TEST ITEM FILE
THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A History of the United States BRIEF SIXTH EDITION David Goldfield University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Carl Abbott Portland State University
Virginia DeJohn Anderson University of Colorado, Boulder
Jo Ann E. Argersinger Southern Illinois University
Peter H. Argersinger Southern Illinois University
William L. Barney University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Robert M. Weir University of South Carolina
Table of Contents Chapter 1 Worlds Apart ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Transplantation 1600–1685........................................................................................... 13 Chapter 3 A Meeting of Cultures................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 4 English Colonies in an Age of Empire 1660s–1763 ..................................................... 37 Chapter 5 Imperial Breakdown 1763–1774 ................................................................................... 50 Chapter 6 The War for Independence 1774–1783 ......................................................................... 60 Chapter 7 The First Republic 1776–1789 ...................................................................................... 71 Chapter 8 A New Republic and the Rise of Parties 1789–1800 .................................................... 83 Chapter 9 The Triumph and Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism 1800–1824 ....................... 96 Chapter 10 The Jacksonian Era 1824–1845................................................................................. 107 Chapter 11 Slavery and the Old South 1800–1860...................................................................... 119 Chapter 12 The Market Revolution and Social Reform 1815–1850............................................ 127 Chapter 13 The Way West ........................................................................................................... 139 Chapter 14 The Politics of Sectionalism 1846–1861................................................................... 148 Chapter 15 Battle Cries and Freedom Songs: The Civil War 1861–1865 ................................... 160 Chapter 16 Reconstruction 1865–1877........................................................................................ 172 Chapter 17 A New South: Economic Progress and Social Tradition 1877–1900........................ 182 Chapter 18 Industry, Immigrants, and Cities 1870–1900 ............................................................ 192 Chapter 19 Transforming the West 1865–1890 ........................................................................... 203 Chapter 20 Politics and Government 1877–1900 ........................................................................ 214
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Chapter 21 The Progressive Era 1900–1917................................................................................ 222 Chapter 22 Creating an Empire 1865–1917................................................................................. 232 Chapter 23 America and the Great War 1914–1920.................................................................... 240 Chapter 24 Toward a Modern America: The 1920s..................................................................... 253 Chapter 25 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1929–1939 ............................................... 265 Chapter 26 World War II 1939–1945 .......................................................................................... 277 Chapter 27 The Cold War at Home and Abroad 1946–1952....................................................... 289 Chapter 28 The Confident Years 1953–1964 .............................................................................. 302 Chapter 29 Shaken to the Roots 1965–1980................................................................................ 312 Chapter 30 The Reagan Revolution and a Changing World 1981–1992..................................... 322 Chapter 31 Complacency, Crisis, and Global Reengagement 1993–2010 .................................. 333
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CHAPTER 1: WORLDS APART Multiple Choice NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES BEFORE 1492 1.
Africans primarily came to early European settlements in America: a. voluntarily. b. to find employment. c. as slaves. d. looking for trading partners.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 4 (factual) 2.
In 1492, how many people lived on the continents of North and South America? a. 50 million b. 70 million c. 80 million d. 100 million
ANS: b Page Ref.: 5 (factual) 3.
From where did the earliest humans to visit North America probably come? a. Central Siberia b. the Middle East c. Mesopotamia d. Greece
ANS: a Page Ref.: 5 (conceptual) 4.
In what part of North America did farming originate? a. Pacific Northwest b. Arctic c. Great Basin d. Central Mexico
ANS: d Page Ref.: 6 (factual) 5.
Which crop was NOT among those grown in America 5,000 years ago? a. maize b. pumpkins c. squash d. oranges
ANS: d Page Ref.: 9 (factual)
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What allowed early Americans to start permanent villages? a. better building techniques b. trade c. farming d. better hunting practices
ANS: c Page Ref.: 6 (conceptual) 7.
Which group developed Mesoamerica’s most advanced writing system? a. the Aztecs b. the Aleuts c. the Mayans d. the Chinooks
ANS: c Page Ref.: 7 (conceptual) 8.
Which was a great Mexican city from the first through eighth centuries C.E.? a. Laredo b. Mexico City c. Teotihuacán d. Rio Grande
ANS: c Page Ref.: 7 (factual) 9.
Which group dominated Mexico from 900 to 1100 C.E.? a. the Aztecs b. the Toltecs c. the Mayans d. the Olmecs
ANS: b Page Ref.: 7 (factual) 10. The Aztec capital was: a. Teotihuacán. b. Tenochtitlán. c. Mesoamerica. d. Mexico City. ANS: b Page Ref.: 7 (factual) 11. Ancestral Puebloan peoples are also called: a. Anasazi. b. Apache. c. Yahi. d. Sioux. ANS: a Page Ref.: 9 (factual)
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12. This culture is an example of a “mound-building” society. a. Adena-Hopewell b. the Cree c. Toltecs d. Cherokee ANS: a Page Ref.: 9 (conceptual) 13. This urban center dominated the Mississippi Valley. a. New Orleans b. Cahokia c. Adena-Hopewell d. St. Louis ANS: b Page Ref.: 9 (factual) 14. Which of the following tribes is a descendant of the ancestral Puebloan peoples? a. Navajo b. Hopi c. Apache d. Carib ANS: b Page Ref.: 9 (conceptual) 15. The overall state of relations among Native American groups in 1500 can best be described as: a. isolationist. b. peaceful. c. unstable. d. cooperative. ANS: c Page Ref.: 10 (conceptual) WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES 16. Most African immigrants to the Americas came from: a. West Africa. b. East Africa. c. North Africa. d. South Africa. ANS: a Page Ref.: 12 (factual) 17. Which of these was a great city of West Africa? a. Timbuktu b. Songhai c. Ghana d. Mali ANS: a Page Ref.: 12 (factual) 3 .
18. Which religion took root in West Africa in the eleventh century? a. Christianity b. Buddhism c. Islam d. ancestor worship ANS: c Page Ref.: 13 (factual) 19. West Africans preserved their religious faith primarily through: a. written sources. b. the construction of beautiful churches. c. song. d. oral tradition. ANS: d Page Ref.: 13 (conceptual) 20. In the fourteenth century, Europeans were most familiar with the _________ part of Africa. a. southern b. western c. northern d. eastern ANS: c Page Ref.: 13 (conceptual) 21. The majority of African slaves lost their freedom: a. as punishment for crimes. b. because of debts. c. through trickery. d. by being captured in war. ANS: d Page Ref.: 13 (conceptual) WESTERN EUROPE ON THE EVE OF EXPLORATION 22. The Renaissance originated in the city-states of: a. Italy. b. Portugal. c. Greece. d. Spain. ANS: a Page Ref.: 14 (factual) 23. In the tenth century, this portion of Europe was controlled by Muslims. a. Spain b. Italy c. Scandinavia d. France ANS: a Page Ref.: 15 (factual) 4 .
24. According to Luther, salvation is the result of: a. good works. b. charitable donations. c. adherence to the pope’s teachings. d. faith. ANS: d Page Ref.: 15 (conceptual) 25. Calvin emphasized the doctrine of: a. salvation through faith. b. salvation through works. c. predestination. d. apostolic succession. ANS: c Page Ref.: 15 (factual) 26. The “Counter-Reformation” was meant to: a. strengthen the Catholic Church. b. weaken the Catholic Church. c. replace the pope. d. counteract the spread of Islam. ANS: a Page Ref.: 15 (conceptual) CONTACT 27. Of the following events, which one most threatened trade between Europe and Asia? a. the Hundred Years’ War b. the fall of Constantinople to the Turks c. the reconquista d. the proclamation of the doctrine of predestination ANS: b Page Ref.: 16 (conceptual) 28. Of the following countries/regions, which was least involved in voyages of discovery? a. Portugal b. France c. England d. Italy ANS: d Page Ref.: 16 (conceptual) 29. Columbus was born in: a. Venice. b. Rome. c. Pisa. d. Genoa. ANS: d Page Ref.: 16 (factual) 5 .
30. Columbus’s voyages were funded by: a. Italy. b. Spain. c. Portugal. d. England. ANS: b Page Ref.: 17 (factual) 31. In his plans to reach India, Columbus mistakenly calculated: a. wind speeds in the Atlantic. b. the proper route. c. the earth’s circumference. d. weather forecasts. ANS: c Page Ref.: 16 (factual) 32. Columbus first reached this place in America: a. the Bahamas b. Puerto Rico c. Cuba d. Florida ANS: a Page Ref.: 17 (factual) 33. Conquistadors came from: a. Portugal. b. West Africa. c. Spain. d. Italy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 17 (factual) 34. The conquistadors were primarily interested in: a. founding settlements. b. fighting Muslims. c. spreading Christianity. d. finding gold. ANS: d Page Ref.: 17 (factual) 35. Spanish conquest first occurred in: a. the Caribbean. b. Mexico. c. Central America. d. South America. ANS: a Page Ref.: 17 (factual)
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36. Cortés found allies against the Aztecs among: a. Indians who lived under Aztec rule. b. slaves looking to win their freedom. c. the Mayans. d. European settlers. ANS: a Page Ref.: 18 (conceptual) 37. Which disease devastated the Aztec population? a. smallpox b. typhoid c. malaria d. Dutch elm disease ANS: a Page Ref.: 18 (factual) 38. The Inca empire was located primarily in: a. Peru. b. Chile. c. Brazil. d. Mexico. ANS: a Page Ref.: 18 (factual) 39. The Council of the Indies administered whose empire? a. Portugal’s b. Italy’s c. France’s d. Spain’s ANS: d Page Ref.: 19 (factual) 40. Cabeza de Vaca eventually reached Mexico after an eight-year trek that began in a. California. b. Peru. c. Florida. d. Arizona. ANS: c Page Ref.: 20 (factual) 41. Who wrote In Defense of the Indians? a. Coronado b. Las Casas c. Luther d. Calvin ANS: b Page Ref.: 21 (factual)
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42. What has been dubbed “the Columbian exchange”? a. the spread of Christianity among the Indians b. the spread of trade throughout America c. the transfer of gold from America to Europe d. the spread of European diseases to America ANS: d Page Ref.: 21 (factual) 43. The “Black Death” killed what fraction of Europe’s population? a. three-fourths b. one-half c. one-third d. one-fifth ANS: c Page Ref.: 21 (factual) 44. Who introduced horses to America? a. de Soto b. Coronado c. de Vaca d. Columbus ANS: d Page Ref.: 21 (factual) 45. Which disease was not exported from Europe to America? a. syphilis b. smallpox c. typhus d. plague ANS: a Page Ref.: 24 (factual) 46. Which of the following was NOT a transplant from the Old World to the New World? a. maize b. horses c. wheat d. smallpox ANS: a Page Ref.: 24 (conceptual) COMPETITION FOR A CONTINENT 47. The Treaty of Tordesillas affected which countries? a. England and France b. England and Spain c. Portugal and Spain d. Portugal and France ANS: c Page Ref.: 24 (factual) 8 .
48. Brazil was colonized by: a. Spain. b. France. c. England. d. Portugal. ANS: d Page Ref.: 24 (factual) 49. Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River in order to: a. find a water route to Asia. b. find gold. c. establish the fur trade. d. spread Christianity throughout Canada. ANS: a Page Ref.: 24 (factual) 50. Which British monarch formed the Church of England separate from the Catholic Church? a. Mary, Queen of Scots b. Elizabeth I c. Henry VIII d. Victoria ANS: c Page Ref.: 25 (factual) 51. Queen Mary earned the nickname “Bloody Mary” for her persecution of: a. the Irish. b. Catholics. c. Protestants. d. Moors. ANS: c Page Ref.: 25 (factual) 52. England’s first colonization target under King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth was: a. France. b. North Africa. c. Ireland. d. Cuba. ANS: c Page Ref.: 25 (factual) 53. Queen Elizabeth sent Frobisher in search of: a. gold. b. trading partners. c. the Northwest Passage. d. cheap Indian labor. ANS: c Page Ref.: 25 (factual)
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54. Who claimed Newfoundland for England? a. Gilbert b. Raleigh c. Frobisher d. Cartier ANS: a Page Ref.: 26 (factual) 55. Where did Raleigh attempt to found a colony in 1585? a. Newfoundland b. Roanoke Island c. Plymouth d. St. Augustine ANS: b Page Ref.: 26 (factual) 56. Who was the first English child born in America? a. Elizabeth Free b. Carolina Free c. Anne Roanoke d. Virginia Dare ANS: d Page Ref.: 26 (factual) 57. Gilbert and others believed there was an English population: a. deficit. b. equilibrium. c. surplus. d. none of these answers ANS: c Page Ref.: 26 (conceptual) 58. Who wrote the “Discourse on the Western Planting”? a. Raleigh b. Hakluyt c. Gilbert d. Hawkins ANS: b Page Ref.: 26 (factual) 59. Hakluyt argued that the Indians, once civilized, would be: a. good slaves. b. good Christians. c. powerful allies. d. purchasers of English goods. ANS: d Page Ref.: 26 (conceptual)
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60. What did Hakluyt consider “sincere religion”? a. Protestant Christianity b. Greek Orthodoxy c. Catholicism d. Gnosticism ANS: a Page Ref.: 26 (conceptual) 61. The Spanish fleet that attacked England in the late 1500s was called the Spanish: a. Armada. b. Flotilla. c. Sorte. d. Brigade. ANS: a Page Ref.: 26 (factual) 62. What was the “Lost Colony”? a. Croatoan b. Roanoke c. St. Augustine d. Newfoundland ANS: b Page Ref.: 26 (factual) Chronology 63. When did Islam spread in West Africa? a. 500 C.E. b. 1200 C.E. c. 1000 C.E. d. 1400 C.E. ANS: c Page Ref: 5 (factual) 64. What period marks the European Renaissance? a. 800–1400 b. 1400–1600 c. 1700–1800 d. 1100–1300 ANS: b Page Ref: 5 (factual) 65. When did the Protestant Reformation begin in Germany? a. 1417 b. 1517 c. 1617 d. 1667 ANS: b Page Ref: 5 (factual) 11 .
Short Essays 66. How did England’s experience with the Irish influence its treatment of Indians? 67. How did England’s difficulties with the Spanish affect its ability to establish a colony in the New World? 68. What were Columbus’s goals when he began his expedition? Did he succeed in reaching them? 69. What factors contributed to the defeat of the Aztecs by Cortés? 70. Compare and contrast slavery in Africa and in America. Extended Essays 71. What role did religion play in the way Europeans treated Indians and slaves? 72. Analyze the differing interests each of the European powers had in the New World. 73. Which was a stronger force in New World colonization, economics or religion? Support your answer with specific examples. 74. Why were the events of the Renaissance important in setting the stage for New World exploration? 75. How did domestic European conflicts affect the actions of individual countries toward American exploration and settlement?
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CHAPTER 2: TRANSPLANTATION, 1600–1685 Multiple Choice THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA 1.
What situation interrupted France’s efforts to establish a foothold in North America? a. religious warfare between Catholics and Protestants b. war with Italy c. political strife d. inability to establish transportation to the New World
ANS: a Page Ref.: 33 (conceptual) 2.
Who founded a permanent settlement in Quebec in 1608? a. Thomas Dudley b. Jesuit missionaries c. Samuel de Champlain d. Vasco de Gama
ANS: c Page Ref.: 33 (factual) 3.
Which product fueled the demand for furs in Europe in the early 1600s? a. beaver fur hats b. fur coats c. mink hats d. otter fur pouches
ANS: a Page Ref.: 33 (factual) 4.
What was the first permanent French settlement in Canada? a. St. Lawrence b. Quebec c. Toronto d. Newfoundland
ANS: b Page Ref.: 33 (factual) 5.
What is the meaning of the term filles du Roi? a. prostitutes b. orphan girls c. girls of the valley d. king’s daughters
ANS: d Page Ref.: 34 (factual)
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The total number of French settlers in Canada: a. was less than the total number of England’s North American settlers. b. was greater than the total number of England’s North American settlers. c. equaled the number of English settlers in Canada. d. equaled the number of English settlers in North America.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 34 (conceptual) THE DUTCH OVERSEAS EMPIRE 7.
The Dutch won their independence from: a. France. b. England. c. Spain. d. Denmark.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 35 (factual) 8.
The Dutch Republic was: a. predominantly Catholic. b. predominantly Protestant. c. about an equal mix of Catholics and Protestants. d. predominantly a secular country.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 35 (factual) 9.
By 1600, which group had become the leading economic power in Europe? a. the French b. the Dutch c. the English d. the Irish
ANS: b Page Ref.: 36 (factual) 10. Which of the following regions had the greatest population in 1700? a. New England b. Lower South c. New France d. Middle colonies ANS: a Page Ref.: 35 (figure 2–1) (conceptual) 11. The instrument of colonial dominance for the Dutch was the: a. West India Company. b. New Netherland Company. c. Dutch East India Company. d. Cape of Good Hope Company. ANS: c Page Ref.: 36 (conceptual)
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ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN THE CHESAPEAKE 12. The Virginia Company was composed primarily of merchants from: a. London. b. Williamsburg. c. Manchester. d. Norfolk. ANS: a Page Ref.: 37 (factual) 13. What was the first settlement established by the Virginia Company? a. Roanoke b. Newfoundland c. Norfolk d. Jamestown ANS: d Page Ref.: 37 (factual) 14. Who was the leader of the Jamestown settlement? a. Raleigh b. James c. Smith d. Champlain ANS: c Page Ref.: 38 (factual) 15. What was the House of Burgesses? a. a large trading center in Virginia b. the home of the colonial governor c. the first legislative body in English America d. the colonial courthouse ANS: c Page Ref.: 38 (factual) 16. Who was Pocahontas’ husband? a. John Smith b. John Rolfe c. Powhatan d. Opechancanough ANS: b Page Ref.: 38 (factual) 17. Who was Pocahontas’ father? a. Eneck-chak b. Opechancanough c. Powhatan d. Pocahata ANS: c Page Ref.: 38 (factual)
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18. What were the greatest causes of death in the Virginia Company’s settlements? a. Indian attacks b. battles with the French c. starvation and disease d. severe weather problems ANS: c Page Ref.: 39 (conceptual) 19. Falling tobacco prices in the eighteenth century caused the colonists to: a. stop producing tobacco. b. produce less tobacco. c. produce more tobacco. d. stop shipping tobacco to England. ANS: c Page Ref.: 39 (conceptual) 20. Indentured servants received what for their labor? a. a steady wage b. nothing c. a portion of the crops they harvested d. free passage to America ANS: d Page Ref.: 40 (factual) 21. Calvert intended for Maryland to be a: a. Protestant stronghold. b. tobacco trading center. c. slave trading center. d. refuge for Catholics. ANS: d Page Ref.: 40 (factual) 22. This figure ruled England as a protectorate for nearly a decade: a. George Calvert. b. Oliver Cromwell. c. John Smith. d. Walter Raleigh. ANS: b Page Ref.: 41 (factual) 23. Which law, passed in 1649, called for freedom of worship for all Christians? a. The Act for Religious Toleration b. The Separatist Act c. The Freedom of Religion Act d. The Scrooby Act ANS: a Page Ref.: 41 (factual)
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24. Widows in the English colonies: a. were barred from inheriting their husbands’ lands. b. controlled their deceased husbands’ lands until their eldest son reached 21. c. usually never remarried. d. usually returned to Europe. ANS: b Page Ref.: 42 (factual) THE FOUNDING OF NEW ENGLAND 25. The Puritans: a. were anti-Protestant. b. wanted to reform the Anglican Church. c. called for a mix of Catholic and Protestant beliefs. d. were favored by Queen Elizabeth over all others. ANS: b Page Ref.: 42 (conceptual) 26. The first New England settlement, founded in 1620, was: a. Plymouth Colony. b. Chesapeake Bay Colony. c. Sagadahoc River Colony. d. Connecticut Valley Colony. ANS: a Page Ref.: 42 (factual) 27. The first document to establish self-government—and the decisions of the majority—in North America was: a. the Mayflower Compact. b. the Virginia Declaration of Rights. c. Penn’s Code. d. the Burgesses Law. ANS: a Page Ref.: 43 (conceptual) 28. The Wampanoag leader was named: a. Squanto. b. Samoset. c. Eneck-Chak. d. Massasoit. ANS: d Page Ref.: 43 (factual) 29. The Pequot War began primarily along the: a. Hudson River Valley. b. St. Lawrence Seaway. c. Connecticut River Valley. d. Boston Harbor. ANS: c Page Ref.: 44 (factual)
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30. Freemen in the General Court in Massachusetts were those male property holders who: a. were church members. b. owned slaves. c. had royal titles. d. were church clergy. ANS: a Page Ref.: 44 (factual) 31. The settlers in which area adopted the Fundamental Orders? a. New York b. Maryland c. Virginia d. Connecticut ANS: d Page Ref.: 44 (factual) 32. Roger Williams founded: a. New Hampshire. b. Connecticut. c. Rhode Island. d. Boston. ANS: c Page Ref.: 44 (factual) 33. Who argued for a separation of church and state? a. John Winthrop b. Jonathan Edwards c. Roger Williams d. Charles I ANS: c Page Ref.: 44 (factual) 34. An antinomian is someone who: a. believes in Satan. b. claims to be free from obedience to moral law. c. believes in a separation of church and state. d. believes in autocratic rule. ANS: b Page Ref.: 45 (conceptual) 35. Anne Hutchinson held religious meetings in: a. Providence. b. Manhattan. c. Boston. d. Plymouth. ANS: c Page Ref.: 45 (factual)
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36. Governor Winthrop generally: a. supported Anne Hutchinson’s activities. b. was ignorant of Anne Hutchinson’s activities. c. was upset by Anne Hutchinson’s activities. d. considered Anne Hutchinson an ally. ANS: c Page Ref.: 45 (conceptual) 37. What happened in 1642 that slowed the number of settlers to New England? a. the spread of smallpox in New England b. a widespread war with Indians in New England c. initiation of naval warfare with Spain d. the outbreak of the English Civil War ANS: d Page Ref.: 44 (factual) 38. Unlike the Virginia settlers, most New Englanders settled in America with: a. no family. b. their families. c. little money. d. slaves in tow. ANS: b Page Ref.: 45 (conceptual) 39. Compared to families in the Chesapeake region, New England families: a. had more children. b. had shorter lives. c. were less common because there was a lower ratio of women to men. d. suffered more from malaria. ANS: a Page Ref.: 45 (conceptual) 40. In early New England, women’s economic contributions: a. didn’t matter much. b. were central to a family’s success. c. were the only thing that kept a family alive. d. were nonexistent. ANS: b Page Ref.: 45 (conceptual) 41. Those who oversaw the day-to-day affairs of most Massachusetts towns were called: a. selectmen. b. assemblymen. c. colonial governors. d. town criers. ANS: a Page Ref.: 46 (factual)
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42. Relative to Virginia’s economy, New England’s economy was: a. more agricultural. b. less diversified. c. more rural. d. more diversified. ANS: d Page Ref.: 47 (conceptual) 43. London merchants generally ________ New England trade. a. benefited from b. complained about c. were unaffected by d. ignored ANS: b Page Ref.: 47 (conceptual) 44. New England merchants focused on trade with: a. England. b. continental Europe. c. French colonies. d. the West Indies. ANS: d Page Ref.: 47 (factual) COMPETITION IN THE CARIBBEAN 45. The first Europeans in the Caribbean concentrated on: a. exporting slaves. b. mining. c. agriculture. d. timber export. ANS: b Page Ref.: 47 (factual) 46. By the 1640s, the principal crop grown in Barbados went from being tobacco to: a. sugar. b. corn. c. wheat. d. barley. ANS: a Page Ref.: 47 (factual) 47. The switch to sugar as the primary crop in the West Indies led to: a. less use of African slaves. b. more use of African slaves. c. no changes in the slave trade. d. large scale English immigration. ANS: b Page Ref.: 47 (conceptual)
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48. Which of the following was not one of the ways that slaves managed to preserve some elements of a normal life under the brutal conditions of slavery and the slave codes? a. They formed families. b. They preserved some African traditions. c. They built churches to worship in. d. They celebrated with African music. ANS: c Page Ref.: 48 (conceptual) THE RESTORATION COLONIES 49. Which of the following colonies was NOT founded during the reign of Charles II? a. Carolina b. New Jersey c. Pennsylvania d. Connecticut ANS: d Page Ref.: 49 (factual) 50. Who devised the “Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina”? a. Charles II b. Anthony Ashley Cooper c. Walter Raleigh d. William Penn ANS: b Page Ref.: 49 (factual) 51. This crop, introduced in the 1690s, became a staple for the Carolina economy: a. tobacco. b. sugar. c. rice. d. wheat. ANS: c Page Ref.: 49 (factual) 52. The profits earned from rice persuaded Carolina planters to: a. invest more heavily in slave labor. b. plant more. c. bring more indentured servants to the region. d. try their hand at other crops. ANS: a Page Ref.: 49 (conceptual) 53. By 1708 in Carolina, there were ________ white settlers. a. more black slaves than b. just as many black slaves as c. fewer black slaves than d. twice as many black slaves as ANS: a Page Ref.: 49 (factual)
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54. Which of the following colonies was founded first? a. Plymouth b. Maryland c. Massachusetts d. New Haven ANS: a Page Ref.: 50 (factual) 55. Which of the following colonies was founded last? a. New York b. Carolina c. New Hampshire d. Pennsylvania ANS: d Page Ref.: 50 (factual) 56. William Penn belonged to which religious sect? a. the Methodists b. the Quakers c. the Calvinists d. the Puritans ANS: b Page Ref.: 50 (factual) 57. Who envisioned his settlement as a “holy experiment”? a. Winthrop b. Williams c. Penn d. Calvert ANS: c Page Ref.: 51 (factual) 58. Which area separated itself from Pennsylvania to effectively form its own colony? a. New Jersey b. Maryland c. Delaware d. Ohio ANS: c Page Ref.: 51 (factual) 59. The Dutch colony of New Netherlands split to become the two proprietary colonies of: a. New York and Connecticut. b. New Jersey and Delaware. c. New Jersey and New York. d. Pennsylvania and Delaware. ANS: c Page Ref.: 51 (factual)
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60. New York City had formerly been called: a. Manahaset. b. New London. c. New Amsterdam. d. York. ANS: c Page Ref.: 51 (factual) 61. The first Jews in North America immigrated to: a. Massachusetts. b. Virginia. c. New Amsterdam. d. Pennsylvania. ANS: c Page Ref.: 37 (factual) Chronology 62. Arrange the following colonies in the order they were founded from earliest to most recent: a. Virginia, New Hampshire, Maryland, Rhode Island, New York b. New York, New Hampshire, Maryland, Rhode Island, Virginia c. Virginia, New York, Maryland, New Hampshire, Rhode Island d. Maryland, Virginia, Rhode Island, New York, New Hampshire ANS: a Page Ref: 33 (factual) 63. Which of the following happened first? a. founding of Pennsylvania b. founding of New Haven colony c. founding of Carolina colony d. founding of Dutch East India Company ANS: d Page Ref: 33 (factual) 64. Which of the following happened last? a. Charles II restored to English throne b. founding of Massachusetts Bay colony c. beginning of tobacco cultivation in the colonies d. arrival of first Africans in North American colonies ANS: a Page Ref: 33 (factual) Short Essays 65. Compare the religious beginnings of each of the New England colonies. 66. What threat did Anne Hutchinson pose to the Massachusetts leadership? 67. How was agriculture in New England different from agriculture in the South? 68. Which crops contributed most heavily to the slave trade and why?
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69. How did William Penn’s religious background affect the way he treated his colonists? Extended Essays 70. Analyze the ways in which the various American colonies supported and restricted religious freedom. 71. Was it economic conditions or religious backgrounds that caused the North to rely so little on slavery compared with the South? 72. What factors determined what kinds of relations the different groups of colonists had with the Indians? 73. How were the seeds of the coming push for self-government sown in the early colonies? 74. Analyze the role joint-stock companies had in settling America.
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CHAPTER 3: A MEETING OF CULTURES Multiple Choice INDIANS AND EUROPEANS 1.
By 1750, which group dominated much of North America? a. European colonists b. African slaves c. Native Americans d. Russian fur traders
ANS: c Page Ref.: 59 (conceptual) 2.
Of the following groups, which did NOT have more than a century’s experience dealing with the Europeans and their American-born descendants? a. the Pueblos b. the Hurons c. the Algonquians d. the Micmacs
ANS: d Page Ref.: 61 (conceptual) 3.
More than any other European colonists, which group sought direct control over Indians who labored in their mines or in their fields? a. the French b. the Spanish c. the Russians d. the English
ANS: b Page Ref.: 59 (factual) 4.
One of the Spaniards’ most important methods of labor control was the ________. a. encomienda b. repartimiento c. recate d. conquistador
ANS: a Page Ref.: 60 (factual) 5.
Repartimiento refers to the Spanish policy of: a. dividing colonies into administrative districts. b. allowing influential Spaniards to collect tribute from Indians. c. forcing Indians to work on public projects. d. sending profits from colonial enterprises back to Spain.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 60 (factual)
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This group was among the most successful in adapting to the Native American understanding of trade, for they knew that good relations were essential to maintaining and increasing their business. a. the French b. the English c. the Spanish d. the Italians
ANS: a Page Ref.: 60 (factual) 7.
The Beaver Wars were fought between the Hurons and the: a. Apaches. b. Cherokees. c. Micmacs. d. Iroquois.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 61 (factual) 8.
The Dutch supplied which group with guns during the Beaver Wars? a. the British b. the Iroquois c. the Hurons d. the Algonquians
ANS: b Page Ref.: 61 (factual) 9.
Which tribe moved often to take advantage of the land’s diversity? a. the Mohawks b. the Hurons c. the Algonquians d. the Oneidas
ANS: c Page Ref.: 62 (factual) 10. Disputes between Europeans and Indians frequently arose from misunderstandings about: a. culture and ethics. b. religion. c. definition of land ownership and property rights. d. distribution of food. ANS: c Page Ref.: 62 (conceptual) 11. What had Indians done for many years to make the land suitable for hunting and travel that colonial laws prohibited? a. flooding the land b. burning parts of the forest c. building temporary structures d. marking territory ANS: b Page Ref.: 62 (factual)
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12. Settlers occasionally obtained land by what unethical method, as evidenced by the Delaware Indian case of 1686? a. stealing b. destruction c. barter d. fraud ANS: d Page Ref.: 62 (factual) 13. Property rights among the Indians were held: a. collectively. b. by the chief only. c. privately by individuals. d. by oral agreement. ANS: a Page Ref.: 62 (factual) 14. Spain’s religious missionaries to America represented which religion? a. Catholicism b. Protestantism c. Quakerism d. Lutheranism ANS: a Page Ref.: 62 (factual) 15. Franciscan missionaries insisted that Indian converts: a. live as brothers. b. go to church every Sunday. c. abandon their former ways of life and adopt everything from Spanish culture and life. d. go to confession regularly. ANS: c Page Ref.: 64 (factual) 16. Protestant missionaries were most active in __________ colonies. a. English b. Spanish c. French d. Portuguese ANS: a Page Ref.: 64 (factual) 17. King Philip’s War took place in: a. New England. b. Carolina. c. Pennsylvania. d. Virginia. ANS: a Page Ref.: 64 (factual)
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18. King Philip: a. led a successful rebellion. b. was the leader of the Mohawks. c. was killed by the English. d. renounced violence. ANS: c Page Ref.: 64 (factual) 19. Bacon’s Rebellion took place in: a. New England. b. Pennsylvania. c. Carolina. d. Virginia. ANS: d Page Ref.: 65 (factual) 20. The Pueblo Revolt took place in: a. New Mexico. b. Texas. c. Arizona. d. Colorado. ANS: a Page Ref.: 65 (factual) 21. The English called which Indian leader King Philip? a. Massasoit b. Metacom c. Squanto d. Maroset ANS: b Page Ref.: 64 (factual) 22. William Berkeley was governor of: a. Carolina. b. Maryland. c. Virginia. d. Pennsylvania. ANS: c Page Ref.: 65 (factual) 23. Counterattacks by these Indians prompted Bacon to lead attacks against all Indians. a. Powhattans b. Cherokees c. Susquehannocks d. Crees ANS: c Page Ref.: 65 (factual)
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24. Rebels led by Nathaniel Bacon burned what colonial city? a. Williamsburg b. Philadelphia c. Jamestown d. Norfolk ANS: c Page Ref.: 65 (factual) 25. Popé was a leader within which Indian tribe? a. Apaches b. Navajos c. Sioux d. Pueblos ANS: d Page Ref.: 65 (factual) AFRICANS AND EUROPEANS 26. Most Africans came to America as: a. indentured servants. b. fur traders. c. Christian missionaries. d. slaves. ANS: d Page Ref.: 67 (factual) 27. Which of the following regions received the smallest number of African slaves between 1451 and 1810? a. British mainland colonies b. Brazil c. West Indies d. Spanish America ANS: a Page Ref.: 67 (factual) 28. Labor costs in America were: a. about the same as in Europe. b. lower than in Europe. c. higher than in Europe. d. raised due to the supply of slaves. ANS: c Page Ref.: 68 (conceptual) 29. Land costs in America were: a. about the same as in Europe. b. higher than in Europe. c. lower than in Europe. d. inflated by the Indians to make a profit. ANS: c Page Ref.: 68 (factual)
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30. Slavery ended first in: a. southern Europe. b. northern Europe. c. the Middle East. d. the British mainland colonies. ANS: b Page Ref.: 68 (factual) 31. The majority of slaves traded by Arabs in southern Europe and the Middle East were: a. Christians. b. Muslims. c. Catholics. d. none of the above ANS: d Page Ref.: 68 (factual) 32. The first people forced into slavery in America by the Europeans were: a. Africans. b. Indians. c. convicts. d. the Moors. ANS: b Page Ref.: 68 (factual) 33. Arab traders looked where for slaves who were neither Christian nor Muslim? a. West Africa b. Sub-Saharan Africa c. North Africa d. the Caribbean ANS: b Page Ref.: 68 (factual) 34. Which groups first brought African slaves to America? a. Spanish and Portuguese b. English and French c. Dutch and English d. Spanish and Quakers ANS: a Page Ref.: 69 (factual) 35. Most enslaved Africans came from ________ Africa. a. North b. East c. Southern d. West ANS: d Page Ref.: 68 (factual)
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36. Slaves who could not escape while still in Africa suffered through a lengthy voyage called: a. the Middle Passage. b. the Long Journey. c. the ‘abd. d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 68 (factual) 37. In 1750, the smallest number of Africans lived in: a. the British West Indies. b. the Lower South. c. the middle colonies. d. New England. ANS: d Page Ref.: 70 (factual) 38. In 1750, the largest number of Africans lived in: a. the British West Indies. b. the Lower South. c. the middle colonies. d. the Chesapeake region. ANS: a Page Ref.: 70 (factual) 39. Georgia was founded as a refuge for: a. Christians. b. runaway slaves. c. English debtors. d. newly-free indentured servants. ANS: c Page Ref.: 71 (factual) 40. The laws governing slavery were called the: a. slave laws. b. black codes. c. slave codes. d. none of the above ANS: c Page Ref.: 72 (factual) 41. The first generation of slaves in America is referred to as: a. the charter generation. b. slave forefathers. c. the genesis generation. d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 71 (factual)
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42. Of the following, which is NOT one of the developments that had to occur in order for slaves to make close ties with other slaves in America? a. Slaves had to become sufficiently numerous in specific localities so that black people could have regular contact with one another. b. Ethnic and language barriers had to erode so slaves could communicate with one another. c. Slaves had to be allowed to practice their own religions. d. There had to be adequate numbers of slave women as well as men. ANS: c Page Ref.: 72 (conceptual) 43. Slaves were far more numerous in which colonies? a. Northern colonies b. Southern colonies c. Florida d. Canada ANS: b Page Ref.: 71 (factual) 44. Which slave population lived longer than African immigrants? a. Creole slave population b. the charter slave population c. the female slave population d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 72 (factual) 45. By the late eighteenth century, what percentage of Chesapeake and Carolina slaves lived in family groups? a. 25% b. 30% c. 40% d. more than 50% ANS: d Page Ref.: 74 (factual) 46. Slaves: a. sought to forge community ties and preserve elements of their African heritage. b. eschewed everything that reminded them of Africa. c. converted to Christianity in large numbers. d. converted to Islam. ANS: a Page Ref.: 74 (conceptual) 47. Family ties for slaves made life more tolerable, but hindered: a. escape plans. b. the work structure. c. relationships with masters. d. education. ANS: a Page Ref.: 74 (conceptual)
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48. What was the rarest form of slave resistance? a. organized rebellion b. poisoning of a plantation family c. running away d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 75 (factual) 49. What was the largest slave uprising? a. Stono Rebellion b. Yoruba Rebellion c. Nat Turner’s Rebellion d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 75 (factual) 50. In 1712, in New York City, black people made up what percentage of the population? a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 25% ANS: c Page Ref.: 75 (factual) EUROPEAN LABORERS IN EARLY AMERICA 51. In 1750, indentured servitude was most common in: a. New England. b. the Lower South. c. the Chesapeake region. d. the middle colonies. ANS: d Page Ref.: 76 (factual) 52. Chesapeake planters used this unfree labor source: a. English convicts. b. Irish convicts. c. children. d. unwed mothers. ANS: a Page Ref.: 76 (factual) 53. Which group used the redemptioner system most often? a. the English b. the Irish c. the Germans d. American-born slaves ANS: c Page Ref.: 76 (factual)
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54. German immigrants were most likely to immigrate to: a. New England. b. the West Indies. c. Pennsylvania. d. Virginia. ANS: c Page Ref.: 79 (factual) 55. Merchants often paid fishermen in New England on a: a. wage system. b. credit system. c. contract system. d. fixed schedule system. ANS: b Page Ref.: 77 (factual) 56. By 1770, most non-Indian inhabitants of the mainland colonies were: a. African. b. Scots-Irish. c. German. d. English. ANS: d Page Ref.: 78 (factual) 57. In 1770, the second-largest ethnic group in the British mainland colonies was: a. English. b. African. c. German. d. Irish. ANS: b Page Ref.: 78 (factual) 58. Northern farmers primarily relied upon ________ for labor. a. slaves b. indentured servants c. hired hands d. their children ANS: d Page Ref.: 77 (conceptual) 59. Which group, numbering 100,000, came from continental Europe to avoid war, economic hardship, and religious persecution? a. German Protestants b. Irish Catholics c. French Protestants d. Huguenots ANS: a Page Ref.: 78 (factual)
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60. Emigrants flowed to places where: a. there were many slaves. b. land was cheap and labor most in demand. c. there were similar kinds of people. d. the best land was. ANS: b Page Ref.: 79 (conceptual) Chronology 61. Which event happened first? a. establishment of Georgia b. first Africans arrive in the North American colonies c. King Philip’s War d. Tuscarora War ANS: b Page Ref: 59 (factual) 62. Which event happened last? a. Pequot War b. Bacon’s Rebellion c. Pueblo Revolt d. peak of African immigration to English colonies ANS: d Page Ref: 59 (factual) 63. The first Africans arrived in Virginia in: a. 1419. b. 1519. c. 1619. d. 1719. ANS: c Page Ref: 59 (factual) 64. Georgia was established in: a. 1632. b. 1732. c. 1752. d. 1782. ANS: b Page Ref: 59 (factual) 65. The Pequot War in New England took place in: a. 1587. b. 1637. c. 1687. d. 1737. ANS: b Page Ref: 59 (factual)
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66. The Stono Rebellion in South Carolina took place in: a. 1639. b. 1689. c. 1739. d. 1789. ANS: c Page Ref: 59 (factual) 67. The Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico occurred in: a. 1640. b. 1660. c. 1680. d. 1700. ANS: c Page Ref: 59 (factual) Short Essays 68. Describe how and why most slaves were brought to America. 69. How were the lives of slaves and indentured servants similar? Different? 70. Describe how the lives of slaves differed with respect to where they lived. 71. How did settlers use trade as a means to control Indians? Extended Essays 72. Analyze the evolution of the black family unit in America. 73. Was indentured servitude beneficial to those who entered into that servitude? 74. In what ways did the colonists fear their slave labor force? Describe specific instances where their fears came true. 75. In what ways did geography and economics affect each colonial region’s choice of labor supply? 76. Analyze the different attempts at conversion made by Protestants and Catholics in the New World. Which group was more successful and why?
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CHAPTER 4: ENGLISH COLONIES IN AN AGE OF EMPIRE, 1660s–1763 Multiple Choice ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMPERIAL TRADE IN THE BRITISH COLONIES 1.
George Washington’s family plantation was located in: a. Monticello. b. Mount Vernon. c. Richmond. d. Jamestown.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 86 (factual) 2.
Martha Washington’s last name prior to marrying George was: a. Todd. b. Buchanan. c. Custis. d. Jefferson.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 86 (factual) 3.
In the 1700s, the most advanced economic power in Europe was: a. England. b. France. c. Spain. d. Holland.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 87 (factual) 4.
England’s economic system between 1651 and 1733 could best be described as: a. feudal. b. mercantilist. c. socialist. d. physiocratic.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 87 (factual) 5.
The Navigation Act of 1651 required that all: a. trade carried out in the English empire must be conducted in English ships. b. maps be taxed at a high rate. c. explorers register their voyages with Parliament. d. none of the above
ANS: a Page Ref.: 87 (factual)
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6.
In the eighteenth century, which of the following had the highest export share of manufactured products? a. Africa b. West Indies c. British mainland colonies d. Great Britain
ANS: d Page Ref.: 88 (factual) 7.
Which product was the most important colonial export? a. sugar b. rice c. tobacco d. cotton
ANS: a Page Ref.: 88 (factual) 8.
Which region was the predominant exporter of sugar? a. British West Indies b. New England c. Lower South d. Middle colonies
ANS: a Page Ref.: 90 (factual) 9.
Which region was the predominant exporter of fish? a. Chesapeake region b. New England c. Lower South d. Middle colonies
ANS: b Page Ref.: 90 (factual) 10. Which region was the predominant exporter of tobacco? a. Chesapeake region b. New England c. British West Indies d. Middle colonies ANS: a Page Ref.: 90 (factual) 11. By the middle of the eighteenth century, nearly one-half of New England’s exports went to: a. Spanish America b. the Lower South c. the West Indies d. Scotland ANS: c Page Ref.: 89 (factual)
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12. Other than rice, what was South Carolina’s most important crop? a. cotton b. tobacco c. indigo d. corn ANS: c Page Ref.: 88 (factual) 13. When a combination of poor harvests and warfare in Europe created demand, many colonial farmers diversified by producing this crop: a. cotton. b. corn. c. indigo. d. wheat. ANS: d Page Ref.: 88 (factual) 14. Which colonial region dominated transatlantic shipping? a. the Carolinas b. the West Indies c. New England d. New York ANS: c Page Ref.: 88 (factual) 15. Merchants brought sugar byproducts back to New England to be distilled into: a. schnapps. b. vodka. c. gin. d. rum. ANS: d Page Ref.: 89 (factual) 16. English merchants ________ credit to colonists. a. generously extended b. were reluctant to extend c. were barred by law from extending d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 90 (factual) 17. Colonial manufacturing took place primarily in: a. artisans’ workshops. b. factories. c. guilds. d. sweatshops. ANS: a Page Ref.: 92 (factual)
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18. Once an apprentice completed his training, he became a: a. senior apprentice. b. journeyman. c. master. d. unionist. ANS: b Page Ref.: 92 (factual) 19. During the eighteenth century, the gap between the rich and poor in the colonies: a. narrowed. b. widened, then narrowed. c. widened. d. remained constant. ANS: c Page Ref.: 93 (factual) THE TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURE 20. Eighteenth-century America imported ______ English manufactured goods than it did previously. a. more (on a per capita basis) b. fewer (on a per capita basis) c. fewer (total) d. about the same number of (on a per capita basis) ANS: a Page Ref.: 94 (factual) 21. The eighteenth-century Governor’s Palace of Virginia was located in: a. Williamsburg. b. Jamestown. c. Richmond. d. Norfolk. ANS: a Page Ref.: 94 (factual) 22. Courtesy books: a. contained the rules of polite behavior. b. were used as advertisements for merchants who sold wares to the colonial elite. c. were left as “calling cards” by wealthy colonial women when they went visiting. d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 94 (factual) 23. Literacy rates among eighteenth-century colonists were: a. high relative to the rest of the world. b. low relative to the rest of the world. c. lower than those witnessed during the seventeenth century. d. declining among women. ANS: a Page Ref.: 95 (factual)
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24. Thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment stressed: a. religious revelation. b. the power of human reason. c. faith in God. d. the limits of human reason. ANS: b Page Ref.: 95 (conceptual) 25. An example of an Enlightenment thinker popular among colonists is: a. Aristotle. b. Aquinas. c. Locke. d. Augustine. ANS: c Page Ref.: 95 (factual) 26. Of the following, the man who made the greatest scientific contributions was: a. Cotton Mather. b. William Byrd. c. John Locke. d. Benjamin Franklin. ANS: d Page Ref.: 95 (factual) 27. Colonists who could read were most likely to read: a. philosophical treatises. b. English magazines. c. courtesy books. d. the Bible. ANS: d Page Ref.: 95 (factual) 28. All of the following established the Puritan religion as the official religion EXCEPT: a. Rhode Island. b. Connecticut. c. New Hampshire. d. Massachusetts. ANS: a Page Ref.: 95 (factual) 29. Most Congregationalist ministers were trained at: a. The University of Pennsylvania. b. The College of William and Mary. c. Princeton University. d. Harvard University. ANS: d Page Ref.: 95 (factual)
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30. The Halfway Covenant allowed whom to be baptized? a. Indians b. the children of those who had been baptized but had not experienced conversion c. the children of those who had never been baptized themselves d. Catholics ANS: b Page Ref.: 96 (factual) 31. A 1691 royal charter granted “liberty of conscience” to: a. all Christians. b. people of all faiths. c. all Protestants. d. Anglicans. ANS: c Page Ref.: 96 (factual) 32. Which established church dominated the Middle Colonies? a. Anglican b. Puritan c. Quaker d. none of the above ANS: d Page Ref.: 96 (conceptual) 33. The Great Awakening referred to a renewed interest in: a. religion and spirituality. b. self-government. c. classical thought. d. Enlightenment thought. ANS: a Page Ref.: 96–97 (factual) 34. George Whitefield belonged to the clergy of which religion? a. the Anglican religion b. the Puritan religion c. the Quaker religion d. the Catholic religion ANS: a Page Ref.: 97 (factual) 35. Jonathan Edwards’ preaching style could be best described as: a. optimistic. b. comforting. c. fire and brimstone. d. welcoming of all. ANS: c Page Ref.: 97 (conceptual)
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36. Those converted in religious revivals were called: a. Newcomers. b. New Lights. c. Old Lights. d. Heretics. ANS: b Page Ref.: 97 (factual) THE COLONIAL POLITICAL WORLD 37. What was one of the political legacies of the Great Awakening? a. deference to religious authorities on moral matters b. an emphasis on individual choice c. a focus on classical political philosophy d. none of the above ANS: b Page Ref.: 98 (conceptual) 38. In the eighteenth century, the English government took _______ direct interest in colonial affairs. a. less (relative to the seventeenth century) b. more (relative to the seventeenth century) c. no d. the same (relative to the seventeenth century) ANS: b Page Ref.: 99 (factual) 39. What was the name of the body formed in 1675 to oversee colonial affairs? a. Colonial Council b. Colonial Trade Organization c. Lords of America d. Lords of Trade ANS: d Page Ref.: 99 (factual) 40. Who succeeded Charles II to the English throne? a. George III b. James II c. Elizabeth I d. Charles III ANS: b Page Ref.: 99 (factual) 41. Maine was originally part of which colony? a. New Hampshire b. Connecticut c. Massachusetts d. Vermont ANS: c Page Ref.: 99 (factual)
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42. William of Orange took over the throne of England after the: a. Glorious Revolution. b. Great Revolution. c. Bloodless Revolution. d. Battle of Hastings. ANS: a Page Ref.: 99 (factual) 43. Who did King James put into power to govern the Dominion of New England? a. William of Orange b. Edmund Andros c. Mary, his daughter d. Jacob Leisler ANS: b Page Ref.: 99 (factual) 44. The Bill of Rights passed by the British Parliament in 1689 declared that: a. future monarchs were to be bound by the rule of law. b. colonists had the same rights as those living in England. c. all subjects retained the freedom of religion. d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 100 (factual) 45. Landholding in America was ________ than in England. a. more concentrated b. more widespread c. less widespread d. more concentrated in the hands of an aristocracy ANS: b Page Ref.: 101 (factual) 46. Colonial governments could be best described as involving: a. virtual representation. b. actual representation. c. direct representation. d. indirect representation. ANS: b Page Ref.: 101 (factual) 47. Governors exercised ________ power over colonial assemblies than the King did over Parliament. a. less b. more c. a similar amount of d. less indirect ANS: b Page Ref.: 101 (factual)
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EXPANDING EMPIRES 48. During the first half of the eighteenth century, England’s holdings in America: a. grew. b. shrank. c. remained constant. d. disappeared. ANS: a Page Ref.: 102 (factual) 49. Of the following, which group was not relied on by Spain and France to stake their claims to American territory? a. missionaries b. Native Americans allies c. soldiers d. traders ANS: b Page Ref.: 102 (conceptual) 50. Which region’s population had the highest proportion of English settlers in 1760? a. New England b. the Middle Colonies c. Chesapeake d. the Lower South ANS: a Page Ref.: 103 (factual) 51. In the early eighteenth century, this group controlled California and Texas. a. the French b. the Spanish c. the English d. the Portuguese ANS: b Page Ref.: 103 (factual) 52. The chapel San Antonio de Valero later came to be known as: a. the Alamo. b. San Francisco. c. the Presidio. d. San Diego. ANS: a Page Ref.: 104 (factual) 53. In the 1760s, the Spanish feared that ________ might gain a foothold in California. a. Russia b. Great Britain c. France d. the Dutch ANS: a Page Ref.: 104 (factual)
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54. Which country established fur trading posts in Alaska by the 1760s? a. France b. Russia c. England d. Holland ANS: b Page Ref.: 104 (factual) A CENTURY OF WARFARE 55. England fought which country in the War of the League of Augsburg? a. Holland b. Germany c. France d. Spain ANS: c Page Ref.: 106 (factual) 56. A funded debt is a debt: a. whose entire principal is repaid with interest. b. where only principal is repaid. c. whose interest only is paid. d. assumed by a third party. ANS: c Page Ref.: 106 (factual) 57. Which of the following wars brought the most decisive gains for Britain? a. King William’s War b. King George’s War c. Queen Anne’s War d. French and Indian War ANS: d Page Ref.: 109 (factual) 58. The Seven Years’ War in Europe was known in the American colonies as: a. King Philip’s War. b. the French and Indian War. c. Queen Anne’s War. d. King George’s War. ANS: b Page Ref.: 109 (factual) 59. This strain of thought stressed the threats that a standing army and powerful state posed to personal liberty. a. Iroquois League b. Enlightenment c. “Real Whig” ideology d. Grand Settlement ANS: c Page Ref.: 106 (factual)
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60. In the Grand Settlement of 1701, the Iroquois pledged neutrality with respect to England and: a. Holland. b. France. c. Spain. d. Portugal. ANS: b Page Ref.: 107 (factual) 61. King George’s War was known in Europe as _______. a. The War of Austrian Succession b. The Seven Years’ War c. The War of Spanish Succession d. King William’s War ANS: a Page Ref.: 107 (factual) 62. Who put forth the Albany Plan of Union? a. George Washington b. Benjamin Franklin c. Thomas Jefferson d. James Madison ANS: b Page Ref.: 109 (factual) 63. Which British general led an attack against Fort Duquesne? a. Braddock b. Washington c. Townshend d. Worthington ANS: a Page Ref.: 110 (factual) 64. The French and Indian War: a. started in North America. b. ended in 1748. c. left France strengthened relative to Britain. d. had few consequences for the American colonies. ANS: a Page Ref.: 109 (factual) 65. In the French and Indian War, the French had initial successes using: a. standard European battlefield tactics. b. guerrilla tactics. c. diplomacy with the British. d. its powerful navy to keep British ships out of the North Atlantic. ANS: b Page Ref.: 110 (factual)
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66. In the 1763 Treaty of Paris, France retained: a. its holdings around the Great Lakes. b. Quebec. c. its West Indian possessions. d. much territory east of the Mississippi River. ANS: c Page Ref.: 112 (factual) 67. Which British Secretary of State directed the country’s war effort from 1757 to 1761? a. Braddock b. Townshend c. Pitt d. Worthington ANS: c Page Ref.: 110 (factual) Chronology 68. Which of the following happened first? a. James II becomes king of England b. Glorious Revolution c. Queen Anne’s War d. King George’s War ANS: a Page Ref: 87 (factual) 69. Which of the following happened last? a. Queen Anne’s War b. King William’s War c. Charles II becomes king of England d. Great Awakening begins ANS: d Page Ref: 87 (factual) Short Essays 70. In what ways did Enlightenment thinking break down the importance of organized religion? 71. How did the Great Awakening affect people’s political views? 72. How did political representation differ in the colonies and in England? 73. Describe the relationship backcountry settlers had with the Indians. 74. Describe the importance of shipping to the New England economy.
