment of the national bank. E) were frequently the cause of currency depreciations. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 [Factual] 29) The term specie refers to A) gold and silver. B) paper money. C) government bonds. D) bank notes. E) mortgages. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 120 [Factual]

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30) Under the ________, manufacturers provided raw materials to people in their own homes and then picked up the finished products for distribution. A) finishing off system B) mass production system C) piece work system D) putting-out system E) cottage industry system Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 120 [Factual] 31) Which of the following groups was initially a primary source of labor for the textile mills? A) young single women B) young single men C) children D) immigrants E) African Americans Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 121 [Factual] 32) Industrialization after 1815 altered the manufacturing system in the United States by A) immediately creating a need for large factories with many workers. B) removing production from the home to the factory. C) increasing the need for female labor. D) eliminating the need for foreign equipment and technology. E) becoming more efficient, therefore using fewer raw materials. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 121 [Factual] 33) The great showplace for early American industrialization was A) New York, New York. B) Boston, Massachusetts. C) Lowell, Massachusetts. D) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. E) Burlington, Vermont. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 121 [Factual] 34) Many Americans believed high tariffs would A) enhance America’s image abroad. B) prevent competition from foreign goods. C) meet the demands of American farmers. D) prevent political differences from arising. E) take money out of their own pockets. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 121 [Factual] 110 .

35) After 1815, the Republican Party A) adopted many of the programs of the Federalist Party. B) sought to renounce Federalist accomplishments. C) maintained its philosophy of states’ rights and limited government. D) promoted the continued existence of a two-party system. E) changed its name to the Whig Party. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 122 [Factual] 36) The major advocate of the “American System” was A) James Madison. B) Henry Clay. C) James Monroe. D) John Quincy Adams. E) Thomas Jefferson. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 122 [Factual] 37) The “American System” A) represented the triumph of Jefferson’s economic vision for America. B) involved Federalists promoting Jeffersonian principles and programs. C) featured a major military and naval buildup aimed at gaining the respect of European powers. D) called for revoking the charter of the Bank of the United States. E) was a master plan for national economic self-sufficiency. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 122 [Conceptual] 38) The second Bank of the United States, established in 1816, was A) a mixed public-private institution. B) controlled by private interests. C) radically different from the first national bank. D) supported by state and local banking interests. E) a public institution. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 122 [Factual] 39) Legislation supporting internal improvements encountered difficulty because A) western states’ interests opposed it. B) Presidents Madison and Monroe believed it did not meet the requirements of the Constitution. C) there were limited amounts of available federal funding. D) there was strong opposition from state governments. E) no one could agree on where to begin. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 122 [Factual] 111 .

40) The president most closely identified with the “Era of Good Feelings” was A) James Monroe. B) James Madison. C) John Quincy Adams. D) Thomas Jefferson. E) Bill Clinton. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 122 [Factual] 41) The Missouri Compromise of 1820 involved each of the following EXCEPT A) an agreement that no more slave states could be created north of the southern boundary of Missouri. B) Missouri was admitted as a slave state on the condition that slavery be phased out over a period of time. C) Maine was split off from Massachusetts and admitted as a free state. D) northern and southern congressmen splitting along sectional rather than partisan lines on this issue. E) adroit political maneuvering by Henry Clay to get the compromise through the House of Representatives. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 123 [Factual] 42) The question of admitting Missouri to the Union in 1819 A) found little opposition from northerners. B) involved primarily economic issues. C) had relatively little significance for the future of national expansion. D) stirred southern fears regarding the balance of power between North and South. E) quelled southern fears regarding the balance of power between North and South. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 123 [Factual] 43) As chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall A) promoted the growth of state sovereignty. B) supported the attainment of political and social equality. C) emphasized the primacy of property and property rights. D) abandoned his Federalist sympathies. E) began the tradition of wearing four gold stripes on the sleeves of his robes. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 123 [Factual]

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44) Which of the following decisions strengthened the validity of a contract or charter? A) Gibbons v. Ogden B) McCulloch v. Maryland C) Marbury v. Madison D) Dartmouth College v. Woodward E) Hemmings v. Jones Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124 [Factual] 45) Which of the following was NOT a decision of the Marshall Court? A) Gibbons v. Ogden B) Dartmouth College v. Woodward C) Dred Scott v. Sandford D) McCulloch v. Maryland E) Marbury v. Madison Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124 [Factual] 46) McCulloch v. Maryland involved questions regarding A) the national bank. B) internal improvements. C) the role of the U.S. president. D) the chartering of private corporations. E) timber rights. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124 [Factual] 47) According to the decision of Gibbons v. Ogden, which branch of government would regulate interstate commerce? A) the executive branch B) Congress C) the Supreme Court D) the individual states E) the judicial branch Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124 [Factual] 48) The main diplomatic challenge facing James Monroe in 1820 was A) the continuing threat of English intervention in the United States. B) the development of trading rights with Latin America. C) establishing friendly relations with France. D) responding to the revolt of Spain’s Latin American colonies. E) the “Native American problem.” Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124 [Factual]

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49) In 1823, John Quincy Adams believed the nation should A) form an alliance with the British. B) avoid involvement in European affairs. C) create an alliance with the newly independent Latin American nations. D) control the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. E) wrest control of New Orleans from the Spanish. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 125 [Factual] 50) The foreign policy initiative calling for an end to all European colonization efforts in the Western Hemisphere was known as the A) Monroe Doctrine. B) Adams-Onis Agreement. C) Continental Treaty 1818. D) Webster-Ashburton Treaty. E) “American System.” Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 125 [Factual] 51) The Monroe Doctrine A) was immediately accepted by European powers. B) had little significance for the United States in 1823. C) opposed the independence of Spain’s Latin American colonies. D) required too much money to enact. E) made little impression on the European powers. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 125 [Factual] 9.2 True/False Questions 1) When he returned for a visit to the United States in 1824, more than forty years after helping George Washington in the Revolution, the Marquis de Lafayette considered America to be a great success. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 113 [Factual] 2) In the 1820s and 1830s, it was a relatively easy task to induce the Native American tribes of the American Southeast to give up their lands. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115-116 [Factual] 3) In order to purchase land in the Old Northwest, farm families usually had to buy it from speculators who profited from the sale. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 116 [Factual]

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4) Settlers in the American West attempted, as much as possible, to create new and unique social, political, and economic institutions in their new environment. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 117 [Factual] 5) The invention of the steamboat was an exciting but economically insignificant event in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 118 [Factual] 6) A major obstacle to economic development in the United States after 1815 was the instability of the nation’s currency. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 [Factual] 7) Federal and state policies benefited all groups equally. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 121 [Factual] 8) The Missouri Compromise was primarily concerned with economics, and it had little to do with slavery. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 123 [Factual] 9) Chief Justice John Marshall was an ideological sectionalist who believed in states’ rights. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124 [Factual] 9.3 Essay Questions 1) Identify and discuss the major foreign policy objectives of the United States between 1815 and 1824. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124-125 [Conceptual] 2) In what ways did the transportation revolution contribute to the development of a national market economy in the United States between 1810 and 1840? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117-120 [Factual] 3) Describe the evolution of American policies and actions toward Native Americans between 1816 and 1830. Could the trans-Appalachian interior have been settled in any other fashion by American settlers? Why or why not? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115-116 [Conceptual]

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4) Discuss how the major decisions of the Supreme Court under John Marshall’s leadership enhanced the growth of nationalism and a strong federal government. Include examples of specific cases from the period. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 124 [Conceptual] 5) What evidence was there that public policies between the War of 1812 and the Age of Jackson supported and enhanced nationalism? Include examples from all three branches of government. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119-124 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 10 The Triumph of White Men’s Democracy 10.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The popular hero of the 1830s was A) the self-made man. B) an “Indian fighter.” C) the privileged aristocrat. D) the working man. E) the American cowboy. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 127 [Factual] 2) The European observer, Alexis de Tocqueville, believed the most evident feature of democracy in America was A) the American contribution. B) the local self-government. C) the participation of women in government. D) the American election process. E) the equality of former slaves. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 138 [Factual] 3) Which of the following individuals is incorrectly matched with his art form? A) Walt Whitman–poetry B) Nathaniel Hawthorne–novels C) Herman Melville–novels D) Oliver Wendell Holmes–painting E) George Caleb Bingham–painting Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 129 [Factual] 4) Which one of the following was NOT a prominent American writer of the pre-Civil War era? A) Herman Melville B) Nicholas Biddle C) Nathaniel Hawthorne D) James Russell Lowell E) Walt Whitman Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 129 [Factual]

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5) The most obvious indicator of the supremacy of democracy in the United States was A) the high percentages of people who voted. B) the widespread use of the “spoils system.” C) the absence of any kind of social or economic classes. D) the development of universal manhood suffrage. E) the increase in the number of appointed officials. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 129 [Factual] 6) By the 1830s, which of the following groups was NOT denied suffrage? A) blacks B) white males C) Native Americans D) women E) indentured servants Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 129 [Factual] 7) An important figure in the development of stable political parties in the United States was A) John Quincy Adams. B) Martin Van Buren. C) Robert Fulton. D) John C. Calhoun. E) Nicholas Biddle. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 129 [Factual] 8) Martin Van Buren regarded a two-party system as essential to democratic government because A) it provided a check on the temptation to abuse power. B) he believed governments could not operate effectively without parties. C) they were traditional in democracies. D) he saw two parties as a way to increase his personal power. E) three or more parties would cause too much voter confusion. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 129 [Factual] 9) In the 1820s, a two-party system was fostered by A) changes in the Constitution regarding the party system. B) an increasing concern about foreign policy issues. C) changes in the method of nominating and electing the president. D) the burgeoning population of the trans-Appalachian West. E) married women gaining the right to vote. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 129 [Factual] 118 .

10) Between 1824 and 1840, voter participation in elections A) changed little. B) declined somewhat. C) increased slightly. D) increased dramatically. E) declined precipitously. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 130 [Factual] 11) The major issues dominating politics in the 1820s and 1830s were A) constitutional. B) sectional. C) social. D) economic. E) foreign affairs. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 130 [Factual] 12) Which of the following was NOT a major concern of the workingmen’s parties in the 1820s and 1830s? A) improved public education B) a ten-hour work day C) hard money currency D) abolition of imprisonment for debt E) a federally-mandated minimum wage Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 130 [Factual] 13) The radical position in American society in the 1820s was best represented by A) the Democrats. B) the Jacksonians. C) the Whigs. D) immigrants. E) the workingmen’s parties. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 130 [Factual] 14) In the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson A) was initially viewed as the strongest candidate. B) received only limited support from slaveholding states. C) could claim fame as a military hero. D) found great support in the North. E) won a majority of electoral votes. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual]

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15) John Quincy Adams’s victory in 1824 was aided by A) Martin Van Buren. B) John C. Calhoun. C) Henry Clay. D) William Crawford. E) Nicholas Biddle. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual] 16) Which of the following men were true political and philosophical allies in the 1820s? A) John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay B) Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson C) Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams D) Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun E) John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 131 [Factual] 17) As president, John Quincy Adams A) had a difficult time. B) was a master strategist. C) bowed to public opinion. D) followed the principles of states’ rights. E) was even more popular than George Washington. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual] 18) The main issue of John Quincy Adams’s presidency was A) forced relocation of Native Americans. B) internal improvements. C) foreign affairs. D) tariffs. E) the idea of a continental railroad. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual] 19) In which of the following elections did the “tariff of abominations” become a major campaign issue? A) 1824 B) 1828 C) 1832 D) 1836 E) 1840 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual]

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20) In the election campaign of 1828, A) traditional campaigning methods were used. B) great attention was paid to techniques for reaching the masses. C) party leaders essentially decided the outcome. D) Adams was portrayed as a man of the people. E) the foundation was laid for the formation of the Republican Party. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual] 21) American culture in the Jacksonian period A) did not reflect the development of a more democratic society. B) was based in support of elitism and privileges. C) was primarily the concern of the upper class. D) accurately reflected the rise of the democratic spirit. E) reached an all-time low in production. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 130 [Conceptual] 22) ________ came to symbolize the triumph of democracy. A) Henry Clay B) John C. Calhoun C) Daniel Webster D) Martin Van Buren E) Andrew Jackson Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual] 23) With respect to the “spoils system,” Jackson A) refused to use this traditional practice. B) differed radically in its use from earlier presidents. C) was the first president to use it. D) believed it was a legitimate application of democracy. E) was convinced only a “chosen few” could qualify for public duty. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 132 [Factual] 24) In 1829, the social scandal in Washington, D.C. that resulted in the shuffling of Andrew Jackson’s cabinet involved A) Susan B. Anthony. B) Amanda Calhoun. C) Peggy Eaton. D) Abigail Adams. E) Mother Jones. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 132 [Factual]

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25) Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans was that A) they should be removed to areas beyond white expansion. B) they should be allowed to remain on their tribal lands. C) they should be assimilated into white society. D) they should be treated as equals to the white man. E) they should be exterminated. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 132 [Factual] 26) The Trail of Tears refers to A) the destruction of the national bank. B) passage of the “tariff of abominations.” C) the forced relocation of the Cherokees to Oklahoma. D) the nullification controversy. E) the Oregon Trail and westward expansion. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual] 27) ________ denied states the right to take Native American tribal lands. A) McCulloch v. Maryland B) Southern legislatures C) Worcester v. Georgia D) Fletcher v. Peck E) Wallace v. Tennessee Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual] 28) In the 1830s and 1840s, the main advocate of states’ rights was A) Daniel Webster. B) Henry Clay. C) John C. Calhoun. D) Martin Van Buren. E) Andrew Jackson. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual] 29) The leader of South Carolina’s reaction to the tariff of 1828 was A) John C. Calhoun. B) Henry Clay. C) Daniel Webster. D) Benjamin Rush. E) Robert Caldwell. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual]

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30) During the nullification controversy, the political and personal problems between Andrew Jackson and ________ became highly visible. A) the vice president B) the secretary of state C) the speaker of the House D) the governor of South Carolina E) the president pro tem of the Senate Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual] 31) South Carolinians protested the tariff of 1828 because A) they feared its effect on the price of cotton. B) they saw it as an unfair “northern” law. C) they thought it threatened the institution of slavery. D) of their dislike of Andrew Jackson. E) tariffs determined the prices that southern agriculturalists paid for manufactured goods. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual] 32) The nullification crisis was strongly influenced by A) foreign manufacturing interests. B) the political maneuvers of the National Republicans. C) the demands of other southern states. D) the personal feud between Jackson and Calhoun. E) the relocation of Native Americans. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual] 33) In 1832, South Carolina nullified A) the Missouri Compromise. B) the Indian Removal Act. C) the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States. D) the federal tariff. E) the fugitive slave law. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual] 34) President Jackson was A) in sympathy with the abolitionists. B) an advocate of extreme state sovereignty. C) a southerner and a slaveholder. D) unable to prevent Congress from overriding his decisions. E) a master politician with the ability to turn enemies into allies. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 [Factual] 123 .

35) From Jackson’s response to the nullification crisis, one can conclude that he A) was a strong supporter of states’ rights. B) believed in the limited use of federal power, but also that states were not truly sovereign. C) supported the unlimited use of federal power. D) supported higher tariffs. E) supported lower tariffs. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 134 [Factual] 36) The nullification crisis of the early 1830s A) had little impact outside South Carolina. B) was of little significance for the future of the United States. C) revealed the strength of the Constitution. D) was an early indication of dangerous future divisions. E) demonstrated the inherent solidarity of the Union. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 134 [Factual] 37) Who was the president of the national bank and Andrew Jackson’s chief opponent in the “bank war”? A) Henry Clay B) John C. Calhoun C) Francis B. Blair D) Nicholas Biddle E) John Jacob Astor Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 134 [Factual] 38) A major criticism of the national bank was that A) it concentrated too much power in the hands of the privileged. B) it failed completely to meet its financial responsibilities. C) it was a tool of the Democratic Party. D) it was mismanaged by Nicholas Biddle. E) money went in, then invariably disappeared. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 134 [Factual]

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39) The strategic blunder made by Nicholas Biddle was A) his decision to confide in Henry Clay. B) his decision to seek the bank’s charter renewal four years early. C) his decision to give bank loans to congressmen. D) his failure to listen to the advice of Henry Clay. E) his advocacy of large loans to immigrants. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 134 [Factual] 40) The major significance of Jackson’s national bank veto message was that it A) was the first veto made by Jackson. B) failed to explain the constitutional reasons for his decision. C) was the first one that went beyond strictly constitutional arguments. D) decisively ended the life of the national bank. E) was the first recorded presidential veto. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 134 [Factual] 41) Andrew Jackson’s group of close friends and unofficial advisers were known as the A) Spoils System. B) Kitchen Cabinet. C) Whig Party. D) Gas-House Gang. E) Logrollers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 132 [Factual] 42) Andrew Jackson killed the national bank A) by withdrawing federal deposits from it. B) through further legislation. C) through the actions of the Supreme Court. D) by letting it expire in 1836. E) by accusing Nicholas Biddle of treasonous acts. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 135 [Factual] 43) The Whig Party A) generally supported Jackson’s presidency. B) grew from a coalition of Jackson’s opponents. C) refused the support of other, smaller parties. D) represented political ideas unique to the American experience. E) supported abolition. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 135 [Factual]

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1840 Louisiana Campaign Ad (Library of Congress) 44) Whig political symbols of the log cabin and a barrel of hard cider satirized in this Democratic anti-Whig campaign poster were intended to convey which of the following images? A) belief in the concept of popular sovereignty B) Whig support for slavery and cotton agriculture C) proof of the humble origins of Whig candidates from among the common people D) Whig advocacy for the ideas of Andrew Jackson E) Manifest Destiny and support for national expansion westward Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 135 [Factual] 45) After 1840, the Whig Party would be most closely identified with the concept of A) manhood suffrage. B) a “negative liberal state.” C) a “positive liberal state.” D) the common man. E) closet monarchists. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 135 [Factual]

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46) Belief in a national bank, high tariffs, and federally-financed internal improvements best describes the policies of which party in the 1830s? A) Democrats B) Republicans C) Masons D) Whigs E) Federalists Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 135 [Factual] 47) The Panic of 1837 was caused by A) falling agricultural prices. B) high protective tariffs. C) the election of Martin Van Buren. D) renegade Native Americans. E) national and international economic conditions. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 136 [Factual] 48) The slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too” refers to William Henry Harrison’s involvement in A) the suffering of African-American slaves in the South. B) the forced relocation of eastern tribes west of the Mississippi River. C) widespread disease and death during the westward movement. D) a western battle with Native Americans. E) the nullification crisis. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 136 [Factual] 49) In the 1840s, which of the following was LEAST likely to determine a person’s political identification? A) social class B) economic issues C) religious beliefs D) ethnic identity E) lifestyles Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 137 [Factual]

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50) Typically, immigrants, Catholics, freethinkers, and backwoods farmers of the 1840s would be members of the A) Democratic Party. B) Equal Rights Party. C) Loco-focos. D) Whig Party. E) Republican Party. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 137 [Factual] 10.2 True/False Questions 1) American hotel managers in the early 1800s shocked European travelers by failing to enforce traditional social distinctions between clients. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 126 [Factual] 2) During the Jacksonian period, there was true equality in every facet of American society. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 127 [Factual] 3) One result of the new culture of democracy in the United States was that lower- and middle-class Americans actually treated the rich with more deference and respect. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 127 [Factual] 4) In politics, “Jacksonian Democracy” was really democracy only for white men. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 127 [Factual] 5) Trade unions had little impact on American politics in the 1820s and 1830s. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 130 [Factual] 6) Andrew Jackson’s supporters claimed John Quincy Adams had struck a “corrupt bargain” to win the presidency. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual] 7) Although Andrew Jackson was the champion of the people and leading symbol of American democracy, he was actually a very rich man in terms of the slaves and the land he owned. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 [Factual]

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8) As president, Andrew Jackson showed an ability to work with his opponents on the major issues of the period. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 132 [Factual] 9) As president, Martin Van Buren was able to carry on the policies and programs of the Jackson years. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 136 [Factual] 10) Andrew Jackson intentionally precipitated the Panic of 1837 by abolishing the Second Bank of the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135 [Factual] 10.3 Essay Questions 1) In what ways did American cultural developments in the 1820s and 1830s reflect the democratic impulse of the period? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 127-129 [Conceptual] 2) How did political, economic, and constitutional issues combine to lead to the death of the national bank? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 134-135 [Conceptual] 3) In what ways did the elections of 1828 and 1840 firmly establish the two-party system in American politics? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 131, 137-138 [Factual] 4) Describe the temperament and political philosophy of Andrew Jackson. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 129-135 [Factual] 5) Is it correct to describe the 1830s as the Age of Democracy? Explain. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 127-129, 137-138 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 11 Slaves and Masters 11.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The leader of the 1831 slave uprising in Southampton, Virginia, was A) Denmark Vessey. B) Hinton R. Helper. C) George Fitzhugh. D) Daniel Webster. E) Nat Turner. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 139 [Factual] 2) Slavery would not have lasted as long as it did except for A) the place it held in the southern economy. B) the South’s lack of moral sensitivity. C) the willingness of slaves to submit to the system. D) the North’s lack of interest in the problem. E) the constant supply of slaves from Africa. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 139 [Factual] 3) About ________ percent of whites in the South in 1860 were large landowners with dozens of slaves. A) 1 B) 4 C) 10 D) 40 E) 50 Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 140 [Factual] 4) In the South, social prestige and influence were determined by A) birth order and family heritage. B) ties to prominent, English families. C) class and caste. D) the region of the South where one lived. E) the amount of land one owned. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 140 [Conceptual]

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5) At the time of the Civil War, A) one-quarter of white southerners owned slaves. B) almost all southerners owned at least one slave. C) only the upper class were slave owners. D) the percentage of whites owning slaves was increasing. E) 30 percent of white southerners owned slaves. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 [Factual] 6) While class differences are based on income, caste differences in the South were based on A) plantation size. B) race. C) religion. D) national origins. E) ties to England. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 [Factual] 7) Which of the following statements about slavery is FALSE? A) About ten percent of southern blacks were free. B) Within slave society, there were status differences between field hands and house servants. C) Some slaves worked in urban, industrialized settings. D) Because all were victims of race prejudice, status differences within the black community did not lead to class conflict. E) Most blacks shared the goal of ending slavery. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 [Factual] 8) Most African Americans experienced slavery A) on farms. B) in mines and small factories. C) in small southern towns. D) on plantations. E) in large southern cities. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 [Factual]

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9) Slaveholders continually indoctrinated their slaves with the idea of A) the God-ordained supremacy of whites. B) self-sufficiency. C) the work ethic. D) patriotism. E) their superiority to Native Americans. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 [Factual] 10) The African-American family under slavery A) was supported by the white society. B) was nonexistent on most plantations. C) was protected by the legal system. D) emphasized kinship and mutual affection. E) was always matriarchal. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 141 [Factual] 11) Studies of the slave family reveal that ________ provided a model for personal relationships and the basis for a sense of community. A) kinship B) the nuclear family C) the extended family D) matriarchal family E) African family structures Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 141 [Factual] 12) During slavery, African-American folk tales were kept alive primarily through A) kinship networks. B) a common language. C) the encouragement of slave owners. D) written documents. E) Christianity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 143 [Factual] 13) The foundation of the African-American culture was A) religion. B) political activity. C) art. D) music. E) a shared language. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 142 [Factual]

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14) Slave sermons and religious songs emphasized A) eventual deliverance from slavery. B) political themes. C) open protest of slavery. D) acceptance of the condition of slavery. E) a rejection of worldly pleasures and temptations. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 142 [Factual] 15) The leader of the uprising in Richmond, Virginia, in 1800 was A) Denmark Vesey. B) Stephen Douglas. C) Nat Turner. D) Gabriel Prosser. E) Bob Ferebee. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 143 [Factual] 16) The Brer Rabbit stories A) showed how a fugitive slave could find safe haven in the underbrush. B) were fantasies which enabled slaves to forget their harsh lot for a while. C) were used to indoctrinate white children with the belief that slaves were no smarter than animals. D) showed how a defenseless animal could overcome a stronger one through cunning and deceit, a metaphor for survival as a slave. E) portrayed slaves as being happy and well-adjusted. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 143 [Factual] 17) The normal way for most slaves to express discontent was A) political protest. B) open, armed rebellion. C) passive resistance. D) participation in conspiracies. E) organizing boycotts. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 143 [Factual]

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18) Slave folk tales revealed the attitude that A) slavery was to be accepted. B) cunning and deceit worked effectively. C) the master was supreme. D) open rebellion was an acceptable tactic. E) returning to Africa was the only way out of the slave system. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 143 [Factual] 19) During the Second Seminole War of 1835–1842, A) most slaves rebelled against their masters. B) many escaped slaves hiding in Florida actually fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers. C) slaves slaughtered Seminole Indians in large numbers. D) whites killed their slaves in fear of an alliance between slaves and Native Americans. E) escaped slaves hiding in Florida were returned to their owners. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 143 [Factual] 20) The typical runaway slave was A) ended up hung. B) never got far from the plantation. C) made use of the Underground Railroad. D) was successful in gaining freedom. E) ended up in Canada. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 143 [Factual] 21) The case of ________ showed that a prosperous, free, African American might give his life in the struggle for freedom A) Frederick Douglass B) Nat Turner C) Denmark Vesey D) David Walker E) John Brown Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 143 [Factual] 22) In pre-Civil War American southern society, free African Americans A) were almost nonexistent. B) were readily accepted. C) could vote in all northern states. D) had few serious problems. E) were treated as social outcasts. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 144 [Factual] 134 .

23) Free blacks in the South faced each of the following limitations EXCEPT A) being forced to register or have a white guardian who was responsible for their actions. B) being required to carry documentation of their free status at all times. C) being vulnerable to re-enslavement through vagrancy or apprenticeship laws. D) having their attempts to hold meetings or form organizations blocked by the authorities. E) having to get official permission to move from one county to another. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 144 [Factual] 24) The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was A) most likely a self-made man. B) looked down on by most southern whites. C) well-educated and highly intellectual. D) born to wealth and position. E) born into a planter family. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 144 [Factual] 25) Most southern whites A) owned at least one slave. B) were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers. C) were poor people who sympathized with the slaves. D) owned at least five slaves. E) favored abolishing slavery as a means of breaking the power of the planter elite. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 146 [Factual] 26) To become a successful planter, it was probably most important that one have sound knowledge of A) slave behavior and culture. B) southern politics. C) good business and accounting practices. D) labor practices. E) current agricultural practices. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 144 [Factual]

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27) Southern planters considered their slaves to be A) hard-working and industrious. B) children who required constant supervision. C) skilled and motivated. D) dangerous malcontents. E) mere property. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 145 [Factual] 28) When compared with other New World slaves, southern slaves A) lived under much worse conditions. B) lived under similar conditions. C) experienced more problems with their owners. D) had higher literacy rates. E) enjoyed a higher standard of living. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 145 [Conceptual] 29) Good physical conditions for slaves were necessary to A) ensure that they could work hard and bear children. B) meet the requirements of federal law. C) lessen the probability of slave revolts. D) meet southern Christian ethical requirements. E) maintain good standing in the white community. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 145 [Factual] 30) The yeoman farmer of the South was A) a slave owner. B) shiftless. C) proud and self-reliant. D) much different from his northern counterpart. E) a squatter on unproductive land. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 146 [Factual] 31) Yeoman farmers of the South could be found A) in the backcountry of the South. B) near southern cities. C) clustered around the large plantations. D) evenly spread throughout the region. E) along the Gulf Coast. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 146 [Factual]

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32) The prosperity of the southern yeoman was limited by the lack of A) money crops. B) land. C) transportation facilities. D) educational facilities. E) focus on building large enterprises. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 146 [Conceptual] 33) Southern yeoman farmers A) were staunchly against slavery. B) listened sympathetically to abolitionist protests. C) paid little attention to the slave system. D) tolerated slavery. E) directly benefited from the slave system. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 146 [Factual] 34) Which one of the following individuals tried to convince southern yeoman farmers that slavery actually reduced their standard of living? A) John C. Calhoun B) Denmark Vesey C) Hinton R. Helper D) Harriet Beecher Stowe E) Will Campbell Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 147 [Factual] 35) Nonslaveholders followed the leadership of slave owners because A) their economic livelihood depended on it. B) they feared and disliked African Americans. C) of their desire to become slave owners. D) they could not participate in the political process. E) of their fear of the slave owners. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 146 [Factual] 36) Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was A) the natural status for blacks. B) sanctioned by the Bible. C) mandated by the United States Constitution. D) consistent with the humanitarian spirit. E) eventually going to become unnecessary. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 146 [Factual]

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37) Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because A) it offered more opportunities for job training. B) it was actually a freer relationship. C) it emphasized cultural identities in a segregated environment. D) it afforded greater long-term security. E) it included women in the work force. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 146 [Factual] 38) In the upper tier of southern states, the principal slave-produced commodity was A) tobacco. B) cotton. C) corn. D) wheat. E) indigo. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 147 [Factual] 39) A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the A) increasing industrialization and agricultural diversification in the region. B) growing moral outrage against slavery in the region. C) passage of federal laws restricting slavery in the area. D) effectiveness of the abolitionist movement in the region. E) lower slave birth rates. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 147 [Factual] 40) When tobacco prices sagged after 1820, A) farmers in Virginia and Maryland switched over to cotton and rice production. B) farmers in Virginia and Maryland found effective ways to reverse soil depletion. C) large numbers of surplus slaves were sold from the upper South to the lower South. D) planters in Virginia and Maryland turned openly to slave breeding as a business. E) Virginia and Maryland began exporting slaves to the Caribbean Islands. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 147 [Factual] 41) The institution of slavery became even more entrenched in the South because of the increasing importance of A) rice. B) indigo. C) long-staple cotton. D) sugar cane. E) short-staple cotton. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 148 [Factual] 138 .

42) Cotton was well-suited to plantation production because it A) required little labor. B) required skilled labor. C) required intensive, simple labor. D) allowed for seasonal variation in labor needs. E) could be virtually ignored during the growing season. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 148 [Factual] 43) The invention in the 1790s that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the A) railroad. B) cotton gin. C) cotton reaper. D) steel plow. E) mechanical seed planter. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 148 [Factual] 44) During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production A) remained in the Southeast. B) moved northward. C) stabilized in Alabama and Mississippi. D) shifted rapidly westward. E) was in Georgia. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 148 [Factual]

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Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1794 45) Each of the following is a valid statement regarding the instrument pictured above EXCEPT: A) It was instrumental in creating the cotton agriculture in the South and in fixing southern slavery as an economically viable institution. B) It made cotton cultivation expand enormously. C) It separated cotton seeds from the fibers. D) It was invented in 1863. E) It turned cotton into the most important agriculture product grown in the south and America’s most important export crop. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 148 [Factual] 46) Which of the following is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? A) Many planters worked their land until it was exhausted. B) Changes in the price of cotton were relatively insignificant between 1830 and 1860. C) Cotton exports peaked in 1860. D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 148-149 [Conceptual] 47) The cotton economy of the lower South A) brought uniform prosperity to the region. B) was free from market fluctuations. C) did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. D) led to greater southern self-sufficiency. E) constantly grew. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 149 [Factual] 140 .

48) A leading advocate of the need for southern self-sufficiency was A) Stephen Douglas. B) Daniel Webster. C) Robert Fogel. D) J. D. B. DeBow. E) William Gregg. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 150 [Factual] 49) The union of slavery and cotton A) decreased southern dependence on the North. B) hindered industrialization in the South. C) facilitated economic self-sufficiency in the South. D) led to industrialization in the South. E) encouraged more whites to work as plantation laborers. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 150 [Factual] 11.2 True/False Questions 1) By the time of the Civil War, most southern slaves worked on plantations and farms. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 [Factual] 2) Masters of large plantations generally had a close relationship with their slaves, which helped ensure loyalty. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 145 [Factual] 3) In recent years, historical studies of slavery have found it to be somewhat more efficient and profitable than previously thought. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 150 [Factual] 4) Small slaveholders and nonslaveholders realized only limited benefit from the great profits of the cotton economy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 146 [Factual] 5) Plantation owners’ concern for the welfare of their slaves was a product of economic necessity and paternalism. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 145 [Factual]

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6) Slavery survived in the South even though it was not economically profitable to slaveowners. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 150 [Factual] 7) A huge source of profits to slave-owners in the upper South was selling slaves to plantations in the lower South. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 147 [Factual] 8) Although cotton was central to the southern economy by the 1850s, cotton production did not really increase significantly between 1800 and 1850. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 148 [Factual] 9) Even had the South won the Civil War, cotton had already reached the point in 1860 at which it could no longer expand in the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 148-149 [Factual] 10) In 1860, only one in ten white families in the South owned slaves. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 [Factual] 11.3 Essay Questions 1) How did the South’s reliance on a slave labor system restrict its ability to diversify its economy? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 147-150 [Factual] 2) Compare the economic systems of the upper and lower South. In which region would slavery have died a “natural” death? Explain. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 146-149 [Conceptual] 3) Evaluate the impact of slavery on the economic and social systems of the South. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140-144, 146-150 [Factual] 4) Why weren’t there more slave revolts and rebellions in the two-hundred-year history of the South? In what other ways did slaves demonstrate their opposition to the system? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 143 [Conceptual] 5) Describe the characteristics of the African-American culture that slaves developed in their communities. What role did family and religion play for this culture? Could slaves have survived without this culture? Explain. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 141-143 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 12 The Pursuit of Perfection 12.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

Shaker Religious Ceremony, Pleasantville, Kentucky (Shakertown at Pleasantville, KY) 1) The religious group shown above was one of the several new faith-based communal societies that emerged in the 1830s from which of the following? A) Protestant Reformation B) First Great Awakening C) Catholic Inquisition D) Popular Sovereignty E) Second Great Awakening Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155 [Factual] 2) The approach viewed by many American religious leaders as the best way to extend religious values was called A) orthodoxy. B) secularism. C) revivalism. D) spiritualism. E) “spreading the Gospel.” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 154 [Factual]

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3) The Second Great Awakening began A) in the Congregationalist churches of New England. B) along the Ohio River. C) among dissenters in the cities. D) as a result of the activities of English missionaries. E) on the southern frontier. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155 [Factual] 4) Most of those who became evangelical Protestants during the Second Great Awakening had previously been A) Catholics. B) freethinkers. C) Unitarians. D) indifferent to religion. E) atheists. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 154 [Factual] 5) On the frontier, camp meetings A) served only religious purposes. B) were primarily social events. C) had little long-range impact. D) played an important social and religious role. E) often became violent. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155 [Factual] 6) Which of the following individuals was NOT an important religious leader in America during the 1820s and 1830s? A) Timothy Dwight B) Charles Finney C) Lyman Beecher D) Herman Melville E) Nathaniel Taylor Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155-156 [Factual] 7) The reform movement in New England began as A) an effort to defend Calvinism against Enlightenment ideas. B) an attempt to maintain the status quo in religion. C) a result of the actions of social radicals in religion. D) an outgrowth of deism. E) a rejection of Catholicism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155 [Factual] 144 .

8) Which of the following groups denied the doctrine of the Trinity and the idea of an allpowerful, mysterious God? A) Presbyterians B) Congregationalists C) Unitarians D) Methodists E) Mormons Answer: C [Factual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 155 9) The first great practitioner of evangelical Calvinism was A) Timothy Dwight. B) Lyman Beecher. C) Nathaniel Taylor. D) John Wesley. E) Cotton Mather. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156 [Factual] 10) In his sermons, Charles G. Finney appealed mainly to A) emotion. B) doctrine. C) reason. D) theological issues. E) economic issues. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156 [Factual] 11) Which one of the following was NOT a prominent reform cause of the Antebellum era? A) abolition B) temperance C) removal of Native Americans D) public schools E) “proper” behavior Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156 [Factual] 12) Most of the converts of northern revivalism were A) fervent churchgoers. B) theology students dismayed by orthodox theology. C) citizens looking for a way to withdraw from a sinful world. D) middle-class citizens active in their communities. E) anti-papists. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155 [Factual] 145 .