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Extended Essays 75. Describe the role of taxation in the development of colonial notions of personal liberties. 76. Analyze the role British styles and culture played for colonial elites and commoners. 77. Analyze the effects of the mercantilist economic system. Who benefited, who was hurt, and why? 78. Analyze why the colonists rejected the Albany Plan of Union.
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CHAPTER 5: IMPERIAL BREAKDOWN, 1763–1774 Multiple Choice THE CRISIS OF IMPERIAL AUTHORITY 1.
At the end of the French and Indian War, which country gained possession of East and West Florida? a. Spain b. France c. England d. Portugal
ANS: c Page Ref.: 119 (factual) 2.
At the end of the French and Indian War, which country gained possession of Cuba? a. Spain b. France c. England d. Portugal
ANS: a Page Ref.: 119 (factual) 3.
At the end of the French and Indian War, which country gained possession of Louisiana? a. England b. France c. Spain d. Portugal
ANS: c Page Ref.: 119 (factual) 4.
The Proclamation of 1763 forbade white settlement: a. west of the Appalachians. b. in Louisiana. c. in Canada. d. west of the Rockies.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 121 (factual) 5.
The Quartering Acts required: a. colonial assemblies be reduced in size by 75%. b. colonial assemblies to provide barracks for British troops. c. colonial assemblies to remit one-fourth of tax revenues to England. d. none of the above
ANS: b Page Ref.: 122 (factual)
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6.
The Proclamation of 1763 established civilian governments in: a. Canada. b. Louisiana. c. Ohio. d. Florida.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 122 (factual) 7.
After the French and Indian War, European alliances with the Indians: a. became more important. b. broke down. c. became less important. d. were strengthened.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 120 (factual) 8.
The Cherokee War took place where? a. the southern Appalachian highlands b. New England c. Florida d. the Mississippi River
ANS: a Page Ref.: 120 (factual) 9.
Neolin, who urged Indians to reject European goods and influence, was known as: a. the Pennsylvania Prophet. b. the Ohio Prophet. c. the Maryland Prophet. d. the Delaware Prophet.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 120–121 (factual) 10. Pontiac, who led the Indians against the colonists and British troops, was a(n) _____ chief. a. Ottawa b. Cherokee c. Delaware d. Oneida ANS: a Page Ref.: 121 (factual) 11. The American Revenue Act was commonly known as the: a. Sugar Act. b. Navigation Act. c. Stamp Act. d. Corn Act. ANS: a Page Ref.: 122 (factual)
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12. Who was the British Prime Minister that passed the American Revenue Act in 1764? a. Chamberlain b. Grenville c. Churchill d. Cromwell ANS: b Page Ref.: 122 (factual) REPUBLICAN IDEOLOGY AND COLONIAL PROTEST 13. The British Constitution: a. was written in the latter part of the eighteenth century. b. is called the Magna Carta. c. included English law and acts of Parliament. d. was ratified by the American colonies. ANS: c Page Ref.: 123 (factual) 14. Violations of the Sugar Act were tried in vice-admiralty courts in: a. Boston. b. New York. c. Halifax. d. Philadelphia. ANS: c Page Ref.: 122 (factual) THE STAMP ACT CRISIS 15. Which act was the first to impose an internal tax on the colonies? a. the Sugar Act b. the Navigation Act c. the Stamp Act d. the Tea Act ANS: c Page Ref.: 124 (factual) 16. This group led opposition to the Stamp Act. a. Daughters of Liberty b. Sons of Liberty c. Land of Liberty d. Legion of Liberty ANS: b Page Ref.: 125 (factual)
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17. What act was passed by Parliament along with the repeal of the Stamp Act? a. the Sugar Act b. the Navigation Act c. the Declaratory Act d. the Corn Laws ANS: c Page Ref.: 126 (factual) THE TOWNSHEND CRISIS 18. In 1767, Parliament passed an act suspending which colonial legislature? a. New York b. Massachusetts c. Pennsylvania d. Virginia ANS: a Page Ref.: 126 (factual) DOMESTIC DIVISIONS 19. Vigilante groups formed in North Carolina in the 1760s called themselves: a. Regulators. b. Sons of Liberty. c. Enforcers. d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 130 (factual) 20. In 1771, North Carolina governor William Tryon led the local militia against: a. the Regulators. b. the French. c. the Cherokees. d. the Sons of Liberty. ANS: a Page Ref.: 130 (factual) 21. Whose ship was named Liberty? a. Patrick Henry b. George Mason c. John Adams d. John Hancock ANS: d Page Ref.: 127 (factual)
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22. In response to the Townshend Duty Act, American colonists: a. began a boycott of imported goods. b. initiated the Revolutionary War. c. proposed an income tax. d. began growing their own tea. ANS: a Page Ref.: 128 (factual) 23. The burning of the Gaspee: a. led to the hanging of several men. b. was in response to British attempts to curb smuggling. c. sparked the passage of the Stamp Act. d. took place off the coast of South Carolina. ANS: b Page Ref.: 129 (factual) 24. What British Prime Minister proposed to rescind the Townshend duties? a. Townshend b. North c. Grenville d. Chamberlain ANS: b Page Ref.: 128 (factual) 25. Crispus Attucks died during the: a. Boston Massacre. b. Boston Tea Party. c. Battle of Lexington. d. Battle of Concord. ANS: a Page Ref.: 128 (factual) THE FINAL IMPERIAL CRISIS 26. During the “Quiet Period,” Americans drank smuggled tea from: a. France. b. Holland. c. Spain. d. Portugal. ANS: b Page Ref.: 131 (factual) 27. The Tea Act of 1773: a. placed a tax on all tea coming into America. b. made it illegal for non-British tea to enter America. c. made it illegal for the colonists to grow tea. d. exempted British tea from duties. ANS: d Page Ref.: 131 (factual)
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28. Which company had the exclusive right to distribute tea in the British Empire? a. The Dutch East India Company b. Twinning’s Tea Company c. The Royal British Tea Company d. The British East India Company ANS: d Page Ref.: 131 (factual) 29. Aboard what ship did the “Boston Tea Party” take place? a. Yankee b. Cornell c. Dartmouth d. Townshend ANS: c Page Ref.: 131 (factual) 30. Who was Massachusetts’ royal governor at the time of the Boston Tea Party? a. Grenville b. Sargent c. Smeal d. Hutchinson ANS: d Page Ref.: 131 (factual) 31. The British reacted to the Boston Tea Party by passing the: a. Coercive Acts. b. Acts of Remuneration. c. Tea Act. d. Townshend Acts. ANS: a Page Ref.: 132 (factual) 32. The Boston Port Act was part of the: a. Coercive Acts. b. Townshend Acts. c. Navigation Acts. d. Quartering Acts. ANS: a Page Ref.: 132 (factual) 33. Which act allowed the crown to appoint the sheriffs who named juries in Massachusetts? a. the Boston Port Act b. the Administration of Justice Act c. the Massachusetts Government Act d. the Royal Jurisdiction Act ANS: c Page Ref.: 132 (factual)
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34. What British commander in chief in America was named the governor of Massachusetts? a. Townshend b. Grenville c. Braddock d. Gage ANS: d Page Ref.: 132 (factual) 35. Under the Quebec Act, the southern boundary of Quebec became: a. the St. Lawrence River. b. Lake Michigan. c. Lake Ontario. d. the Ohio River. ANS: d Page Ref.: 132 (factual) 36. Colonists called the Quebec Act and the Coercive Acts collectively the: a. Intolerable Acts. b. Shameful Acts. c. Oppressive Acts. d. Painful Acts. ANS: a Page Ref.: 132 (factual) 37. The First Continental Congress was held in response to the: a. Boston Massacre. b. Stamp Act. c. Intolerable Acts. d. Boston Tea Party. ANS: c Page Ref.: 133 (factual) 38. The Quebec Act: a. increased the power of the Catholic Church. b. was passed in an effort to appease the thirteen colonies. c. was one of the factors that led to the Boston Tea Party. d. shrunk the boundaries of Quebec. ANS: a Page Ref.: 132 (factual) 39. The Administration of Justice Act: a. was part of the Quebec Act. b. made colonists fear increased violence at the hands of British soldiers. c. called for judges to be elected by local citizens. d. specifically declared that American colonists were not British subjects. ANS: b Page Ref.: 133 (factual)
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40. At the First Continental Congress: a. only a minority of delegates was willing to go to war with Britain. b. all thirteen colonies were represented. c. the members opposed the rival Continental Association. d. the members were in general agreement on all important issues. ANS: a Page Ref.: 136 (factual) 41. The First Continental Congress created the __________ to organize sanctions against the British. a. Stamp Act Congress b. Sons of Liberty c. Continental Association d. committees of correspondence ANS: c Page Ref.: 136 (factual) 42. The First Continental Congress was held in: a. Philadelphia. b. New York. c. Boston. d. Annapolis. ANS: a Page Ref.: 133 (factual) 43. The First Continental Congress resulted in the: a. American Grand Council. b. Albany Plan of Union. c. Declaration of Independence. d. endorsement of the Suffolk Resolves. ANS: d Page Ref.: 133 (factual) 44. In the months before the Revolution, those who advocated colonial rights called themselves: a. Whigs. b. Loyalists. c. Patriots. d. Tories. ANS: a Page Ref.: 136 (factual) 45. The Continental Congress created this to organize and enforce sanctions against the British. a. the Patriot League b. the Sons of Liberty c. the Loyalist Association d. the Continental Association ANS: d Page Ref.: 136 (factual)
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46. South Carolina threatened to leave the Continental Congress unless: a. each state was limited to one vote. b. its delegate was named chairman. c. rice was omitted from the non-exportation agreement. d. the option of armed revolution was taken out of consideration. ANS: c Page Ref.: 136 (factual) 47. The Suffolk Resolves denounced the Coercive Acts as: a. unfair. b. unmanageable. c. unconstitutional. d. poorly conceived. ANS: c Page Ref.: 133 (conceptual) 48. In the wake of the First Continental Congress, Americans were forced to take sides for and against the: a. Suffolk Resolves. b. Continental Association. c. Whigs. d. none of the above ANS: b Page Ref.: 136 (conceptual) Chronology 49. Which of the following happened first? a. George III becomes king of England b. Sugar Act c. Townshend duties d. Boston Massacre ANS: a Page Ref: 119 (factual) 50. Which of the following events happened last? a. Quartering Act b. Coercive Acts c. Stamp Act repealed d. Cherokee War ANS: b Page Ref: 119 (factual)
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Short Essays 51. How did the British and the colonists view the French and Indian War differently? 52. What was the Boston Tea Party meant to protest? 53. What events led to the First Continental Congress? 54. How were the taxes enacted in the Stamp Act different than taxes previously imposed on the colonists? 55. Who was hurt by the Quebec Act? Extended Essays 56. How did the British and the American ways of viewing representative government differ? How did these differences lead to problems between Britain and America? 57. How did most colonists hope to handle America’s difficulties with England? Why did they hold these views and why did they think such tactics would be successful? 58. What did the British hope to achieve with the Quebec Act? 59. Describe relations between the Indians and the various European and colonial powers in the period just prior to the American Revolution. How did these relations differ from those of earlier periods? 60. How did the British attempt to handle colonial avoidance of duties?
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CHAPTER 6: THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1774–1783 Multiple Choice FROM REBELLION TO WAR 1.
Who headed the Massachusetts Committee of Safety in 1774? a. Samuel Adams b. John Hancock c. John Adams d. Paul Revere
ANS: b Page Ref.: 144 (factual) 2.
The Committee of Safety: a. sought to disband the Minutemen. b. organized a militia. c. called for the creation of a Provincial Congress. d. was most active in the Lower South.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 144 (factual) 3.
During the Revolutionary War, loyalists made up about ___ percent of the colonial population. a. 3 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20
ANS: d Page Ref.: 148 (factual) 4.
The Conciliatory Proposition pledged not to tax the colonists if they: a. swore allegiance to the king. b. purchased all of their finished goods from England. c. quartered British troops in America. d. voluntarily contributed to the defense of the empire.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 144 (factual) 5.
Gage and his troops were given orders to arrest John Hancock and whom on April 18, 1775? a. John Adams b. Ethan Allen c. Paul Revere d. Samuel Adams
ANS: d Page Ref.: 144 (factual)
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6.
Paul Revere worked as a: a. silversmith. b. publisher. c. lawyer. d. courier.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 144 (factual) 7.
The first American casualties of the Revolutionary War were killed in: a. Lexington. b. Concord. c. Boston. d. Philadelphia.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 144 (factual) 8.
Who dubbed the first shot fired in Lexington the shot “heard round the world”? a. Irving b. Emerson c. Whitman d. Longfellow
ANS: b Page Ref.: 145 (factual) 9.
The Second Continental Congress was held in: a. Boston. b. New York. c. Philadelphia. d. Annapolis.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 145–146 (factual) 10. In its early days, the Second Continental Congress did all of the following, EXCEPT: a. establish a postal system. b. establish a currency. c. accept North’s Conciliatory Proposition. d. create the Continental Army. ANS: c Page Ref.: 145 (factual) 11. At the start of the Revolutionary War, who commanded militia forces from Massachusetts? a. Ethan Allen b. Benedict Arnold c. John Adams d. Paul Revere ANS: b Page Ref.: 145 (factual)
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12. Fort Ticonderoga was located at the southern end of: a. Boston Harbor. b. Lake Champlain. c. Lake Erie. d. the Hudson River. ANS: b Page Ref.: 145 (factual) 13. What document asserted American patriots would “die freemen, rather than live as slaves”? a. The Olive Branch Petition b. The Declaration of Independence c. The Constitution d. The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ANS: d Page Ref.: 146–147 (factual) 14. John Adams of Massachusetts nominated George Washington as commander in chief of the army because: a. they were old college friends. b. Washington was from a southern state. c. Washington was willing to spend his own fortune on arms for his troops. d. Washington had agreed to support Adams’ bid to be the first president. ANS: b Page Ref.: 146 (conceptual) 15. In March 1776, the British evacuated their troops from Boston and moved to: a. Providence. b. Portland. c. New Haven. d. Halifax. ANS: d Page Ref.: 147 (factual) 16. Thomas Paine: a. was born in Massachusetts. b. was illiterate. c. was an early supporter of independence. d. eventually joined the loyalists. ANS: c Page Ref.: 147 (factual) 17. The American forces that traveled through Maine to attack Quebec were led by: a. Washington. b. Arnold. c. Allen. d. Adams. ANS: b Page Ref.: 146 (factual)
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18. The pro-independence pamphlet Common Sense was written by: a. Paine. b. Jefferson. c. Franklin. d. Madison. ANS: a Page Ref.: 147 (factual) 19. The first resolution in the Second Continental Congress that called for independence was introduced by: a. Samuel Adams. b. John Adams. c. Benjamin Franklin. d. Richard Henry Lee. ANS: d Page Ref.: 148 (factual) 20. Who composed the first draft of the Declaration of Independence? a. John Adams b. Thomas Jefferson c. Thomas Paine d. George Washington ANS: b Page Ref.: 148 (factual) 21. Congress voted on the Declaration of Independence on: a. July 2, 1776. b. July 3, 1776. c. July 4, 1776. d. July 5, 1776. ANS: a Page Ref.: 148 (factual) 22. In the phrase “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” the third element was originally: a. property. b. equality. c. happiness. d. democracy. ANS: a Page Ref.: 148 (factual) THE COMBATANTS 23. German mercenaries were called what by the Americans? a. Prussians b. Badens c. Bavarians d. Hessians ANS: d Page Ref.: 149 (factual)
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24. The Newburgh affair was defused by: a. congressional appropriations of payment for soldiers. b. a show of force from soldiers loyal to the government. c. George Washington. d. Alexander Hamilton. ANS: c Page Ref.: 151 (factual) 25. Early in the war, some royal officials sought to recruit black slaves into the loyalist forces with a promise of: a. freedom. b. land. c. money. d. passage to Africa. ANS: a Page Ref.: 152 (factual) THE WAR IN THE NORTH, 1776–1777 26. During the late colonial period, the headquarters of the British Army in America was in: a. Boston. b. New York. c. Philadelphia. d. Norfolk. ANS: b Page Ref.: 153 (factual) 27. Which battle took place the day after Christmas, 1776? a. The Battle of Princeton b. The Battle of Trenton c. The Battle of White Plains d. The Battle of Brooklyn Heights ANS: b Page Ref.: 153 (factual) 28. Whose nickname was “Gentleman Johnny”? a. John Adams b. John Jay c. John Howe d. John Burgoyne ANS: d Page Ref.: 153 (factual) 29. After what battle did General Burgoyne surrender to the Americans? a. The Battle of Princeton b. The Battle of Ticonderoga c. The Battle of Saratoga d. The Battle of Brandywine Creek ANS: c Page Ref.: 154 (factual)
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30. Who received the British surrender at the Battle of Saratoga? a. Washington b. Gates c. Jones d. Arnold ANS: b Page Ref.: 154 (factual) 31. After the Battle of Brandywine Creek, General Howe spent the winter in: a. New York. b. New Haven. c. Princeton. d. Philadelphia. ANS: d Page Ref.: 154 (factual) 32. The Continental Army spent the winter of 1777 in: a. Morristown, NJ. b. Philadelphia, PA. c. Williamsburg, VA. d. Valley Forge, PA. ANS: d Page Ref.: 154 (factual) THE WAR WIDENS, 1778–1781 33. Who led American efforts in Paris to gain French support? a. Franklin b. Jefferson c. Lafayette d. Madison ANS: a Page Ref.: 154 (factual) 34. The leader of what nation suggested European powers form a League of Armed Neutrality? a. France b. Germany c. Holland d. Russia ANS: d Page Ref.: 155 (factual) 35. England went to war with which country after it joined the League of Armed Neutrality? a. Holland b. Russia c. Denmark d. France ANS: a Page Ref.: 155 (factual)
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36. Which of the following was not a British settlement in the Mississippi Valley in 1778? a. Kaskaskia b. Cahokia c. St. Louis d. Vincennes ANS: c Page Ref.: 156 (factual) 37. What was the last major military engagement in the North of the Revolutionary War? a. The Battle of Bunker Hill b. The Battle of White Plains c. The Battle of Monmouth Court House d. The Battle of Trenton ANS: c Page Ref.: 155 (factual) 38. British and Indian attacks against Kentucky in 1777 were directed from: a. Detroit. b. Pittsburgh. c. Savannah. d. Richmond. ANS: a Page Ref.: 155 (factual) 39. At which battle did a Whig militia from South Carolina decimate a loyalist militia in 1779? a. The Battle of Kettle Creek b. The Battle of Charleston c. The Battle of Yorktown d. The Battle of Raleigh ANS: a Page Ref.: 156 (factual) 40. The military key to the lower South was: a. St. Augustine. b. New Orleans. c. Charleston. d. Savannah. ANS: c Page Ref.: 156 (factual) 41. Which battle represented the worst American defeat of the Revolutionary War? a. The Battle of Charleston b. The Battle of Camden c. The Battle of Cowpens d. The Battle of Guilford ANS: a Page Ref.: 157 (factual)
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42. Colonial General Horatio Gates suffered a defeat at: a. Saratoga. b. Camden. c. Yorktown. d. Trenton. ANS: b Page Ref.: 157 (factual) 43. The 1780 battle at Kings Mountain took place in which colony? a. Georgia b. South Carolina c. North Carolina d. Virginia ANS: b Page Ref.: 157 (factual) 44. Before attacking Cornwallis in Yorktown, the Continental forces faked preparations for an attack on: a. Quebec. b. Savannah. c. New York. d. Halifax. ANS: c Page Ref.: 158 (conceptual) 45. General Cornwallis surrendered to American troops at: a. Charleston. b. Savannah. c. Yorktown. d. Camden. ANS: c Page Ref.: 158 (factual) THE AMERICAN VICTORY, 1782–1783 46. The peace negotiations at the end of the Revolutionary War took place in: a. Amsterdam. b. Paris. c. Yalta. d. Versailles. ANS: b Page Ref.: 160 (factual) 47. America’s senior negotiator at the peace talks ending the Revolutionary War was: a. Franklin b. Washington c. Jefferson d. Madison ANS: a Page Ref.: 160 (factual)
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48. Who was the British Prime Minister during the Revolutionary War peace talks? a. North b. Rockingham c. Shelburne d. Glenville ANS: c Page Ref.: 160 (factual) 49. What was Spain’s most important goal in the Paris peace talks? a. to receive gold b. to regain Florida c. to regain the Philippines d. to regain Gibraltar ANS: d Page Ref.: 160 (factual) 50. Who of the following was NOT an American negotiator in Paris? a. Adams b. Franklin c. Jay d. Washington ANS: d Page Ref.: 160 (factual) 51. In the Paris peace agreement, a. slavery was banned in the northern colonies. b. slavery was banned in Canada. c. slavery was banned in New England. d. nothing was said about the slave trade. ANS: d Page Ref.: 160 (factual) 52. Who controlled Florida in the aftermath of the 1783 Treaty of Paris? a. United States b. Britain c. France d. Spain ANS: d Page Ref.: 160 (factual) 53. Some historians say that, besides Washington’s leadership, the most crucial reason for the American victory in the Revolutionary War was: a. the ineptness of British soldiers. b. the aid of the French. c. the stable American economy. d. the European diplomacy of John Adams. ANS: b Page Ref.: 161 (conceptual)
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54. England established which African colony for ex-slaves? a. Liberia b. Zaire c. Sierra Leone d. Rwanda ANS: c Page Ref.: 159 (factual) 55. Over the course of the Revolutionary War, prices in America: a. rose. b. fell. c. remained steady. d. were denominated in French currency. ANS: a Page Ref.: 159 (factual) Chronology 56. Which of the following Revolutionary War events happened first? a. Spain declares war on Britain b. Battle of Princeton c. Newburgh “Conspiracy” d. Franco-American alliance ANS: b Page Ref: 143 (factual) 57. Which of the following Revolutionary War events happened last? a. Battle of Guilford Court House b. Fall of Charleston, South Carolina c. Fall of Savannah d. Beginning of runaway inflation ANS: a Page Ref: 143 (factual) Short Essays 58. Why was the American victory at Saratoga particularly important? 59. Why did the Americans’ fighting style give them an advantage over British forces? 60. How did the writings of John Locke influence the Declaration of Independence? 61. Why did Benedict Arnold offer to help the British? 62. How did the war lead to inflation in the colonies? Extended Essays 63. Analyze Washington’s leadership during the war. What qualities made him especially well-suited for his role? 64. What role did marginalized groups (e.g., blacks, Indians, etc.) play in the war for both sides? Were any of these groups left better off after the war ended?
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65. Analyze Benjamin Franklin’s role in securing American independence. 66. What role did printed media play in generating support for the independence movement? 67. Why was the much larger and better-supported British military defeated?
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CHAPTER 7: THE FIRST REPUBLIC, 1776–1789 Multiple Choice THE NEW ORDER OF REPUBLICANISM 1.
What would a follower of Daniel Shays most likely have said in 1786? a. “It is the common people who should be the strength of republicanism in our nation.” b. “Rebels against the new republic must not submit themselves to base passions.” c. “We must continue to follow the wise counsel of revolutionary leaders in our state.” d. “The highest law in a republic is the one that encourages the vast pursuit of property.”
ANS: a Page Ref.: 170 (conceptual) 2.
The effects of Shays’s Rebellion included all of the following EXCEPT: a. many leaders lost faith in the Articles of Confederation. b. a renewal of public confidence in the national government. c. calls were made for a central government with more power. d. Americans realized there were elements of conflict between social classes.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 170 (conceptual) 3.
From 1776 to 1807, property-holding women had the right to vote: a. in New Jersey. b. only in local elections in the United States. c. in England. d. if their husbands allowed them to vote.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 172 (factual) 4.
Effects of the Revolution on women included all of the following EXCEPT: a. less restrictive divorce laws. b. greater access to education. c. an improved perception of women’s moral status. d. the banning of the sale of black female slaves.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 172 (conceptual) 5.
The number of free African Americans was highest in: a. 1730. b. 1750. c. 1790. d. 1800.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 172 (factual)
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6.
As a result of the Revolution: a. the number of free blacks increased dramatically. b. the number of slaves in the South dropped. c. slaves grew less bold in their efforts to gain freedom. d. slaves stopped running away in the 1800s.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 172 (factual) 7.
Between 1777 and 1784: a. most northern states ended slavery. b. most northern states accelerated their use of slavery. c. slaveowners resorted to the use of Indian slaves. d. many states allowed women a temporary right to vote.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 173 (conceptual) 8.
Overall, state constitutions did all of the following, EXCEPT: a. strengthen the executive relative to the legislature. b. lower property requirements for voting. c. increase the frequency of elections. d. make upper houses popularly elected.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 175 (conceptual) 9.
Official state constitutional support for religions in the 1780s was strongest in: a. the middle Atlantic states. b. New England. c. the Lower South. d. the Chesapeake region.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 175 (factual) 10. Most state constitutions put into effect by the end of 1777 included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the curbing of the powers of the governor in the states. b. the establishment of annual elections as a norm. c. expressions of the rights of common citizens. d. a commitment to custom rather than written constitutions. ANS: d Page Ref.: 175 (conceptual) 11. State constitutions tended to: a. increase the power of the national government. b. exclude a formal bill of rights. c. lower property requirements for the right to vote. d. strengthen ties between the state and the Anglican Church. ANS: c Page Ref.: 175 (factual)
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12. The most democratic constitution of the revolutionary period was passed in: a. Massachusetts. b. New York. c. South Carolina. d. Pennsylvania. ANS: d Page Ref.: 175 (factual) 13. A unicameral legislature is: a. a one-house system of government. b. the dominant power in all constitutional monarchies. c. the foundation of federal republicanism. d. the key ingredient of bicameral governments. ANS: a Page Ref.: 175 (factual) 14. Under the Articles of Confederation, the American states were: a. bound by strict statutes of economic and trade policies. b. granted little power compared to the national government. c. subject to the rule of the national judiciary. d. created as a loose association of autonomous states. ANS: d Page Ref.: 176 (factual) 15. Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government could NOT: a. conduct foreign affairs. b. raise an army. c. declare war. d. negotiate with Native Americans. ANS: b Page Ref.: 176 (factual) 16. The creators of the Articles of Confederation: a. were mainly made up of reluctant supporters of the Revolution. b. feared the encroachment of centralized power. c. were Tories who sabotaged the American war effort. d. asserted that the President should have final say on all matters. ANS: b Page Ref.: 176 (factual) 17. By the end of the war, Continental money was: a. actively invested in the London stock exchange. b. used to effectively pay off the nation’s war debts. c. virtually worthless. d. more valuable than the British pound. ANS: c Page Ref.: 183 (factual)
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18. Economic nationalists wanted to do all of the following EXCEPT: a. secure a charter for the Bank of North America. b. weaken the ties between the Confederation and the Bank of North America. c. have Congress assume payment of the entire national debt. d. use tax revenues to pay off the growing national deficit. ANS: b Page Ref.: 177 (conceptual) 19. The leader of the economic nationalists was: a. Thomas Jefferson. b. Robert Morris. c. Patrick Henry. d. William Paterson. ANS: b Page Ref.: 177 (factual) 20. Regarding trade between Britain and the United States between 1783 and 1789, it is true that: a. exports approximately equaled imports. b. America imported more from Britain. c. Britain imported more from America. d. Britain imposed a total trade ban on its former American colonies. ANS: b Page Ref.: 178 (factual) 21. The American economy in the mid-1780s was: a. highly inflationary. b. growing at a slow rate. c. growing at a rapid rate. d. in a depression. ANS: d Page Ref.: 178 (factual) 22. After the Revolution, British merchants: a. canceled all debts owed to them by American merchants. b. continued to close their markets to American goods. c. refused to sell goods to consumers in America. d. eagerly accepted Continental money as a means of payment. ANS: b Page Ref.: 178 (factual) 23. Within a year of the surrender of Great Britain, the American economy: a. experienced the nation’s first depression. b. thrived due to subsidies from France. c. experienced a surplus of exports over imports. d. bolstered the strength of the small family farm. ANS: a Page Ref.: 178 (factual)
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24. Problems for the United States’ economy in 1784 included all of the following EXCEPT: a. competition provided by cheap British imports. b. insufficient circulation of currency. c. a sharp increase in wages vs. profits. d. paying off huge war debts. ANS: c Page Ref.: 178 (conceptual) 25. Efforts to offset British attempts to hurt the American economy failed due to the: a. refusal of northern states to pass protective tariffs. b. American public’s reluctance to blame England for economic woes. c. release of too much currency by the American government. d. lack of a unified national policy regarding Great Britain. ANS: d Page Ref.: 178 (conceptual) 26. Why were conservatives alarmed by the actions of the debtor party in Rhode Island? a. The conservatives were angered by the party’s unofficial alliance with England. b. Conservatives feared the creation of governments that included farmers and artisans. c. The debtor party supported an open policy of free trade with Great Britain. d. The debtor party wished to reduce voting rights that had been gained in the Revolution. ANS: b Page Ref.: 180 (factual) 27. In the Ordinance of 1784, Thomas Jefferson called for: a. equal legal and economic rights for Native Americans. b. compact settlements with undisputed land titles. c. a lack of emphasis on westward expansion. d. the end of slavery in western territory after 1800. ANS: d Page Ref.: 180 (factual) 28. The Land Ordinance of 1785 encouraged a certain type of settler by: a. requiring a minimum purchase of 640 acres. b. allowing Indians to remain settled in their ancestral lands. c. prohibiting the spread of Catholicism west of the Appalachian Mountains. d. requiring new states to pay for all the costs of education in new territories. ANS: a Page Ref.: 181 (factual) 29. Acres of land under the Land Ordinance of 1785 cost how much per acre? a. 50 cents b. 1 dollar c. 10 dollars d. 25 dollars ANS: b Page Ref.: 181 (factual)
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30. A township contains ___ square miles. a. 9 b. 36 c. 100 d. 625 ANS: b Page Ref.: 181 (factual) 31. The Southwest Ordinance of 1790 _________ slavery in the western regions south of the Ohio River. a. did not address b. banned c. allowed d. discouraged ANS: c Page Ref.: 182 (factual) 32. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 did all of the following EXCEPT: a. establish criteria for territories to gain statehood. b. prohibit slavery in northwestern territories. c. provide the groundwork for ten new states. d. create a political structure for the new territories. ANS: c Page Ref.: 182 (factual) 33. Chesapeake planters refused to pay their debts to Britain because: a. the Treaty of Paris did not require payment of debts. b. the planters were all bankrupt and without assets. c. Britain had freed many slaves without compensation to slave owners. d. the planters argued that they never incurred financial debts to British merchants. ANS: c Page Ref.: 183 (factual) 34. After the war, Loyalists: a. still faced hostility in the new United States. b. refused to leave the new nation. c. were allowed to keep their property. d. benefited from treaty requirements that they could not be harassed. ANS: a Page Ref.: 183 (factual) 35. Spain contested American land expansion: a. in New England. b. along the Mississippi River. c. east of the Appalachian Mountains. d. near the Canadian border. ANS: b Page Ref.: 183 (factual)
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36. The Jay-Gardoqui Treaty: a. was opposed by northerners. b. defined relations between America and France. c. was defeated by Southerners. d. was signed after the ratification of the Constitution. ANS: c Page Ref.: 184 (factual) 37. John Jay’s treaty with Spain was opposed by congressmen from the South because: a. they believed Spain was trying to subsidize northern industry. b. they suspected Jay of secretly working for British interests. c. they felt Jay had sold out the interests of Southerners who had pioneered the West. d. Jay was a leading spokesman in favor of Indian rights and ending slavery. ANS: c Page Ref.: 184 (factual) 38. As social, political, and economic crises increased in the mid-1780s: a. supporters of the Articles of Confederation grew in number. b. more American leaders became nationalists. c. westerners were the only Americans who were satisfied with governmental policies. d. unicameral legislatures dominated state governments. ANS: b Page Ref.: 185 (factual) TOWARD A NEW UNION 39. Delegates met at the Annapolis Convention to: a. create a new federal government. b. call for a regulated land policy for the Northwest. c. challenge the institution of slavery. d. devise a universal system of commercial regulation. ANS: d Page Ref.: 185 (factual) 40. The Constitutional Convention took place in: a. Philadelphia. b. Annapolis. c. New York. d. Washington, D.C. ANS: a Page Ref.: 185 (factual) 41. The two main leaders who called for a Constitutional Convention were James Madison and: a. Patrick Henry. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. Samuel Adams. d. Alexander Hamilton. ANS: d Page Ref.: 185 (factual)
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42. The Constitutional Convention was spurred by all of the following EXCEPT: a. the elite’s discomfort over domestic rebellions. b. a desire to solve the new nation’s financial problems. c. the feeling that the nation needed a stronger central government. d. the popular call to create a Bill of Rights for common citizens. ANS: d Page Ref.: 185 (conceptual) 43. The Virginia Plan was introduced by: a. Alexander Hamilton. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. James Madison. d. Patrick Henry. ANS: c Page Ref.: 185 (factual) 44. The New Jersey Plan: a. was the basis for voting in the Senate. b. favored large states. c. would not allow the national government to levy taxes. d. was excluded from the Great Compromise. ANS: a Page Ref.: 186 (factual) 45. Regarding the regulation of interstate and international commerce, the Constitution deems that: a. states have the sole power of such regulation. b. the national government has the sole power of such regulation. c. commerce regulation is shared equally by states and the national government. d. commerce regulation is the sole province of the president. ANS: b Page Ref.: 187 (factual) 46. Regarding the chief executive, the Constitution does all of the following, EXCEPT: a. prohibit the president from appointing judicial officers. b. allow the executive to conduct foreign affairs. c. allow the president to veto legislation. d. set the length of a presidential term. ANS: a Page Ref.: 187 (conceptual) 47. The Great Compromise, created by Roger Sherman, a. actually aggravated the situation of free and slave states. b. successfully split the differences between small and large states. c. made all representation proportionate to the size of individual states. d. called for a policy of “one state, one vote.” ANS: b Page Ref.: 186 (factual)
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48. What concession was made to southern delegates to gain their support for the federal government’s power to regulate trade policies? a. Northern delegates agreed to never pass tariffs that favored manufacturing interests. b. A promise by James Madison that southern states could nullify federal laws. c. Delegates returned to the original idea of entirely proportionate legislation. d. Northern delegates agreed to drop demands for abolition of the slave trade. ANS: d Page Ref.: 186 (factual) 49. The Constitution does NOT provide: a. equal representation in a unicameral Congress. b. shared power between the national and state governments. c. Congress with power to control military affairs. d. a balance of power between the three branches of government. ANS: a Page Ref.: 186 (conceptual) 50. James Madison’s political philosophy regarding the creation of the Constitution was that “Ambition must be made to counter: a. ambition.” b. commercial dominance.” c. self-interest.” d. monarchy.” ANS: a Page Ref.: 187 (factual) 51. Most members of the national elite at the Constitutional Convention believed that enlightened self-interest was better for the nation than the revolutionary ideal of: a. anarchy. b. republicanism. c. constitutional monarchy. d. disinterested virtue. ANS: d Page Ref.: 187 (factual) 52. The Constitution established a __________ government. a. federal b. unitary c. confederate d. monarchical ANS: a Page Ref.: 187 (factual)
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53. Coming out of the Constitutional Convention, which unresolved issue would have the greatest impact on later American history? a. judicial review b. slavery c. the status of the Supreme Court d. the method of electing senators ANS: b Page Ref.: 188 (factual) 54. Judicial review is the: a. Supreme Court’s right to have the final say on constitutionality. b. method used to settle tied elections. c. system of funding the American court system. d. right of state courts to have the final say on federal laws. ANS: a Page Ref.: 188 (factual) 55. Which statement would most likely have been said by a Federalist? a. “We mistrust the extreme powers the Constitution gives to the national government.” b. “Our republic will thrive best with a balance of power between national and state governments.” c. “Slavery shall be an issue that Congress must never address, for it is not in the domain of the legislative branch.” d. “This Constitution serves us best when it allows local interests to be the heart and soul of the nation.” ANS: b Page Ref.: 188 (conceptual) 56. Most Antifederalists: a. owned manufacturing interests. b. supported a strong central government. c. had centers of support in the urban North. d. distrusted the social and commercial elite. ANS: d Page Ref.: 189 (factual) 57. Supporters of ratification of the Constitution included large segments of all the following groups EXCEPT: a. small farmers. b. manufacturers. c. urban artisans. d. creditors. ANS: a Page Ref.: 189 (conceptual) 58. Many Antifederalists were concerned that the original draft of the Constitution did NOT: a. make attempts to end slavery. b. include a Bill of Rights. c. provide specific language about judicial review. d. create a bicameral national legislature. ANS: b Page Ref.: 189 (factual)
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59. Federalists split the ranks of the Antifederalists by: a. threatening to exclude them from the union. b. offering rich commercial contracts to them. c. promising a Bill of Rights as the Constitution’s first amendments. d. guaranteeing that an Antifederalist would be the first President. ANS: c Page Ref.: 189 (factual) 60. James Madison argued that a large, diverse republic: a. was an enemy of true republicanism. b. would give too much power to the national government. c. did not reflect the honorable goals of the American Revolution. d. offered the best hope for safeguarding individual rights. ANS: d Page Ref.: 189–190 (factual) Chronology 61. Which is the only event that happened during the Revolutionary War? a. Shays’s Rebellion b. The Virginia Plan is proposed. c. The Annapolis Convention convenes. d. The Articles of Confederation are proposed. ANS: d Page Ref.: 171 (factual) 62. All of the following happened after the British surrender in the Revolutionary War EXCEPT: a. the onset of an economic depression in America. b. Shays’s Rebellion. c. a large number of farmers in Massachusetts lose their land. d. states begin writing their own constitutions. ANS: d Page Ref.: 171 (factual) 63. What is the correct order of events? a. Bank of North America created, Shays’s Rebellion, Constitution ratified b. Constitution ratified, Shays’s Rebellion, Bank of North America created c. Shays’s Rebellion, Bank of North America created, Constitution ratified d. Shays’s Rebellion, Constitution ratified, Bank of North America created ANS: a Page Ref.: 171 (factual) 64. Which event happened last? a. Constitutional Convention ends b. Bill of Rights enacted c. Shays’s Rebellion d. Jay-Gardoqui Treaty is defeated ANS: b Page Ref.: 171 (factual)
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Short Essays 65. What characteristics define American republicanism? 66. What was the major difference of opinion between Federalists and Antifederalists? 67. What sort of men made up the membership of the Constitutional Convention? 68. Why did Southerners vehemently oppose the Jay-Gardoqui Treaty? 69. What motivations caused the creation of the Bank of North America? Extended Essays 70. Compare and contrast the major differences between the United States Constitution and the State Constitution of Pennsylvania created in 1776. 71. What were the key events and factors that resulted in the ratification of the Constitution? 72. What major problems did the young republic face after its victory over Great Britain? How did these problems motivate members of the elite to call for a federal constitution? 73. Support the following statement that, to you, best expresses the creation of the Constitution. “The creation of the Constitution represented: a) a remarkable example of constructive compromise.” b) a great vision for the nation’s future by the men who created it.” c) a successful attempt by the commercial elite to place themselves in power.” d) accommodation of both conservative and liberal visions of republicanism.” 74. How did the postwar era and the Constitutional Convention reveal and foreshadow the existence and growth of sectional and class differences in the United States?
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CHAPTER 8: A NEW REPUBLIC AND THE RISE OF PARTIES, 1789–1800 Multiple Choice WASHINGTON’S AMERICA 1.
In 1790, the highest percentage of people of English descent lived in: a. the West. b. the mid-Atlantic. c. the South. d. New England.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 198 (factual) 2.
In 1790, the highest percentage of enslaved Africans lived in: a. the West. b. the mid-Atlantic. c. the South. d. New England.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 198 (factual) 3.
At the time of George Washington’s first inauguration, all of the following were true EXCEPT: a. political parties were already bitterly opposed to each other. b. two states had not yet ratified the Constitution. c. the government faced a huge debt. d. conditions in the West were unstable.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 197 (factual) 4.
The national census of 1790 revealed that the number of white and black Americans was: a. 2,500,000. b. 4,000,000. c. 10,000,000. d. 25,000,000.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 197 (factual) 5.
There was little use of indentured servants or slaves in New England because: a. Quakers had the strongest influence of governments in the region. b. most of the region’s people were involved in manufacturing. c. it was an impractical place to cultivate cash crops. d. the government of Massachusetts never allowed either practice.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 199 (factual)
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6.
New England was the most uniform region in America for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. very few blacks or Indians lived in the region. b. Puritan values continued to be a dominant force in cultural identity. c. most New Englanders’ ethnic heritage was English. d. it contained the highest percentage of people who had been Loyalists.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 199 (conceptual) 7.
What was different about the population of New England compared to other regions? a. It had the largest number of free blacks in America. b. Women outnumbered men in parts of the region. c. Catholics and Quakers made up a great deal of the population. d. New Englanders exhibited the widest range of social diversity.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 199 (factual) 8.
The most ethnically and religiously diverse region in early America was: a. New England. b. the mid-Atlantic region. c. the Carolinas. d. the Deep South.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 199 (factual) 9.