13) The Second Great Awakening did NOT inspire A) the establishment of missionary societies. B) the publication of religious tracts. C) withdrawal from the secular world. D) the founding of moral reform societies. E) aid for the redemption of “abandoned women.” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156 [Factual] 14) As a reform effort, the temperance movement A) was only moderately successful. B) was directed at a serious social problem. C) had little impact outside religious circles. D) emphasized religion more than social concerns. E) was enormously popular. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156 [Factual] 15) Each of the following was a result of the temperance campaign of the 1830s EXCEPT A) thousands of local temperance organizations were set up. B) large numbers of confirmed drunkards were cured. C) temperance became a mark of respectability. D) per capita consumption of hard liquor declined by over 50 percent. E) the drinking habits of middle-class American males were significantly altered. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156 [Factual] 16) Which of the following was NOT a major change in family life during the nineteenth century? A) Relationships between parents and children became more intimate. B) The “cult of domesticity” gained ground. C) Mothers assumed a more central role in child-rearing. D) More and more women were forced to work outside the home. E) Marriages based on romantic love became popular. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157 [Factual]

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17) The sociological basis for the “Cult of True Womanhood” was A) the growing urban population of the nation. B) the accepted use of child labor. C) a growing division of labor between men and women. D) the increasing acceptance of careers for women. E) the staggering number of women dying during childbirth. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157 [Factual] 18) The “proper” sphere for middle-class white women in the nineteenth century was A) home and family. B) education. C) family and career. D) labor outside the home. E) business or art schools. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157 [Factual] 19) As a result of changes in the middle-class family, nineteenth-century children A) left home sooner. B) became more available for labor. C) received more physical punishment than earlier generations. D) increasingly became viewed as individuals. E) were often offered up for adoption. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 158 [Factual] 20) The most important function of the school in 1850 was seen as A) intellectual training. B) vocational training. C) moral indoctrination. D) child care. E) physical conditioning. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159 [Factual] 21) Public education was most highly developed in states like ________, where towns were required to support elementary schools. A) New York B) South Carolina C) Massachusetts D) Kentucky E) Ohio Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159 [Factual]

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22) The most influential spokesman for the common school movement was A) John Harward. B) Lyman Beecher. C) Henry James. D) Horace Mann. E) Terrance Knox. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159 [Factual] 23) In practice, working-class families viewed the new public schools A) as depriving them of needed wage earners. B) as essential to the improvement of their economic situation. C) indifferently. D) as an indication of the helpful concern of the upper classes. E) as a welcome learning opportunity for themselves and their children. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160 [Factual] 24) The neighborly way of dealing with deviants broke down A) as their numbers increased dramatically. B) because of a growing lack of concern. C) as urbanization made communities less cohesive. D) as state law mandated state care. E) as polite refusal turned increasingly violent. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160 [Factual] 25) In theory, prisons and asylums A) were based on the “out of sight, out of mind” principle. B) were designed for punishment. C) were simply to confine the disorderly. D) should focus on “breaking down the ego.” E) were to substitute for the family. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 160 [Factual] 26) In the final analysis, prisons and asylums A) provided effective remedies for the problem of deviants. B) won widespread popular support. C) did not achieve the aims of their founders. D) completely lacked government support. E) were nurturing retreats of redemption. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 160 [Factual]

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27) The leader of the movement to reform asylums and prisons was A) Dorothea Dix. B) Elizabeth Cady Stanton. C) Henry C. Wright. D) Frederick Douglass. E) Mary McLeod-Bethune. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 160 [Factual] 28) The changes in the reform movement in the mid-1830s demonstrated A) the waning of the reform impulse. B) the failure of the movement. C) a lessening of intensity and interest. D) a new mood of impatience and perfectionism. E) changes brought to bear by the federal government. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161 [Factual] 29) Which one of the following individuals was NOT a major figure in the nineteenthcentury reform movements? A) Dorothea Dix B) Horace Mann C) William Lloyd Garrison D) Alexis de Tocqueville E) Lyman Beecher Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155-161 [Factual] 30) Which of the following individuals is incorrectly matched with his or her reform movement? A) Lyman Beecher/Temperance B) Horace Mann/Public Schools C) Dorothea Dix/Abolition D) Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Women’s Rights E) All of the above are correctly matched. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155-161 [Factual]

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31) In 1821, the American Colonization Society established which colony as a refuge for former slaves returned to Africa? A) Zambia B) Senegal C) Chad D) Namibia E) Liberia Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161 [Factual] 32) The actions of the American Colonization Society indicated A) its realization of the economic realities of slavery. B) the power of racial prejudice. C) its desire to help freed slaves return to what it thought was the right cultural environment. D) its fears of race wars in the South. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161 [Factual] 33) The colonization movement failed as a solution to eliminate slavery mainly because A) African countries did not want the freed slaves. B) freed slaves did not wish to return to Africa. C) few slaves were actually freed for the purpose of colonization. D) government intervention hampered its efforts. E) insufficient numbers of passenger ships existed. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161 [Factual] 34) The founder of the radical anti-slavery movement was A) William Lloyd Garrison. B) William Whipper. C) Frederick Douglass. D) Harriet Beecher Stowe. E) Harriet Tubman. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161 [Factual]

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A Slave Whipping - A Fugitive Slave on the Run “Southern Scenes in 1846—Facts for the People of the Free States” William Hared, American Anti-Slavery Society, New York, 1847 (Library of Congress) 35) All of the following statements concerning the drawings that appear above are correct EXCEPT: A) Drawings were part of a national campaign by the American Anti-Slavery Society to sway northern public opinion against slavery. B) Southerners cited pamphlets such as the tract in which these drawings appeared as evidence of a national conspiracy to destroy slavery in the south and would use that as justification for secession in 1861. C) In 1847, although most northerners did not support slavery, most did not support the idea of emancipation. D) The actions shown in the drawings were actually rare on southern plantations and forbidden by law in many southern states. E) Drawings such as those shown would be useful to abolitionists in fighting the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and turning large portions of the northern public against slavery. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161-162 [Factual] 36) The chief example of the tie between revivalism and abolitionism was the career of A) Theodore Weld. B) Charles G. Finney. C) Lyman Beecher. D) Lewis Tappan. E) Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 162 [Factual]

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37) In the large cities of the North, abolitionism A) was wholeheartedly supported. B) received little attention. C) garnered thousands of supporters. D) was often violently opposed. E) was a foregone conclusion. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161-162 [Factual] 38) Abolitionism received its greatest support in the A) border states. B) small- to medium-sized towns of the upper North. C) large cities. D) frontier territories. E) northern state legislatures. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161 [Factual] 39) The stand of ________ on women’s rights led to an open break in the abolitionist movement in the 1840s. A) William Lloyd Garrison B) Ralph Waldo Emerson C) Henry Thoreau D) Charles G. Finney E) Timothy Dwight Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 162 [Factual] 40) Historians have evaluated abolitionism as A) successfully turning most Americans against slavery. B) having little effect on the South. C) successfully bringing slavery to the forefront of the American consciousness. D) winning powerful supporters throughout the country. E) a peaceful solution to the problem of slavery. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161-162 [Factual] 41) An important consequence of the abolitionist movement was A) the American Colonization Society. B) the development of the women’s rights movement. C) the birth of socialism in America. D) the death of slavery. E) the end of the states’ rights movement. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 162 [Factual]

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42) ________ became one of the most significant leaders of the women’s rights movement. A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton B) Angela Grimke C) Dorothea Dix D) Harriet Beecher Stowe E) Louisa May Alcott Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 [Factual] 43) The utopian socialist community at New Harmony, Indiana, was founded by A) Robert Owen. B) Charles Fourier. C) the Shakers. D) Karl Marx. E) Ralph Waldo Emerson. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 [Factual] 44) What religion advocated sexual equality, communal ownership, and strict celibacy? A) Mormon B) Shaker C) Protestant D) Mennonite E) Quaker Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 [Factual] 45) ________ believed herself to be the female incarnation of Christ. A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton B) Frances Wright C) Mother Ann Lee D) Mary Baker Eddy E) Sojourner Truth Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 [Factual] 46) Abolitionism served as a catalyst for the ________ movement. A) temperance B) women’s rights C) utopian socialist D) transcendentalist E) prison reform Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 162 [Factual]

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47) Transcendentalism was the American version of A) anarchism. B) socialism. C) utopianism. D) romanticism. E) agrarianism. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164 [Factual] 48) Utopian communities established in early 19th century America included each of the following EXCEPT A) Brook Farm. B) Oneida. C) Fourierist “phalanxes.” D) Heaven’s Gate. E) New Harmony. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 163-164 [Factual] 49) Henry David Thoreau pushed the idea of ________ to its logical conclusion in his sojourn at Walden Pond between 1845 and 1847. A) “self-culture” B) utopianism C) abolitionism D) socialism E) agrarianism Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 164 [Factual] 50) The prominent American literary figure who cast doubt on the reform impulse and denied the perfectibility of society was A) Sylvester Graham. B) Nicholas Biddle. C) Upton Sinclair. D) Edgar Allen Poe. E) Nathaniel Hawthorne. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164 [Factual] 12.2 True/False Questions 1) Because of primitive, rough conditions on the frontier, revivals were rarely held there. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 155 [Factual]

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2) Like the northern wing of the evangelical movement, the southern wing also inspired a broad social reform movement. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 155 [Factual] 3) Most of the early converts in the Second Great Awakening were from the middle class. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156 [Factual] 4) An important social change in the early nineteenth-century United States was the growing popularity of the idea of marrying for love. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157 [Factual] 5) By 1900, the white middle-class American family had changed very little from its 1820 counterpart. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157-158 [Factual] 6) One benefit of the new domestic ideology for women in the first half of the nineteenth century was more leisure time to devote to reading and developing friendships with other women. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157 [Factual] 7) Although Americans praised the need for education in the nineteenth century, public schools really did not have their beginning until the twentieth century. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159 [Factual] 8) The reformed prisons and asylums of the nineteenth century failed because they were too effective at reforming deviants and releasing them into the community. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160 [Factual] 9) Abolitionism was primarily an activity of social reformers; merchants and businessmen had little to do with the effort to abolish slavery. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162 [Factual] 10) The Shakers were one of the most successful and long-lived of the utopian movements. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 [Factual]

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12.3 Essay Questions 1) Discuss how the American social reform movement evolved out of the Second Great Awakening. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156 [Conceptual] 2) Why did social reformers view alcohol as the greatest threat to public morality in the United States? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156 [Conceptual] 3) In what ways could the American women of the first half of the nineteenth century be said to have benefited from changes that resulted from the social reform movement? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157, 162 [Factual] 4) What were the major goals of the expanded and improved public education system of the 1830s and 1840s? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159-160 [Factual] 5) Discuss the different approaches tried by American reformers to deal with the problem of slavery in the United States. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161-162 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 13 An Age of Expansionism 13.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Young America movement? A) a weak foreign policy B) territorial expansion C) economic expansion and growth D) technological progress E) a celebration of American virtue Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 165 [Factual] 2) One of the first to use the phrase “Young America” was A) Herman Melville. B) Nathaniel Hawthorne. C) Henry David Thoreau. D) Walt Whitman. E) Ralph Waldo Emerson. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 165 [Factual] 3) In ________, Herman Melville produced a novel, original in form and conception, to fulfill the demand of Young Americans for a New Literature. A) Moby Dick B) Tristram Shandy C) The Scarlet Letter D) Uncle Tom’s Cabin E) Ulysses Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 165 [Factual] 4) The American population moved westward in the 1830s and 1840s for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT A) fertile land. B) economic opportunity. C) religious freedom. D) loyalty to Mexico and Great Britain. E) a sense of adventure. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166 [Factual]

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5) The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 settled a boundary dispute between ________ over ________. A) the United States and Mexico; Arizona and Sonora B) England and the United States; British Honduras C) the United States and Canada; Maine and New Brunswick D) the United States and Spain; Cuba and Puerto Rico E) England and the United States; the Virgin Islands Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166 [Factual] 6) Which of the following was NOT Mexican territory in 1825? A) California B) Oregon C) Texas D) New Mexico E) Arizona Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166 [Factual] 7) Delaying the equitable division of the Oregon Country was the reluctance of both the United States and Britain to surrender access to A) the Pacific Coast. B) the Columbia River basin. C) the Mesabi iron ore range. D) California. E) Alaska. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 [Factual] 8) In 1830, California, Texas, and New Mexico were under the sovereignty of A) Spain. B) the United States. C) Mexico. D) Great Britain. E) France. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 [Factual]

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9) California in the 1820s and 1830s A) was the most populated territory held by Mexico. B) had a dramatic increase in its Native American population. C) saw a harmonious relationship between the rancheros and the Native Americans. D) was controlled by wealthy rancheros. E) was already a mecca for entertainers. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 [Factual] 10) The most plausible reason for the Texas Revolution was A) the harsh oppression of the Catholic Church. B) the discovery of fertile cottonlands in east Texas. C) the unwillingness of Anglo-Americans to accept Mexican rule. D) the Texans’ desire to create an independent nation. E) the inability of Texans to settle their land disputes. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 167 [Factual] 11) Which of the following Mexican policies irritated the Anglo-American settlers of Texas in the early 1830s? A) Mexico’s protection of the institution of slavery B) the dominance of Protestant churches in Mexico C) the refusal of the Mexican government to recognize Anglo land boundaries D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 [Factual] 12) Which one of the following states actually existed for ten years as an independent nation before its admission to the Union? A) California B) New Mexico C) Colorado D) Texas E) Arizona Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 [Factual] 13) ________, the hero of San Jacinto, became the first president of the Texas Republic. A) Stephen F. Austin B) W. B. Travis C) Sam Houston D) William Becknell E) Frank Dallas Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168 [Factual] 159 .

14) The most important overland route for American migration to the far West was A) the Santa Fe Trail. B) the Chisholm Trail. C) the Cumberland Road. D) the Oregon Trail. E) the California Trail. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 169 [Factual] 15) The founder of the Mormon Church was A) Lee Roberts. B) Brigham Young. C) Sam Houston. D) Joseph Smith. E) Josiah Deseret. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 169 [Factual] 16) The Mormon community, established in Utah, A) was as disorderly as other frontier communities. B) failed as a permanent settlement. C) survived in hiding for years. D) barely survived in the desert lands. E) was a model of a planned and efficient settlement. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 169 [Factual] 17) The leader of the Mormon trek to Utah was A) Moses Austin. B) Brigham Young. C) Joseph Smith. D) John C. Fremont. E) Josiah Deseret. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 169 [Factual] 18) John Tyler initiated the politics of Manifest Destiny A) to win the support of his fellow Whigs. B) to bring together the Whig and Democratic parties. C) with the aid of Henry Clay. D) to build a base for his re-election in 1844. E) in hopes of identifying himself with James Monroe. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170 [Factual]

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19) Opposition to Tyler’s plan for the annexation of Texas came, primarily, from A) southern agricultural interests. B) Great Britain. C) northern antislavery Whigs. D) New England merchants. E) Mexican Catholics. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170 [Factual] 20) The winner of the election of 1844 was A) James K. Polk. B) John Tyler. C) Martin Van Buren. D) William Henry Harrison. E) Zachary Taylor. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170 [Factual] 21) In the presidential election of 1844, A) James Polk identified himself with the most popular cause of the times. B) Martin Van Buren supported the annexation of Texas. C) Henry Clay actively campaigned against annexation. D) James Polk received a mandate to implement his campaign promises. E) James Polk seemed to exemplify the Young America movement. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 [Conceptual] 22) Manifest Destiny was based, in part, on A) the belief that God was on the side of American expansionism. B) the political needs of the Democratic party. C) the desire for new territory for slavery. D) the desire to drive Spain out of North America. E) simple greed. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171 [Factual] 23) The rallying cry “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” referred to which desired territory? A) Oregon B) California C) Texas D) New Mexico E) Arizona Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171 [Factual]

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24) Which one of the following was an important premise of Manifest Destiny? A) God supported American expansion B) the “area of freedom” should be expanded C) population growth required new territories D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171 [Factual] 25) The possibility of war with Great Britain over Oregon was increased by A) James Polk’s aggressive foreign policy. B) the actions of American agents in the territory. C) American economic interests. D) the actions of Great Britain. E) direct pleas to Polk from the people who were living in Oregon. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171 [Factual] 26) James Polk went to war with Mexico A) to retaliate for the harsh Mexican treatment of Texans. B) to protect the southern border of the United States. C) to force the cession of New Mexico and California. D) to prevent a Mexican attempt to reacquire Texas. E) to distract Americans from other domestic issues. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172 [Factual] 27) The United States expected the Mexican-American War A) to be a long and costly affair. B) to be of a relatively short duration. C) to involve a possible confrontation with Great Britain. D) to win widespread popular support. E) to be costly but worth it. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172 [Factual] 28) Each of the following occurred during the Mexican-American War EXCEPT A) Zachary Taylor’s troops defeated a large Mexican army at Buena Vista. B) Winfield Scott’s forces captured Mexico City. C) the Kearny expedition secured control of Santa Fe. D) William B. Travis and his men were annihilated at the Alamo. E) the presence of John C. Fremont’s forces in California gave the U.S. an excuse to claim that area. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172 [Factual]

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29) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided each of the following EXCEPT A) it confirmed the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas. B) the U.S. paid Mexico $15 million in cash, plus other considerations. C) Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the U.S. D) guaranteed that slavery would not be allowed west of the Rio Grande. E) agreed that Mexican residents of the ceded areas would become American citizens. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172 [Factual] 30) Iron rails needed for the development of U.S. railroads initially came from A) England. B) Pennsylvania. C) Germany. D) Maryland. E) France. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174 [Factual] 31) Shippers did not immediately shift to the railroads because A) they distrusted the safety of the steam engine. B) they received financial incentives to stay with canal routes. C) canal boats were cheaper. D) they were not convinced of their reliability. E) they were satisfied with the service they were getting using the canals. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174[Factual] 32) By the end of the 1850s, railroads had A) run the canals completely out of business. B) enabled nationwide marketing of almost anything. C) tied the North and the South together. D) transformed the American economy. E) been extended all the way to the Pacific Coast. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174 [Factual] 33) Local and state governments in the United States A) were an important source of funding for railroads. B) had little interest in railroads. C) originally opposed railroad expansion. D) expected the federal government to sponsor railroad expansion. E) wanted to own the railroads themselves. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174 [Factual]

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34) The growth of American industry in the 1830s and 1840s was NOT influenced by A) the transition to a factory setting. B) the development of mass production. C) the discovery of new natural resources. D) the use of interchangeable parts. E) the payment of cash wages to workers. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174-175 [Factual] 35) Which of the following was NOT an essential feature of the factory system? A) a supervised work force B) the use of interchangeable parts C) payment of cash wages D) each product being produced by one worker E) the work force being located in one place Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174 [Factual] 36) One of the most important effects of the American industrial revolution was A) a great wave of immigration. B) the growth of socialism. C) the automation of factories. D) a decline in the need for labor. E) unionization. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Factual] 37) Between the 1830s and 1840s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from A) the Far East. B) eastern Europe. C) western Europe. D) Latin America. E) China. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Factual] 38) The major factor that pushed the Irish immigrant to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s was A) the oppression of the British government. B) the decline in the number of jobs in Ireland. C) the overpopulation of Ireland. D) the great potato famine. E) the persecution of Catholics. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Factual]

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39) The majority of Irish immigrants settled in the A) South. B) Midwest. C) Far West. D) Northeast. E) Gulf Coast region. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Factual] 40) Most German immigrants came to the United States to escape A) European wars. B) hard times. C) famine. D) political oppression. E) religious persecution. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Factual] 41) German immigrants A) suffered less prejudice than the Irish. B) suffered more prejudice than the Irish. C) could not be assimilated easily into American society. D) possessed few agricultural or other skills. E) had a difficult time learning English. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176 [Factual]

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Illustrations from the Boston Report of the Committee on Internal Health on the Asiatic Cholera, 1849 42) The residential area of Boston shown in this drawing from the 1950s would be inhabited by which of the following groups? A) Italians B) Polish Jews C) Irish D) Lebanese E) Greeks Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Factual] 43) The evidence that shows that economics was a major motivation for immigration was found in the A) occupations of the immigrants. B) kinds of labor needed in the United States. C) corresponding peaks in immigration and the demand for labor. D) wages paid to immigrants. E) forms that immigrants filled out when they reached Ellis Island. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176 [Factual] 44) The inventor of the mechanical reaper was A) John Deere. B) Robert Lowell. C) Charles Goodyear. D) Cyrus McCormick. E) Henry Bessemer. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 175 [Factual]

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45) President Polk provoked the Mexican-American War by A) seizing the Mexican port of Vera Cruz. B) sending John C. Fremont to invade California. C) ordering Zachary Taylor’s army into the disputed area south of the Nueces River. D) insulting Mexico by using ethnic slurs in a state speech. E) annexing Texas. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172 [Factual] 46) The arrival of large numbers of immigrants A) was a positive development for American cities. B) did not contribute measurably to city developments. C) worsened the already serious problems of the cities. D) did not worsen living conditions in the cities. E) forced the development of more sanitary waste systems. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Conceptual] 47) The majority of immigrants became A) farmers. B) businessmen. C) wage workers. D) skilled craftsmen. E) sharecroppers. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 177 [Factual] 48) For former rural folk, the transition to industrial wage labor A) allowed most of them to realize the American dream. B) raised few serious problems. C) was not made easily. D) was facilitated by their past work habits. E) represented a step up on the social scale. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176-177 [Conceptual] 49) The increasing employment of immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s A) had little effect on worker organization. B) tended to force wages up. C) had little effect on wages. D) made it difficult to organize industrial workers. E) encouraged immigrants to assimilate as soon as possible in hopes of getting better paying positions. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 177 [Factual]

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50) Characteristic of the change in labor in the 1830s and 1840s was A) an increase in the proportion of women employed. B) an overall improvement in working conditions. C) the decline in child labor. D) the decline in working conditions. E) that fewer family members had to work to support the family unit. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 177 [Factual] 51) An important result of the changing character of labor was A) greater cooperation between employer and employee. B) an increasing reliance on religion for comfort. C) the paternalistic employer-employee relationship. D) more emphasis on skilled labor. E) an upsurge of labor militancy. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 177 [Factual] 13.2 True/False Questions 1) The term Young Americans most applies to younger Democrats who wanted to purge their party of its traditional fear of commerce and industry. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 165 [Factual] 2) The Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled the boundary between Oregon and British Columbia. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166 [Factual] 3) The Native Americans living in the Spanish borderlands were actually worse off after the Mexican law of 1833 that freed them from the control of the Catholic Church. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 [Factual] 4) The decisive battle of the Texas Revolution was fought at the Alamo. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168 [Factual] 5) The Mexican War ended quickly because Mexico surrendered immediately after its first military defeat. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172 [Factual]

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6) The United States did not really achieve a military victory in the Mexican War. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172 [Factual] 7) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made American citizens of Mexicans living in the new territories. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172 [Factual] 8) By the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had developed the most sophisticated and reliable machine tools. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174 [Factual] 9) Of the European immigrants coming to the United States in the early 1800s, relatively few of them were from Germany. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Factual] 13.3 Essay Questions 1) What were the most important factors in pushing or pulling great waves of immigrants to the United States between 1820 and 1850? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176 [Factual] 2) Compare the United States’ foreign policy toward Mexico and Great Britain in the 1830s and 1840s. How do you account for the similarities and differences in America’s actions toward these countries? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166, 170-172 [Conceptual] 3) Describe the factors that created dynamic, economic growth in the United States in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174-176 [Conceptual] 4) Describe the main concepts of the doctrine of Manifest Destiny. How effective was the United States in implementing this policy in the 1840s? Did all Americans support this doctrine? Explain. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170-172 [Conceptual] 5) Was the Mexican War inevitable? Could the United States have achieved its objectives in any other manner? How? [Conceptual] Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172-173

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 14 The Sectional Crisis 14.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In 1856, Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina, on the floor of the U.S. Senate, almost beat Senator ________ of Massachusetts to death. A) Thaddeus Stevens B) John C. Calhoun C) Charles Sumner D) Zachary Taylor E) William Graham Sumner Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 180 [Factual] 2) The term “second party system” describes A) the splinter parties of the 1840s and 1850s. B) the vigorous competition between Whigs and Democrats. C) the creation of a new, third political party. D) the political party not in power in government. E) a total shift in American politics. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 183 [Factual] 3) Northern attempts to attack slavery were limited by A) the absence of federal authority to regulate slavery. B) the apathy of most northerners regarding the question. C) the presence of more important issues before Congress. D) the absence of strong northern congressional leadership. E) the amount of money slave industries contributed to the national economy. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181 [Factual] 4) During the 1840s, most northerners A) disliked slavery. B) were not abolitionists. C) supported abolitionism. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181 [Factual]

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5) The Wilmot Proviso won support from northern Democrats who were upset about each of the following EXCEPT A) Polk being nominated in 1844 instead of Van Buren. B) Polk’s support of a tariff reduction that hurt the northern economy. C) Polk’s lack of funding for an internal improvements bill. D) Polk’s insistence on claiming the entire Oregon Country in 1846. E) Polk’s waging war against Mexico to add Texas and the Southwest to the U.S. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181 [Factual] 6) The Free Soil movement supported the exclusion of slavery from the territories because of A) its belief in racial justice. B) its belief in the immorality of slavery. C) its desire to dominate the political process. D) racial prejudice and fear of labor competition from slaves. E) the abundance of land that was unsuited for plantation agriculture. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181 [Factual] 7) Wilmot’s Proviso would have A) freed the slaves. B) prohibited slavery in any territory gained from Mexico. C) called for the shipment of blacks back to Africa. D) abolished slavery in most northern states. E) established the guidelines for popular sovereignty. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181 [Factual] 8) Which one of the following individuals was most responsible for coming up with the idea of popular sovereignty? A) David Wilmot B) Lewis Cass C) William Jennings Bryan D) James Buchanan E) Charles Sumner Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181 [Factual]

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9) According to the principle of popular sovereignty, A) Congress would determine whether a territory would have slavery. B) territorial legislatures would determine whether a territory would have slavery. C) settlers would determine whether a territory would have slavery. D) the Supreme Court would determine whether a territory would have slavery. E) the House of Representatives would determine whether a territory would have slavery. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181 [Factual] 10) The first significant effort to create a broadly-based sectional party, addressing itself to voters’ concerns about the extension of slavery, was the A) Liberty Party. B) Free Soil Party. C) Whig Party. D) Republican Party. E) Know-Nothing Party. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182 [Factual] 11) The winner of the presidential election of 1848 was A) Franklin Pierce. B) Martin Van Buren. C) James K. Polk. D) Millard Fillmore. E) Zachary Taylor. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 182 [Factual] 12) The key organizer of the Compromise of 1850 was A) John C. Calhoun. B) Henry Clay. C) Lewis Cass. D) Zachary Taylor. E) Roger B. Taney. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 182 [Factual] 13) The Compromise of 1850 A) abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia. B) served as the basis for lasting sectional peace. C) prohibited slavery in the New Mexico territory. D) drove the South to a new extremist position. E) was revised in 1851. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 182 [Factual]

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14) The most controversial component of the Compromise of 1850 was the A) admission of California as a free state. B) opening of New Mexico and Utah territories to slavery under popular sovereignty. C) reduction of Texas to its present boundaries. D) enactment of the new Fugitive Slave Law. E) prohibition of slavery in the District of Columbia. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 182 [Factual] 15) The failure of the political parties to develop distinctive issues in the election of 1852 A) created sectional harmony. B) strengthened the two-party system. C) had little effect on the political system. D) led to voter disenchantment with the major parties. E) was not an unusual occurrence for the time. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 183 [Factual] 16) The major reason for Winfield Scott’s defeat in 1852 was his A) alignment with the antislavery wing of the Whig Party. B) decision to raise his daughters as Catholics. C) undistinguished military record. D) support of immigration. E) overwhelming dullness. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 183 [Factual] 17) The anticipated economic stimulus which would help the development of Kansas and Nebraska was A) new industry. B) wheat. C) the railroad. D) the development of transportation on the Missouri River. E) a new variety of cotton. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184 [Factual]

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18) In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Stephen Douglas attempted to set up territorial government on the basis of A) the Compromise of 1850. B) Free Soil ideology. C) Congressional approval or disapproval of slavery. D) presidential approval or disapproval of slavery. E) popular sovereignty. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184 [Factual] 19) To gain southern support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Douglas had to support A) lowering tariffs on agricultural equipment. B) raising tariffs on agricultural commodities. C) expansion of the railroads in the South. D) the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. E) cropping the policy of popular sovereignty. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184 [Factual] 20) The Kansas-Nebraska Act A) was a catastrophe for sectional harmony. B) solved the problem of slavery in the territories. C) smoothed out North-South differences over slavery. D) had little impact on the growing, sectional bitterness. E) never got the congressional support it needed for passage. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184 [Factual] 21) What bothered nativists most about the Irish and German immigrants was that so many of them were A) anti-American. B) poor. C) Roman Catholics. D) Jews. E) illiterate. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 185 [Factual]

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22) Among the reasons why the Know-Nothings became popular was that A) they appealed to native-born workers who feared competition from low-paid immigrants. B) they developed a national platform that appealed to a broad cross-section of Americans. C) they appealed to German and Irish immigrants. D) they nominated well-known political figures to run for office. E) they were unpretentious and not considered dishonest, like most politicians. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 185 [Factual]

American Patriot, Boston, 1852 (Library of Congress) “IN FAVOR OF: The protection of American Mechanics Against Pauper Labor. Foreigners having residence in the country of 21 years before voting. Our present Free School System. . .OPPOSED TO: Papal Aggression and Roman Catholicism, Foreigners holding office, Raising Military Companies in the United States, Nunneries and Jesuits...” 23) Those people who would feel drawn to the positions described in this political pamphlet would also be drawn to support which of the following contemporary groups? A) Know Nothing Party (American party) or “The Order of the Star Spangled Banner” B) Ku Klux Klan or the Knights of the White Camellia C) American Protective Association D) America First Committee E) John Birch Society Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 185 [Factual]

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24) The Know-Nothing Party failed because of each of the following factors EXCEPT A) its northern and southern wings split over slavery. B) the rival Republicans had wider popular appeal. C) immigration declined in the mid-1850s. D) the conflict in Kansas heightened concerns over slavery. E) most immigrants proved to be loyal Americans. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 185 [Factual] 25) Which of the following, more than anything else, gave birth to the Republican Party in the North? A) the Missouri Compromise B) the Liberty Party C) the Kansas-Nebraska Act D) John C. Calhoun’s withdrawal from the Whig Party E) the caning of Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the U.S. Senate Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 185 [Factual] 26) Underlying the rapid growth of the Republican Party was its A) appeal to anti-immigrant elements. B) support of agricultural expansion. C) position on slavery in the territories. D) excellent candidates. E) support of the railroad and federal subsidies to finance it. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 185 [Factual] 27) On the issue of slavery, Republicans defended the rights of A) industrialists. B) the South. C) slaves. D) free labor. E) slave owners. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 185 [Factual] 28) Popular sovereignty failed in the 1854 Kansas elections because of A) voter apathy. B) illegal voting by Missouri residents. C) the failure to clearly identify the key issues. D) vote fraud by Free Soil elements. E) political scandals that had embarrassed its major supporters. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186 [Factual]

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29) The “free-state” capitol of Kansas was at A) Lecompton. B) Salina. C) Lawrence. D) Wichita. E) Kansas City. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186 [Factual] 30) The Republican Party A) received broad-based support throughout the nation. B) was primarily a sectional party. C) was a party of farmers and laborers. D) was the party of northern industrialists. E) struggled in its first years of existence. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 186 [Conceptual] 31) A smaller civil war, which was a rehearsal for the later political disaster in the United States, was fought in which state during the late 1850s? A) Missouri B) Kansas C) South Carolina D) Tennessee E) Texas Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186 [Factual] 32) Southerners viewed the election of James Buchanan in 1856 A) with a temporary sense of relief. B) as a long-term victory for the southern cause. C) as a victory for Free Soil supporters. D) with little concern. E) with great concern. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186 [Factual] 33) The growing division between North and South during the 1840s and 1850s A) was rarely expressed in political terms. B) was entirely expressed in legal-constitutional terms. C) had little impact on the common man. D) was increasingly seen in cultural and intellectual terms. E) reached an uncomfortable stalemate by 1860. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186 [Factual]

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34) Between 1856 and 1860, the sectional quarrel A) ceased to be a serious problem. B) was moderated by national political figures. C) became virtually irreconcilable. D) remained, primarily, an economic problem. E) was secondary to foreign policy concerns. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186 [Factual] 35) In the 1850s, the most important example of literary abolitionism was A) Uncle Tom’s Cabin B) Moby Dick C) Walden D) The Raven E) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186 [Factual] 36) The author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin was A) Simon Legree. B) Harriet Tubman. C) Edgar Allan Poe. D) James Russell Lowell. E) Harriet Beecher Stowe. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186 [Factual] 37) In the Dred Scott case, the first question faced by the Supreme Court was A) whether or not Scott was a citizen. B) the legality of slavery in Missouri. C) the constitutionality of inheritance laws involving slaves. D) whether slaves could be taken across state lines. E) whether Scott’s owner had the right to free him. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 187 [Factual] 38) The Dred Scott decision A) supported the gradual emancipation of slaves. B) reinforced the principles of the Missouri Compromise. C) was looked upon favorably by the South. D) helped reduce sectional tensions. E) was looked upon favorably by abolitionists. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 187 [Factual]

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39) The Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case was largely the work of A) Roger Taney. B) John Marshall. C) Stephen Douglas. D) William Marbury. E) Thurgood Marshall. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 187 [Factual] 40) The Lecompton constitution A) represented the interests of most Kansans. B) was an antislavery statement. C) had few problems being accepted by Congress. D) evoked bitter debates in Congress. E) helped settle the sectional quarrel, if only for a short time. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 187 [Factual] 41) The controversy in Kansas suggested that popular sovereignty A) offered an effective solution to the problem of slavery. B) was an invitation to civil war. C) was wholeheartedly accepted by the South. D) was a solution supported by both North and South. E) was not so popular after all. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 188 [Factual] 42) In his debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln A) took a conservative position on slavery. B) took a position similar to Douglas on the issue of slavery. C) avoided discussing the issue of slavery. D) took a radical position on the issue of sectional conflict. E) restated his belief in popular sovereignty. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 188 [Factual] 43) John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry A) increased southern fears of northern hostility. B) was condemned by most northerners. C) had little effect on sectional tensions. D) was intended as a statement against the government of the United States. E) has been exaggerated by historians. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 188 [Factual]

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State

Date of Secession

South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Confederate Forces Fire on Fort Sumter Virginia Arkansas Southern or Border States Where Secession Failed North Carolina Tennessee Kentucky Missouri Maryland Delaware

December 20, 1860 January 9, 1861 January 10, 1861 January 11, 1861 January 19, 1861 January 26, 1861 March 2, 1861 April 12, 1861 April 17, 1861 May 6, 1861

Free Families Holding Slaves 46% 49% 34% 35% 37% 29% 28%

26% 20%

28% 25% 23% 13% 12% 3%

44) Examine the data given in the chart shown above. Which of the following statements is strongly supported by that data? A) Later seceding states were more concerned about tariffs and states rights than slavery. B) Firing upon Fort Sumter prevented or halted border states from joining the Confederacy. C) States with larger percentages of free families holding slaves were more likely to secede earlier than those with smaller percentages. D) States with smaller percentages of free families holding slaves were just as likely to secede as states with larger percentages of free families who held slaves. E) Western states of the south were faster to secede than southern states on the Atlantic coastline. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 190 [Factual]

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45) Hinton R. Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South A) supported slavery. B) called for lower-class whites to abolish slavery. C) reduced southern fears about the future of slavery. D) had little impact on the sectional crisis. E) voiced the opinion of a majority of southerners. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 189 [Factual] 46) The Republican Party platform in 1860 A) dealt exclusively with slavery. B) ignored the issue of slavery. C) presented a moderate position on slavery. D) attempted to broaden the party’s appeal in the South. E) attempted to broaden the party’s appeal in the North. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 189 [Factual] 47) The Republicans were successful in the election of 1860 because A) they compromised on the issue of slavery. B) they were able to win decisively in the North. C) they won significant, southern support. D) Abraham Lincoln offered the potential for sectional harmony. E) the Democrats ran a sloppy campaign. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 189-190 [Factual] 48) Which of the following political parties did not run a presidential candidate in the election of 1860? A) the Republican Party B) the Whig Party C) the Douglas Democrats Party D) the “Southern Rights” Democratic Party E) the Constitutional Union Party Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 189 [Factual] 49) Which of the following was not a presidential candidate in the 1860 election? A) Millard Fillmore B) Abraham Lincoln C) Stephen Douglas D) John Breckinridge E) John Bell Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 189-190 [Factual]

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14.2 True/False Questions 1) The source of political controversy in the 1850s was the fact that the Constitution had not predetermined the status of slavery in future states. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181 [Factual] 2) David Wilmot was one of the earliest of the Free Soilers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181 [Factual] 3) The Compromise of 1850 provided long-term solutions for the problem of slavery and expansionism. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182 [Factual] 4) Most Free Soilers eventually ended up in the Democratic Party. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181 [Factual] 5) The Republican Party first appeared in the election of 1852. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 183 [Factual] 6) The weakening of the two-party system in the 1850s contributed to a worsening of sectional tensions. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 183 [Conceptual] 7) Political nativism was an insignificant factor in the politics of the 1850s. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 185 [Conceptual] 8) American literature accurately reflected the growing division between North and South in the 1840s and 1850s. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 186 [Factual] 9) The Dred Scott decision of 1857 declared the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional and denied that African Americans were citizens of the United States. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 187 [Factual]

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10) In the final analysis, Stephen Douglas can be evaluated as an advocate of slavery in the territories. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 187, 189 [Factual] 14.3 Essay Questions 1) Discuss the major elements of the Compromise of 1850 and how they were an attempt to balance the requirements of pro- and antislavery factions in the United States. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181-182 [Factual] 2) Why did the traditional two-party system fail in the 1850s? What role did third-party movements play in heightening sectional tensions during this period? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182-186, 188-190 [Conceptual] 3) Evaluate the causes of the sectional crisis of the 1850s. Could anything have been done to resolve the issues of the period? Explain. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181-182, 186-189 [Conceptual] 4) Was the conflict over the settlement of Kansas a rehearsal for the Civil War? In what ways did popular sovereignty stir up sectional tensions in the 1850s? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 186-188 [Conceptual] 5) What incidents and events increased southern fears concerning growing northern hostility toward the southern way of life? How correct was the South in these fears? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 188-189 [Factual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 15 Secession and the Civil War 15.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following southern states was the first to secede from the Union? A) Kentucky B) Virginia C) Alabama D) South Carolina E) North Carolina Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 195 [Factual] 2) Cooperationists believed that A) the slave states should act as a unit rather than secede one at a time. B) the slave states should remain in the Union. C) the slave states should form a new union after seceding. D) the slave states and the free states should simply find a way to get along. E) the slave states should cooperate with Britain and France. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 195 [Factual] 3) The Confederate constitution was A) based on the model of the Articles of Confederation. B) surprisingly similar to the U.S. Constitution. C) based on the English Constitution. D) a subject of ongoing debate throughout the war. E) written by a radical faction and forced through by them. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 196 [Factual] 4) Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Confederate constitution? A) prohibition of protective tariffs B) guarantee of slavery C) protection of slavery in the territories D) a strong central government E) restrictions on the finance of internal improvements Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 196 [Factual]

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5) When Lincoln became president of the United States, A) he had more political experience than previous presidents. B) he was not able to command a leadership position in the Republican Party. C) he was unable to convince congressional leaders to support his position on southern secession. D) he had never held any executive office. E) he identified wholeheartedly with the southern cause. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 196 [Conceptual] 6) Lincoln’s main concern when he entered the presidency was how to maintain federal authority A) when Congress was controlled by the Democratic opposition. B) without recognizing the Confederacy. C) without declaring war with the seceded states. D) when many believed the federal government would soon dissolve. E) with an army that was splitting in half. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 196 [Factual] 7) The Crittenden Plan A) extended the Missouri Compromise to the Pacific. B) did not guarantee the protection of slavery in new territories. C) recommended that popular sovereignty determine the status of states created from new territories. D) abolished the national fugitive slave law. E) denied federal compensation to the owners of escaped slaves. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 196 [Factual] 8) The first shots of the Civil War were fired at A) Richmond, Virginia. B) Charleston, South Carolina. C) New Orleans, Louisiana. D) Montgomery, Alabama. E) Savannah, Georgia. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 196 [Factual]

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9) The attack on Fort Sumter A) proved to be a decisive victory for the South. B) weakened the secession movement. C) caused increasing opposition to the war in the North. D) united northern opinion against the rebellion. E) was the first southern defeat of the war. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 197 [Factual] 10) Soon after the war began, the Confederacy moved its capital to A) Washington, D.C. B) Mobile, Alabama. C) Richmond, Virginia. D) Little Rock, Arkansas. E) Knoxville, Tennessee. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 197 [Factual] 11) Which of the following does NOT apply to Lincoln’s initial policy toward the Confederacy? A) a cautious and limited use of force B) a strategy of inactivity to buy time to resolve the conflict C) a strategy designed to make the Confederacy look like the aggressor if war occurred D) a strategy designed to avoid any “hostile” action toward the South by the North E) the deployment of troops along the “border states” to demonstrate a Union resolve to fight Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 196-198 [Factual] 12) The border states A) remained loyal by a combination of local Unionism and federal intervention. B) divided amongst themselves and experienced several violent episodes. C) experienced bitter, internal division because of loyalty to the North and the South. D) all joined the Confederacy. E) all denounced slavery. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 197 [Factual] 13) Which one of the following states was NOT part of the Confederacy? A) Missouri B) North Carolina C) Texas D) Tennessee E) Florida Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 197 [Factual] 186 .

14) In the beginning, the Civil War was A) a struggle to free the slaves. B) a struggle to preserve the Union. C) a contest of sectional supremacy. D) a personal struggle between Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. E) a struggle to preserve “King Cotton.” Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 197 [Factual] 15) The basic Confederate strategy was to A) invade and conquer the North. B) wage a defensive struggle. C) fight only a guerrilla war. D) blockade northern ports. E) plan a series of limited, surgical offensive strikes. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 198 [Factual] 16) Southerners went to war in 1861 in a mood of A) tension and anxiety. B) pessimism and doubt. C) confidence and decision. D) passivity and resignation. E) fear and loathing. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 198 [Factual] 17) Which of the following was NOT a Union military advantage during the Civil War? A) larger population B) superior generals C) stronger industrial base D) a superior railroad system E) no blockades Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 198 [Factual] 18) Which one of the following individuals recommended an “anaconda policy” towards the South? A) Ulysses S. Grant B) George McClellan C) Winfield Scott D) Stonewall Jackson E) Leonidas K. Polk Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 198 [Factual]

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19) One significant difference between the North and the South as the war went on was that A) northern civilians suffered more than their Southern counterparts. B) the South became poorer while the North tended to prosper. C) northern agriculture declined while Southern agriculture leapt ahead. D) northern industrial capacity declined during the war years. E) southern industry boomed during the war years. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 [Factual] 20) During the Civil War, A) Confederate troops often lacked adequate supplies of weapons and ammunition. B) Confederate troops had the advantage of superior weaponry. C) the Confederate government kept its troops adequately supplied with arms and ammunition. D) the British government made sure that the Confederates did not run out of ammunition. E) Confederate troops had to make do with obsolete weapons left over from the War of 1812. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 [Factual] 21) One of the South’s greatest challenges during the war was A) the reluctance of southern farmers to shift from cotton to foodstuffs. B) strengthening its own naval blockade of northern ports. C) breaking the military alliance between the North and Great Britain. D) trying to find even a few qualified generals. E) to keep slaves from escaping. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 [Factual] 22) To secure the necessary troops for the war, A) the South resorted to the draft. B) the North resorted to the draft. C) “press gangs,” coercion and blackmail became the norm on both sides. D) A and B E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 198 [Factual]

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23) During the war, the Confederate economy A) managed to produce a surplus of industrial goods. B) easily evaded the effects of the northern blockade. C) suffered from severe inflation. D) actually benefited from the Emancipation Proclamation. E) boomed, as most do during war. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 [Factual] 24) Lincoln and Davis learned early in the war that A) successful conduct of the war required aggressive executive leadership. B) Congress should be allowed to conduct the war with minimal executive interference. C) decentralization of power is most efficient in wartime. D) the president is bound by the same constitutional restraints in war as in peace. E) many of the decisions of the war were best left to popular vote. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 [Factual] 25) As a war leader, Jefferson Davis A) was a brilliant military strategist. B) had an excellent relationship with his generals. C) proved incapable of handling the Confederacy’s homefront problems. D) had the full support of the southern people. E) had the full support of southern governors. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 201 [Factual] 26) The Union general who replaced Winfield Scott as commander of the Union forces was A) Irvin McDowell. B) Thomas J. Jackson. C) David Farragut. D) George McClellan. E) Ulysses S. Grant. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 201 [Factual] 27) The first major battle of the war, at Bull Run, resulted in A) a Union victory. B) a Confederate victory. C) a bloody stalemate. D) the capture of Washington, D.C. E) Sherman’s capture of Savannah, Georgia. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 201[Factual]

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28) Which of the following individuals was NOT a Union general during the Civil War? A) George McClellan B) Ulysses S. Grant C) Henry W. Halleck D) Joseph E. Johnston E) George Meade Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 201-202 [Factual] 29) The 1862 Confederate offensive that resulted in the Battle of Antietam A) raised Confederate hopes of victory. B) proved indecisive for both sides. C) caused strong Union opposition to the war. D) led Lincoln to consider peace negotiations. E) further damaged the northern economy. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 202 [Factual] 30) The bloodiest one-day battle of the war was A) Shiloh. B) Bull Run. C) Vicksburg. D) Gettysburg. E) Antietam. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 202 [Factual] 31) The diplomatic objective of the Confederacy was to A) gain control of Cuba. B) forge alliances with Britain and France. C) gain access to Canadian iron supplies. D) secure the support of Mexico. E) lure the Spanish into the war. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 202 [Factual] 32) Confederate leaders were confident of British recognition, because A) British textile mills were so dependent on southern cotton. B) British financiers had invested in the South. C) most members of Parliament were proslavery. D) British capitalists stood to profit by selling war material to the South. E) many of them had family ties to England. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 202 [Factual]

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33) The diplomatic objective of the Union was A) to encourage England to act as a mediator to end the conflict. B) to keep the Latin Americans from trading with the Confederacy. C) to prevent the Confederacy from importing military supplies through Mexico. D) to prevent European nations from recognizing the Confederacy. E) to prevent Canada, and thereby England, from entering the conflict. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 202 [Factual] 34) The term used to describe Confederate foreign policy was A) dollar diplomacy. B) gunboat diplomacy. C) King Cotton diplomacy. D) sugar and slaves diplomacy. E) corn cob diplomacy. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 203 [Factual] 35) In the fall of 1861, which two Confederates were seized by Union naval officers on board the British steamer Trent, creating a diplomatic crisis between the United States and Great Britain? A) John Slidell and James Mason B) John Havlicek and George Mikan C) Ulysses S. Grant and George McClellan D) Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens E) Willard Scott and Albert Michaels Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 202 [Factual] 36) The Emancipation Proclamation freed A) all African Americans. B) only slaves in the loyal border states. C) only slaves in the Confederate-controlled areas. D) only slaves in the military occupation zones of the Union army. E) all slaves. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 203[Factual]

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37) During the Civil War, about how many African Americans served in the Union Army? A) 100,000 B) 200,000 C) 300,000 D) 400,000 E) 500,000 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 203 [Factual] 38) Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment A) resulted from a popular mandate in a special election. B) had little support from Lincoln and the Republican Party. C) resulted from a decisive Union military victory. D) was fostered by the actions of African-American troops fighting for the Union. E) allowed special instances of involuntary servitude. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 [Factual] 39) Many wealthy northerners avoided military service in the war by A) bribing a draft official. B) claiming to be conscientious objectors. C) furnishing hired substitutes. D) emigrating, temporarily, to Canada. E) feigning disability. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 [Factual] 40) During the war, the North A) was plagued by the lack of manufactured goods. B) had a weaker railroad system than that of the South. C) was plagued by a series of violent, antidraft riots. D) finally overcame the problem of anti-African American racism. E) slowly began to starve. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 [Factual]

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41) In 1863, one of the bloodiest domestic riots in the United States occurred in ________ when 120 died as Irish-American laborers attacked African Americans and opposed the draft. A) Boston B) New York City C) Cleveland D) Chicago E) Philadelphia Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 [Factual] 42) The Confederate victory at Chancellorsville cost them the life of A) Jefferson Davis. B) “Stonewall” Jackson. C) Robert E. Lee. D) Joseph E. Johnston. E) Ulysses S. Grant. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 [Factual] 43) The victory at ________ gave the Union control of the Mississippi River. A) Gettysburg B) Vicksburg C) Richmond D) Shiloh E) New Orleans Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 205 [Factual] 44) The most effective Union general was A) George McClellan. B) Winfield Scott. C) Ulysses S. Grant. D) James Halleck. E) James Abrams. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 205 [Factual]

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45) Congressional Republicans who opposed Lincoln’s handling of the war and the slavery issue were called A) liberals. B) moderates. C) Radicals. D) Copperheads. E) scalawags. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 [Factual] 46) Lincoln’s opponent in the presidential election of 1864 was A) Jefferson Davis. B) George McClellan. C) Stephen Douglas. D) John Bell. E) Ulysses S. Grant. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 205 [Factual] 47) Copperheads A) strongly supported the Emancipation Proclamation. B) supported the growth of the federal government. C) were willing to have peace at any price. D) narrowly won victory in the 1864 election. E) were a group of wealthy industrialists who secretly financed the war. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 [Factual]

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Workers in Federal Arsenal, c. 1860s (Scott Foresman Addison Wesley) 48) As the pressures and demands of the Civil War made Union and Confederate officials more desperate, they began to abandon deeply ingrained social values and taboos. Which of the following might be attributed to the changes reflected in the lithograph drawing above? A) women’s suffrage B) populism C) industrialization D) emancipation E) prohibition Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 207 [Factual] 49) As the nation emerged from the Civil War, A) it had changed little from 1861. B) it had paid an enormous human and economic cost for the war. C) the impact of the war on northern workers was clear. D) the federal government remained unclear about its relationship to the states. E) newly freed slaves prospered. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 207 [Factual] 50) Approximately ________ soldiers died in the Civil War. A) 50,000 B) 125,000 C) 620,000 D) 800,000 E) 1,000,000 Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 207 [Factual] 195 .

15.2 True/False Questions 1) Abraham Lincoln rose to national political prominence as a staunch abolitionist, opposed to slavery everywhere in the nation. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 194 [Factual] 2) Before Abraham Lincoln became a Republican, he was a Whig. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 194 [Factual] 3) Generally, Abraham Lincoln was ineffective as a war leader. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 196 [Factual] 4) In his inaugural address, Lincoln called for the immediate military conquest of the seceded states. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 196 [Factual] 5) Most of the Civil War was fought on Confederate soil. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 198 [Factual] 6) Throughout most of the war, southern forces suffered from a chronic shortage of food and supplies. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 [Factual] 7) George McClellan’s main problem as general was his reluctance to fight unless he had overwhelming odds in his favor. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 201 [Conceptual] 8) Ultimately, the South failed to secure diplomatic recognition and political alliance with Great Britain. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 202 [Factual] 9) African Americans were permitted to fight only on the side of the North during the Civil War. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 203 [Factual]

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10) The North won the war in spite of its inability to organize its society for the effort. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 [Factual] 15.3 Essay Questions 1) What arguments did secessionists develop to justify leaving the Union? What problems did secession create for both the Buchanan and Lincoln administrations? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 195-196 [Factual] 2) Analyze the events that occurred from Lincoln’s election to the attack on Fort Sumter. Could the war have been averted during those crucial months? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 196-197 [Conceptual] 3) When the war started in 1861, both sides were confident that the conflict would be short. What conditions made the Civil War a prolonged, bloody conflict instead of the brief “skirmish” all had anticipated? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 197-198 [Factual] 4) Describe the effects of the war on the “home front” of the North and the South. Did one side benefit more than the other? Explain. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 198-199 [Conceptual] 5) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the South and the North in the Civil War. Was a northern victory inevitable? Why? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 197-198 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 16 The Agony of Reconstruction 16.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The term Reconstruction refers to the A) period immediately following the Civil War. B) the attempt to rebuild Atlanta. C) the Gettysburg struggle. D) the treatment of African Americans after the Emancipation Proclamation. E) the attempt to change Confederate ideas about slavery. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 209 [Factual] 2) The escaped slave who captured a Confederate steamship and later went on to become a U.S. congressman was A) Robert Allen. B) Sojourner Truth. C) Robert Smalls. D) Frederick Douglass. E) Blanche K. Bruce. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 209 [Factual] 3) A minimal Reconstruction policy was favored by A) President Lincoln. B) Congress. C) northern states. D) the Supreme Court. E) Republican senators. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 210 [Factual] 4) President Lincoln’s Reconstruction plans were committed to A) punish the South for provoking the Civil War. B) racial equality for the freedmen. C) sharing with Congress the decisions in establishing Reconstruction policies. D) rapid readmission of the southern states to the Union. E) protecting the rights of African Americans. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 210 [Factual]

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5) Most congressional Republicans believed A) any Reconstruction plans should include African American male suffrage. B) the president should establish Reconstruction policies. C) former Confederates should not play a role in Reconstruction governments. D) southern states should be quickly readmitted to the Union. E) in political equality for African Americans. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 [Factual] 6) Lincoln’s response to the Wade-Davis Bill was to A) accept it completely. B) reluctantly support it. C) express no opinion on it. D) stop it with a pocket veto. E) ask Congress to reconsider. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 [Factual] 7) The man who became president of the United States after Lincoln’s assassination was A) Robert Smalls. B) Andrew Johnson. C) Ulysses S. Grant. D) William H. Seward. E) Andrew Jackson. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 [Factual] 8) As early as 1863, Lincoln proposed a plan for restoring southern state governments based on ________ percent of the voting population of 1860 taking a loyalty oath to the Union. A) 5 B) 10 C) 20 D) 25 E) 50 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 210 [Factual] 9) Which one of the following is an INCORRECT match? A) Thirteenth Amendment/Abolished slavery B) Wade-Davis Bill/Embodied presidential reconstruction C) Fourteenth Amendment/Extended civil rights to former slaves D) Fifteenth Amendment/Prohibited voting discrimination on the basis of race E) Tenure of Office Act/Johnson was accused of violating it Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 210-211 [Factual] 199 .

10) Which of the following required 50 percent of southern voters to take an oath of loyalty to the Union before the southern states could regain their status as states? A) Fourteenth Amendment B) Fifteenth Amendment C) Loyalty Act D) Tenure of Office Act E) Wade-Davis Bill Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 [Factual] 11) President Andrew Johnson was A) loved by African Americans. B) admired by wealthy southern planters. C) opposed by Radical Republicans. D) temperate and compromising in his political activities. E) determined to carry on with Lincoln’s plans. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211-212 [Factual] 12) President Andrew Johnson was NOT A) a southerner. B) a Democrat. C) an opponent of slaveowners. D) a proponent of radical reconstruction. E) a Unionist. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 212 [Factual] 13) Which one of the following constitutional amendments abolished slavery? A) Thirteenth B) Fourteenth C) Fifteenth D) Sixteenth E) Seventeenth Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 [Factual] 14) Andrew Johnson believed that Reconstruction should A) guarantee that the southern ruling class would not return to power. B) return the South to its prewar system, minus slavery. C) treat the South as a conquered nation. D) guarantee the political and civil rights of the freedmen. E) go ahead as Lincoln had planned. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 [Factual]

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15) In implementing Johnson’s plan, southern states did each of the following EXCEPT A) sometimes ignored it altogether. B) accepted it grudgingly or with qualifications. C) sometimes merely repealed secession rather than repudiating it. D) denied political rights to freedmen. E) enacted “Black Codes.” Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211-212 [Factual] 16) Johnson’s Reconstruction plan A) succeeded in breaking the power of the planter elites. B) failed because the planters refused to accept his pardon. C) was rejected by the southern states. D) failed to break the power of the antebellum planter elites. E) was much like Congress’ plan. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 [Factual] 17) Black Codes showed that A) southerners were willing to allow African Americans legal equality. B) southerners wanted African Americans to return to positions of servility. C) southerners were interested in improving the education of the freedmen. D) the freedmen would be allowed to vote and participate in the political process. E) the idea of “separate but equal” was already established. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 216 [Factual] 18) The first bill ever passed over a presidential veto was the A) Wade-Davis bill. B) Freedmen’s Bureau extension bill. C) Civil Rights Act of 1866. D) Tenure of Office Act. E) First Reconstruction Act. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 19) The congressional alternative to Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction program was the A) Fourteenth Amendment. B) ten-percent plan. C) Wade-Davis Bill. D) Civil Rights Act. E) Freedman’s Bureau Bill. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual]

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20) The Fourteenth Amendment stipulated that any state that denied the right to vote to African Americans would A) be subject to a special federal tax. B) be unable to cast electoral votes for president. C) be ineligible to receive federal funding. D) have to assume a larger portion of the Confederate debt. E) have its congressional representation proportionally reduced. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 21) The Radical Republicans believed A) that the process of Reconstruction should be completed quickly. B) that the South should be treated with sympathy and compassion. C) that Reconstruction policy should be initiated by the president. D) that the rights of the freedmen should be ensured by the federal government. E) in inherent equality between races. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 22) Which of the following constitutional amendments attempted to give civil rights to the former slaves? A) Thirteenth B) Fourteenth C) Fifteenth D) Sixteenth E) Seventeenth Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 23) Which of the following constitutional amendments was opposed by Andrew Johnson? A) Thirteenth B) Fourteenth C) Fifteenth D) Sixteenth E) Seventeenth Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual]

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24) In the congressional elections of 1866, A) Johnson’s Reconstruction policies were vindicated at the polls. B) the Radical Republicans lost ground and were defeated. C) Democrats gained control of Congress. D) the results served as a referendum for the Fourteenth Amendment. E) Johnson’s reelection campaign got a big boost. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 25) Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner were A) Radical leaders in Congress. B) members of Andrew Johnson’s cabinet. C) Confederate generals pardoned by Johnson. D) commanding Union generals in the South during Reconstruction. E) two of the first African American congressmen. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 26) Which one of the following individuals was NOT a Radical Republican? A) Thaddeus Stevens B) Andrew Johnson C) Charles Sumner D) George Julian E) Edwin Stanton Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 27) The South’s refusal to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment A) caused northern public opinion to question the Radicals’ demands. B) forced the Republicans to abolish the existing southern governments and give the vote to African Americans. C) led to a general land reform of the South. D) caused a thorough restructuring of southern society. E) brought the Redeemers to power. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 28) The Reconstruction Acts A) gave freedmen the power to protect themselves. B) enhanced the power of state governments to protect the freedmen. C) were only supported by Radical Republicans. D) allowed southern states readmittance on the basis of the number of freedmen who could vote. E) were actually a retreat from true radicalism. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 213 [Factual] 203 .

29) The First Reconstruction Act of 1867 A) recognized the existing southern state governments as legitimate. B) confiscated all property of ex-Confederates. C) guaranteed the freedmen the right to vote in southern elections. D) supported the Black Codes. E) placed the South under military rule. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 214 [Factual] 30) Andrew Johnson was indicted by the House for his violation of the A) Civil Rights Act of 1866. B) Tenure of Office Act. C) Wade-Davis Bill. D) Fourteenth Amendment. E) Loyalty Act. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 214 [Factual] 31) Andrew Johnson’s acquittal on impeachment charges resulted from A) his cooperative attitude toward Congress. B) the support he received from Radical Republicans. C) the fears of some Republicans that his removal would threaten the balance of power of the government. D) the support he received from most Democrats. E) his innocence. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215 [Factual] 32) During Reconstruction, African Americans A) were able to become independent farmers. B) lived in integrated urban societies. C) lived in a divided society. D) had no opportunity for schooling. E) left the South in overwhelming numbers. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215 [Factual] 33) For the South, recovery from the devastation of the Civil War A) would be a quick and easy process. B) would be long and difficult. C) was resisted by white society. D) depended on a new economic system. E) was complete by 1870. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215 [Factual]

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34) The legacy of Reconstruction for most African Americans was A) the benefits of freedom. B) poverty and discrimination. C) land ownership. D) skilled factory jobs. E) successful entry into the political arena. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215-216 [Factual] 35) By the end of 1865, most freedmen had A) moved west and become homesteaders. B) moved to the cities. C) returned to work on the plantations. D) joined the Democratic Party. E) gotten their forty acres and a mule from the Freedmen’s Bureau. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215 [Factual] 36) The federal agency designed to assist former slaves in making the economic adjustment to freedom was known as the A) Freedmen’s Bureau. B) Department of Education. C) African American Rights Association. D) Liberty Association. E) Southern Reconstruction Agency. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215 [Factual] 37) Which one of the following groups was NOT part of the southern Republican party following the Civil War? A) businessmen interested in government funding B) poor white farmers from upland regions C) newly enfranchised African Americans D) white planters E) “scalawags” Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 216 [Factual] 38) Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction were called A) scalawags. B) Copperheads. C) Klansmen. D) carpetbaggers. E) Redeemers. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 217 [Factual] 205 .

39) Most southern African Americans who held political power during Reconstruction A) alienated whites by pushing for massive land restriction. B) concentrated their efforts on educational and political reforms. C) used the Freedmen’s Bureau to oppress ex-Confederates. D) pushed for educational integration. E) were more corrupt than their white counterparts. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 217 [Factual] 40) The small number of African Americans elected to state or national office during the Reconstruction demonstrated on the average A) a higher level of corruption than their white counterparts. B) more integrity and competence than their white counterparts. C) a desire to implement radical social programs. D) a strong desire for harsh revenge on former slaveholders. E) a lack of education that impeded their success. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 217 [Factual] 41) Ulysses S. Grant A) served as a dynamic and forceful president. B) took strong actions to protect southern Republicans. C) gained wide support among Democrats. D) was not able to resolve the problems of the times. E) was always considered above reproach. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 218 [Factual] 42) The political party that kept the money issue alive into the 1880s was A) the Greenback Labor Party. B) the Populist Party. C) the Conservative Party. D) the Whigs. E) the Redeemers. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 219 [Factual] 43) What amendment to the Constitution states that no male citizen could be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude? A) Eleventh B) Twelfth C) Thirteenth D) Fourteenth E) Fifteenth Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 219 [Factual] 206 .

44) Which of the following groups was disappointed by the Fifteenth Amendment? A) freedmen B) feminists C) scalawags D) Republicans E) Northerners Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 219 [Factual] 45) The organization that symbolized most vividly the “white backlash” of the Reconstruction era was A) the Union League. B) the Freedmen’s Bureau. C) the Redeemers. D) the White Citizens Council. E) the Ku Klux Klan. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 219 [Factual]

KKK Members, 1866/Alabama Klan Warning, 1868 (Library of Congress) 46) The warning of the radical organization shown above was aimed at all of the following groups EXCEPT: A) Redeemers. B) Radical Republicans. C) carpetbaggers. D) scalawags. E) Freedmen Agency officials. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 219 [Factual]

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47) Liberal Republicans A) supported equal justice for all Americans. B) were also known as “politicos.” C) had been involved in the Credit Mobilier scandal. D) were successful in the presidential election of 1872. E) endorsed civil service reform. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 221 [Factual] 48) ________ was a prominent Liberal Republican. A) Andrew Johnson B) Ulysses S. Grant C) Schuyler Colfax D) Horace Greeley E) William E. Belknap Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 221 [Factual] 49) Which of the following was NOT a scandal during the Grant administration? A) Teapot Dome B) Whiskey Ring C) Credit Mobilier D) bribery over the sales of Indian trading posts E) Belknap “cover-up” Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 221 [Factual] 50) The result of the disputed election of 1876 was significant because it A) was the last Radical victory. B) meant the end of Reconstruction. C) marked the beginning of national Democratic ascendancy. D) demonstrated the political power of southern African Americans. E) was resolved so quickly. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 221 [Factual]

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From Plantation to the Senate, Sen. Hiram Revels of Mississippi, c. 1870s (Library of Congress) 51) The celebration of freed African Americans over their hard-won rights was shortlived due to the white southern state legislatures’ passing of the A) black codes. B) Dred Scott case. C) Fifteenth Amendment. D) Jim Crow laws. E) Granger laws. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 223 [Factual] 52) The Redeemers A) continued the policies established during Reconstruction. B) offered new programs for working people and tenant farmers. C) were loyal to the principles of the antebellum South. D) believed in the principles of laissez faire and white supremacy. E) were from the old planter aristocracy. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 222 [Factual]

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16.2 True/False Questions 1) The most difficult challenge facing the nation after the Civil War was deciding how to reconstruct the nation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 209 [Factual] 2) The first question debated in Congress regarding Reconstruction was whether Congress had a right to participate in the process. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 209 [Factual] 3) Lincoln’s approach to Reconstruction was extremely harsh and led to his assassination. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 209 [Factual] 4) Before his assassination, Lincoln made it clear that he would promote African American equality in the South. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 209 [Factual] 5) Most Radical Republicans in the North believed that African Americans were the equals of whites. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 209 [Factual] 6) The Fifteenth Amendment gave the right to vote to women and blacks. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 219 [Factual] 7) After the Civil War, most emancipated slaves ended up as poor farm workers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215 [Factual] 8) Republican legislators in the state governments of the Reconstruction South were hopelessly corrupt. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 217 [Factual] 9) The main goal of the Ku Klux Klan in the South was to violently overthrow the Republican state governments there. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 219 [Factual]

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10) Congressional Reconstruction prolonged sectional division and conflict. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 212-213 [Factual] 16.3 Essay Questions 1) Discuss the impact of the Civil War on southern society. What traditions and institutions were destroyed by the conflict? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215-222 [Factual] 2) How did freed slaves react to their new status after the Civil War? What did most African Americans soon realize about the reality of their freedom? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215-217 [Factual] 3) Compare and contrast the executive and congressional plans for reconstructing the Union. What was their objective? Which plan was better for the nation? Why? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 209-213 [Conceptual] 4) How successful was the North in changing southern society during Reconstruction? Who benefitted the most from these plans and who benefitted the least? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 215-217 [Factual] 5) By the early 1870s, it was evident that northern interest in Reconstruction was waning. Why? Were the majority of northerners really dedicated to reconstructing southern society? Why were the Redeemers able to take back the South? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 216-221 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 17 The West: Exploiting an Empire 17.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) For the first two-thirds of the nineteenth century, Americans believed the land west of the Mississippi River to be A) uninhabitable. B) bountiful. C) part of Mexico. D) too heavily forested for farming. E) devoid of wildlife. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 2) Beginning with Lewis and Clark, most nineteenth-century mapmakers referred to the Great Plains as A) the National Forest. B) the Wastelands. C) the Land of the Red Man. D) Mexican Territory. E) the Great American Desert. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 3) Which of the following best describe the Plains tribes? A) sedentary and pacific B) fishermen and farmers C) nomadic and warlike D) practitioners of human sacrifice E) builders of great cities Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 4) The socioeconomic and religious life of the Plains tribes revolved around A) the sun. B) cereal cultivation. C) the buffalo. D) the elk. E) war. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual]

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5) By 1880, there were approximately ________ Native Americans in California. A) 20,000 B) 30,000 C) 40,000 D) 50,000 E) 60,000 Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 6) After the buffalo, the most important animal to the Plains Indians was the A) dog. B) elk. C) deer. D) horse. E) jackrabbit. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 7) Which of the following tribes did NOT live on the Great Plains? A) Hopi B) Cheyenne C) Sioux D) Comanche E) Arapaho Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 8) Generally speaking, the Plains tribes A) depended on farming. B) emphasized one large, stable community. C) believed in the equality of the sexes. D) lived in bands of a few hundred. E) all spoke the same language. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 9) In the 1850s, government policy toward the Plains tribes was to A) exterminate them. B) define boundaries for each tribe. C) give each Native American “40 acres and a mule” for farming. D) provoke intertribal warfare. E) ignore them and hope they would eventually die out. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226-227 [Factual]

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10) After 1851, the U.S. government abandoned the policy of one large reservation because of each of the following factors EXCEPT A) wagon trains needed to cross the Great Plains. B) prospectors kept finding more gold and silver in the West. C) the Indians could not get along with each other and needed to be kept apart. D) a transcontinental railroad was being planned. E) the government wanted to clear the way for settlement. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226-227 [Factual] 11) Which of the following was NOT part of the national government’s policy towards Native Americans from the early 1870s to the mid-1880s? A) signing separate peace treaties with specific Indian tribes B) trying Native Americans in federal courts C) giving individual Native Americans parcels of land D) assimilating Native Americans into urban life E) establishing Native American schools Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 227 [Factual] 12) The Sand Creek massacre of 1864 was led by A) Ulysses S. Grant. B) George Custer. C) William Sherman. D) John Chivington. E) Joseph Smith. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 227 [Factual] 13) Which of the following was, perhaps, the greatest Native American victory over the United States Army? A) Battle of Wounded Knee B) Battle of Sand Creek C) Custer’s Last Stand D) Fetterman Massacre E) the “Trail of Tears” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 228 [Factual]

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14) The leader of the flight of the Nez Perce toward Canada in 1877 was A) Crazy Horse. B) Chief Joseph. C) Sitting Bull. D) Wounded Knee. E) Spotted Tail. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 228 [Factual] 15) Beginning in 1871, the United States government A) stopped dealing with Native American tribes as sovereign nations. B) started dealing with Native American tribes as sovereign nations. C) tried to restore lands to Native Americans. D) rejected the Dawes Act. E) began a systematic slaughter of all Native Americans still living in tribes. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 228 [Factual] 16) A popular new cult among the Native American Plains tribes by the late 1880s was A) the Ghost Dance. B) the Sun Dance. C) human sacrifice. D) Catholicism. E) the Great White Father. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 228 [Factual] 17) Which of the following was NOT accomplished by the Dawes Act? A) It greatly increased the power of tribal chiefs. B) It turned most Native Americans into private property owners. C) It established the criteria for citizenship for Native Americans. D) It attempted to destroy the remaining vestiges of Native American culture. E) It increased revenues to Native American schools. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 228 [Factual]

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Laundry Class at Carlisle Indian School, ca. 1901 18) The Carlisle Indian Industrial School was founded by Captain Richard Henry Pratt in 1879 at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Looking at the class for young Indian girls shown in the photo above, what was the purpose of this institution? A) to strip Indian children of their cultural identity and reshape them as model American citizens in the European mold B) to incorporate the best of Native American culture with those values associated with American citizenship to produce a new hybrid “Indian” culture C) to train Indian children to be valuable assets who would serve as Army scouts and Bureau of Indians Affairs teachers when they were returned to their respective reservations in the West D) to permanently transplant young Indians to towns and villages in the East where they would live as farmers and housewives and cast off their Native American identity E) to use the Indian children to teach easterners to respect Native American culture and values by displaying their skills and accomplishments Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 227-228 [Factual]

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19) The final blow to Native American tribal life on the Plains was A) the deaths of the major Native American leaders. B) the extermination of the buffalo herds. C) incessant tribal warfare. D) the reservation system. E) the introduction of crop farming. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 228 [Factual] 20) The first white migrations westward A) headed for the Middle Plains region. B) focused on the Southwest. C) rushed to Oregon and California. D) followed the traditional path of earlier settlers. E) steered toward the Great Lakes region. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 229 [Factual] 21) Westward migration in the post-Civil War period A) acted as a safety valve for discontented Americans. B) was generally financed by the federal government. C) was heaviest during economic depression. D) was inspired by religious missionaries seeking to convert the Native Americans. E) was heaviest during times of economic prosperity. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 229 [Factual] 22) Which of the following phrases describes the journey for most settlers westward? A) All members of the journey had tasks to fulfill on the trail. B) Only men migrated westward. C) Most settlers tried to make the journey as quickly as possible. D) The journey was easier for men than women. E) It was a disciplined and efficient enterprise. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 230 [Factual] 23) A common sight for pioneers heading west on the Oregon and other trails was A) the bleached bones of those who had gone before. B) menacing bands of hostile Indians. C) piles of trash discarded by previous travelers. D) indecent women prancing about in bloomers. E) cattle drives heading north. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 230 [Factual]

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24) The Timber Culture Act of 1873 primarily benefited A) homesteaders. B) unemployed miners. C) recent immigrants. D) southern freedmen. E) Native Americans. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 231 [Factual] 25) The Homestead Act of 1862 failed because A) it charged too much for government land. B) the land allotments were insufficient for farming arid land. C) it did not adequately convert the Native Americans to farmers. D) gold was discovered on land set aside for farming. E) too few settlers were willing to migrate west. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 230 [Factual] 26) Who was the West’s largest landowner? A) railroad companies B) immigrants C) eastern settlers D) Asian immigrants E) Mexico Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 230 [Factual] 27) Which of the following was NOT a law designed to promote settlement of the West? A) Homestead Act of 1862 B) Timber Culture Act of 1873 C) Miner Compensation Act of 1859 D) Timber and Stone Act of 1878 E) Desert Land Act of 1877 Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 230-231[Factual] 28) The 1902 federal law setting aside the proceeds from land sales to finance irrigation projects out West was A) the National Reclamation Act. B) the Timber Culture Act. C) the Timber and Stone Act. D) the Homestead Act. E) the Western Watering Act. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 231 [Factual]

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29) Which of the following did not have a Spanish-speaking population in the nineteenth century? A) California B) New Mexico C) Texas D) Kansas E) Arizona Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 231 [Factual] 30) Spanish-speaking people were the ethnic majority in ________ until the 1940s. A) California B) New Mexico C) Texas D) Nevada E) Arizona Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 231 [Factual] 31) The first major industry to attract large numbers of people to the West was A) cattle ranching. B) farming. C) fur trapping. D) shepherding. E) mining. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 232 [Factual] 32) The richest discovery in the history of mining was A) John Mackay’s Big Bonanza. B) the Black Hills. C) Sutter’s Mill. D) Tombstone. E) Silver City. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 232 [Factual] 33) The western cattle industry had its origins in A) Mexico. B) Spain. C) New England. D) the plantation South. E) Argentina. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 234 [Factual]

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34) Which of the following stimulated the western cattle industry? A) court decisions that allowed livestock to be transported across state lines B) the discovery of precious metals that made money available for investment in ranching C) railroads and a population increase in the eastern United States D) a decline in the amount of beef imported to the United States E) dietary changes in the eastern United States Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 234 [Factual] 35) The individual largely responsible for developing the “trail drive” was A) William Hickok. B) Joseph G. McCoy. C) Charles Goodnight. D) Henry Comstock. E) Hank Chisolm. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 234 [Factual] 36) Approximately 50 percent of cowboys driving the great herds from Texas to city markets in the 1870s were A) Asian Americans. B) African Americans and Mexicans. C) Europeans. D) Argentines. E) women. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 234 [Factual] 37) The increase of farmers in the West after the Civil War was caused, primarily, by A) the decline of ranching. B) failed miners looking for new occupations. C) the belief in economic opportunity by many Americans. D) an increase in the birthrate of the western farmers. E) advances in irrigation farming. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 235 [Factual] 38) In the late nineteenth century, farmers on the Great Plains usually lived in A) small villages. B) communal settlements. C) clustered farmhouses. D) isolated farmhouses. E) large, multi-family dwellings. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 235 [Factual]

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39) Which of the following did NOT make Great Plains agriculture more profitable in the late nineteenth century? A) large-scale irrigation B) the invention of barbed wire C) dry farming D) the chilled iron plow E) European wheat varieties Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 235-236 [Factual] 40) The inventor of barbed wire was A) John Chivington. B) Joseph F. Glidden. C) Frederick Jackson Turner. D) William F. Cody. E) Joseph McCoy. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 236 [Factual] 41) The ________ was established to help provide isolated farmers with social and cultural activities. A) Knights of Labor B) populist movement C) National Grange D) Farmers Alliance E) Ku Klux Klan Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 236 [Factual]

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(Library of Congress) 42) The organization portrayed in the poster shown above would support all of the following positions EXCEPT: A) legislative regulation of railroad freight rates. B) issuing unlimited numbers of greenbacks or silver coinage. C) direct election of U.S. senators by state voters. D) high protectionist tariffs. E) government support for farm cooperatives such as grain elevators, etc. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 236 [Factual] 43) Which of the following was NOT a source of discontent among farmers? A) weather difficulties B) increasing difficulties with Native Americans C) rising railroad rates D) heavy mortgages E) declining crop prices Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 236 [Factual]

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44) The so-called “final fling” of settlement on the frontier occurred in A) California. B) Oklahoma. C) Missouri. D) Oregon. E) Arizona. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 236 [Factual] 45) Frederick Jackson Turner was A) founder of the National Grange. B) the historian who first developed the frontier thesis. C) the most notorious of the western badmen. D) discoverer of the Comstock Lode. E) a famous wagon train boss. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 237 [Factual] 46) The 1890 census reported that the frontier line A) had reached the Great Plains. B) had reached the Rocky Mountains. C) had reached the Pacific Coast. D) had reached the Mexican border. E) could no longer be found. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 237 [Factual] 47) According to some historians, the most decisive influence on American society was the existence of the A) Native Americans. B) abundant forest land. C) frontier. D) great mountain ranges. E) Great Plains. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 237 [Factual] 17.2 True/False Questions 1) The one area of the nation that declined in population following the Civil War was the transMississippi West. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual]

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2) The majority of the Great Plains tribes were root and berry gatherers. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 3) For the most part, the Plains tribes were agrarian. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 226 [Factual] 4) The Ghost Dance religion helped prepare the Sioux for life on a reservation. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 228 [Factual] 5) The main purpose of the Dawes Act of 1887 was destroy Indian tribes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 228 [Factual] 6) Most of the migrations over land to the West were family affairs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 229 [Factual] 7) Native Americans and Mexicans did not have much influence over the culture and society of the West. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 229 [Factual] 8) A major obstacle to the development of the western cattle industry was the expense of purchasing large tracts of land. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 234 [Factual] 9) From 1850 to 1900, there were relatively few changes in farming technology in America. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 235 [Factual] 10) The Sooners are an example of the speed of western settlement in the second half of the nineteenth century. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 236 [Factual] 17.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe the major military confrontations between Native Americans and whites on the postCivil War frontier. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 226-228 [Factual]

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2) What impact did the frontier have on American attitudes, behavior, and institutions? Is the “frontier thesis” of Frederick Jackson Turner viable? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 237 [Factual] 3) Discuss the nature and hardships of life on the Great Plains in the late 1800s. What developments helped to alleviate these hardships? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 235-236 [Factual] 4) Contrast life on the western frontier for the miner, cattleman, and farmer. What social and economic factors contributed to the lifestyle developed by each group? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 232-236 [Conceptual] 5) If you were a Sioux chief relocated to a reservation in Oklahoma in 1900, what would you tell your grandchildren about your life and that of your people before the white man came? Once the white man arrived on the Great Plains, what happened to your way of life? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 226-228 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 18 The Industrial Society 18.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The most important advances in industrialization A) came in the last third of the nineteenth century. B) were made during the Civil War. C) had come in western Europe by 1900. D) had little effect on the American economy. E) began with the dawn of the twentieth century. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 240 [Factual] 2) How did the American government affect industrial growth? A) It followed a policy of laissez faire. B) It closely regulated the pace of the growth. C) It provided incentives for growth. D) It balanced agrarian and industrial demands. E) It increased taxes on industry. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 240 [Conceptual] 3) Which of the following was NOT a factor in American industrial development? A) an abundance of natural resources B) a heavy influx of immigrants C) new technological innovations D) industrialization of the South E) an abundance of labor Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 241 [Factual] 4) Industrial growth was concentrated in the A) Southwest. B) Northeast. C) Pacific. D) Southeast. E) Midwest. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 241 [Factual]

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5) The most significant technical innovation of the nineteenth century was A) Kodak cameras. B) oil. C) automobiles. D) the railroad. E) the Bessemer process. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 242 [Factual] 6) Which industry was considered the nation’s “first big business”? A) agriculture B) textiles C) steel D) communications E) railroads Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 242 [Factual] 7) The development of a national railway system A) provided needed jobs for an overabundant labor supply. B) had little effect on the economic changes of the late nineteenth century. C) led to an integrated national economic system. D) had little help from the political system. E) was not completed until the early twentieth century. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 242 [Factual] 8) Rapid rail construction after the Civil War was possible because A) there was little competition between the builders. B) the rail companies managed their money and land wisely. C) federal and state governments provided important incentives. D) the western half of the nation was uninhabitable. E) the South was eager to participate. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 242 [Factual] 9) A major change in the railroad industry after the Civil War was the development of A) major railroad trunk lines. B) competition between owners for local markets. C) regional marketplaces. D) international rail systems. E) a greater number of small rail companies. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 242 [Factual]

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(Library of Congress) 10) The political cartoon shown above most likely protests the business activities of which of the following individuals? A) Cornelius Vanderbilt, railroads B) J.P. Morgan, U.S. Steel Corporation C) Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie Steel D) John D. Rockefeller, oil production and transport E) Henry Ford, automobiles Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 243[Factual] 11) The two transcontinental railroad lines met at A) Sacramento, California. B) Reno, Nevada. C) Promontory, Utah. D) Santa Fe, New Mexico. E) Salt Lake City, Utah. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 243[Factual] 228 .