Mid-Atlantic culture was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. serving as the “breadbasket” of American farming. b. a rich diversity of ethnicity and religion throughout the region. c. a wider job market than existed in New England. d. a clear consensus for republicanism with a strong central government.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 199–200 (conceptual) 10. What factor made the South the most populous region in the early United States? a. the most beneficial job market in the nation b. a comfortable climate for doing outdoor labor c. the appeal of a wide range of European-American cultures d. the presence of a large number of African-American slaves ANS: d Page Ref.: 201 (factual) 11. Slaves made up the majority of the population in all of the following regions EXCEPT: a. the swampy region of South Carolina. b. the Georgia lowcountry. c. the Piedmont region near the Appalachian Mountains. d. the Tidewater region in eastern Virginia. ANS: c Page Ref.: 201 (conceptual)
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12. Social tensions between lowcountry and backcountry Southerners included: a. residual hatred over their differing roles in the Revolution. b. the backcountry farmers’ insistence on engaging in commercial farming. c. different interpretations of their shared worship in the Anglican Church. d. vast differences in wealth and religious practices. ANS: d Page Ref.: 201 (factual) 13. Which geographic region best describes the American West in 1790? a. from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River b. from the Blue Ridge Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean c. from the Appalachian Mountains to the southern Canadian border d. from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean ANS: a Page Ref.: 201 (factual) 14. During the 1780s, all of the following were true about the West EXCEPT: a. Indians and whites had not yet reached the point of conflict. b. the white population surpassed the Native American population. c. mortality rates were high, especially among infants. d. slavery spread into the southern regions of the West. ANS: a Page Ref.: 202 (conceptual) 15. The most democratic members of Congress felt that George Washington should be addressed as: a. “His Highness.” b. “Mr. President.” c. “The First Among Equals.” d. “King George.” ANS: b Page Ref.: 202 (factual) 16. The ________ Amendment discussed the need for a well-regulated militia. a. First b. Second c. Fourth d. Fifth ANS: b Page Ref.: 203 (factual) 17. The ________ Amendment addresses the power balance between the national government and states. a. First b. Fourth c. Sixth d. Ninth ANS: d Page Ref.: 203 (factual)
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18. The first government’s base of support was strengthened by: a. stopping Fries’s Rebellion. b. repealing the Sedition Act. c. passing the Bill of Rights. d. calming Southerners with Jay’s Treaty. ANS: c Page Ref.: 203 (factual) 19. Congress increased the power of the President when it allowed the executive to: a. nominate and dismiss officials in the presidential cabinet. b. establish foreign trade policies without Congressional approval. c. appoint cabinet officers without Congressional approval. d. author and interpret the Bill of Rights. ANS: a Page Ref.: 203 (factual) 20. The Judiciary Act: a. was a heavy-handed move for power by the Federalists. b. showed that Southerners would never compromise on judicial powers. c. was designed to raise revenues. d. represented an artful compromise that balanced legal powers. ANS: d Page Ref.: 203 (factual) 21. Sectional differences arose over the debate about: a. nominations to Washington’s cabinet. b. Thomas Jefferson’s appointment as ambassador to France. c. including the right to free expression in the Bill of Rights. d. specific aspects of the Tariff Act of 1789. ANS: d Page Ref.: 204 (factual) 22. The first Secretary of Treasury was: a. Thomas Jefferson. b. Alexander Hamilton. c. James Madison. d. John Jay. ANS: b Page Ref.: 204 (factual) 23. All of the following are true about Alexander Hamilton EXCEPT: a. he was often egotistical and overbearing. b. he served as the major spokesman for the yeoman farmer. c. he saw the well-born and wealthy as the natural leaders of society. d. he possessed a sharp mind in affairs of finance. ANS: b Page Ref.: 204 (conceptual)
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24. What bold plan did Hamilton create in an effort to address the Revolutionary War debt? a. paying the debt with duty taxes and refusing to levy internal taxes b. forcing the individual states to pay off their own accrued debts c. refusing to have any financial relations with Great Britain d. having the federal government fund the national debt at its full value ANS: d Page Ref.: 204 (factual) 25. Hamilton’s ideas included all of the following EXCEPT: a. promoting an agrarian-based economy for the United States. b. raising revenues by placing an excise tax on whiskey. c. the creation of a Bank of the United States. d. advocating protective tariffs to strengthen American industry. ANS: a Page Ref.: 204 (conceptual) 26. To gain southern support for his financial plan, Hamilton offered to: a. win northern support for moving the nation’s capitol to a southern location. b. get an appointment for Jefferson as Secretary of State. c. drop all of his proposals that supported the promotion of industry. d. join the party that opposed the Federalists. ANS: a Page Ref.: 205 (factual) 27. Thomas Jefferson felt that creation of the Bank of the United States was: a. discomforting but necessary. b. the best proposal offered by Hamilton. c. an innovative solution to the nation’s economic woes. d. unconstitutional. ANS: d Page Ref.: 205 (factual) 28. Which part of Hamilton’s financial plan did Southerners most successfully oppose? a. his attempts to accelerate industrialization b. the creation of the Bank of the United States c. the use of excise taxes to generate revenue d. the federal government’s funding of the national debt ANS: a Page Ref.: 205 (factual) THE EMERGENCE OF PARTIES 29. Membership in the Federalist Party generally included all of the following EXCEPT: a. financial creditors. b. northeastern manufacturers. c. commercial farmers. d. frontier farmers. ANS: d Page Ref.: 206 (conceptual)
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30. The leaders of the opposition Republican Party were Thomas Jefferson and: a. John Adams. b. Alexander Hamilton. c. John Jay. d. James Madison. ANS: d Page Ref.: 206 (factual) 31. The Republicans believed all of the following EXCEPT: a. a vital heritage of the Revolution was individual liberties. b. the French Revolution should be opposed due to our close ties with England. c. the Federalists were instituting a system based on privilege and exploitation. d. America should commit itself to being a prosperous, agrarian republic. ANS: b Page Ref.: 206 (conceptual) 32. All of the following are true about the Federalists, EXCEPT that the Federalists: a. opposed Jay’s Treaty. b. wanted a strong central government. c. supported Hamilton’s economic reforms. d. opposed the French Revolution. ANS: a Page Ref.: 206 (conceptual) 33. The Republican Party was weakest in: a. the South. b. the West. c. New England. d. the mid-Atlantic region. ANS: c Page Ref.: 206 (factual) 34. Federalists were alarmed by: a. the Republicans’ call for a stronger central government. b. growing support for the Direct Tax Act of 1798. c. the growing intensity of violence in the French Revolution. d. leaders who expressed broad constructionist views of the Constitution. ANS: c Page Ref.: 206 (factual) 35. Events in which country provoked the strongest divisions between Federalists and Republicans? a. Holland b. Spain c. Canada d. France ANS: d Page Ref.: 206 (factual)
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36. Regarding the French Revolution, President Washington did all of the following EXCEPT: a. declare neutrality regarding English and British conflicts. b. give Edmond Genet a formal but cold reception. c. suspend all Franco-American treaties. d. continue trade relations with both England and France. ANS: c Page Ref.: 206–207 (conceptual) 37. The creation of Democratic-Republican societies in 1793 and 1794 revealed that: a. American citizens were rallying behind the Federalist Party. b. there was a political split in the Republican Party. c. most Americans opposed the goals of the French Revolution. d. many Americans were beginning to support grassroots democracy. ANS: d Page Ref.: 207 (factual) 38. Members of Democratic-Republican societies believed all of the following EXCEPT: a. regard for the elite needed a renewal of social deference. b. grassroots democracy could maintain the revolutionary spirit of 1776. c. Hamilton’s policies favored the rich at the expense of everyone else. d. the Washington administration should have supported the French Revolution. ANS: a Page Ref.: 207 (conceptual) 39. The Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in: a. an embarrassing defeat of the American army. b. a public humiliation for the Washington administration. c. the firing of Arthur St. Clair. d. the decisive defeat of the Ohio Indians. ANS: d Page Ref.: 209 (factual) 40. The leader of American forces at the Battle of Fallen Timbers was: a. Arthur St. Clair. b. Alexander Hamilton. c. Anthony Wayne. d. Horatio Gates. ANS: c Page Ref.: 209 (factual) 41. The Whiskey Rebellion was spurred by: a. opposition to Hamilton’s excise tax. b. a move by Congress to institute the prohibition of alcohol consumption. c. the Federalists’ refusal to permit the interstate sale of alcohol. d. farmers’ support for the French Revolution. ANS: a Page Ref.: 209 (factual)
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42. The Battle of Fallen Timbers led to: a. the Treaty of Greenville. b. the Pinckney Treaty. c. the Jay Treaty. d. the Wayne Treaty. ANS: a Page Ref.: 209 (factual) 43. Which statement about the Whiskey Rebellion is NOT true? a. Thomas Jefferson felt that the Washington administration overreacted. b. Thousands of rebels had armed themselves in militia camps in western Pennsylvania. c. It revealed the nation’s conflicting visions of local liberty vs. national order. d. Rebels expressed the ideology of the American Revolution in support of their cause. ANS: b Page Ref.: 209 (conceptual) 44. In 1800, the western boundary of the United States was: a. the Appalachian Mountains. b. the Rocky Mountains. c. the Mississippi River. d. the Pacific Ocean. ANS: c Page Ref.: 208 (factual) 45. John Jay was sent to London in 1794 to: a. negotiate for American expansion into Canada. b. seek new markets for American tobacco and cotton. c. threaten the British Parliament. d. avert war with England over disputes about trade. ANS: d Page Ref.: 209 (factual) 46. Agreements in Jay’s Treaty included all of the following EXCEPT: a. American merchants being released from payment of pre-Revolution debts. b. American recognition of “most favored nation” status for England. c. Britain’s pledge to compensate American merchants for goods seized in 1793 and 1794. d. Americans abandoning their insistence on trade with France without English resistance. ANS: a Page Ref.: 209, 211 (conceptual) 47. Jay’s Treaty was especially unpopular with: a. northern manufacturers. b. creditors. c. Federalists. d. Southerners. ANS: d Page Ref.: 211 (factual)
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48. The Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty): a. excluded Americans from New Orleans. b. established the northern boundary of Spanish Florida. c. ceded the Louisiana Territory to France. d. transferred Spain’s Caribbean colonies to the United States. ANS: b Page Ref.: 211 (factual) 49. In his Farewell Address, Washington devoted most of his time to: a. denouncing partisan politics. b. calling for foreign alliances. c. praising Alexander Hamilton. d. reminiscing about the Revolution. ANS: a Page Ref.: 211 (factual) 50. In the election of 1796, the two main opposition candidates were: a. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. b. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. c. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. d. George Washington and James Madison. ANS: b Page Ref.: 211–212 (factual) 51. In the 1796 election, John Adams had the most support in: a. New England. b. the mid-Atlantic. c. the West. d. the South. ANS: a Page Ref.: 212 (factual) 52. The winner of the election of 1796 was: a. Thomas Jefferson. b. James Madison. c. John Adams. d. George Washington. ANS: c Page Ref.: 212 (factual) 53. The XYZ Affair almost caused: a. a declaration of war against France. b. the impeachment of John Adams. c. a trade embargo against England. d. the deportation of immigrants. ANS: a Page Ref.: 212 (factual)
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54. The Federalists targeted immigrants in the Alien Acts because: a. many immigrants were spying for France. b. the Federalists wanted a nation of English-Americans only. c. many immigrants voted for the Republican Party. d. leaders of the Republican Party had not been born in North America. ANS: c Page Ref.: 213 (factual) 55. The Alien Acts did all of the following EXCEPT: a. empower the president to deport foreigners from nations at war with America. b. make it illegal for immigrants in the South to join the Republican Party. c. make it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens. d. authorize the president to expel aliens at his will. ANS: b Page Ref.: 213 (conceptual) 56. The Sedition Act can easily be seen as a violation of: a. the election promises made by Adams. b. Hamilton’s political ideals. c. the belief in a strong national government. d. First Amendment rights. ANS: d Page Ref.: 213 (factual) 57. Which statement about the Sedition Act is NOT true? a. It was designed to silence protests against the government. b. Federalist judges were biased in enforcing the act. c. No one was actually imprisoned under its statutes. d. It was opposed by Democratic-Republican Societies. ANS: c Page Ref.: 213 (factual) 58. Fries’s Rebellion was spurred by: a. opposition to the Alien Acts. b. discontent over trade policies with England. c. the XYZ affair. d. anger over the Direct Tax of 1798. ANS: d Page Ref.: 213 (factual) 59. John Adams: a. hoped to militarily suppress the Republicans. b. opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts. c. agreed with Hamilton throughout his presidency. d. defied his party in negotiating the Franco-American Accord of 1800. ANS: d Page Ref.: 214 (factual)
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60. The Franco-American Accord of 1800: a. hurt Jefferson’s chances to become president. b. showed that Hamilton was thinking of changing his approach to France. c. revealed that Hamiltonian Federalists were losing popularity and political strength. d. nearly led to war with Spain. ANS: c Page Ref.: 214 (factual) 61. Thomas Jefferson was elected in 1800 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. he enjoyed great electoral success with the common man. b. the Republicans began to assume many of Hamilton’s domestic policies. c. the Federalist Party was fragmented and weakened. d. he had a solid base in agrarian America. ANS: b Page Ref.: 214–215 (conceptual) 62. The election of 1800 was contentious and bitter in all of the following ways EXCEPT: a. the Federalists portrayed Jefferson as a godless revolutionary. b. the Republicans claimed that Washington was not a true hero of the Revolution. c. the Republicans portrayed Adams as a monarchist determined to undo the Revolution. d. the electoral tie between Burr and Jefferson was heatedly debated behind closed doors. ANS: b Page Ref.: 214–215 (conceptual) 63. A deist believes: a. in God as a creator, but not as a being who intervenes in earthly affairs. b. that a republican state should include a national religion. c. in God as the master force behind all earthly matters. d. that school prayer and required reading of the Bible are key political issues. ANS: a Page Ref.: 214 (factual) Chronology 64. Which event did NOT happen during Washington’s presidency? a. passage of the Bill of Rights b. the Battle of Fallen Timbers c. passage of the Sedition Act d. Jay’s Treaty ratified ANS: c Page Ref: 197 (factual) 65. Which is the correct order of events? a. Hamilton submits financial plan, Adams elected, Whiskey Rebellion b. Whiskey Rebellion, Adams elected, Hamilton submits financial plan c. Hamilton submits financial plan, Whiskey Rebellion, Adams elected d. Whiskey Rebellion, Hamilton submits financial plan, Adams elected ANS: c Page Ref: 197 (factual)
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66. Which headline would have appeared in 1800? a. “Washington Warns of Divisiveness in Farewell Address” b. “American Troops Enter Pennsylvania Seeking Whiskey Rebels” c. “Southern Leaders Outraged by Jay’s Treaty” d. “Thomas Jefferson Elected as New President in Tight Election” ANS: d Page Ref: 197 (factual) 67. Washington was inaugurated in: a. 1785. b. 1789. c. 1795. d. 1796. ANS: b Page Ref: 197 (factual) 68. Diplomatic relations with France were improved in: a. 1794. b. 1796. c. 1798. d. 1800. ANS: d Page Ref: 197 (factual) 69. Which of the following happened first? a. Franco-American Accord b. ratification of Jay’s Treaty with Britain c. creation of the Bank of the United States d. Fries’s Rebellion in Pennsylvania ANS: c Page Ref: 197 (factual) 70. Which of the following happened last? a. XYZ Affair b. ratification of Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain c. Washington’s reelection d. Battle of Fallen Timbers ANS: a Page Ref: 197 (factual) Short Essays 71. What facts reveal that New England was the most uniform cultural area of early America? 72. What factors made the mid-Atlantic region the most culturally diverse area in early America? 73. What civil liberties are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights? How did the Bill of Rights come to be included as the first amendments to the Constitution? 74. What were the major problems that confronted the Washington administration?
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75. Why was there a split in the Federalist Party in the period 1796–1800? Extended Essays 76. How did life in America’s four regions reveal both the differences and shared values among the citizens of the early republic? 77. What were the key causes and events that illustrate that the 1790s was a decade of growing partisanship in American politics? 78. Describe the political disputes of the 1790s that revealed growing sectional antagonism. 79. What were the different visions of America expressed by Federalists and Republicans? 80. What developments of the 1790s resulted in the rise of the Republican Party? What mistakes did the Federalists make? 81. Thomas Jefferson called his election as president “the revolution of 1800.” What events and outcomes led Jefferson to make this statement?
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CHAPTER 9: THE TRIUMPH AND COLLAPSE OF JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANISM, 1800–1824 Multiple Choice JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY 1.
Jefferson believed that this group promoted aristocratic pretensions and courtly intrigue through such practices as weekly levees or formal receptions for presidential guests. a. Whigs b. Nationalists c. Federalists d. Republicans
ANS: c Page Ref.: 224 (factual) 2.
The cornerstone of the Republican domestic policy was: a. retrenchment. b. fiscal responsibility. c. the creation of a large armed force. d. egalitarianism.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 224 (factual) 3.
By the time Jefferson left the presidency in 1809, this group held nearly all the appointive offices. a. Republicans b. Federalists c. Arch-Federalists d. Whigs
ANS: a Page Ref.: 224 (factual) 4.
One outcome of Anglo-French peace in 1800 was: a. Napoleon’s renewed interest in reviving the French empire in America. b. Britain’s permanent loss of interest in American territory. c. windfall profits for American merchants increased. d. Napoleon’s decision to abandon all French territory in the Western Hemisphere.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 225–226 (factual) 5.
Prior to the Louisiana Purchase, Thomas Jefferson: a. secured approval to send Lewis and Clark on an expedition through upper Louisiana. b. withdrew all American troops from the Mississippi Valley. c. tried to slow the migration of American farmers into the Louisiana Territory. d. attempted to make an anti-British alliance with Napoleon.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 226 (factual)
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6.
France’s inability to reconquer ___________ helped convince Napoleon to sell Louisiana. a. Saint-Dominique (Haiti) b. Cuba c. Puerto Rico d. Florida
ANS: a Page Ref.: 226 (factual) 7.
All of the following statements about the Louisiana Purchase are true EXCEPT: a. it was opposed by many Federalist legislators. b. it revealed President Jefferson’s aggressive style in supporting national interests. c. it doubled the size of the United States. d. it contained a great deal of America’s least productive farmland.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 226 (conceptual) 8.
President Jefferson failed in his attempt to: a. purchase West Florida from Spain. b. always be a loose constructionist. c. be reelected in 1804. d. have explorers travel into western lands.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 228 (factual) 9.
Members of the Essex Junto believed that: a. the federal government should do nothing about slavery. b. the Louisiana Purchase would weaken the political power of the Northeast. c. President Jefferson should have run for a third term in 1808. d. there was no real threat from the Barbary pirates.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 228 (factual) 10. Aaron Burr hated Alexander Hamilton because Hamilton: a. never supported the policies of Thomas Jefferson. b. doubted Burr’s character and sabotaged his political aspirations. c. was a strong supporter of slavery. d. did not serve in the military during the American Revolution. ANS: b Page Ref.: 228 (factual) 11. During the war period of 1793–1807 between England and France, American merchants: a. sided with England. b. ceased trading with European nations. c. enjoyed a huge increase in profits for exports. d. struggled through the effects of economic depression. ANS: c Page Ref.: 229 (factual)
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12. Which statement about the Embargo Act of 1807 is NOT true? a. It failed to cause England and France to change their trade policies. b. It represented President Jefferson’s belief in “peaceable coercion.” c. It prohibited merchants from trading with Europe. d. It resulted in a vibrant economic boom in America. ANS: d Page Ref.: 229 (conceptual) MADISON AND THE COMING OF WAR 13. Relations with England worsened after President Madison: a. sponsored the Embargo Act of 1807. b. issued the Orders in Council declaration. c. accepted a trade agreement with Napoleon. d. was replaced by James Monroe. ANS: c Page Ref.: 230 (factual) 14. The pan-Indian resistance movement focused its efforts on: a. promoting the peaceful westward migration of white settlers. b. bargaining to get constitutional rights for Indians. c. uniting Indian opposition to white settlement in the West. d. drawing Indians into the capitalist economy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 230 (factual) 15. The Treaty of Vincennes added which territory to the United States? a. Southeastern Florida b. Western Pennsylvania c. North Great Lakes region d. Southern Indiana ANS: b Page Ref.: 230 (factual) 16. Tecumseh was the chief of which tribe? a. Iroquois b. Tippecanoe c. Shawnee d. Seminole ANS: c Page Ref.: 230 (factual) 17. Tecumseh and the prophet Tenkswatawa originally urged a policy of: a. military alliance with Great Britain. b. racial solidarity and spiritual rebirth. c. violent raids on small western communities. d. submission to whites’ claims on Indian lands. ANS: b Page Ref.: 230 (factual)
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18. A result of the Battle of Tippecanoe was: a. American military withdrawal from Indiana. b. an extended period of military success for the Indians. c. Tecumseh’s alliance with Great Britain. d. an apology issued by President Madison to the Indians. ANS: c Page Ref.: 231 (factual) 19. Support for the War of 1812 was strongest in: a. New England. b. the Federalist Party. c. areas unaffected by the depression. d. the South and the West. ANS: d Page Ref.: 231 (factual) THE WAR OF 1812 20. Which group strongly supported the American cause in the War of 1812? a. Congregationalists b. Federalists c. Methodists d. Canadians ANS: c Page Ref.: 233 (factual) 21. By the end of the first year of the War of 1812: a. it was obvious Britain had no chance of winning. b. the American military had implemented Madison’s war strategy. c. Britain controlled half of the Old Northwest. d. an alliance with Canada pushed America toward victory. ANS: c Page Ref.: 233 (factual) 22. Which battle was won by the Americans? a. Queenston Heights b. Plattsburgh c. the invasion of Canada in 1812 d. Fort Michilimacinak ANS: b Page Ref.: 234 (factual) 23. When the Americans lost Fort Dearborn, they lost territory that is present-day: a. New Orleans. b. Pittsburgh. c. Detroit. d. Chicago. ANS: d Page Ref.: 232 (factual)
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24. During the War of 1812, most Canadians: a. fought with Americans. b. remained neutral. c. fled the country. d. fought against the Americans. ANS: d Page Ref.: 233 (factual) 25. The Battle of Put-in-Bay: a. resulted in the resignation of William Henry Harrison. b. opened the door for an American offensive in the West. c. showed the superiority of the British navy. d. was the last battle in the War of 1812. ANS: b Page Ref.: 234 (factual) 26. The American victory at New Orleans gained great national fame for: a. John Quincy Adams. b. Edwin Pakenham. c. Thomas MacDonough. d. Andrew Jackson. ANS: d Page Ref.: 235 (factual) 27. In the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson also defeated: a. British forces near Detroit. b. the Creek Indians in the old Southwest. c. Britain’s Mexican allies. d. the British navy at Put-in-Bay. ANS: b Page Ref.: 235 (factual) 28. This restored relations between the British and Americans to what they were at the start of the war. a. Treaty of Versailles b. Treaty of Ghent c. Battle of Plattsburgh d. Battle of Put-in-Bay ANS: b Page Ref.: 235 (factual) THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 29. Newspaper reporters used the term “era of good feelings” to describe the presidency of: a. Thomas Jefferson. b. James Monroe. c. John Quincy Adams. d. John Adams. ANS: b Page Ref.: 235 (factual)
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30. During the end of James Madison’s presidency, the Republican Party: a. began to embrace economic nationalism. b. opposed tariffs as destructive to agrarian interests. c. led the fight to stop the Second Bank of the United States. d. stuck to all agrarian tenets of Jeffersonian republicanism. ANS: a Page Ref.: 236 (factual) 31. The Second Bank of the United States: a. was opposed by most Republicans. b. was created, in part, because of the financial chaos prevalent during the War of 1812. c. was designed to increase the influence of state banks. d. was one of the country’s smaller banks. ANS: b Page Ref.: 236 (factual) 32. The first protective tariff in American history was passed in: a. 1778. b. 1801. c. 1807. d. 1816. ANS: d Page Ref.: 236 (factual) 33. As Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall: a. made decisions that reflected his Jeffersonian republicanism. b. was a consistent supporter of state’s rights. c. felt property rights should not be empowered. d. made decisions that reflected his nationalist convictions. ANS: d Page Ref.: 236 (factual) 34. A result of Dartmouth College v. Woodward was: a. more protections for private corporations. b. a reduction in the powers of the Supreme Court. c. constitutional backing for opponents of the Bank of the United States. d. further segregation in public universities. ANS: a Page Ref.: 236–237 (factual) 35. The Supreme Court’s decision in McCulloch v. Maryland: a. strengthened national power over the states. b. allowed slavery to exist in all states. c. made it impossible to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States. d. ruled that the government had no right to establish trade policies. ANS: a Page Ref.: 237 (factual)
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36. The Rush-Bagot Agreement: a. opened navigation of the Mississippi River to the United States and France. b. helped to destroy the last vestiges of the Republican Party. c. removed the Creek Indians from their ancestral homeland. d. signaled a new era of cooperation between the United States and England. ANS: d Page Ref.: 237 (factual) 37. The Anglo-American Accords did all of the following, EXCEPT: a. provide for American fishing rights off Newfoundland. b. set the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory. c. create provisions for the joint occupation of Oregon. d. extend the boundary of Maine further north. ANS: d Page Ref.: 237 (factual) 38. The Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed in response to revolutions in: a. Latin America. b. the Caribbean. c. the Middle East. d. southern Europe. ANS: a Page Ref.: 239 (factual) 39. What tribe did Andrew Jackson and his troops attack in Florida? a. Iroquois b. Creeks c. Seminoles d. Sioux ANS: c Page Ref.: 238 (factual) 40. In the Trans-Continental Treaty, the United States gained a huge amount of territory in: a. the Rocky Mountains. b. the Mississippi Valley. c. Indiana. d. Florida. ANS: d Page Ref.: 238 (factual) 41. The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed all of the following policies EXCEPT: a. the United States was the guardian of liberty in the New World. b. the establishment of American autonomy in foreign relations. c. the active American presence in republican revolutions across the globe. d. the assertion that America would not interfere in European internal affairs. ANS: c Page Ref.: 239 (conceptual)
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THE BREAKDOWN OF UNITY 42. The Panic of 1819 was initiated by: a. President Monroe’s misguided economic policies. b. a fall in cotton prices after a period of prosperity. c. a reduction in debts owed by western farmers. d. the absence of the Bank of the United States. ANS: b Page Ref.: 240 (factual) 43. The Missouri Compromise attempted to: a. ease sectional differences regarding protective tariffs. b. bar free blacks from entering Missouri. c. calm growing differences over the issue of slavery. d. strengthen the Bank of the United States. ANS: c Page Ref.: 240 (factual) 44. The main architect of the Missouri Compromise was: a. Henry Clay. b. Daniel Webster. c. William Crawford. d. Thomas Jefferson. ANS: a Page Ref.: 241 (factual) 45. Henry Clay’s American System included all of the following policies EXCEPT: a. locally-funded internal improvements. b. support of the national bank. c. wider use of protective tariffs. d. increased use of federal subsidies. ANS: a Page Ref.: 241 (conceptual) 46. In the election of 1824, who won the second-highest number of electoral votes? a. John Quincy Adams b. Andrew Jackson c. Henry Clay d. William H. Crawford ANS: a Page Ref.: 241 (conceptual) 47. In 1821, John Quincy Adams opposed American support for revolutionaries in: a. Russia. b. Greece. c. Canada. d. Spain. ANS: b Page Ref.: 242 (factual)
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48. In the 1810s, revolutions were common in: a. Europe. b. Asia. c. South America. d. the Middle East. ANS: c Page Ref.: 242 (factual) 49. John Quincy Adams felt that American influence should extend: a. to the edge of America’s borders only. b. into South America. c. throughout Europe. d. around the entire globe. ANS: b Page Ref.: 242 (factual) 50. Many people called the election of 1824 “the corrupt bargain” because: a. they felt Henry Clay unduly used his influence to determine the stalemated outcome. b. supporters of a strong central government had no voice in the outcome. c. popular votes were never counted by election officials. d. sectional concerns were not considered suitable for public debate. ANS: a Page Ref.: 242 (factual) 51. The election of 1824 originally ended in an electoral deadlock between: a. James Monroe and John Quincy Adams. b. Henry Clay and James Monroe. c. Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay. d. John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. ANS: d Page Ref.: 242 (factual) Chronology 52. What is the correct order of presidential terms? a. Jefferson, Madison, Monroe b. Monroe, Jefferson, Madison c. Jefferson, Monroe, Madison d. Monroe, Madison, Jefferson ANS: a Page Ref: 223 (factual) 53. Which event happened last? a. President Jefferson purchases Louisiana b. James Madison elected president c. Great Britain surrenders to end the War of 1812 d. Andrew Jackson and his troops defeat the Creek Indians ANS: c Page Ref: 223 (factual)
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54. Which event happened after 1820? a. Americans win the Battle of New Orleans b. President Monroe elected to his first term c. A “corrupt bargain” defeats Andrew Jackson d. The Treaty of Ghent is signed ANS: c Page Ref: 223 (factual) 55. Which headline would have appeared in 1820? a. “War Hawks Cry for Conflict Over Disputed Territories” b. “Jefferson Announces Embargo on Trade to Europe” c. “Clay Works to Calm Passions Regarding Slavery” d. “Westerners, Southerners Protest ‘Corrupt Bargain’” ANS: c Page Ref: 223 (factual) 56. Which event happened last? a. America declares war on England b. Rush-Bagot Agreement is signed c. Jefferson announces trade embargo d. Treaty of Ghent is signed ANS: b Page Ref: 223 (factual) 57. Which of the following events did NOT happen in 1803? a. Louisiana Purchase b. Beginning of Lewis and Clark expedition c. Chesapeake affair d. Marbury v. Madison ANS: c Page Ref: 223 (factual) 58. James Madison was elected president in: a. 1800. b. 1808. c. 1816. d. 1820. ANS: b Page Ref: 223 (factual) Short Essays 59. How did President Jefferson immediately show a difference in style compared to his Federalist predecessors? 60. What factors caused the Federalists to quickly fall out of favor with American voters? 61. What were the key military turning points in the Americans’ victory in the War of 1812? 62. How did the Missouri Compromise attempt to soothe the growing disputes over slavery? 63. What incidents revealed the American government’s growing aggressiveness with Indians?
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Extended Essays 64. How successful was Thomas Jefferson in living up to his republican ideals during his two terms as president? 65. Analyze the vital role that foreign relations played in the presidential administrations of 1800–1824. 66. What were the main causes and consequences of the War of 1812? 67. What evidence reveals that sectional differences regarding the economy and allocation of political power were growing in the period 1809–1824? 68. Who was the most effective and influential president in the period 1800–1824? Cite evidence that supports your choice.
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CHAPTER 10: THE JACKSONIAN ERA, 1824–1845 Multiple Choice THE EGALITARIAN IMPULSE 1.
A major change in American politics by the late 1820s was: a. mass participation through wider voting rights for white males. b. the lack of sectional concerns expressed in Congress. c. political careers being seen as public service rather than as a profession. d. a move away from politicians speaking in the language of the common man.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 250 (factual) 2.
After the Salary Act of 1816: a. many Congressmen were voted out of office in the next election. b. American workers received higher wages. c. Andrew Jackson was elected president in the next election. d. John Calhoun emerged as a major spokesman for the working class.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 249 (factual) 3.
By the end of the 1820s, the right to vote: a. was restricted to wealthy white males. b. was available to less Americans than were eligible in 1800. c. had moved significantly toward universal manhood suffrage for whites. d. was extended to include blacks and females in the North.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 250 (factual) 4.
Britain’s Reform Bill of 1832 extended the vote to: a. all men. b. the industrial middle classes. c. women. d. wealthy industrialists.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 251 (factual) 5.
Revolutions occurred in all of the following countries around 1830, EXCEPT in: a. Italy. b. France. c. Britain. d. Poland.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 251 (factual)
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6.
Which group was an active participant in the Second Great Awakening? a. Traditional Calvinists b. Roman Catholics c. Baptists d. Congregational Presbyterians
ANS: c Page Ref.: 250 (factual) 7.
Preachers of the Second Great Awakening espoused all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. all humans were predestined at birth for heaven or hell. b. expressions of popular culture should be included in religious worship. c. an emphasis on personal, heartfelt experiences would bring spiritual rebirth. d. women should be encouraged to achieve spiritual revival.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 251–253 (conceptual) 8.
Many evangelical preachers of the Second Great Awakening: a. were wealthy Federalists. b. directly challenged slavery. c. emphasized a solemn approach to religion. d. saw no connection between religion and the common person.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 252 (factual) 9.
The first presidential candidate of the Democratic Party was: a. James Monroe. b. John C. Calhoun. c. Henry Clay. d. Andrew Jackson.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 253 (factual) 10. All of the following statements are true about Andrew Jackson’s background EXCEPT: a. he was of Scots-Irish ancestry. b. he was born and raised in the southern backcountry. c. achieving a college education led him to eventual success. d. military heroism elevated his image in the popular mind. ANS: c Page Ref.: 253 (factual) 11. An important legacy of the election of 1824 was: a. Jackson’s election as the “people’s president.” b. large-scale spending can win an election. c. public sympathy for Jackson, who lost because of a “corrupt bargain.” d. the expression of slavery as a major issue in American elections. ANS: c Page Ref.: 253 (factual)
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12. Jacksonians portrayed John Quincy Adams as a man who: a. fulfilled the noblest goals of the Revolution. b. was arrogant and did not understand the common man. c. would never do anything about slavery. d. represented the interests of the yeoman farmer. ANS: b Page Ref.: 254 (factual) 13. The Albany Regency, a tightly disciplined political machine, was run by: a. John Quincy Adams. b. Nelson Biddle. c. John Tyler. d. Martin Van Buren. ANS: d Page Ref.: 254 (factual) 14. The election of 1828 revealed that Jackson had a formidable electoral base: a. in New England. b. with bankers of the Northeast. c. in Massachusetts and New York City. d. with farmers of the South and West. ANS: d Page Ref.: 254 (factual) JACKSON’S PRESIDENCY 15. Jackson’s political opponents viewed his inauguration as “vulgar” because: a. he decided to have the inauguration held in his native Carolina. b. common people took part in the festivities at the White House. c. in his speech, Jackson threatened to even the wealth between the East and the South. d. the new president used off-color humor in his inaugural address. ANS: b Page Ref.: 255 (factual) 16. Jackson dominated his presidency with: a. republican ideals. b. fear and retribution. c. the sheer force of his personality. d. ideals from the French Revolution. ANS: c Page Ref.: 254 (factual) 17. The spoils system features a strategy in which: a. government jobs are given to supporters of the victorious party. b. large land speculators have the strongest influence in government. c. the military is aggressively used as a factor in foreign relations. d. the Bank of the United States is the central facet of the economy. ANS: a Page Ref.: 255 (factual)
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18. Which policy was supported by Andrew Jackson? a. wide use of protective tariffs b. internal improvements that benefited the general public c. support of a strong national bank d. large government subsidies to bolster manufacturing ANS: b Page Ref.: 255 (factual) 19. The Cherokee Indians: a. never experienced significant grievances with white political authorities. b. were seen by whites as the most savage tribe in the South. c. always refused to assimilate with white culture. d. had their own newspaper and a constitution. ANS: d Page Ref.: 256 (factual) 20. The term Trail of Tears refers to the: a. slaughter of the Sauk and Fox Indians in Northern Illinois. b. plight of the yeoman farmer in the face of industrial power. c. horrifying conditions experienced by Cherokees during their removal. d. system of separating families through the slave trade in the Deep South. ANS: c Page Ref.: 256 (factual) 21. In the case Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that: a. the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional. b. slavery was an issue left to the discretion of individual states. c. the state of Georgia had violated the Constitution in their treatment of Indians. d. Jackson’s Indian policies were constitutional and well within his rights of executive action. ANS: c Page Ref.: 257 (factual) 22. Which statement would most likely have been said by a supporter of nullification? a. “Our union, it must be preserved above all else and at all costs.” b. “The promotion of the nation’s industrial base is the foundation of our republic.” c. “As the nation grows in size and power, a strong central government is a vital necessity.” d. “The states shall not adhere to federal law that is deemed to be unconstitutional.” ANS: d Page Ref.: 257 (conceptual) 23. The Indian Removal Act: a. did not affect the Cherokee tribe. b. focused on Indians west of the Mississippi. c. passed over Jackson’s veto. d. included Indians living in Florida. ANS: d Page Ref.: 257 (factual)
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24. Under the Indian Removal Act, most Indians were sent to: a. Louisiana. b. Arkansas. c. Oklahoma. d. Mississippi. ANS: c Page Ref.: 256 (factual) 25. Opponents of the Tariff of 1828 believed all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. the tariff would worsen the agricultural depression. b. the tariff would artificially raise cotton prices. c. the tariff was designed to benefit the North at the expense of the South. d. the tariff was an unconstitutional extension of federal power. ANS: b Page Ref.: 257–258 (factual) 26. Around 1830, the only state with a majority population of African Americans was: a. South Carolina. b. Virginia. c. Georgia. d. Mississippi. ANS: a Page Ref.: 258 (factual) 27. John C. Calhoun enraged Jackson by doing all of the following things EXCEPT: a. throwing his support to those who held shares in the Bank of the United States. b. labeling Peggy Eaton as a “loose woman” who caused her husband’s suicide. c. threatening to implement a doctrine by which states could secede from the union. d. attempting to discredit Jackson’s military leadership during a raid on Florida. ANS: a Page Ref.: 258 (conceptual) 28. Which statement best describes Jackson’s view of those who supported nullification? a. Jackson viewed nullification as a dangerous and treasonous affront to the union. b. He sympathized with the stance on nullification expressed by Southerners. c. Jackson viewed them as an unimportant voice in the national political debate. d. He defeated them by ignoring their ideas and refusing to debate the issue. ANS: a Page Ref.: 259 (factual) 29. The Force Bill was designed to deal with: a. problems resulting from the Indian Removal Act. b. the nullification crisis. c. the impact of lower tariffs. d. the Bank War. ANS: b Page Ref.: 258 (factual)
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30. The Force Bill gave Jackson the power to: a. remove the Cherokees with military force. b. engage in an undeclared naval war with England. c. put down nullification with military force. d. appoint cabinet officials without congressional approval. ANS: c Page Ref.: 258 (factual) 31. When Henry Clay tried to make the Bank of the United States a key campaign issue in 1832: a. most of the nation supported his rational stance on the matter. b. Jackson backed off from making the Bank a political issue. c. Jackson turned the tables on him by vehemently opposing rechartering of the Bank. d. very few people viewed the issue as an important one in America’s political dialogue. ANS: c Page Ref.: 259 (factual) 32. The person most responsible for the Panic of 1837 was: a. Martin van Buren. b. Andrew Jackson. c. Henry Clay. d. Nicholas Biddle. ANS: b Page Ref.: 262 (factual) 33. During his second term, President Jackson: a. sponsored his first Indian Removal Act. b. established his support of preserving the union for the first time. c. dismantled the Bank of the United States. d. encouraged the removal of the Choctaw tribe. ANS: c Page Ref.: 262 (factual) 34. Effects of destroying the Bank of the United States included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the belief that Jackson had sold out to the northeastern elite. b. a frenzy of land buying in the western territories. c. a soaring of commodity prices. d. the shifting of deposits to state banks. ANS: a Page Ref.: 262 (conceptual) VAN BUREN AND HARD TIMES 35. The first crisis that besieged the administration of Martin Van Buren was the: a. outbreak of the Mexican War. b. dissolution of the Democratic Party. c. Panic of 1837. d. threat of secession by South Carolina. ANS: c Page Ref.: 263 (factual)
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36. The Panic of 1837 was caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT: a. the raising of interest rates and tightening of credit by the Bank of England. b. a dropoff in the price and exportation of American cotton. c. the lack of availability of credit for buying western lands in the early 1830s. d. the default of many state governments that had borrowed lavishly in the 1820s and 1830s. ANS: c Page Ref.: 263 (conceptual) 37. The Whig Party believed the Panic of 1837 happened for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. irresponsibility on the part of Henry Clay in creating his financial plan. b. passage of the Specie Circular of 1836. c. the predominance of “pet banks” that emerged during the 1830s. d. the destruction of the national bank by Andrew Jackson. ANS: a Page Ref.: 263 (conceptual) 38. The value of federal land sales in southern states was highest around: a. 1825. b. 1830. c. 1835. d. 1840. ANS: c Page Ref.: 263 (factual) THE RISE OF THE WHIG PARTY 39. Anti-Jacksonians called themselves Whigs because: a. they were strong supporters of better ties with Britain. b. they accused Jackson of acting like a monarch. c. it was the name of an influential and popular novel of the period. d. the Jacksonians had begun to call themselves Tories. ANS: b Page Ref.: 265 (factual) 40. The Independent Treasury System: a. established the Democratic Party as a spokesman for big government and industry. b. was an economic success, but a political failure. c. reduced the nation’s money supply and prolonged the depression. d. was not passed by Congress after President Van Buren refused to support it. ANS: c Page Ref.: 264 (factual) 41. William Lloyd Garrison believed that slavery: a. should gradually be legislated out of existence. b. was immoral and should be immediately ended. c. was not a moral issue, but an important economic issue. d. was not a major issue in American politics. ANS: b Page Ref.: 264 (factual)
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42. In the 1830s, abolitionists achieved all of the following things EXCEPT: a. winning the support of President Jackson for their cause. b. printing over one million pieces of antislavery literature. c. angering southern plantation owners with their arguments. d. focusing on the moral arguments against slavery. ANS: a Page Ref.: 264–265 (conceptual) 43. The gag rule: a. denied First Amendment rights to southern planters. b. stopped any members of Congress from defending Indians. c. made it illegal for the Supreme Court to address the issue of slavery. d. allowed Congress to automatically table all antislavery petitions. ANS: d Page Ref.: 265 (factual) 44. Compared to Democrats, Whigs were more likely to: a. have support in the South. b. have support among subsistence farmers. c. favor less government involvement in economic affairs. d. oppose further westward expansion. ANS: d Page Ref.: 266 (factual) 45. The Whig Party was: a. very popular in the South and West. b. unsuccessful at getting a president elected in the 1840s. c. not supportive of territorial expansion. d. a supporter of government for economic development. ANS: d Page Ref.: 267 (factual) 46. The Anti-Masons called for: a. an end to slavery. b. equal rights for all freemen. c. a return to rule by the privileged elite. d. the right of states to nullify federal law. ANS: b Page Ref.: 266 (factual) 47. The Whigs made political inroads in the presidential election of 1836 when: a. William Henry Harrison was elected. b. Andrew Jackson lost support among small farmers. c. the Democrats lost their majority in the Senate. d. Van Buren lost some of the Democrats’ support in the South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 266 (factual)
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48. The first members of the Whig Party believed that: a. mass-based political parties were the way of the future. b. Jackson had exercised too much power in his years as president. c. the government should not interfere with affairs of the economy. d. the spread of paper money would ruin the national economy. ANS: b Page Ref.: 265 (factual) 49. William Henry Harrison won the election of 1840 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. he was not tainted by loyalty to the Bank of the United States. b. he capitalized upon his image as a war hero in the War of 1812. c. his youthful idealism appealed to a new generation of Americans. d. the Whigs balanced their ticket by choosing a southerner as vice president. ANS: c Page Ref.: 268 (conceptual) THE WHIGS IN POWER 50. The first president to die in office was: a. Martin Van Buren. b. John Tyler. c. William Henry Harrison. d. James Polk. ANS: c Page Ref.: 268 (factual) 51. Which statement about John Tyler is true? a. He believed in a republic founded in a strong central government. b. He emerged as an outspoken opponent of annexing Texas. c. He was expelled from the Whig Party when he was president. d. He pursued a wide-ranging program for internal improvements. ANS: c Page Ref.: 269 (factual) 52. The dominant issue in the election of 1844 was: a. protective tariffs. b. the Bank of the United States. c. the annexation of Texas. d. internal improvements. ANS: c Page Ref.: 269 (factual) 53. The percentage of adult white males voting in presidential elections was highest in: a. 1796. b. 1812. c. 1824. d. 1840. ANS: d Page Ref.: 269 (factual)
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54. In the election of 1844: a. Henry Clay suffered a landslide defeat. b. the Whigs held onto the presidential office. c. James Polk expressed expansionist ideas. d. pro-slavery voters supported the Whigs. ANS: c Page Ref.: 270 (factual) 55. The winner of the 1844 election was: a. John Tyler. b. Henry Clay. c. Martin Van Buren. d. James Polk. ANS: d Page Ref.: 271 (factual) 56. John Tyler successfully sponsored a joint resolution that: a. renewed the charter of the Bank of the United States. b. made it possible to end slavery in Virginia and Maryland. c. summarized the moral legislative goals of the Democrats. d. annexed Texas as a new state in the union. ANS: d Page Ref.: 271 (factual) Chronology 57. What is the correct order of events? a. Pakenham letter, Texas annexed, Polk elected b. Polk elected, Pakenham letter, Texas annexed c. Pakenham letter, Polk elected, Texas annexed d. Texas annexed, Pakenham letter, Polk elected ANS: c Page Ref: 249 (factual) 58. Which is the only event that happened in the 1830s? a. the removal of Indian tribes from the South b. annexation of Texas c. death of President Harrison d. Webster-Ashburton Treaty ANS: a Page Ref: 249 (factual) 59. Which event happened first? a. Jackson opposes renewal of the charter for the Bank of the United States. b. The Panic of 1837 illustrates the depth of the country’s depression. c. Federal employees are given a ten-hour workday. d. The first Whig president is elected. ANS: a Page Ref: 249 (factual)
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60. Which headline would have appeared in 1844? a. “Whigs Expel President From Their Party” b. “Supreme Court Challenges Jackson’s Indian Policy” c. “Panic in Financial Markets Paralyzes National Economy” d. “Polk Downs Clay in Close Election” ANS: d Page Ref: 249 (factual) 61. Which is the only event that happened in the 1840s? a. Polk runs for president on expansionist ideas. b. Nat Turner leads slave rebellion in Virginia. c. The American Anti-Slavery Society is founded. d. William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator. ANS: a Page Ref: 249 (factual) 62. Which of the following happened first? a. Andrew Jackson elected to first term as president b. passage of the Indian Removal Act c. Nat Turner rebellion d. Passage of the Compromise Tariff ANS: a Page Ref: 249 (factual) 63. Which of the following happened last? a. Webster-Ashburton Treaty b. Independent Treasury Act c. nullification crisis d. Liberator begins publication ANS: a Page Ref: 249 (factual) Short Essays 64. What was the base of the strong political coalition developed by Andrew Jackson? 65. Why was Andrew Jackson popular with voters in the South and West? 66. What was the appeal of the Anti-Masons as a third political party? 67. What ideas personified the beliefs of the Whig Party in 1840? 68. What was the philosophy of those who supported nullification and the gag rule? Extended Essays 69. What is your assessment of the presidency of Andrew Jackson? Do you view his presidency as more of a success or more of a failure? 70. How was it becoming apparent that sectionalism and the issue of slavery were becoming vital and heated political topics in American society?
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71. How would you characterize the changes in American politics in the period 1824–1840? What factors accounted for these changes? 72. How did the annexation of Texas emerge as an important political issue? Why were the Democrats more in favor of expansion than the Whigs? 73. Describe three political controversies of the 1830s or 1840s that reveal key divisions among Americans regarding the future of the nation.
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CHAPTER 11: SLAVERY AND THE OLD SOUTH, 1800–1860 Multiple Choice THE LOWER SOUTH 1.
Before 1800, slavery was associated with all of the following cash crops EXCEPT: a. rice. b. tobacco. c. short-staple cotton. d. long-staple cotton.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 279 (factual) 2.
Which of the following is NOT a state in the Lower South? a. North Carolina b. Florida c. Louisiana d. Mississippi
ANS: a Page Ref.: 280 (factual) 3.
Which of the following is NOT a state in the Upper South? a. Kentucky b. Tennessee c. Virginia d. Georgia
ANS: d Page Ref.: 280 (factual) 4.
What percentage of the white southern population belonged to the plantation-owning class? a. 5% b. 12% c. 20% d. 32%
ANS: a Page Ref.: 280 (factual) 5.
The most-valued slaves in the slave market of 1815–1850 were male field hands and: a. older males who had years of experience working in cotton fields of the Lower South. b. males who possessed the skills of an artisan, such as carpentry and engraving. c. older females who acted as matriarchs within slave communities. d. females of child-bearing age used as a means of increasing the slave population.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 281 (factual)
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6.
In 1808, the United States Congress: a. passed national slave codes. b. ended the African slave trade. c. required that slaves be Christians. d. classified slaves as citizens.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 279 (factual) 7.
A particularly cruel aspect of the internal slave trade was that it: a. required minimum sale prices. b. resulted in the passing of slave codes. c. separated slaves from their families. d. only sold slaves from the Upper South.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 281 (factual) 8.
All of the following statements about urban slavery are true EXCEPT: a. it increased dramatically in the years leading to the Civil War. b. urban slaves often lived apart from their owners. c. it allowed slaves much more freedom of social interaction. d. urban slaves could sometimes hire out their labor for wages.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 281 (conceptual) 9.