12) By 1894, American railroads A) had difficulty finding the capital to expand. B) suffered from competition and overexpansion. C) had consolidated into four major lines. D) had eliminated competition. E) were at the peak of their bargaining power. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 244 [Factual] 13) The most important figure in American finance was A) J. P. Morgan. B) Andrew Carnegie. C) Andrew Mellon. D) Albert Fink. E) E. F. Hutton. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 243 [Factual] 14) For J. P. Morgan, A) competition was the essence of industrial growth. B) orderly consolidation brought stability to the economy. C) the American economy should expand as rapidly as possible. D) the hurly-burly of the marketplace brought order and stability to the economy. E) railroads were a bad investment. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 243 [Factual] 15) Which of the following individuals is INCORRECTLY associated with the industry he helped to found? A) Andrew Carnegie/steel B) J. P. Morgan/finance C) Henry Bessemer/railroads D) John D. Rockefeller/oil E) William Kelly/steel Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 243-244 [Factual] 16) After 1870, the measure of a nation’s industrial progress was determined by A) the production of steel. B) the production of iron. C) the number of railroad lines. D) agricultural output. E) per capita exports. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 244 [Factual]

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17) In which type of organization does a company own all elements from raw material to finished product? A) horizontal integration B) conglomerate C) vertical integration D) corporate management E) trust Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 244 [Factual] 18) Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the industrial magnates of the late nineteenth century? A) ability to consolidate an industry B) ability to produce high-quality goods at a low cost C) ability to attract quality subordinates D) addressing the rights of workers E) managerial ability Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 245 [Factual] 19) Andrew Carnegie’s success could be attributed to the fact that he A) inherited a large family fortune. B) understood how to organize steel industry management, and its financial structure, to his best advantage. C) shared profits with subordinates. D) had no competition from other producers. E) had worked in the steel industry since childhood. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 244 [Conceptual] 20) This company became the first billion-dollar company. A) Thomson Steel Works B) Standard Oil C) Westinghouse D) U.S. Steel E) American Telephone and Telegraph Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 245 [Factual]

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21) The first modern trust was A) United States Steel. B) the Northern Securities Company. C) Standard Oil. D) Carnegie Steel. E) the Pennsylvania Railroad. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 245 [Factual] 22) As a result of the proliferation of patents in the late nineteenth century, A) the country imported its technology. B) the marketplace was oversaturated with goods. C) the U.S. became the prime source of technology. D) few Americans participated in the economic changes. E) Americans began to fear technology. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 246 [Factual] 23) The most important development in the communications system in nineteenth-century America was the A) telephone. B) post office. C) telegraph. D) radio. E) transatlantic cable. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 246 [Factual] 24) Which of the following were the most important inventions of the late nineteenth century? A) typewriter and calculating machine B) telephone and electricity C) spindles and sewing machines D) telegraph and processed meat E) automobiles and the assembly line Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 246 [Factual] 25) The greatest inventor of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America was A) Cyrus Field. B) Thomas Edison. C) Henry Bessemer. D) J. P. Morgan. E) George Westinghouse. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 246 [Factual]

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26) Long-distance transmission of electricity was made possible by the use of an alternating current motor, developed by A) Thomas Edison. B) Benjamin Franklin. C) Nikola Tesla. D) Guglielmo Marconi. E) Alexander Graham Bell. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 247 [Factual] 27) Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the advent of advertising and large scale retailing? A) Americans became consumers. B) The demand for goods increased. C) The national market was joined in all parts of the nation. D) Most consumers felt threatened by the new industrial goods. E) Americans became aware of needs they didn’t know they had before. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 247 [Factual] 28) Each of the following companies was a large scale retailer in the late nineteenth century EXCEPT A) A & P. B) Woolworth’s. C) Sears, Roebuck and Co. D) KMart. E) Montgomery Ward. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 247 [Factual] 29) Which of the following individuals was NOT an innovator in department store retailing in the late nineteenth century? A) R. H. Macy B) James B. Duke C) John Wanamaker D) Richard W. Sears E) Alvah C. Roebuck Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 247 [Factual]

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30) The development of brand names, chain stores, and mail order houses A) drove the prices of goods upward. B) confused consumers. C) had little effect on the buying public. D) created a gulf between consumer and producer. E) provided convenience and standardization. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 247 [Factual] 31) In the late 1800s, most working women A) were young and single. B) were married with children. C) were African American. D) had many professional opportunities. E) were widows or single mothers. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 247 [Factual] 32) In comparison to male workers, female workers A) found equal pay for equal work. B) were relegated to traditional “feminine” jobs. C) reaped the rewards of the industrial system. D) were respected as important income earners. E) generally had female managers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 247 [Factual] 33) The process of feminization took place in which of the following professions in the late nineteenth century? A) law B) accounting C) the ministry D) teaching E) telegraph operation Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248 [Factual] 34) Which of the following groups received the greatest rewards from industrialization? A) white, native-born females B) foreign-born males C) African-American males D) white, native-born males E) skilled workers in all categories Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248 [Factual]

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35) Most industrial workers found A) old work routines to be applicable in the workplace. B) their work environment fluid and unstable. C) that their workplace became personalized. D) little difficulty in adjusting to the workplace. E) they enjoyed their new jobs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248 [Factual] 36) The principles on which the Knights of Labor were founded included A) fostering a revolution to overthrow the American political system. B) uniting laborers, regardless of their background. C) creating a nationalized economic system, run by the government. D) unifying producers and nonproducers in one union. E) lobbying for a federal health insurance program. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248 [Factual] 37) The leader of the Knights of Labor was A) Jay Gould. B) Samuel Gompers. C) Terence Powderly. D) John L. Lewis. E) Eugene Debs. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248 [Factual] 38) The ________ invited women and minorities to join. A) American Federation of Labor B) Teamsters Union C) Congress of Industrial Organizations D) Knights of Labor E) National Labor Union Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248 [Factual] 39) Why did the Knights of Labor fail? A) It could not provide effective national leadership. B) It was unable to organize the workers. C) It had no successful strikes. D) It was unable to develop a set of objectives. E) Terence Powderly was imprisoned. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248-249 [Factual]

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40) By the 1890s, the most important labor organization in the country was the A) Teamsters Union. B) Congress of Industrial Organizations. C) American Federation of Labor. D) Union of Iron and Steel Workers. E) Union of Sleeping Car Porters. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 249 [Factual] 41) Unlike the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor A) believed workers would rise in stature. B) organized skilled and unskilled workers. C) emphasized economic goals for workers. D) organized a majority of the workers. E) hoped all workers could eventually become self-employed. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 249 [Factual] 42) As the leader of the American Federation of Labor, he tried to achieve pragmatic goals for his workers. A) Terence Powderly B) Samuel Gompers C) John L. Lewis D) Uriah S. Stephens E) Eugene Debs Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 249 [Factual] 43) For women workers, the American Federation of Labor A) enthusiastically supported their needs. B) either ignored or opposed them as members. C) brought important changes to the workplace. D) allowed them into leadership positions. E) encouraged all producing women to join. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 249 [Factual]

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Chicago, 1886 44) All of the following observations can be made from the information provided in the labor union handbill that appears in the above EXCEPT: A) It was to be a mass meeting of workers organized by an anarchist group to protest the shooting of workers the previous day by Chicago police. B) Agents of the Soviet Union infiltrated the meeting to cause violence that resulted in the arrest of several anarchist leaders, their trial for murder, and the execution of some of those leaders. C) All types of working men were invited, including foreign-born immigrants. D) Definite organizational skills and the ability to respond immediately to situations is demonstrated in this poster. E) The mass meeting called for in this poster resulted in the Haymarket Bombing Incident and the death or injury of several in the Chicago police force. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 249 [Factual] 45) The principle of the “iron law of wages” stated that A) the welfare of the workers dictated wages. B) supply and demand regulated wages. C) all workers should be treated the same. D) the quality of work should be determined by the managers. E) wages should remain unchanged as long as possible. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 249 [Factual]

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46) The great strike of 1877, in which more than a hundred people died, involved A) steel workers. B) cowboys. C) railroad workers. D) oil workers. E) textile workers. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 250[Factual] 47) The Haymarket Square riot A) brought public sympathy to the plight of the workers. B) strengthened the national labor movement. C) weakened the national labor movement. D) forced government regulation of unions. E) took place in New York City. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 250 [Factual] 48) The Homestead Strike A) forced management to meet the workers’ demands. B) was resolved through negotiation and bargaining. C) had little interference from the government. D) highlighted the cost of industrialization. E) was peaceful compared to Haymarket. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 250 [Factual] 18.2 True/False Questions 1) By 1900, American society had radically changed from its Civil War days. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 251 [Factual] 2) Immigration had little impact on economic development in the late nineteenth century. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248 [Factual] 3) State and local governments played only a small role in financing construction in late nineteenth-century America. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 241[Factual] 4) The American railway system of the late nineteenth century was well organized. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 243 [Factual]

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5) A great series of mergers occurred in American industry in the late nineteenth century. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 244 [Factual] 6) The first telephone exchange opened in 1878, the same year a phone was installed in the White House. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 246 [Factual] 7) In most jobs, status and pay were divided unequally between men and women. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248[Factual] 8) The Knights of Labor was the first really successful labor union in American history. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 248 [Factual] 9) The court injunction was used to stop labor strikes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 249 [Factual] 18.3 Essay Questions 1) Why did industrial development occur at such a rapid pace after the Civil War? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 241 [Factual] 2) How did the railroad industry pioneer the economic developments of the late nineteenth century? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 242-243 [Factual] 3) Could American industrial growth have occurred without the industrial giants of the period? Explain. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 244-245 [Conceptual] 4) Had the definition of work changed by 1900? How did workers respond to the change? Were they successful? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 247-248 [Factual] 5) You are a steel worker in Pennsylvania. What reasons would you have for joining a union? Describe your hopes and aspirations for yourself and your family. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 248-250 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 19 Toward an Urban Society, 1877–1900 19.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The rise of cities and industry A) had little effect on American life. B) provided opportunities for all Americans. C) sustained the foundations of pre-Civil War society. D) caused sweeping changes in all segments of American society. E) was steady throughout the nineteenth century. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 252 [Conceptual] 2) The architect who invented the “skyscraper” was A) Louis H. Sullivan. B) Frank Lloyd Wright. C) Peter Chin. D) Jane Addams. E) William Allen White. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 253 [Factual] 3) Building the new skyscrapers depended on the invention of A) concrete reinforced pilings. B) electrical elevators. C) automatic window cleaners. D) indoor plumbing. E) steel girders. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 252 [Factual] 4) Tenement houses in cities were A) inexpensive but attractive apartments. B) popular homes for the wealthy. C) overcrowded firetraps. D) suburban highrises. E) middle-class residential centers. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 253 [Factual]

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5) Which of the following statements about late nineteenth-century immigrants is NOT true? A) Most came seeking economic opportunities. B) Most were highly skilled craftsmen. C) Most were young males. D) Most settled along the eastern seaboard. E) Often they already knew someone in the United States. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 253[Factual] 6) In 1890, what percentage of New York City residents were of foreign birth or foreign parentage? A) 60 B) 65 C) 70 D) 75 E) 80 Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 253[Factual] 7) By the end of the nineteenth century, most immigrants arrived from A) southern and eastern Europe. B) northern and western Europe. C) Mexico. D) the Pacific. E) China. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 253[Factual] 8) For most Americans, the new immigrants of the late nineteenth century A) represented new hopes for the future of society. B) were seen as threats to the future of society. C) should be quickly assimilated with society. D) were ignored as unimportant. E) were welcomed because of the need for workers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254[Factual]

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9) As the new immigrants entered American society, A) they were well prepared to make the adjustment. B) they clung to the customs of their native countries. C) they quickly assimilated into the society. D) they never were able to adjust to the conditions of their new lives. E) they gave up their native languages. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254[Factual] 10) One consequence of the urban growth of the late nineteenth century was the development of A) urban renewal in neighborhoods. B) upper-class neighborhoods. C) urban planning. D) powerful city political machines. E) high standards for construction. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255[Factual] 11) The most famous political machine of the late nineteenth century was A) the Fifth Street Gang. B) Tammany Hall. C) the Irish Mafia. D) the Lamar Circle. E) the Coughlin Gang. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255[Factual]

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In Counting There Is Strength Boss Tweed Portrayed by Thomas Nast, 1868 (Harper’s Weekly, September 5, 1868) 12) Which of the following statements accurately describes the suggestion being offered by Thomas Nast in the cartoon shown above? A) Massive political corruption is occurring in elections. B) Efficient city government is needed to organize democratic voting. C) The right to vote is important. D) National reforms, especially the direct election of U.S. senators, should occur now. E) Mafia organizations have taken control of New York City. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255 [Conceptual] 13) The most famous of the urban political bosses in the late nineteenth century was A) William Tweed. B) Henry George. C) Jane Addams. D) Dwight L. Moody. E) James McManes. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255 [Factual]

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14) An urban political boss who defended the political machine as philanthropy was A) Christopher Buckley. B) James McManes. C) George Washington Plunkitt. D) John Kelly. E) “Hinky Dink” Kenna. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255[Factual] 15) Which of the following was NOT a reason urban political machines stayed in power? A) There was little control over urban life. B) They understood how to use the political system for their own good. C) They performed social services for the immigrants. D) They used violence regularly. E) The cities needed the services they provided. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 255 [Conceptual] 16) Which of the following statements about American life in the nineteenth century is NOT true? A) Meals tended to be heavy and so did people. B) Medical science was still hopelessly locked into the past. C) Infant mortality declined between 1877 and 1900. D) There were few hospitals and no hospital insurance. E) Food prices were low. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 256 [Factual] 17) In the Victorian code of morality, A) children were active participants in family life. B) wives were to be acknowledged as equal partners to their husbands. C) moral values were less important than economic values. D) strict standards of behavior were expected. E) young women could finally go out without a chaperone. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 257[Factual] 18) If an American became ill in the 1870s, A) hospital insurance would cover the cost of the illness. B) home care would be the accepted form of treatment. C) there was little help from the medical profession. D) recent medical discoveries would guarantee recovery. E) he or she would probably die. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 256[Factual] 243 .

19) Most Americans in the 1880s A) no longer held religious beliefs. B) believed the school was the center of life. C) were church-attending Protestants. D) had few moral standards. E) were Catholic. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 257[Factual] 20) After the Civil War, A) there was little need for reform movements. B) women were excluded from reform movements. C) reform movements remained active in American life. D) the national government was the major agent for change. E) reformers focused exclusively on temperance. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 257[Factual] 21) The Comstock Law A) prohibited the sale of liquor. B) ended corruption in politics. C) ended segregation in the South. D) legislated public morality. E) never made it through Congress. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 257[Factual] 22) What did the popularity of spectator sports indicate? A) the influence of European culture B) the increased amount of leisure time C) the breakdown of sexual barriers D) increased freedom for children E) the boredom of industrial workers Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 258[Factual] 23) The most popular spectator sport in the late nineteenth century was A) baseball. B) golf. C) tennis. D) basketball. E) boxing. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 258[Factual] 244 .

24) The middle-class American family of the late nineteenth century A) found its status had remained unchanged. B) became more isolated from the world of work. C) had a greater economic function. D) tended to deteriorate under the impact of industrialization. E) had more children. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 258[Factual] 25) The New Woman A) won respect from American society. B) developed from the economic changes of the times. C) quickly won political and civil rights. D) was usually married, working out of choice. E) still could not get a divorce. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 258[Factual]

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Election Day, 1901 (Library of Congress) 26) All of the following observations can be correctly drawn from the cartoon printed above EXCEPT: A) Women had successfully achieved the right to vote. B) The cartoonist was presenting an anti-woman’s suffrage argument. C) The cartoon argues that traditional gender roles might be reversed. D) The cartoon suggests home and family life would be disrupted. E) Women abandoning the passive role in the family is presented as a negative. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 259[Factual] 27) In the late nineteenth century, A) few women entered the work force. B) most women took advantage of the economic changes. C) few women challenged the system. D) the role of women in society was changing. E) womanly “innocence” was never questioned. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 258[Factual]

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28) In the late 1800s, the common-law doctrine of femme couverte A) was revised to adapt to the changes of the period. B) provided women with freedom in their marriages. C) brought women new political rights. D) was strongly supported by women. E) was central to the idea of the “new woman.” Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 258[Factual] 29) A founder of the National American Woman Suffrage Association was A) Rheta Childe Dorr. B) John H. Kellogg. C) Susan B. Anthony. D) Charlotte Gilman. E) Rebecca Ablowitz. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 259[Factual] 30) Public schools in the 1870s and 1880s A) placed greater value on educating females. B) vigorously stressed discipline and routine. C) ignored moral or religious education. D) emphasized egalitarianism between students and teachers. E) were considered better than factories by most students. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 259[Factual] 31) As a result of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision, A) African American education was supposed to be “separate but equal” to white education. B) integration of schools was to occur with deliberate speed. C) illiteracy among school age children would be eradicated. D) de facto segregation could no longer occur. E) teachers at black schools were paid the same as their counterparts at white schools. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 259[Factual] 32) A major change in the college curriculum of the late nineteenth century was to A) train students for the ministry. B) emphasize classical curriculum. C) have students follow a rigorous, prescribed curriculum. D) stress the practical application of education. E) eliminate electives from the curriculum. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 259[Factual] 247 .

33) The ________ gave large grants of land to states to establish agricultural colleges. A) Carnegie Foundation B) Homestead Act C) Public Education Act D) Morrill Land Grant Act E) Standard Oil Company Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 259[Factual] 34) The influential president of Harvard in the late 1800s was A) Richard Ely. B) Charles W. Eliot. C) Henry George. D) Edward Bellamy. E) Daniel Coit Gilman. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 259[Factual] 35) African Americans and other minorities A) found increased educational opportunities after the Civil War. B) were not encouraged to participate in new educational opportunities. C) had little interest in participating in the educational system. D) were determined to force the educational system to provide for their needs. E) could not afford to take advantage of new educational opportunities. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 260[Factual] 36) Booker T. Washington A) believed African Americans should fight for equal rights. B) had little hope for the future of African Americans in American society. C) believed in the merits of patience and hard work for African Americans. D) emphasized the importance of higher education for African Americans. E) founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 260[Factual] 37) W. E. B. Du Bois A) supported the views of Booker T. Washington. B) advocated revolutionary tactics for African Americans. C) was popular with African American and white society. D) believed educational advancement was the key to success. E) was the author of the Atlanta Compromise. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 260[Factual] 248 .

38) The Social Darwinists A) believed the laws of nature applied to society. B) were active reformers in the late nineteenth century. C) had enormous influence on American society. D) raised important questions about the conditions of society. E) stressed society’s responsibility to aid the poor. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 261[Factual] 39) The leading American advocate of Social Darwinism was A) Walter Rauschenbusch. B) Richard Ely. C) William Graham Sumner. D) Washington Gladden. E) Edward Bellamy. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 261[Factual] 40) According to his theory, a “single tax” would have equalized wealth and raised revenue to aid the poor. A) Edward Bellamy B) Karl Marx C) Henry George D) Herbert Spencer E) Clarence Darrow Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 261[Factual] 41) According to Henry George, A) modern society was perfect. B) there was a wide gulf between rich and poor. C) little could be done to alleviate the problems of the poor. D) a graduated income tax would solve the nation’s problems. E) the poor in America were making real progress. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 261[Factual] 42) As a young lawyer, Clarence Darrow believed that A) aiding the poor was interfering with the evolutionary process. B) capitalism must be overthrown. C) without poverty there would be no crime. D) capital punishment was essential to the maintenance of civil order. E) a “single tax” on corporate profits would solve all social problems. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 261[Factual] 249 .

43) ________ wrote the book Looking Backward which looked forward to a future of socialism in America. A) Walter Rauschenbusch B) Edward Bellamy C) Richard Frick D) Jane Addams E) Henry George Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 261[Factual] 44) Which of the following individuals was the most active leader of the Social Gospel? A) Washington Gladden B) Walter Rauschenbusch C) William Sumner D) Henry Ward Beecher E) Lewis M. Pease Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 261[Factual] 45) A Social Gospel minister believed that A) the environment controlled humankind. B) poverty was evidence of sinfulness. C) the next world was more important than this one. D) the church must actively participate in society. E) Social Darwinism could be incorporated into the church. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 261[Conceptual] 46) Jane Addams was the founder of A) the South End House in Boston. B) the Henry Street Settlement in New York. C) Golden Home in San Francisco. D) Hull House in Chicago. E) the Neighborhood Guild in New York. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 262[Factual] 47) Sociologist Walter Wyckoff studied A) urban blacks. B) unskilled laborers. C) migratory farm workers. D) immigrant families. E) southern “white trash.” Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 263[Factual] 250 .

19.2 True/False Questions 1) Most of the growth of American cities was from natural growth. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 253[Factual] 2) Most native-born Americans welcomed the immigrants with open arms. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254[Factual] 3) New immigrants to America maintained their loyalty to their Old World cultures by speaking the native language, practicing their religious faith, reading their own newspapers, and often attending parochial schools. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 254[Factual] 4) Between 1860 and 1910, the rural population of the United States increased more rapidly than the urban population. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 256[Factual] 5) Religious values remained strong in the second half of the nineteenth century. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 257[Factual] 6) Fertility rates did not change in the second half of the nineteenth century. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 258[Factual] 7) During the late nineteenth century, the urban middle-class family became increasingly isolated from the world of work. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 258[Factual] 8) The Settlement House movement reached all working-class groups in the cities. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 262[Factual] 19.3 Essay Questions 1) What was the purpose of the Settlement House movement? Evaluate its objectives and methods. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 262 [Factual and Conceptual]

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2) The new immigrants of the late nineteenth century faced many hardships as they sought a place in American society. To what do you account their ability to make a home in America? What internal and external resources were available to make the transition easier for them? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 253-254 [Conceptual] 3) Compare the role of the political machines and the social reformers in dealing with the new urban environment of the late nineteenth century. Which group was more successful? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 255, 261-262 [Factual and Conceptual] 4) How did the changing American residential patterns of the late nineteenth century reflect the larger changes of American society? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 252-254 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) Compare and contrast the ideas of William Graham Sumner with those of Richard Ely. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 261 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 20 Political Realignments in the 1890s 20.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Why were Americans fascinated by politics during the late nineteenth century? A) Women and men were voting for the first time. B) African Americans were able to use their newly won suffrage. C) The quality of political candidates was excellent. D) Most Americans saw it as a form of entertainment. E) Cash incentives made people eager to vote. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 266 [Conceptual] 2) The “grandfather clause” waived the literacy requirement for voters whose ancestor had A) already passed a literacy test. B) fought in the Civil War. C) been white. D) voted before 1867. E) correctly interpreted the Constitution. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 266 [Factual] 3) Which of the following groups made up the bulk of the electorate until 1900? A) white males B) white males and white females C) white and African American males D) African American males E) landowning white males Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 266[Factual] 4) Which of the following was NOT part of the Republican party’s platform in the post-Civil War period? A) high protective tariffs B) civil rights legislation C) subsidies to railroads D) decentralized government power E) promotion of moral progress Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 267[Factual]

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5) Which of the following is NOT true of American politics in the 1870s and 1880s? A) The Republicans dominated the Northeast. B) The Democrats dominated the South. C) National elections were usually decided in the “doubtful” states that extended from New York to Illinois. D) The influence of the Civil War generation was fading. E) Nationally, the two parties were evenly balanced in strength. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 267[Factual] 6) The first state railroad commissions A) had enormous power. B) were advisory in nature. C) could regulate intrastate commerce. D) were effective in regulating trade. E) focused primarily on agriculture. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 7) In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the right of states to regulate commerce. A) Wabash v. Illinois B) Munn v. Illinois C) E. C. Knight v. Illinois D) Fletcher v. Peck E) Marbury v. Madison Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 8) The Wabash decision stated that A) states could regulate only intrastate commerce. B) states could jointly regulate interstate commerce. C) only the federal government could regulate intrastate trade. D) private property was the sanctity of the individual. E) states could regulate both intrastate and interstate commerce. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 9) The Interstate Commerce Commission A) was designed to protect the power of the railroads. B) had little effect on interstate commerce. C) was designed to strengthen states’ rights. D) had little support from the American consumer. E) was the first attempt at federal regulatory commissions. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 254 .

10) Until the 1890s, A) the presidency was weaker than Congress. B) the presidency was able to assert its power. C) Congress had little interest in national affairs. D) few presidents seemed committed to national affairs. E) power was equally divided between the president and Congress. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 11) The president who entered the White House after the disputed election of 1876 was A) Grover Cleveland. B) William McKinley. C) Rutherford B. Hayes. D) Benjamin Harrison. E) William Jennings Bryan. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 12) Which of the following presidents was assassinated in office? A) James Garfield B) Rutherford B. Hayes C) Grover Cleveland D) Chester A. Arthur E) William H. Taft Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual]

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Political Cartoon, c. 1900 (Library of Congress) 13) Examine the political cartoon (circa 1900) shown above and determine which of the following observations could be correctly drawn from the drawing. A) Politicians and political parties are innately corrupt. B) Washington’s observations in his “Farewell Address” about parties was correct. C) The problem displayed in the cartoon still exists in contemporary politics. D) Legislative bodies in a democracy are easily corrupted. E) It was considered essential in 1900 to pass the direct election for U.S. senators amendment. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268 [Conceptual] 14) The Pendleton Act A) eliminated presidential appointments. B) created a merit system for governmental appointments. C) allowed Congress greater power in appointing government jobs. D) gave the judiciary greater power in the national government. E) established the Secret Service. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268 [Factual]

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15) Grover Cleveland A) increased federal activities. B) was committed to higher tariffs. C) curtailed federal activities. D) brought dishonor to the Democratic party. E) was reelected in a landslide in 1888. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 16) Which of the following was a Democrat who served as president? A) Grover Cleveland B) Benjamin Harrison C) William McKinley D) James A. Garfield E) William Jennings Bryan Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual]

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Keep the Ball Rolling for Benjamin Harrison, 1888 (Library of Congress) 17) Examine the photograph given above (circa 1888). Which of the following statements is a correct observation that can be drawn from the information contained within the photo? A) The purpose of the ball was to entice the involvement of massive numbers of the voting public with “hands on” campaign efforts supporting Harrison. B) A campaign tool of the opposition party, the campaign workers planned to roll over Benjamin Harrison and destroy his campaign in effigy. C) This campaign tactic demonstrated the elitist nature of politics in 1888 where only a few individuals were allowed to participate. D) Benjamin Harrison’s main voter attraction was his gallant military career during the Civil War. E) Benjamin Harrison’s supporters stood for clean government and passage of a civil service bill to end the spoils system. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual]

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18) Which one of the following court decisions severely crippled the Sherman Antitrust Act? A) Munn v. Illinois B) United States v. E. C. Knight C) Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway v. Illinois D) Simpson v. Thomas E) Sherman v. Southern Mining Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 269[Factual] 19) As speaker of the House, he was able to force legislation through Congress. A) Thomas Reed B) James Blaine C) Roscoe Conkling D) William Seward E) James B. Seking Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 20) Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of the Harrison administration? A) McKinley Tariff Act B) Sherman Antitrust Act C) Bland-Allison Act D) Sherman Silver Purchase Act E) Dependent Pensions Act Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 21) The Sherman Antitrust Act A) was vague and at the mercy of the courts. B) had little effect on antitrust policy. C) was only concerned with regulating railroads. D) did not have criminal penalties for violators. E) was used aggressively by the Justice Department. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 22) The case of United States v. E.C. Knight A) strengthened the regulatory powers of the federal government. B) provided stronger regulation over manufacturing. C) had little effect on national policy. D) gave the Supreme Court an opportunity to uphold and strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act. E) drew a sharp distinction between commerce and manufacturing. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 269[Factual] 259 .

23) Those who supported the free coinage of silver A) were convinced it would raise wages and crop prices. B) were primarily found in the North and East. C) wanted to keep the monetary power from the national government. D) found little support for their views in Congress. E) thought it would deflate the currency. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 269[Factual] 24) The Sherman Silver Purchase Act A) assured that the nation would have a bimetallic system. B) allowed the government to demonetize silver in favor of gold. C) kept limited silver coinage in circulation. D) allowed for the free coinage of silver. E) recognized the continuing scarcity of silver in the U.S. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 269[Factual] 25) Why was the Republican-controlled Congress of 1890 important? A) It was unable to assert federal authority. B) Its legislation shaped the future policy of the nation. C) It would be overwhelmingly re-elected. D) It gained the support of the Democrats. E) It spent frugally in an effort to build up the U.S. Treasury. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 269[Factual] 26) Which of the following was NOT a reason for farm discontent in the late nineteenth century? A) the inability to organize and voice their discontent B) the belief that railroad rates were rising C) the inability to control market prices D) the perception of a loss of status in society E) farm mortgages Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 269[Factual] 27) Which of the following was NOT an organization of farmers that sprang into existence in the late 1880s? A) Colored Farmers’ Alliance B) Southern Alliance C) Northwestern Alliance D) the Grange E) Farmer’s Alliance and Industrial Union Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 269-270[Factual] 260 .

28) The major objective of the Alliance Movement was A) to form a social organization for farmers. B) to organize and politicize the American farmer. C) to ensure equal distribution of wealth. D) to elect Democrats and Republicans who represented the farmers. E) to protect farmers against greedy cattle ranchers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 270[Factual] 29) The Populist candidate for president in 1892 was A) William Jennings Bryan. B) James Weaver. C) Mary Lease. D) William McKinley. E) Grover Cleveland. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 270[Factual] 30) The election of 1892 A) brought disappointing results for the Populists. B) provided the Populists with a national forum. C) saw many voters switching to the Populist party. D) had little effect on the national issues. E) brought Leonidas Polk to the presidency. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 270[Factual] 31) The Panic of 1893 A) was caused by the economic changes of the period. B) was confined to a small group of investors. C) had little effect on the national government. D) brought quick, decisive action by the government. E) caused banks to increase their number of loans. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 271[Factual] 32) Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the depression of 1893? A) American ideas about the role of the political system changed. B) It created a bitter fight over currency. C) Rural and urban societies were brought closer together. D) American society was permanently transformed. E) Widespread business failures resulted Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 271[Factual] 261 .

33) As the leader of the unemployed marching on Washington, he demanded that the government fund jobs. A) Eugene Debs B) Thomas Watson C) Samuel Gompers D) Jacob Coxey E) Samuel Boxley Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 271[Factual] 34) The individual who rocketed to national attention because of the Pullman strike was A) Jacob Coxey. B) Theodore Dreiser. C) Eugene V. Debs. D) Henry Adams. E) Thomas Watson. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 271[Factual] 35) President Cleveland broke the Pullman strike on grounds that it had A) exposed the U.S. to foreign invasion. B) interfered with the collection of taxes. C) raised the possibility of open class warfare. D) obstructed the delivery of the mail. E) forced wealthy travelers to ride in ordinary passenger cars. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 271[Factual] 36) Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Pullman strike? A) The economy of the western half of the nation was paralyzed. B) Grover Cleveland used the U.S. army. C) The Supreme Court endorsed the use of injunctions in labor disputes. D) Eugene Debs rose to national prominence. E) The workers had their demands met. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 271[Factual] 37) In the 1890s, miners of the Midwest A) were seriously affected by the flood of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. B) had strong public support for their economic goals. C) were not impacted by the economic changes of the period. D) were alienated from the political and economic system. E) were generally well paid for their labor. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 271 262 .

38) The president of the United States during the depression of 1893 was A) Ulysses S. Grant. B) Grover Cleveland. C) Rutherford B. Hayes. D) William McKinley. E) Theodore Roosevelt. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 271[Factual] 39) Early in the 1890s, the Democrats succeeded in A) modestly reducing tariff levels. B) taking the United States off the gold standard. C) driving the economy to higher levels. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 272[Factual] 40) In 1894, A) Grover Cleveland had strong support for his policies. B) few voters supported a strong, active government. C) the Populist party was a major political party. D) the deadlock between the Republicans and Democrats ended. E) Americans became more suspicious of government power. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 272[Factual] 41) The greatest change in American literature during the late 1800s was the rise of A) poetry. B) evolutionism. C) realism. D) romanticism. E) impressionism. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 273[Factual] 42) The writings of Mark Twain A) reflected the mood of romanticism in literature. B) portrayed life in the tenements of the East. C) relied on literary language in his prose style. D) relied on the realism and humor of American life. E) never gained international prominence. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 273[Factual] 263 .

43) Which of the following individuals was NOT a prominent American writer of the late nineteenth century? A) Mark Twain B) Louisa May Alcott C) Jacob Coxey D) Stephen Crane E) Frank Norris Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 273[Factual] 44) The literary naturalists argued that A) the environment had a great effect in shaping human character. B) human beings had a great deal of control over the forces affecting their lives. C) writers should focus on fabricating romances. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 274[Factual] 45) The leading naturalist writer of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was A) William Dean Howells. B) Theodore Dreiser. C) Mark Twain. D) Joel Chandler Harris. E) Harriet Beecher Stowe. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 274[Factual] 46) The major issue of the election of 1896 was A) currency. B) tariffs. C) patronage. D) regulation of the railroads. E) race relations. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 274[Factual] 47) When the Democrats endorsed silver in 1896, the Populists A) disbanded and merged with the Democrats. B) seconded the nomination of Bryan. C) disbanded and merged with the Republicans. D) seconded the nomination of McKinley. E) nominated Tom Watson of Georgia for president. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 275[Factual] 264 .

48) The two major presidential candidates of the 1896 election were A) William Howard Taft and William Jennings Bryan. B) Thomas Reed and Grover Cleveland. C) William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley. D) Marcus Hanna and Thomas Watson. E) Grover Cleveland and William Jennings Bryan. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 275[Factual] 49) As president, William McKinley A) was an activist president. B) could not get along with Congress. C) was perceived as a reactionary president. D) decreased federal power while in office. E) maintained an isolated administration. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 276[Factual] 50) The 1890s A) seem unimportant in the twentieth century. B) saw little economic growth. C) entrenched the political patterns of the past. D) saw the triumph of decentralization. E) shaped the destiny of the nation. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 276 [Conceptual] 20.2 True/False Questions 1) During the late 1800s, relatively few Americans voted in the major elections. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 266[Factual] 2) During the late 1800s, Democrats, for the most part, wanted to keep government local and small in scope, while Republicans had a national perspective. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 267[Factual] 3) The 1870s and 1880s saw a new generation of politicians dominate the political system. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 267[Factual] 4) State laws of the late nineteenth century enlarged governmental authority. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 265 .