Southern planters believed that the system of slavery would be weakened by: a. urbanization and industrialization. b. an increase in the internal slave trade. c. the use of short-staple cotton. d. government subsidies.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 282 (factual) THE UPPER SOUTH 10. In the period 1800–1840, the Upper South experienced all of the following trends EXCEPT: a. the need for agricultural reforms in the effort to improve profits. b. soil exhaustion and wasteful farming techniques. c. a large amount of emigration to the western regions of the Lower South. d. eventual adaptation of the land to the wide-scale growth of cotton. ANS: d Page Ref.: 282 (conceptual) 11. In 1860, corn was most likely to be grown in: a. Missouri. b. Alabama. c. Georgia. d. Texas. ANS: a Page Ref.: 283 (factual)
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12. In 1860, tobacco was an important crop in: a. Texas. b. Louisiana. c. Florida. d. Virginia. ANS: d Page Ref.: 283 (factual) 13. Marl was used in the attempt to: a. build an industrial base in the South. b. pay off debts owed on farm mortgages. c. resume an economy based on long-staple cotton. d. replenish the soil in the Upper South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 282 (factual) 14. The slave trade was abolished in the British Empire in: a. 1789. b. 1799. c. 1808. d. 1827. ANS: c Page Ref.: 279 (factual) SLAVE LIFE AND CULTURE 15. All of the following statements about slave codes are true EXCEPT: a. many slave states declared it was illegal to teach slaves to read or write. b. they authorized whippings as a common form of punishment. c. most codes did not recognize marriages between slaves as legal. d. they were only enacted in the cotton kingdom of the Lower South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 285 (factual) 16. The general health of slaves included all of the following factors EXCEPT: a. a diet that provided ample calories but poor nutrition. b. a life expectancy that was roughly the same as their white contemporaries. c. chronic suffering of intestinal disorders. d. an extraordinarily high infant mortality rate. ANS: b Page Ref.: 286–287 (factual) 17. The housing of slaves revealed that: a. housing was meager and provided little more than basic shelter. b. slaves’ homes were larger than middle-class dwellings in the North. c. owners, in this area, tried to create an atmosphere of individuality. d. owners tried to keep slaves pleased about their living conditions. ANS: a Page Ref.: 286–287 (factual)
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18. One of the biggest differences between the life conditions of slaves and poor whites was: a. poor whites ate food that was much like the diets of the planter class. b. all slaves lived in larger living quarters than poor whites. c. slaves worked much longer hours under much harsher conditions. d. poor whites lived in dwellings that were usually four times bigger than slave cabins. ANS: c Page Ref.: 287 (factual) 19. Slave owners commonly used all of the following incentives to motivate hard work EXCEPT: a. the insincere promise of eventual freedom. b. the transfer from field slave to house slave. c. the promises of extra rations or time off. d. the spread of fear through whippings. ANS: a Page Ref.: 287 (conceptual) 20. Roughly one-third of slave marriages were: a. recognized as legal by southern law. b. ended by informal consent of the married couple. c. broken up by sales or forced removals. d. based on a family unit that included a permanent father. ANS: c Page Ref.: 288 (factual) 21. Slaves followed West African customs in all of the following ways EXCEPT: a. keeping alive a rich folklore and oral tradition. b. rejecting extended kinship ties. c. prohibiting marriages between cousins. d. fusing the natural and spiritual worlds in religious beliefs. ANS: b Page Ref.: 288 (conceptual) 22. Slaves who converted to Christianity discovered: a. that its monotheism was similar to religions in West Africa. b. that owners often let them worship without the presence of whites. c. very little connection between the Old Testament and their lives. d. a powerful message of equality that deemed slavery to be immoral. ANS: d Page Ref.: 288 (factual) 23. The plan for a huge slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina failed when: a. the Haitian government refused to accept the rebellious slaves. b. its leader decided to back away from the plan. c. the slaves failed to recruit a large number of rebels. d. two domestic servants betrayed the plan. ANS: d Page Ref.: 289 (factual)
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24. The first large-scale plan of slave rebellion was led by: a. Thomas Day. b. Nat Turner. c. Gabriel Prosser. d. Denmark Vesey. ANS: c Page Ref.: 289 (factual) 25. All of the following statements about Denmark Vesey’s planned rebellion are true EXCEPT: a. Vesey encouraged rebels by telling them that a conjurer had cast spells on their enemies. b. Vesey had read the Bible and was aware of antislavery sentiments expressed in Congress. c. whites executed or banished over 70 conspirators and destroyed a black church. d. the plan failed because it did not direct the rebels to seize specific buildings. ANS: d Page Ref.: 289 (factual) 26. Over sixty whites in Virginia were killed in a rebellion led by: a. Gabriel Prosser. b. Denmark Vesey. c. Thomas Day. d. Nat Turner. ANS: d Page Ref.: 289 (factual) 27. All of the following statements about Nat Turner are true EXCEPT: a. he was caught and executed within two days by authorities in Virginia. b. the first person caught in his rebellion was his master. c. he was a literate field hand who had read the Bible. d. he believed that signs from heaven revealed he was to do God’s work against slavery. ANS: a Page Ref.: 289 (conceptual) 28. It was difficult for American slaves to mount armed rebellions because: a. they did not believe in the use of firearms. b. Christianity taught them that slavery was morally justified. c. they lacked the numbers to overpower whites. d. most slaves were satisfied with their lives on plantations. ANS: c Page Ref.: 289–290 (factual) 29. Which religious group was largely involved in beginning the Underground Railroad? a. Southern Presbyterians b. Baptists c. Quakers d. Irish Catholics ANS: c Page Ref.: 290 (factual)
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FREE SOCIETY 30. Approximately ___ percent of southern black families were free in 1860. a. 3 b. 10 c. 17 d. 28 ANS: a Page Ref.: 292 (factual) 31. ____________ were the wealthiest class in America in 1860. a. Large plantation owners b. Merchants c. Industrialists d. Artisans ANS: a Page Ref.: 292 (factual) 32. Which statement about the wives of southern planters is NOT true? a. In many respects, they worked harder than their husbands. b. They were never allowed to be familiar with the financial accounts of the plantation. c. They often assisted in the religious instruction of slaves. d. They commonly felt anger regarding their husbands’ affairs with female slaves. ANS: b Page Ref.: 292 (conceptual) 33. What percentage of southern white families did NOT own slaves in 1860? a. 15% b. 40% c. 50% d. 75% ANS: d Page Ref.: 294 (factual) 34. Yeoman farmers of the Lower South: a. wanted to limit the authority of government. b. never allowed their wives or daughters to work in the fields. c. bolstered the northern economy by buying many factory-made goods. d. acted with great deference towards planters. ANS: a Page Ref.: 294 (factual) 35. Which statement about southern whites without property or slaves is NOT true? a. They were hated by most members of the planter class. b. They lacked self-reliance and depended on government welfare. c. Northerners believed their existence showed another bad aspect of southern society. d. They often squatted on land and managed to supply themselves with what they needed. ANS: b Page Ref.: 294 (conceptual)
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36. All of the following statements about black codes are true EXCEPT: a. they existed in the North as well as the South. b. they applied only to slaves and not free blacks. c. they denied blacks nearly all rights as citizens. d. they denied blacks the right to testify against whites. ANS: b Page Ref.: 296 (conceptual) 37. Most free blacks in the South lived in: a. the Lower South. b. South Carolina. c. Texas. d. the Upper South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 296 (factual) 38. In the late 1850s, several southern states sought to: a. free all slaves. b. re-enslave free blacks. c. force all free blacks to live in cities. d. send free blacks back to Africa. ANS: b Page Ref.: 297 (factual) THE PRO-SLAVERY ARGUMENT 39. Sectional tensions over slavery increased when: a. Protestant sects permanently split apart over the issue of slavery. b. the federal government vowed to abolish slavery in the 1840s. c. runaway slaves were never returned by Northerners. d. northern whites largely declared that blacks were equal in every way to whites. ANS: a Page Ref.: 297 (factual) 40. Southern evangelicals who supported slavery used all of the following to support their arguments, EXCEPT: a. the slave-owning patriarchs of Israel. b. the prevalence of slavery in the Roman Empire in the first century A.D. c. the preaching of the apostles to adhere to secular laws, including those regarding slavery. d. the teachings of Jesus as presented in the Bible. ANS: d Page Ref.: 297 (conceptual) 41. By the 1850s, southern planters felt threatened regarding slavery for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. they were making very low profits. b. slavery was declining in the Upper South. c. abolitionists were intensifying their moral objections to slavery. d. free labor was spreading rapidly in the Border South. ANS: a Page Ref.: 298–299 (conceptual)
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Chronology 42. Which event happened first? a. Texas admitted as a slave state b. Congress banned the African slave trade c. Virginia’s legislature considered gradual emancipation d. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin ANS: d Page Ref: 279 (factual) 43. In what year did Nat Turner lead a rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia? a. 1822 b. 1825 c. 1831 d. 1832 ANS: c Page Ref: 279 (factual) 44. Which of the following happened last? a. Britain abolishes the slave trade b. slavery divides some churches into separate sections c. publication of The Impending Crisis in the South d. Florida admitted to the Union ANS: c Page Ref: 279 (factual) Short Essays 45. Why did slavery not exist in the mountainous regions of the South? 46. Describe the three-tiered hierarchy of race that existed in the South. 47. What factors made it almost impossible for American slaves to stage an armed rebellion? 48. Describe the responsibilities and lifestyle of women who were married to plantation owners. 49. Which slaves were regarded as most valuable on the slave market? Extended Essays 50. What conditions personified the typical lifestyle of a plantation slave? 51. In what ways did slaves nurture the survival of West African culture as a part of their African-American culture? 52. What profound changes in slavery occurred in the period 1815–1860? What were the causes and consequences of this significant shift? 53. What changes occurred in the southern economy in the first half of the nineteenth century? What factors accounted for these changes? 54. How did southern whites attempt to defend slavery and reconcile it with their Christian beliefs? Why did they feel compelled to express these defenses?
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CHAPTER 12: THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND SOCIAL REFORM, 1815–1850 Multiple Choice INDUSTRIAL CHANGE AND INNOVATION 1.
An effect of the practical use of steamboats was: a. a revolution in transportation on western rivers. b. making canals a thing of the past. c. a drop off in trade between the West and the South. d. the onset of an economic depression in the East.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 306 (conceptual) 2.
The first demonstration of the practical commercial use of the steamboat was achieved by: a. Samuel Slater. b. Robert Fulton. c. Samuel Morse. d. Walt Whitman.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 305 (factual) 3.
Which of the following transportation systems was developed last? a. horse-drawn wagons b. canals c. ocean-going ships d. railroads
ANS: d Page Ref.: 306 (factual) 4.
During the 1840s: a. canals emerged as the most efficient form of commercial transportation. b. rail connections helped establish close economic ties between the Northeast and South. c. railroads became the most dynamic booster of interregional trade. d. canals moved trade much faster and for less capital investment than railroads.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 306 (conceptual) 5.
During the 1840s, American railroads: a. developed steadily but slowly. b. experienced a tripling in miles of tracks. c. became commercially centered in the South. d. did not equal the miles of railways developed in Europe.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 306 (factual)
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6.
Half of all capital for early railroads: a. was generated by southern investors. b. was invested by the federal government. c. came from European investors. d. came from state governments.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 308 (factual) 7.
In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court ruled that: a. rail companies could not purchase farmland without the consent of farmers. b. states could not restrict trade within their jurisdictions. c. monopolies were better for the public good than open competition. d. the national government had no say in supervising interstate commerce.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 308 (factual) 8.
Which city was not among America’s largest in 1820? a. Pittsburgh b. Philadelphia c. Baltimore d. New York
ANS: a Page Ref.: 309 (factual) 9.
The enormous growth of New York City was fueled by all of the following factors EXCEPT: a. an increase in the flow of food from the West into the city. b. possession of the finest harbor on the East Coast. c. construction of the Erie Canal. d. the city’s refusal to invest in international connections.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 310 (conceptual) 10. Living conditions for the working class in cities were characterized by: a. a lack of tenement buildings. b. individual family houses. c. cramped, dirty dwellings. d. luxurious townhouses. ANS: c Page Ref.: 310 (factual) 11. The most notorious slum in New York City during the 1800s was: a. Five Points. b. Hell’s Kitchen. c. Greenwich Village. d. Harlem. ANS: a Page Ref.: 310 (factual)
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12. Inland cities included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Pittsburgh. b. Cincinnati. c. Baltimore. d. St. Louis. ANS: c Page Ref.: 310–311 (factual) 13. Pittsburgh complemented its function as an exchange center by: a. developing as a flour-milling center. b. becoming established as the headquarters of the railway industry. c. developing a significant manufacturing sector. d. capitalizing on its location on the banks of the Great Lakes. ANS: c Page Ref.: 310 (factual) 14. St. Louis was ideally located for urban growth because: a. it was the closest western city to the Erie Canal. b. of its location on the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. c. it served as a transport center for the coalfields of western Missouri. d. of its location as the immediate outlet to the Atlantic for southern cotton. ANS: b Page Ref.: 310 (factual) 15. Which city is NOT located on the Great Lakes? a. Cincinnati b. Buffalo c. Milwaukee d. Chicago ANS: a Page Ref.: 310 (factual) 16. In 1860, the two most populous cities were: a. New York and Philadelphia. b. New York and Boston. c. New York and Chicago. d. Boston and Chicago. ANS: a Page Ref.: 309 (factual) 17. America’s first large-scale, planned city for the sole purpose of manufacturing was: a. Rochester, New York. b. Lowell, Massachusetts. c. Reading, Pennsylvania. d. Buffalo, New York. ANS: b Page Ref.: 311 (factual)
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18. During the 1840s and 1850s, the highest number of immigrants came from: a. Ireland. b. Italy. c. England. d. Poland. ANS: a Page Ref.: 311 (factual) 19. Why did many Irish people come to America in the 1840s and 50s? a. poor business conditions for Ireland’s large middle class b. England’s success at stopping the practice of Roman Catholicism in Ireland c. the government’s tendency to prefer Irish rather than German immigration d. domination of Protestant landlords and starvation in Ireland ANS: d Page Ref.: 311 (factual) 20. All of the following statements about immigration from 1840–1860 are true EXCEPT: a. most immigrants settled in either New England or the mid-Atlantic region. b. Irish-Americans generally experienced better living conditions than German-Americans. c. immigrants provided a large source of labor that helped fuel industrial development. d. immigrants in urban areas tended to live in neighborhoods based on ethnic ties. ANS: b Page Ref.: 311 (conceptual) 21. Up to 1815 in cities and larger towns, most manufacturing was done by: a. artisans. b. factories. c. families. d. children. ANS: a Page Ref.: 312 (factual) 22. In Jeffersonian America, manufacturing was centered in: a. large industrial cities of the Northeast. b. the river cities of the West. c. mass-production factories. d. households and small workshops. ANS: d Page Ref.: 312 (factual) 23. The putting-out system: a. did not develop until the years just before the Civil War. b. created a business relationship between merchants and household artisans. c. gave property owners the right to evict tenants from specific ethnic groups. d. was the foundation of the first large-scale factories in Pittsburgh. ANS: b Page Ref.: 312 (factual)
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24. What is the best description of an artisan? a. a gentleman farmer b. an unskilled laborer in a large factory c. an ethnic immigrant that provides a cheap source of labor d. a skilled craftsmen who makes things by hand ANS: d Page Ref.: 312 (conceptual) 25. Which nation pioneered most of the technological methods and advances of industrialization? a. the United States b. France c. Great Britain d. Russia ANS: c Page Ref.: 312 (factual) 26. The Rhode Island system of employment was based on: a. the recruitment of adolescent girls as millworkers. b. the use of children as laborers in mills. c. the use of German immigrants in factories. d. the recruitment of workers through the promise of unionization. ANS: b Page Ref.: 313 (factual) 27. Lowell, Massachusetts represented an example of: a. large use of immigrant labor. b. America’s move toward industries such as coal and steel production. c. an emphasis on household manufacturing. d. recruitment of unmarried women workers through the Waltham system. ANS: d Page Ref.: 313 (factual) 28. Conditions in towns that used the Waltham system included all of the following EXCEPT: a. mandatory church attendance. b. strict curfews. c. long hours and low wages. d. access to New England’s finest public schools. ANS: d Page Ref.: 313 (conceptual) 29. Other than in New England’s textile factories, the largest group of earliest manufacturing workers were: a. native-born males. b. young women. c. African-American slaves. d. children under the age of 10. ANS: a Page Ref.: 313 (factual)
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30. Samuel Slater: a. developed the Waltham system of organizing labor. b. rejected the ideas of modern industrialization. c. brought English ideas of manufacturing to America. d. developed the first commercial steamboat. ANS: c Page Ref.: 312 (conceptual) 31. Which statement about the American system of manufacturing is NOT true? a. It was influenced by the ideas of Eli Whitney. b. It focused on low-cost production. c. Its focus was on home industries rather than factories. d. Its main goal was standardized, large-scale production. ANS: c Page Ref.: 314 (conceptual) 32. Which statement about Eli Whitney is NOT true? a. His cotton gin cheaply solved the problem of removing fiber from cotton. b. He received a government contract to manufacture muskets. c. The cotton gin was his only significant contribution as an inventor. d. He grew up in Massachusetts before moving to the South as a tutor. ANS: c Page Ref.: 314 (conceptual) 33. Western manufacturers improved their business conditions by: a. refusing to trade with southern states. b. enacting stiff tariffs against eastern goods. c. turning to steam power after 1840. d. investing in industries that did not need interchangeable parts. ANS: c Page Ref.: 314 (factual) 34. When the Boston Associates built dams and canals: a. the industrial economy of the region worsened. b. workers went on strike in protest of the construction. c. the region’s ecology and farmlands were altered. d. legal battles over water rights ceased to be a political issue. ANS: c Page Ref.: 315 (factual) 35. Which statement best summarizes the distribution of wealth in the period 1800–1850? a. The amount of wealth controlled by the elite decreased. b. More profit was earned by southern industries than eastern industries. c. Middle-class Americans made up the majority of the nation’s population. d. The gap between the rich and the poor continued to grow. ANS: d Page Ref.: 315 (factual)
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36. The growing middle class was most likely to find jobs in: a. western towns. b. northern cities. c. southern rural areas. d. southern cities. ANS: b Page Ref.: 315 (factual) 37. An aspect of the new middle class was: a. their hostility toward capitalism. b. the separation of the home from work interests. c. their rejection of status symbols. d. the drop in percentage of middle-class Americans. ANS: b Page Ref.: 315 (conceptual) 38. A supporter of temperance believed: a. that immigration should be stopped. b. in separation of church and state. c. in the prohibition of alcoholic beverages. d. that church attendance should be mandatory. ANS: c Page Ref.: 318–319 (factual) 39. The “cult of domesticity” emphasized that: a. women should preserve religion and the morals of a family. b. members of the elite were enemies of true religion. c. industrial production was not as suitable as household industries. d. Christians must be reborn before they can understand God. ANS: a Page Ref.: 316 (conceptual) 40. Workingmen’s political parties of the 1830s expressed: a. socialist ideals. b. the ideals of the Whig Party. c. the need for social reforms. d. support for the capitalist class. ANS: c Page Ref.: 317 (factual) 41. The first national union was: a. the American Federation of Labor. b. the Anti-Masons. c. the National Trades Union. d. the Workers of North America. ANS: c Page Ref.: 317 (factual)
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42. Working-class activists of the 1830s promoted all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. the establishment of a free public education system. b. the abolition of private property. c. the use of strikes as a method of protest. d. the abolition of debtors’ prisons. ANS: b Page Ref.: 317 (conceptual) 43. In Commonwealth v. Hunt, the Supreme Court ruled that: a. union organization was unconstitutional. b. labor strikes were legal. c. the government could not invest in industry. d. monopolies were legal entities. ANS: b Page Ref.: 317 (factual) 44. All of the following groups were disliked by nativists EXCEPT: a. Irish Catholics. b. African-Americans. c. recent immigrants. d. Anglo-Americans. ANS: d Page Ref.: 317 (conceptual) 45. In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled in this case that a trade union was not necessarily subject to laws against criminal conspiracies and that a strike could be used to force employers to hire only union members. a. Marbury v. Madison b. Roe v. Wade c. Commonwealth v. Hunt d. Commonwealth v. Miranda ANS: c Page Ref.: 317 (factual) REFORM AND MORAL ORDER 46. Eastern elites, with the support of their wives and daughters, formed this group of church-affiliated reform organizations known as the: a. Daughters of the American Revolution. b. NAACP. c. benevolent empire. d. Sabbatarian movement. ANS: c Page Ref.: 318 (factual)
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47. The Sabbatarian movement: a. increased in power throughout the nineteenth century. b. was timid in the pursuit of its goals. c. wanted to curtail government and commercial activities on Sundays. d. was founded by Catholics. ANS: c Page Ref.: 318 (factual) 48. The American Temperance Society concerned itself mainly with: a. changing American attitudes toward alcohol. b. changing American attitudes toward temperament and personality. c. changing American attitudes toward former slaves. d. none of the above ANS: a Page Ref.: 319 (factual) 49. This man is considered to be the father of the Mormon Church. a. John Whitmer b. Joseph Smith c. Horatio Alger d. Martin Luther ANS: b Page Ref.: 321 (conceptual) 50. The Mormons believed strongly in: a. rugged individualism. b. tithing to the Mormon Church. c. sharing spiritual authority with women. d. promoting capitalism. ANS: b Page Ref.: 321 (factual) INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL IMPROVEMENT 51. The first political demands for free tax-supported schools originated with the: a. American Temperance Society. b. American Tract Society. c. Workingmen’s movement. d. American Female Moral Reform Society. ANS: c Page Ref.: 322 (factual) 52. How did the American approach to dealing with social problems change in the early to mid-1800s? a. Reformers turned to public authorities to establish new institutions. b. Reformers built up the volunteer base that had long dealt with social problems. c. Reformers engaged the services of women. d. There was no change. ANS: a Page Ref.: 322 (conceptual)
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53. School reform succeeded in large part because it appealed to the: a. southern middle classes. b. southern farmers. c. northern industrialists. d. northern middle classes. ANS: d Page Ref.: 322 (conceptual) 54. This religious group was at its height in the 1830s and attracted over 6,000 followers. a. Quakers b. Catholics c. Shakers d. Mormons ANS: c Page Ref.: 324 (factual) 55. This place was considered a showcase for the transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. a. New Harmony b. Brook Farm c. West Roxbury Farm d. Fourierist community ANS: b Page Ref.: 324 (factual) 56. The author of Walden was: a. Henry David Thoreau. b. Ralph Waldo Emerson. c. Nathaniel Hawthorne. d. Edgar Allen Poe. ANS: a Page Ref.: 324 (factual) ABOLITIONISM AND WOMEN'S RIGHTS 57. In 1817, antislavery reformers founded this society. a. the NAACP b. the United Negro College Fund c. the American Colonization Society d. the American Anti-Slavery Society ANS: c Page Ref.: 325 (factual) 58. An example of an immediatist would be: a. a member of the American Colonization society. b. a free-soiler. c. an abolitionist. d. none of the above ANS: c Page Ref.: 326 (factual)
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59. The British Emancipation Act of ________ was a boost to the abolitionist cause in the United States. a. 1808 b. 1834 c. 1852 d. 1860 ANS: b Page Ref.: 330 (conceptual) 60. Of the following, only ___________ was still a major slave area by the mid-1820s. a. Mexico b. Brazil c. Argentina d. Columbia ANS: b Page Ref.: 330 (factual) 61. Women’s treatment within the __________ movement was the final impetus for forming a separate women’s rights movement. a. abolition b. prison reform c. temperance d. workers’ rights ANS: a Page Ref.: 327 (factual) 62. This document, issued at the Seneca Falls Convention, called for full female equality. a. Declaration of Women’s Rights b. Equal Rights Amendment c. Seneca Falls Amendment d. Declaration of Sentiments ANS: d Page Ref.: 329 (factual) 63. Much of the bias against Irish immigrants in the middle of the nineteenth century was anti-________ in nature. a. white b. British c. Catholic d. Protestant ANS: c Page Ref.: 317 (factual) Chronology 64. Which of the following happened first? a. completion of the Erie Canal b. American Temperance Society crusade c. initial publication of The Liberator d. first journey of Robert Fulton’s steamboat Clermont ANS: d Page Ref.: 305 (factual)
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65. Which of the following happened last? a. establishment of Brook Farm b. Seneca Falls Convention c. first strike at Lowell Mills d. emancipation of slaves in the British Empire ANS: b Page Ref.: 305 (factual) Short Essays 66. What characteristics describe the Rhode Island system and the Waltham system? 67. What were the most important improvements in transportation during the first half of the nineteenth century? 68. What are some examples that personify the growth of American cities in the 1800s? 69. How were the economic interests of the West linked with those of the Northeast? 70. According to nativists, what problems plagued America? Extended Essays 71. In what ways can it be said that new divisions between a “North” and “South” were developing in America during the period of 1800–1850? 72. Why did economic growth widen the gap between rich and poor? 73. How did class structure change in the first half of the 1800s? What examples reveal the emergence of new tensions between the classes? 74. How can the rapid surge of American industrialism in the period of 1815–1850 be explained? 75. Address the following statement: “The rapid growth of industrialism spurred both progress and conflict.” 76. Describe the events that led to more of the citizens of the United States becoming abolitionists. Which religious groups were involved in decrying slavery and why? What political organizations grew out of the abolitionist movement?
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CHAPTER 13: THE WAY WEST Multiple Choice THE AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER 1.
Which statement about population growth in the period of 1800–1850 is NOT true? a. The national base population increased by almost five times. b. The percentage of Americans living in the West grew slowly. c. Through purchase and conquest, the land area of the nation more than tripled. d. Large families became the norm in rural society.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 339 (factual) 2.
During the years of the Jeffersonian Republicans, the government’s land policies: a. focused mainly on the commercial farmers of the mid-Atlantic region. b. attempted to aid Americans who wished to become freeholders. c. made it more difficult for small farmers to purchase land in the West. d. guaranteed that a migrant farmer in the West would become wealthy.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 341 (conceptual) 3.
Migration into the Old Northwest was characterized by: a. a rapid period of movement that slowed after the War of 1812. b. the dominant spread of commercial farming in the region. c. not enough land in the East. d. the spreading of the many folkways of migrants from the East.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 341 (conceptual) 4.
A consistent pattern of movement into the Old Northwest was: a. the tendency of northerners and southerners to settle, respectively, in northern and southern sections of the Old Northwest. b. the loss of northern and southern cultural practices and identities as migrants settled without considering regional concerns. c. less antagonism regarding the issue of slavery because virtually all migrants to the Old Northwest were members of the Whig Party. d. to bypass attempts to become a small freeholder, and buy large amounts of cheap land in the attempt to establish a commercial farm.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 341 (factual) 5.
Local associations known as claims clubs: a. worked to stop slavery from spreading to the West. b. promoted an increase in profits for speculators. c. enforced extralegal property rights for squatters. d. showed the national government’s commitment to promoting slavery.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 342 (factual)
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6.
Which product became the Old Northwest’s major cash crop for the northern market? a. corn b. hogs c. soybeans d. wheat
ANS: d Page Ref.: 342 (factual) 7.
Westerners promoted industrialization in the East: a. by providing food for the growing workforce of the East. b. by demonstrating methods of industrial success in western iron mills. c. by sending many young people to work in eastern factories. d. by investing large amounts of capital in eastern manufacturing.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 342 (factual) 8.
Which state was the last one to gain statehood in the Old Northwest? a. Ohio b. Indiana c. Illinois d. Wisconsin
ANS: d Page Ref.: 343 (factual) 9.
What pattern in the location of slavery occurred in the period of 1790–1860? a. an increase in the overall percentage of slavery located in the South Atlantic region b. a decrease in the use of slaves in both the South Atlantic and Old Southwest regions c. a rejection of the use of slavery in the Old Southwest while it increased elsewhere d. a large movement of slavery from the South Atlantic to the Old Southwest
ANS: d Page Ref.: 343 (conceptual) 10. Which of the following was NOT a territory in 1850? a. New Mexico b. Minnesota c. Oregon d. Wisconsin ANS: d Page Ref.: 340 (factual) 11. Short-staple cotton became a major profit-maker for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made it easier to remove its abundant amount of sticky seeds. b. the majority of settlers in the Old Southwest owned large plantations that grew it. c. it could be grown easily in various growing conditions. d. England was a major market for the product. ANS: b Page Ref.: 343 (factual)
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12. By the 1840s, over half the value of American exports was derived from: a. corn. b. wheat. c. rice. d. cotton. ANS: d Page Ref.: 344 (factual) 13. Keys to the wealth of the Old Southwest included all of the following EXCEPT: a. abundant, fertile land. b. the use of slave labor. c. the growth of nonagricultural pursuits. d. the successful growth of cotton as an export. ANS: c Page Ref.: 343–344 (conceptual) 14. The Southwest Ordinance allowed slavery in all territories south of the ______ River. a. Platte b. Ohio c. Colorado d. Missouri ANS: b Page Ref.: 344 (factual) THE FRONTIER OF THE PLAINS INDIANS 15. All of the following were hunting and raiding tribes which lived on the open plains EXCEPT the: a. Hidatsas. b. Crows. c. Arapahos. d. western Sioux. ANS: a Page Ref.: 345 (factual) 16. Which two tribes were defeated by whites in Black Hawk’s War? a. the Sioux and the Cheyennes b. the Pawnees and the Chippewas c. the Cherokees and the Creeks d. the Sauks and the Foxes ANS: d Page Ref.: 345 (factual) 17. Before 1850, which of the following was the dominant power in the north and central Great Plains? a. whites who had migrated from the South b. the Cherokees who had been removed from their homeland c. the United States cavalry d. the warrior-hunters of the Sioux tribe ANS: d Page Ref.: 346 (factual)
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18. A treaty signed in 1818 created joint control of the Oregon Territory by the United States and: a. Great Britain. b. the Nez-Perces Indians. c. the Sioux Indians. d. France. ANS: a Page Ref.: 347 (factual) 19. Overland immigration to the trans-Mississippi West was highest in: a. 1840. b. 1844. c. 1847. d. 1852. ANS: d Page Ref.: 348 (factual) 20. Which town was a starting point on the Oregon Trail in 1842? a. Milwaukee, Wisconsin b. Terre Haute, Indiana c. Independence, Missouri d. Amarillo, Texas ANS: c Page Ref.: 347 (factual) 21. The greatest cause of the 5,000 deaths that occurred on the Oregon Trail was: a. lack of water. b. starvation. c. disease. d. Indian raids. ANS: c Page Ref.: 348 (factual) 22. The results of the Fort Laramie Treaty included: a. only a brief standoff between the Sioux and the U.S. government. b. a thirty-year period of peace between the Sioux and whites. c. more respect for the religion of the Sioux by whites. d. the purchase of the entire Great Plains by the U.S. government. ANS: a Page Ref.: 348 (factual) THE MEXICAN BORDERLANDS 23. Mestizos were usually a mixture of: a. African-American and European-American. b. Indian and African-American. c. Indian and Spanish. d. Spanish and English. ANS: c Page Ref.: 349 (factual)
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24. In the early part of the nineteenth century, the largest concentration of Indians in the Southwest region was in: a. New Mexico. b. Utah. c. Arizona. d. California. ANS: d Page Ref.: 349 (factual) 25. In California in the 1760s, full-scale agriculture was practiced only by: a. the Yumans along the Colorado River. b. the Paiutes in the Owens Valley. c. the Yana in the foothills of the Sacramento Valley. d. the Yurok along the coast of far northern California. ANS: a Page Ref.: 352 (factual) 26. All of the following statements are true about the Hopi Indians EXCEPT: a. they incorporated aspects of Catholicism into their religious rituals and beliefs. b. they occupied some of their dwellings over a period of about 500 years. c. they abandoned their polytheism in favor of the Spaniards’ monotheism. d. corn and beans were the staples in their irrigation-based agriculture. ANS: c Page Ref.: 349 (conceptual) 27. The Comanches were known for: a. the adobe homes that they constructed in Arizona and New Mexico. b. their refusal to use firearms in their method of warfare. c. growing beans, corn, and wheat through intensive agriculture. d. being master horsemen and among the greatest warriors in the West. ANS: d Page Ref.: 350 (factual) 28. Which statement about Mexico’s approach to early American settlers in Texas is NOT true? a. The Mexican government saw the Americans as protection against Indian attacks. b. The Mexican government required that settlers promise to accept Mexican citizenship. c. The Mexican government sold land only in small portions to American settlers. d. The Mexican government required that settlers promise to convert to Catholicism. ANS: c Page Ref.: 350 (conceptual) 29. Which practice did settlers bring to Texas that was illegal under Mexican law? a. the sale of huge tracts of land b. slavery c. commercial farming d. land speculation ANS: b Page Ref.: 351 (factual)
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30. Tejano was the term for: a. Spanish-speaking Mexicans born in Texas. b. Indians of the southwestern tribes. c. American settlers in Texas. d. American settlers in Texas who accepted Mexican citizenship. ANS: a Page Ref.: 350 (factual) 31. What happened immediately after General Santa Anna was elected as president of Mexico? a. Texas declared it was part of the United States. b. He overturned the liberal constitution and became a dictator. c. Tejanos immediately attacked his forces at Mexico City. d. Sam Houston crossed the Rio Grande with American forces. ANS: b Page Ref.: 351 (factual) 32. The Mexican army annihilated defenders at: a. the Alamo and San Jacinto. b. San Jacinto and Mexico City. c. the Alamo and Goliad. d. the Nueces River and the Alamo. ANS: c Page Ref.: 351 (factual) 33. The Battle of San Jacinto: a. established the independence of Texas. b. resulted in the slaughter of Texans who had surrendered. c. showed that Mexico could not challenge Zachary Taylor. d. solved the border dispute between Mexico and the United States. ANS: a Page Ref.: 351 (conceptual) 34. Juan Cortina instigated a rebellion in 1859: a. that was ultimately successful. b. in northern New Mexico. c. because Mexicans in American territory were abused by white Americans. d. that eventually led to the Mexican-American War. ANS: c Page Ref.: 353 (factual) 35. While the Texans were fighting Mexico, they were also fighting: a. England. b. the American cavalry. c. France. d. the Comanches. ANS: d Page Ref.: 352 (factual)
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36. The Comanches in Texas were subdued: a. by Mexicans prior to Americans immigrating to Texas. b. by Texans during the 1830s. c. by American soldiers during the Mexican-American War. d. by American soldiers after the Civil War. ANS: d Page Ref.: 352 (factual) 37. In the 1820s and 1830s, the missions in California: a. enslaved even more Indians. b. saw much of their land turned into rancheros. c. expanded their influence over events in California. d. converted nearly all the Indians to Christianity. ANS: b Page Ref.: 352 (conceptual) 38. The Santa Fe Trail: a. led to the Oregon Territory. b. encouraged closer ties between settlers and the Mexican government. c. opened the door to the eventual American takeover of New Mexico. d. did not infringe on the land of Native Americans. ANS: c Page Ref.: 354 (conceptual) 39. After facing great prejudice, the Mormons decided to settle in: a. California. b. Iowa. c. Utah. d. New Mexico. ANS: c Page Ref.: 354 (factual) 40. Mormons in Utah came under the control of the United States in: a. 1844. b. 1848. c. 1865. d. 1885. ANS: b Page Ref.: 355 (factual) POLITICS, EXPANSION, AND WAR 41. The cornerstone of President Polk’s foreign policy was: a. the acquisition of California. b. promoting close economic ties with England. c. neutrality in the war between Spain and England. d. protective tariffs to promote American industry. ANS: a Page Ref.: 355 (conceptual)
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42. During the Mexican-American War, the most adamant expansionists called for the American takeover of: a. Panama. b. Cuba. c. Canada. d. Mexico. ANS: d Page Ref.: 355 (factual) 43. Manifest Destiny was used to justify: a. the acquisition of foreign territories in the late 1890s. b. America’s entry into World War I. c. America’s entry into World War II. d. America’s involvement in Vietnam. ANS: a Page Ref.: 355 (conceptual) 44. The appeal of Manifest Destiny peaked in the: a. 1810s. b. 1840s. c. 1870s. d. 1920s. ANS: b Page Ref.: 355 (conceptual) 45. Results of the Mexican War included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the American acquisition of territory north of the Rio Grande in Texas. b. a $15-million dollar “war guilt” payment made by Mexico to the United States. c. the granting of U.S. citizenship to Mexicans living in newly acquired territories. d. the American acquisition of Alta California and New Mexico. ANS: b Page Ref.: 358–359 (factual) 46. The actual fighting of the Mexican War began when American forces moved into: a. the borderland region at the mouth of the Rio Grande River. b. Alta California. c. the valleys just east of the Colorado River. d. central Mexico. ANS: a Page Ref.: 357 (factual) 47. Polk’s offer to buy California for $30 million dollars: a. fell apart when Mexico refused to receive Polk’s representative. b. came at a time when Mexico City was about to fall. c. was accepted by Mexico, but then rejected after the Battle of the Alamo. d. was greeted by furious protest from leaders of the Democratic Party. ANS: a Page Ref.: 357 (factual)
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48. The Americans launched a successful amphibious assault upon: a. Mexico City. b. towns near the Nueces River. c. Vera Cruz. d. Utah. ANS: c Page Ref.: 358 (factual) Chronology 49. Which of the following happened first? a. Fort Laramie Treaty signed b. Mormons arrive in Utah c. United States annexes Texas d. Mexico wins independence ANS: d Page Ref.: 339 (factual) 50. Which of the following events happened last? a. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo b. American-British agreement on Oregon c. Texas independence d. creation of Indian Territory by Congress ANS: a Page Ref.: 339 (factual) Short Essays 51. What did Americans mean by Manifest Destiny? 52. Define the following terms: mestizo, criollo, Californio, and Tejano. 53. Why did President Jefferson tell Lewis and Clark to “cultivate good relations with the Sioux”? How did Lewis and Clark describe this large tribe on the Great Plains? 54. In what way did Manifest Destiny combine with the pride that some Americans felt in their Anglo-cultural roots? 55. Why did the location of American slavery shift in the period of 1790–1850? Extended Essays 56. Describe the native cultures of two Indian tribes that show both their uniqueness among Indian cultures in the West and their differences with European-American culture. 57. What factors accounted for the massive westward movement of Americans? 58. Who was responsible for the outbreak of the Mexican War? Cite specific examples to support your claim. 59. How did westward expansion antagonize relations between the American North and South, and foreshadow further conflict between the two regions? 60. Address the following statement: “Manifest Destiny was not an act of providence, but was instead a selffulfilling prophecy of American expansionism.” 147 .
CHAPTER 14: THE POLITICS OF SECTIONALISM, 1846–1861 Multiple Choice SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES 1.
Which of the following was NOT one of the proposed solutions to slavery in the territories that dominated the debate from the late 1840s until 1861? a. extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific b. popular sovereignty c. permanent protection of the right to own slaves d. gradually legislating an end to slavery
ANS: d Page Ref.: 366 (conceptual) 2.
The Wilmot Proviso proposed that: a. free labor should exist in the territory gained in the Mexican War. b. slavery should be ended by the turn of the century. c. the gag rule should be restored in Congress. d. the property of western slaveholders should be protected.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 366 (conceptual) 3.
Proponents of popular sovereignty believed that: a. all slaves should be declared free. b. southerners were too unreasonable for a fair debate on slavery. c. residents of a territory should decide the issue of slavery. d. presidential elections should not be decided by the electoral college.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 367 (factual) 4.
The revolutions of 1848 were triggered by the downfall of the __________ government. a. French b. British c. Austrian d. Hungarian
ANS: a Page Ref.: 367 (factual) 5.
The revolutions of 1848 were driven by: a. peasant laborers. b. the working and middle classes. c. the Protestant clergy. d. high-ranking army officers.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 367 (factual)
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6.
Ultimately, the revolutions of 1848 were: a. victorious. b. victorious in some countries, but defeated in others. c. defeated. d. the catalyst for the reelection of James Polk as president.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 367 (factual) 7.
Zachary Taylor’s strong base of electoral support was in the: a. far West. b. Northeast. c. South. d. western territories.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 368 (conceptual) 8.
In January of 1848, gold was discovered in: a. New Mexico. b. California. c. Texas. d. Florida.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 368 (factual) 9.
The greatest significance of California’s desire to enter the Union was: a. the large tax revenue it would provide to the federal treasury. b. the concern of Southerners that it would upset the balance of free and slave states. c. the impact of California gold on the value of the dollar. d. how Mexico would react.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 368 (factual) 10. Pro-slavery southerners became concerned: a. upon the election of Zachary Taylor. b. that support for states’ rights was slipping in the Lower South. c. when California and New Mexico wished to be admitted as free states. d. about the popularity of the Free-Soil Party in the South. ANS: c Page Ref.: 369 (conceptual) 11. The Compromise of 1850 established all of the following statutes EXCEPT: a. the Fugitive Slave Act. b. admission of California as a free state. c. popular sovereignty in Utah. d. admission of New Mexico as a slave state. ANS: d Page Ref.: 369 (factual)
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12. Effects of the Compromise of 1850 included: a. peaceful resolution of the fugitive slave issue. b. sectional dissatisfaction by both sides. c. the unsure status of slavery in California. d. the South’s decision to attack Fort Sumter. ANS: b Page Ref.: 369–370 (factual) 13. Reaction against the Fugitive Slave Act was strongest among: a. members of the Free-Soil Party. b. northern blacks. c. working-class ethnic groups. d. conscience Whigs. ANS: b Page Ref.: 370 (factual) 14. Under the Compromise of 1850, which of the following would be able to choose whether to be a free or a slave state? a. California b. Oregon Territory c. Utah Territory d. Minnesota Territory ANS: c Page Ref.: 370 (conceptual) 15. The influential novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written by: a. Hinton Rowan Helper. b. Angelina Grimke. c. Frederick Douglass. d. Harriet Beecher Stowe. ANS: d Page Ref.: 371 (factual) 16. What effect did the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin have on many northern white people? a. It moved them to active participation in the debate and the end of slavery. b. It had no effect. c. It caused them to think about literature for the first time. d. It made them more sympathetic towards slave owners. ANS: a Page Ref.: 371 (conceptual) 17. All of the following statements about Uncle Tom’s Cabin are true EXCEPT: a. by the time of the Civil War, it had sold more copies than any work of American fiction ever. b. northern blacks embraced the work as beneficial to aiding the plight of blacks. c. it emphasized Christian values as being opposed to the institution of slavery. d. all of the novel’s antagonists were white southerners who personified evil. ANS: d Page Ref.: 371 (conceptual)
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18. As a novel with social power, Uncle Tom’s Cabin succeeded because it: a. included symbolism which was difficult to interpret. b. presented real characters and not just abstract arguments. c. portrayed southerners as virtuous defenders of freedom. d. never directly addressed the moral issues of slavery. ANS: b Page Ref.: 371 (conceptual) 19. The election of 1852: a. was the first contested by the Republican Party. b. saw the strongest showing ever for the Whigs. c. focused primarily on troubles with Mexico. d. was won by a northern Democrat. ANS: d Page Ref.: 372 (factual) 20. Members of Young America supported: a. extending American influence throughout Central and South America. b. universal suffrage for all males. c. repeal of the unpopular Compromise of 1850. d. Winfield Scott for president in 1852. ANS: a Page Ref.: 372 (conceptual) POLITICAL REALIGNMENT 21. Franklin Pierce failed to: a. get elected president by a large margin. b. consider foreign policy in developing his plans as president. c. effectively handle the territorial problems in Kansas. d. support the American cause in the Mexican War. ANS: c Page Ref.: 372 (conceptual) 22. President Pierce tried to mute the conflicts about slavery by emphasizing: a. Indian removal acts. b. rechartering of the National Bank. c. widescale social reforms. d. an aggressive foreign policy. ANS: d Page Ref.: 372–373 (conceptual) 23. Stephen Douglas likely wanted a transcontinental railroad for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT: a. he was the majority owner of the Union Pacific railroad. b. he felt it would help tie the nation together. c. it would facilitate the spread of democracy. d. he stood to profit personally from its completion. ANS: a Page Ref.: 373 (conceptual)
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24. Stephen Douglas supported all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. expansion of the nation’s rail system. b. popular sovereignty. c. the Kansas-Nebraska Act. d. immediatism. ANS: d Page Ref.: 373 (factual) 25. Northerners of all parties were outraged by the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it: a. admitted Nebraska to the union as a slave state. b. was viewed as a plot to extend slavery above the Missouri Compromise line. c. did not acknowledge California’s existence as a permanent free state. d. was passed after Stephen Douglas threatened that southern states would secede. ANS: b Page Ref.: 373–374 (conceptual) 26. Results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act included: a. a brief period of peace in Kansas before the outbreak of the Civil War. b. a bloody civil conflict between proslavery and antislavery forces in Kansas. c. an increase in the popularity of Stephen Douglas in the North. d. the congressional admission of both territories as new slave states in the Union. ANS: b Page Ref.: 374–376 (conceptual) 27. Who was an antislavery agitator in the middle of the violent confrontation in Kansas? a. Hinton Rowan Helper b. Frederick Douglass c. John Brown d. Charles Sumner ANS: c Page Ref.: 374 (factual) 28. Proslavery elements in Kansas manipulated the statutes of the Kansas-Nebraska Act by: a. refusing to engage in slave trade in the territory. b. encouraging and arming proslavery residents from Missouri. c. boldly defending themselves against “the sack of Lawrence.” d. buying all of their slaves from traders in Nebraska. ANS: b Page Ref.: 374 (factual) 29. Which statement would most likely have been said by creators of the Republican Party? a. “The extension of slavery must be stopped, for it is the largest issue facing our nation.” b. “If the people would follow the wise counsel of President Pierce, we would be at peace.” c. “States’ rights were the foundation of this great republic and they must remain so.” d. “We welcome ex-southern Democrats as the foundation and backbone of this party.” ANS: a Page Ref.: 376 (conceptual)
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30. Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic sentiment gave rise to this party. a. Anti-Masons b. Republican Party c. Democratic Party d. Know-Nothing Party ANS: d Page Ref.: 375 (factual) 31. The Republican Party’s first candidate in a presidential election was: a. Abraham Lincoln. b. William H. Seward. c. Thomas Hart Benton. d. John C. Fremont. ANS: d Page Ref.: 376 (factual) 32. In the controversial Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court declared that: a. blacks were only free when they entered free territory. b. blacks were not citizens of the United States. c. Dred Scott had the right to sue, but not the right to freedom. d. only the national government could end slavery in new territories. ANS: b Page Ref.: 378 (factual) 33. In the Dred Scott decision, Roger Taney argued that: a. free blacks were citizens. b. slavery could not be banned in any territory. c. all the Founding Fathers intended for the rights of blacks to increase over time. d. President Pierce had exceeded his authority regarding slavery in Kansas. ANS: b Page Ref.: 378 (factual) 34. All of the following were effects of the Dred Scott decision EXCEPT that: a. free blacks of the North organized in protest of the decision. b. the Republican Party gained more electoral support in northern states. c. southerners celebrated the decision as a huge victory for proslavery forces. d. there was apathy on the part of most people in the North and South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 378 (conceptual) 35. Robert Walker showed integrity when he: a. uncovered and revealed electoral corruption in Kansas. b. defended John Brown at his trial. c. resigned from the presidential cabinet after the Dred Scott decision. d. stopped a congressional vote on the issue of secession. ANS: a Page Ref.: 379 (conceptual)
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36. The Panic of 1857: a. was only a mild recession. b. favored the Republicans in 1858. c. favored the Democrats in 1858. d. was ameliorated by massive aid to the poor from the federal government. ANS: b Page Ref.: 379 (conceptual) 37. In an intriguing race for the U.S. Senate in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln was opposed by: a. Stephen A. Douglas. b. John C. Fremont. c. James M. Mason. d. John C. Breckinridge. ANS: a Page Ref.: 379–380 (factual) 38. Abraham Lincoln was a popular politician in Illinois for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. his down-home humor and quick wit. b. his charismatic speaking style. c. his crafty avoidance of the issue of slavery. d. his firm stand that slavery should not spread to the territories. ANS: c Page Ref.: 379–380 (factual) 39. In the 1858 senatorial campaign in Illinois: a. Lincoln identified himself as a strong abolitionist. b. Douglas held that all territories should become slave states. c. Lincoln narrowly defeated Douglas. d. Lincoln gained national recognition. ANS: d Page Ref.: 380 (conceptual) THE ROAD TO DISUNION 40. The southern population was more inclined than the northern population to all of the following tendencies EXCEPT: a. committing more acts of domestic violence and murder. b. volunteering for military service. c. strong evangelical support for slavery. d. a firm commitment to public education. ANS: d Page Ref.: 381–383 (conceptual) 41. Compared to the North in 1860, the South had: a. more people employed in agriculture. b. a greater percentage of factories. c. more miles of railroad tracks. d. a lower illiteracy rate. ANS: a Page Ref.: 381 (factual)
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42. John Brown hoped that his raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia would: a. force governments of the South to voluntarily emancipate slaves. b. cause the government to support the Lecompton Constitution. c. cause the resignation of James Buchanan. d. start a slave rebellion in the state of Virginia. ANS: d Page Ref.: 383 (conceptual) 43. Effects of John Brown’s raid included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Congress momentarily putting aside sectional differences in favor of compromises. b. many Northerners comparing Brown’s death with that of a religious martyr. c. Brown being hanged after being convicted of treason against the state of Virginia. d. southerners feeling more disturbed about attacks on slavery. ANS: a Page Ref.: 384 (conceptual) 44. The Republicans became the clear favorite in the presidential election of 1860 when: a. Stephen Douglas refused to run. b. William Seward defected from the Democratic Party. c. James Buchanan supported Abraham Lincoln. d. the Democratic Party split into sectional factions. ANS: d Page Ref.: 385 (factual) 45. Who did NOT run for president in 1860? a. John C. Breckinridge b. James Buchanan c. Abraham Lincoln d. John Bell ANS: b Page Ref.: 385 (factual) 46. Abraham Lincoln earned the Republican nomination for president by upsetting: a. Horace Greeley. b. Stephen Douglas. c. William Seward. d. James Buchanan. ANS: c Page Ref.: 385 (factual) 47. The election of 1860 revealed that: a. very few voters cared a great deal about the issues expressed by the candidates. b. Republicans had very little electoral support in the East. c. Americans voted very strongly along sectional lines. d. urban voters in the South were the strongest proslavery voters. ANS: c Page Ref.: 385–386 (conceptual)
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48. In the 1860 election, who received the second highest popular vote count, yet the lowest number of electoral votes? a. Stephen Douglas b. John Bell c. John C. Breckinridge d. John C. Fremont ANS: a Page Ref.: 385 (factual) 49. Within three months after the election of 1860: a. Stephen Douglas left the Democratic Party. b. the South had attacked Fort Sumter and Washington D.C. c. Lincoln decided to express no words of reconciliation. d. six southern states had left the Union. ANS: d Page Ref.: 386 (factual) 50. The first state to choose secession was: a. Texas. b. Louisiana. c. South Carolina. d. Georgia. ANS: c Page Ref.: 386 (factual) 51. The declared president of the Confederate States was: a. Robert E. Lee. b. John C. Calhoun. c. P.G.T. Beauregard. d. Jefferson Davis. ANS: d Page Ref.: 386 (factual) 52. In the last days of his presidency, James Buchanan was: a. responsible for the secession of all Upper South states. b. successful at stalling secessionist fever. c. criticized for firing southern cabinet members. d. ineffective and powerless. ANS: d Page Ref.: 387 (conceptual) 53. President Lincoln’s strategy regarding secession focused on: a. stopping states of the Lower South from seceding. b. keeping states of the upper South in the Union. c. ignoring the demands of any slave state. d. installing military governments in the Lower South. ANS: b Page Ref.: 387 (conceptual)
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54. In his inaugural address, President Lincoln urged Americans to be guided by the: a. “needs of the many.” b. “better angels of our nature.” c. “noble heritage of freedom.” d. “necessities of each state.” ANS: b Page Ref.: 388 (factual) 55. The Confederacy fired shots at Fort Sumter when Jefferson Davis discovered that: a. the Union was plotting to kill him. b. the Union army was closing in from the west. c. Union gunners had fired upon Confederate positions. d. President Lincoln ordered that food be sent to the fort. ANS: d Page Ref.: 390 (factual) 56. The Confederates’ taking of Fort Sumter was led by: a. Robert E. Lee. b. P.G.T. Beauregard. c. Stonewall Jackson. d. Robert Anderson. ANS: b Page Ref.: 388 (factual) 57. Effects of the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the amazing fact that no one was killed. b. Arkansas and Tennessee refused to secede from the Union. c. northerners were angered by the loss of the fort. d. President Lincoln asked militias of the upper South to put down the rebellion. ANS: b Page Ref.: 390 (factual) Chronology 58. What is the correct order of events? a. Dred Scott decision, John Brown’s raid, election of 1860 b. election of 1860, John Brown’s raid, Dred Scott decision c. Dred Scott decision, election of 1860, John Brown’s raid d. election of 1860, Dred Scott decision, John Brown’s raid ANS: a Page Ref.: 365 (factual) 59. Which event happened after the Kansas-Nebraska Act? a. Compromise of 1850 b. election of 1852 c. Wilmot Proviso d. passing of the Lecompton Constitution ANS: d Page Ref.: 365 (factual)
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60. Which event happened first? a. John Brown’s raid b. first publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin c. “Bleeding Kansas” d. the Dred Scott decision ANS: b Page Ref.: 365 (factual) 61. The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in: a. 1858. b. 1860. c. 1861. d. 1863. ANS: c Page Ref.: 365 (factual) 62. Which event happened last? a. Lincoln elected b. Virginia secedes from the Union c. South Carolina secedes from the Union d. Fort Sumter attacked ANS: b Page Ref.: 365 (factual) 63. In what year were the Know-Nothing and Republican parties formed? a. 1848 b. 1850 c. 1854 d. 1860 ANS: c Page Ref.: 365 (factual) 64. Which of the following happened first? a. Kansas-Nebraska Act passed b. Franklin Pierce elected president c. John Brown’s Raid d. California applies for statehood ANS: d Page Ref.: 365 (factual) Short Essays 65. What were the four main approaches to slavery expressed in the 1850s? 66. What characterized the response to the Fugitive Slave Act? 67. What factors caused the creation of the Republican Party? 68. What was the mixture of views expressed by the Know-Nothing Party? 69. How did the election of 1860 reveal the severe nature of sectionalism?
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Extended Essays 70. Frederick Douglass discussed “necessary links in the chain” that would lead to the destruction of slavery. As you look at the 1850s, what three events, more than any other, drove the nation toward conflict over the issue of slavery? 71. Discuss the ways in which the North and South had become far different cultures in the areas of politics, economics, and social customs. 72. Imagine that you are either a southern Democrat or northern Whig in the U.S. Congress of 1854. Express your opinion on the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act. 73. As a work of art and as a politically influential piece of writing, what accounted for the huge success of the novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin? 74. Address the following statement: “The 1850s was a time of attempted compromise when compromise was no longer possible.” 75. Write a series of letters from Abraham Lincoln to Stephen Douglas that reveal the two men’s different visions of solving the nation’s problems.
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CHAPTER 15: BATTLE CRIES AND FREEDOM SONGS: THE CIVIL WAR, 1861–1865 Multiple Choice MOBILIZATION, NORTH AND SOUTH 1.
Which state did NOT pull out of the Union when President Lincoln called for troops? a. Virginia b. Kentucky c. Tennessee d. North Carolina
ANS: b Page Ref.: 401 (factual) 2.
Before the first battle of the Civil War, most people on both sides thought: a. the war would be a long, bitter affair. b. that their generals were incompetent. c. all Democrats would side with the South. d. their side would win easily.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 398 (factual) 3.
Which statement would have been said by Stephen Douglas in the early days of the war? a. “This war could have been avoided if the people had embraced my candidacy.” b. “There are no neutrals in our cause of Union, only patriots and traitors.” c. “Although I am a northerner, my heart resides with the noble cause of the South.” d. “The Democratic Party of the North will not divide from our brothers in the South.”
ANS: b Page Ref.: 398 (factual) 4.
In the spring of 1862, the Confederacy: a. had to turn away recruits because so many had volunteered. b. enacted the first general draft in American history. c. was recognized by the government of England. d. exiled thousands of pro-Union southerners.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 398 (factual) 5.
All of the following were advantages for the North EXCEPT: a. longer tours of duty produced a more experienced army. b. about 200,000 blacks served in the Union army. c. the North was much more populated than the South. d. most of the nation’s industry was in the North.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 399 (conceptual)
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6.
The Confederate economy was especially hurt by: a. their inability to print currency. b. England’s refusal to buy exports from the South. c. the Union’s effective naval blockade on cotton exports. d. the government’s refusal to sell interest-bearing bonds.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 399 (factual) 7.
The Union successfully financed the war through all of the following methods EXCEPT: a. the successful issuance of paper currency. b. the sale of interest-bearing treasury notes. c. implementation of wage and price controls. d. levying the nation’s first income tax.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 399 (conceptual) 8.
President Lincoln earned an early political and military advantage when: a. England refused to consider supporting the Confederacy. b. all of the leading generals from West Point joined the Union cause. c. the Union managed to keep key border states in the Union. d. the Confederates refused to draft for the purpose of enlarging their army.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 400 (conceptual) 9.
This state’s strategic position north of Washington, D.C. made it vital for the Union cause. a. Maryland b. Virginia c. Delaware d. North Carolina
ANS: a Page Ref.: 400 (factual) 10. Several counties in the western part of ___________ supported the Union and eventually became the 35th state. a. Kentucky b. Tennessee c. Virginia d. Missouri ANS: c Page Ref.: 401 (factual) 11. Which of the following states initially joined the Confederacy? a. Maryland b. Kentucky c. Delaware d. North Carolina ANS: d Page Ref.: 400 (factual)
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12. What flaw existed in the Confederacy’s strategy for victory? a. Their offensive strategy was unrealistic because of the huge size of the North. b. They could not achieve the overwhelming conquest that their leaders had demanded. c. Their defensive strategy contradicted their desire to conquer the major cities of the North. d. They did not possess enough resources to stay the course of their defensive strategy. ANS: d Page Ref.: 401 (conceptual) 13. During the Civil War, ________ occupied Mexico. a. Britain b. France c. Spain d. the Confederacy ANS: b Page Ref.: 403 (factual) THE EARLY WAR, 1861–1862 14. A major outcome of the First Battle of Bull Run was: a. a humiliating defeat for the Confederacy. b. the North’s realization that the war would not be won easily. c. a foreshadowing of the long-range factors that would lead to a Union victory. d. a drop in public confidence within the Confederacy. ANS: b Page Ref.: 402–403 (factual) 15. In the West, General Ulysses S. Grant employed the wise strategy of: a. guerrilla war tactics. b. deceptive stalling tactics. c. recruiting dissatisfied southerners. d. combined land and river attacks. ANS: d Page Ref.: 404 (factual) 16. Union victories in the West gave them key strategic control of: a. the capitol of the Confederacy. b. the Erie Canal. c. the Mississippi River. d. the Rappahannock River. ANS: c Page Ref.: 404 (conceptual) 17. When Joseph Johnston was badly wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines, he was replaced by: a. Ulysses S. Grant. b. Thomas Jackson. c. Robert E. Lee. d. Ambrose Burnside. ANS: c Page Ref.: 406 (factual)
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TURNING POINTS, 1862–1863 18. President Lincoln understood that emancipation of African-American slaves would: a. provide Union troops with a moral and strategic advantage. b. win the sympathies of many southerners who lived in border states. c. enrage the Union’s English allies. d. doom any hopes of a Union victory in Virginia. ANS: a Page Ref.: 408 (conceptual) 19. The bloodiest single day of fighting in American history occurred at: a. Vicksburg. b. Antietam. c. Fredericksburg. d. Seven Pines. ANS: b Page Ref.: 407–408 (factual) 20. Despite McClellan’s timid Union attacks, Antietam was a major turning point because: a. it was the last time Confederate troops would enter Union territory. b. the close victory afforded President Lincoln the opportunity to announce emancipation. c. Robert E. Lee lost his aggressiveness for the rest of the campaign in Virginia. d. Confederate forces were forced to hurriedly withdraw into the Carolinas. ANS: b Page Ref.: 408 (conceptual) 21. The Emancipation Proclamation: a. was issued after a major victory for the Confederacy. b. did not apply to border states in the Union. c. was made without political considerations. d. declared that all blacks were now free. ANS: b Page Ref.: 408 (factual) 22. The Confiscation Act of 1862: a. earned French support for the Union’s cause. b. ordered the seizure of land from disloyal southerners. c. was unpopular among northern abolitionists. d. extended the naval blockade of the South. ANS: b Page Ref.: 408 (factual) 23. The Emancipation Proclamation: a. was widely opposed in the North. b. did not provide any military advantages for the Union. c. emancipated only the slaves of the border states. d. freed the slaves of all states in rebellion. ANS: d Page Ref.: 408–409 (factual)
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24. At the Battle of Fredericksburg: a. a foolish frontal assault cost many Union lives. b. Lee’s forces were forced to retreat back to Richmond. c. both sides were reluctant to engage in heavy fighting. d. the Union inflicted a brutal blow to the Confederate cavalry. ANS: a Page Ref.: 411 (factual) 25. Which statement about the Battle of Chancellorsville is NOT true? a. Robert E. Lee realized that General Jackson’s death would be a terrible loss for the South. b. The South won the battle, but suffered a high cost in lives. c. It was among Robert E. Lee’s many stunning victories in 1863. d. Joseph Hooker displayed his talents as an effective leader of Union forces. ANS: d Page Ref.: 411 (conceptual) 26. The Confederates accidentally met Union forces when they went to confiscate shoes at: a. Gettysburg. b. Chancellorsville. c. Antietam. d. Shiloh. ANS: a Page Ref.: 412 (factual) 27. General Meade correctly guessed that the Confederates’ attack on day three at Gettysburg: a. would be one of their weakest assaults of the war. b. would be a frontal assault rather than a flanking maneuver. c. would originate on the eastern side of the Rappahannock River. d. would result in the final defeat of the Confederacy. ANS: b Page Ref.: 412 (conceptual) 28. The result of Pickett’s Charge was: a. the retreat of Meade’s forces. b. a heavy loss of lives for the charging Confederates. c. a stunning victory for the Confederates. d. a virtual standoff. ANS: b Page Ref.: 412 (factual) 29. The Union captured Vicksburg by: a. not using their navy as the Confederates expected. b. launching a guerrilla attack in the swamps of Mississippi. c. surrounding it and laying siege with artillery fire. d. recruiting disgruntled southerners to the Union cause. ANS: c Page Ref.: 414 (factual)
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30. Which statement about Texas during the Civil War is NOT true? a. It was originally a vital source of supplies for the Confederacy. b. Union gunboats were never able to stop supply lines along the Rio Grande. c. Areas of northern Texas were Unionist strongholds. d. Mexican-Americans tended to support the Union. ANS: b Page Ref.: 416 (conceptual) WAR TRANSFORMS THE NORTH 31. President Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus for the purpose of: a. providing better financing for the war effort. b. gaining support for the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. c. widening the pool of men who could be drafted for military service. d. making it easier to arrest and hold suspected Confederate agents. ANS: d Page Ref.: 417 (factual) 32. Copperheads were: a. southerners who worked to sabotage the Confederate cause. b. slaves who escaped to freedom and joined the Union army. c. northern Democrats suspected of having Confederate sympathies. d. members of the Confederate Congress who wished to negotiate peace. ANS: c Page Ref.: 417 (factual) 33. The Homestead Act: a. granted 40 acres to settlers. b. was passed during the last days of the Civil War. c. required settlers to cultivate the land and build a house. d. was opposed by President Lincoln. ANS: c Page Ref.: 417 (factual) 34. The New York Draft Riot: a. turned into violence based on social class and racism. b. revealed that rioters harbored ardent anti-immigrant feelings. c. showed that the Democratic Party was unpopular in New York City. d. was not viewed as a major threat by the federal government. ANS: a Page Ref.: 419 (conceptual) 35. During the Civil War, the northern economy: a. sunk into depression. b. experienced a recession. c. showed an increase in real wages. d. grew and prospered. ANS: d Page Ref.: 419 (factual)
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36. During the Civil War, women in the North: a. entered the workforce in large numbers. b. experienced few changes in their lifestyles. c. always retained their traditional domestic roles. d. were never allowed near battlefields. ANS: a Page Ref.: 419 (factual) THE CONFEDERACY DISINTEGRATES 37. Members of the Order of the Heroes of America: a. were southerners who dissented against the Confederacy. b. fought bravely at the Battle of Fort Wagner. c. believed the Confederacy should never be allowed to return to the Union. d. supported George McClellan’s candidacy for president. ANS: a Page Ref.: 420 (factual) 38. A major problem in the South during the years of 1863–1865 was: a. no system of public welfare. b. a sharp drop in prices. c. a lack of food. d. an increase in population. ANS: c Page Ref.: 421 (conceptual) 39. Early in the war, southern women: a. were afforded many new job opportunities. b. helped the war effort within their domestic domain. c. angrily protested the Confederacy’s declaration of war. d. took over the field work done by slaves. ANS: b Page Ref.: 422 (factual) THE UNION PREVAILS, 1864–1865 40. Who did President Lincoln name as commander of all Union forces in March, 1864? a. William T. Sherman b. Ulysses S. Grant c. George McClellan d. Ambrose Burnside ANS: b Page Ref.: 423 (factual)
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41. General Grant’s effective strategy for winning the war was based on: a. coordinating Union attacks on all fronts of the war. b. emphasizing the naval blockade and not land battles. c. a careful, steady pace that would eventually tire the Confederacy. d. avoiding battles on Confederate soil. ANS: a Page Ref.: 423 (conceptual) 42. All of the following statements about the Battle of the Wilderness are true EXCEPT: a. it was fought in the woods near Chancellorsville. b. Union forces were nearly twice as large as the Confederate forces. c. staggering casualty figures resulted from the battle. d. most of the fighting was done with long-range artillery fire. ANS: d Page Ref.: 423–424 (factual) 43. Many of General Grant’s victories in Virginia were characterized by: a. miscalculations made by Robert E. Lee. b. his use of guerrilla warfare. c. large loss of lives by the Union army. d. winning despite having less troops. ANS: c Page Ref.: 424 (factual) 44. Early in the Atlanta campaign, William T. Sherman refused to make the mistake of: a. trying flanking maneuvers. b. fighting on confederate soil. c. launching a frontal assault. d. committing a large number of troops in battle. ANS: c Page Ref.: 424 (factual) 45. Effects of the Union’s takeover of Atlanta included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the boosting of Abraham Lincoln’s campaign for reelection. b. opening the door for the Union to the richest farmland in Georgia. c. the Union using the city’s industry to supply its army. d. Robert E. Lee’s decision to surrender his army. ANS: d Page Ref.: 425 (conceptual) 46. After the election of 1864, the Republicans: a. controlled only the presidency. b. controlled only the presidency and the Senate. c. controlled only the presidency and the House. d. controlled the presidency, the Senate, and the House. ANS: d Page Ref.: 425 (factual)
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47. All of the following statements about the election of 1864 are true EXCEPT: a. the Republicans won the presidency, but lost control of Congress. b. Abraham Lincoln’s margin of victory was enhanced by recent military victories. c. it led to the Union’s further commitment to emancipation. d. Abraham Lincoln won a huge percentage of electoral votes. ANS: a Page Ref.: 425 (factual) 48. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed: a. slavery in just the Deep South. b. slavery in just the border states. c. slavery everywhere in the United States. d. illegal trade with the Confederacy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 425 (factual) 49. Confederate defeats at the battles of Franklin and Nashville: a. resulted in General Johnston’s resignation. b. removed any threat from the rear of General Sherman’s army. c. were the last Union victories of the war. d. were narrow victories for Union forces. ANS: b Page Ref.: 426 (conceptual) 50. Sherman’s March ended in: a. Georgia. b. Virginia. c. South Carolina. d. North Carolina. ANS: d Page Ref.: 427 (factual) 51. General Lee surrendered his army to General Grant at the courthouse in: a. Richmond, Virginia. b. Appomattox, Virginia. c. Washington, D.C. d. Columbia, South Carolina. ANS: b Page Ref.: 428 (factual) 52. The last army surrendered by the Confederacy was: a. the army of Northern Virginia. b. the trans-Mississippi army. c. the army of Tennessee. d. the Order of the Heroes of America. ANS: b Page Ref.: 428 (factual)
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53. Confederate General Johnston realized that the assassination of Abraham Lincoln: a. was the only victory the South had gained in two years. b. was the worst thing that could have happened for the South’s future. c. could have been avoided by an earlier Confederate surrender. d. would put an end to radical Republican policies in Congress. ANS: b Page Ref.: 429 (conceptual) 54. John Wilkes Booth: a. was tried for murder and hanged. b. was shot to death in a barn in northern Virginia. c. escaped to Europe for the rest of his life. d. also planned the assassination of William Sherman. ANS: b Page Ref.: 428 (factual) Chronology 55. Which event happened last? a. Confiscation Act b. Seven Days’ Battles c. Battle of Antietam d. Emancipation Proclamation ANS: d Page Ref.: 397 (factual) 56. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued in: a. 1861. b. 1862. c. 1863. d. 1864. ANS: c Page Ref.: 397 (factual) 57. Which event happened first? a. Emancipation Proclamation b. Battle of Gettysburg c. Confederacy enacts America’s first military draft d. McClellan replaced as head of the Army of Potomac ANS: c Page Ref.: 397 (factual) 58. Which event happened last? a. the assassination of President Lincoln b. Atlanta falls c. Lee meets Grant at Appomattox Courthouse d. Charleston surrenders ANS: a Page Ref.: 397 (factual)
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59. The Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution was passed by Congress in: a. 1862. b. 1863. c. 1864. d. 1865. ANS: d Page Ref.: 397 (factual) 60. Which of the following battles occurred in 1861? a. Chancellorsville b. Antietam c. First Battle of Bull Run d. Fredericksburg ANS: c Page Ref.: 397 (factual) 61. Which of the following events occurred in 1864? a. Sherman captures Atlanta b. Battle of Gettysburg c. Emancipation Proclamation takes effect d. New York Draft Riot ANS: a Page Ref.: 397 (factual) Short Essays 62. How did the North and South’s strategies for victory differ? 63. How did class antagonisms come to the forefront of draft policies in both the North and South? 64. What factors kept England from throwing its full support to the Confederacy? 65. What were General Grant’s strategies for winning the war in the East? 66. What events show that people from both the North and South were becoming weary of the Civil War’s devastating effects? 67. What key events characterized Sherman’s March to the Sea? Extended Essays 68. How did the Union and Confederacy compare in terms of resources, leadership, and military strategies in the period 1861–1863? 69. In what ways were the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg turning points in the Civil War? 70. How did Ulysses S. Grant show that he, more than any other Union general, understood how to defeat the Confederacy? What key victories did he gain in the period of 1861–1863? 71. What evidence reveals that, in 1861 and 1862, Confederate generals were consistently outwitting their Union opponents? 72. What important effects did the Emancipation Proclamation have on both the Union and Confederate causes?
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73. What were the vital factors that led to a Union victory in the Civil War? 74. Some historians view the 1864 presidential election as one of the most important elections in American history. Why? 75. Analyze the immediate effects of the Civil War. What was accomplished and what problems persisted?
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CHAPTER 16: RECONSTRUCTION, 1865–1877 Multiple Choice WHITE SOUTHERNERS AND THE GHOSTS OF THE CONFEDERACY, 1865 1.
Many southerners refused to accept their defeat as divine judgment and believed that God had spared the South for a greater purpose; they came to view the war as: a. the Lost Cause. b. a Necessary Evil. c. a Time for Retribution. d. a Time to Rebuild.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 438 (conceptual) 2.
Which of the following statements about the Lost Cause is NOT true? a. It enabled white southerners to move on with their lives and concentrate on rebuilding their shattered region. b. It made southerners angrier towards blacks and more convinced that slavery was just. c. It romanticized the Civil War conflict. d. It was a historical rationalization that enabled believers to hope for a better future.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 438 (conceptual) MORE THAN FREEDOM: AFRICAN-AMERICAN ASPIRATIONS IN 1865 3.
In the early years of Reconstruction, the Freedmen’s Bureau was successful at: a. permanently securing suffrage for black males. b. stopping all violence committed against ex-slaves. c. reducing black illiteracy by roughly 20 percent. d. convincing southern whites to accept the Wade-Davis Bill.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 439 (factual) 4.
General Sherman’s Field Order No. 15 gave hope to blacks because it: a. set aside plots of southern land for distribution. b. guaranteed all ex-slaves the right to a free education. c. established voting rights for black males in the South. d. indicated that segregation was unconstitutional.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 440 (factual) 5.
After the Civil War, many southern blacks: a. received job training through federal programs. b. voted for Democrats in national elections. c. migrated to southern cities. d. objected to passage of the Fifteenth Amendment.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 442 (factual)
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6.
Sharecropping: a. did not attract many former slaves. b. led many blacks into increasing debt. c. was outlawed by Congress in 1874. d. did not have the support of state governments in the South.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 441 (conceptual) 7.
All of the following statements about sharecropping are true EXCEPT: a. sharecroppers generally gave up 50% of their crop to landlords. b. it forced southern blacks to be more economically dependent on whites. c. landlords typically owned stores where tenant farmers had to shop. d. only blacks were relegated to existence as sharecroppers.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 441 (conceptual) 8.
The church became the center of black life for all of the following reasons EXCEPT it: a. allowed them the opportunity to socialize with whites. b. operated as an educational institution as well. c. represented visible evidence of the progress blacks had made. d. gave blacks an opportunity to practice the skills of self-government.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 443–444 (conceptual) 9.
Emancipation of the serfs in Russia: a. occurred decades before slavery ended in the United States. b. allowed serfs to freely migrate to cities. c. left most serfs still legally tied to the land. d. was done during a brief period when Russia had a democratic government.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 443 (factual) FEDERAL RECONSTRUCTION, 1865–1870 10. The Wade-Davis Bill was rendered ineffective when: a. abolitionist leaders withdrew their support for the bill. b. southern conservatives refused to enact it. c. radical Republicans rejected the plan as too lenient. d. President Lincoln used the presidential option of a pocket veto. ANS: d Page Ref.: 444 (factual) 11. Which statement would most likely have been said by a radical Republican in 1865? a. “The Constitution does not grant secession, thus the South has never left the Union.” b. “Northern hypocrisy shall never determine the destiny of the South’s future.” c. “The former Confederate states are to be treated as provinces conquered in war.” d. “It is with no malice in our hearts that we welcome the return of our southern brothers.” ANS: c Page Ref.: 444 (conceptual)
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12. President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan included all of the following proposals EXCEPT: a. restoration of property rights to southerners who pledged allegiance to the Union. b. requiring wealthier southerners to petition the president for a pardon. c. the insistence that restored property rights did not include the revival of slavery. d. the extension of voting rights to all black males, 21 or older, in the South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 445 (factual) 13. The immediate response to President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan included: a. opposition by the majority of northern Democrats. b. resistance by white southerners to various provisions. c. the loss of Johnson’s reputation as a moderate. d. the call for elections in which southern blacks voted. ANS: b Page Ref.: 445 (factual) 14. Republicans in Congress became infuriated when: a. President Johnson took a tough stand against wealthy southerners. b. southern states enacted laws that restricted freedom for blacks. c. abolitionists lobbied for black male suffrage. d. they lost control of the House of Representatives in 1866. ANS: b Page Ref.: 445 (factual) 15. The first United States president to be impeached in the House of Representatives was: a. John Adams. b. Andrew Jackson. c. Andrew Johnson. d. Bill Clinton. ANS: c Page Ref.: 448 (factual) 16. Congress successfully managed to override President Johnson’s veto of: a. the Thirteenth Amendment. b. the Civil Rights Act of 1875. c. the American Equal Rights Act. d. the Civil Rights Act of 1866. ANS: d Page Ref.: 445 (factual) 17. Which statement about the Fourteenth Amendment is NOT true? a. It guaranteed all citizens equality before the law. b. It strengthened the Civil Rights Act of 1866. c. It was opposed by President Johnson. d. It guaranteed all males the right to vote. ANS: d Page Ref.: 445–446 (factual)
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18. The radical Republicans’ goals for Reconstruction included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the South’s recognition of the consequences of defeat. b. the securing of the freedmen’s right to vote. c. stopping southern states from reentering the Union. d. attempting to strengthen the Republican Party in the South. ANS: c Page Ref.: 448 (conceptual) 19. The Tenure of Office Act attempted to: a. dismantle state governments in the Lower South. b. stop the nomination of Ulysses S. Grant for president. c. guarantee the election of Republicans in the North. d. weaken the powers of the president. ANS: d Page Ref.: 448 (conceptual) 20. The winner of the 1868 presidential election was: a. Rutherford B. Hayes. b. Andrew Johnson. c. Horatio Seymour. d. Ulysses S. Grant. ANS: d Page Ref.: 449 (factual) 21. The Fifteenth Amendment: a. gave Congress the power to remove presidential cabinet members. b. officially ended slavery in the United States. c. established new rules for the readmission of southern states. d. guaranteed the right of American men to vote. ANS: d Page Ref.: 449 (factual) 22. Which of the following was/were most conciliatory to the desires of white Southerners to deny rights and privileges to blacks? a. President Johnson b. radical Republicans c. moderate Republicans d. abolitionists ANS: a Page Ref.: 448 (factual) 23. Some southerners were drawn to the Republican Party because: a. the Republicans were not serious about supporting black suffrage. b. the Democratic Party had little support among southern whites. c. they were attracted to the party’s emphasis on economic development. d. radical Republicans in Congress offered moderate calls for reform. ANS: c Page Ref.: 450 (conceptual)
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24. White southerners used the term carpetbaggers to describe: a. ex-slaves who moved to southern cities. b. southerners who supported the Union. c. powerful northerners who lived in the South. d. Republican leaders in the United States Congress. ANS: c Page Ref.: 450 (factual) 25. In the Reconstruction South, African-Americans were an influential voice in: a. implementing the reforms of the Republican Party. b. opposing the Tenure of Office Act. c. achieving universal desegregation of public schools. d. the restructured Democratic Party. ANS: a Page Ref.: 450 (conceptual) 26. The Colored Monitor Union club was: a. an organized confederation of northern black religious leaders. b. organized for blacks to have an alternative to the Republican Party. c. a strong voice in favor of universal manhood suffrage. d. a major supporter of separate but equal facilities. ANS: c Page Ref.: 451 (factual) COUNTER-RECONSTRUCTION, 1870–1874 27. Which statement about black voters in the South during Reconstruction is NOT true? a. Voter turnout in the black community was impressively high. b. Ulysses S. Grant was elected president with great support from blacks. c. The Democratic Party benefited from the increase in black voters. d. Black voters were successful at electing many blacks to state offices. ANS: c Page Ref.: 452 (conceptual) 28. Southern Democrats realized they could regain their dominance of local power by: a. cooperating with legislatures controlled by the Republicans. b. supporting the candidacy of Ulysses S. Grant. c. making alliances with carpetbaggers and scalawags. d. manipulating racial tensions. ANS: d Page Ref.: 452 (factual) 29. The Liberal Republicans of the early 1870s: a. splintered their party and weakened Reconstruction policies. b. strengthened the national dominance of the Republican Party. c. called for more radical democratic reforms in the South. d. rejected ideas that espoused the “scientific” superiority of whites. ANS: a Page Ref.: 455 (factual)
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30. Which statement about the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction is NOT true? a. Republican governors never created policies that resulted in the arrest of members. b. They attempted to stop blacks from using their right to vote. c. Blacks and whites who supported democratic reforms were attacked by members. d. Their acts of terrorism caused Republicans in the U.S. Congress to pass anti-Klan laws. ANS: a Page Ref.: 452–453 (conceptual) 31. “Scientific racism” was characterized in the 1870s by all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. the belief that minority voters were responsible for supporting corrupt officials. b. the belief that blacks and immigrants were not capable of understanding democracy. c. the belief that blacks and immigrants controlled both houses of the U.S. Congress. d. the belief that government could do nothing to curb the inferiority of some people. ANS: c Page Ref.: 454 (conceptual) 32. In the presidential election of 1872, Ulysses S. Grant defeated the former Republican: a. Charles Sumner. b. Horace Greeley. c. Samuel Tilden. d. Horatio Seymour. ANS: b Page Ref.: 455 (factual) REDEMPTION, 1874–1877 33. The Redeemers portrayed themselves as the: a. saviors of the South from the injustices of Republican rule. b. leaders who had saved the Union from Confederate treason. c. true descendants of the abolitionists. d. loyal supporters of Ulysses S. Grant. ANS: a Page Ref.: 456 (conceptual) 34. A long-lasting legacy of the ideas of the Redeemers was: a. the commitment to achieving civil rights for all minorities. b. the establishment of the “solid South” as a Republican stronghold. c. the fostering of antagonistic race relations throughout the South. d. the promotion of pro-Union versions of the Civil War. ANS: c Page Ref.: 456 (conceptual) 35. To challenge the state’s Republican government in Louisiana, a group of elite Democrats in New Orleans organized a military organization called: a. Redeemers. b. Anti-Reconstructionists. c. the White League. d. none of the above ANS: c Page Ref.: 456 (factual)
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36. Of the following, which one is NOT listed as something that worked in the Democrats’ favor in the election of 1876? a. the scandals of the Grant administration b. the background and experience of Samuel J. Tilden c. northern weariness with southern Republican governments d. persisting economic depression ANS: b Page Ref.: 458 (conceptual) 37. Which statement best summarizes the outcome of the election of 1876? a. The Republicans traded the presidency in exchange for railroad monopolies. b. The Democrats failed to win because Tilden was an unpopular candidate. c. The South exchanged the presidency in favor of more local autonomy. d. Northern apathy resulted in the victory of a southern Democrat. ANS: c Page Ref.: 458 (conceptual) 38. Who were the main candidates in the presidential election of 1876? a. Ulysses S. Grant and Horace Greeley b. Horace Greeley and Rutherford B. Hayes c. Samuel Tilden and Ulysses S. Grant d. Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden ANS: d Page Ref.: 458 (factual) 39. The significant outcome of the presidential election of 1876 was that it: a. marked an end of the federal government’s commitment to Reconstruction reforms. b. signaled the beginning of an era in which the Democrats dominated the White House. c. rallied the forces of radical reform in the Republican Party. d. established that southern state laws would not be tolerated by the federal government. ANS: a Page Ref.: 458 (conceptual) 40. In the 1876 election, Samuel J. Tilden ran strongest in the: a. West. b. Midwest. c. Northeast. d. South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 458 (factual) 41. In the post-Reconstruction period: a. blacks in the South were relegated to second-class citizenship. b. segregation was established and reinforced in all northern and southern cities. c. the Republican Party increased its efforts to guarantee equality for blacks. d. southern blacks went to desegregated schools, but were segregated in all other areas. ANS: a Page Ref.: 459 (factual)
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42. The _________ Amendment calls for equality before the law. a. Thirteenth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Sixteenth ANS: b Page Ref.: 460 (factual) 43. The _________ Amendment protected blacks’ right to vote. a. Thirteenth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Sixteenth ANS: c Page Ref.: 460 (factual) 44. Overall, regarding Reconstruction constitutional amendments and laws, the Supreme Court in the latter part of the nineteenth century: a. upheld them to the letter. b. gave them strong support. c. refused to rule on them. d. interpreted them in ways detrimental to blacks. ANS: d Page Ref.: 460 (factual) 45. In United States v. Cruikshank, the Supreme Court: a. upheld all convictions in the Colfax Massacre. b. held that the Enforcement Act applied to individuals. c. held that the Enforcement Act applied to states. d. essentially overturned the Thirteenth Amendment. ANS: c Page Ref.: 460 (factual) 46. In the Slaughterhouse cases of 1873, the Supreme Court ruled that: a. northern meat-packing factories were guilty of discriminatory hiring practices. b. sharecropping liens were unconstitutional. c. the Enforcement Acts could no longer be used in the South. d. states, and not the federal government, determined citizenship rights. ANS: d Page Ref.: 460 (factual) 47. Legacies of Reconstruction in the South included all of the following EXCEPT: a. a hopeful beginning, but disappointing outcomes for African-Americans. b. a foundation of reform that would be built upon by later generations of blacks. c. breaking the rigid social hierarchy that existed among southern whites. d. the beginning of a long period of segregation in the South. ANS: c Page Ref.: 459 (conceptual)
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Chronology 48. Which headline would have appeared in 1876? a. “Hayes, Tilden Outcome Stalled in Contested Deadlock” b. “Congress Passes Act in Effort to Stop Klan” c. “Constitutional Amendment Gives Suffrage Rights to Ex-Slaves” d. “Grant Steamrolls to Easy Second-Term Victory” ANS: a Page Ref.: 437 (factual) 49. Which event happened last? a. Field Order No. 15 was issued. b. The Supreme Court nullified the Enforcement Act. c. Southern blacks voted, in large numbers, for Ulysses S. Grant. d. The Fourteenth Amendment was passed by Congress. ANS: b Page Ref.: 437 (factual) 50. What is the correct order of presidential succession? a. Grant, Johnson, Hayes b. Johnson, Hayes, Grant c. Grant, Hayes, Johnson d. Johnson, Grant, Hayes ANS: d Page Ref.: 437 (factual) 51. In which year did “Liberal Republicans” in Congress have the most power? a. 1866 b. 1869 c. 1874 d. 1884 ANS: c Page Ref.: 437 (factual) 52. Which event happened last? a. Congress passed its second Civil Rights Act. b. Radical Republicans moved to oust President Johnson from office. c. Republican civil rights advocate Charles Sumner died. d. The Ku Klux Klan emerged as a force of terror in the South. ANS: a Page Ref.: 437 (factual) 53. In what year was the Southern Homestead Act passed? a. 1866 b. 1869 c. 1871 d. 1873 ANS: a Page Ref.: 437 (factual)
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54. Which event happened first? a. President Johnson impeached b. Colfax Massacre c. Fifteenth Amendment ratified d. Ku Klux Klan founded ANS: d Page Ref.: 437 (factual) Short Essays 55. What accomplishments did the Freedmen’s Bureau make during Reconstruction? 56. In what ways did southerners and northerners differ in expressing their memories of the Civil War? 57. Describe the characteristics that defined the sharecropping system. 58. During Reconstruction, what factors made the Republican Party a powerful force in all national elections? 59. What laws and amendments were passed by Congress in its effort to extend the parameters of democracy during Reconstruction? Extended Essays 60. Historians are divided in opinion regarding Reconstruction’s events and outcomes. What do you feel were the events that best expressed the Reconstruction period? Why do you feel Reconstruction reforms were ended in 1877? 61. What factors accounted for the rise of the Republican Party in the South, and then the reemergence of the Democratic Party as the dominant power in the South? 62. W. E. B. Du Bois stated that Reconstruction was a time in which, “The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back toward slavery.” What historical evidence supports Du Bois’s thesis? 63. Describe how powerful whites in the South regained their position as political and economic elites. 64. Many historians feel that both the promise and disappointment of Reconstruction provided the foundation for the next 100 years of race relations in the South. In what ways is this idea true?
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CHAPTER 17: A NEW SOUTH: ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND SOCIAL TRADITION, 1877–1900 Multiple Choice THE “NEWNESS” OF THE NEW SOUTH 1.
The term Solid South refers to: a. reform groups that supported racial unity. b. the growing power of the Lower South in the national economy. c. the dominance of the Democratic Party in southern politics. d. the South’s commitment to balancing the wealth in the rural economy.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 470 (conceptual) 2.
For the last two decades of the nineteenth century and much of the twentieth century, the Republican Party had the least success in the: a. Midwest. b. West. c. South. d. Northeast.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 470 (factual) 3.
Important emerging industries in the New South included all of the following EXCEPT: a. textiles. b. processed chemicals. c. railroad construction. d. tobacco, in the form of cigarettes.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 470–471 (factual) 4.
What modern-day commodity became successful in the South by the early 1900s? a. Kleenex b. Hershey candy bars c. Ford automobiles d. Coca-Cola
ANS: d Page Ref.: 471 (factual) 5.
Between 1870 and 1900 in the South, urban-area population: a. grew relatively quickly. b. grew very slowly. c. shrank slowly. d. shrank dramatically.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 471 (factual)
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6.
Around the turn of the twentieth century, wages in the South: a. were higher than those in the North. b. were about the same as those in the North. c. were lower than those in the North. d. could not be adequately measured.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 472 (factual) 7.
Per capita income in the South as a percentage of the national average was highest in: a. 1860. b. 1875. c. 1890. d. 1900.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 474 (factual) 8.
Low farm incomes in the New South resulted in: a. a food shortage in the North. b. the creation of a large labor force for new industries. c. legislation that dismantled the banking system of the South. d. most southerners leaving farming in favor of urban labor.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 474 (conceptual) 9.
Industrialism in the New South: a. barely kept pace with the booming industrial economy of the North. b. developed with higher wages for workers when compared to the North. c. put the South at the forefront of the national economy by the early 1900s. d. dramatically increased consumer spending throughout the South.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 471 (factual) 10. Which statement about women in the New South is NOT true? a. Their new roles in southern life changed the prevailing views about the role of women. b. They found work in textile mills, in city factories, or as servants. c. Some women became increasingly active in civic work and reform. d. They organized clubs, preserved and promoted the memories of war, and lobbied for various causes. ANS: a Page Ref.: 470 (conceptual) 11. All of the following are true about the textile industry in the New South EXCEPT: a. poor access to capital harmed the quality of textiles. b. the workforce in textile factories was largely poor and uneducated. c. most textile factories were located in the urban areas of the Upper South. d. the consumer base for purchasing textiles in the South was weak. ANS: c Page Ref.: 470–471 (factual)
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12. Many middle-class reformers objected to industrial labor because they disliked: a. all labor unions that defended the rights of workers. b. bringing urban development to the South. c. the spread of socialist ideas in the Deep South. d. the changes it caused in individual and family life. ANS: d Page Ref.: 474 (conceptual) 13. Traditional southerners felt that urban development in the South was: a. needed to uplift the lagging culture of the South. b. a benefit to increasing participation in organized religion. c. evidence of the continuing domination of the North. d. a positive development in the transformation toward an industrial economy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 472 (factual) THE SOUTHERN AGRARIAN REVOLT 14. After the Civil War, farmers from the South: a. grew more cotton, but made less money. b. grew more food crops and less cotton. c. paid low prices for fertilizer and farm tools. d. enjoyed an increase in cotton prices. ANS: a Page Ref.: 475 (factual) 15. Which statement about cotton in the late 1800s of the New South is NOT true? a. It was often used as collateral on loans. b. Growing even more cotton would have bolstered sagging prices. c. Increasing numbers of southern farmers began to cultivate cotton. d. Many farmers chose growing cotton over diversification. ANS: b Page Ref.: 475 (conceptual) 16. Of the following, which is NOT a true statement about southern farmers and their fight to improve their circumstances from the 1870s to the 1890s? a. They engaged in barter when they could. b. They supplemented their income with occasional jobs off the farm. c. They struggled to become better educated so they wouldn’t have to work the farm forever. d. They lobbied for debt-stay laws and formed farmer organizations. ANS: c Page Ref.: 475 (factual) 17. The main reason for low cotton prices in the 1890s was: a. major wars in Europe that reduced foreign demand. b. overproduction. c. high export taxes enacted by Congress. d. too few farmers growing cotton. ANS: b Page Ref.: 475 (factual)
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18. The leaders of the Grange: a. tended to come from the wealthier landowning class. b. were Democratic representatives in the United States Congress. c. were also involved in mobilizing the Socialist Party. d. aggressively backed a program that would end the credit system. ANS: a Page Ref.: 475 (factual) 19. The powerful Southern Farmers’ Alliance had its origins in: a. Georgia. b. Texas. c. Nebraska. d. Mississippi. ANS: b Page Ref.: 476 (factual) 20. Which description is the best portrayal of the Southern Farmers’ Alliance? a. a political party that challenged Redeemer Democrats in the 1880s b. a consensus group that promoted the urbanization of the South c. an organization founded in traditional southern values and cooperative ventures d. a political lobbying group that influenced and changed federal farming policies ANS: c Page Ref.: 476 (conceptual) 21. Which of the following made the most use of Christianity in pursuing its goals? a. the Southern Farmers’ Alliance b. the Grange c. the Populist Party d. the Redeemer Democrats ANS: a Page Ref.: 476 (factual) 22. The Colored Farmers’ Alliance staged a strike in their effort to: a. gain equal status within the Democratic Party. b. boycott unfair prices set by manufacturers of jute. c. bring labor unions to factories in the industrial South. d. establish higher wages for cotton pickers. ANS: d Page Ref.: 476 (factual) 23. Which statement best describes the subtreasury plan? a. using silver, rather than gold, to back the national currency b. utilizing patronage to control key committees in state legislatures c. storing cotton in warehouses in an effort to increase cotton prices d. refusing to pay loans to protest the segregation of state institutions ANS: c Page Ref.: 477 (factual)
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24. The Populist Party supported all of the following policies EXCEPT: a. direct election of U.S. senators. b. government ownership of railways. c. proposals to make credit more easily available to farmers. d. the regulation of health and safety standards in factories. ANS: d Page Ref.: 477 (factual) WOMEN IN THE NEW SOUTH 25. A supporter of temperance believed that: a. blacks deserved the right to vote. b. political activism was immoral. c. land should be equally distributed. d. consumption of alcohol was sinful. ANS: d Page Ref.: 478 (factual) 26. All of the members of the following organizations were female activists EXCEPT the: a. UDC. b. WCTU. c. N.A.A.C.P. d. YWCA. ANS: c Page Ref.: 478 (factual) 27. Most southern women’s clubs supported all of the following strategies EXCEPT: a. forming alliances with black women’s clubs in the South. b. working to improve conditions in hospitals and orphanages. c. forming alliances with white women’s clubs in the North. d. focusing efforts on improving conditions for women and children. ANS: a Page Ref.: 478–479 (conceptual) 28. In late nineteenth-century Europe, which of the following “races” was NOT considered among the most “fit”? a. Nordics b. Teutons c. Anglo-Saxons d. Slavs ANS: d Page Ref.: 479 (factual) 29. The Zionist movement encouraged Jews to immigrate to: a. Palestine. b. the United States. c. Russia. d. Romania. ANS: a Page Ref.: 479 (factual)
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SETTLING THE RACE ISSUE 30. When T. McCants Stewart, a black northerner, traveled to the South in 1885, he was: a. assailed by a mob of whites in South Carolina. b. appalled by a lynching he helplessly observed. c. surprised by the equal treatment that blacks received. d. angered by the racial slurs he constantly heard. ANS: c Page Ref.: 480 (factual) 31. During the 1880s and 1890s, many young, white southerners: a. became disenchanted with the Democratic Party. b. began to become involved in preserving the right to vote for black males. c. romanticized the heroes of the Civil War generation. d. were appalled by the racial violence of their parents’ generation. ANS: c Page Ref.: 480 (conceptual) 32. The killings of the owners of the People’s Grocery in 1892 stemmed from the fact that: a. southern whites often resented blacks who became economically successful. b. the N.A.A.C.P. had effectively organized blacks in the South. c. the Supreme Court began to issue decisions that protected blacks’ rights. d. whites held stereotypes of black men desiring white women. ANS: a Page Ref.: 481 (conceptual) 33. Which statement about lynchings in the South in the 1890s is true? a. Lynchings decreased compared to the Reconstruction era. b. Leaders of lynch mobs tended to come from the wealthy ruling class. c. Lynchings and acts of violence against blacks increased dramatically. d. The federal government began to aggressively attempt to end lynchings. ANS: c Page Ref.: 481 (factual) 34. In the Plessy v. Ferguson case, the Supreme Court ruled all of the following EXCEPT: a. segregation was constitutional if facilities were equal. b. laws cannot change racial instincts. c. segregation on rail cars in Louisiana was unconstitutional. d. no new laws of segregation could be passed without the Court’s approval. ANS: d Page Ref.: 482 (factual) 35. The decision in the Plessy v. Ferguson case: a. placed segregation at the forefront of national political debate. b. led to the enactment of institutional segregation in the South. c. had little actual effect on legislative actions in the South. d. was issued with the unanimous support of the Court. ANS: b Page Ref.: 482 (factual)
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36. Jim Crow laws: a. declared that vigilante acts of violence were constitutional. b. outlawed labor unions in the South. c. established segregation as an institution in southern states. d. promoted the goals of the Republican Party. ANS: c Page Ref.: 482 (factual) 37. Grandfather clauses and poll taxes were used to: a. stop blacks from migrating to the North. b. deny blacks the right to vote. c. equalize wealth between poor and wealthy farmers. d. exclude women from joining the Populist Party. ANS: b Page Ref.: 483 (factual) 38. Prior to disenfranchisement, blacks’ participation in the politics of the South was: a. not a factor in state politics. b. active and influential. c. sporadic and weak. d. unimportant in local elections. ANS: b Page Ref.: 483 (factual) 39. The most commonly used form of disenfranchisement in the South was the: a. grandfather clause. b. literacy test. c. poll tax. d. understanding clause. ANS: c Page Ref.: 483 (factual) 40. D. W. Griffith’s successful film, Birth of a Nation, promoted an image of: a. blacks as equal citizens. b. southerners and northerners working together. c. radicalism within the rural reform movement. d. a heroic Ku Klux Klan. ANS: d Page Ref.: 484 (conceptual) 41. Booker T. Washington emphasized: a. vocational training as a way of establishing economic independence. b. the immediate rise of blacks into the professional class. c. the creation of interracial colleges and other public institutions. d. non-violent civil disobedience to gain legal reforms. ANS: a Page Ref.: 488 (factual)
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42. In the Atlanta Compromise, Washington urged whites to provide education for blacks, and: a. called for blacks to run for political office in the South. b. urged blacks to accommodate themselves to segregation. c. abandoned his hopes that blacks could become part of the industrial labor force. d. denounced the powerful, white elite who dominated southern politics. ANS: b Page Ref.: 488 (factual) 43. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in: a. 1866. b. 1873. c. 1877. d. 1910. ANS: d Page Ref.: 488 (factual) 44. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: a. was created by an act of Congress. b. was shunned by W. E. B. Du Bois. c. started out as an interracial organization. d. made economic opportunity for blacks its main focus. ANS: c Page Ref.: 488 (factual) 45. All of the following statements about W. E. B. Du Bois are true EXCEPT: a. he became disillusioned about southern whites aiding blacks. b. he was the first African-American to earn a degree at Harvard. c. he stressed agricultural education as the major aspect of improving life for blacks. d. he promoted pride in the strengths of African-American culture. ANS: c Page Ref.: 488 (factual) 46. In his book, The Souls of Black Folk: a. Washington’s plan of self-help received its most influential support. b. Du Bois attacked the stance of accommodation expressed by Washington. c. Washington expressed that blacks should not vote until they received proper education. d. Du Bois stated that southern whites were not needed for blacks to make social gains. ANS: b Page Ref.: 488 (factual) 47. The era of the New South: a. was very much like the South in the years before the Civil War. b. emerged as a time of growing economic opportunities for blacks and poor whites. c. saw a marked drop in the development of urban centers in the South. d. was characterized by the persistence of rural poverty and racial divisiveness. ANS: d Page Ref.: 489 (conceptual)
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Chronology 48. Which event happened last? a. The Tuskegee Institute was opened. b. The Supreme Court issued its decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. c. Mississippi used literacy tests to restrict black suffrage. d. The election of Rutherford B. Hayes ended Reconstruction. ANS: b Page Ref.: 469 (factual) 49. Which headline would have appeared in 1906? a. “Bloody Race Riot Turns Atlanta into Cauldron of Violence” b. “Populists Run Candidates for the First Time in Local Elections” c. “Farmers’ Alliance Plans Large Boycott of Jute Manufacturers” d. “Du Bois is First Negro to Earn Degree at Harvard” ANS: a Page Ref.: 469 (factual) 50. What is the correct order of events? a. Farmers’ Alliance goes national, Atlanta Compromise address, Plessy v. Ferguson b. Plessy v. Ferguson, Farmers’ Alliance goes national, Atlanta Compromise address c. Farmers’ Alliance goes national, Plessy v. Ferguson, Atlanta Compromise address d. Atlanta Compromise address, Farmers’ Alliance goes national, Plessy v. Ferguson ANS: a Page Ref.: 469 (factual) 51. Which is the only event that happened in the twentieth century? a. The United Daughters of the Confederacy was formed. b. The Populist Party endorsed the Democratic presidential candidate. c. Charles Macune expressed the grievances of farmers in Texas. d. D. W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation drew huge crowds. ANS: d Page Ref.: 469 (factual) 52. In which year would many southerners have expressed the most romanticized vision of the defeated Confederacy? a. 1858 b. 1866 c. 1872 d. 1890 ANS: d Page Ref.: 469 (factual) 53. Which event happened first? a. formation of the Populist Party b. publication of The Souls of Black Folk c. use of first literacy tests to restrict black voting d. establishment of the Tuskegee Institute ANS: d Page Ref.: 469 (factual)
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54. The potential headline “Supreme Court Rules Segregation Is Legal” would most likely have appeared in: a. 1884. b. 1887. c. 1896. d. 1902. ANS: c Page Ref.: 469 (conceptual) Short Essays 55. What were some major examples of the growth of southern industry in the last quarter-century of the 1800s? 56. What grievances and programs were expressed by the Southern Farmers’ Alliance? 57. In what ways did conservative governments of the South take away the suffrage rights of black men? 58. What aspects of southern farming personified the large gap of wealth between large landowners and common farmers in the South? 59. What was the Populist Party’s original stance on race within their movement? Extended Essays 60. In what ways was the activism of female reformers in the South both progressive and reactionary? 61. Compare and contrast the views of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois regarding strategies that would achieve social progress for African-Americans. 62. Address the following statement: “In the period of 1876–1900, the South made economic progress, but experienced social polarization as well.” 63. What factors accounted for the quick appeal, and then the sudden fall, of the Populist Party in the South? 64. Describe the nature of the opposing forces of social reform and white supremacy in the South during the period of 1880–1900.