5) During the late 1800s, farm prices fell steadily. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 269[Factual] 6) During the depression of 1893, life was much better in the cities than on farms. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 271[Factual] 7) Although Grover Cleveland and William Jennings Bryan were both Democrats, they had very different political philosophies. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 274[Factual] 8) The election of 1896 forced William Jennings Bryan into an uncomfortable political alliance. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 275[Factual] 9) After 1896, the Democratic party quickly returned to power. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 275[Factual] 10) The Republican-controlled Congress of 1890 was one of the least active in U.S. history. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 268[Factual] 20.3 Essay Questions 1) Politics was a major interest in American society during the late nineteenth century. How successful were the political parties (Democrats and Republicans) in dealing with the major issues of the times? Was it inevitable for a third political party to be formed? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 275 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Is it correct to assume the election of 1896 was a turning point in American political history? Explain. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 275 [Conceptual] 3) What alternatives to the political system did American farmers have for solutions to their problems in the late nineteenth century? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 269-270 [Factual] 4) Why was the Populist party unsuccessful in reaching beyond its narrow base of support? Include an analysis of its platform, candidates, and supporters. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 270, 274-275 [Factual]

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5) Beyond the immediate effects of the depression of 1893, why did it create a crisis for American society? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 271 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 21 Toward Empire 21.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Theodore Roosevelt resigned from his position as ________ to organize the Rough Riders. A) vice president B) secretary of defense C) assistant secretary of defense D) secretary of the navy E) assistant secretary of the navy Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 278 [Factual] 2) Why was the American expansion of the 1890s different from earlier expansionist moves? A) It was intended for settlement. B) It was primarily for agricultural objectives. C) It would create economic and military colonies overseas. D) It would venture into uninhabited areas. E) It was the result of war. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 278[Factual] 3) Which of the following was NOT a factor in fostering a change in American foreign policy by 1890? A) the census report of 1890 B) concern over lack of natural resources C) oversaturation of domestic markets D) the rise of evolution-inspired notions of racial superiority E) the perceived need for more foreign markets Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 279[Factual] 4) By 1900, American exports of merchandise totaled ________ per year. A) $1.4 million B) $1 million C) $1.4 billion D) $1 billion E) $2.4 billion Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 279[Factual]

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5) For many political and religious leaders, expansionism A) meant the demise of the American system. B) would threaten the purity of the Anglo-Saxon race. C) would put the United States into direct conflict with western European nations. D) would mean the triumph of American civilization around the globe. E) went against American ideals. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 279[Factual] 6) Josiah Strong A) fostered the concept of the righteousness of American expansion. B) believed that only missionary work should be done overseas. C) had little regard for the theories of Charles Darwin. D) hindered American expansion through his religious teachings. E) thought foreign trade was unimportant. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 279 [Conceptual] 7) Which one of the following individuals supported the concept of Anglo-Saxon superiority? A) John Fiske B) William Jennings Bryan C) John Burgess D) William Seward E) Josiah Strong Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 279[Factual] 8) William Seward’s foreign policy emphasized A) avoiding entangling foreign alliances. B) concentrating on promoting trade and commerce. C) alliances with major European powers. D) United States domination of the Americas. E) Mexico but excluded Canada. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 279[Factual] 9) The Treaty of Washington in 1871 A) created a breach in Anglo-American relations. B) showed the diplomatic skills of Hamilton Fish. C) allowed Grant to extend American influence in Asia. D) provided for the arbitration of the Alabama claims against Great Britain. E) B and D Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 280[Factual] 269 .

10) Where were the greatest diplomatic successes for James G. Blaine? A) Asia B) western Europe C) Latin America D) Hawaii and Guam E) Mexico Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 280[Factual] 11) In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward had the United States purchase Alaska from A) Spain. B) Britain. C) Russia. D) China. E) Canada. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 279[Factual] 12) The first territory outside the North American continent acquired by the United States was A) Alaska. B) Hawaii. C) the Philippines. D) the Midway Islands. E) Puerto Rico. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 279[Factual] 13) In 1895, the United States and Great Britain came perilously close to war over a boundary dispute involving A) Puerto Rico. B) Venezuela. C) Cuba. D) British Honduras. E) the Virgin Islands. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 280[Factual]

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14) During the Cleveland administration, which nation did the United States replace as the major power in Latin America? A) Germany B) Great Britain C) Venezuela D) Mexico E) Spain Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 280[Factual] 15) Why did American interest in Hawaii increase in the 1890s? A) There was intense pressure by American missionaries. B) There was a fear of German influence in the region. C) The economic and military value of the islands increased. D) American political leaders believed the islands could be a model for expansionism. E) Native Hawaiians appealed to the United States for help. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 281[Factual] 16) Which of the following was NOT a difficulty in annexing the Hawaiian Islands? A) no clear motives for annexation B) the threat of Japanese military actions C) the opposition to annexing non-Anglo-Saxons D) the lack of political consensus for annexation in Washington E) the fear of provoking “colonial problems” Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 281[Factual] 17) In response to the successful American revolt in Hawaii in 1893, Grover Cleveland A) immediately annexed the islands. B) restored the queen to power. C) apologized to the Hawaiian people. D) refused to recognize the new government. E) tried, but failed, to restore the queen to power. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 281[Factual]

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18) The Samoan Islands A) evoked brutal American aggression. B) provided the United States with its initial outpost in the South Pacific. C) were completely insignificant to American interests. D) forced the United States into a military alliance with Germany. E) belonged exclusively to the United States by 1899. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 281[Factual] 19) The leading advocate of a powerful navy in late nineteenth-century America was A) Alfred Thayer Mahan. B) James G. Blaine. C) Thomas Platt. D) William McKinley. E) William Jennings Bryan. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 281[Factual] 20) According to the theories of Alfred Thayer Mahan, A) large armies would protect American interests around the globe. B) American greatness would be recognized through industrial output. C) little would be gained from American expansion abroad. D) a strong navy was an integral part of America’s wealth and power. E) standing armies were dangerous. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 281 [Conceptual] 21) In their approaches to the Cuban rebellion against Spain, A) President Cleveland was generally neutral while President McKinley favored the insurgents. B) President Cleveland wanted to intervene on behalf of the insurgents but McKinley wanted neutrality. C) both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley wanted war with Spain. D) both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley were totally neutral. E) both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley opposed any involvement with Spain or Cuba. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 282[Factual]

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22) Which of the following did NOT play any role in bringing on the Spanish-American War in 1898? A) the annexation of Hawaii B) the de Lôme letter C) the sinking of the Maine D) yellow journalism E) officer-led riots in Havana in January Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 282[Factual] 23) Which policy of General Weyler in Spain was intended to destroy the Cuban rebellion? A) reservation system B) internment policy C) reconcentration plan D) Lamlet system E) zero tolerance Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282[Factual] 24) One consequence of General Weyler’s policy in Cuba was A) to generate public sympathy for the Cuban people among Americans. B) that it ended the Cuban rebellion. C) strong support from the American government. D) an alliance between the Cuban rebels and the American government. E) the end of “reconcentration.” Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 282[Factual] 25) To the publishers of yellow journalism, A) quality articles were of primary importance in publishing. B) newspapers should be the standard-bearers for the nation. C) sensationalism was to be avoided. D) sensational news articles would increase sales. E) women should not be journalists. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282[Factual]

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26) By 1897, Spain A) was unwilling to meet any American demands. B) made concessions to avoid a confrontation with the United States. C) supported the policies of General Weyler. D) seemed determined to maintain control of Cuba at all costs. E) agreed to give up Cuba rather than go to war. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282[Factual] 27) Why did President McKinley ask for a declaration of war against Spain? A) He was weak and indecisive and forced into war. B) The conflicting national interests of Spain and the United States left few alternatives. C) He hoped that a war would bring him political power and imperial gains. D) Spain was unwilling to accede to any of the demands of the United States. E) The Cuban people appealed to him directly. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 283 [Conceptual] 28) At the outset of the Spanish-American War, A) there was little public support for the war in the U.S. B) the American military was well-prepared to fight a war. C) it was difficult to find the necessary volunteers for the American military. D) the American army was composed of soldiers well-trained in quelling Native American uprisings. E) the American army was 200,000 strong. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283 [Factual] 29) The term smoked Yankee in the Spanish-American War referred to A) northern artillery units. B) the United States’ African American infantry regiments. C) guerrilla fighters in Cuba. D) Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders. E) members of integrated units. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 284[Factual]

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30) During the Spanish-American War, African Americans in the military A) found segregation and discrimination similar to civilian life. B) were treated as equals and given opportunities for advancements. C) had little opportunity to distinguish themselves in battle. D) were able to pressure the government for civil rights reforms. E) were never allowed command positions. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 284 [Conceptual] 31) The actions of Commodore Dewey in the Philippines A) had little effect on the outcome of the war. B) disproved Mahan’s theories regarding naval supremacy. C) brought a surprisingly quick victory. D) showed the strength of the Spanish fleet. E) were undeniably illegal. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 284[Factual]

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Bill of Fare “Well, I Hardly Know Which to Take First!” (Menu reads “Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and other Islands”) Uncle Sam is the diner who makes the comment; President McKinley is the waiter. (Library of Congress) 32) Examine the ideas presented in the political cartoon shown above. Which of the following concepts most closely describes the ideas presented in the cartoon? A) popular sovereignty B) isolationism C) imperialism D) nativism E) nationalism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 285 [Conceptual] 33) Which of the following individuals is incorrectly matched with the area of his greatest foreign policy success? A) James G. Blaine/Latin America B) George Dewey/Russia C) William Seward/Alaska D) John Hay/China E) John W. Foster/Hawaii Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282-285[Factual]

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34) Which of the following territories caused the most debate about the merits of acquiring an empire for the United States? A) Guam B) Hawaii C) Puerto Rico D) the Philippines E) the Dominican Republic Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 286[Factual] 35) Which of the following was NOT an argument opposing annexation of the Philippines? A) The natives could not be Christianized. B) Colonization was anti-American. C) The Filipinos could never become Americans. D) Cheap labor could be imported from the Philippines. E) Trade could continue without annexation. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 286[Factual] 36) Which of the following individuals favored the annexation of the Philippines? A) Jane Addams B) Andrew Carnegie C) Mark Twain D) William McKinley E) Samuel Gompers Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 286[Factual] 37) The Philippine-American War was A) a minor event for Americans. B) more costly than the Spanish-American War. C) fought in a traditional manner. D) never completely resolved. E) over even before the Spanish-American War. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 287[Factual]

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38) Which of the following groups was most likely to support the anti-imperialists in 1898? A) New England Democrats B) midwestern Republicans C) southern Democrats D) western Republicans E) northern Republicans Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 286[Factual] 39) The leader of the Filipino resistance movement against the U.S. occupation of the Philippines was A) Emilio Aguinaldo. B) Andres Samoza. C) William Howard Taft. D) Ferdinand Marcos. E) Jose Marti. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 287[Factual] 40) Under the terms of the Taft Commission, the United States A) would control the Philippines in perpetuity. B) gave the Filipinos complete independence. C) provided funds but did not interfere with local government. D) gave the army complete control of the Philippines. E) guaranteed future independence for the Philippines. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 287[Factual] 41) In which of the following territories did the native inhabitants receive United States citizenship in 1900? A) Guam B) Hawaii C) Puerto Rico D) the Philippines E) Alaska Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 288[Factual]

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42) The Foraker Act A) extended independence to Hawaii. B) established the Taft Commission in the Philippines. C) gave citizenship to Alaskans. D) denied Great Britain access to Filipino markets. E) established civil government in Puerto Rico. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 288[Factual] 43) American rule found the quickest acceptance in A) Cuba. B) the Philippines. C) Puerto Rico. D) Hawaii. E) Guam. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 288[Factual] 44) What document provided the terms for U.S. intervention in Cuba? A) Platt Amendment B) Teller Amendment C) the Foraker Act D) Taft Commission E) the Intervention Act Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 289[Factual] 45) By 1900, China A) had succeeded in resisting European influence. B) was the leading Asian power. C) had succumbed to European imperialism. D) had closed the door to the outside world. E) welcomed U.S. intervention. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 289[Factual] 46) The author of the Open Door diplomatic notes was A) Theodore Roosevelt. B) George Dewey. C) William McKinley. D) John Hay. E) William Jennings Bryan. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 289[Factual] 279 .

47) The Open Door notes A) forced U.S. entry into China. B) met with the approval of western Europe. C) had little effect on American policy in the Far East. D) provided the United States with a sphere of influence in China. E) were publicly denounced in China. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 289[Factual] 48) The Boxer Rebellion took place in A) the Philippines. B) China. C) Hawaii. D) Cuba. E) Puerto Rico. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 289[Factual]

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As President McKinley studies a map of the Philippines, Lady Liberty pulls back curtains to reveal a landscape of lynched and murdered African Americans with the comment: “Civilization Begins at Home.” (Library Digest) 49) Which of the following observations would most closely and accurately describe the point of view of the artist who drew the cartoon shown above? A) Reconstruction had been an embarrassing failure for the United States and Radical Republicans. B) President McKinley should turn his attention from foreign adventures and imperialism to much more important and pressing issues at home. C) Racism and groups like the Ku Klux Klan were littering the nation with crimes against African American citizens. D) Imperialism and colonial expansion were the central focus of the McKinley administration. E) The United States should turn back toward the tried and true position of isolationism as proposed by George Washington in his “Farewell Address.” Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 281 [Conceptual]

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50) By 1900, the United States A) had become a major world power. B) seemed unclear in its foreign policy. C) was not an equal of the European powers. D) had little success in Asia. E) dominated the Western Hemisphere but had yet to become a major world power. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 290[Factual] 21.2 True/False Questions 1) In the last half of the nineteenth century, American foreign policy was consistent throughout the world. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 278 [Factual] 2) In 1898, Theodore Roosevelt was one of the prominent Americans opposed to the war with Spain. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 278[Factual] 3) During his presidency, Grover Cleveland aggressively pursued the annexation of Hawaii. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 280[Factual] 4) In the 1890s, Spain continued to maintain a far-flung empire. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282[Factual] 5) The Spanish-American War provided the United States with the opportunity to become a world power. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282[Factual] 6) The American military was unified in the war effort. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283[Factual] 7) Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were all Spanish colonies before the SpanishAmerican War. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283[Factual]

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8) At the outset of the war with Spain in 1898, the United States enjoyed a state of advanced readiness and organization. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 284[Factual] 9) Walter Reed was the army surgeon responsible for wiping out yellow fever in Cuba. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 289[Factual] 10) The Boxer Rebellion affirmed the need for the Open Door Notes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 289[Factual] 21.3 Essay Questions 1) By 1900, the United States had created an overseas empire. Was this empire a natural culmination of its expansionist path at home? Explain, using specific examples of the type of territories that became part of this empire. Explain why these territories were important to the American government and society. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 278-283 [Conceptual] 2) Why was the Spanish-American War “a splendid little war” for the United States? What effect did it have on American society? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283-285 [Conceptual] 3) You are writing your congressional representative a letter regarding the annexation of the Philippines. Explain why you believe he or she should vote either for or against this decision. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 287 [Conceptual] 4) Describe why the American war in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War was so costly and so controversial. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 287 [Factual] 5) Explain why the United States developed the Open Door policy. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 287 [Factual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 22 The Progressive Era 22.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) What was the term for journalists who investigated American life and sought to expose corruption and questionable practices? A) muckrakers B) yellow journalists C) sensationalists D) rationalists E) the New Journalists Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 291[Factual] 2) Which one of the following individuals was NOT a prominent muckraker? A) Ida Tarbell B) Lincoln Steffens C) James G. Blaine D) Upton Sinclair E) Samuel McClure Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 291[Factual] 3) The focus of Lincoln Steffens’ research and writing was A) corruption in city government. B) filth in meatpacking plants. C) monopolies. D) conservation. E) unhealthy working conditions. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 291[Factual] 4) The best example of a mass-produced consumer product in the early 1900s was A) the air conditioner. B) the McCormick reaper. C) the Model T of Henry Ford. D) Edison’s motion pictures. E) the radio. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292[Factual]

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5) Henry Ford showed that enormous revenues could come from A) cheap, low-quality goods. B) an emphasis on craft methods of production. C) low-volume, high-quality production. D) small unit profit on a large volume of sales. E) high-priced luxury goods. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 292[Factual] 6) Ford got the idea for the moving assembly line by observing A) a July 4 parade. B) a bakery. C) a meat packing plant. D) a farmer plowing a series of parallel furrows. E) a wheat harvest on a bonanza farm. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292[Factual] 7) The law requiring every state desiring federal funds to establish a highway department to plan routes, oversee construction, and maintain roads was the A) Street Transportation Act of 1915. B) Federal Aid Roads Act of 1916. C) Interstate Highway Act of 1922. D) Road Construction Act of 1913. E) Thoroughfare Act of 1914. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292[Factual] 8) In 1909, just ________ percent of industrial firms produced nearly half of all manufactured goods. A) 1 B) 10 C) 25 D) 33 E) 35 Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292[Factual]

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9) The control of a commodity or service by a small number of large, powerful companies is called A) a trust. B) an oligopoly. C) a monopoly. D) a holding company. E) a consortium. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292[Factual] 10) Between 1898 and 1903, the American economy saw A) an increase in the number of smaller businesses. B) greater competition among all businesses. C) a wave of mergers and consolidations. D) the outlawing of trusts. E) meager overall business growth. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292[Factual] 11) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the economic trend was toward A) a greater number of industrialists. B) a replacement of industrial capitalists by financial capitalists. C) a decline in the dominance of large corporations. D) the triumph of the small firm. E) the dominance of the small businessman. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 293[Factual] 12) The leading financier in the United States in the early 1900s was A) Lincoln Steffens. B) Upton Sinclair. C) J. P. Morgan. D) John Theodoric. E) George Vanderbilt. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 293[Factual]

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13) New methods of production in the first years of the twentieth century A) were large-scale and mechanized. B) relied heavily on keeping workers satisfied. C) depended on the workers’ willingness to work. D) depended almost totally on automation. E) emphasized a unique product that would be better than the one before. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 293[Factual] 14) In 1900, ________ founded the first industrial research laboratory. A) Du Pont B) General Electric C) Standard Oil D) Eastman Kodak E) Westinghouse Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 293[Factual] 15) Frederick Winslow Taylor’s management methods emphasized A) keeping the employee happy. B) creating a comfortable working environment. C) trusting the employee’s willingness to work. D) the enforcement of work standards and cooperation. E) allowing the worker to develop the best solutions to problems. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 293[Factual] 16) In the new industrial system, workers A) found a safer working environment. B) took greater pride in their workmanship. C) frequently faced repetitive and boring work tasks. D) noticed little change in their work environment. E) found many choices. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 294[Factual] 17) This disaster forced state and national attention on working conditions in factories and stores. A) Homestead mining strike B) Farmington fire C) Ludlow disaster D) Triangle Shirtwaist fire E) Hormel stampede Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294[Factual] 287 .

18) In general, farmers A) were hurt by the increasing urbanization of American society. B) received some benefit from the effects of urbanization. C) totally opposed urbanization. D) were only slightly affected by urbanization. E) aggressively rejected urbanization. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 294[Factual]

Woman’s Sphere, c. 1900 (Library of Congress) 19) The cartoon shown above argues what position? A) Women are not properly suited for a public role in society and should confine their activities to the home and family. B) Given the right to vote, women would move from backyard gossips to responsible citizens. C) Women should be given a full and complete academic education to prepare them for their roles in society. D) Divorce and birth control threatens the heart and structure of the American family. E) A “Woman’s Sphere” properly lays in the church, the home, and the family. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295 [Conceptual] 288 .

20) Between 1900 and 1920, women A) increasingly found medical careers open to them. B) increasingly found professional careers closed to them. C) received considerable support in their quest for careers. D) found opportunities for careers equal to those of men. E) taught in colleges and universities in increasing numbers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual] 21) In the early 1900s, the majority of “new” immigrants commonly included people from any of the following countries EXCEPT A) Poland. B) Italy. C) Russia. D) Germany. E) Greece. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296[Factual]

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“Breaker Boys,” Western Pennsylvania, 1911 (Records of the Children’s Bureau, The National Archives, Office of the Chief Signal Officer) 22) In the early part of the 20th century, deep concern among middle-class Americans about the evil that was portrayed in the photograph shown above was on the list of “must do” reforms pushed by which of the following groups? A) Radical Republicans B) Populists C) Women’s Trade Union League D) American Protective Society E) New Deal Democrats Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual] 23) At the beginning of the twentieth century, many African Americans A) found their situation improved substantially. B) received equal opportunities for quality education. C) worked in the South as sharecroppers. D) had little reason to protest. E) often banded together to start businesses. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 295 [Conceptual]

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24) The Niagara Movement was headed by A) W. E. B. Du Bois. B) Booker T. Washington. C) William Walling. D) Marcus Garvey. E) William Lloyd Garrison. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual] 25) The main focus of the Niagara Movement was A) conservation of natural resources. B) African American rights. C) the achievement of lower tariffs. D) Mexican American civil rights. E) women’s rights. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual] 26) Which one of the following individuals took a gradualist approach to African American concerns? A) Booker T. Washington B) Upton Sinclair C) W. E. B. Du Bois D) Samuel Gompers E) Raymond Robins Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual] 27) Which organization led the fight for equal rights and education for African Americans? A) WCTCU B) NAACP C) Wobblies D) ACTUC E) SNCC Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual]

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28) Padroni were A) temporary immigrants who planned to return to Europe. B) priests who ministered to immigrants from southern Europe. C) labor agents who recruited immigrant workers. D) employers who held immigrant workers in a form of peonage. E) the first Mafia crime bosses. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296[Factual] 29) As a bird of passage, an immigrant A) stayed in the United States. B) quickly became an American citizen. C) quickly moved west to farm. D) was detained, or “caged,” indefinitely. E) did not stay permanently in the United States. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296[Factual] 30) In the first decades of the twentieth century, Mexican immigration A) occurred at a steady rate. B) increased significantly. C) had little impact on the United States. D) was encouraged by the United States government. E) rarely occurred. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296[Factual] 31) Immigrants to the United States in the early 1900s A) were generally received with open arms. B) were easily assimilated into American society. C) encountered considerable hostility from American nativists. D) faced few problems adapting to their new environment. E) prospered financially. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296[Factual]

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32) The “science” of eugenics held that A) population growth among “inferior” peoples should be limited. B) the bumps on a person’s scalp could be used to generate a character profile. C) people should avoid red meat and consume only dairy products and cereal grains. D) peace could be attained if the peoples of the world could just get along. E) environment was more important than heredity in shaping the human character. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296[Factual] 33) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the American Federation of Labor A) became increasingly radical. B) remained devoted to the interests of skilled craftsmen. C) included more and more unskilled workers. D) lost its place as the largest American union. E) aligned itself with the management of America’s largest corporations. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 297[Factual] 34) Which one of the following individuals headed the American Federation of Labor? A) Booker T. Washington B) Upton Sinclair C) W. E. B. Du Bois D) “Big Bill” Heywood E) Samuel Gompers Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 297[Factual] 35) Which of the following individuals was a founder of the Industrial Workers of the World? A) Booker T. Washington B) Upton Sinclair C) “Big Bill” Haywood D) Samuel Gompers E) Mary McDowell Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 297[Factual] 36) The Industrial Workers of the World A) was the most radical American labor union. B) sought to parallel the American Federation of Labor. C) had little impact on immigrant workers. D) was readily accepted by the American business establishment. E) greatly restricted its membership. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297[Factual] 293 .

37) Concerned about labor unrest, some business leaders A) placed armed guards in their factories. B) encouraged union activism. C) turned to applied psychology for answers. D) felt they could do little to solve the problem. E) adopted a policy of limited force and coercion. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 297[Factual] 38) The leading figure in the development of industrial psychology was A) Ivy L. Lee. B) Henry Ford. C) Frederick Winslow Taylor. D) J. P. Morgan. E) Elizabeth Flynn. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 297[Factual] 39) In terms of worker relations, Henry Ford A) was generally behind the times. B) showed little concern for his workers. C) used trickery and brute force to achieve his aims. D) developed a poor image that limited his choice of workers. E) tried many innovations. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 298[Factual] 40) By 1920, A) the quality of life had improved for many Americans. B) the number of available jobs had decreased. C) the quality of life had improved only for the upper class. D) few Americans received the benefits of the new industrial technology. E) most aspects of life had remained unchanged for a couple of generations. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298[Factual]

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41) The drop in the median age of the American population was NOT a result of A) immigration. B) advances in medical treatment. C) better living conditions. D) lower infant mortality rates. E) higher birth rates. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298[Factual] 42) The greater leisure time available to workers resulted from A) less flexible work schedules. B) a decrease in the length of the work week. C) a rise in unemployment. D) longer work breaks. E) a decrease in the use of machines and automation. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298[Factual] 43) D. W. Griffith was the A) musician who developed ragtime. B) famous marching band director. C) father of scientific management. D) director of the first movie spectacular, The Birth of a Nation. E) inventor of the saxophone. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298[Factual] 44) The violence of ________ led to the establishment of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). A) hockey B) football C) lacrosse D) basketball E) baseball Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298[Factual]

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45) Music in the Progressive period A) was strongly influenced by the African American experience. B) experienced little change. C) became more classical in its orientation. D) originated in the northern urban environment. E) traced its roots to western Europe. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 299[Factual] 46) A popular form of entertainment that drew from the immigrant experience was A) the band concert. B) ragtime. C) vaudeville. D) jazz. E) the minstrel show. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 299[Factual] 47) Which of the following pioneered improvisational dance? A) Bessie Smith B) Kate Douglas Higgins C) Isadora Duncan D) “Jelly Roll” Morton E) Lucretia Mott Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 299[Factual] 48) New York’s ________ attracted avant garde artists, writers, and poets. A) Harlem district B) Bowery C) Manhattan Island D) Five Points E) Greenwich Village Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 300[Factual] 49) The Ashcan School of artists A) turned against realistic portrayals of life. B) shared with the reformers a feel for the environment. C) were abstract artists. D) were influenced by European artists. E) believed that “less is more.” Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 300[Factual] 296 .

22.2 True/False Questions 1) By 1909, one percent of the industrial firms in the U.S. produced more than half of all manufactured goods. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292[Factual] 2) Most American workers had little control over the products they produced. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 293[Factual] 3) There were more women in medical school in 1890 than in 1920. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual] 4) By 1900, children were entering the workforce in increasing numbers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual] 5) Child labor all but disappeared in the United States in the early 1900s. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295[Factual] 6) The new immigrants had an easy time assimilating into American society. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296[Factual] 7) During the early 1900s, tensions decreased between workers and their employers. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 296[Factual] 8) By 1900, the American middle class was increasing in size. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298[Factual] 9) Americans actually had less leisure time in the cities than they enjoyed in the rural areas. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298[Factual] 22.3 Essay Questions 1) How did increasing urbanization between 1900 and 1920 change American society? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 298-299 [Factual and Conceptual] 297 .

2) How did new twentieth-century concepts of organization and management change the life of the American worker? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 292-294, 296-297 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) What were the characteristics of the “new immigrant” between 1900 and 1920? How did this wave of immigration differ from early ones? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296 [Factual] 4) Describe Henry Ford’s theory of production, profit, and labor relations. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292, 298 [Factual] 5) In what ways did popular entertainment change during the Progressive period? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298-300 [Factual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 23 From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism 23.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

Puck Magazine, 1910 Retired President Theodore Roosevelt looks on with disappointment at the snarled mess President Taft has made of his polices and government. (Scott Foresman Addison Wesley) 1) Examine the ideas presented in the Puck cartoon shown above. Which of the following statements best describes the actions which followed? A) Angry Republican Progressives took to the primary trail, gained control of the 1912 Republican national convention, and nominated Roosevelt for president. B) Roosevelt threw his support behind Bob LaFollette in a failed challenge against the conservative Taft at the 1912 Republican national convention. C) Roosevelt seized control of the insurgency movement among Progressive Republicans and mounted the Bull Moose campaign of 1912. D) Roosevelt and his Republican Progressives bolted their party to join with the Progressive Democrat Woodrow Wilson and defeat Taft in 1912. E) Roosevelt announced his support for the Socialist candidate, Eugene V. Debs in 1912. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 302 [Factual] 2) After leaving the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt A) joined the Democrats. B) took up cattle ranching in the Dakotas. C) went on an African safari. D) became a socialist. E) wrote several best-selling novels. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 302[Factual] 299 .

3) Which of the following was NOT characteristic of progressivism? A) It sought radical changes in American life. B) It meant to humanize and regulate big business. C) Its members were fundamentally optimistic about human nature. D) Its members were willing to intervene in other people’s lives. E) It emphasized the role of the environment in human development. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 303[Factual] 4) Many of the leaders of the progressive movement A) opposed professional work and workers. B) shared a sense of optimism. C) tended toward radical views of reform. D) opposed the expansion of women’s rights. E) were determined to have a negative effect on big business. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 303[Factual] 5) The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for A) women’s suffrage. B) prohibition. C) a federal income tax. D) direct election of senators. E) extending the franchise to eighteen-year-olds. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 304[Factual] 6) The woman suffrage movement suffered from each of the following problems EXCEPT A) disunity. B) male opposition. C) resistance from the Catholic Church. D) opposition from the prohibition movement. E) indecision on whether to pursue remedies at the state or national level. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 304[Factual] 7) The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for A) women’s suffrage. B) prohibition. C) a federal income tax. D) direct election of senators. E) extending the franchise to eighteen-year-olds. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 304[Factual] 300 .

8) In the 1918 Hammer v. Dagenhart decision, the Supreme Court A) declared the Payne-Aldrich Tariff unconstitutional. B) overturned a federal law limiting child labor. C) sustained a federal law prohibiting child labor. D) created the Federal Trade Commission. E) overturned the Second Child Labor Act. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 305[Factual] 9) The leading advocate of the philosophy of pragmatism was A) William James. B) William Howard Taft. C) Harvey Wiley. D) Upton Sinclair. E) John Dewey. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 305[Factual] 10) Which one of the following is incorrectly matched? A) Woodrow Wilson/New Freedom B) Theodore Roosevelt/New Nationalism C) Robert M. La Follette/Wisconsin Idea D) Thomas Johnson/Pragmatism E) Eugene Debs/Socialism Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 305[Factual] 11) The most effective proponent of using environmental data over legal precedent was A) William Howard Taft. B) Louis Brandeis. C) Clarence Darrow. D) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. E) Eugene V. Debs. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 305[Factual] 12) The most influential educator of the Progressive Era was A) Thomas Johnson. B) Eugene V. Debs. C) Robert M. La Follette. D) John Dewey. E) William James. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 305[Factual] 301 .

13) The most prominent American socialist during the Progressive Era was A) “Big Bill” Haywood. B) Gifford Pinchot. C) Eugene V. Debs. D) Upton Sinclair. E) Daniel DeLeon. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 306[Factual] 14) According to progressive reformers in the cities, especially crucial to the success of their causes were A) trained experts. B) bankers. C) politicians. D) basic scientists. E) mayors. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 306[Factual] 15) The commission form of government was pioneered in A) New York City. B) Philadelphia. C) Galveston. D) Boston. E) Chicago. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 307[Factual] 16) Tom Johnson, one of the leading Progressive mayors, led the city of A) Galveston. B) Toledo. C) Cleveland. D) Boston. E) New York. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 307[Factual]

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17) To Progressives, the commissions they championed offered a way to A) increase their political power. B) reduce the power of reformers. C) end the corrupt alliance between business and politics. D) provide employment for their supporters. E) get regular citizens into political offices. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 307[Factual] 18) The most famous reform governor of the Progressive Era was A) Robert M. La Follette. B) “Golden Rule” Jones. C) Hiram Johnson. D) Lincoln Steffens. E) Richard Ely. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 308[Factual] 19) Which of the following states had the most progressive reform program in the early 1900s? A) New York B) Delaware C) Mississippi D) Washington E) Wisconsin Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 308[Factual] 20) Theodore Roosevelt angered southerners by inviting ________ to the White House. A) Booker T. Washington B) W. E. B. DuBois C) George Washington Carver D) Madam C. J. Walker E) Scott Joplin Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 308[Factual] 21) The Supreme Court’s decision in the Northern Securities case A) paved the way for several other antitrust actions. B) had little effect on the problem of trusts overall. C) was opposed by Roosevelt. D) affected only the smaller American trusts. E) was unanimous. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 308[Factual] 303 .

22) In the great coal strike of 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt A) played no role at all in settling the dispute. B) sympathized completely with the company owners. C) decided to support the Pure Food and Drug Act. D) invited both sides to a White House conference. E) shut down the mines for two months. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 309[Factual] 23) The Hepburn Act of 1906 A) was aimed, primarily, at the mining industry. B) lessened government regulation of industry. C) strengthened the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission. D) raised the tariff. E) banned child labor. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 310[Factual] 24) Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, led to passage of the A) Hepburn Act. B) Mann-Elkins Act. C) Meat Inspection Act. D) Elkins Act. E) Clayton Antitrust Act. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 310[Factual]

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Horsford’s Acid Phosphate Tonic, Providence, R.I., 1888 “A tonic for tired brain, physical exhaustion, nervousness, indigestion.” (Library of Congress) 25) The product advertised in the broadside shown above would later be banned by which of the following pieces of legislation? A) Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 B) Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 C) Volstead Act of 1919 D) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FDC) Act of 1938 E) Public Health Service Act of 1944 Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 310[Factual] 26) Roosevelt’s push to regulate the food and drug industry A) was, in part, the result of his reading of popular literature. B) occurred because of his personal experience with impure drugs. C) reflected the influence of Congressional pressure. D) was inconsistent with his general attitude toward reform. E) was a political ploy to win votes. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 310[Factual] 27) Before becoming president, Taft’s greatest strength was A) as an administrator. B) as a politician. C) in the area of economic strategy. D) his personal style. E) as an orator. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 311[Factual] 305 .

28) Compared to Roosevelt, William Howard Taft A) was an activist. B) had less faith in the government’s ability to impose reform. C) did not act as aggressively against the trusts. D) had fewer real problems to confront. E) was a more dynamic politician. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 311[Factual] 29) Dividing the Republican party early in Taft’s administration was A) the issue of foreign policy and government. B) the problem of banking regulation. C) a decision concerning the need to lower tariffs. D) the question of campaign strategy. E) split loyalty between Taft and Roosevelt. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 311[Factual] 30) William Howard Taft did NOT alienate progressive Republicans by A) curbing the power of Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon. B) endorsing a tariff increase. C) supporting Interior Secretary Richard Ballinger. D) campaigning against them in the 1910 congressional elections. E) generally becoming a tool of the conservative Republicans. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 311-312[Factual] 31) The 1910 election was significant because A) the Republicans suffered tremendous losses in Congress. B) the Democratic party maintained its control of Congress. C) Taft gained additional power as president. D) a third party appeared. E) it was a major victory for the Republicans. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 312[Factual]

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32) Which one of the following individuals was NOT a candidate for president of the United States in 1912? A) Theodore Roosevelt B) Woodrow Wilson C) William Howard Taft D) Robert M. La Follette E) Eugene Debs Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 33) Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912 because A) he was more popular than Roosevelt. B) of the split in the Republican party. C) of the support of Taft. D) he won the support of the Socialists. E) he won the support of Progressives. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 34) The election of 1912 A) focused on U.S. domestic concerns. B) offered voters two radically different candidates. C) revealed American fears regarding the approach of World War I. D) split the Democratic party. E) focused on foreign policy. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 35) In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt was the candidate of the A) Bull Moose party. B) Republican party. C) Democratic party. D) Know-Nothing party. E) Democratic-Progressive party. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual]

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36) In 1912, Roosevelt’s New Nationalism A) demanded a stronger role for the president and government. B) called for tighter immigration laws. C) represented a repudiation of progressivism. D) was readily accepted by all Progressives. E) was resolutely anti-trust. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 37) Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom called for A) the expansion of government. B) less government regulation. C) business competition and small government. D) government restraint of competition. E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 38) In the election of 1912, A) the Socialists received nearly one million votes. B) Woodrow Wilson won the presidency. C) William Howard Taft won the presidency. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 39) The Sixteenth Amendment A) established civil rights guidelines. B) authorized the direct election of senators. C) gave women the vote. D) authorized an income tax. E) extended the franchise to eighteen-year-olds. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 314[Factual] 40) In 1913, Woodrow Wilson became the first president in over a century to A) ask for a declaration of war. B) call a special session of Congress. C) veto a bill for constitutional reasons. D) allow ordinary citizens to attend his inaugural ball. E) address the Congress in person. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 308 .

41) The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 A) lowered tariff rates. B) continued the tradition of raising tariffs. C) was opposed by Wilson. D) required little skill for passage by Congress. E) kept tariff rates constant for two years. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 42) The most important domestic law of Wilson’s administration was the A) Underwood Tariff. B) Dingley Tariff. C) Federal Reserve Act. D) Pure Food and Drug Act. E) Clayton Antitrust Act. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 43) The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 A) outlawed trusts. B) prohibited interlocking directorates and unfair trade practices. C) was opposed by the labor movement. D) was supported by big business. E) died in committee. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 314[Factual] 44) The ________ was established in 1914 to oversee business practices. A) Federal Trade Commission B) Federal Reserve System C) Interstate Commerce Commission D) Keating-Owen Law E) Trust Compliance Commission Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 314[Factual] 45) In the final analysis, Wilson’s domestic programs indicated A) his exclusive belief in New Freedom ideas. B) his outright opposition to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism. C) a blending of the two competing doctrines of progressivism. D) his failure as a reformer. E) his determination to win reelection by pleasing as many voters as possible. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 314[Factual] 309 .

46) Which of the following individuals was named to the Supreme Court during the Woodrow Wilson administration? A) Louis D. Brandeis B) William Howard Taft C) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. D) William H. Moody E) all of the above Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 314[Factual] 47) Woodrow Wilson’s record on race relations A) elicited the support of African Americans. B) disappointed African Americans and many Progressives. C) won him support in the South. D) showed his consistent opposition to racial discrimination. E) was incredibly liberal. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 314[Factual] 48) The Adamson Act of 1916 A) dealt with the problem of race relations. B) was designed to help the farmer. C) was an anti-labor measure. D) imposed the eight-hour day on railroads. E) finally ended child labor in the U.S. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 315[Factual] 49) Which of the following individuals was probably the least progressive on the race question in America? A) W. E. B. Du Bois B) Woodrow Wilson C) Theodore Roosevelt D) Booker T. Washington E) William Howard Taft Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 314[Factual] 23.2 True/False Questions 1) Most Progressives were associated with the Democratic party. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 303[Factual] 310 .