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CHAPTER 18: INDUSTRIES, IMMIGRANTS, AND CITIES, 1870–1900 Multiple Choice ONE AMERICAN JOURNEY 1.
The term gilded age refers specifically to a time when: a. labor unions were successfully promoting their own candidates for president. b. America reached a healthy balance of wealth among all social classes. c. Americans were migrating from the North to the South in record numbers. d. materialistic excess and sharp social divisions existed.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 496 (conceptual) NEW INDUSTRY 2.
As the size of the industrial work force grew in the late nineteenth century: a. the number of firms in given industries shrank. b. immigration to the Northeast decreased. c. working conditions greatly improved. d. ethnic urban regions experienced a golden age of prosperity.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 496 (factual) 3.
Between 1870 and 1910, the percentage of people working in __________ shrank. a. agriculture b. mining c. manufacturing and construction d. commerce
ANS: a Page Ref.: 496 (factual) 4.
After 1870: a. American inventiveness and technological progress flourished. b. America became more dependent on European technology. c. labor unions ceased being a factor in labor-management relations. d. American engineers only attended college in either Germany or England.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 496 (conceptual) 5.
The major significance of Elihu Thomson’s career was his: a. leadership of Kodak as the world’s major photographic company. b. successful and prosperous General Electric Company. c. role in creating the first commercial telegraph. d. use of vertical integration in dominating the oil industry.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 497 (factual)
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6.
An effect of the rise of corporations in America was: a. a decrease in the amount of long-term planning by leaders of companies. b. that shareholders were held personally responsible for corporate debts. c. a stimulation of capital investment and technological advances. d. an increase in the number of owners who became middle-management leaders as well.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 497 (conceptual) 7.
Before the industrial boom of the late 1800s: a. monopolies harmed economic growth in the urban areas of the North. b. middle-class artisans were rare in the Northeast. c. labor was entirely organized by middle-management employees. d. labor was done by artisans who controlled the pace and output of their labor.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 497 (conceptual) 8.
The aggressive tactics of John D. Rockefeller were supported by his: a. strong support for the Knights of Labor. b. financial alliance with investment banker J. P. Morgan. c. belief in the “gospel of wealth.” d. refusal to adapt to new technological advances.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 498 (factual) 9.
An industrial owner who practiced horizontal integration: a. aimed to appease labor. b. invested in a wide variety of industries. c. bought out competitors in the same industry. d. believed that monopoly was destructive to economic needs.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 497 (conceptual) 10. The pioneer of horizontal integration was: a. James B. Duke. b. Gustavas Swift. c. John D. Rockefeller. d. George Pullman. ANS: c Page Ref.: 497 (factual) 11. One disadvantage for American workers of the rise of corporations was: a. corporations now controlled the conditions and nature of work. b. fewer jobs were provided because of automation. c. the government’s decision to cut off all immigration. d. corporations refused to work in coalition with investment banks. ANS: a Page Ref.: 499 (conceptual)
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12. The workplace of the late 1800s included all of the following conditions EXCEPT: a. large forces of unskilled laborers. b. long hours. c. increased mechanization. d. a safe and healthy environment. ANS: d Page Ref.: 499 (factual) 13. One effect of workers being required to work long hours was: a. an increase in hourly wages. b. larger numbers of workers becoming artisans. c. a decrease in deaths and injuries on the job. d. a disruption of workers’ family lives. ANS: d Page Ref.: 499 (conceptual) 14. The use of sweatshops was most common in: a. coal mining. b. new factories in the West. c. Andrew Carnegie’s steel plants. d. the garment industry. ANS: d Page Ref.: 500 (factual) 15. By 1900, legislative acts that regulated the horrors of child labor were: a. successful at ending the practice in the United States. b. passed by state legislatures in 90% of the states. c. supported by most industrialists in the East. d. not effectively enforced by authorities. ANS: d Page Ref.: 500 (factual) 16. Which statement about women and children in the work force is NOT true? a. The trend toward deskilling provided more jobs for women and children. b. Between 1870 and 1920, the amount of women and children in the workplace increased dramatically. c. Conditions were hard for women and children, but they received the same pay as men. d. Most women and children worked due to poor economic conditions within their families. ANS: c Page Ref.: 500 (conceptual) 17. Regarding the increase of female workers, most Americans believed that: a. a woman’s proper role was still caring for home and family. b. national legislation should ensure equal pay. c. daycare centers should be established to help working women. d. women deserved more jobs as professionals. ANS: a Page Ref.: 500 (conceptual)
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18. The purpose of the settlement house movement was to: a. moderate poverty through neighborhood reconstruction. b. promote labor candidates for national political offices. c. involve congressmen in community service. d. support the cooperative ideals of the Knights of Labor. ANS: a Page Ref.: 502 (conceptual) 19. Andrew Carnegie stated a differing view of the Gospel of Wealth by expressing that: a. socialists and capitalists should cooperate in labor negotiations. b. settlement houses were ineffective at addressing the needs of the poor. c. the affluent class should return some of their wealth to working class communities. d. the government was entirely responsible for poor living conditions. ANS: c Page Ref.: 502 (factual) 20. Which statement would most likely have been said by a believer in Social Darwinism? a. “Charity and the goodness of the affluent heart will lead this era of progress.” b. “The government must regulate business if we are to help the working poor.” c. “The laws of nature dictate the conditions of life for both rich and poor.” d. “Nature’s mighty laws tell us that the rich must donate endowments for the poor.” ANS: c Page Ref.: 502 (conceptual) 21. The Great Uprising of 1877 was a general strike against the nation’s: a. steel manufacturers. b. railway companies. c. coal-mining operations. d. garment industry. ANS: b Page Ref.: 503 (factual) 22. A major difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor was: a. the American Federation of Labor disapproved of strikes. b. membership in the Knights of Labor was open to all workers. c. the American Federation of Labor had close ties with the Socialist Party. d. support for the Knights of Labor was restricted to craft workers only. ANS: b Page Ref.: 503–504 (factual) 23. Seven policemen and four workers were killed by a bomb at Haymarket Square in: a. Chicago. b. Homestead, Pennsylvania. c. New York. d. Fort Collins, Colorado. ANS: a Page Ref.: 504 (factual)
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24. The year 1886 saw the labor movement unify behind the move for: a. equal pay for equal work. b. putting an end to child labor. c. laws that would ensure worker safety. d. getting the eight-hour day. ANS: d Page Ref.: 503 (factual) 25. American workers were drawn to the American Federation of Labor’s: a. refusal to create conflict through strikes. b. promotion of socialist ideals. c. open recruitment policies. d. emphasis on collective bargaining. ANS: d Page Ref.: 504 (conceptual) 26. A turning point in the Pullman strike occurred when: a. President Cleveland ordered federal troops to enforce a court order against the strike. b. commitment to the strike did not spread outside of the company town. c. Pullman offered a large increase in pay. d. Eugene Debs withdrew his support for the strike. ANS: a Page Ref.: 504 (factual) 27. According to your text, how many strikes were called in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries? a. 7,000 b. 14,000 c. 22,000 d. 50,000 ANS: c Page Ref.: 505 (factual) NEW IMMIGRANTS 28. A huge group of Jewish immigrants escaped from the pogroms in: a. Italy. b. England. c. Germany. d. Russia. ANS: d Page Ref.: 506 (factual) 29. Of the following regions, the smallest number of migrants came from _________ between 1820 and 1914. a. South America b. Asia c. eastern Europe d. western Europe ANS: a Page Ref.: 506 (factual)
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30. The number of immigrants from northern and western Europe was highest around: a. 1880–1890. b. 1890–1900. c. 1900–1910. d. 1910–1920. ANS: a Page Ref.: 506 (factual) 31. The number of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe was highest around: a. 1870–1880. b. 1880–1890. c. 1890–1900. d. 1900–1910. ANS: d Page Ref.: 506 (factual) 32. Francesco Barone’s success in America led to: a. a restriction on immigration from Sicily. b. the creation of the Bank of Italy. c. nativist mobs attacking his home and business. d. the chain migration of many Sicilians to his new town. ANS: d Page Ref.: 507 (factual) 33. In the urban, working-class neighborhoods of the early twentieth century: a. middle-class people often lived alongside ethnic laborers. b. immigrants tended to live among people from the same homeland. c. immigrants’ cultural traditions were replaced by Americanism. d. sanitary and living conditions were clean and luxurious. ANS: b Page Ref.: 507 (factual) 34. Jacob A. Riis’s How the Other Half Lives focused on: a. the new opportunities for the growing middle class. b. the sordid life of the urban poor. c. how white males had oppressed the women of America. d. the plight of African Americans. ANS: b Page Ref.: 510 (factual) 35. Which statement would most likely have been said by a nativist? a. “The nation’s purity is being ruined by Catholics and undesirable foreigners.” b. “Labor must organize across ethnic lines to achieve justice and equality.” c. “The needs of the working class outweigh the desires of industrialists.” d. “The workers’ movement must be global and cannot be restricted to local concerns.” ANS: a Page Ref.: 509 (conceptual)
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36. Scientific racism espoused all of the following beliefs EXCEPT: a. intermarriage between the races was immoral. b. southern and eastern Europeans were born inferior to western Europeans. c. “new immigrants” were inferior, thus they must be helped by native Americans. d. restrictions must be placed on immigration from Asia and eastern Europe. ANS: c Page Ref.: 509 (conceptual) 37. The American Protective Association specifically focused on: a. promoting the colonization of blacks in Africa. b. defeating the goals of the Knights of Labor. c. attracting immigrant voters to the Republican Party. d. limiting the civil rights of Catholic Americans. ANS: d Page Ref.: 509 (factual) 38. Of the following groups that migrated to the United States in the late nineteenth century, which were motivated most by fear of violence? a. Chinese b. Japanese c. Italians d. Russian Jews ANS: d Page Ref.: 506 (factual) 39. Which of the following conditions in Italy was least important for Italians deciding to migrate in the late nineteenth century? a. too little land b. too many people c. too high mortality rate d. too few opportunities ANS: c Page Ref.: 512 (conceptual) 40. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, countries that attracted migrants usually: a. had growing industrial economies. b. had non-democratic governments. c. were located in eastern or southern Europe. d. had extensive networks of social services set up for migrants. ANS: a Page Ref.: 512 (conceptual) 41. The term “Great Migration” refers to the: a. thousands of Mexicans who entered the United States across the Rio Grande River. b. mass movement of American blacks from the rural South to the urban North. c. recruitment of Jewish workers by agents of American industrialists. d. westward expansion of ethnic workers from eastern and southern Europe. ANS: b Page Ref.: 511 (factual)
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42. Stereotypes of blacks were reinforced: a. because few blacks lived in northern cities. b. by portrayals of blacks in vaudeville and film. c. when the Knights of Labor refused to accept blacks as members. d. by immigrant newspapers such as the Chicago Defender. ANS: b Page Ref.: 512 (factual) 43. Immigration and migration patterns from 1880–1910 resulted in: a. high unemployment by the turn of the century. b. the impressive growth of many cities. c. the rise in popularity of the Knights of Labor. d. an increase in the percentage of Americans living in the South. ANS: b Page Ref.: 513 (factual) NEW CITIES 44. In 1900, the largest city in the West was: a. San Francisco. b. Los Angeles. c. Seattle. d. Portland. ANS: a Page Ref.: 514 (factual) 45. In 1900, the largest city in the United States was: a. Chicago. b. Philadelphia. c. Boston. d. New York. ANS: d Page Ref.: 514 (factual) 46. Residential suburbs were first populated by: a. new immigrants. b. industrial magnates. c. members of the middle class. d. unskilled laborers. ANS: c Page Ref.: 515 (factual) 47. “Downtown” districts tended to include: a. mass-production factories. b. ethnic neighborhoods for new immigrants. c. retail shops and financial institutions. d. middle-class dwellings. ANS: c Page Ref.: 514 (factual)
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48. The book American Woman’s Home emphasized all of the following points EXCEPT: a. the kitchen should be designed for expedience and cleanliness. b. the creation of fewer but larger rooms to promote family togetherness. c. fathers taking a less active role in the raising of their children. d. ending the construction of rooms that segregated the sexes. ANS: c Page Ref.: 515 (factual) 49. Of the following, the last to enter the “middle class” in America was the: a. physician. b. lawyer. c. factory supervisor. d. merchant. ANS: c Page Ref.: 516 (conceptual) 50. All of the following are true about the new middle class EXCEPT: a. their taste for tradition caused them to reject time-saving devices. b. advertisers geared their messages toward members of the professional class. c. they represented a move toward an economy based on consumer buying. d. national social trends were often pioneered by members of the middle class. ANS: a Page Ref.: 515–516 (conceptual) 51. Joseph Pulitzer and Randolph Hearst capitalized on the middle class’s taste for: a. fast foods such as soup and instant coffee. b. getting news in an easy-to-read format. c. spending money at dance clubs and music halls. d. riding on trolleys and faster, improved trains. ANS: b Page Ref.: 516 (factual) 52. Coney Island in New York served as an optimal example of Americans’ love for: a. going to seaside resorts on vacation. b. shopping in a central district of department stores. c. amusement parks and technological wonders. d. building monuments to contemporary leaders. ANS: c Page Ref.: 518 (conceptual) 53. Which spectator sport was largely favored by the middle class at the turn of the century? a. college football b. professional baseball c. professional boxing d. professional football ANS: b Page Ref.: 517 (factual)
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Chronology 54. Which event did NOT happen in the 1890s? a. President Cleveland interceded in the Pullman strike. b. Guerrilla warfare raged in the hills during the Homestead Strike. c. General Electric opened its research facility plant. d. The Knights of Labor experienced their largest membership. ANS: d Page Ref.: 495 (factual) 55. Which event happened last? a. Policemen and workers were killed when a bomb exploded at Haymarket Square. b. The Erdman Act established mediation in railroad labor disputes. c. Clay Frick hired scabs to break the Homestead Steel strike. d. Eugene Debs led worker protests in the Pullman strike. ANS: b Page Ref.: 495 (factual) 56. Which labor dispute happened first? a. the Homestead Steel Strike b. the eight-hour day movement in Chicago c. the Great Uprising in the railway industry d. the Pullman strike ANS: c Page Ref.: 495 (factual) 57. The International Workers of the World formed in: a. 1886. b. 1894. c. 1897. d. 1905. ANS: d Page Ref.: 495 (factual) 58. In which decade did John D. Rockefeller form Standard Oil? a. 1870–1879 b. 1880–1889 c. 1890–1899 d. 1900–1909 ANS: a Page Ref.: 495 (factual) 59. Which event happened first? a. Edison invents the light bulb b. formation of the American Protective Association c. founding of the Knights of Labor d. Hull House opens ANS: c Page Ref.: 495 (factual)
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60. Which event did NOT happen in the 1870s? a. Standard Oil Company founded b. formation of the American Federation of Labor c. Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia d. Great Uprising railroad strike ANS: b Page Ref.: 495 (factual) Short Essays 61. Describe examples of both vertical and horizontal integration. 62. In what ways did labor conditions change for the working class in the 50 years after the Civil War? 63. What conditions were similar and different for new immigrants and blacks in urban areas? 64. How did nativist groups attempt to halt the mixture of culture that came to the United States in the period 1880– 1910? 71. What circumstances led to the sudden rise and fall of the Knights of Labor? Extended Essays 72. Compare and contrast the philosophies and tactics of the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, and the International Workers of the World. Why, in the long run, did one group succeed while the other two failed? 73. What social developments reveal the emergence of a predominant middle-class culture in the United States? 74. Address the following statement: “Despite the great wealth produced by the industrial boom, class divisions in America were sharply divisive in the period of 1880–1910.” 75. What philosophies expressed by socialists were appealing to working-class Americans? Why did the Socialist Party fail, in the end, to attract large-scale support in the United States? 76. Support one of the following positions: “New immigrants were assimilated into mainstream American culture.” “New immigrants adjusted to mainstream American culture.” “New immigrants adjusted to American culture and contributed to its diversity.”
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CHAPTER 19: TRANSFORMING THE WEST, 1865–1890 Multiple Choice ONE AMERICAN JOURNEY 1.
The Central Pacific Railroad company relied heavily on the low-paid, hard work done by: a. laborers who were native-born Americans. b. immigrants from eastern Europe. c. Chinese immigrants. d. British Americans.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 525 (factual) SUBJUGATING NATIVE AMERICANS 2.
Which statement best describes the cultures of the tribes that lived throughout the West? a. Most tribes had a difficult time surviving without the benefits of technology. b. Village Indians were having a difficult time living within the balance of nature. c. The tribes shared the same rituals in regions from the Mississippi to the Pacific. d. A wide spectrum of tribes had successfully adapted their lives to a variety of environments.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 525 (conceptual) 3.
Pueblo society was noted for its: a. nomadic hunting and herding of sheep. b. intensive agriculture and unified community goals. c. reliance on living in small, isolated clans. d. hunting of buffalo on the Great Plains.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 526 (factual) 4.
All of the following tribes lived on the Great Plains EXCEPT the: a. Cheyenne. b. Arapaho. c. Chinook. d. Sioux.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 526 (factual) 5.
A common element among all tribes of the West was their: a. belief that nature was to be shared and not privately owned. b. use of teepees as an efficient living unit. c. nomadic wandering, which relied on searching for dietary supplements. d. belief in the same gods.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 526 (conceptual)
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6.
What event in 1848 started a huge influx of whites into Indian territory? a. the discovery of gold in Indian territories b. the passage of the Homestead Act c. the Sand Creek Massacre d. the Battle of Little Big Horn
ANS: a Page Ref.: 527 (factual) 7.
All of the following factors resulted in many Indian deaths on the Great Plains EXCEPT: a. the spread of smallpox. b. starvation caused by decimation of the buffalo herds. c. Indians always refusing to move to new land. d. the Indians’ lack of immunities to new diseases.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 527 (factual) 8.
What statement best describes General Philip Sheridan’s views on Indian resistance? a. “There would be no conflict without the stubborn nature of the Indians.” b. “Looking at the situation, how could anyone expect the Indians to react in any other way?” c. “The American military has always tried to avoid conflict with Indians.” d. “It is easy to defeat the Indians because they do not fight with honor or bravery.”
ANS: b Page Ref.: 527 (conceptual) 9.
The leader of the Sand Creek Massacre, John Chivington, was: a. a veteran hero of the Battle of Gettysburg. b. sent by President Lincoln to negotiate with the Sioux. c. an advocate of assimilation and coexistence. d. a Methodist minister.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 527 (factual) 10. Which state/territory had the greatest percentage of its area as Indian reservation land in the mid-1890s? a. Wyoming b. Oklahoma c. Oregon d. Nebraska ANS: b Page Ref.: 528 (factual) 11. The second Treaty of Fort Laramie: a. was negotiated in 1879. b. required the United States to abandon routes traveling through Sioux territory. c. was a major defeat for the Sioux. d. was respected by both sides for nearly three decades. ANS: b Page Ref.: 529 (factual)
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12. Which statement about the Sand Creek Massacre is NOT true? a. The brutal attack included the killing of women and children. b. Many white Easterners expressed outrage over the killings. c. The fighting began when Indians attacked a mining town. d. The Cheyenne were killed despite their avocation of peace. ANS: c Page Ref.: 527 (factual) 13. Whites destroyed the buffalo herds for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. railroad survey operations disrupted grazing areas. b. white sport hunters killed numerous buffalo. c. buffalo were killed because they were seen as obstructions to railway traffic. d. the government believed the Indians would survive better with fewer buffalo. ANS: d Page Ref.: 529 (conceptual) 14. An American force commanded by George A. Custer was overwhelmed during the: a. Battle of the Little Bighorn. b. Battle of the Rosebud. c. Battle of Wounded Knee. d. Battle of One Hundred Slain. ANS: a Page Ref.: 530 (factual) 15. The Sioux were finally defeated: a. after their defeat at the Battle of Little Big Horn. b. due to their inexperience in battle situations. c. as a result of Crazy Horse’s failed offensive at the Battle of Rosebud. d. because they had to divide up their forces to hunt for food. ANS: d Page Ref.: 530 (factual) 16. It took 5,000 U.S. troops to capture 36 Apaches led by: a. Sitting Bull. b. Crazy Horse. c. Geronimo. d. Black Kettle. ANS: c Page Ref.: 530 (factual) 17. White reformers on the Board of Indian Commissioners believed that: a. Indians should be left to live in their traditional ways. b. Indians should not be taught to speak English. c. Indians should be assimilated by teaching them to be Christians. d. Indians should never have to accept the concepts of capitalism. ANS: c Page Ref.: 530 (factual)
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18. What happened at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890? a. The Dawes Act was signed by representatives of the Sioux. b. Red Cloud addressed his tribe for the final time. c. Geronimo was captured after eluding the army for two years. d. At least 150 Sioux men, women, and children were slaughtered. ANS: d Page Ref.: 530 (factual) 19. Effects of the Dawes Act included: a. more Indian land being owned by whites. b. the widespread conversion of Indians to Christianity. c. a sharing of natural resources between whites and Indians. d. an immediate attack by the Sioux against the U.S. army. ANS: a Page Ref.: 531 (conceptual) EXPLOITING THE MOUNTAINS: THE MINING BONANZA 20. The first large gold rush in the Rocky Mountains occurred in: a. the northern mountains of California. b. the desert plains of Arizona. c. the mountains of Colorado. d. northwestern Oregon. ANS: c Page Ref.: 533 (factual) 21. All of the following statements are true about typical mining towns EXCEPT: a. populations were overwhelmingly male. b. saloons were very prevalent among local businesses. c. personal violence was less common than collective acts of violence. d. as towns developed, local agriculture and transportation decreased. ANS: d Page Ref.: 533–534 (factual) 22. Which of the following states had the least significant gold and/or silver deposits? a. California b. Idaho c. North Dakota d. South Dakota ANS: c Page Ref.: 533 (factual) 23. The Chisholm Trail did NOT travel through: a. Texas. b. Nebraska. c. Oklahoma. d. Indian Territory. ANS: b Page Ref.: 536 (factual)
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24. Which statement about prostitutes in mining towns is NOT true? a. Many prostitutes came from broken homes. b. As men came to control vice, many prostitutes suffered alcoholism and violence. c. Many women chose prostitution because economic options were limited for them. d. Most prostitutes were able to save enough to buy small homes or businesses. ANS: d Page Ref.: 533 (factual) 25. Which group suffered from the most prejudice in mining towns? a. native-born whites b. Irish-Americans c. German-Americans d. Chinese-Americans ANS: d Page Ref.: 534 (factual) 26. Mining eventually became a corporate operation because: a. individual miners left the region because of conflict with Indians. b. Indians sold their native lands to mining capitalists. c. massive capital investment in equipment was conducive to financial success. d. ethnic disputes destroyed unity in old mining towns. ANS: c Page Ref.: 534 (conceptual) 27. The development of mining technology resulted in: a. less use of skilled labor. b. much higher wages for mine workers. c. economic depression in the West. d. fewer deaths on the job. ANS: a Page Ref.: 535 (factual) 28. Poor conditions for miners resulted in: a. management offering higher wages to immigrant workers only. b. widespread unionization movements by miners. c. a collapse of the industry’s financial foundation. d. a return to small-scale prospecting enterprises. ANS: b Page Ref.: 535 (factual) 29. Violence and conflict often erupted between miners and mine owners due to: a. the lack of law enforcement in the West. b. the refusal of owners to use court injunctions. c. the practice of hiring native-born labor. d. conditions caused by the industrialization of mining. ANS: d Page Ref.: 536 (factual)
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30. The cattle industry and “cattle drives” originated in: a. Kansas. b. Texas. c. California. d. the Dakotas. ANS: b Page Ref.: 536 (factual) 31. All of the following statements about the Cattle Kingdom are true EXCEPT: a. the food needs of urban areas in the East aided the economic growth of the West. b. large-scale capital investment was not a major part of the Cattle Kingdom’s growth. c. the expansion of the railway industry helped transport meat throughout the U.S. d. cowboys often made fortunes in ranching after investing their earnings. ANS: b Page Ref.: 536 (factual) 32. Joseph McCoy made an important decision when he: a. decided to counterattack Sioux forces near Wounded Knee, South Dakota. b. invested large amounts of capital to mine ore in Colorado. c. established a northern shipping point for cattle in Abilene, Kansas. d. sponsored passage of the Dawes Act. ANS: c Page Ref.: 536 (conceptual) 33. The Chisholm Trail was used to: a. make it easier for pioneers to enter California. b. move the Sioux to government-run reservations. c. ship mining deposits to the East. d. drive cattle northward. ANS: d Page Ref.: 536 (factual) 34. Which of the following was NOT a cow town? a. Ellsworth b. Dodge City c. San Antonio d. Cheyenne ANS: c Page Ref.: 536 (factual) 35. The corporate cattle boom collapsed because: a. the industry never succeeded in attracting foreign capital. b. law enforcers could never stop the persistent stealing of cattle. c. corporations overstocked ranges, which caused ecological disaster. d. cowboys refused to work on corporate-owned ranges. ANS: c Page Ref.: 537 (factual)
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36. Ecological disasters that plagued the Cattle Kingdom included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the overgrowth of sagebrush as a result of overstocked ranges. b. a series of deadly tornadoes that destroyed commercial ranges. c. a prolonged drought that lasted through the mid-1880s. d. the death of millions of cattle during the blizzards of the late 1880s. ANS: b Page Ref.: 537 (factual) 37. Which group was not a major part of the people known as “cowboys”? a. African-Americans b. Irish-Americans who left urban areas in the East c. Mexican-Americans d. ex-Confederates who did not return home after the Civil War ANS: b Page Ref.: 538–539 (factual) 38. All of the following statements are true about cowboys EXCEPT: a. landowners never stopped cowboys from the practice of “mavericking” cattle. b. they sometimes went on strike to protest low wages. c. their image of rugged individuality was more myth than reality. d. cowboys were initially seasonal employees who worked closely with owners. ANS: a Page Ref.: 538–539 (conceptual) 39. Canada’s western development was least similar to America’s in this respect: a. mining. b. cattle. c. Indian policy. d. homesteading. ANS: c Page Ref.: 538 (factual) 40. Australia’s late nineteenth-century pastoral economy was based on: a. cattle. b. goats. c. horses. d. sheep. ANS: d Page Ref.: 538 (factual) WORKING THE EARTH: HOMESTEADERS AND AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION 41. The Homestead Act: a. promised freedom from taxation for middle-class landholders in the West. b. guaranteed free acres of land to citizens who farmed the land for five years. c. actually had the effect of slowing white settlement in the West. d. gave away far more land to common people than had been given to railway companies. ANS: b Page Ref.: 539 (factual)
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42. The Morrill Act was designed to promote: a. homesteading. b. agricultural colleges. c. mining. d. railroad expansion. ANS: b Page Ref.: 541 (factual) 43. Farming in the West: a. had very similar conditions to the family farm of the East. b. failed to become a major aspect of local economies. c. was stimulated by the fact that most settlers received their land for free. d. required a much larger scale of farming to achieve success. ANS: d Page Ref.: 540 (factual) 44. Railway companies encouraged settlers to come to the West: a. because they could not find laborers to build rail lines. b. so they would grow food that could be transported on rail lines. c. because they wanted to distribute free land to new settlers. d. so that Christianity could become the official religion in state constitutions. ANS: b Page Ref.: 540 (factual) 45. Which statement would have most likely been said by a member of Las Gorras Blancas? a. “We must coexist with white property-owners if we are to prosper.” b. “Retaining Hispanic titles to great tracts of land is our greatest accomplishment.” c. “We raid at night, if needed, to stop the Anglo encroachment on our land.” d. “We denounce the portion of our heritage that is Indian.” ANS: c Page Ref.: 541 (conceptual) 46. White pioneers on the Great Plains faced all of the following problems EXCEPT: a. scarcities of water that harmed survival and domestic labor. b. the loud clamoring of crowded neighbors who rushed to build housing. c. a shortage of trees, which meant there was little wood for housing. d. sod houses being plagued by snakes, mice, and insects. ANS: b Page Ref.: 542 (factual) 47. A lack of timber caused a shortage of fencing that was finally solved by: a. the invention of barbed wire. b. less rigid concepts of private property. c. military patrols of land boundaries belonging to small farmers. d. a reliance on free-range farming. ANS: a Page Ref.: 543 (factual)
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48. As western farming was incorporated into national life, it relied on all of the following EXCEPT: a. rail transportation. b. growing markets. c. increased mechanization. d. foreign capital. ANS: d Page Ref.: 543–544 (factual) 49. In the 1880s, western farmers were plagued by severe drought and: a. protective trade barriers established by several foreign nations. b. consistent victories by Indians on the Great Plains. c. swarms of grasshoppers and mice that destroyed crops. d. an increase in wheat prices that weakened their markets. ANS: a Page Ref.: 544 (factual) 50. The westward expansion had all of the following effects EXCEPT: a. specialization of farm labor in the West. b. aggressive exploitation of natural resources. c. vast wealth for many pioneers. d. the displacing of all Indian tribes. ANS: c Page Ref.: 545 (conceptual) Chronology 51. What is the correct order of events? a. Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Little Big Horn, gold found in Colorado b. Gold found in Colorado, Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Little Big Horn c. Sand Creek Massacre, gold found in Colorado, Battle of Little Big Horn d. Battle of Little Big Horn, gold found in Colorado, Sand Creek Massacre ANS: b Page Ref.: 525 (factual) 52. Which headline would have appeared in 1890? a. “Invention of Barbed Wire Will Revolutionize Farming on the Great Plains” b. “Civil War General Custer Killed by Sioux Attack” c. “Rail Line Stretches to Pacific Coast!” d. “Ghost Dance Ended as Militia Executes Sioux” ANS: d Page Ref.: 525 (conceptual) 53. Which event happened during the Civil War? a. transcontinental railroad completed b. passage of the Dawes Act c. gold discovered in the Black Hills d. the Sand Creek Massacre ANS: d Page Ref.: 525 (factual)
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54. Which event happened last? a. gold discovered in Idaho b. the Battle of Little Big Horn c. the massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota d. transcontinental railroad completed ANS: c Page Ref.: 525 (factual) 55. “Exoduster” towns of blacks were established in Kansas and Nebraska in the: a. 1860s. b. 1870s. c. 1880s. d. 1890s. ANS: b Page Ref.: 525 (factual) 56. Which event happened first? a. Battle of Little Bighorn b. Wounded Knee Massacre c. second Fort Laramie Treaty d. passage of the Dawes Act ANS: c Page Ref.: 525 (factual) 57. In what year was the Western Federation of Miners created? a. 1849 b. 1874 c. 1881 d. 1893 ANS: d Page Ref.: 525 (factual) Short Essays 58. What technological advances changed farming and mining in the West? 59. What unique challenges faced white settlers on the Great Plains? 60. In what ways did the Dawes Act aid and/or harm Indians? 61. What combination of factors boosted the fortunes of agriculture in the West? 62. How was the nature of the Cattle Kingdom changed by labor and environmental conditions? Extended Essays 63. What were the major cultural differences that led to conflicts between whites and Indians on the Great Plains? Describe specific examples of these conflicts. Do you feel that these conflicts could have been avoided? Why or why not? 64. What role did the mining industry play in migration to the West? What social trends and conflicts emerged as a result of this expansion of mining into the West?
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65. Compare and contrast the lives of women in the working class of the industrial Northeast with the lives of pioneer women of the Great Plains. If you had to choose, which life would you have preferred? 66. How did railroads shape the settlement and development of the West? Give examples of the positive and negative effects of rail lines spreading from coast to coast. 67. Analyze the cultural confrontations and class conflicts that developed as the railroad industry, Cattle Kingdom, and mining industry grew. 68. Evaluate Sitting Bull’s contention that the Plains Indians and whites “cannot live together.” What evidence supports his claim? Can you think of policies or decisions, if they had been used, that would have made it possible for the two peoples to peacefully coexist? If no, why not?
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CHAPTER 20: POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 1877–1900
Multiple Choice THE STRUCTURE AND STYLE OF POLITICS 1.
Which statement about presidential elections in the period 1876–1900 is true? a. Overall voter turnout was far greater than ever achieved after that period. b. Many men began to call for women’s suffrage so that political activism would increase. c. New immigrants rarely voted because they felt alienated from the process. d. Elections received little interest in small towns of the Midwest.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 552 (factual) 2.
New York, New Jersey, Ohio, and Indiana were key states in national elections because: a. those states possessed 75% of the nation’s electoral votes. b. the Republican Party garnered 80% of the votes in those states. c. those states were evenly contested between the Democrats and Republicans. d. all members of the Supreme Court came from one of those four states.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 553 (factual) 3.
The third party with the greatest importance in the late nineteenth century was the ___________ Party. a. Socialist b. Populist c. Greenback d. Prohibition
ANS: b Page Ref.: 554 (factual) 4.
The Democrats of the late 1800s portrayed themselves as the party of: a. the industrial Northeast. b. aggressive national unity. c. protective tariffs and advocacy of Indian rights. d. limited government and personal liberties.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 554 (factual) 5.
The Greenback Party of the 1870s: a. called for labor reform and democratization of the economy. b. represented the laissez-faire philosophy of conservative industrialists. c. played upon people’s dissatisfaction with the Populist Party. d. failed to attract supporters across regional lines.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 554 (factual)
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6.
Which political party expressed ideas that were close to the goals of the Grange? a. the Populists b. the Union Labor Party c. the Republican Party led by William McKinley d. the Mugwumps
ANS: a Page Ref.: 554 (conceptual) 7.
The word suffrage is synonymous with the right to: a. strike. b. vote. c. free expression. d. survive.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 555 (factual) 8.
By the mid-1890s, female reformers had succeeded in: a. getting the federal government to outlaw child labor. b. electing several women to the U.S. Senate. c. gaining the right to vote for women in some western states. d. convincing the American Federation of Labor to accept women as members.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 555 (factual) 9.
The leader of the Women’s Christian Temperance union argued that: a. school prayer should be a vital aspect of public education. b. alcohol abuse was a result of poverty and social disorder. c. violent crime against women was not a serious social problem. d. the government should control the production of alcohol and tobacco.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 555 (conceptual) THE LIMITS OF GOVERNMENT 10. The presidents in the era 1868–1896 were known for: a. their weak use of presidential powers. b. their liberal views regarding social reform. c. their assertive support of labor. d. sponsoring many legislative actions. ANS: a Page Ref.: 556 (conceptual) 11. The actions of Congress in the late-1800s were characterized by: a. a quiet, deferential atmosphere that stifled debate. b. a return to a simple and honest interpretation of congressional protocol. c. the aggressive presence of the president in controlling legislative proposals. d. repeated shifts in party control that impeded effective action. ANS: d Page Ref.: 556–557 (factual)
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12. The most accurate description of the spoils system is: a. using the powers of state government to bypass federal laws. b. the promotion of third party candidates as voices of reform. c. creating voting blocs based on ethnic and religious ties. d. awarding government jobs based on party activism and loyalty. ANS: d Page Ref.: 557 (conceptual) 13. In the late nineteenth century, state governments: a. did relatively little. b. began actively regulating industry. c. did not collect taxes. d. were more active than they are today. ANS: b Page Ref.: 557 (factual) PUBLIC POLICIES AND NATIONAL ELECTIONS 14. Rutherford B. Hayes showed he had some sympathy for civil service reform when he: a. created the Civil Service Commission. b. fired Chester A. Arthur after charges of corruption. c. embraced the platform of the Mugwumps. d. refused to appoint people who had aided his campaign. ANS: b Page Ref.: 558 (factual) 15. The Pendleton Civil Service Act began the move toward: a. attaining the right to a secret ballot. b. separating partisan politics from attaining government jobs. c. regulating government jobs under the jurisdiction of Congressional leaders. d. deemphasizing skill as a qualification for government jobs. ANS: b Page Ref.: 558 (conceptual) 16. Advocates of high protective tariffs asserted all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. tariffs would protect the domestic market. b. tariffs were needed as a valuable source of revenue. c. tariffs would promote industrial growth. d. tariffs were needed to restrict competition. ANS: d Page Ref.: 560 (conceptual) 17. Advocates of low tariffs proclaimed all of the following, EXCEPT that lower tariffs would: a. increase foreign trade. b. decrease consumer prices. c. increase competition. d. protect domestic manufacturers. ANS: d Page Ref.: 560 (conceptual)
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18. The McKinley Tariff Act: a. deemphasized the prominence of tariffs in the American economy. b. sought to ease the grievances expressed by farmers of the West and South. c. raised tariffs to unprecedented levels. d. received the support of Grover Cleveland. ANS: c Page Ref.: 559 (factual) 19. The rapid growth of great industrial corporations had all of the following effects EXCEPT: a. disrupting traditional social and economic practices. b. producing record profits in leading industries. c. creating poor working conditions for many workers. d. producing an alliance between industrialists and small farmers. ANS: d Page Ref.: 559 (factual) 20. The Greenback Party formed primarily in response to: a. the rise of the Populist Party. b. corruption in the federal bureaucracy. c. congressional laws passed by sound money advocates. d. the success of the free silver advocates. ANS: c Page Ref.: 561 (factual) 21. The Interstate Commerce Commission was: a. created to give more power to the states in regulating commerce. b. supported by the big business interests of the Republican Party. c. a consistent advocate of deregulating federal farming policies. d. unsuccessful in enforcing the public’s call for regulating the railroad industry. ANS: d Page Ref.: 560 (factual) 22. The Sherman Antitrust Act: a. strengthened the collective bargaining rights of labor. b. broke up the monopoly of the Standard Oil Corporation. c. failed to stop the unfettered growth of large corporations. d. was used by Grover Cleveland’s attorney general to prosecute industrialists. ANS: c Page Ref.: 560 (factual) 23. Bankers’ concept of a sound money policy favored: a. a switch toward a silver-backed currency. b. implementation of the sub-treasury plan. c. extending the flow of currency in the South. d. limiting the money supply to maintain property values. ANS: d Page Ref.: 561 (factual)
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24. Support for the free silver movement was strongest: a. among industrialists of the Northeast. b. in the Republican Party. c. with farmers in the South and West. d. with those who favored limiting the flow of currency. ANS: c Page Ref.: 561 (factual) 25. At first, the Farmers’ Alliance attempted to: a. break the monopoly of power possessed by the rail companies. b. establish cooperatives to market crops and purchase supplies. c. stop individuals from owning more than 200 acres of land. d. oppose the subtreasury plan proposed by Congress. ANS: b Page Ref.: 563 (factual) THE CRISIS OF THE 1890s 26. Early Populist Party victories: a. often came at the expense of Republicans. b. occurred primarily in the northeast. c. did not include winning seats in Congress. d. were hailed by wealthy industrialists. ANS: a Page Ref.: 564 (factual) 27. In response to the 1893 depression, President Cleveland: a. initiated substantial food distribution programs. b. provided tax credits for the poor. c. did essentially nothing to help those suffering the most. d. increased government spending dramatically in an effort to stimulate the economy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 565 (factual) 28. Populists and Coxeyites differed from earlier reform groups by: a. appealing to the federal government for economic and social reforms. b. intentionally limiting their appeal along regional lines. c. refusing to get involved in the intricacies of electoral politics. d. not addressing the issue of women’s suffrage. ANS: a Page Ref.: 566 (conceptual) 29. Throughout the 1890s, Supreme Court decisions tended to: a. isolate reform groups from their supporters. b. side with the demands of small farmers. c. support the powers of big business. d. contradict the labor policies expressed by William McKinley. ANS: c Page Ref.: 566 (conceptual)
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30. The major beneficiary of dissension within the Democratic Party in 1896 was: a. the Populist Party. b. the Mugwumps. c. the Knights of Labor. d. the Republican Party. ANS: d Page Ref.: 567 (factual) 31. As a presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan was appealing to Populists because of his: a. experience as an organizer of pro-labor rallies. b. support for free-silver economic policies. c. close ties with banks and Wall Street. d. support for government ownership of banks. ANS: b Page Ref.: 568 (factual) 32. All of the following statements about William Jennings Bryan are true EXCEPT: a. his ability as a speaker was a major strength in his campaigning style. b. his old age diminished his appeal among younger voters. c. he ran for president in consecutive elections. d. traditional Republicans spent record amounts of money to defeat him. ANS: b Page Ref.: 568 (factual) 33. In 1896, the Populists nominated _____________ for president. a. William Jennings Bryan b. William McKinley c. Eugene Debs d. Theodore Roosevelt ANS: a Page Ref.: 568 (factual) 34. Which party essentially dissolved as a result of the 1896 election? a. the Democratic Party b. the Republican Party c. the People’s Party d. the Prohibition Party ANS: c Page Ref.: 570 (factual) 35. Of the following regions in the 1896 election, William Jennings Bryan did the best in: a. the Midwest. b. the Northeast. c. the South. d. Oregon and Washington. ANS: c Page Ref.: 569–570 (factual)
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36. In the election of 1900, William McKinley defeated: a. James G. Blaine. b. James B. Weaver. c. Grover Cleveland. d. William Jennings Bryan. ANS: d Page Ref.: 570 (factual) 37. The beginning of a stronger, more assertive presidency began with: a. Grover Cleveland. b. Benjamin Harrison. c. Theodore Roosevelt. d. William McKinley. ANS: d Page Ref.: 570 (factual) Chronology 38. Which of the following happened first? a. passage of Sherman Antitrust Act b. Coxey’s Army marches on Washington c. Rutherford B. Hayes wins disputed election d. passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act ANS: c Page Ref.: 552 (factual) 39. Which of the following happened last? a. Supreme Court invalidates the federal income tax b. passage of the Interstate Commerce Act c. James A. Garfield assassinated d. founding of the Grange ANS: a Page Ref.: 552 (factual) 40. In what year was the People’s (Populist) Party founded? a. 1876 b. 1884 c. 1892 d. 1896 ANS: c Page Ref.: 552 (factual) Short Essays 41. What factors determined the party affiliation of American voters in the period 1876–1900? 42. What factors limited the powers of the presidency in the last quarter of the nineteenth century? 43. In what ways did the court system support the goals and philosophies of big industry?
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44. Compare and contrast the support for sound money policies versus support for the free silver movement. 45. How did the depression of the mid-1890s enhance the political position of the Republican Party? Extended Essays 46. Describe and evaluate the reasons for the rapid rise and fall of the Populist Party. What strengths and weaknesses were exhibited by the party? 47. What were the social and institutional factors that shaped the disorderly nature of elections in the late nineteenth century? 48. What evidence reveals that women were now becoming leaders in many of the nation’s most influential reform movements? 49. Analyze the appeal of the Omaha Platform to people who felt that industrialism was too dominant in the economic and social foundation of the United States. 50. Some historians have called the presidential election of 1896 “the nation’s first ‘modern’ election.” Evaluate the validity of this statement by analyzing the issues, conflicts, and campaign tactics of that election.
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CHAPTER 21: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1900–1917 Multiple Choice ONE AMERICAN JOURNEY 1.
The “progressive movement” was driven by: a. the ideas of Eugene Debs. b. the leadership of the Populist Party. c. the contention that individualism, and not government help, could solve social ills. d. a general belief that moderate reforms were needed to help end social disorder.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 579 (conceptual) THE FERMENT OF REFORM 2.
After the depression of the mid-1890s, a majority of Americans began to: a. feel that new measures were needed to promote social progress. b. look to the ideals of the Socialist Party as the foundation of a new order. c. stay away from the polls in national elections. d. call for an end to the two major political parties.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 580 (conceptual) 3.
Public outrage against unsafe working conditions peaked when: a. leaders of the I.W.W. were arrested in a massive raid. b. young female workers died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire. c. the government destroyed socialist printing presses. d. John D. Rockefeller refused to become involved in the Colorado Fuel and Iron strike.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 580 (factual) 4.
All of the following are true about working conditions in the early 1900s EXCEPT: a. industrialists refused to resort to the subdivision of labor. b. America consistently led the world in industrial accidents and deaths on the job. c. wages were so low that most industrial workers made less than a living wage. d. workers were plagued by unsanitary, dangerous working conditions.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 580 (conceptual) 5.
The immigrants known as new immigrants included all of the following groups EXCEPT: a. Irish Protestants. b. Italians. c. Poles. d. Russian Jews.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 580 (factual)
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6.
Leaders of the Social Gospel movement sought to: a. establish parochial schools in urban neighborhoods. b. combine religion with laissez-faire philosophies. c. introduce religious ethics to industrial relations. d. back socialist candidates for national office.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 581 (conceptual) 7.
Proponents of the Social Gospel believed all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. empathizing with the plight of the working poor. b. emphasizing a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. c. advocating a wider tolerance of different religious faiths. d. promoting the role of Christianity in addressing social problems.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 581 (factual) 8.
The main goal of the muckrakers was to: a. raise the public’s awareness of social problems. b. support socialistic policies in the U.S. Congress. c. ruin the reputations of presidential candidates. d. end the legality of alcohol consumption.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 582 (conceptual) 9.