2) Theodore Roosevelt’s invitation to Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House was popular in all sections of the country. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 308[Factual] 3) Theodore Roosevelt’s attitude and actions toward trusts were invariably clear and consistent. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 309[Factual] 4) In the great coal strike of 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt played an important role in bringing about a negotiated settlement. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 309[Factual] 5) Theodore Roosevelt can be considered one of the country’s first conservation-minded presidents. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 310[Factual] 6) William Howard Taft won the presidential election of 1908. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 311[Factual] 7) William Howard Taft’s effectiveness as president was limited by the growing split between the conservative and progressive wings of the Republican party. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 311-312[Factual] 8) In the election of 1912, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson espoused similar progressive philosophies regarding the government’s approach to national problems. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 9) Woodrow Wilson was a somewhat backward and uneducated man at the time he ran for president of the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 313[Factual] 10) Through the course of his administration, Woodrow Wilson increasingly adopted and utilized the ideas first proposed by his political rival, Theodore Roosevelt. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 314[Factual]

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23.3 Essay Questions 1) By examining his actions as president, discuss Theodore Roosevelt’s reputation as a “trust buster.” Was that reputation deserved or undeserved? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 308-310 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) How did Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson differ in their respective approaches to the problem of regulating and controlling big business in the United States? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 308-310, 313-315 [Factual] 3) Discuss in some detail the major features of Woodrow Wilson’s progressive reform program between 1913 and 1920. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 314-316 [Factual] 4) How did the progressive reform impulse manifest itself at the level of city government? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 307[Factual] 5) How did the progressive reform impulse manifest itself at the state level? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 307 [Factual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 24 The Nation at War 24.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The German sinking of the ________ in 1915 cost 128 American lives and enraged the American public. A) Sussex B) Arabic C) Reuben James D) Lusitania E) Queen Mary Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 317 [Factual] 2) American foreign policy between 1901 and 1920 A) was aggressive and nationalistic. B) was strongly influenced by isolationist tradition. C) was relatively inactive. D) did little to reflect the nation’s new economic power. E) was geared toward cooperation and peace. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 318[Factual] 3) In terms of foreign policy, Theodore Roosevelt A) did little to foster American aims. B) reflected the influence of isolationism. C) sought to prepare the country for its role as a world power. D) sought to further insulate the United States from foreign affairs. E) was supremely concerned with world peace. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 318[Factual] 4) The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty A) secured Colombia’s permission for the building of the Panama Canal. B) gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone. C) transferred rights to the Panama Canal from France to the United States. D) ended hostilities with Mexico in 1914. E) gave the United States control of the Philippines. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 318[Factual]

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5) The Roosevelt Corollary A) reflected America’s increasing trust in the motives of Europe. B) indicated a new American spirit of cooperation with Latin America. C) resulted from America’s fear that Latin American debts to Europe invited intervention. D) had relatively little influence on American foreign policy. E) stated “speak softly and carry a big stick.” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 319[Factual] 6) The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the A) Lodge Corollary. B) Monroe Doctrine. C) Open Door policy. D) Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. E) Kansas-Nebraska Act. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 319[Factual] 7) In his mediation of the conflict between Russia and Japan, Roosevelt A) showed little real interest in the final outcome. B) sided with Russia. C) took a totally neutral stance. D) recognized the increasing importance of Japan. E) tried to play both sides against the other with disastrous results. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 319[Factual] 8) In the 1905 Taft-Katsura Agreement, A) the U.S. and Japan agreed not to attack each other for at least 50 years. B) the U.S. exchanged recognition of Japanese control of Korea for a Japanese pledge not to invade the Philippines. C) Japan agreed to limit emigration to the U.S. D) the U.S. and Japan agreed to a policy of mutual free trade. E) the U.S. and Japan agreed to uphold the Open Door and support Chinese independence. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 319[Factual] 9) Taft’s policy of “dollar diplomacy” A) promoted American financial and business interests abroad. B) was primarily aimed at helping underdeveloped countries. C) resulted in less American influence in Latin America. D) had little influence on American national security interests. E) helped establish the prestige of the United States in Asia. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 319[Factual] 314 .

10) When he took office, Woodrow Wilson A) had no experience in foreign affairs. B) had little experience, but had studied foreign affairs intensely. C) had few fears of being unable to deal with foreign policy. D) left foreign policy issues to his staff. E) lacked confidence in himself and had to be advised at every turn. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 320[Factual] 11) In his approach to foreign affairs, Wilson could be described as A) a militarist. B) a moralist. C) being primarily concerned with economic matters. D) a global strategist. E) a pacifist. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 320[Factual] 12) In conducting foreign policy, Woodrow Wilson did each of the following EXCEPT A) carry on major negotiations without informing the secretary of state. B) compose important diplomatic notes on his own typewriter. C) assign only experienced foreign service experts to major diplomatic posts. D) bypass the State Department and conduct diplomacy through personal emissaries. E) base his foreign policy on idealism rather than reality. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 320[Factual] 13) Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy was known as A) dollar diplomacy. B) the American Protection Plan. C) a failure. D) moral diplomacy. E) the Open Door policy. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321[Factual] 14) As secretary of state, William Jennings Bryan A) relied heavily on State Department experts. B) opposed many of Wilson’s policies. C) believed international disputes should be settled on the battlefield. D) brought a practical approach to the position. E) embarked on a campaign to negotiate arbitration treaties. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 320[Factual] 315 .

15) With respect to Mexico, Wilson A) intervened militarily. B) showed little interest in the area. C) refused to intervene in the region. D) had Congress declare war in 1913. E) adopted a policy of shared wealth. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321[Factual] 16) Woodrow Wilson’s treatment of Mexico A) indicated his lack of interest in the region. B) showed his condescension toward the country. C) evidenced his respect for its political system and culture. D) was primarily motivated by economic concerns. E) demonstrated his desire for reconciliation. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321[Factual] 17) Woodrow Wilson’s decision to invade Mexico in 1916 came after the murder of several Americans by A) Vittorio Zapata. B) Pancho Villa. C) Francisco Madero. D) Victoriano Huerta. E) Carlo Ponti. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321[Factual] 18) At the beginning of World War I, Americans A) showed little interest in the conflict. B) sided strongly with the British. C) were eager to enter the conflict. D) sided strongly with the Germans. E) generally accepted neutrality. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321[Factual]

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19) American Progressives viewed World War I A) as a potential threat to their reforms. B) as an opportunity to help Germany. C) with little concern. D) as an opportunity to extend the scope of their movement. E) as a great way to “jump start” the U.S. economy. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321[Factual] 20) President Wilson’s initial reaction to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 was to A) declare war on Germany. B) come to the military assistance of Russia. C) praise the assassination of the archduke of Austria. D) declare American neutrality. E) begin construction of U-boats. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321[Factual] 21) At the beginning of World War I, Great Britain A) respected American neutrality. B) made few attempts to influence American policy. C) sought the military aid of the United States. D) sought to restrict American trade with Germany. E) briefly considered surrender. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321-322[Factual] 22) Compared with William Jennings Bryan, Robert Lansing A) was more idealistic. B) favored the German side in the war. C) urged a strong stand against the Germans. D) had little experience in foreign affairs. E) exemplified the philosophy “live and let live.” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 322[Factual] 23) The Sussex Pledge A) renounced American bank loans to the Allies. B) indicated Germany’s intention to yield to Wilson’s demands. C) marked an intensification in the use of submarines. D) was opposed by Great Britain. E) was viewed by most Americans as a call to arms. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 322[Factual] 317 .

24) In 1915, Wilson came out in favor of preparedness because of A) the need to stimulate the American economy. B) the growing U-boat crisis. C) demands from progressives who desired to defend democracy. D) the revelation of a German plot to get Mexico to invade the American Southwest. E) his secret desire to create an empire in Latin America. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 323[Factual] 25) The “preparedness” issue A) united the country behind Wilson’s approach to the war. B) brought Wilson the support of Roosevelt and others. C) was ignored by Wilson. D) became a major source of controversy. E) was rejected by Hughes and Roosevelt in the 1916 election. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 323[Factual] 26) In winning re-election in 1916, Wilson defeated A) Theodore Roosevelt. B) William Jennings Bryan. C) Charles Evans Hughes. D) Warren G. Harding. E) William Howard Taft. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 323[Factual] 27) The Zimmermann Telegram A) announced Germany’s European war aims. B) pledged Germany’s intention to end the war peacefully. C) proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico. D) had little effect on America’s move toward war. E) hinted at an alliance between Germany and Canada. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 324[Factual] 28) The leader of the American Expeditionary Force was A) Theodore Roosevelt. B) John J. Pershing. C) Alfred T. Mahan. D) Douglas MacArthur. E) Omar Bradley. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 324[Factual] 318 .

29) The American Expeditionary Force A) was primarily made up of draftees. B) consisted, for the most part, of the existing U.S. Army. C) was primarily a volunteer army. D) was initially well-prepared and trained for war. E) was a spearhead of elite commandos. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 324[Factual] 30) During World War I, approximately ________ American soldiers died in Europe. A) 25,000 B) 62,000 C) 112,000 D) 300,000 E) 500,000 Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 324[Factual] 31) The American contribution in World War I A) was mostly monetary. B) was small but vital to Allied success. C) played a relatively minor role in ending the war. D) was much greater than that of the Allies. E) came too late to offer any real assistance. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 324[Factual] 32) The Committee on Public Information A) had little influence on public perceptions. B) exerted a positive influence on the public. C) called for understanding from the American people. D) launched a vitriolic campaign against Germany. E) was always careful to avoid emotional appeals. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 325[Factual] 33) The leader of the Committee on Public Information was A) Eugene V. Debs. B) George Creel. C) Robert Lansing. D) Herbert Hoover. E) Howard Dawes. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 325[Factual] 319 .

34) Woodrow Wilson A) was disturbed by American vigilantism and superpatriotism. B) actually encouraged repressive activities during World War I. C) paid little attention to American propaganda efforts. D) fought congressional actions against espionage. E) personally shut down several newspapers because of their reluctance regarding selfcensorship. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 325[Factual] 35) When communist Bolsheviks gained control of the Russian government in 1917, President Wilson did each of the following EXCEPT A) send American troops into the new Soviet Union. B) join in an economic blockade of Russia. C) try to block weapons shipments to contending revolutionary factions in Russia. D) keep Russia out of the postwar peace negotiations. E) refuse to recognize the new Soviet government. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 326-327[Factual] 36) During World War I, the War Industries Board A) controlled the entire war mobilization effort. B) was led by Herbert Hoover. C) oversaw the production of America’s factories. D) failed to lead American industry effectively. E) was concerned with building new munitions plants. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 327[Factual] 37) The Food Administration in World War I was headed by A) Herbert Hoover. B) Bernard Baruch. C) Harry Garfield. D) Samuel Gompers. E) Mother Jones. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 327[Factual]

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38) During the war, organized labor A) refused to cooperate with government mobilization efforts. B) ran into stiff opposition from Wilson. C) encouraged serious strikes. D) saw an opportunity to trade labor peace for labor advances. E) practically ceased to exist. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 327[Factual] 39) The head of the War Labor Board was A) Samuel Gompers. B) George Salisbury. C) Eugene V. Debs. D) Daniel De Leon. E) Felix Frankfurter. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 327[Factual] 40) The War Labor Board did each of the following EXCEPT A) prohibit strikes. B) give women equal pay for equal work in war industries. C) expand the usage of the eight-hour day. D) standardize wages and hours. E) protect the right of collective bargaining. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 327[Factual]

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True Blue, 1917 (National Archives) 41) The print publication shown above was aimed at African American families during World War I. Examine the drawing carefully. All of the following patriotic elements appear in the drawing EXCEPT: A) Blue Star Service flag in window of home to show a family member in military service. B) Wife and children gathered around the family hearth admiring photo of father in military uniform. C) American flags draped above the photo of the father in uniform. D) Photos and drawings of Presidents Washington, Lincoln, and Wilson displayed on family hearth. E) Copy of the Emancipation Proclamation displayed in living room. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 328[Factual] 42) A major effect of the war labor shortage was A) a dramatic rise in wages for all workers. B) a great migration of southern African Americans to northern cities. C) a worsening in government-labor relations. D) a decrease in the number of working women. E) the construction of more factories. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 328[Factual] 322 .

43) As a result of their participation in the war effort, African Americans A) faced even worse discrimination in America. B) became more accepting of the conditions they faced. C) found greater acceptance of their place in American society. D) were more and more inclined to fight discrimination. E) generally were allowed to remain in Europe. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 328[Factual] 44) The only one of the following components of Wilson’s Fourteen Points to be implemented was A) open diplomacy. B) freedom of the seas. C) removal of barriers to international trade. D) military disarmament. E) establishment of an independent Poland. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 330[Factual] 45) In forming his delegation for the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson A) wanted a group he could control. B) readily sought advice from his Republican opponents. C) tried to create a bipartisan group. D) included only his personal friends. E) was turned down by several prominent Republicans. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 329[Factual] 46) One of Wilson’s major goals at Paris was A) to punish Germany for starting the war. B) to recompense the British and French for their great losses. C) to found a League of Nations to enforce peace. D) to bring the Russians to the peace table. E) to see the Eiffel Tower. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 329[Factual]

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47) Which one of the following was NOT one of the Big Four? A) Winston Churchill B) Woodrow Wilson C) David Lloyd George D) Georges Clemenceau E) Vittorio Orlando Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 329[Factual] 48) Wilson hurt his chances for the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles A) through his failure to ask for the American people’s support. B) because he was unwilling to compromise with opponents. C) by working too closely with isolationist opponents. D) because he did not work hard enough. E) through his vague and hostile demands. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 330[Factual] 49) The ________ were fourteen Republican senators who steadfastly opposed every aspect of the League of Nations. A) mild reservationists B) strong reservationists C) irreconcilables D) irreparables E) curmudgeons Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 330[Factual]

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Blowing Bubbles, 1919 (National Archives) 50) The artist of the cartoon is making which of the following suggestions? A) The Treaty of Versailles will not solve the underlying problems that began World War I and will probably lead to a future world conflict. B) The concepts embodied in Wilson’s idea of a League of Nations are too idealistic to work. C) Wilson’s unrealistic view of the world and its affairs make him a very poor candidate for president in 1920. D) Woodrow Wilson is an impractical dreamer whose plans as president are unworkable. E) The Treaty of Versailles is an unworkable fantasy. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 329-330 [Conceptual] 24.2 True/False Questions 1) The United States gained the rights to the Panama Canal Zone by working cooperatively with the government of Colombia. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 318[Factual] 2) The policy of “dollar diplomacy” aimed to substitute economic ties for military alliances as a way to achieve lasting peace. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 319[Factual] 325 .

3) Leading members of the progressive movement were among the strongest supporters of the idea of entering World War I to help England. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 321[Factual] 4) In the election of 1916, President Woodrow Wilson defeated Republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 323[Factual] 5) During World War I, German Americans were treated fairly by most other Americans. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 326[Factual] 6) Overall, the American labor movement can be said to have benefited from the experience of World War I. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 327[Factual] 7) Wilson’s major achievement at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 was to secure global disarmament agreements. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 330[Factual] 8) When Wilson returned to the United States in 1919 with the Treaty of Versailles, he found there was general popular support for the treaty. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 330[Factual] 9) In his attempt to secure ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, President Wilson demonstrated a willingness to compromise with Republicans. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 330[Factual] 10) The winner of the presidential election of 1920 was Warren G. Harding. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 331[Factual] 24.3 Essay Questions 1) What major factors motivated United States policy toward Latin America between 1900 and 1920? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 318-321[Factual] 326 .

2) Compare and contrast Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy with that of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 318-323 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) How did World War I affect the situation of labor, women, and minorities in the United States between 1914 and 1920? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 325-328 [Factual] 4) Although the United States officially adopted a policy of neutrality at the beginning of World War I, there was considerable pressure on the government to alter that stance. What were the key sources of that pressure? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 322-324 [Factual] 5) Discuss the fight over the question of ratifying the Treaty of Versailles. How did that fight reflect the key issue confronting American foreign policymakers at the end of World War I? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 329-331 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 25 Transition to Modern America 25.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The American economy in the 1920s saw explosive growth in A) the consumer goods industries. B) cotton mills. C) the energy industry. D) agriculture. E) the steel industry. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 332 [Factual] 2) The key to the new affluence of the 1920s lay in A) new methods of business organization. B) the discovery of new sources of raw materials. C) better methods of financing business. D) a more skilled workforce. E) technology. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 333[Factual] 3) The following spurred the growth of the automobile industry in the 1920s EXCEPT A) new buyer financing techniques. B) marketing. C) the long life of the new automobile. D) new technology. E) greater disposable income. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 333[Factual] 4) In the 1920s, the automobile A) was just a passing fancy. B) had little effect on American life. C) profoundly changed American life. D) had little effect on the rest of the economy. E) was a novelty since most people could not afford to own one. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 333[Factual]

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5) In the 1920s, the dominant economic unit continued to be A) the small business. B) the corporation. C) the trust. D) the family farm. E) the limited partnership. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 333[Factual] 6) The revolution in consumer goods A) disguised the decline of many traditional industries. B) epitomized the growth of all areas of the economy. C) was a short-term factor in the American economy. D) aided all other kinds of industry. E) helped fuel growth in the railroad industry. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 333[Factual] 7) The weakest area of the American economy in the 1920s was A) automobiles. B) agriculture. C) banking. D) exports. E) manufacturing. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 334[Factual] 8) The American worker in the 1920s A) saw a dramatic rise in wages. B) shared fully in the new affluence. C) suffered a decline in the quality of life. D) did not share fully in the new affluence. E) faced more dire economic conditions than the American farmer. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 334[Factual] 9) Each of the following weakened organized labor in the 1920s EXCEPT A) their conservative leadership. B) management’s attempt to portray them as radical. C) intensive government intervention in labor affairs. D) injunctions. E) “yellow-dog” contracts. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 334[Factual] 329 .

10) Benefiting most from the economic gains of the 1920s were A) farmers. B) African Americans. C) industrial workers. D) women. E) the middle and upper classes. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 334[Factual] 11) The most visible symbol of the new cities of the 1920s was A) the new literature of the period. B) the skyscraper. C) the home appliance. D) mass transit. E) the department store. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 335[Factual] 12) The impact of the Nineteenth Amendment on women was A) that it thrust women into the political arena. B) that it dramatically increased the number of women in government. C) that it took women out of the home. D) less than women had hoped. E) that it united women politically. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 335[Factual] 13) During the 1920s, the National Woman’s Party campaigned for A) the Nineteenth Amendment. B) repeal of the Sheppard-Towner Act. C) an Equal Rights Amendment. D) the right to vote for women. E) prohibition. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 335[Factual] 14) In the 1920s, the American family A) became smaller and somewhat less cohesive. B) became an even stronger unit in American society. C) was only slightly affected by the new climate of change. D) no longer upheld traditional social values. E) encountered a real crisis. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 336[Factual] 330 .

15) The most noteworthy cultural development of the 1920s was A) the increase in the number of symphony orchestras. B) the establishment of many regional opera companies. C) the outpouring of literature. D) the growth of the movie industry. E) the inclusion of art and music instruction in public schools. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 337[Factual] 16) Because of his style, the American writer who had the greatest impact on other American writers was A) Upton Sinclair. B) Theodore Dreiser. C) Ernest Hemingway. D) Henry George. E) T. S. Eliot. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 337[Factual] 17) Which of the following individuals was not a prominent writer of the 1920s? A) T. S. Eliot B) John Dos Passos C) Ernest Hemingway D) Alfred Kinsey E) Willa Cather Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 337[Factual] 18) The leading social critic of the 1920s was A) Jane Addams. B) H. L. Mencken. C) Ezra Pound. D) Theda Bara. E) John Dos Passos. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 337[Factual]

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19) James Weldon Johnson A) led the African American protest movement. B) was an African American labor leader. C) was an African American accommodationist. D) was an important African-American poet. E) co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 337[Factual] 20) The ________ led the flowering of African American culture in the 1920s. A) growth of the NAACP B) flapper era C) Harlem Renaissance D) expatriates E) “Garveyites” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 337[Factual] 21) The Red Scare of 1919 A) was a relatively harmless event. B) was an outgrowth of the intense nationalism of World War I. C) resulted from the very real threat of Russian Bolshevism. D) demonstrated the tolerance of the American people. E) began as a movement in France that quickly found its way to America. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 338[Factual] 22) During the Red Scare of 1919-1920, ________ led the attack on the alien threat. A) A. Mitchell Palmer B) Clarence Darrow C) Warren G. Harding D) Alexander Berkman E) William Jennings Bryan Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 338[Factual]

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23) Passed in 1920, the ________ made it illegal for anyone to make, sell, or transport any drink that contained more than one-half of one-percent of alcohol by volume. A) Volstead Act B) Hay-McCarran Bill C) Nineteenth Amendment D) Sedition Act E) Prohibition Act Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 338[Factual] 24) Prohibition A) bred a profound disrespect for the law. B) did little to decrease drinking. C) was most effective among the upper classes. D) made it almost impossible to obtain alcohol in the United States. E) began at the national level. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 339[Factual]

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Clive Weed, The National Gesture, 1926 In line with their hands extended behind are a prohibition agent, a police officer, a politician, and other public officials. (Library of Congress) 25) Which of the following statements best explains Clive Weed’s opinion of the reasons behind the failure of prohibition? A) Congress had failed to enact appropriate law enforcement measures. B) The public failed to support government attempts to control alcohol consumption. C) Law enforcement and public officials were corrupted by bootleggers. D) Major media and religious institutions had opposed prohibition enforcement. E) The courts had ruled prohibition laws to be unconstitutional. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 339 [Conceptual] 26) Which one of the following was NOT a result of Prohibition? A) an increase in drinking in America B) an increase in crime in America C) a decrease in drinking in America D) opposition to Prohibition in cities E) a lucrative smuggling business Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 339[Factual] 334 .

27) Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted of murder primarily because they were A) Italian immigrants. B) anarchists. C) atheists. D) both A and C E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 338[Factual] 28) Which of the following groups was a possible target of Ku Klux Klan violence in the 1920s? A) blacks B) Jews C) Catholics D) women E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 339[Factual] 29) The Ku Klux Klan A) was, entirely, a movement against African Americans. B) had little strength outside the deep South. C) attacked anyone who seemed different to them. D) was open to any American who agreed with their ideas. E) in the 1920s was exactly the same as the Reconstruction Klan. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 339[Factual] 30) The immigration legislation of the 1920s A) had no lasting effect. B) was opposed by the large corporations. C) encouraged immigration from underdeveloped countries. D) was the most enduring achievement of nativism. E) was quickly repealed in the 1930s. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 339[Factual]

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31) Which of the following groups was exempted from the provisions of the National Origins Act of 1921? A) Italians B) Russians C) Germans D) Mexicans E) Irish Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340[Factual] 32) The famous female evangelist of the 1920s was A) Florence Kelley. B) Frances Perkins. C) Aimee Semple McPherson. D) Susan B. Anthony. E) Margaret Sanger. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340[Factual] 33) The famous evolution trial of 1925 involved biology teacher A) John Scopes. B) Clarence Darrow. C) H. L. Mencken. D) William Jennings Bryan. E) Jerome Lawrence. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340[Factual] 34) The immigration restrictions of the 1920s A) were a realistic response to the problem of immigrants. B) reflected the strength of nativism in America. C) did little to stem the tide of immigrants. D) did not favor immigrants from any one country. E) were the first, though not the last, of their kind. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340[Factual]

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35) The Democratic Party in the 1920s A) was badly split between its urban and rural branches. B) controlled Congress. C) competed on an equal level with the Republicans. D) was, predominantly, an urban party. E) controlled the White House for most of the decade. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340[Factual] 36) Harding and his successors A) sought to continue the policies of Wilson. B) wanted a return to traditional Republican policies. C) advanced in new directions. D) sought to maintain the status quo. E) wanted to redefine “Republicanism.” Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340-341[Factual] 37) The ________ marked a return to the old Republican policy of high protective tariffs. A) Dingley Tariff B) Underwood Tariff C) Fordney-McCumber Tariff D) Farmer’s Tariff E) Tariff Reinstatement Act Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 341[Factual] 38) The chief figure in the Teapot Dome scandal was A) Albert Fall. B) Harry Daugherty. C) J. Frank Norris. D) Calvin Coolidge. E) Gifford Pinchot. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340[Factual]

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39) The honesty and integrity of ________ reassured the nation after the Harding scandals and Harding’s death in 1923. A) Herbert Hoover B) Charles Evans Hughes C) Andrew Mellon D) Calvin Coolidge E) Albert Fall Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340[Factual] 40) Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon pushed for A) lower tax rates for everyone. B) lower government spending. C) higher corporation taxes. D) higher taxes for the rich. E) the abolition of the income tax. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 341[Factual] 41) As secretary of commerce, Herbert Hoover A) sought to limit government-business relations. B) established a mediocre reputation. C) differed with the policies of Harding and Coolidge. D) pushed for closer relations between government and business. E) was a total failure. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 341[Factual] 42) During the 1920s, the government’s role in the economy A) changed very little. B) lessened. C) increased. D) was insignificant. E) fluctuated throughout the decade. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 341[Factual]

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43) An indicator of the future strength of the Democratic Party was A) its success in the presidential race of 1924. B) the shift of urban voters to the party. C) an increase in the number of rural Democrats. D) the unpopularity of Republican presidents. E) a large number of women voters. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 342[Factual] 44) The Democratic candidate in the election of 1928 was A) Robert M. La Follette. B) James Cox. C) John W. Davis. D) Al Smith. E) William McAdoo. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 342[Factual] 45) Beneath the surface, the two candidates in the election of 1928 A) were strikingly similar. B) were radically different. C) were somewhat alike. D) had little in common. E) despised each other. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 342[Factual] 46) In the election of 1928, the Democrats A) were strongest in the countryside. B) found their strength evenly distributed. C) showed great strength in the cities. D) had little strength in the North. E) attracted women voters. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 342[Factual] 25.2 True/False Questions 1) While industry grew significantly in the twenties, the national per capita income actually decreased during the same period. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 333 [Doesn’t specify]

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2) Beyond stimulating the American economy, the automobile also dramatically changed American life. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 333[Factual] 3) The economic trends of the 1920s were almost entirely positive in character, with few signs that the economy might falter in the years to come. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 334[Factual] 4) For the most part, industrial workers were better off economically than farmers in the 1920s. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 334[Factual] 5) In spite of serious economic problems in the North during the 1920s, African Americans there were better off than African Americans in the South. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 334[Factual] 6) The 1920s witnessed a virtual revolution in the number of women working outside the home. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 335[Factual] 7) Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment had a dramatic impact on the economic status of women in the 1920s. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 335[Factual] 8) During the 1920s, spectator sports became a national obsession. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 336[Factual] 9) For the most part, writers in the 1920s shared a sense of hope and wrote optimistically of the promises of American life. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 337[Factual] 10) William Jennings Bryan was famous for his statement “the business of America is business.” Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340[Factual]

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25.3 Essay Questions 1) In what ways did the increasing popularity of the automobile contribute to economic growth and social change in the United States during the 1920s? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 333 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) How did women and minorities fare with respect to the apparent prosperity and climate of change that characterized the 1920s? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 334-336 [Factual] 3) What factors contributed to the upsurge in fundamentalism in the United States during the 1920s? How was this manifested in the period? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340 [Factual] 4) Discuss the federal government’s attitude toward business in the 1920s. Who were the leading proponents of close government-business relations? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 340-341 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) What reasons did the Democratic Party, despite its apparent second-place political position in the 1920s, have for looking to the future with optimism? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 342 [Factual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 26 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 26.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The most striking characteristic of the stock market in 1929 was A) investors’ obsession with speculation. B) the downward trend of its major stocks early in the year. C) the government’s desire to carefully regulate it. D) the fact that the great majority of wage-earning Americans were so heavily involved in it. E) its steady advancement through the decade, culminating in record levels in 1929. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 344[Factual] 2) By 1932, what percentage of American workers were unemployed? A) 10 B) 12 C) 25 D) 33 E) 50 Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 344[Factual] 3) The social and economic effects of the Depression A) impacted only the wealthier classes. B) hit the middle class especially hard. C) lasted only a few months past 1929. D) were harsh only in the case of the lower classes. E) came to light only gradually. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345[Factual] 4) Hoover believed that efforts to relieve human suffering A) would be in accord with previous government policies during economic crises. B) would bring about inflation. C) could promote domestic unrest. D) should come from private charities. E) would be a sign of weakness. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345[Factual]

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5) The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was designed to A) loan money to financial institutions to prevent bankruptcies. B) stimulate the growth of new business. C) give direct “doles” to the unemployed. D) provide direct loans to homeowners. E) fund the construction of cheap housing for the growing number of homeless Americans. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345[Factual] 6) Which of the following was NOT a program of the Hoover administration to ameliorate the Depression? A) Reconstruction Finance Corporation B) Federal Farm Board C) Agricultural Adjustment Act D) White House business conferences E) Boulder Dam Project Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345[Factual] 7) Hoover’s response to the Depression could best be described as A) restrained and cautious. B) innovative and adaptive. C) humanitarian and pragmatic. D) socialistically radical. E) bumbling and uncertain. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345[Factual] 8) Which of the following individuals was blamed by Americans for the Depression? A) Herbert Hoover B) Calvin Coolidge C) Franklin D. Roosevelt D) Harry Hopkins E) J. P. Morgan Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345[Factual] 9) In the presidential campaign of 1932, Hoover A) announced that he had been irresponsible in his attitude toward the Depression. B) conducted an upbeat, optimistic campaign. C) announced his support for public relief. D) was damaged by the public’s memory of the Bonus March. E) announced he would take more bold action in the future. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345[Factual] 343 .

10) The bonus army that came to Washington in 1932 was made up of A) new volunteers. B) young draftees. C) WW I veterans who supported Hoover’s policies. D) WW I veterans who lobbied Congress. E) Civil War veterans seeking medical aid. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345[Factual] 11) The “Hundred Days” was A) the period between Roosevelt’s election and his inauguration. B) the period immediately after Roosevelt’s first inauguration. C) the last three months of the 1932 campaign. D) the final days of the Hoover administration. E) the worst period of the Great Depression. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 346[Factual] 12) Roosevelt’s Hundred Days banking legislation was designed to A) support strong banks and eliminate the weaker ones. B) decrease government regulation of U.S. banks. C) allow the government to take over the banking system. D) give bankers a place in his government. E) merge smaller banks with larger ones. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 346[Factual] 13) During the Hundred Days, Roosevelt did all of the following, except A) propose government ownership of major industries. B) close all the banks. C) institute the Tennessee Valley Authority. D) create the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. E) call a special session of Congress. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 346[Factual] 14) Franklin D. Roosevelt’s conduct between 1933 and 1935 could best be described as that of the A) stern dictator. B) moderate reformer. C) radical socialist. D) rigid doctrinaire. E) liberal Democrat. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 348[Factual] 344 .

15) The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was designed to A) bring modernization and jobs to desolate areas of the upper rural South. B) help support the continued control of electrical power by private companies. C) alienate conservationists. D) test the authority of the Supreme Court. E) win votes in a largely Republican area. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 16) The blue eagle was a symbol of the A) TVA. B) NRA. C) WPA. D) RFD. E) AAA. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 346[Factual] 17) The National Recovery Administration sought to promote economic recovery by A) reducing corporate taxes. B) restoring competition. C) promoting cooperation between business and labor. D) implementing classical economic theory. E) eliminating all taxes. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 346[Factual] 18) The National Recovery Administration encountered each of the following problems EXCEPT A) the trade codes were too complex to be enforced easily. B) the trade codes favored big business over smaller competitors. C) low minimum wages led to labor disenchantment. D) companies could easily avoid the collective bargaining requirement. E) the appeal for patriotic public support fell on deaf ears. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 19) Labor issues in Roosevelt’s National Recovery Administration were addressed in A) Section 14b. B) the Wagner Act. C) Section 7a. D) Article 14. E) Sub-Section 7. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 345 .

20) Which of the following New Deal programs did the Supreme Court declare unconstitutional? A) Commodity Credit Corporation B) Civilian Conservation Corps C) National Recovery Administration D) Tennessee Valley Authority E) Civil Works Administration Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 21) As secretary of agriculture, ________ was in charge of farm relief. A) Harry Hopkins B) Henry A. Wallace C) Hugh Johnson D) Herbert Hoover E) Huey Long Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 22) Franklin D. Roosevelt and his advisers believed that to restore purchasing power to farmers, production should be A) cut. B) increased. C) redistributed. D) expropriated. E) monitored. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 23) Under the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the federal government paid subsidies to farmers who A) reduced their crop production. B) increased their output. C) bought more efficient equipment and fertilizers. D) donated their surplus to the urban unemployed. E) ceased all production. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual]

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24) Criticisms of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration included each of the following EXCEPT A) its rushed destruction of farm products while people in the cities were starving. B) large farmers benefitting most. C) millions of tenants and sharecroppers being forced off the land. D) contributing to Dust Bowl conditions on the Great Plains. E) hastening the decline of the family farm and the rise of large-scale agribusiness. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 25) The Farm Security Administration was designed to A) keep large farmers in operation. B) help tenant farmers and sharecroppers buy their own land. C) export all American farm surplus. D) protect large farmers from rioting sharecroppers. E) help large farmers mechanize and become more efficient. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 26) The Agricultural Adjustment Act A) tried to increase production. B) was found unconstitutional in 1936. C) reduced the amount of credit available to farmers. D) eliminated sharecropping. E) applied only to small farmers. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 27) The New Deal agency designed to assist sharecroppers in acquiring land of their own was the A) Farm Security Administration. B) Civilian Conservation Corps. C) Rural Electrification Administration. D) Tennessee Valley Authority. E) Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 28) Young men were hired to clear land, plant trees, build bridges, and fish ponds by the A) TVA. B) NRA. C) PWA. D) WPA. E) CCC. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 347 .

29) Franklin D. Roosevelt’s initial New Deal legislation was surprisingly A) radical. B) liberal. C) inflationary. D) conservative. E) unsuccessful. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 348[Factual] 30) Which New Deal agency was designed to help American artists? A) PWA B) WPA C) CCC D) NLRA E) NRA Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 348 31) Father Coughlin’s radio sermons A) contained blatant anti-Semitic references. B) criticized the New Deal as being too socialistic. C) never received much public attention. D) were especially appealing to African Americans. E) were heard live only in Michigan, but reprinted in national newspapers. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 349[Factual] 32) By 1935, Roosevelt’s severest critics were A) members of the Supreme Court. B) accusing him of turning the U.S. into a socialist state. C) demanding more radical reforms. D) accusing him of ignoring the rise of aggressive military dictatorships in Europe. E) scolding him for not providing more aid to impoverished blacks. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 349[Factual] 33) Francis Townsend advocated that the federal government pay $200 each month to A) all Americans over the age of 60. B) dispossessed farmers. C) veterans of World War I. D) widows with two or more children. E) unemployed urban workers. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 349[Factual] 348 .

34) Huey Long advocated A) higher taxes for every income level. B) “sharing the wealth.” C) more conservative measures to control the economy. D) cutting the taxes of the wealthy. E) nationalization of the banking system. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 349[Factual] 35) ________ posed the most realistic threat to Roosevelt’s re-election chances in 1936. A) Francis Townsend B) Harry Hopkins C) Huey Long D) Floyd Olson E) Father Coughlin Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 349[Factual] 36) Criticisms of the Social Security Act included each of the following EXCEPT A) the pension payments were paltry and would not begin until 1942. B) farmers and domestic servants were not covered. C) the Social Security trust fund removed money from circulation. D) it offered nothing to those already out of work. E) it would transfer over half the national income to less than 10 percent of the population. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350-351[Factual] 37) The Social Security Act of 1935 A) was a fundamentally conservative measure. B) provided immediate stimulus to the economy. C) provided a guaranteed income for all Americans over the age of 65. D) was financed by a special tax on corporations. E) was strictly a federal program. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350[Factual] 38) The National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act A) guaranteed that all workers would be paid a nationally established minimum wage. B) granted workers the right to organize and collectively bargain. C) gave management the right to forbid the “closed shop.” D) gave the president the power to end strikes that threatened the nation’s welfare. E) did not help workers who were not already unionized. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350[Factual] 349 .

39) Each of the following is true of the Fair Labor Standards Act EXCEPT A) it established minimum wages for millions of workers. B) organized labor gave it enthusiastic support. C) it established maximum hours of work per week. D) it was intended for unorganized workers. E) it drew conservative opposition because it meant greater government involvement in private enterprise. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350[Factual] 40) The industrial union movement of the 1930s A) sought to organize skilled workers in a particular trade. B) had long been championed by the American Federation of Labor. C) was led by William Green. D) was led by John L. Lewis and the UMW. E) had been thriving for years before the Great Depression. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350[Factual] 41) In 1935, John L. Lewis organized the A) Knights of Labor. B) American Federation of Labor. C) Committee on Industrial Organization. D) International Workers of the World. E) Steel Workers’ Organizing Committee. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350[Factual] 42) The Congress of Industrial Organizations A) worked harmoniously with the American Federation of Labor in the 1930s. B) was solely interested in trade unions. C) fought hard to include women and African Americans. D) was opposed by President Roosevelt. E) promoted the organization of all workers, not just skilled labor, in a given industry. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350[Factual]

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43) The sitdown strike A) was first used against General Motors in 1936. B) was only used by the United Auto Workers. C) proved ineffective. D) was first used against Ford Motor Company. E) was a time-tested technique that was successful against General Motors during the Depression. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350[Factual] 44) The individual who was most responsible for promoting African-American rights during the New Deal was A) Franklin D. Roosevelt. B) John Collier. C) Harry Hopkins. D) Harold Ickes. E) Mary McLeod-Bethune. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 351[Factual] 45) The individual who headed the Bureau of Indian Affairs during the New Deal was A) John L. Lewis. B) Harry Hopkins. C) John Collier. D) Marian Anderson. E) Frances Perkins. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 351[Factual] 46) The first woman Cabinet member was A) Mary McLeod-Bethune. B) Charlotte Perkins-Gillman. C) Marion Anderson. D) Hattie Caraway. E) Frances Perkins. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 352[Factual]

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Giving Her a Lift to Town Caption on car reads: “Mrs. F.R.” Caption on individual reads “Forgotten Woman.” City in the distance is Washington D.C. (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library) 47) The artist of this cartoon is commenting upon which of the following topics? A) The First Lady’s unusually active involvement in politics, which included increasing the rights of women. B) Eleanor Roosevelt’s support for a solution to the serious public transportation problem in the city of Washington D.C. C) The dangers faced by women drivers who are willing to pick up hitchhikers. D) The Democratic party’s failure to include women’s issues in its political agenda. E) the failure of Congress to pass the Equal Rights Amendment for women. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 352 [Conceptual]

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48) By 1935, the New Deal coalition included support from all of the following EXCEPT A) organized labor. B) urban voters. C) big business. D) African Americans. E) Democrats in the South and West. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 352[Factual] 49) Roosevelt’s “court packing” proposal A) was perfectly legal. B) outraged both conservatives and liberals. C) was effectively blocked by Democratic opposition. D) badly strained Roosevelt’s relations with Congress. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 352[Factual] 50) In his second term, Roosevelt was stung by each of the following EXCEPT A) congressional resistance. B) the defeat of minimum wage and maximum hour legislation. C) a very serious economic relapse known as the “Roosevelt recession.” D) a Republican resurgence in the 1938 elections. E) the emergence of a conservative congressional coalition which blocked further New Deal legislation after 1938. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 352, 354[Factual] 26.2 True/False Questions 1) The major political impact of the Great Depression was to bring about a strengthening of the Republican Party. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345-346[Factual] 2) Federal Reserve monetary policies in the 1920s actually contributed to the speculative boom that led to the stock market crash of 1929. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 344[Factual] 3) The fundamental cause of the Great Depression was that income had not been distributed evenly enough to give people the purchasing power to buy all the consumer goods being produced. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 344[Factual] 353 .