Which work of literature was NOT authored by a muckraker? a. The Jungle b. Christianity and the Social Crisis c. “The Shame of the Cities” d. The Octopus
ANS: b Page Ref.: 582 (factual) 10. Theodore Roosevelt’s reform philosophy was closest to that of: a. muckraking journalists. b. the Gospel of Efficiency. c. the Knights of Labor. d. the Social Gospel Movement. ANS: b Page Ref.: 582 (factual) 11. Frederick Taylor’s scientific management emphasized all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. assigning simple, repetitive tasks to workers. b. speeding up the production process. c. increasing the mechanization of factories. d. providing more autonomy for the factory laborer. ANS: d Page Ref.: 582 (factual)
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12. The American Federation of Labor: a. represented many females working in the clothing industry. b. worked hard to unionize people of all ethnic backgrounds. c. primarily represented skilled workers. d. was eventually supplanted by the I.W.W. ANS: c Page Ref.: 583 (factual) 13. The International Workers of the World differed from the A.F.L. by: a. organizing all types of workers from a wide variety of ethnic groups. b. refusing to support strikes as a method of protest. c. rejecting the sit-down strike as an effective labor tactic. d. only organizing skilled laborers in their union. ANS: a Page Ref.: 583 (factual) 14. Which of the following statements about women in the early 1900s is NOT true? a. More women than before were working outside the home. b. Fewer working women were choosing to get married. c. Women began to organize their own labor unions. d. Women’s clubs were becoming seedbeds of many reform movements. ANS: b Page Ref.: 583 (factual) 15. Progressive reformers looked to _________ to gain ideas. a. Asia b. South America c. India d. Europe ANS: d Page Ref.: 584 (factual) 16. Most American socialists did NOT advocate: a. the creation of a stronger central government. b. public ownership of railroads and utilities. c. a worldwide revolution by the working class. d. economic change accomplished through political action. ANS: c Page Ref.: 584 (factual) 17. One effect of socialist ideals being openly expressed was: a. the move of progressives toward moderate reforms. b. the demise of the Socialist Party by 1910. c. the nationalization of the nation’s railroads. d. the downfall of fundamentalism in the South. ANS: a Page Ref.: 584 (conceptual)
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18. All of the following groups or people opposed progressive social reforms EXCEPT: a. supporters of the Social Gospel Movement. b. Protestant fundamentalists. c. Billy Sunday. d. John D. Rockefeller. ANS: a Page Ref.: 584–585 (factual) 19. A peak of anti-union violence occurred when: a. police broke up a memorial parade for workers killed in the Triangle Shirtwaist fire. b. supporters of Eugene Debs marched to Washington D.C. c. Robert LaFollette was nominated for president. d. armed guards shot and burned striking miners, and their families, in Ludlow, Colorado. ANS: d Page Ref.: 585 (factual) REFORMING SOCIETY 20. Most settlement houses were staffed by: a. industrial laborers during off-hours. b. union organizers. c. foreign-born socialists. d. middle-class women. ANS: d Page Ref.: 586 (factual) 21. A housing reform leader who worked at University Settlement in New York was: a. Lawrence Veiller. b. Charles Sheldon. c. Walter Rauschenbush. d. Billy Sunday. ANS: a Page Ref.: 586 (factual) 22. In which of the following years was the percentage of employed children between 10 and 15 the highest? a. 1900 b. 1910 c. 1920 d. 1930 ANS: a Page Ref.: 587 (factual) 23. In general, American reforms that addressed awful working and living conditions were: a. far less effective than social reforms passed in western Europe. b. successful at ending urban poverty before 1920. c. responsible for making the abolition of child labor the first victory of labor unions. d. opposed by Eugene Debs as conforming to capitalism. ANS: a Page Ref.: 588 (factual)
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24. All of the following statements about Margaret Sanger are true EXCEPT: a. she was indicted for distributing reformist literature. b. women failed to follow up on the cause she championed. c. she was viewed as controversial by fundamentalists. d. she fled to Europe to avoid legal pressure from authorities. ANS: b Page Ref.: 589 (conceptual) 25. Reforms in rural areas during the early 1900s achieved all of the following aims EXCEPT: a. increasing the number of agricultural colleges in the South. b. improving roads and communication in remote regions. c. managing to stop rural people from being drawn to urbanization trends. d. creating more consolidated school districts in rural areas. ANS: c Page Ref.: 589 (factual) 26. Many progressive reformers supported prohibition legislation because: a. prohibition laws had succeeded at reducing alcoholism in western Europe. b. they believed alcohol was a cause of poverty and many other social problems. c. they wished to break monopolies controlled by liquor manufacturers. d. it was a major aspect of the Socialist Party’s platform. ANS: b Page Ref.: 590 (conceptual) 27. The Harrison Act: a. criminalized gambling across the nation. b. denied labor unions the right to collective bargaining. c. restricted the distribution and use of narcotics. d. created minimum-wage requirements for women. ANS: c Page Ref.: 590 (factual) 28. Prohibition went into effect in: a. 1916. b. 1920. c. 1926. d. 1933. ANS: b Page Ref.: 590 (factual) 29. In the early 1900s, the involvement of white reformers in the black struggle for equality: a. was especially prevalent in the South. b. was discouraged by W. E. B. Du Bois. c. was declared illegal by the Supreme Court. d. was limited to small numbers of progressive activists. ANS: d Page Ref.: 592 (factual)
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REFORMING POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT 30. Changes in the strategy of suffragettes in the early 1900s included: a. nominating middle class women for national political office. b. not allowing men to join women’s rights organizations. c. adopting activist tactics such as rallies and political lobbying. d. focusing on achieving local voting rights, not national voting rights. ANS: c Page Ref.: 592 (conceptual) 31. The Nineteenth Amendment: a. gave women the right to vote. b. provided for the direct popular election of U.S. senators. c. limited presidential terms. d. made the distribution and use of alcohol illegal. ANS: a Page Ref.: 593 (factual) 32. Reformers who called for use of the Australian ballot succeeded in achieving: a. the guarantee of biracial tickets in the North. b. the right of voters to have privacy in the voting process. c. an end to illegal campaign contributions. d. an end to the use of literacy tests as a requirement for voting. ANS: b Page Ref.: 594 (factual) 33. Suffragists won their first victories in the: a. Northeast. b. Midwest. c. South. d. West. ANS: d Page Ref.: 593 (factual) 34. Use of the initiative allowed reformers to: a. become directly involved in labor negotiations. b. propose legislation directly to the electorate. c. impeach legislators who were unresponsive to change. d. run third party candidates and receive federal funds. ANS: b Page Ref.: 595 (factual) 35. The Seventeenth Amendment: a. made the distribution and use of alcohol illegal. b. provided for the direct popular election of U.S. senators. c. limited presidential terms. d. gave women the right to vote. ANS: b Page Ref.: 595 (factual)
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36. As governor, Robert LaFollette successfully passed all of the following reforms EXCEPT: a. the nation’s first state income tax. b. workers’ compensation. c. women’s suffrage at the state level. d. popular voting in primaries. ANS: c Page Ref.: 595 (factual) THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENCY 37. A major difference between Theodore Roosevelt and the presidents of the Gilded Era was: a. Roosevelt was much more aggressive in his use of presidential power. b. Roosevelt did not feel that labor-management relations were a vital issue. c. Roosevelt distanced himself from the growing influence of the press. d. Roosevelt was a Republican and they were Democrats. ANS: a Page Ref.: 595 (conceptual) 38. When mine owners refused to meet with coal workers at the White House, Roosevelt: a. decided that the executive branch no longer had a role in labor disputes. b. made it clear that he would not use his influence to break the union. c. appealed to the Supreme Court to intervene on behalf of management. d. stated that John Mitchell’s unreasonable nature had kept mine owners away. ANS: b Page Ref.: 596 (factual) 39. Major focuses of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency included all of the following EXCEPT: a. using subsidies to bolster the failing Standard Oil Company. b. seeing the president as a mediator between labor and management. c. the conservation of natural resources. d. suing “bad trusts” that he viewed as guilty of misconduct. ANS: a Page Ref.: 596 (factual) 40. Roosevelt’s accomplishments as president included all of the following EXCEPT: a. getting laws passed that aimed at consumer protection in food and drugs. b. taking over after William McKinley’s death and then being elected. c. setting aside public forest lands and oil reserves. d. promoting an amendment to establish an income tax. ANS: d Page Ref.: 597 (factual) 41. Regarding how humans should deal with the natural world, Theodore Roosevelt can best be classified a/an: a. environmentalist. b. preservationist. c. conservationist. d. deep ecologist. ANS: c Page Ref.: 597 (conceptual)
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42. William Howard Taft’s support for the Sixteenth Amendment opened a period when: a. the federal government expanded its activities and responsibilities. b. the Republican Party strengthened its foundation of consensus. c. conservatives, such as Nelson Aldrich, rallied behind his aggressive social reforms. d. labor unions declined to a role of insignificance. ANS: a Page Ref.: 598 (conceptual) 43. During the presidency of William Howard Taft: a. the Republican Party split into two factions. b. Robert LaFollette emerged as an opponent of reform. c. Theodore Roosevelt strongly supported the beleaguered president. d. Richard Ballinger was fired as secretary of the interior. ANS: a Page Ref.: 598 (factual) WOODROW WILSON AND PROGRESSIVE REFORM 44. Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom rejected what he called Theodore Roosevelt’s: a. lack of sympathy for labor. b. regulated monopoly. c. consistent favoring of big business. d. inflexibility in foreign policy. ANS: b Page Ref.: 600 (factual) 45. Who was NOT a candidate for president in 1912? a. Eugene Debs b. Woodrow Wilson c. William Howard Taft d. William Jennings Bryan ANS: d Page Ref.: 600 (factual) 46. Which statement best describes Woodrow Wilson’s style as president? a. He built upon Roosevelt’s model of strong executive authority. b. He kept his distance from issues, letting his cabinet take political leadership. c. His reluctance to sponsor legislation hurt his effectiveness as president. d. His support for radical reforms pleased socialists and advocates of women’s suffrage. ANS: a Page Ref.: 600 (conceptual) 47. Jane Addams supported the __________ Party in the 1912 election. a. Republican b. Democratic c. Progressive d. Socialist ANS: c Page Ref.: 600 (factual)
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48. The Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act: a. was vetoed by President Wilson. b. increased tariffs substantially. c. increased the special privileges of industry. d. enacted an income tax. ANS: d Page Ref.: 600 (factual) 49. The first income tax enacted after the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment had a top tax rate of __ percent. a. 7 b. 29 c. 42 d. 49 ANS: a Page Ref.: 600 (factual) 50. Woodrow Wilson sought to reform banking primarily through the: a. Keating-Owen Act. b. Smith-Lever Tariff Act. c. Federal Reserve Act. d. Federal Trade Commission. ANS: c Page Ref.: 600 (factual) 51. The Federal Trade Commission: a. was created during Taft’s presidency. b. quickly became friendly to business. c. was declared unconstitutional in 1915. d. had its commissioners appointed by Congress. ANS: b Page Ref.: 602 (factual) 52. Conservatives opposed Wilson’s nomination of Louis Brandeis to the Supreme Court: a. after Brandeis made it clear that he had never voted for Republicans. b. due to Brandeis’s lack of legal experience. c. because Brandeis was Jewish and had issued pro-labor opinions. d. as a result of Brandeis’s close friendship with Eugene Debs. ANS: c Page Ref.: 603 (conceptual) 53. The ________________ Act was designed to decrease child labor. a. Keating-Owen b. Smith-Lever c. Harrison d. Hepburn ANS: a Page Ref.: 602 (factual)
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Chronology 54. Which of the following happened first? a. Hepburn Act passed b. Robert LaFollette elected governor of Wisconsin c. Women win the right to vote for Parliament in England d. Industrial Workers of the World formed ANS: b Page Ref.: 579 (factual) 55. Which of the following happened last? a. Theodore Roosevelt runs for president a second time b. Socialist Party of America organized c. muckraking begins d. Meat Inspection Act passed ANS: a Page Ref.: 579 (factual) Short Essays 56. What characteristics defined the philosophy of Americans who fell under the general category of “progressives”? 57. What social elements combined behind the move to pass prohibition legislation? 58. What were examples of reform in city and rural areas? 59. Compare and contrast the ideas of those Americans who believed in either conservation or preservation. 60. What amendments to the Constitution were passed in the period 1910–1920? Extended Essays 61. Compare and contrast the ideas of reform expressed by two of the three following presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. 62. Some historians feel that Theodore Roosevelt was the “first modern president” of the twentieth century. What evidence supports this claim? In what ways do you feel this is true or untrue? 63. In what ways did social reform and social control often intermingle in the Progressive Era? Which impulse was more prevalent in the period 1905–1918? 64. How did the role of women change during the Progressive Era? What effect did this have on the advancement of progressivism? 65. What views of reform were expressed by labor, blacks, and the Socialist Party? What effect did their views have on the nature of reform? 66. Many historians believe that the election of 1912 revealed a desire by voters for a continuance of moderate reforms. What evidence causes historians to express this thesis? Did voters get what they wanted?
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CHAPTER 22: CREATING AN EMPIRE 1865–1917 Multiple Choice ONE AMERICAN JOURNEY 1.
Major outcomes of the Spanish-American War included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the establishment of an extensive American empire. b. the emergence of the nation’s status as a world power. c. the reluctance of the government to get involved in other foreign conflicts. d. the beginning of a new period of opportunity and problems in foreign policy.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 609 (conceptual) THE ROOTS OF IMPERIALISM 2.
Rationales for imperialism in the era 1890–1910 included all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. American ideas and institutions were superior to those of inferior nations. b. the United States needed a vast buffer zone to offset communist expansionism. c. American prosperity now depended on larger access to foreign markets and resources. d. the spread of Christianity would help lesser nations develop morally.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 610 (conceptual) 3.
Which statement would most likely have been said by a believer in Social Darwinism who was addressing the issue of imperialism? a. “The very laws of nature reveal that national identity is not related to cultural worth.” b. “We must isolate ourselves from the uncivilized cultures of distant lands.” c. “American expansionism should most logically be restricted to North America.” d. “We must promote the superiority of our culture in an effort to ensure world stability.”
ANS: d Page Ref.: 610 (conceptual) 4.
American imperialists often rationalized actions by: a. pointing out that the United States had to overcome a heritage of a weak military. b. expressing the opinion that people of Anglo-Saxon descent were from a superior culture. c. claiming that western European nations were weak because they did not annex territory. d. refusing to admit to the economic benefits that could be gained from imperial colonies.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 610 (conceptual) 5.
Mahanism emphasized: a. the importance of the navy in imperial expansion. b. opposition to the new imperialism of the United States. c. the spread of Christianity to remote nations. d. the equality of people who lived in imperial territories.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 611 (factual)
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6.
One reason for the widespread support for a larger navy was: a. its role in providing jobs for the nation’s unemployed men. b. many people believed that the army was no longer a necessity. c. the belief that the navy could effectively block further immigration. d. its use to expand and protect America’s international trade.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 612 (conceptual) 7.
The primary goal of the American government’s imperialistic policies was: a. religious conversion. b. commercial expansion. c. military attacks. d. colonial conquest.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 612 (conceptual) 8.
Economic conditions that fueled support for foreign trade included: a. a decrease in the number of wage earners. b. the seemingly unlimited prosperity of the years from 1888–1895. c. a huge increase in the amount of manufactured goods produced in America. d. the nation’s decision to use a silver-backed currency.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 612 (factual) FIRST STEPS 9.
In foreign policy, U.S. officials showed little interest in: a. Africa. b. Asia. c. Mexico. d. South America.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 613 (factual) 10. President _________ was not supportive of American control of Hawaii. a. Harrison b. Cleveland c. McKinley d. Theodore Roosevelt ANS: b Page Ref.: 615 (factual) 11. The American government used all of the following methods to take control of Hawaii EXCEPT: a. using economic embargo by closing U.S. markets to sugar producers. b. enlisting the help of Great Britain and France in establishing imperial control. c. endorsing a Hawaiian constitution that gave power to wealthy white residents. d. sending the Marines to support a move to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani. ANS: b Page Ref.: 614–615 (factual)
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12. The effort to annex Hawaii in 1893 foreshadowed: a. the differences between Republicans and Democrats regarding imperialism. b. the aggressive imperialistic policies of Grover Cleveland. c. a 20-year period of uninterrupted warfare between the U.S. and Hawaiians. d. America’s reliance on France to take the lead in determining foreign policy. ANS: a Page Ref.: 615 (conceptual) 13. One effect of the border dispute between Britain and Venezuela over British Guiana was: a. America’s decision to abandon the ideas of the Monroe Doctrine. b. a brief straining of relations between the U.S. and Britain. c. the emergence of consistent U.S. support for Britain in Latin America. d. the onset of an economic depression in the Western Hemisphere. ANS: b Page Ref.: 615 (factual) THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR 14. Which statement best describes the duality of causes for American intervention in Cuba? a. The American government wanted to stop Cuban exports and revolutionary ideology. b. Americans wished to stop British expansionism and secure markets in the Pacific. c. Americans were motivated by both commercial concerns and their support for freedom. d. Republicans wanted to defy President Cleveland and open new markets in the Caribbean. ANS: c Page Ref.: 616 (conceptual) 15. Before the Spanish-American War, the yellow press: a. endorsed a policy of isolationism. b. wrote editorials that criticized American imperialism. c. refused to write about foreign affairs. d. used sensationalism to stir up war fever. ANS: d Page Ref.: 616 (factual) 16. Populists supported intervention in Cuba because: a. they sympathized with the Cubans’ quest for freedom. b. the Republican Party overwhelmingly opposed intervention. c. they felt that taking this position would aid their presidential candidate. d. the party’s platform called for deregulation of trade with Cuba. ANS: a Page Ref.: 616 (factual) 17. Popular anger against Spain was ignited by: a. their refusal to allow limited autonomy to Cuba. b. the destruction of the U.S. ship, the Maine. c. their insistence that deconcentration must continue indefinitely. d. the rising of Spanish rebels in Venezuela. ANS: b Page Ref.: 617 (factual)
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18. The Teller Amendment: a. called for Cuban self-government. b. called for the annexation of Cuba. c. required Spain to give the United States Puerto Rico as a condition of peace. d. was strongly supported by most imperialists. ANS: a Page Ref.: 617 (factual) 19. Commodore George Dewey led the Americans to victory: a. at San Juan Hill. b. in the Hawaiian Islands. c. in Manila Bay. d. at San Jacinto. ANS: c Page Ref.: 617 (factual) 20. The crucial role in capturing San Juan Hill was played by: a. the 10th Negro Cavalry. b. Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders. c. Commodore George Dewey. d. the 19th Marine Unit. ANS: a Page Ref.: 617 (factual) 21. As a result of the Spanish-American War: a. Theodore Roosevelt emerged as an anti-imperialist. b. William McKinley expressed the desire to acquire the Philippines. c. Congress voted to declare Philippine independence. d. William McKinley was not reelected. ANS: b Page Ref.: 619 (factual) 22. Which of the following was NOT acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War? a. the Philippines b. Guam c. Puerto Rico d. Midway Islands ANS: d Page Ref.: 618 (factual) 23. Who was NOT opposed to the Treaty of Paris? a. William Jennings Bryan b. Andrew Carnegie c. Jane Addams d. Theodore Roosevelt ANS: d Page Ref.: 619 (factual)
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IMPERIAL AMBITIONS: THE UNITED STATES AND EAST ASIA, 1899–1917 24. After Dewey’s victory, Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo: a. petitioned Congress for Filipino statehood. b. wrote to President McKinley to plea for annexation. c. declared the Philippines an independent country. d. immediately attacked American forces. ANS: c Page Ref.: 621 (factual) 25. An appalling aspect of the Filipino War was: a. America’s use of Spanish troops to put down the nationalist rebellion. b. the brutal suppression of the antiwar movement. c. atrocities committed by the American army drew no attention from Americans. d. the death of many Filipinos in concentration camps. ANS: d Page Ref.: 621 (conceptual) 26. The United States and European nations contested spheres of influence in: a. the Philippines. b. China. c. Cuba. d. India. ANS: b Page Ref.: 622 (factual) 27. The Open Door policy: a. lasted only a few years. b. allowed America to create an informal economic empire. c. was applied as much to Japan as to China. d. did not prevent the British takeover of China. ANS: b Page Ref.: 622 (conceptual) 28. The main Asian imperialist power around the turn of the twentieth century was: a. Japan. b. China. c. Korea. d. Thailand. ANS: a Page Ref.: 623 (factual) 29. America supported Japan in the Russo-Japanese War because: a. the American military relied on Japanese technology. b. Russia had approved of open door policies in China. c. pro-Japanese sentiment was strong in California. d. Russia had obstructed open trade in Manchuria. ANS: d Page Ref.: 623 (factual)
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IMPERIAL POWER: THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA, 1899–1917 30. All of the following are true about America’s presence in Puerto Rico EXCEPT: a. the military invaded the island during the Spanish-American War. b. the Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Rico deserved the right to statehood. c. the islanders became disappointed with the economic dominance of American capital. d. negotiators made the territory a vital aspect of the Treaty of Paris. ANS: b Page Ref.: 624 (factual) 31. The overall effect of the Platt Amendment was to: a. restrict further policies of imperialism. b. restrict Cuba’s autonomy at home and abroad. c. curtail American involvement in Latin America. d. show support for Filipino independence. ANS: b Page Ref.: 625 (factual) 32. Theodore Roosevelt’s strategy in acquiring the Panama Canal revealed: a. the inherent flaws of the Platt Amendment. b. the growth of good relations with Great Britain. c. that American naval strength was weakening. d. the closeness of ties between the United States and Colombia. ANS: b Page Ref.: 626 (conceptual) 33. The main alternative to Panama for an ocean-linking passage was: a. the Northwest Passage. b. Honduras. c. Nicaragua. d. Costa Rica. ANS: c Page Ref.: 626 (factual) 34. The Roosevelt Corollary was seen by Theodore Roosevelt as: a. a reasonable compromise with anti-imperialists. b. an important move toward isolationism. c. the only defense against communist expansionism. d. a logical extension of the Monroe Doctrine. ANS: d Page Ref.: 627 (conceptual) 35. American investment, through dollar diplomacy, increased dramatically: a. as a direct result of the Supreme Court’s Insular Cases. b. during the presidency of William Howard Taft. c. during the period right after the Civil War. d. due to the isolationist policies of Woodrow Wilson. ANS: b Page Ref.: 627 (factual)
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36. Which statement about Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy is true? a. Wilson’s opposition to intervention changed the direction of American foreign policy. b. Wilson rejected Roosevelt’s use of military power. c. Despite campaign claims, Wilson ended up being very interventionist. d. Fellow Democrats accused Wilson of neglecting economic aspects of foreign policy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 629 (conceptual) 37. Which statement about the American presence in Haiti is NOT true? a. The Haitian constitution was altered to increase U.S. property rights. b. Forced-labor policies were used to construct public works. c. Haiti’s schools and sanitation improved under American rule. d. The American government did not use the military to control Haiti. ANS: d Page Ref.: 629 (factual) 38. Woodrow Wilson ordered the marines into the Dominican Republic: a. to show that he was not weak in foreign affairs. b. to appease the Republican Party. c. when the Dominicans refused to allow their finances to be controlled by U.S. bankers. d. after the Dominican people attacked the U.S. embassy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 629 (factual) 39. Woodrow Wilson took all of the following actions in Mexico EXCEPT: a. discouraging foreign support for Victoriana Huerta. b. signing an agreement of friendship with Porfirio Diaz. c. authorizing arms sales to the forces of Venustiano Carranza. d. ordering the marines to attack Vera Cruz. ANS: b Page Ref.: 629 (factual) 40. Which statement about Pancho Villa is NOT true? a. He had little impact on U.S. foreign policy in Mexico. b. He was opposed to the Carranza government. c. He originally had the support of Woodrow Wilson. d. He raided the United States in hopes of provoking intervention against the Carranza government. ANS: a Page Ref.: 629 (factual) Chronology 41. Which event happened first? a. Sino-Japanese War b. United States gets naval rights to Pearl Harbor c. publication of The Influence of Sea Power upon History d. Great Britain-Venezuelan boundary dispute ANS: b Page Ref.: 609 (factual)
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42. Which event happened last? a. end of the Filipino-American War b. annexation of Hawaii c. Spanish-American War d. formation of Anti-Imperialist League ANS: a Page Ref.: 609 (factual) Short Essays 43. Describe the connection between spheres of influence, the Open Door policy, and dollar diplomacy. 44. What were the important consequences of the American victory in the Spanish-American War? 45. What factors contributed to making the Filipino-American War a controversial, bitter, and hard-fought conflict? 46. Describe the ideas expressed by those who dissented against the interventionist policies of the American government. 47. What example, to you, represented America’s most aggressive use of interventionist policy in the period from 1890–1917? Extended Essays 48. How effective were U.S. interventions in Latin America? What were the objectives and consequences? Do you tend to agree or disagree with these interventions? 49. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of two of the following four presidents: William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. 50. In what ways was Woodrow Wilson among the most interventionist presidents in U.S. history? 51. What combination of causes led to American involvement in the Spanish-American War? What were the key factors in producing a quick American victory? 52. How did American foreign policy combine economic, military, and political strategies? In what ways did American intervention differ from traditional European imperialism?
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CHAPTER 23: AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 1914–1920 Multiple Choice WAGING NEUTRALITY 1.
In August of 1914, as war erupted in Europe, most Americans: a. protested against President Wilson’s decision to send troops. b. believed that the U.S. government should fund England’s war effort. c. called for direct American military involvement on the Western Front. d. felt that America should maintain a neutral role in the conflict.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 637 (conceptual) 2.
All of the following nations belonged to the Central Powers EXCEPT: a. Austria. b. Japan. c. Germany. d. Turkey.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 638 (factual) 3.
Which statement does NOT characterize the first two years of the Great War? a. Mass slaughter occurred as new weapons of war were used. b. Conditions in the battle trenches caused the spread of disease. c. The Germans consistently pushed the Allies back in battle. d. Each side dug trenches that extended from Belgium to Switzerland.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 638 (factual) 4.
American military intervention in Russia began in: a. 1917. b. 1918. c. 1919. d. 1920.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 637 (factual) 5.
Who tended NOT to sympathize with the Allies in the first years of the war? a. President Wilson and most of his advisers. b. Irish-Americans who thought an Allied defeat could free Ireland from British rule. c. Those who felt closer cultural ties with British and French culture. d. Americans who felt a closer affinity to Western democracy than German authoritarianism.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 638 (conceptual)
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6.
The American recession of 1914 ended: a. due to the wide variety of products purchased by the Allies. b. soon after Congress declared war on Germany. c. because the United States continued to openly trade with the Central Powers. d. after an American victory at the Argonne Forest.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 639 (factual) 7.
Even before direct American involvement, the United States was linked to the Allies’ cause: a. as a result of Russia’s hostility to American trade with Britain. b. due to the presence of U.S. marines on Allied warships. c. because of the valuable loans that banks had issued to Allied nations. d. as a result of Germany’s refusal to follow the Declaration of London.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 639 (factual) 8.
The 1909 agreement, the Declaration of London, was designed to protect the rights of: a. nations who were neutral in military conflicts. b. soldiers taken as prisoners of war. c. the British navy’s presence in the Mediterranean. d. English citizens who lived in Turkey and Bulgaria.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 639 (factual) 9.
Germany resorted to submarine warfare: a. after U.S. merchant marine ships had fired upon German destroyers. b. to illustrate its technological superiority over the Allies. c. as a way of diverting attention from its military defeats on the Western Front. d. in its effort to break England’s naval blockade on trade with the Central Powers.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 639 (factual) 10. All of the following statements about the sinking of the Lusitania are true EXCEPT: a. it led to the immediate American involvement in the Great War. b. a German submarine sunk the British passenger liner. c. it is now known that the ship was carrying arms. d. over 100 Americans were killed. ANS: a Page Ref.: 639 (factual) 11. President Wilson’s response to the sinking of the Lusitania: a. was supported by his secretary of state, William Jennings Bryan. b. led to his support for the Gore-McLemore resolutions. c. included the president’s assertive demand that Germany end its submarine warfare. d. reflected the nation’s rigid commitment to maintain neutrality at all costs. ANS: c Page Ref.: 639–640 (factual)
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12. Germany’s Sussex pledge specifically required ___________ to obey international laws regarding war. a. the United States b. Britain c. France d. Russia ANS: b Page Ref.: 640 (factual) 13. A policy of war preparedness was advocated by: a. Theodore Roosevelt. b. Jane Addams. c. William Jennings Bryan. d. the Socialist Party. ANS: a Page Ref.: 640 (factual) 14. One effect of German submarine warfare was that: a. Americans became convinced the Allies had no chance of winning the war. b. many Americans felt England should surrender. c. President Wilson called for expansion of the armed forces. d. the Republican Party intensified its belief in neutrality. ANS: c Page Ref.: 640 (factual) 15. What was ironic about Wilson’s successful campaign slogan, “He Kept Us Out of War”? a. Republicans, such as Theodore Roosevelt, were more isolationist than most Democrats. b. Wilson disliked the slogan’s sentiment, but exploited its political popularity. c. The slogan was originally created by Theodore Roosevelt for use by Wilson’s opponent. d. Americans did not realize troops had already been secretly sent to the Western Front. ANS: b Page Ref.: 640–641 (conceptual) 16. In winning the election of 1916, Woodrow Wilson benefited from: a. the endorsement of Theodore Roosevelt. b. the belief of many voters that the Republicans were a “war party.” c. strong support in the Midwest. d. the unimportance of the war as a campaign issue. ANS: b Page Ref.: 641 (conceptual) 17. In January 1917, President Wilson outlined a “new world order” in which: a. the League of Nations should be replaced by the United Nations. b. the United States would act as mediator of all European conflicts. c. freedom of the seas should be reevaluated as a vital American policy. d. self-determination would be the foundation of world relations. ANS: d Page Ref.: 641 (factual)
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18. One effect of President Wilson’s order for American ships to shoot submarines on sight was: a. the perception that he was not sincere in his efforts for preparedness. b. Germany’s sudden decision to sign the Sussex Pledge. c. Eugene Debs’s endorsement of American military involvement. d. the emergence of huge antiwar rallies in the United States. ANS: d Page Ref.: 641 (factual) 19. In the Zimmerman Note, Germany promised: a. that Mexico could regain lost territory in America if it joined the Central Powers. b. to refrain from submarine warfare, but then proceeded to sink several American ships. c. negotiate for peace with England, but not with France or Russia. d. to follow all statutes of the anti-piracy law of 1819. ANS: a Page Ref.: 641 (factual) 20. What happened only two weeks before America’s declaration of war against Germany? a. President Wilson was re-nominated for a second term. b. American citizens were killed when the Lusitania was sunk. c. German submarines sank four American freighters. d. The War Industries Board was approved by Congress. ANS: c Page Ref.: 642 (factual) WAGING WAR IN AMERICA 21. The Secretary of War under Wilson was: a. Newton Baker. b. Henry Cabot Lodge. c. Robert LaFollette. d. Claude Kitchin. ANS: a Page Ref.: 643 (factual) 22. The War Industries Board was established to organize all of the following EXCEPT: a. the coordination of military purchasing. b. the establishment of industrial priorities during the war. c. the allocation of scarce materials and the standardization of production. d. the criteria for drafting soldiers. ANS: d Page Ref.: 642 (factual) 23. The head of the War Industries Board was: a. Claude Kitchen. b. Henry Cabot Lodge. c. Robert LaFollette. d. Bernard Baruch. ANS: d Page Ref.: 642 (factual)
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24. One effect of the War Industries Board’s success was: a. the rallying of progressives behind the virtues of commerce. b. antitrust laws were more stringently followed. c. big business recognized the advantages of government economic planning. d. a leveling of profits among America’s largest and smallest industries. ANS: c Page Ref.: 642 (factual) 25. Regarding the Railroad Administration, many progressives expressed the belief that: a. the R.A. should remain a vital part of the peacetime economy. b. the R.A. provided too much competition within the rail industry. c. the R.A. succeeded in reducing rail costs for consumers. d. the R.A. showed too much favor to the interests of big business. ANS: d Page Ref.: 642 (conceptual) 26. The Food Administration: a. succeeded at raising farm incomes. b. was unpopular with most of the American public. c. did not address the need for female workers. d. was ineffective at organizing food supplies. ANS: a Page Ref.: 642 (factual) 27. The head of the Food Administration was: a. Bernard Baruch. b. Robert LaFollette. c. William McAdoo. d. Herbert Hoover. ANS: d Page Ref.: 642 (factual) 28. The National War Labor Board accomplished all of the following goals EXCEPT: a. improving work conditions. b. keeping wages ahead of inflation. c. guaranteeing labor the right to collective bargaining. d. establishing eight-hour days for war-contract laborers. ANS: b Page Ref.: 643 (factual) 29. One important effect of the collective importance of wartime agencies was: a. it reduced the profits of America’s largest corporations. b. it set a valuable precedent for government activism in the economy. c. it started a downturn in the number of workers in unions. d. it caused a recession in the agricultural economy. ANS: b Page Ref.: 643 (conceptual)
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30. Which statement about the female workforce during the war is NOT true? a. Women gained clerical work, but did not work in war-production industries. b. More women worked during the war than before the war. c. Women sometimes became bricklayers, teamsters, and streetcar conductors. d. Despite gains, gender segregation was still a social issue in the workplace. ANS: a Page Ref.: 643 (factual) 31. The women’s suffrage movement in America ________________ during World War I. a. suspended operations b. was unable to make headway c. made major gains d. achieved full voting equality ANS: c Page Ref.: 644 (factual) 32. All of the following were true about conditions for blacks on the home front EXCEPT: a. new job vacancies opened for black women in domestic and clerical employment. b. job opportunities spurred a large migration of blacks from the South to the North. c. blacks still faced a great deal of racial discrimination in the North. d. blacks were not allowed to get employment in shipyards or steel mills. ANS: d Page Ref.: 644 (factual) 33. A riot that killed 39 Americans in East St. Louis, Illinois: a. began when angry whites attacked blacks who sought jobs. b. showed the severity of police brutality in the North. c. reflected a lack of support for an extended war effort. d. began as an antiwar rally. ANS: a Page Ref.: 644 (factual) 34. The government funded the war effort through all of the following methods EXCEPT: a. borrowing heavily from Great Britain. b. raising taxes. c. selling Liberty Bonds. d. taking out loans with banks and wealthy investors. ANS: a Page Ref.: 644 (factual) 35. The Committee on Public Information: a. informed the public about corruption in the war industries. b. encouraged the free discussion of the government’s war policies. c. regulated trade among the states during the war. d. served as the foundation of the government’s pro-war propaganda. ANS: d Page Ref.: 646 (factual)
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36. Government propaganda promoted all of the following themes EXCEPT: a. portraying the Germans as brutal murderers. b. discouraging prejudice against German-Americans and antiwar activists. c. promoting the war as a crusade to save democracy. d. emphasizing national unity and conformity of opinion. ANS: b Page Ref.: 646–647 (conceptual) 37. The main use of the Espionage Act was to: a. harass and arrest leaders of the antiwar movement. b. fund a massive intelligence operation in Europe. c. arrest German-American spies. d. promote unpopular industrial regulations. ANS: a Page Ref.: 646 (factual) 38. Eugene Debs was arrested and imprisoned for: a. selling military secrets to the Central Powers. b. refusing to join the army after he was drafted. c. criticizing the government for limiting free speech. d. publicly expressing support for the Central Powers. ANS: c Page Ref.: 646 (factual) 39. The Espionage and Sedition Acts were used against all of the following groups EXCEPT: a. leaders of the Socialist Party. b. the International Workers of the World. c. the Nonpartisan League. d. the American Protective League. ANS: d Page Ref.: 646–647 (factual) 40. The American Protective League was designed to do all of the following EXCEPT: a. work for the reelection of President Wilson due to his wartime leadership. b. discourage the use of German words as part of American English. c. encourage Americans to spy on people who they believed were disloyal. d. require citizens to purchase Liberty Bonds. ANS: a Page Ref.: 646 (conceptual) 41. In the West, the main target of business interests during World War I was: a. the International Workers of the World. b. the American Federation of Labor. c. suffragists. d. the Nonpartisan League. ANS: a Page Ref.: 647 (factual)
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WAGING WAR AND PEACE ABROAD 42. Which statement about the American military in World War I is NOT true? a. The American army proved to be a major factor in the Allies’ victory. b. Most American combat troops fought in coalition with French troops. c. African Americans were not allowed to join either the army or navy. d. American troops benefited from not being wearied by fighting early in the war. ANS: c Page Ref.: 647–648 (factual) 43. American troops played a key role in all of the following battles EXCEPT: a. Rheims. b. Chateau-Thierry. c. Argonne Forest. d. Somme River. ANS: d Page Ref.: 648 (factual) 44. In July, 1918, President Wilson agreed to send 15,000 troops to: a. Norway. b. Japan. c. Turkey. d. Russia. ANS: d Page Ref.: 648 (factual) 45. Which statement about the Battle of Argonne Forest is true? a. It was one of the few times the Germans took the trenches of the A.E.F. b. The Russians dropped out of the war after their defeat at Argonne Forest. c. The massive Allied assault led to the most decisive victory in the war. d. The Allies won the battle and suffered very few casualties. ANS: c Page Ref.: 649 (factual) 46. Major aspects of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the promotion of regulated international trade. b. open diplomacy instead of secret treaties. c. shifting old national borders. d. the reduction of armaments. ANS: a Page Ref.: 649–650 (factual) 47. The Treaty of Versailles places sole responsibility for the start of World War I on: a. Bosnia. b. Austria. c. Germany. d. Russia. ANS: c Page Ref.: 651 (factual)
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48. In which area did the Treaty of Versailles differ most from Wilson’s Fourteen Points? a. the creation of the League of Nations b. its willingness to redraw European borders c. its commitment to ending secret alliances d. the reparations imposed on Germany ANS: d Page Ref.: 651 (factual) 49. Which of the following was NOT one of the new countries created in Europe in the aftermath of World War I? a. Denmark b. Hungary c. Czechoslovakia d. Poland ANS: a Page Ref.: 651 (factual) 50. Of the following, which gained territory as a result of World War I? a. Germany b. Russia c. Turkey d. France ANS: d Page Ref.: 651 (factual) 51. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: a. was applauded by Britain and the United States. b. took Russia out of World War I. c. gained Russia substantial territory in central Europe. d. ended the civil war in Russia. ANS: b Page Ref.: 653 (factual) 52. Which of the following does NOT describe Russia in 1914? a. autocratic rule b. primarily one ethnic group c. primarily agricultural d. poor ANS: b Page Ref.: 653 (factual) 53. In November 1917, the Provisional Government in Russia was overthrown and the ______________ came to power. a. Social Revolutionaries b. Mensheviks c. Bolsheviks d. Liberals ANS: c Page Ref.: 653 (factual)
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54. The Irreconcilables opposed participation in the League of Nations because they: a. wanted to continue a system of secret alliances. b. would not join any organization that included Germany. c. wanted no interference with American immigration laws. d. felt it would strengthen the power of imperialist nations. ANS: d Page Ref.: 652 (conceptual) 55. Which statement about American reaction to the Treaty of Versailles is true? a. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge was the strongest supporter of the treaty in Congress. b. Opposition to the treaty came from a wide range of Americans. c. Irish-Americans celebrated the treaty’s designation of independence for Ireland. d. The Democratic Party provided the strongest opposition against the treaty. ANS: b Page Ref.: 652 (conceptual) 56. The only nation not to approve the Versailles Treaty was: a. the United States. b. Germany. c. France. d. Great Britain. ANS: a Page Ref.: 652 (factual) 57. Postwar society in America was plagued by all of the following problems EXCEPT: a. rising unemployment and inflation. b. a virulent flu epidemic that killed many Americans. c. housing shortages. d. a recession caused by huge wage increases. ANS: d Page Ref.: 653–655 (factual) 58. One effect of three large labor strikes in 1919 was: a. the alliance of the A.F.L. with the C.I.O. b. the government requiring collective bargaining. c. labor’s recognition that they could easily win strikes. d. a public backlash against unions. ANS: d Page Ref.: 654 (factual) 59. When the Boston police went on strike, Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge: a. gave the police a raise. b. agreed to officially recognize a policemen’s union. c. fired the striking police. d. had the national guard imprison the strikers. ANS: c Page Ref.: 655 (factual)
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60. The Red Scare was caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT: a. Lenin’s open threats of toppling the U.S. empire. b. racists promoting nativist policies against immigrants. c. anti-unionists using the issue to break unions. d. sensationalistic journalism. ANS: a Page Ref.: 655 (conceptual) 61. Attorney General Palmer’s credibility was permanently harmed when: a. he switched his loyalties to the Republican Party. b. he pardoned Eugene Debs. c. Congress passed laws that encouraged larger immigration from central Europe. d. his prediction of an attempted communist takeover did not come true. ANS: d Page Ref.: 656 (factual) 62. In the 1920 presidential election, Warren Harding called for: a. America’s immediate entry into the League of Nations. b. a strong policy of government activism. c. a return to active Progressivism. d. a return to “normalcy.” ANS: d Page Ref.: 656 (factual) 63. Warren Harding’s easy victory in the election of 1920 was largely due to: a. the nation’s dissatisfaction with Wilson and the Democrats. b. the public’s rising support for the labor movement. c. his sharp intelligence and noble spirit. d. his strong commitment to social justice. ANS: a Page Ref. 657 (conceptual) Chronology 64. Which event happened first? a. The Lusitania was sunk. b. The Zimmerman Note was intercepted. c. President Wilson was reelected. d. American troops were sent to the Western Front. ANS: a Page Ref.: 637 (factual) 65. Which headline would have appeared in 1920? a. “Beaten Germans Announce Surrender of Central Powers” b. “Harding New President After Landslide Victory” c. “Debs Jailed for Speaking Out Against Government” d. “Hoover Named Chief of Food Administration” ANS: b Page Ref.: 637 (factual)
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66. Which event happened last? a. President Wilson announced his Fourteen Points. b. Women were given the right to vote in a constitutional amendment. c. Congress passed the Espionage Act. d. World War breaks out in Europe. ANS: b Page Ref.: 637 (factual) 67. Which event did NOT happen in 1917? a. U.S. declared war on Germany. b. Espionage Act was passed. c. Germany began submarine warfare. d. Bolshevik Revolution occurred in Russia. ANS: c Page Ref.: 637 (factual) 68. Which of the following events happened in 1916? a. Sussex Pledge b. February Revolution in Russia c. Sedition Act passed d. American Expeditionary Force arrives in France ANS: a Page Ref.: 637 (factual) 69. Which of the following events happened in 1918? a. Espionage Act passed b. establishment of military draft c. Paris Peace Conference d. Eugene Debs imprisoned ANS: d Page Ref.: 637 (factual) Short Essays 70. Describe the opposing views that existed regarding preparedness. 71. In what ways was the “neutrality” of the United States in World War I misleading? 72. At the Paris Peace Conference, what major differences of opinion existed between Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, and Lloyd George? 73. What were the causes of a downturn in the labor movement after 1919? 74. What factors contributed to Warren Harding’s easy victory in the election of 1920? Extended Essays 75. Analyze American foreign policy regarding World War I in the period from 1914 to April, 1917. What do you feel were the main causes of America’s eventual involvement in the war?
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76. In what ways did the government effectively silence the brief emergence of dissent against American involvement in World War I? What examples reveal the level of aggression used against those who were suspected of disloyalty? 77. Discuss the arguments for and against American ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. If you lived in that era, would you have supported ratification? Why or why not? 78. Describe the amazing range of success and failure experienced by Woodrow Wilson in the period from 1912–1920. 79. What were the consequences and long-range effects of the Committee of Public Information, the Food Administration, and the War Industries Board? 80. Assume that it is April, 1917 and write a speech regarding American involvement in World War I from the vantage point of one of the following people: Woodrow Wilson, Eugene Debs, William Jennings Bryan, or Theodore Roosevelt.
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CHAPTER 24: TOWARD A MODERN AMERICA: THE 1920s Multiple Choice ONE AMERICAN JOURNEY 1.
In the 1920s, Europeans used the term Fordize as a synonym for: a. Americanize. b. imperialism. c. mechanize. d. craft union.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 663 (conceptual) 2.
By the 1920s, workers in Henry Ford’s automobile industry: a. did their work in a solemn atmosphere that emphasized making money over individuality. b. enjoyed the company’s eclectic tolerance of ethnic diversity. c. were encouraged to unionize in an effort to form a consensus between labor and management. d. experienced a return to the days of labor controlled by artisanship.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 663 (factual) THE ECONOMY THAT ROARED 3.
Which statement about industry in the 1920s is NOT true? a. Mass production spread quickly in American industry. b. Businesses rejected any implementation of Taylor’s scientific management. c. Standardized parts helped increase productivity and efficiency. d. Productivity in the automobile industry increased constantly.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 663–664 (factual) 4.
Effects of the automobile industry’s growth included all of the following EXCEPT: a. boosting the petroleum and oil industries. b. increasing the number of service stations. c. spurring large increases in building residential homes. d. reducing the use of assembly-line production.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 664 (factual) 5.
The main force behind the 1920s economy was: a. the steel industry. b. automobile production. c. agriculture. d. the entertainment industry.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 664 (factual)
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6.
DuPont emerged as a powerful corporation in the: a. steel industry. b. chemical industry. c. movie industry. d. housing construction industry.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 664 (factual) 7.
Which statement about the development of the radio industry is NOT true? a. It was not until the 1930s that radio experienced a large boom in popularity. b. The Federal Radio Commission was created to organize radio wave bands. c. Several corporations quickly rose as dominant powers in the industry. d. Factory-made crystal sets made radios more accessible to the average American.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 664 (factual) 8.
Innovations in the movie industry of the 1920s included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the advent of sound film. b. publicizing popular new film stars. c. using the mass growth of commercial television to promote films. d. integrating production with distribution and promotion.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 664 (conceptual) 9.