4) The Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 5) The only consistently healthy sector of the economy in the 1920s was agriculture. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 347[Factual] 6) The Townsend Plan was a forerunner of the National Labor Relations Act. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 350[Factual] 7) The Social Security Act of 1935 included a program of national health insurance. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 349[Factual] 8) The New Deal did less for Mexican Americans than for African Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 351[Factual] 9) The Indian Reorganization Act was designed to help Native Americans become self-sufficient farmers. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 351[Factual] 10) During the Great Depression, the economic status of women declined dramatically. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 352[Factual] 26.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe the bull market of the 1920s and explain the stock market crash of 1929. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 343-345[Factual] 2) What was the legacy of the New Deal? In what ways did the New Deal change Americans’ attitudes toward the role of the federal government in their daily lives? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 348, 354 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Why is Franklin D. Roosevelt considered a “great” president? How did his political philosophy affect both his New Deal policies and executive conduct? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 346-354 [Conceptual] 4) Compare and contrast the respective approaches of Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt to the issues and problems of the Great Depression. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 345-348 [Factual] 354 .

5) What were the origins, stipulations, and weaknesses of the New Deal’s major recovery programs, the Agricultural Adjustment Act and the National Recovery Administration? Why did the Supreme Court declare both measures unconstitutional? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 346-348 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 27 America and the World, 1921–1945 27.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Supporters of the Kellogg-Briand Pact hoped it would A) achieve immediate international disarmament. B) establish a Franco-American mutual defense pact. C) initiate the process of outlawing war. D) establish a formal alliance between the United States and France. E) achieve a quick military build-up. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 355[Factual] 2) American policy, in regard to Latin America in the 1920s, A) was less interventionist than it had been in the previous two decades. B) adhered to strict, nonmilitary intervention. C) saw the repeal of the Roosevelt Corollary. D) renounced dollar diplomacy. E) was based on “land grabbing.” Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 356[Factual] 3) Franklin D. Roosevelt’s secretary of state was A) Cordell Hull. B) Gerald Nye. C) Chester Nimitz. D) Henry L. Stimson. E) Max Sennett. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 356[Factual] 4) During the 1920s, U.S.-Soviet relations were characterized by a combination of A) diplomatic recognition and increased trade. B) diplomatic recognition and a trade embargo. C) diplomatic nonrecognition and increased trade. D) a formal alliance and substantial trade. E) a formal alliance and a trade embargo. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 356[Factual]

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5) The Clark Memorandum of 1930 A) ordered U .S. marines into Nicaragua. B) repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. C) ordered the blockade of Venezuela. D) closed the Panama Canal. E) established large plantations under United States control in northern Panama. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 356[Factual] 6) In 1920, United States forces occupied all of the following, EXCEPT A) the Dominican Republic. B) Mexico. C) Haiti. D) Nicaragua. E) the Philippines. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 356[Factual] 7) The Good Neighbor Policy promised Latin American countries A) more U.S. military involvement in their affairs. B) less U.S. interest in Latin America. C) easy U.S. loans with low rates of interest. D) closer ties with each other. E) a cooperative, rather than paternalistic, relationship with the United States. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 356[Factual] 8) In 1931, the illusion of peace was shattered by the Japanese invasion of A) Korea. B) Malaysia. C) Philippines. D) Manchuria. E) Siberia. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 9) The United States’ response to Japan’s invasion of Manchuria was A) to refuse to recognize Japan’s seizure of the territory. B) to blockade Japanese ports until Japan removed its forces. C) to sever diplomatic relations with Japan. D) to embargo all trade with Japan. E) declare war on Japan. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 357 .

10) Which Washington Conference treaty pledged to uphold the Open Door policy? A) Four Power Treaty B) Five Power Treaty C) Nine Power Treaty D) Kellogg-Briand Pact E) Camp David Treaty Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 11) The naval armaments of the major world powers were significantly reduced A) at the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921. B) in the Kellogg-Briand Pact. C) by the Treaty of Versailles. D) by the Eurasian Naval Agreement of 1926. E) by the Pact of Paris. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 12) The weakness of the League of Nations was revealed when Italy invaded A) Ethiopia. B) Libya. C) Egypt. D) Spain. E) Greece. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 13) The Fascist dictator of Italy was A) Francisco Franco. B) Antonio Gramsci. C) Adolfo Colavita. D) Fiorello LaGuardia. E) Benito Mussolini. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 14) During World War II, Germany, Italy, and Japan were collectively known as the _______ powers. A) Allied B) Axis C) Independent D) Sovereign E) Coalition Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 358 .

15) In the 1930s, support for pacifism was particularly strong among A) college students. B) the lower classes. C) high-ranking businessmen. D) members of Congress. E) labor unions. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 16) The Senate Nye Committee hearings of the 1930s A) proposed United States disarmament. B) relied, in part, on the “merchants of death” thesis to explain United States participation in World War I. C) condemned the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. D) called for an Anglo-American military alliance. E) oversaw early atomic research. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 358[Factual] 17) Which one of the following was NOT a provision of the Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937? A) prohibition of munitions sales to belligerents B) prohibition of United States loans to belligerents C) complete trade embargo with all belligerents D) that all trade with belligerent nations be on a strict cash-and-carry basis E) preventing Americans from traveling on belligerent ships Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 358[Factual] 18) In the 1930s, pacifists found a scapegoat in A) international bankers. B) socialists. C) Henry Ford. D) the munitions industry. E) the military-industrial complex. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 358[Factual] 19) The Munich Conference considered Germany’s demands on A) the Rhineland. B) Austria. C) the Polish Corridor. D) the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia. E) the Alsace. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 358[Factual] 359 .

20) With the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, President Roosevelt A) immediately declared war on Germany. B) declared American neutrality. C) loaned massive quantities of war supplies to France and England. D) warned Germany that if France were attacked, the United States would declare war. E) made a secret pact with the French. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 359[Factual] 21) Germany’s use of tanks, armored columns, and dive bombers in close coordination was known as A) sitzfrieg. B) blitzkrieg. C) trench warfare. D) stalemate. E) the multiple offense strategy. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 359[Factual] 22) In order to assist the Allies immediately after World War II began, President Roosevelt A) gave fifty destroyers to the British. B) placed a total embargo on trade to Nazi Germany. C) provided lend-lease assistance to the Allies. D) initiated the first peacetime draft in U. S. history. E) gave the British and the French technologically advanced communications systems. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 359[Factual] 23) The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 A) ensured the British easier access to American war supplies. B) placed restrictions on which materials the United States could ship to Great Britain. C) encountered almost no opposition from American congressmen. D) was proposed by American isolationists. E) was approved but never implemented. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 360[Factual] 24) To get American war supplies across the Atlantic, Great Britain A) relied on the American navy to escort their supply convoys. B) greatly expanded the size of its merchant marine. C) utilized American transport planes. D) temporarily diverted some of its warships to transport duty. E) used submarines to avoid detection by the Germans. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 360[Factual] 360 .

25) In October 1941, German U-boats sank the U.S. destroyer A) Liberty. B) Mayaguez. C) Reuben James. D) Lusitania. E) Kearney. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 360[Factual] 26) During 1940-1941, President Roosevelt attempted to halt Japanese aggression in Asia by A) applying economic pressure on Japan through a trade embargo. B) waging a clandestine, undeclared war against Japanese naval forces in the Pacific. C) signing mutual defense pacts with other Asian nations. D) securing legislation allowing him to send troops to China. E) sending spies to Japan to gather tactical information. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 360[Factual] 27) In December 1941, the U.S. declared war on Germany because A) the American people demanded it. B) of the attack on Pearl Harbor. C) Germany had invaded Britain. D) Germany had declared war on the U.S. E) it seemed like the thing to do. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 360[Factual] 28) The American fleet at Pearl Harbor was caught by surprise when Japan attacked because A) American intelligence had not been able to break the Japanese code. B) of faulty radar equipment. C) of human miscalculations and mistakes. D) F.D.R. conspired to get the United States into the war by provoking a Japanese attack. E) American intelligence had incorrectly decoded an intercepted message. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 360[Factual] 29) During World War II, the United States’ closest ally was A) the Soviet Union. B) Canada. C) France. D) Britain. E) China. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 361[Factual] 361 .

30) Great Britain’s leader during World War II was A) Henry L. Stimson. B) Neville Chamberlain. C) Charles De Gaulle. D) Winston Churchill. E) George C. Marshall. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 361[Factual] 31) During the war, U.S.-Soviet relations were A) close and tranquil. B) constantly strained by significant ideological differences. C) totally uncooperative. D) hurt by the United States’ refusal to extend recognition to the Soviet Union as a cobelligerent. E) influenced by F.D.R.’s personal dislike for Stalin. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 361[Factual] 32) For much of the war, the Allies differed vigorously over A) whether the Soviet Union should enter the war against Japan. B) when and where to open the second front against Germany. C) whether Germany should be forced to surrender unconditionally. D) which nation should be allowed to enter Berlin first. E) whether the war with Japan or Germany should take precedent. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 361[Factual] 33) The general chosen to command the Allied invasion of France was A) George Patton. B) Chester Nimitz. C) George C. Marshall. D) Dwight D. Eisenhower. E) Douglas MacArthur. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 362[Factual] 34) United States troops first went into combat against German troops in A) Italy. B) France. C) Greece. D) Poland. E) North Africa. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 362[Factual] 362 .

35) The German invasion of the Soviet Union was turned back at A) Moscow. B) Borodin. C) the Ural Mountains. D) Stalingrad. E) Kasserine Pass. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 362[Factual] 36) Which one of the following battles prevented the Japanese assault on Australia? A) Battle of Leyte Gulf B) Battle of the Coral Sea C) Battle of Midway D) Battle of the Bulge E) Battle of Sydney Harbor Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 363[Factual] 37) The commander of the U.S. Pacific fleet during World War II was A) “Bull” Halsey. B) Chester W. Nimitz. C) Douglas MacArthur. D) George Patton. E) John Paul Jones. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 363[Factual] 38) The turning point of the Pacific war was the American victory at the battle of A) Coral Sea. B) Midway. C) Guadalcanal. D) Iwo Jima. E) Leyte Gulf. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 363[Factual]

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More Production Government Printing Office (c. 1940s) (National Archives) 39) The World War II government poster shown above was intended to achieve which of the following intentions? A) justification for the imprisonment of hundreds of thousands of Japanese Americans B) to remind Americans to seek revenge for the attack on Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941 C) to urge war plant workers to be more productive in supplying the needs of the war D) to recruit men into military service E) to identify the enemy to the American public as Germany and Japan Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 364 [Conceptual] 40) The federal agency designed to protect minority workers against discrimination was the A) Congress of Industrial Organizations. B) Fair Labor Standards Agency. C) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. D) War Relocation Authority. E) Fair Employment Practices Committee. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 365[Factual] 364 .

41) The African American who proposed the 1941 March on Washington to end discrimination in defense employment was A) Martin Luther King, Sr. B) James Meredith. C) A. Philip Randolph. D) Booker T. Washington. E) W. E. B. Du Bois. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 365[Factual] 42) World War II brought a mass migration of African Americans from farms in the South to A) farms in the West. B) cities in the South. C) cities in the North and West. D) farms in the North. E) war industries throughout the country. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 365[Factual] 43) The so-called “zoot-suit” riots in Los Angeles in 1943 were targeted at A) Mexican Americans. B) Italian Americans. C) African Americans. D) Native Americans. E) German Americans. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 365[Factual] 44) During World War II, which group was placed in relocation camps in the United States? A) Italian Americans B) German Americans C) Japanese Americans D) Russian Americans E) Jewish Americans Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 365[Factual] 45) Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president A) one time. B) two times. C) three times. D) four times. E) five times. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 365[Factual] 365 .

46) Compared with the American contribution to the defeat of Germany, the Soviet Union’s was A) somewhat smaller. B) about the same. C) impossible to determine. D) significantly larger. E) significantly smaller. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 367[Factual] 47) The conference at ________ is regarded as a diplomatic victory for the Soviets. A) Casablanca B) Teheran C) Yalta D) Potsdam E) Munich Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 367[Factual] 48) President Truman’s primary motive for using nuclear weapons against Japan was to A) impress the Soviet Union. B) kill as many Japanese as possible. C) make sure these costly weapons were utilized. D) start a postwar arms race. E) end the war as quickly as possible. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 368[Factual] 27.2 True/False Questions 1) Eventually, Germany defaulted on her reparations payments in the 1920s, and the Allied powers defaulted on their loan repayments to the United States. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 356[Factual] 2) At the beginning of his presidency, F.D.R. wanted the United States to avoid involvement in foreign squabbles. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 356[Factual] 3) The Washington Conference signatories agreed to reaffirm the Open Door policy in China. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual]

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4) In the 1930s, Americans’ memories of World War I were largely negative and had a significant effect on foreign policy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357[Factual] 5) In the election of 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Wendell Willkie. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 359[Factual] 6) In the conduct of foreign policy, F.D.R. was ever the pragmatist. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 359[Factual] 7) In the election of 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt narrowly defeated Harry Truman for the presidency. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 365-367[Factual] 8) At the end of World War II, Japan surrendered before Germany surrendered. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 367-368[Factual] 9) At the Yalta Conference in 1945, Stalin refused to commit the Soviet Union to joining the war against Japan. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 367[Factual] 27.3 Essay Questions 1) Assess American foreign policy in the aftermath of World War I. What effect did the war have on American attitudes toward the outside world? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 356-357 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Is “independent internationalism” an accurate description of United States’ foreign policy between the two wars? If so, why? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357-359 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) What were Japan’s objectives in Asia in the 1930s? Was conflict unavoidable for the United States, given the nature of Japan’s grand design for Asia? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 360 [Factual and Conceptual] 4) Assess the response of the United States to the military aggression of Japan, Germany, and Italy in the 1930s. [Factual] Diff: 1 Page Ref: 357-360 367 .

5) Describe the American strategy for defeating Japan in World War II. How successful was that strategy? Explain your answer. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 360-361, 363, 367-368 [Factual and Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 28 The Onset of the Cold War 28.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Harry S. Truman’s approach to foreign policy could be characterized as being in the tradition of A) Woodrow Wilson. B) George Washington. C) Franklin D. Roosevelt. D) Theodore Roosevelt. E) Herbert Hoover. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 369[Factual] 2) At the ________ Conference, the victorious Allied powers decided to take reparations from their own occupation zones in Germany. A) Yalta B) Tehran C) Tokyo D) Potsdam E) Paris Peace Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 369[Factual] 3) The crucial issue discussed at the Potsdam Conference involved A) the use of the atomic bomb. B) the future of Berlin. C) war reparations. D) opening a second front against Germany. E) how to deal with Japan. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 369[Factual] 4) The fundamental disagreement at the beginning of the Cold War involved the question of A) who would control postwar Europe. B) sharing the secrets of atomic weapons. C) free elections in Western Europe. D) whether Truman or Stalin would lead postwar alliances. E) who would control post-war Japan. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 370[Factual]

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5) By 1946, Great Britain and the United States were refusing to permit A) France to invade West Germany. B) the Soviet Union to take reparations from the industrial western zones of Germany. C) the nuclear arming of Japan. D) the Greek invasion of Turkey. E) the Soviet Union to send arms to Eastern Europe. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 370[Factual] 6) Which of the following countries did NOT become politically controlled by the Soviet Union after World War II? A) Poland B) Belgium C) Hungary D) Bulgaria E) Romania Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 370[Factual] 7) Soviet bitterness toward the United States immediately after World War II was primarily a result of A) American threats to take military action against Eastern Europe. B) broken American promises regarding the future of Berlin. C) the United States’ refusal to provide economic aid to the Soviet Union. D) personal differences between Truman and Stalin. E) the United States’ presence in West Germany. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371[Factual] 8) The Soviet Union first learned of the American atomic bomb A) from Franklin D. Roosevelt. B) through conversations between Truman and Stalin. C) from the British and French. D) through the use of espionage. E) when the first one was dropped on Japan. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371[Factual]

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9) The Baruch Plan A) prevented a wide sharing of nuclear weapons information. B) would have preserved the American monopoly on nuclear weapons. C) was welcomed by the Soviet Union. D) received little support from top American military leaders. E) was never implemented. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371[Factual] 10) Which of the following individuals is incorrectly matched with his foreign policy activities? A) Bernard Baruch/nuclear weapons B) George Marshall/economic assistance for Western Europe C) Dean Acheson/U.S. invasion of Cuba D) George Kennan/containment policy E) John Foster Dulles/Suez Canal crisis Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371-372[Factual] 11) As secretary of state, George C. Marshall relied heavily on the talents of A) Dwight Eisenhower and George Patton. B) Richard Nixon. C) Dean Acheson and George Kennan. D) Bernard Baruch. E) John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371[Factual]

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U.S. Marines in Korea, 1950

U.S. Publication: The Case for Communist Penetration of Guatemala, 1957

12) The illustrations shown above portray events and perceptions that led directly to which of the following foreign policy ideas put forth by an American president? A) Harry S. Truman’s “containment” policy B) The Truman Doctrine C) John F. Kennedy’s “flexible response” D) Lyndon B. Johnson’s “escalation” policy E) Richard M. Nixon’s “Nixon doctrine” Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372 [Conceptual] 13) George Kennan’s containment policy proposed A) long-term neutrality for the United States with respect to European affairs. B) a series of aggressive maneuvers toward the Soviet Union. C) American vigilance regarding Soviet expansionist tendencies. D) restrictions on American expansionist plans. E) keeping nuclear weapons information a closely guarded secret. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372 [Factual]

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14) George Kennan believed firmly that A) Congress should be allowed a leading role in foreign affairs. B) public opinion should be of paramount importance in determining foreign policy. C) American foreign policy should be left to the experts. D) the Soviets posed no real threat to the United States. E) “containment” in theory was a strong practice but might prove difficult to implement. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372[Factual] 15) The Truman Doctrine was developed as a response to problems in A) Greece and Turkey. B) Italy and France. C) Syria and Lebanon. D) Laos and Vietnam. E) Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372[Factual]

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How Communism Works by the Catholic Library Services 16) The pamphlet shown above was typical of concerns that dominated which era of United States history? A) Imperialism and World War I B) Roaring Twenties and Jazz Age C) the Great Depression and World War II D) the Cold War E) 1950s and Rock ‘n Roll Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372 [Conceptual] 17) The Marshall Plan proposed A) the infusion of massive amounts of American capital in Western Europe. B) the rearming of Germany. C) a massive military buildup in Europe. D) a series of Western military alliances. E) the division of Germany. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372 [Factual] 374 .

18) Overall, the Marshall Plan A) did little to halt Soviet encroachment in Western Europe. B) failed as an economic measure. C) received wholehearted support from the Soviets. D) generated a broad industrial recovery in Western Europe. E) had no effect on the U.S. economy. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372[Factual] 19) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization A) received little support from European nations. B) represented a departure from traditional American isolationism. C) was perceived as nonthreatening by the Soviets. D) continued the old American tradition of involvement in European alliances. E) was opposed by the United Nations secretary-general. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372[Factual] 20) The NATO Treaty was signed in A) 1945. B) 1946. C) 1947. D) 1948. E) 1949. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372[Factual] 21) NATO A) had the effect of easing U.S.-Soviet tensions. B) intensified Soviet fears of the West. C) involved only the United States and major West European powers. D) failed to radically affect European military strategy. E) relied exclusively on European forces. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 373[Factual] 22) The main Soviet response to containment was demonstrated by A) their overthrow of the democratic government of Czechoslovakia. B) the North Korean invasion of South Korea. C) their blockade of Berlin. D) the Communist revolution in China. E) shooting down two American planes over East Germany. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 373[Factual] 375 .

23) When the Soviet Union sealed off the city of Berlin in 1948, President Harry Truman A) responded by invading Czechoslovakia. B) threatened to drop nuclear weapons on Moscow. C) organized a massive airlift to resupply the city. D) declared war. E) did nothing, fearing escalation to a “hot” war. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 373[Factual] 24) The National Security Act of 1947 established the A) Department of State. B) Central Intelligence Agency. C) Truman Doctrine. D) Marshall Plan. E) House Un-American Activities Committee. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 374[Factual] 25) The passage of the National Security Act in 1947 A) indicated America’s desire to decrease its military strength. B) acted to coordinate and unify America’s military establishment. C) served only to further divide the Defense Department. D) weakened the intelligence gathering capabilities of the United States. E) added unnecessary bureaucracy to matters of defense. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 374[Factual] 26) The defense policy statement known as NSC-68 A) led to a weakening of the American military. B) showed the Truman administration’s lack of determination to confront the Soviet threat. C) emphasized the need to rely on diplomacy to deal with the Soviets. D) symbolized a lessening of Cold War anxieties. E) advocated a massive expansion of the American military. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 374[Factual] 27) American policy toward Japan after World War II A) allowed shared U.S.-Soviet responsibility for the Japanese islands. B) emphasized the continuation of traditional Japanese institutions. C) was aimed at preventing the recovery of the Japanese economy. D) brought the transition of the Japanese government into a constitutional democracy. E) was similar to American policy in Europe. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 375[Factual] 376 .

28) Which one of the following was proof that President Harry Truman was determined to spend whatever was necessary to win the Cold War? A) NSC-68 B) National Security Act C) The White Paper on Formosa D) National Defense Education Act E) Marshall Plan Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 374[Factual] 29) One of Chiang Kai-shek’s biggest problems by 1945 was inflation, which had risen to ________ percent per year. A) 60 B) 70 C) 80 D) 90 E) 100 Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 375[Factual] 30) Republican senators blamed the Communist success in China on A) American diplomats who sabotaged the Nationalist government. B) the great personal popularity of Mao Tse-tung. C) an overly aggressive American military policy. D) the poor leadership of Chiang Kai-shek. E) the large amount of military funding the Chinese Communists received from the Soviets. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 375[Factual] 31) A significant aspect of the American response to the Communist triumph in China was its A) decision to focus on Japan as its major Asian ally. B) decision to launch the Korean War. C) failure to observe other Communist threats in the region. D) quick recognition of the new regime in China. E) cessation of diplomatic relations with the Soviets. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 375[Factual]

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32) At the beginning of the Korean War, North Korea was A) a colony of Japan. B) a colony of China. C) strongly supported by the Soviet Union. D) a trustee state of the United Nations. E) still recovering from the devastation of World War II. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 375[Factual] 33) During the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur A) acted cautiously, always aware of the threat from China. B) warned Truman against overly aggressive tactics. C) cooperated with Truman in devising an effective strategy. D) was overconfident and gave Truman bad advice. E) was planning to run for president. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 376[Factual] 34) In the Korean War, the Chinese threatened a massive invasion of Korea if the United States A) invaded North Korea. B) attempted to aid South Korea. C) broke out of the Pusan perimeter. D) did not withdraw its troops. E) did not agree to peace talks. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 376[Factual] 35) In the final analysis, the most significant result of the Korean War was A) the final solution: the division of Korea. B) the fact that it inhibited the Soviet Union’s further expansionism. C) that it reinforced Truman’s popularity with the American people. D) that it humiliated the United States in the eyes of the world. E) that it brought about massive American rearmament. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 376[Factual] 36) A major political consequence of the Cold War was that A) Harry Truman and the Democrats were able to strengthen their political position. B) Dwight D. Eisenhower was discredited. C) Republicans used public dissatisfaction with the Cold War to strengthen their hand. D) American liberals found their strength dramatically increased. E) it eased American fears about the Soviet threat. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 376[Factual] 378 .

37) The leader of the Dixiecrats in the election of 1948 was A) Henry Wallace. B) Thomas Dewey. C) Strom Thurmond. D) George C. Marshall. E) Dean Rusk. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 377[Factual] 38) Truman’s handling of the Berlin crisis A) was an important factor in his victory in the election of 1948. B) showed his indecisiveness in confronting the Soviet threat. C) caused many to question his leadership abilities. D) led the Soviets to view him as a weak president. E) angered American citizens. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 377[Factual] 39) The most famous disclosure of espionage activities in the U.S. government in the late 1940s involved the case of A) Alger Hiss. B) Richard Nixon. C) Whittaker Chambers. D) Herbert Philbrick. E) the Rosenbergs. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 378[Factual] 40) Julius and Ethel Rosenberg A) helped the CIA break a Soviet spy ring in the United States. B) were executed for passing American atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. C) opposed the Soviet attempt to blockade Berlin. D) were responsible for exposing Alger Hiss as a communist. E) admitted their guilt. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 378[Factual]

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41) The leading figure of the Red Scare of the early 1950s was A) Dwight D. Eisenhower. B) Joseph McCarthy. C) Dean Acheson. D) Richard M. Nixon. E) Roy Cohn. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 378[Factual] 42) During the Eisenhower administration, the U.S. military relied mainly on A) a massive buildup of conventional forces. B) highly-trained special forces. C) the air force and its nuclear striking power. D) nuclear ballistic missile submarines. E) involvement in limited wars to halt Soviet aggression. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 379[Factual] 43) Eisenhower’s secretary of state was A) Dean Acheson. B) George Kennan. C) Dean Rusk. D) Averell Harriman. E) John Foster Dulles. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 379[Factual] 44) The U.S. admiral calling for U.S. military assistance to prevent a French defeat in Vietnam in 1954 was A) John Dulles. B) Richard Nixon. C) Gary Powers. D) Arthur Radford. E) Chester Nimitz. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 380[Factual]

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45) President Eisenhower’s first serious foreign policy crisis came when A) communist China attacked Formosa. B) North Korea attacked South Korea. C) the French asked the U.S. for assistance in Vietnam. D) Egypt seized the Suez Canal. E) the Soviet Union cut off land access to Berlin. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 380[Factual] 46) In 1954, what was the first test of Eisenhower’s new policy to contain Chinese communism? A) Japan B) Manchuria C) the Pacific Islands D) Eastern Europe E) the Formosa Straits Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 380[Factual] 47) During the Cold War, President Eisenhower did each of the following EXCEPT A) authorize a CIA overthrow of a democratically elected government in Iraq. B) end the Korean War. C) oversaw the signing of a security treaty with China. D) authorize spy plane overflights of the Soviet Union. E) remain calm in times of great stress. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 379-382[Factual] 48) Stalin was succeeded by A) Nikita Khrushchev. B) Leonid Brezhnev. C) V. I. Lenin. D) Yuri Andropov. E) Yuri Gregorin. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 382[Factual]

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49) When the Soviet Union shot down a United States spy plane in 1960, the event became known as the ________ crisis. A) NSC-68 B) U-2 C) B-52 D) Berlin E) hostage Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 381[Factual] 28.2 True/False Questions 1) After World War II, the United States spent billions helping to rebuild the Soviet Union. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371 [Factual] 2) The Baruch Plan called for the United States to unilaterally destroy its stockpile of nuclear weapons. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371[Factual] 3) In its initial plans immediately after World War II, the United States intended to give up its monopoly on atomic weapons and turn control of fissionable material, processing plants, and ultimately, its stockpile of bombs over to an international agency. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371[Factual] 4) The Marshall Plan was a great political and economic success for the United States. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372[Factual] 5) By convincing the Soviets of the firm intentions of the United States and its allies, NATO had the effect of de-escalating the Cold War. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 372[Factual] 6) In 1949, Communist forces took control of China. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 375[Factual] 7) The American public reacted well when Truman relieved MacArthur from duty. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 376[Factual] 382 .

8) Senator Joseph McCarthy gained great credibility during the Red Scare of the 1950s because of his scrupulous attention to validated facts concerning Communist espionage activities in the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 378[Factual] 9) During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the U.S. provided air strikes in support of French troops. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 380[Factual] 10) Khrushchev was the Soviet leader who famously proclaimed, “We will bury you!” Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 382[Factual] 28.3 Essay Questions 1) How did the origins of the Cold War reflect different American and Soviet traditions, as well as their different needs and interests in Europe after World War II? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 370-371[Factual] 2) What was the policy of “containment”? Who were its leading proponents, and how did they implement this policy between 1947 and 1950? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 371-373[Factual] 3) How did the Cold War bring about reforms in the United States military and intelligence establishments in the 1940s and 1950s? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 374[Factual] 4) Describe U.S. foreign policy toward China between 1945 and 1960. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 375-376[Factual] 5) Describe President Eisenhower’s foreign policy approach toward the Soviet Union. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 379-381[Factual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 29 Affluence and Anxiety 29.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The individual who invented the concept of mass construction of suburban homes was A) William Levitt. B) C. Wright Mills. C) William Douglas. D) William Whyte. E) Charles Newcastle. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 383[Factual] 2) The most significant social trend in the postwar era in America was A) the decline of the nuclear family. B) the flight to the suburbs. C) a decline in the size of the family. D) the emergence of the drug culture. E) the growth of the “Sun Belt.” Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 383[Factual] 3) The 1950s in America were characterized by A) a lower standard of living. B) the maldistribution of wealth and income. C) the appearance of much greater diversity in American life. D) a new affluence and economic good times. E) recession and inflation. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 383[Factual] 4) Which of the following was NOT an important stimulus to American economic growth in the late 1940s and early 1950s? A) direct government aid to industrial development B) the pent-up demand for consumer goods C) heavy government spending during the Cold War D) $37 billion in American savings E) the Korean War Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 384[Factual]

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5) The economic abundance of the 1950s A) benefited all sections of the country equally. B) erased unemployment in the United States. C) was not shared by older industries or the farmer. D) removed the economy as a source of concern for the government. E) led to racial equality. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 384[Factual] 6) The new American suburbs of the 1950s A) showed a surprising occupational diversity among inhabitants. B) were inhabited, primarily, by the middle class. C) allowed only upper-class inhabitants. D) were mainly inhabited by lower-class families. E) were open to all races and religions. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 384[Factual] 7) Critical to life in the suburbs in the 1950s was A) the automobile. B) efficient mass transit. C) the development of jobs close to the home sites. D) the restructuring of American school systems. E) air conditioning. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 384[Factual] 8) Which one of the following is NOT true of America in the 1950s? A) Annual defense spending by the United States exceeded $40 billion. B) By 1960, more than 80% of women worked outside the home. C) Critics of progressive education called for massive reforms. D) Television became the most important form of entertainment. E) Organized religion flourished. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual]

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Desi-Lucy Love Story (Library of Congress) 9) The cover story in Look Magazine for December 25, 1956 featured this photograph of Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, and their son Ricky. This photo demonstrates what strong cultural value of the 1950s? A) significance of music in family cohesiveness B) power of television and motion picture stars to influence society C) rising influence of Hispanic culture in the United States D) importance of the nuclear family unit to the parents of the baby boom generation E) decline of marriage and families in the 1950s Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385 [Conceptual] 10) In 1946, Dr. Benjamin Spock wrote a bestselling book on A) infant and child care. B) public education. C) the Cold War. D) marriage. E) space travel. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual]

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11) Between 1940 and 1960, American wives A) dropped out of the workforce. B) were increasingly required to take jobs outside the home. C) continued to act almost entirely as homemakers. D) had little interest in or need for jobs outside the home. E) resisted the flight to the suburbs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual] 12) The dominant social theme of the 1950s was A) patriotism. B) religion. C) reform. D) consumerism. E) protest. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual] 13) People’s attitudes toward organized religion in the 1950s was A) incredibly positive and religious affiliation boomed. B) seen mainly in the growing numbers of Protestants. C) not as important in their lives as in previous generations. D) the only way to deal with the emotional stress of the Cold War. E) something there was no time for as life became more hectic. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual] 14) A major point of agreement among those concerned with education in the 1950s was their belief in the need for A) a college education. B) local control of the educational system. C) neighborhood schools. D) instruction in values and ethics. E) segregated schools. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual] 15) A major obstacle to the continuation of creative programming in 1950s television was the A) disillusionment of advertisers with such programming. B) predominance of sports shows. C) absence of good writers. D) failure of the major television networks. E) dedication of the masses to “cornball” comedy and soap operas. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual] 387 .

16) Which of the following individuals CANNOT be considered a prominent social critic of the 1950s? A) William H. Whyte B) Oveta Hobby C) David Riesman D) C. Wright Mills E) John Keats Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385-386[Factual] 17) A striking feature of the culture of the 1950s was A) its tendency to avoid serious issues. B) the abundance of self-criticism. C) its focus almost entirely on serious, classical culture. D) the absence of social criticism. E) its almost universal suspicion of the new mass media. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual] 18) The most influential social critic of the 1950s was A) Dean Acheson. B) David Riesman. C) Billy Graham. D) Whittaker Chambers. E) Ernie Kovacs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 386[Factual] 19) According to the social critic C. Wright Mills, the real villain in American society in the 1950s was A) the Soviet Union. B) the corporation. C) the labor union. D) the university. E) the government. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 386[Factual]

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20) The tone for the so-called “beat” movement was set by the novelist A) Tom Wolfe. B) Ernest Hemingway. C) J. D. Salinger. D) John McDonald. E) Jack Kerouac. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 386[Factual] 21) Sputnik, the earth satellite put into orbit by the Soviet Union in 1957, was capable of A) launching a missile attack against the U.S. B) transmitting a “beep...beep...beep” radio signal. C) carrying out high-level photographic surveillance. D) carrying a dog into space. E) serving as a communications satellite. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 386[Factual] 22) The National Defense Educational Act was passed in response to A) the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union. B) the discovery that the Soviets had nuclear weapons. C) Truman’s attempted nationalization of atomic energy. D) Truman’s call for educational reform. E) a populace unsure of what to do in the event of nuclear war. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 386[Factual] 23) Which of the following was NOT a component of President Truman’s Fair Deal program? A) federal aid to education B) national medical insurance C) an interstate highway system D) a Fair Employment Practices Commission E) extension of Social Security Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 387[Factual] 24) Harry Truman’s Fair Deal A) marked an attempt to undo New Deal reforms. B) enjoyed Congressional support. C) was never enacted. D) was hampered by Truman’s lack of any real ambition for reform. E) was resoundingly accepted by America. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 387[Factual] 389 .

25) The best description of President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s political perspective was A) the “Fair Deal.” B) the “New Deal.” C) “Moderate Republicanism.” D) “The New Frontier.” E) “A Chicken in Every Pot.” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 387[Factual] 26) During the Eisenhower administrations, Congress A) was not subject to intensive lobbying by the president. B) was forced into a limited role by Eisenhower. C) was predominantly Republican and, therefore, supported the president. D) fought frequently with the president over his programs. E) worked closely with the president on every issue. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 27) In Congress, which of the following Democrats did President Eisenhower have to work most closely with during the 1950s? A) John Dulles B) Robert Taft C) Sam Rayburn D) Dean Acheson E) John Carmichael Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 28) Eisenhower’s legislative record could be characterized as A) impressive, particularly in terms of social programs. B) oriented toward much heavier government spending. C) very modest. D) in the tradition of Roosevelt and Truman. E) radical. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 29) The one significant legislative achievement of the Eisenhower years was the A) Social Security Act. B) Highway Act of 1956. C) Taft-Hartley Act. D) Fair Employment Act. E) Truth in Advertising Act. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 390 .

30) The first president to attempt to seriously alter the historic pattern of racial discrimination in the United States was A) Harry Truman. B) Franklin D. Roosevelt. C) Theodore Roosevelt. D) John F. Kennedy. E) Herbert Hoover. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 31) Overall, the Eisenhower years could be characterized best as A) a time of intense radicalism. B) a period marked by confidence in America’s greatness. C) an era of political moderation. D) a time of intense political factionalism. E) turbulent. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 32) With respect to the New Deal, Eisenhower A) actively sought to dismantle its key programs. B) maintained its welfare programs but limited their expansion. C) pushed for the creation of new, more radical programs. D) was a firm believer in the effectiveness of its programs. E) maintained all central structures except welfare. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 33) During the Truman administration A) voting discrimination against African Americans came to an end. B) public schools were desegregated. C) an order for the desegregation of the armed forces was issued. D) Congress established a permanent civil rights commission. E) the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department was weakened. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 34) By 1960, the most racially-integrated institution in American society was A) the public high school system. B) the private university system. C) corporate America. D) the military. E) professional hockey. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 391 .

35) The NAACP lawyer who argued the Brown v. Board of Education decision before the Supreme Court was A) Orville Faubus. B) Martin Luther King. C) Thurgood Marshall. D) Malcolm X. E) John Lewis. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 36) The case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka overturned the A) Plessy v. Ferguson decision. B) Sweatt v. Painter decision. C) Sims v. Simpson decision. D) Allwright v. United States decision. E) Delacourt v. Alabama decision. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 37) In 1953, Eisenhower appointed ________ as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. A) Thurgood Marshall B) Earl Warren C) Charles E. Wilson D) Oveta Culp Hobby E) Joseph McCarthy Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 38) In its decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court A) refused to rule on the question of segregation. B) declared separate educational facilities to be inherently unequal. C) continued to support the doctrine of separate but equal. D) ruled that the NAACP’s case had no merit. E) ordered federal funding of new schools and universities to meet growing needs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 39) As a result of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, A) segregation in the South ended almost immediately. B) segregation was allowed to continue for ten years. C) the slow process of desegregating schools was begun. D) African American protests against discrimination began to decline in number. E) martial law was immediately imposed in most southern states. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 392 .

40) The Deep South responded to court-ordered desegregation A) with massive resistance. B) by moving immediately to end discrimination in schools. C) with grudging acceptance of the decisions. D) by closing all of its schools. E) with bloody race riots. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 41) With respect to desegregation efforts, Dwight D. Eisenhower A) actively fought to halt them. B) wholeheartedly supported them. C) called for further action in the courts. D) worked behind the scenes to support them. E) was history’s greatest presidential advocate. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 42) The Arkansas governor who defied U.S. Supreme Court orders to integrate public schools was A) Bill Clinton. B) George Wallace. C) Orval Faubus. D) Thurgood Marshall. E) Roger Thornton. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 43) President Eisenhower had to send in federal troops in 1957 to enforce the desegregation of the public schools in A) Chicago, Illinois. B) Los Angeles, California. C) Tallahassee, Florida. D) Little Rock, Arkansas. E) Topeka, Kansas. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual]

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44) The beginning of active African-American protest against discrimination occurred in A) Washington, D.C. B) Little Rock, Arkansas. C) Montgomery, Alabama. D) Memphis, Tennessee. E) Topeka, Kansas. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 45) An organization founded by Martin Luther King, Jr. to promote civil rights was the A) Southern Christian Leadership Conference. B) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. C) Urban League. D) Fair Employment Practices Committee. E) Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 390[Factual] 46) Martin Luther King, Jr.’s philosophy of protest stressed A) massive protest in the streets. B) acceptance of discrimination until the courts could act. C) acceptance of discrimination until African Americans could form a more solid economic base. D) intensive, radical action. E) nonviolent, passive resistance. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 390[Factual] 29.2 True/False Questions 1) During the 1950s, city populations actually grew more rapidly than suburban populations. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 383[Factual] 2) The growth of suburban populations in the 1950s was inextricably linked to the boom in automobile sales. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 384[Factual] 3) One striking feature of the 1950s was the abundance of self-criticism. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385[Factual] 4) Truman’s Fair Deal was a resounding success. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 387[Factual] 394 .

5) Harry Truman’s attempts to carry on the traditions of Franklin D. Roosevelt were hampered by his tendency to seek too much too soon. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 387[Factual] 6) One of the few successes of President Truman’s Fair Deal program was the repeal of the TaftHartley Act. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 387[Factual] 7) Dwight D. Eisenhower, because of his extensive military background, assumed the presidency with the idea of actively pursuing key programs and expanding the powers of his office. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 8) Dwight D. Eisenhower was the only president of the twentieth century to balance the federal budget during each of his eight years in office. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 388[Factual] 9) Compared with previous presidents, Harry Truman was strongly committed to civil rights. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 10) The Supreme Court decisions declaring segregation illegal were readily and eagerly accepted by most Americans in the 1950s. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 389[Factual] 29.3 Essay Questions 1) What were the key characteristics of American culture and society during the 1950s? Discuss each in detail. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 383-386[Factual] 2) In the midst of the affluence and prosperity of the 1950s, considerable doubt existed about the character of American society. What were the most significant criticisms of the character and direction of American society during the 1950s? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385-386 [Conceptual] 3) Describe the arguments of social critics about American suburbia and consumerism in the 1950s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 385-386[Factual]

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4) Discuss the impact of Sputnik on the United States. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 386 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) Explain the sources of the American economic boom in the 1950s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 383-385 [Factual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 30 The Turbulent Sixties 30.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Critical to John F. Kennedy’s victory in the election of 1960 was his A) success in televised debates against Richard Nixon. B) charge that Republicans had overstimulated the economy. C) rejection of U.S. participation in the Cold War. D) disavowal of his religious beliefs. E) stance as a war hawk. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 392 [Factual] 2) John F. Kennedy’s domestic program was known as the A) Great Society. B) New Deal. C) Fair Deal. D) New Frontier. E) Age of Camelot. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 395[Factual] 3) The loser of the presidential election of 1960 was A) Richard Nixon. B) George McGovern. C) John F. Kennedy. D) Lyndon Johnson. E) Hubert Humphrey. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 392[Factual] 4) Which of the following regions was NOT a foreign policy crisis for John F. Kennedy? A) Southeast Asia B) Berlin C) Mexico D) Cuba E) Soviet Union Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393-394[Factual]

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5) In contrast to Eisenhower, Kennedy’s staff was heavily populated with A) career military men. B) high-ranking business executives. C) women executives. D) academics and intellectuals. E) immigrants and minorities. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393[Factual] 6) The man selected to serve as secretary of defense by John F. Kennedy was A) Robert McNamara. B) Arthur Radford. C) Dean Rusk. D) William Westmoreland. E) Henry Kissinger. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393[Factual] 7) John F. Kennedy’s plan to balance out nuclear capability with conventional military strength was known as A) the New Look. B) the New Deal. C) flexible response. D) massive retaliation. E) total coverage. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393[Factual] 8) The Soviet leader with whom both Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy had to deal was A) Nikita Khrushchev. B) Leonid Brezhnev. C) Gamel Nasser. D) Mikhail Gorbachev. E) Yuri Andropov. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393[Factual]

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9) The building of the Berlin War in 1961 A) was a Soviet defensive measure. B) demonstrated East Germany’s control of Berlin. C) was a joint effort by the United States and the Soviet Union. D) caused few problems for the Kennedy administration. E) was meant to keep East Germans from migrating to the West. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393[Factual] 10) Under John F. Kennedy, the United States government A) decided to support the Ho Chi Minh government. B) reduced American involvement in Vietnam. C) increased the number of military advisers in Vietnam. D) maintained levels of support in Vietnam roughly equal to those established by Eisenhower. E) began large-scale military operations in Southeast Asia. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 394[Factual] 11) The ________ was Kennedy’s most obvious foreign policy disaster. A) Bay of Pigs invasion B) Cuban Missile Crisis C) Vietnam War D) Berlin Crisis of 1961 E) Monroe Affair Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 394[Factual] 12) American foreign policy hawks believed that the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis A) justified a policy of nuclear superiority. B) proved that the Soviet Union was no real threat to the United States. C) indicated the need for a secret invasion of Cuba. D) supported their view of Kennedy’s expertise in foreign policy. E) allowed a new policy of nuclear disarmament. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 395[Factual]

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“Your Tomorrow,” U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965 (United States Department of Agriculture) 13) The ideas presented in the government propaganda poster shown above would most closely coincide with the specific fears and concerns during which of the following time periods? A) Great Depression B) World War II C) Korean War D) Cold War Era E) Vietnam War Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 395 [Conceptual] 14) Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis? A) a de-escalation of the U.S.-Soviet arms race B) the Soviet-American hotline C) new negotiations regarding a reduction in nuclear testing D) a new maturity in John F. Kennedy’s foreign policy E) a conviction that the Soviets only understood the language of force Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 395[Factual] 400 .

15) President Kennedy’s most controversial Cabinet appointment involved his choice for A) secretary of state. B) attorney general. C) secretary of defense. D) secretary of transportation. E) secretary of the interior. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 396[Factual] 16) Kennedy’s greatest domestic obstacle while president was A) the U.S. Congress. B) the Joint Chiefs of Staff. C) his lack of experience in domestic affairs. D) his lack of concern for domestic affairs. E) his affiliation with the Catholic church. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 396[Factual] 17) President Kennedy became extremely frustrated when leaders of the ________ industry decided to raise prices. A) oil industry B) coal industry C) steel industry D) iron ore industry E) aeronautics industry Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 396[Factual] 18) John F. Kennedy played down civil rights legislation because he A) feared alienating Southern Democrats. B) was secretly a racist. C) did not want to offend conservative African-American leaders. D) did not really see the need for it. E) was advised to do so by leading cabinet members. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 396[Factual]

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19) Which one of the following groups sponsored the “freedom rides”? A) Southern Christian Leadership Conference B) Congress of Racial Equality C) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee D) Fair Employment Practices Committee E) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 397[Factual] 20) The ________ was the most important stimulus for social change in the early 1960s. A) Supreme Court B) House of Representatives C) presidency D) Senate E) televised reporting of civil rights abuses Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 398[Factual] 21) The most far-reaching decisions of the Warren Court involved A) business regulation. B) abortion. C) legislative reapportionment. D) the rights of victims. E) racial equality. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 398[Factual]

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1963 March on Washington (United States Government Printing Office) 22) The 1963 event pictured above was sponsored by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. The issues being highlighted by this event were addressed by which of the following? A) Gideon v. Wainwright B) Civil Rights Act of 1964 C) Job Corps D) Paris Peace Talks (Vietnam) E) Nixon resignation Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 397 [Factual and Conceptual] 23) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 A) outlawed racial segregation in public facilities. B) outlawed racial discrimination in employment. C) protected the voting rights of African Americans. D) included gender as an unacceptable basis for discrimination in hiring. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 399 [Factual] 24) The ________ established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. A) Fair Employment Practices Act B) Civil Rights Act of 1964 C) Equal Opportunity Act D) Taft-Hartley Act E) Civil Rights Act of 1957 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 399[Factual] 403 .

25) Lyndon Johnson’s War on Poverty was influenced by Michael Harrington’s book, A) How the Other Half Lives. B) Silent Spring. C) The Best and the Brightest. D) The Other America. E) Down and Out in America. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 399[Factual] 26) Lyndon Johnson’s domestic program was called the A) Fair Deal. B) New Frontier. C) Great Society. D) New Deal. E) War on Poverty. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 399[Factual] 27) In the election of 1964, President Lyndon Johnson easily defeated A) Robert Taft. B) Richard Nixon. C) George McGovern. D) Nelson Rockefeller. E) Barry Goldwater. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 399[Factual] 28) In his program of health care, President Lyndon Johnson secured A) free health care for all Americans. B) establishment of the Medicare program for the elderly. C) federal health care initiatives. D) a restriction on health benefits for welfare recipients. E) a free prescription drug program. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 399[Factual] 29) The foreign policy of Lyndon Johnson A) took a back seat to his domestic concerns. B) was dramatically different from that of Kennedy. C) was, in many respects, simply a continuation of Kennedy’s policies. D) indicated his opposition to the Cold War. E) was isolationist by nature. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 400[Factual] 404 .

30) A major critic of Lyndon Johnson’s foreign policies was A) William Fulbright. B) Walter Rostow. C) Robert McNamara. D) Daniel Ortega. E) William Westmoreland. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 401[Factual] 31) Lyndon Johnson’s political downfall resulted primarily from A) his Latin American policy. B) his obsession with the Vietnam War. C) the failure of his Great Society. D) his refusal to be a Cold Warrior. E) his advocacy of welfare programs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 401[Factual] 32) Lyndon Johnson sought the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution A) as a blank check for military escalation in Vietnam. B) to jump-start the U.S. economy. C) to place the blame for the war in Vietnam on the shoulders of North Vietnam. D) to pacify the leadership of South Vietnam. E) to demonstrate to the North Vietnamese, and his political opponents, his determination to take a tough stance in Vietnam. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 401[Factual] 33) In the long run, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution can be evaluated as A) a costly victory for Lyndon Johnson. B) a relatively minor event in the long history of war in Vietnam. C) a significant and positive victory for Lyndon Johnson. D) significantly elevating Lyndon Johnson’s standing with Congress. E) a dismal failure for the Johnson administration. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 401[Factual]

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34) American bombing of North Vietnam A) proved an effective strategy in limiting North Vietnam’s participation in the war. B) destroyed North Vietnam’s major port facilities at Haiphong. C) demoralized the North Vietnamese people. D) generally failed to accomplish anything. E) impeded communist supply lines. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 401[Factual] 35) As a solution to the increasingly hopeless situation in South Vietnam in 1965, Robert McNamara advised A) a massive invasion of North Vietnam. B) American withdrawal from the war. C) a naval blockade of North Vietnam. D) American air strikes against North Vietnam. E) nuclear destruction of North Vietnam. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 401[Factual] 36) Lyndon Johnson must bear great responsibility for the American problems in the Vietnam War because he A) failed to confront the American people with the stark truth of the war. B) was the first president to commit U.S. military personnel to Vietnam. C) was the first U.S. leader to commit American financial resources to fighting the Communists in Vietnam. D) was more committed to the implementation of containment policy than his predecessors had been. E) took funding away from the war effort to prop up his Great Society programs. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 402[Factual] 37) In general, American tactics in the Vietnam War A) proved the advantage of high technology in wartime. B) were ill-suited for the type of war being fought. C) were efficient, if not always successful. D) were not a major factor in the American loss. E) won the war. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 402[Factual]

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38) In Vietnam, American military strategists counted heavily on A) superior American military tactics. B) the benefits of massive American firepower. C) the United States’ ability to resupply its forces in the field. D) their soldiers’ familiarity with guerrilla warfare. E) an overwhelming number of American troops. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 402[Factual] 39) The main premise of General William Westmoreland’s strategy in Vietnam was to A) wage a war of attrition against the Communists. B) fight a limited war. C) rely heavily on U.S. naval forces against the Viet Cong. D) keep the war contained in South Vietnam. E) fight a defensive war. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 402[Factual] 40) The most prominent student protest organization was the A) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. B) Students for a Democratic Society. C) Yippie movement. D) Southern Christian Leadership Conference. E) Young Republicans. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 403[Factual] 41) The first sign of student rebellion came in the fall of 1964 at A) Columbia University. B) the University of California at Berkeley. C) Harvard University. D) Texas A & M University. E) Kent State University. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 403[Factual]

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42) A former Harvard psychology professor who encouraged young people to experiment with drugs was A) Jackson Pollock. B) Abby Hoffman. C) Stokely Carmichael. D) Timothy Leary. E) Bob Dylan. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 405[Factual] 43) Civil rights leader ________ advocated “black power.” A) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) Malcolm X C) Stokely Carmichael D) Huey Newton E) H. Rap Brown Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 405[Factual] 44) The American experience in the Tet Offensive led Lyndon Johnson to A) use napalm bombing. B) dramatically increase American involvement in Vietnam. C) consider using tactical nuclear weapons in the war. D) step up American bombing of North Vietnam. E) begin an effort to open peace negotiations with the Communists. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407[Factual] 45) For the United States, the turning point of the Vietnam War was the A) Tet Offensive. B) battle of Khe Sanh. C) battle of Dien Bien Phu. D) siege of Hue. E) battle of Da Nang. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407[Factual]

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46) Each of the following sought the presidency in 1968 EXCEPT A) Hubert Humphrey. B) Robert Kennedy. C) Martin Luther King, Jr. D) Eugene McCarthy. E) George Wallace. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 408[Factual] 30.2 True/False Questions 1) The televised Nixon-Kennedy debates had relatively little impact on the outcome of the presidential election of 1960. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 392 [Factual] 2) Upon assuming the presidency, John F. Kennedy broke with the foreign policy of his predecessor. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393[Factual] 3) During the 1960s, the Supreme Court strengthened the rights of accused criminals. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 398[Factual] 4) The main reason for the construction of the Berlin Wall was to stop the flow of brains and talent to the West. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393[Factual] 5) The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961 turned out to be a political triumph for President John F. Kennedy. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 394[Factual] 6) In the early 1960s, the civil rights movement willingly accepted John F. Kennedy’s indirect approach to civil rights problems. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 397[Factual] 7) Kennedy provided strong presidential leadership for the Civil Rights Movement. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 397[Factual] 409 .

8) President John F. Kennedy was far superior to President Lyndon Johnson in working with Congress. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 399[Factual] 9) In the election of 1964, Lyndon Johnson barely received enough votes for reelection. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 399[Factual] 10) Richard Nixon defeated Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409[Factual] 30.3 Essay Questions 1) How did John F. Kennedy implement his belief that the Cold War was a test of America’s toughness and strength? Was he successful in achieving his goals? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 393-395 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Describe U.S. foreign policy toward Cuba in the early 1960s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 394-395 [Factual] 3) Describe the philosophy and major decisions of the Warren Court. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 398[Factual] 4) Did Lyndon Johnson have any other alternative to the actions he took regarding Vietnam? If so, what were they? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 400-403, 407-408 [Conceptual] 5) How would you account for the failure of America’s effort in the Vietnam War? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 400-403, 407-408 [Conceptual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 31 To a New Conservatism, 1969–1988 31.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In two terms as governor of California, Ronald Reagan A) displayed a natural ability as a political leader. B) insisted on implementing all of his conservative policies. C) dealt with a Republican legislature. D) favored walling out illegal aliens. E) was opposed by middle class voters. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 412[Factual] 2) President Nixon supported each of the following liberal programs EXCEPT A) affirmative action. B) the Environmental Protection Agency. C) national health care. D) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. E) the Clean Air Act. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413 [Factual] 3) Nixon called his shifting of responsibility for many social programs from the federal to the state and local levels the A) New Nationalism. B) New Deal. C) Great Society. D) New Federalism. E) New Frontier Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 413 [Factual] 4) Which of the following was NOT a domestic goal of the Nixon administration? A) a focus on making the federal bureaucracy more efficient B) a commitment to shift social problems to the federal government C) governmental utilization of minorities and women in the workforce D) shifting responsibility for school desegregation to the courts E) increased revenue sharing between federal, state, county and city governments Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413[Factual]

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5) Which of the following individuals served as Nixon’s attorney general? A) Warren Burger B) G. Gordon Liddy C) Henry Kissinger D) William Rehnquist E) John Mitchell Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413[Factual] 6) What was the main focus of the Nixon presidency? A) foreign policy B) economics C) civil rights D) education E) military build-up Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413[Factual] 7) Which of the following individuals served as Nixon’s national security adviser during his first term? A) Warren Burger B) G. Gordon Liddy C) Henry Kissinger D) William Rehnquist E) John Mitchell Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413[Factual] 8) Nixon’s program to improve relations with the Soviet Union was known as A) containment. B) détente. C) Arc Light. D) counterinsurgency. E) de-escalation. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413[Factual]

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9) What was the MAIN reason the United States wanted to resume relations with China? A) The United States believed China could become an important ally. B) China had asked that diplomatic relations resume. C) The United States believed it would force better relations with the Soviet Union. D) The United States wanted to thwart the growing economic power of Japan. E) China’s large population represented an important economic market. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414[Factual] 10) The SALT treaties involved A) the United States’ withdrawal from Vietnam. B) reductions in the number of missiles. C) removal of Soviet nuclear weapons from Cuba. D) preventing war in the Middle East. E) the collapse of the former Soviet Union. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414[Factual] 11) The SALT I agreements A) were more important as symbols than concrete events. B) forced the United States to take a secondary position in the arms race. C) were never accepted by the Soviet and American governments. D) provided China with military support along its border with the Soviet Union. E) limited the two superpowers to one thousand anti-ballistic missiles each. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414[Factual] 12) Which component was NOT part of Nixon’s plan to end the war in Vietnam? A) a gradual withdrawal of American troops B) training of South Vietnamese forces to take the combat role C) renewed bombing D) increased military spending E) taking a hard line in negotiations with Hanoi Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414[Factual]

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13) The incident at Kent State was precipitated by the A) bombing of Hanoi. B) U.S. invasion of Cambodia. C) assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. D) withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. E) military draft. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414[Factual] 14) With respect to the anti-war demonstrators, Richard Nixon A) secretly supported their objectives. B) ordered violent actions to be taken against them. C) had very little sympathy for them. D) generally just ignored them. E) prosecuted many for draft evasion. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414[Factual] 15) Which of the following men served as a special prosecutor investigating the Watergate incident? A) Archibald Cox. B) Leon Jaworski C) John Sirica D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415[Factual]

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Nixon Releases Transcripts of Oval Office Tapes, April 24, 1972 In an effort to deflect growing criticism, Richard Nixon released edited transcripts of his Oval Office tape recordings in April 1974. With their suspicious gaps and the frequent invoking of “expletive deleted,” the transcripts failed to win the president public sympathy. (National Archives) 16) The actions of President Nixon in the White House photo shown above were directly connected to which of the following? A) one of Nixon’s desperate gambles to avoid impeachment for the events of “Watergate” B) an attempt to raise his public approval polls following the disastrous Abscam scandal C) part of Nixon’s efforts to disassociate himself from the forced resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew D) Nixon attempting to balance the damage done to his reputation by the Iran-Contra scandal E) an effort to prove that the White House had no involvement in the Kent State massacre Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415[Factual] 17) The Watergate Scandal A) demonstrated the strength of America’s basic governmental institutions. B) allowed unchecked presidential authority. C) involved a lust for money. D) was conceived by Richard Nixon. E) uncovered vast corruption in the U.S. Congress. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415[Factual]

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18) The greatest economic challenge faced by the Nixon administration involved A) the collapse of the dollar. B) dramatically increasing international oil prices. C) the bankruptcy of the Federal Reserve System. D) the crisis in American farming. E) rampant unemployment. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415[Factual] 19) The Arab oil boycott of 1973-1974 was precipitated by A) the depression in China. B) the U.S. invasion of Iran. C) SALT II. D) the SALT treaty. E) the Yom Kippur War. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415[Factual] 20) The international oil organization most responsible for raising petroleum prices in the 1970s was A) SALT. B) CERT. C) CREEP. D) OPEC. E) ARAB. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415[Factual] 21) The most grave consequence of the 1970s oil shock was A) the collapse of several Arab states. B) a glut of food worldwide. C) increased industrial growth. D) initial failure of the fledgling computer industry. E) inflation throughout America. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 416[Factual]

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22) Each of the following statements about alternative energy sources is true EXCEPT A) solar power is expensive and unreliable. B) hydropower is reliable but already fully utilized. C) the areas where wind power works tend to be lightly populated. D) coal is proven and reliable but a heavy polluter. E) nuclear power is clean and inexpensive. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 417[Factual] 23) The Equal Rights Amendment A) was ratified in 1982. B) required unisex restrooms. C) was opposed by the National Organization for Women. D) fell three states short of being ratified. E) guaranteed abortion on demand. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 419[Factual] 24) The birth of the gay liberation movement was A) the founding of ACT UP. B) at the Stonewall Inn. C) the founding of the Gay Liberation Front. D) the founding of the Gay Activist Alliance. E) the Outing. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 419[Factual] 25) The AIDS epidemic was first observed among A) Hispanics. B) Blacks. C) hemophiliacs. D) gay men. E) intravenous drug users. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 419-420[Factual]

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26) Gerald Ford A) prosecuted former president Nixon to the full extent of the law. B) was a graceful and articulate speaker. C) endorsed control over federal strip mining. D) was ultimately far more liberal than Nixon in the White House. E) was the first president not elected to the office of either president or vice president. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 421[Factual] 27) To end criticism of the CIA, Gerald Ford appointed ________ to head the agency. A) Spiro Agnew B) Ronald Reagan C) George H. W. Bush D) Tom Hayden E) William Casey Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 421[Factual] 28) In the election of 1976, Jimmy Carter defeated A) Ronald Reagan. B) Gerald Ford. C) Richard Nixon. D) Spiro Agnew. E) George H. W. Bush. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 422[Factual] 29) The Camp David Accords provided a framework for peace negotiations between A) the U.S. and the Soviet Union. B) NATO and the Warsaw Pact. C) Iran and Iraq. D) Israel and Egypt. E) the Soviet Union and China. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 422[Factual]

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30) In 1979 revolutionaries in ________ took U.S. diplomats hostage. A) Iraq B) Israel C) Pakistan D) Iran E) Afghanistan Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 422[Factual] 31) President Carter’s national security advisor was A) Henry Kissinger. B) Spiro Agnew. C) Zbigniew Brzezinski. D) Leonid Brezhnev. E) Herb Lance. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 423[Factual] 32) The Cold War remained dormant throughout the 1970s until A) the United States invaded North Vietnam. B) the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. C) the Chinese invaded South Korea. D) the Soviet Union invaded China. E) the Chinese invaded Pakistan. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 423[Factual] 33) Reagan’s controversial Secretary of the Interior was A) James Watt. B) Pat Robertson. C) Jody Powell. D) David Stockman. E) Linus Pauling. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424[Factual]

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34) The most effective cabinet member in the Reagan administration’s first two years was A) Drew Lewis. B) James Watt. C) Paul Volcker. D) David Stockman. E) Robert McFarlane. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424[Factual] 35) President Reagan’s tax compromise with Congress called for an income tax cut of A) ten percent for three consecutive years. B) fifteen percent over two years. C) five percent the first year and ten percent for the second and third years. D) thirty percent over two years. E) five percent each year for four years. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424[Factual] 36) In his efforts to restrict government activity and reduce federal regulation of the economy, Reagan met with A) huge success. B) mixed success. C) little success. D) no success. E) indifference. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424[Factual] 37) In 1981, the Reagan administration crushed a strike by the A) truck drivers. B) air traffic controllers. C) airline pilots. D) coal miners. E) automobile assembly workers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424[Factual]

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38) The entitlement program regarded as the greatest offender of the growing budget deficits was A) Medicare. B) Medicaid. C) Unemployment Compensation. D) Social Security. E) Workers’ Compensation. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424[Factual] 39) Reagan was able to please feminists with his appointment of ________ to the Supreme Court. A) Anita Hill B) Madeline O’Hara C) Sandra Day O’Connor D) Clarence Thomas E) Ruth Bader Ginsberg Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 425[Factual] 40) The central tenet of Reagan’s approach to foreign policy was the belief that A) the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) represented a serious threat to the United States. B) trading arms for hostages was an effective way to quietly negotiate with terrorists. C) the Soviet Union was a deadly enemy that threatened the United States. D) the Middle East needed United States intervention to achieve freedom. E) Israel could not be trusted. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 425[Factual] 41) The antimissile system based on the use of lasers and particle beams to destroy incoming missiles in outer space was called A) SDI. B) ICBM. C) SALT. D) SALT II. E) VIPER. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 425[Factual]

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42) In 1979, the Sandinista Coalition succeeded in overthrowing the repressive Somoza regime in A) Lebanon. B) Afghanistan. C) Costa Rica. D) El Salvador. E) Nicaragua. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 425[Factual] 43) The Reagan administration’s policies in the Middle East and Central America reached a tragic convergence in A) Nicaragua. B) El Salvador. C) Grenada. D) the Iran-Contra affair. E) the Iranian hostage crisis. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 427[Factual] 44) In 1984, ________ became the first woman ever nominated for the vice presidency by a major party. A) Sandra Day O’Connor B) Paula Jones C) Barbara Jordan D) Geraldine Ferraro E) Madeleine Albright Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 427[Factual] 45) Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s new policies included A) perestroika. B) glasnost. C) kalyshnikov. D) dos vedanya. E) Both A and B. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 428[Factual]

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31.2 True/False Questions 1) Richard Nixon opposed liberal social programs and halted the growth of the federal bureaucracy. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413[Factual] 2) The invasion of Cambodia in 1970 precipitated widespread antiwar protests. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414[Factual] 3) Nixon and Kissinger saw the Cold War not as a death struggle to be won but as a long-term rivalry to be managed. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414[Factual] 4) President Richard Nixon readily admitted soon after the Watergate break-in that his administration had obstructed justice. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415[Factual] 5) One of the major reasons for Jimmy Carter’s political problems in 1980 was his failure to resolve the foreign policy crisis in Iran. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 422[Factual] 6) Under Jimmy Carter, Cold War tensions increased. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 422[Factual] 7) A major goal of the Reagan administration was to reduce the interference of the federal government in business affairs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424[Factual] 8) Just as he promised during the presidential election campaign of 1980, Ronald Reagan achieved significant cuts in federal spending during his administration. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424[Factual]

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31.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe the reasons why most Americans voted against President Jimmy Carter in the election of 1980. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 423-424 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Compare the foreign policy of Richard Nixon to those of Kennedy and Johnson. Was Nixon better able to lessen tensions with the Soviet Union? If so, why? Diff: 1 Page Ref: 414-416 plus previous chapter [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Explain how the Watergate scandal demonstrated the vitality of a democratic society. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415 [Factual] 4) Compare the foreign policy views of Henry Kissinger with those of Zbigniew Brzezinski. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 413-414, 422-423 [Factual] 5) Describe Reagan’s economic policies and the trends of the economy during the 1980s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 424-425[Factual]

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America: Past and Present, 8e - Brief Edition (Divine et al.) Chapter 32 To the Twenty-first Century, 1989–2006 32.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Most of President George H. W. Bush’s time was taken up with A) foreign affairs. B) dealing with the collapse of the Soviet Union. C) dealing with hostile Arab states. D) trying to establish better relations with the Chinese. E) trying to overcome his “spy image.” Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429 [Factual] 2) The only significant piece of social legislation to be enacted in the first Bush administration was the A) Civil Rights Act of 1991. B) National Health Insurance Act. C) Social Security Privatization Act. D) Americans with Disabilities Act. E) Equal Rights Amendment. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 430[Factual] 3) The major European development that occurred early in George H. W. Bush’s presidency was A) the switch to the euro. B) the collapse of the communist bloc. C) the establishment of the European Union. D) the economic collapse. E) a deepening of the Cold War. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431[Factual] 4) A democratic movement in which of the following in 1989 set off the collapse of the communist Eastern Europe? A) Poland B) Eastern Germany C) Romania D) Bulgaria E) Hungary Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431[Factual]

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5) In 1989, communist regimes toppled in each of the following countries EXCEPT A) Hungary. B) East Germany. C) Romania. D) North Korea. E) Poland. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 431[Factual] 6) After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the new leader of Russia was A) Mikhail Gorbachev. B) Boris Yeltsin. C) Leon Trotsky. D) Vladimir Putin. E) Ivan the Terrible. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 432[Factual] 7) The U.S. allied military campaign against Iraq in 1991 was known as Operation A) Desert Wind. B) Desert Storm. C) Contact Saddam. D) Defeat Kuwait. E) Liberate Kuwait. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 432[Factual] 8) Which of the following was NOT a result of the Persian Gulf War? A) a great personal victory for George Bush B) the imprisonment of Saddam Hussein C) an atonement for the failure in Vietnam D) cheaper gasoline E) unprecedented approval ratings for the president Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 432[Factual] 9) Which of the following states in NOT in the Sunbelt? A) North Carolina B) Arkansas C) Texas D) Georgia E) Kentucky Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433[Factual]

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10) What important shift occurred in American society during the 1980s? A) The birth rate increased dramatically. B) Immigration patterns changed. C) Educational opportunities became less available. D) The American people were no longer prosperous. E) The death rate began to increase. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433[Factual] 11) By the year 2030, an estimated ________ percent of Americans will be over 65. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 30 Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433[Factual] 12) By 2005, what percentage of Americans were foreign-born? A) 2 B) 12 C) 22 D) 32 E) 42 Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433[Factual] 13) By 2002, ________ had become the nation’s largest ethnic minority. A) African Americans B) Asian Americans C) Hispanics D) German Americans E) Pacific Islanders Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 434[Factual] 14) Which of the following is NOT a Census Bureau Hispanic category? A) Mexican American B) Puerto Rican C) Cuban American D) Chicano E) Other Hispanic Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 434[Factual]

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15) The acquittal of the police officers accused of beating ________ precipitated the Los Angeles riots of 1982. A) Rodney King B) Ruth Bader Ginsberg C) Len Bias D) Henry Cisneros E) O. J. Simpson Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435[Factual] 16) A higher percentage of ________ are college graduates and holders of doctoral degrees than any other ethnic minority. A) Middle Easterners B) Asian Americans C) Blacks D) Hispanics E) dual-race Americans Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435[Factual] 17) ________ were the fastest growing ethnic group at the beginning of the twenty-first century. A) African Americans B) Asian Americans C) Eastern Europeans D) Hispanic Americans E) Western Europeans Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435[Factual] 18) The largest group of Asians in the United States in 1990 were the A) Japanese. B) Koreans. C) Chinese. D) Filipinos. E) Vietnamese. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435[Factual] 19) Which of the following is the largest ethnic minority in the United States? A) Asian Americans B) Hispanics C) Arab Americans D) African Americans E) Native Americans Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 434[Factual] 428 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

20) Which of the following is NOT correct regarding national trends for African Americans in the 1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first century? A) increased percentage of those gaining a college education B) increase in black-owned businesses C) increase in income D) higher number of those with high school diplomas E) lower rates of incarceration Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 434[Factual] 21) The 1990 economic recession was unique in that A) blue-collar employment actually increased. B) few people were laid off. C) many white-collar workers lost their jobs. D) immigration ceased. E) it lasted only thirty days. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 436[Factual] 22) ________ ran for president in 1992 and 1996 as a third-party candidate. A) H. Ross Perot B) George Wallace C) Ralph Nader D) Strom Thurmond E) John Anderson Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 436[Factual] 23) The vice president of the United States during the Clinton administration was A) Janet Reno. B) Lloyd Bentsen. C) Al Gore. D) Alan Greenspan. E) Dan Quayle. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437[Factual] 24) President Clinton’s greatest achievement in economic affairs was A) the establishment of national health insurance. B) approval of the North American Free Trade Agreement. C) the Democratic sweep in the 1994 congressional elections. D) the elimination of the Social Security system. E) lowering taxes. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437[Factual]

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25) Which of the following was NOT a component of the Contract with America? A) a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution B) term limits for members of Congress C) universal health care coverage D) a line-item veto for the president E) a middle-class tax cut Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437[Factual] 26) After the elections of 1994, the new speaker of the House was A) Robert Reich. B) Jim Wright. C) Newt Gingrich. D) Tip O’Neill. E) Bob Dole. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437[Factual] 27) Bill Clinton’s Republican opponent in the 1996 presidential election was A) Robert Dole. B) Geraldine Ferraro. C) George Bush. D) H. Ross Perot. E) Ralph Nader. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437[Factual] 28) Which of the following was NOT a scandal of the Clinton years? A) Whitewater B) Travelgate C) Iran-Contra D) Paula Jones E) Monica Lewinsky Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437-438[Factual] 29) The special prosecutor appointed to investigate the Whitewater scandal was A) Linda Tripp. B) Paula Jones. C) Kenneth Starr. D) Joseph Lieberman. E) Ralph Reed. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437[Factual]

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30) Bill Clinton was impeached for A) perjury and obstruction of justice. B) making unwelcome sexual advances to Paula Jones. C) having an affair with Monica Lewinsky. D) selling missile technology to China for campaign contributions. E) being involved in a crooked real estate scheme in Arkansas. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 438[Factual] 31) ________ presided over Bill Clinton’s impeachment trial. A) Newt Gingrich B) Kenneth Starr C) Al Gore D) William Rehnquist E) Robert Byrd Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 438[Factual] 32) In which of the following did President Clinton NOT intervene militarily? A) Bosnia B) Somalia C) the Middle East D) China E) Haiti Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 439[Factual] 33) Who negotiated the end to the stalemate between the U.S. and Haiti in 1994? A) Bill Clinton B) Jimmy Carter C) Henry Kissinger D) George W. Bush E) Madeleine Albright Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 439[Factual] 34) The consumer advocate who ran as the Green Party candidate for president in 2000 was A) H. Ross Perot. B) Reverend Al Green. C) Ralph Nader. D) Bill Bradley. E) John McCain. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 441[Factual]

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35) The outcome of the 2000 presidential election hung on legal battles over the vote count in A) Ohio. B) Illinois. C) Florida. D) California. E) New Mexico. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 441[Factual] 36) The largest of several business scandals in the early 2000s was the collapse of A) AT&T. B) Enron. C) WorldCom. D) Tyco International. E) Montgomery Ward. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 441[Factual] 37) Osama bin Laden is most closely associated with A) Islamic Jihad. B) Hezbollah. C) al Qaeda. D) Mossad. E) the Taliban. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 442[Factual] 38) The first move in the war on terror was the overthrow of a radical Islamist regime in A) Iraq. B) Iran. C) Pakistan. D) Afghanistan. E) Saudi Arabia. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 442[Factual] 39) The terrorist attacks on the U.S. led the George W. Bush administration to initiate a new global strategy known to its critics as A) unilateralism. B) bipolarism. C) containment. D) detente. E) isolationism. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 444[Factual]

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40) In 2002, President Bush called Iraq, Iran, and North Korea the A) “evil empire.” B) “axis of evil.” C) “rogue states.” D) “focus of evil in the world.” E) “three banditos.” Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 444 [Factual] 41) The second Persian Gulf War ended with the U.S. capture of A) Beirut. B) Mogadishu. C) Kuwait City. D) Baghdad. E) Tehran. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 445 [Factual] 42) In the presidential election of 2004, George W. Bush defeated A) Al Gore. B) Howard Dean. C) John Kerry. D) Bob Kerrey. E) Edward Kennedy. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 445 [Factual] 43) Which of the following presidential candidates won a majority of the popular vote? A) Bill Clinton in 1992 B) Bill Clinton in 1996 C) George W. Bush in 2000 D) George W. Bush in 2004 E) Ralph Nader in 2000 Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 445 [Factual] 44) Social issues which could be affected by a more conservative Supreme Court include each of the following EXCEPT A) affirmative action. B) abortion. C) black voting rights. D) gay rights. E) the teaching of “intelligent design.” Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 445-446 [Conceptual]

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45) A controversy which suggested that the gay rights movement had “hit a wall” involved A) AIDS research funding. B) partial-birth abortion. C) the ordination of gay men and women as clergy. D) gay marriage. E) gays in the military. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 446 [Factual] 46) Which of the following issues was key to the election of Barack Obama in 2009? A the poor economy B) immigration controls C) continuation of Social Security D) environmental concerns E) ethnic hostilities Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 447 [Factual] 47) Which of the following is the correct chronological order sequence of recent presidential administrations? A) Bush, Carter, Reagan, Clinton, Bush B) Carter, Bush, Reagan, Clinton, Bush C) Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton, Bush D) Clinton, Carter, Bush, Reagan, Bush E) Bush, Reagan, Carter, Clinton, Bush Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 429-448 [Factual] 32.2 True/False Questions 1) By the early 1990s, the Northeast began experiencing more population gains than either the South or the West. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433 [Factual] 2) By the 1990s, the percentage of elderly people in the U.S. population was much higher than it had been in 1900. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433 [Factual] 3) Ross Perot failed to gain any votes in the 1992 presidential election. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 434 [Factual]

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4) In the White House, Bill Clinton proved to be the most adept politician since Franklin D. Roosevelt. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 436[Factual] 5) The most conspicuous failure of Bill Clinton’s first presidential term was his proposal for national health insurance. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437[Factual] 6) In the elections of 1994, Republicans took control of both houses of Congress. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 437[Factual] 7) One of Bill Clinton’s most important foreign policy achievements was his success in getting Ukraine to surrender its stockpile of nuclear weapons. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 439[Factual] 8) For many voters, the 2000 presidential election seemed to offer a choice between material abundance and moral values. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 440[Factual] 9) Attorney General John Ashcroft was criticized for his crackdown on organized crime. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 443[Factual] 10) The main domestic accomplishment of George W. Bush’s second term was the partial privatization of Social Security. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 443[Factual] 32.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe the changing immigration patterns in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 433-436 [Factual and Conceptual] 2) Discuss the significance of the 1992 election. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 436-437 [Factual and Conceptual] 3) Describe the successes and continuing problems experienced by the African American community during the 1980s and 1990s. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435-436 [Factual and Conceptual]

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4) What do you consider the key issues in the shift to a global economy? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 446-447 [Factual and Conceptual] 5) Which aspects of the war on terror have been controversial? Why? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 442-444 [Factual and Conceptual]

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