A major industrial trend of the 1920s was: a. the emergence of more competition within major industries. b. the decline of open shops. c. the strengthening of local retailers. d. the concentration of wealth in the largest firms of an industry.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 664 (conceptual) 10. The term ___________ refers to a situation in which a few large corporations control an industry. a. monopoly b. free market c. monopsony d. oligopoly ANS: d Page Ref.: 664 (conceptual) 11. All of the following were aspects of the open shop campaign EXCEPT: a. the movement was an attempt to break union shop contracts. b. the extension of collective bargaining rights for unskilled laborers. c. workers often had to sign yellow dog contracts that rejected unions. d. powerful companies refused to do business with companies who had union labor. ANS: b Page Ref.: 665 (factual)
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12. Proponents of welfare capitalism believed that: a. the government should provide unemployment insurance. b. corporations could undercut unions by providing certain benefits. c. the ideas of scientific management had to be entirely rejected. d. the national government should be more active in programs of social reform. ANS: b Page Ref.: 665 (conceptual) 13. As the nation’s productivity increased: a. wages were not proportionately raised. b. a high percentage of workers experienced a decent standard of living. c. corporate taxes were raised by Republican administrations. d. unemployment dropped significantly. ANS: a Page Ref.: 665 (factual) 14. When “real wages” failed to keep pace in the period from 1923–1927: a. corporations decided to raise wages for all workers. b. labor unions were guaranteed the right to collective bargaining. c. the government passed social welfare legislation. d. consumers began to rely more heavily on installment plans. ANS: d Page Ref.: 665 (factual) 15. Several “sick” industries experienced all of the following problems EXCEPT: a. shrinking demand for their goods. b. bitter labor-management relations. c. high corporate taxes. d. excess capacity of rail lines. ANS: c Page Ref.: 666 (factual) 16. The textile industry coped with a drop in economic prosperity by: a. encouraging collective bargaining. b. lobbying Congress for heavy federal subsidies. c. cutting back work hours. d. shifting operations to the cheap-labor South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 666 (factual) 17. During the 1920s, American agriculture: a. maintained its role as the main strength of the American economy. b. never recovered from the depression of 1921. c. was unable to produce a surplus of crops. d. moved away from sharecropping and tenant farming. ANS: b Page Ref.: 666 (conceptual)
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THE BUSINESS OF GOVERNMENT 18. The Republican presidents of the 1920s: a. used their power to directly aid the ailing farm economy. b. pursued programs that provided social reform. c. emphasized the importance of business interests. d. won narrow victories at the polls. ANS: c Page Ref.: 667 (factual) 19. After the 1920 elections, Republicans controlled: a. the presidency only. b. the presidency and the House of Representatives only. c. the presidency and the Senate only. d. the presidency and both houses of Congress. ANS: d Page Ref.: 667 (factual) 20. Which statement about the Harding administration is NOT true? a. A great deal of corruption plagued the presidential cabinet. b. Andrew Mellon led the move to reduce taxes for the rich. c. Harding made Supreme Court appointments that favored business interests. d. The open shop movement was opposed by Harding’s top advisers. ANS: d Page Ref.: 667–668 (factual) 21. Senator George Norris of Nebraska criticized the Harding administration for: a. being far too active in foreign affairs. b. giving in to the demands of labor. c. opposing protective tariffs. d. allowing big businesses to dominate American life. ANS: d Page Ref.: 668 (factual) 22. During the Harding administration, the Supreme Court: a. gained a liberal chief justice. b. expanded from nine to fifteen justices. c. became substantially more pro-business. d. gained its first female member. ANS: c Page Ref.: 667 (factual) 23. The Teapot Dome scandal: a. involved government officials illegally leasing land to oil companies. b. was one of many scandals that plagued the Hoover administration. c. resulted in Harding’s defeat in the 1924 primaries. d. revealed that the government was setting up monopolies in retail food sales. ANS: a Page Ref.: 667–668 (factual)
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24. Calvin Coolidge: a. hailed from the South. b. strongly supported the concept of the active presidency. c. wanted the Federal Trade Commission to primarily support workers and consumers. d. continued Harding’s pro-business themes. ANS: d Page Ref.: 668 (factual) 25. All of the following statements about the election of 1924 are true EXCEPT: a. John W. Davis emerged as a formidable opponent for Calvin Coolidge. b. the Democrats were hopelessly divided at their nominating convention. c. the Republicans used big-business money to attack Robert LaFollette’s progressive ideas. d. barely 50% of the American electorate turned out to vote. ANS: a Page Ref.: 668 (factual) 26. The Sheppard-Towner Act: a. required less regulation of national banks. b. ended the shame of child labor. c. provided federal funds for infant and maternity care. d. regulated interstate commerce. ANS: c Page Ref.: 669 (factual) 27. Politicians stopped supporting women’s reform issues: a. when they realized women were not voting as a bloc. b. before any state could pass equal pay statutes. c. when women asked for the right to serve on juries. d. because many female reformers had close ties to the Soviet Union. ANS: a Page Ref.: 669 (conceptual) CITIES AND SUBURBS 28. Which statement about living patterns in the 1920s is NOT true? a. African-Americans migrated in large numbers to northern cities. b. Suburbs began to emerge as the middle class grew. c. Older industrial cities of the North continued to grow. d. The majority of Americans still lived in rural areas. ANS: d Page Ref.: 669 (factual) 29. Blacks migrated to the urban North for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. to escape the confining segregation of the South. b. to escape from the constant threat of violence in the South. c. more job opportunities were available in the North. d. racial discrimination was not a part of life in the North. ANS: d Page Ref.: 670 (conceptual)
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30. Effects of the Great Migration included all of the following EXCEPT: a. encouraging the cultural pride of African-Americans. b. increasing the number of blacks who voted in local and national elections. c. developing new expressions of racial pride. d. ending housing and job discrimination in the North. ANS: d Page Ref.: 670 (factual) 31. The Harlem Renaissance: a. was a movement among white liberals to achieve racial equality in America. b. failed to nurture the emergence of black cultural pride in northern cities. c. undermined the goals of the N.A.A.C.P. d. featured some of the greatest literature, music, and visual art of the era. ANS: d Page Ref.: 671 (factual) 32. Suburbanization in the 1920s: a. was made possible by the success of the automobile. b. was confined to the Northeast. c. resulted in the passing of anti-segregation legislation. d. discouraged the creation of new retail businesses. ANS: a Page Ref.: 671 (conceptual) MASS CULTURE IN THE JAZZ AGE 33. What did President Coolidge call “one of the most potent influences” on modern life? a. organized religion b. the advertising industry c. the film industry d. welfare capitalism ANS: b Page Ref.: 672 (factual) 34. Which statement about the economy of the 1920s is NOT true? a. Advertising aggressively promoted the buying of many new mass-produced products. b. Consumerism emerged as a major foundation of the national economy. c. A decline in installment buying revealed the underlying weakness of the economy. d. Industrial profits increased steadily for most of the decade. ANS: c Page Ref.: 672 (conceptual) 35. All of the following statements about the film industry of the 1920s are true EXCEPT: a. the construction of huge movie houses in cities reflected the popularity of films. b. the movie industry experienced sluggish box-office sales after 1925. c. films often expressed the contrasting themes of passion and social conformity. d. movie stars became key figures in the emergence of celebrities in popular culture. ANS: b Page Ref.: 673 (factual)
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36. Jazz had its roots in ____________________ music. a. African American b. classical c. western folk d. Latin ANS: a Page Ref.: 673 (conceptual) 37. Babe Ruth became a popular celebrity for all of the following reasons EXCEPT his: a. belief that celebrity status should be combined with political activism. b. role in making the New York Yankees the most popular sports franchise of the era. c. image as it was promoted in many commercial endorsements. d. prodigious skills as a home run hitter. ANS: a Page Ref.: 673 (factual) 38. Which sport was NOT enormously popular in the 1920s? a. boxing b. baseball c. professional football d. college football ANS: c Page Ref.: 673 (factual) 39. In his novel A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway: a. ridiculed the narrowness of suburban, middle-class life. b. used the muckraking style to criticize large industries. c. rejected traditional values and the idealism of his youth. d. satirized the era’s mass consumerism. ANS: c Page Ref.: 675 (conceptual) 40. Which writer is not associated with the Lost Generation? a. Ernest Hemingway b. Stephen Crane c. Sinclair Lewis d. F. Scott Fitzgerald ANS: b Page Ref.: 675 (factual) CULTURE WARS 41. The National Origins Act of 1924 was aimed at limiting the immigration of: a. western Europeans and Irish Protestants. b. western European Catholics and Japanese. c. southern and eastern Europeans and Japanese. d. Germans and southern and eastern Europeans. ANS: c Page Ref.: 675 (factual)
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42. Which of the following was not a specific requirement for joining the Klan in the 1920s? a. Protestant b. middle class or above c. native born d. white ANS: b Page Ref.: 676 (factual) 43. Which statement about the Ku Klux Klan is NOT true? a. The Ku Klux Klan experienced an increase in membership during the 1920s. b. The Ku Klux Klan’s membership was restricted to whites of any ethnic background. c. The Ku Klux Klan’s beliefs embodied racism and fear of social change. d. The growth of the Ku Klux Klan was slowed by revelations of corruption and criminality. ANS: b Page Ref.: 676–677 (factual) 44. What would be the only group viewed favorably by the Ku Klux Klan? a. white Catholics b. Jews c. African Americans d. German Protestants ANS: d Page Ref.: 677 (factual) 45. Which group would not have been strong supporters of prohibition? a. female leaders of the temperance movement b. fundamentalist preachers c. immigrants in urban ethnic areas d. protestant leaders in the South ANS: c Page Ref.: 678 (conceptual) 46. The Scopes Trial revealed fundamentalists’ discomfort with: a. international communism. b. nativism. c. labor unions. d. evolutionary science. ANS: d Page Ref.: 679–680 (conceptual) 47. A dramatic point of the Scopes Trial occurred when: a. the judge ruled that scientists could testify. b. John Scopes was acquitted. c. Clarence Darrow called William Jennings Bryan to the stand. d. H. L. Mencken spoke in favor of the prosecution. ANS: c Page Ref.: 680 (factual)
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A NEW ERA IN THE WORLD? 48. In an effort to expand markets and avoid foreign tariffs, U.S. companies: a. made negotiating concessions with organized labor. b. increasingly became multinational corporations. c. resorted to trade embargoes with European nations. d. supported the Sheppard-Towner Act. ANS: b Page Ref.: 680 (factual) 49. In the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the U.S.: a. withdrew its commitment to free trade. b. renounced aggression and condemned war. c. began an arms race with European powers. d. agreed to limit industrial overproduction. ANS: b Page Ref.: 681 (factual) 50. The “Good Neighbor Policy” was designed to: a. address the growing problem of crime in urban areas. b. bring social justice to blacks in the South. c. address the growing problem of crime in rural areas. d. improve relations with nations in Latin America. ANS: d Page Ref.: 682 (conceptual) HERBERT HOOVER AND THE FINAL TRUMPH OF THE NEW ERA 51. Factors that led to Herbert Hoover’s victory in 1928 included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Hoover’s anti-prohibition stance drew new Republican votes from ethnic workers. b. fundamentalists attacked Al Smith because he was a Roman Catholic. c. the voters associated the apparent prosperity of the 1920s with the Republicans. d. Hoover had always distanced himself from the reactionary wing of the Republican Party. ANS: a Page Ref.: 682 (factual) 52. Nativists promoted: a. progressive labor reforms for unskilled laborers. b. restricting the immigration of people who were not Anglo-Saxon. c. the virtues of advertising and consumerism. d. protecting the rights of immigrant workers. ANS: b Page Ref.: 675 (factual)
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53. The most ominous trend of the 1920s was: a. the loss of economic power experienced by large industries. b. the decline of the standard of living in American suburbs. c. the United States’ inability to adopt new forms of mechanization. d. the uneven distribution of wealth that existed beneath apparent prosperity. ANS: d Page Ref.: 683 (conceptual) 54. Alfred E. Smith’s main source of electoral support in the 1928 presidential election was in the: a. West. b. Midwest. c. Northeast. d. South. ANS: d Page Ref.: 682 (factual) Chronology 55. What is the correct order of presidential succession? a. Harding, Coolidge, Hoover b. Coolidge, Harding, Hoover c. Harding, Hoover, Coolidge d. Hoover, Coolidge, Harding ANS: a Page Ref.: 663 (factual) 56. Which event happened first? a. Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed. b. Prohibition was enacted. c. Ernest Hemingway released A Farewell to Arms. d. Calvin Coolidge defeated John W. Davis. ANS: b Page Ref.: 663 (factual) 57. Which headline would have appeared in 1927? a. “Nation Stunned by Sudden Death of President Harding” b. “Lindbergh Greeted in France by Roaring Crowd” c. “Women Go to the Polls for the First Time” d. “Addition of Sound Thrills Film Fans Across Nation” ANS: b Page Ref.: 663 (factual) 58. Which event happened in 1928? a. Clarence Darrow defended John Scopes. b. Baseball fans saw rookie Babe Ruth for the first time. c. The National Origins Act restricted immigration. d. Hoover defeated Smith in the presidential election. ANS: d Page Ref.: 663 (factual)
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59. Which event happened last? a. the Scopes trial b. Cecil B. De Mille released his first film c. Kellogg-Briand Pact signed d. Eugene Debs released from prison ANS: c Page Ref.: 663 (factual) 60. The Washington Naval Conference occurred in: a. 1921. b. 1926 c. 1928. d. 1929. ANS: a Page Ref.: 663 (factual) 61. Which event occurred in 1923? a. Prohibition begins b. Scopes trial c. Warren Harding dies d. Charles Lindbergh flies solo across the Atlantic ANS: c Page Ref.: 663 (factual) Short Essays 62. What factors characterized the “boom industries” of the 1920s? 63. In what ways did the World War I experience affect life in the 1920s? 64. What evidence reveals the close ties between big business and the Republican Party during the 1920s? 65. How did life in the South change during the 1920s? 66. Describe the beliefs and goals of nativists. Why did nativism increase in the 1920s? Extended Essays 67. Respond to the following statement: “The 1920s was a decade in which the forces of modernization came into conflict with the forces of traditionalism.” 68. What factors contributed to the rise of modern popular culture in the 1920s? What examples revealed the emerging importance of celebrities in American culture? 69. In what ways was the prosperity of the 1920s misleading? What examples led people to believe the country was beginning a period of unending prosperity? What underlying factors revealed that economic problems were just around the corner? 70. Choose three of the following groups and describe the characteristics of life for them in the 1920s: AfricanAmericans, female reformers, young people in urban areas, fundamentalists, novelists and poets, celebrities, and union members.
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71. Analyze the impact of mechanization, consumerism, advertising, and the boom in the auto industry on American life in the 1920s. Do you feel these impacts were for the betterment of American life?
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CHAPTER 25: THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL 1929–1939 Multiple Choice HARD TIMES IN HOOVERVILLE 1.
What occurred on “Black Tuesday”? a. A stock market crash wiped out all the gains of the previous year. b. Germany attacked Poland. c. Herbert Hoover announced he would take no action regarding the faltering farm economy. d. U.S. Steel announced a layoff of over half its workers.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 692 (factual) 2.
The Wall Street crash: a. was triggered by excessive government spending. b. only affected middle-class Americans. c. was caused by the low level of investment in the 1920s. d. marked the beginning of the depression, but did not cause it.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 692 (conceptual) 3.
All of the following were causes of the Great Depression EXCEPT: a. unequal distribution of wealth. b. a drop in agricultural production in the mid-1920s. c. the dominance of oligopolies in the American economy. d. reckless banking and speculation unchecked by regulation.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 692–693 (conceptual) 4.
In the early years of the Depression: a. voluntarism was rejected by the Hoover administration. b. foreign markets for American goods shrank. c. unemployment had not emerged as a major problem. d. farmers’ incomes rose dramatically.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 693 (factual) 5.
An early result of the 1929 stock market crash was: a. even more massive declines in stock values in Europe the day after Black Tuesday. b. an acceleration of European repayments of American loans. c. a large decrease in American investments in Europe. d. increased American exports.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 692 (factual)
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6.
The Depression was prolonged when: a. the government ordered that more exports be sold in Europe. b. banks voluntarily submitted to regulatory policies. c. the Federal Reserve Board restricted the nation’s money supply. d. farm prices and workers’ wages skyrocketed.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 693 (factual) 7.
In the first years of the depression, personal income: a. dropped by more than half. b. did not emerge as a major problem area. c. remained steady, but prices rose. d. reflected the relative strength of the industrial economy.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 693 (factual) 8.
Between 1929 and 1946, only the ___________ fifth of Americans saw their percentage of American income decline. a. lowest b. second lowest c. middle d. highest
ANS: d Page Ref.: 692 (factual) 9.
What were Hoovervilles? a. They were suburban towns that experienced sharp downturns during the depression. b. They were the numerous soup kitchens constructed to feed the nation’s hungry. c. They were rich sections of town where wealthy Republicans lived. d. They were squalid collections of shacks where the homeless of America’s cities lived.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 693 (factual) 10. In what year was unemployment the highest? a. 1929 b. 1933 c. 1937 d. 1940 ANS: b Page Ref.: 693 (factual) 11. Which statement about women during the depression is NOT true? a. Women were generally less likely to be fired than men. b. Firing women usually opened up more job opportunities for men. c. Opposition to women doing “men’s jobs” stiffened during the depression. d. Many of the nation’s school districts refused to hire married women. ANS: b Page Ref.: 694 (conceptual)
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12. The Great Depression affected Germany in all of the following ways, EXCEPT: a. it helped bring about the collapse of the German banking system. b. it slowed the rise of Adolf Hitler to power. c. it caused Germany to default on war debts. d. it raised unemployment. ANS: b Page Ref.: 695 (conceptual) 13. Most countries responded to the international crisis of the Great Depression with: a. strong measures to promote international finance. b. massive international relief efforts to help the countries hardest hit. c. measures to punish the Soviet Union as the supposed source of the trouble. d. policies that hindered international trade. ANS: d Page Ref.: 695 (factual) 14. Social effects of the depression included all of the following EXCEPT: a. lower birthrates. b. higher divorce rates. c. loss of self esteem by unemployed workers. d. an increase in the number of men who deserted their families. ANS: b Page Ref.: 694 (factual) 15. Which statement about conditions for African-Americans during the depression is true? a. Unemployment rates for blacks stayed at the same high pre-depression rate. b. Blacks received equal treatment in receiving aid from relief programs. c. Religious charity groups often denied providing help to blacks. d. Blacks were generally the first workers to be fired and the last to be hired. ANS: d Page Ref.: 694–696 (conceptual) 16. During the depression, Hispanic Americans: a. were able to move up to middle-class status. b. experienced little discrimination in finding work. c. lost many jobs due to prejudice against them. d. always resisted returning to Mexico. ANS: c Page Ref.: 696 (factual) 17. Which statement best summarizes protest movements in the early years of the depression? a. Demonstrations were virtually nonexistent despite the awful conditions. b. The government passed a law that made it illegal to stage any type of protest. c. Protesters came from a vast range of social, political, and economic interests. d. Conservative Republicans dominated the ranks of those who led protest movements. ANS: c Page Ref.: 696 (factual)
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HERBERT HOOVER AND THE DEPRESSION 18. One of Herbert Hoover’s few relief measures was creation of the: a. Works Progress Administration. b. Farm Credit Act. c. Reconstruction Finance Corporation. d. Emergency Banking Act. ANS: c Page Ref.: 697 (factual) 19. The Bonus Army: a. was dispersed by troops under the command of General Douglas McArthur. b. was treated civilly by President Hoover. c. gained their main objective through a law pushed through Congress by progressive Republicans. d. left Washington after promises of immediate relief from president-elect Roosevelt. ANS: a Page Ref.: 697 (factual) LAUNCHING THE NEW DEAL 20. Franklin Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover in 1932 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. the public viewed Hoover as cold and ineffective at dealing with the depression. b. Roosevelt had announced the specifics of his New Deal package of legislation. c. Hoover’s public image was damaged by the way he handled the Bonus Army incident. d. Roosevelt’s confidence and charisma provided hope for many American voters. ANS: b Page Ref.: 698 (conceptual) 21. In the election of 1932: a. third-party candidates played a major role. b. Roosevelt won by less than 5% of the vote. c. Roosevelt won every state south and west of Pennsylvania. d. Hoover’s active campaigning was a major factor. ANS: c Page Ref.: 698 (factual) 22. “The 100 Days” refers to: a. the active first three months of FDR’s first term of office. b. the “lame duck” final few months of Hoover’s presidency. c. the immediate after-effects of the stock market crash. d. the length of the sit-down strike at Fisher body plant. ANS: a Page Ref.: 698 (factual)
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23. Franklin Roosevelt’s first action as president was to: a. provide pensions for the elderly. b. strengthen the faltering bank industry. c. balance the national government’s budget. d. cut income taxes for the wealthy. ANS: b Page Ref.: 698 (factual) 24. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration: a. combined work relief work with conservation. b. furnished funds to local and state governments. c. created a regulatory board for settling labor disputes. d. was one of FDR’s ideas that was rejected by Congress. ANS: b Page Ref.: 699 (factual) 25. The Securities and Exchange Commission was created to regulate: a. international trade. b. banks. c. the stock market. d. the international flow of finance. ANS: c Page Ref.: 699 (factual) 26. Which agency was created personally by FDR and was very popular with the public? a. the Wagner-Peyser Act b. the Social Security Act c. the Civilian Conservation Corps d. the Farm Credit Administration ANS: c Page Ref.: 699 (factual) 27. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration attempted to: a. nationalize rail lines that carried farm products. b. raise farm incomes by attacking overproduction. c. decrease the emphasis on scientific agriculture. d. acknowledge farmers’ calls for collective bargaining rights. ANS: b Page Ref.: 700 (factual) 28. The plight of American farmers during the depression was magnified by: a. devastating droughts and dust storms throughout the 1930s. b. the Socialist Party’s active role in rural politics of the 1930s. c. FDR’s refusal to develop a comprehensive farm policy. d. the refusal of large producers to participate in the AAA. ANS: a Page Ref.: 703 (factual)
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29. Section 7A of the National Industrial Recovery Act: a. was supported by members of the Liberty League. b. established modernization projects in the Tennessee Valley. c. guaranteed workers the right to collective bargaining. d. was FDR’s first attempt at stabilizing the private banking system. ANS: c Page Ref.: 700 (factual) 30. All of the following statements about the NRA are true EXCEPT: a. the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1935. b. businesses used the agency to advance their own interests. c. workers ended up feeling betrayed by NRA leader Hugh Johnson. d. Section 7A was not as stringently enforced as workers had hoped. ANS: a Page Ref.: 700 (factual) 31. The New Deal faced open dissent from the Left by all of the following groups EXCEPT: a. militant labor leaders. b. women’s rights organizations. c. the Socialist Party. d. the Communist Party. ANS: b Page Ref.: 701 (factual) 32. A particularly odious part of Father Charles Coughlin’s criticism of the New Deal was: a. Coughlin’s attacks on both major political parties. b. Coughlin’s claim that FDR was not using his presidential powers widely enough. c. Coughlin’s calls for a nationwide move toward socialism. d. Coughlin’s combined message of religion with anti-Semitism. ANS: d Page Ref.: 701–702 (conceptual) 33. Huey Long felt that FDR should: a. try to balance the budget at all costs. b. give corporations a tax cut. c. enact wider social welfare programs. d. change the membership of the Supreme Court. ANS: c Page Ref.: 702 (conceptual) CONSOLIDATING THE NEW DEAL 34. FDR supported the Wagner National Labor Reactions Act: a. even though Senator Wagner was a conservative Republican. b. because he had personally designed its structure. c. after he recognized that both the public and Congress supported it. d. as a result of pressure from conservative Democrats. ANS: c Page Ref.: 702 (conceptual)
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35. The Social Security Act: a. originally provided free health care for retired citizens. b. showed the inability of FDR to create a consensus between opposing interests. c. was exactly like health and retirement plans in European nations. d. established federal responsibility in providing social welfare. ANS: d Page Ref.: 703 (factual) 36. All of the following statements are true about the Works Progress Administration EXCEPT: a. despite its good intentions, it provided few jobs for Americans. b. the organization developed work projects for artists, musicians, and writers. c. it laid much of the nation’s infrastructure on which the U.S. still relies. d. the WPA was one of many agencies in which Harry Hopkins played a major role. ANS: a Page Ref.: 703–704 (factual) 37. Which of the following states was least affected by the Dust Bowl? a. South Dakota b. Texas c. Kansas d. Oklahoma ANS: d Page Ref.: 703 (factual) 38. The election of 1936: a. revealed that an overwhelming number of Americans supported FDR and the New Deal. b. was among the closest presidential elections in American history. c. showed that the Republicans were regaining the support they had lost in the late 1920s. d. illustrated the growing distance between the Democrats and their supporters in the South. ANS: a Page Ref.: 704 (factual) THE NEW DEAL AND AMERICAN LIFE 39. Militant laborers challenged traditional labor leaders by forming the: a. Congress of Industrial Organizations. b. American Liberty League. c. American Federation of Labor. d. Knights of Labor. ANS: a Page Ref.: 705 (factual) 40. Auto workers at GM’s Flint, Michigan plant: a. were attacked by the National Guard. b. won their strike by using the unique tactic of the sit-down strike. c. refused to join the Congress of Industrial Organizations. d. failed to earn any public support for their strike. ANS: b Page Ref.: 705 (factual)
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41. On Memorial Day in Chicago in 1937: a. police fired on strikers and their families, killing 10 people. b. Huey Long was assassinated as he gave a speech. c. the Socialist Party nominated Norman Thomas for president. d. FDR gave the most aggressive pro-labor speech of his career. ANS: a Page Ref.: 705 (factual) 42. Which statement about women during the Great Depression is NOT true? a. New Deal relief programs had a mixed impact on working women. b. Many NRA codes mandated lower wage scales for women. c. Women were not included in the NRA’s minimum wage requirement. d. Women on relief were restricted to doing traditional “women’s work.” ANS: c Page Ref.: 706 (conceptual) 43. The first woman named to a presidential cabinet was Secretary of Labor: a. Molly Dewson. b. Frances Perkins. c. Mary McLeod Bethune. d. Jane Addams. ANS: b Page Ref.: 706 (factual) 44. All of the following statements about Eleanor Roosevelt are true EXCEPT: a. she played the valuable role of being FDR’s “eyes and ears” to the American public. b. her activism forever changed the public’s expectations of the first lady’s role. c. she traveled extensively across the country as she championed many social causes. d. despite her active role, she did not become involved in lobbying Congress. ANS: d Page Ref.: 706–707 (conceptual) 45. A significant shift in voting demographics occurred in the 1930s when: a. wealthy industrialists abandoned the Republican Party. b. the lowest voter turnouts in American history occurred. c. blacks shifted their loyalties from the Republicans to the Democrats. d. the “Solid South” crumbled as the Republican Party increased its popularity. ANS: c Page Ref.: 707 (factual) 46. As leader of the PWA, Harold Ickes insisted that: a. half the agency’s jobs should go to women. b. job opportunities should be made more available to loyal Democrats. c. native whites should always be afforded the best job opportunities. d. blacks should receive relief jobs in proportion to their share of the population. ANS: d Page Ref.: 707 (factual)
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47. The “Black Cabinet” was a term used to describe: a. activists who met at the home of Mary McLeod Bethune to discuss civil rights strategies. b. the huge influence that Harry Hopkins and Harold Ickes had on FDR’s decision-making. c. Supreme Court members who ruled that New Deal reforms were unconstitutional. d. labor leaders who argued their positions by lobbying for the attention of Eleanor Roosevelt. ANS: a Page Ref.: 707 (factual) 48. The Indian Reorganization Act: a. guaranteed religious freedom, and halted the sale of tribal lands. b. marked a return to the American governmental policies of the nineteenth century. c. received the full-fledged support of white missionaries who worked on reservations. d. weakened tribal control of local government. ANS: a Page Ref.: 708 (factual) 49. Most southerners supported the Tennessee Valley Authority because it: a. reflected their socialistic values. b. provided government subsidies for crops. c. brought jobs and modern conveniences to an impoverished region. d. strengthened the institution of segregation in the region. ANS: c Page Ref.: 708 (factual) 50. The _______ received the most New Deal money on a per capita basis for welfare, relief, and loans. a. South b. Northeast c. Midwest d. West ANS: d Page Ref.: 710 (factual) EBBING OF THE NEW DEAL 51. “Court packing” refers to FDR’s proposal to: a. load state courts with civil rights cases. b. surround himself with cabinet members from America’s wealthiest families. c. assert more presidential control over the makeup of the Supreme Court. d. sue corporations who resisted implementation of New Deal reforms. ANS: c Page Ref.: 711 (factual) 52. One effect of FDR’s “court packing” proposals was: a. more electoral support than ever for FDR in 1940. b. the desegregation of public facilities in the Tennessee Valley. c. the revival of conservative opposition to FDR. d. the strengthening of FDR’s electoral majority in Congress. ANS: c Page Ref.: 711 (conceptual)
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53. The recession of 1937 was actually rooted in: a. the failure of New Deal reforms. b. a decision to return to some conservative “retrenchment” policies. c. FDR’s reluctance to cut government spending. d. labor’s refusal to follow the Wagner Act. ANS: b Page Ref.: 711 (factual) 54. All of the following statements about the midterm elections of 1938 are true EXCEPT: a. it revealed that, more than ever, FDR would have an easy time getting programs passed. b. the Democrats still held on to their majorities in the House and Senate. c. it guaranteed that the New Deal had gone as far as it ever would. d. conservative Southern Democrats emerged as a stronger political force. ANS: a Page Ref.: 712 (conceptual) GOOD NEIGHBORS AND HOSTILE FORCES 55.With the hopes of expanding to new markets and increasing trade, President Roosevelt extended formal recognition of this country in November, 1933; his decision met with much criticism. a. Cuba b. the Soviet Union c. South Africa d. Canada ANS: b Page Ref.: 712 (factual) 56. FDR’s policies toward Latin America included all of the following EXCEPT: a. lowering tariffs. b. visiting South America. c. refusing to support dictators. d. extending the Good Neighbor policy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 712 (factual) 57. In the early 1930s, Hitler established this type of government in Germany. a. democratic b. autocratic c. fascist d. socialist ANS: c Page Ref.: 713 (factual)
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58. In an effort to avoid conflict, Congress passed a set of acts, designed to continue America’s trade with its world partners but prohibit the president from taking sides in the mounting European crisis. They were called: a. the Neutrality Acts. b. the Kellogg-Briand Pacts. c. the Munich agreements. d. the Good Neighbor policies. ANS: a Page Ref.: 713 (factual) 59. In the 1930s, the United States took no substantial action when Japan engaged in military actions in: a. French Indochina. b. China. c. the Philippines. d. Thailand. ANS: b Page Ref.: 713 (factual) Chronology 60. Which of the following events took place in Roosevelt’s first term? a. FDR proposes his ideas for “court packing.” b. The Emergency Banking Act is passed in an effort to stabilize the banking system. c. The Social Security Act provides old-age pensions for the first time in U.S. history. d. The Congress of Industrial Organizations is founded. ANS: b Page Ref.: 691 (factual) 61. Which of the following events took place in Roosevelt’s second term? a. The Supreme Court rules the NRA unconstitutional. b. The Tennessee Valley Authority is created to coordinate regional development. c. Congress, with the active support of labor, passes the Wagner Act. d. The Civilian Conservation Corps establishes many jobs in the area of conservation and reforestation projects. ANS: c Page Ref.: 691 (factual) 62. Which of the following events happened first? a. Italy invades Ethiopia. b. Munich agreement gives Hitler the Sudetenland. c. United States recognizes the Soviet Union. d. Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland. ANS: c Page Ref.: 691 (factual) 63. Which of the following events happened in 1933? a. National Recovery Administration created. b. Social Security Act passed. c. Farm Security Administration created. d. National Housing Act passed. ANS: a Page Ref.: 691 (factual)
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64. Which of the following events happened in 1936? a. Civilian Conservation Corps created. b. Tennessee Valley Authority created. c. Securities and Exchange Commission created. d. Supreme Court declares the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional. ANS: d Page Ref.: 691 (factual) Short Essays 65. How did Herbert Hoover’s voluntarism fail to solve the problems of the Great Depression? 66. Describe the conflict that led to FDR’s proposal that the president be given more power in the organization of the Supreme Court. What were the specifics of FDR’s “court packing” proposals? 67. What historical specifics show that the Republican Party had fallen out of step with American voters in the period from 1930–1936? 68. Describe the important role that Eleanor Roosevelt played in the American political scene of the 1930s. 69. What factors led to a rift in the American Federation of Labor? How was the Congress of Industrial Organizations different from the A.F.L.? Extended Essays 70. In what ways were Herbert Hoover’s economic ideas more progressive than his Republican predecessors in office? Despite these ideas, what political failings caused his demise as president? 71. Discuss and analyze the elements that produced Franklin Roosevelt’s landslide victory over Herbert Hoover in the election of 1932. 72. Choose three New Deal relief programs and describe them. What were they designed to accomplish? What were the achievements and/or failings of these programs? 73. Many historians have stated that Franklin Roosevelt was “the right man at the right time.” Evaluate the thematic evidence that produces this thesis. 74. Arthur Schlesinger asserted that FDR’s strengths included his ability to unite the nation against a common foe, and his instinct for finding the “vital center” of American thinking. What historical evidence causes Schlesinger to express this thesis? 75. Describe the coalition of critics that opposed New Deal reforms. What were the variety of motivations behind the groups and individuals who expressed these criticisms? 76. What role did New Deal reforms play in the lives of women, blacks, and Indians? Did the New Deal increase discrimination or did it serve as a foundation for later civil rights reform?
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CHAPTER 26: WORLD WAR II 1939–1945 Multiple Choice ONE AMERICAN JOURNEY 1.
Many scientists who helped develop the atomic bomb for the United States: a. were hired by the joint authority of the United States, England, and the Soviet Union. b. made it known that they felt the project should not be kept secret. c. insisted that no one but them be given access to the research building. d. had escaped from Fascist and Nazi aggression in Europe.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 720 (factual) THE DILEMMAS OF NEUTRALITY 2.
According to Gallup polls throughout the 1930s, 70 percent of Americans: a. wanted military intervention only on behalf of England. b. expressed that becoming involved in another world war would be a mistake. c. felt that fascism did not present a serious threat to European security. d. supported economic aid and military intervention to stop fascist aggression.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 722 (factual) 3.
The earliest fascist aggression took place when: a. Hitler created death camps in Eastern Europe. b. Japan launched a brutal invasion of China. c. Italy attacked and conquered Ethiopia. d. the German air force launched raids on Great Britain.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 722 (factual) 4.
Which is the correct trio of Axis Powers in World War II? a. Soviet Union, Germany, Italy b. Germany, Japan, Italy c. Germany, Italy, France d. Soviet Union, Japan, Germany
ANS: b Page Ref.: 722 (factual) 5.
By 1939, Nazi concentration camps held people who were mostly: a. Eastern Europeans. b. Allied soldiers. c. Polish Jews. d. socialists, homosexuals, and beggars.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 722 (factual)
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6.
Germany’s invasion of _________ on September 1, 1939 marked the start of World War II. a. Denmark b. Britain c. France d. Poland
ANS: d Page Ref.: 723 (factual) 7.
By the end of 1940, Germany had conquered all of the following countries, EXCEPT: a. Sweden. b. Norway. c. Yugoslavia. d. Greece.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 723 (factual) 8.
Nazi aggression was finally stalled in 1940 and early 1941 when: a. President Roosevelt secretly sent American pilots to Europe. b. England steadfastly resisted the Nazis in the Battle of Britain. c. a British blockade of Germany cut off fascist supply lines. d. economic boycotts damaged the German war effort.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 723 (factual) 9.
American public opinion polls in 1938–1940 showed all of the following beliefs EXCEPT: a. the majority of Americans did not care if either the Allied or Axis powers prevailed. b. the American people believed the nation should fight only if directly attacked. c. more than 80 percent of Americans supported continued restrictions on immigration. d. most Americans believed that the nation had been wrong to enter World War I.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 723 (conceptual) 10. Which of the following countries was allied with the Axis in 1941? a. Greece b. Hungary c. Spain d. Denmark ANS: b Page Ref.: 724 (factual) 11. FDR’s “lend-lease” program allowed: a. states to earn block grants from the federal government. b. the United States to sell military supplies to the Axis Powers. c. Britain to borrow military equipment from the United States. d. minorities to receive equal treatment in New Deal programs. ANS: c Page Ref.: 725 (factual)
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12. Which American hero was ardently isolationist in his views regarding the war in Europe? a. Douglas MacArthur b. Theodore Roosevelt c. Charles Lindbergh d. Babe Ruth ANS: c Page Ref.: 725 (factual) 13. The Atlantic Charter of 1941: a. created further distance between the United States and European involvement. b. provided a political framework for the possibility of American involvement. c. did not express American opposition to territorial change by conquest. d. emphasized the defeat of imperial Japan as the first priority. ANS: b Page Ref.: 726 (conceptual) 14. In the months leading up to Pearl Harbor: a. relations between the United States and Japan appeared to be getting better. b. Germany withdrew its troops from the Soviet Union. c. Japan signed a non-aggression pact with China. d. FDR froze Japanese assets and increased U.S. naval presence in the Pacific. ANS: d Page Ref.: 726 (factual) 15. After Japan invaded ______________, Roosevelt froze Japanese assets in the United States and stopped petroleum shipments to Japan. a. China b. Guam c. French Indochina d. the Philippines ANS: c Page Ref.: 726 (factual) 16. Which statement about Pearl Harbor is true? a. The attack left the United States with no naval carriers in the Pacific. b. Japan destroyed all of the oil storage tanks at Pearl Harbor. c. More than 2,000 Americans were killed in the surprise Japanese attack. d. Even after the attack, many congressmen voted against a declaration of war. ANS: c Page Ref.: 726 (factual) HOLDING THE LINE 17. A turning point on the Eastern Front came when: a. the Americans defeated the Japanese navy at the Battle of Midway. b. Allied forces defeated the Germans at El Alamein. c. the Soviet Union forced a German surrender after the Battle of Stalingrad. d. FDR sent 2 million troops to the aid of the battered Soviet Union. ANS: c Page Ref.: 729 (conceptual)
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18. Which of the following areas was most insulated from the fighting in World War II? a. North Africa b. North America c. East Asia d. southern Europe ANS: b Page Ref.: 728 (conceptual) 19. A turning point in the Battle of the Atlantic came when: a. German manufacturers surprisingly stopped producing U-boats. b. new sonar systems improved the tracking of German U-boats. c. Admiral Yamomoto realized his forces were outnumbered. d. the Soviet Union sent naval reinforcements. ANS: b Page Ref.: 729 (conceptual) 20. The first check to Japanese expansion came at the Battle of the Coral Sea when: a. British reinforcements relieved a battered U.S. navy. b. U.S. aircraft carriers halted a Japanese advance toward Australia. c. the Japanese were forced to surrender the island fortress of Corregidor. d. the alliance of the Axis Powers dissolved. ANS: b Page Ref.: 730 (factual) MOBILIZING FOR VICTORY 21. Which statement about American support for World War II is true? a. Officials were surprised that not many men enlisted after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. b. For the first time in U.S. military history, racial equality existed in the army. c. The support for the war unified Americans across regional, national, and class divisions. d. Women played no significant role in the Allies’ victory. ANS: c Page Ref.: 731 (conceptual) 22. The Office of Price Administration fought inflation by: a. intentionally decreasing farm incomes. b. implementing price controls and rationing. c. paying off the entire national debt. d. ordering lower wages for war industry workers. ANS: b Page Ref.: 731 (factual) 23. All of the following statements about war production are true EXCEPT: a. American workers produced a staggering 40 percent of all war materials in the world. b. the Great Depression was ended because of the upturn in the wartime economy. c. existing factories were very effective at retooling for producing war materials. d. the poorest quarter of Americans was excluded from wartime industries. ANS: d Page Ref.: 731–732 (factual)
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24. Italian-American scientist Enrico Fermi led the project that: a. developed the atomic bomb for the United States. b. created radar bombing for American planes. c. discovered that sonar could be used to track German U-boats. d. revolutionized blood transfusion procedures. ANS: a Page Ref.: 720 (factual) 25. The Manhattan Project was the code name for: a. the D-Day invasion. b. rationing programs in the United States. c. the project to develop the atomic bomb. d. the American attack at Iwo Jima. ANS: c Page Ref.: 732 (factual) 26. What prompted J. Robert Oppenheimer to say, “Now I am become death”? a. viewing the grim remains of the Battle of Saipan b. observing the Nazi death camp at Auschwitz c. seeing a nuclear fission bomb tested for the first time d. watching the Battle of Stalingrad from a barn in the countryside ANS: c Page Ref.: 732 (factual) 27. Which statement about Native Americans in World War II is true? a. The government did very little to assimilate Indians into the war effort. b. The average cash income of Indians experienced a decrease during the war. c. They often served as effective code-talkers by using Native American languages. d. There was an increase in the number of Native Americans who lived in urban areas. ANS: c Page Ref.: 733 (factual) THE HOME FRONT 28. All of the following statements about women workers on the home front are true EXCEPT: a. women were encouraged to work by poster images of strong, handsome women. b. women played vital roles in the shipyards and in the aircraft industry. c. employment of women increased enormously during the war years. d. the percentage of women working in manufacturing jobs did not increase. ANS: d Page Ref.: 734–735 (conceptual) 29. FDR’s issuance of Executive Order 8802: a. allowed women to join the Army-Air Corps. b. required participation in scrap drives and victory gardens. c. gave approval for the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan. d. banned racial discrimination in employment for defense industries. ANS: d Page Ref.: 735 (factual)
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30. During World War II, riots in Harlem and Detroit revealed that: a. the Communist Party had a strong foundation in urban areas. b. antiwar sentiment was on the rise as the war continued. c. labor unions were not following FDR’s no-strike appeals. d. racial divisiveness was still a social problem in America. ANS: d Page Ref.: 736 (conceptual) 31. Who replaced Henry Wallace as FDR’s running mate in 1944? a. John Kennedy b. Harry Truman c. Harry Hopkins d. Dwight Eisenhower ANS: b Page Ref.: 737–738 (factual) WAR AND PEACE 32. Meetings of Allied leaders at Casablanca and Tehran revealed that: a. China would not continue to aid the Allies’ cause. b. Japan was on the verge of surrender. c. the Soviet Union was no longer experiencing significant casualties. d. the Allies possessed differing views of the world after the war. ANS: d Page Ref.: 738 (conceptual) 33. Of the three Allied leaders, which was closest to the idealism of Woodrow Wilson? a. Roosevelt b. Stalin c. Churchill d. All three could be considered Wilsonians. ANS: a Page Ref.: 726 (conceptual) 34. After the fall of Mussolini: a. the Axis Powers withdrew all of their troops from central Europe. b. the British shifted their focus back to North Africa. c. bitter fighting for the control of Italy took place between the Allies and Germany. d. George Patton was able to invade eastern France. ANS: c Page Ref.: 740 (factual) 35. “Operation OVERLORD” was the code name for the: a. re-election strategy of FDR. b. project to build the atomic bomb. c. D-Day invasion. d. Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad. ANS: c Page Ref.: 741 (factual)
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36. Britain and the United States began their European offensive against Germany by invading: a. France. b. Italy. c. Norway. d. the Netherlands. ANS: b Page Ref.: 738 (factual) 37. The most important result of the fighting after the Allied landing at Normandy was: a. the toppling of Mussolini’s government in Italy. b. the retreat of the Germans out of France. c. the emergence of Harry Truman’s skills as a presidential leader. d. it coincided with the Americans’ victory at Kasserine Pass. ANS: b Page Ref.: 742 (factual) 38. The purpose of the D-Day invasion was to: a. knock Italy out of the war. b. liberate France from German control. c. topple the government of Emperor Hirohito. d. establish military ports in North Africa. ANS: b Page Ref.: 742 (factual) 39. An important turning point in the bombing raids of Germany occurred when: a. the Germans ran out of anti-aircraft ammunition. b. America decided to stop the practice of daylight bombing. c. Hitler committed suicide in late 1943. d. P-51 Mustangs began to successfully escort American bombers in relative safety. ANS: d Page Ref.: 743 (factual) 40. Which American plane was known as the “Flying Fortress”? a. the Liberator b. the P-51 Mustang c. the Spitfire d. the B-17 ANS: d Page Ref.: 743 (factual) 41. ____________ had the highest number of total dead in World War II. a. The Soviet Union b. China c. Germany d. Japan ANS: a Page Ref.: 742 (factual)
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42. All of the following statements about the bomb raids of Germany are true EXCEPT: a. allied bombing raids on factories began to cripple the German economy. b. the American airmen took off in heavily armed planes from bases in Britain. c. the Allies bombed Dresden because it was the most important industrial center of Germany. d. daylight bombing improved the efficiency of bombing raids on factories. ANS: c Page Ref.: 743 (factual) 43. Tens of thousands of German civilians were killed in the “terror raid” fire bombing of: a. Munich. b. Berlin. c. Dresden. d. Cologne. ANS: c Page Ref.: 743 (factual) 44. As the Allies began to defeat the Germans from the east and the west: a. Japan considered a sudden surrender to Great Britain. b. Mussolini signed an alliance treaty with the United States. c. they began to uncover the horrors of Nazi death camps. d. antiwar protesters began to march on Washington. ANS: c Page Ref.: 743 (factual) 45. Which statement about the Holocaust is NOT true? a. Jews and Poles were the only people killed in Nazi death camps. b. Soviet troops came upon camps in which millions of Jews had been killed. c. As Allied troops liberated conquered areas, they could scarcely believe the horrors. d. European Jews suffered the most deaths in Nazi death camps. ANS: a Page Ref.: 743–744 (factual) 46. The American strategy in the Pacific has often been called: a. blitzkrieg. b. beach combing. c. island hopping. d. lightning war. ANS: c Page Ref.: 744 (conceptual) 47. The bitter intensity of the war in the Pacific was magnified by: a. Japan’s lack of any fighter planes. b. racial hatred and cultural differences between both sides. c. the defeat of the Americans at Leyte Gulf. d. the Americans’ inability to cut off supplies to Japan. ANS: b Page Ref.: 744 (conceptual)
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48. In the year before the dropping of the atomic bomb: a. the Japanese had won key battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa. b. the American Army-Air Force had begun to falter in battle. c. fighting between the Japanese and the Americans had slowed in intensity. d. the American Army-Air Force had carried out destructive fire bombings of Japan. ANS: d Page Ref.: 745 (factual) 49. The 1945 American bombing of _________ was likely the largest mass killing of all time. a. Hiroshima b. Nagasaki c. Dresden d. Tokyo ANS: d Page Ref.: 745 (factual) 50. At the Yalta Conference: a. Harry Truman had to replace the ailing Franklin Roosevelt. b. the Soviet Union asserted control of land it already controlled. c. Stalin refused to join the newly created United Nations. d. the Allies did not address the designation of occupation zones in war-torn Europe. ANS: b Page Ref.: 745 (factual) 51. In the Potsdam Declaration of 1945, the United States attempted to: a. demilitarize the Soviet Union. b. withdraw all of its troops from Western Europe. c. inform Japan about the United States’ nuclear capabilities. d. open the door for a Japanese surrender. ANS: d Page Ref.: 745 (factual) 52. The main reason behind Harry Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb was: a. American scientists wished to see if the bomb would actually work. b. U.S. intelligence knew that Japan was close to developing its own atomic bomb. c. Josef Stalin urged the United States to use the weapon to quickly end the war. d. American officials believed the Japanese would fight up to the point of annihilation. ANS: d Page Ref.: 747 (conceptual) 53. All of the following statements about Japan in the last year of the war are true EXCEPT: a. suicidal kamikaze pilots exhibited the desperate stance of Japanese strategy. b. Japanese forces retreated from Okinawa in an effort to save lives. c. fire bombings crippled Japan’s economy and war production. d. Japanese officials greeted the Potsdam Declaration with caution and disinterest. ANS: b Page Ref.: 745–746 (conceptual)
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54. Japan surrendered to the United States: a. the day after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. b. because they feared the entry of the Soviet Union into the war in the Pacific. c. as a result of the destructive fire bombings of Tokyo. d. after the United States dropped a second atomic bomb. ANS: d Page Ref.: 746 (factual) 55. Which of the following was the LEAST significant reason why the Allies won World War II? a. military preparedness before the war b. economic capacity c. advances in technology d. military skill of generals and war planners ANS: a Page Ref.: 746 (conceptual) Chronology 56. Which event happened last? a. The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor. b. Franklin Roosevelt is elected to a third term. c. The Germans invade Poland. d. Mussolini is overthrown and killed in Italy. ANS: d Page Ref.: 721 (factual) 57. What is the correct order of events? a. Japan attacks China, America enters the war, D-Day invasion b. D-Day invasion, Japan attacks China, America enters the war c. America enters the war, D-Day invasion, Japan attacks China d. D-Day invasion, America enters the war, Japan attacks China ANS: a Page Ref.: 721 (factual) 58. Which headline would have appeared in 1945? a. “Axis Powers Sign Tripartite Pact of Aggression” b. “Americans Stop Japanese Advance at Midway” c. “Race Riot Plagues Detroit” d. “Nation Stunned as It Mourns Loss of FDR” ANS: d Page Ref.: 721 (factual) 59. The last military action of World War II was: a. the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. b. the Allied capture of Berlin. c. the Battle of Iwo Jima. d. the Battle of the Bulge. ANS: a Page Ref.: 721 (factual)
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60. Which event happened in the 1930s? a. Germany invades the Soviet Union. b. The number of women workers in America increases dramatically. c. Nye Commission investigates arms trade. d. Allied forces invade Normandy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 721 (factual) 61. Which event did NOT happen in 1939? a. German-Soviet nonaggression pact b. Battle of Britain c. Germany invades Poland d. France declares war on Germany ANS: b Page Ref.: 721 (factual) 62. Which event happened in 1941? a. American and British forces invade Italy. b. Japan invades China. c. Germany invades France. d. Germany invades the Soviet Union. ANS: d Page Ref.: 721 (factual) Short Essays 63. Define and describe examples of three of the following terms: blitzkrieg, island hopping, daylight bombing, fire bombing. 64. What actions illustrated Japanese, German, and Italian aggression in the 1930s? 65. In what ways was FDR preparing for war before the invasion of Pearl Harbor? 66. What evidence reveals the vital role that American manufacturing played in the victory of the Allies? 67. Describe American policy regarding the war in the period from 1935 to December 7–8, 1941. Extended Essays 68. How did American unity provide a foundation for success in World War II? Describe examples of Americans on the home front that illustrate the importance of that unity. 69. What factors combined to produce the defeat of Germany? Be sure to explain the roles of the Soviet Union, the bombing campaigns, and the D-Day invasion in the victory of the Allies. 70. Respond to this statement: “American entry into World War II emerged as a vital factor in the defeat of the Axis powers.” 71. What evidence reveals the brutal nature of the war in the Pacific? What factors contributed to President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb? Of those factors, which one do you think was most influential in his mind?
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72. Analyze the wartime experiences of three of the following groups: women, African Americans, Mexican Americans and Japanese Americans, and Native Americans. Did these experiences help or hinder progress toward equality in America? 73. Respond to the following statement: “FDR displayed effective leadership and the ability to unite Americans in the national effort to win World War II.”
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CHAPTER 27: THE COLD WAR AT HOME AND ABROAD 1946–1952 Multiple Choice LAUNCHING THE GREAT BOOM 1.
The Republicans won control of Congress in: a. 1934. b. 1938. c. 1942. d. 1946.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 754 (factual) 2.
In the year after the surrender of Japan: a. Americans were reluctant to reduce the size of the armed forces. b. consumer purchases of automobiles continued to increase. c. a lack of labor strikes revealed domestic good will and confident prosperity. d. high demand and short supply meant inflationary pressure.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 753 (conceptual) 3.
Civil rights reforms enacted by the Truman administration included: a. passage of the Voting Rights Act. b. a constitutional amendment to ensure citizenship. c. desegregation of all public facilities. d. desegregation of the armed forces.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 753 (factual) 4.
The Employment Act of 1946 did NOT: a. guarantee full employment for all American workers. b. establish a council of economic advisers to assist the president. c. attempt to ward off a possible economic crisis. d. help define postwar economic growth.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 754 (factual) 5.
In the first few years after the war: a. there were no labor strikes in America. b. total employment improved. c. more women entered the workforce. d. a brief depression occurred.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 754 (factual)
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6.
The creation of the Council of Economic Advisors: a. increased the role of the federal government in the nation’s economy. b. occurred during the first Eisenhower administration. c. took place during a time of economic prosperity. d. was achieved by an executive order of the president.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 754 (conceptual) 7.
The Taft-Hartley Act: a. represented the most progressive labor reforms since the Wilson administration. b. was an attempt by big business to reverse gains made by organized labor. c. limited the immigration of Asians and eastern Europeans. d. was successful because it was supported by John L. Lewis.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 754 (conceptual) 8.
The Taft-Hartley Act: a. did not become law. b. was signed by President Truman. c. was vetoed by President Truman. d. was opposed by most Republican members of Congress.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 754 (factual) 9.
The G.I. Bill was geared at helping veterans in the areas of: a. medical care and cash bonuses. b. mental health and self-esteem. c. welfare payments and job counseling. d. housing and education.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 754 (factual) 10. One immediate problem in the first few years after the war was: a. a housing shortage. b. the national feeling that not much was gained by victory in the war. c. large-scale unemployment. d. a marked decrease in the standard of living for the middle class. ANS: a Page Ref.: 755 (factual) 11. The FHA: a. financed nearly 40 percent of all home mortgage debt between 1946–1950. b. required that labor leaders take oaths that they were not communists. c. began a trend that resulted in rampant inflation during the early 1950s. d. supported the third-party candidacy of Henry Wallace in 1948. ANS: a Page Ref.: 755 (factual)
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12. Which of the following had the highest population growth rate between 1940 and 1998? a. suburbs b. central cities c. non-metropolitan areas d. rural areas ANS: a Page Ref.: 755 (factual) 13. Levittown represented a change toward: a. an increase in Americans who owned small farms. b. affordable homes in American suburbs. c. a belief in labor-management equity. d. the development of suburbs tied to ethnic identity. ANS: b Page Ref.: 755 (conceptual) 14. The courageous athlete who broke the “color line” in major league baseball was: a. Jackie Robinson. b. Hank Aaron. c. Jesse Owens. d. Willie Mays. ANS: a Page Ref.: 756 (factual) 15. One trend of the period 1946–1950 was: a. further segregation in professional sports. b. a growth of power for organized labor. c. a declining fear in the threat of communism. d. a significant increase in the number of babies being born. ANS: d Page Ref.: 757 (factual) 16. In what year was the number of births per 1000 women highest? a. 1933 b. 1942 c. 1958 d. 1978 ANS: c Page Ref.: 757 (factual) TRUMAN, REPUBLICANS, AND THE FAIR DEAL 17. After the war, middle-class Americans overwhelmingly expressed the desire to: a. assure peace by developing close relations with the Soviet Union. b. have small families and live in remote, rural areas. c. establish prosperity after 15 years of depression and war. d. include socialist policies in the national political agenda. ANS: c Page Ref.: 757 (conceptual)
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18. Aspects of the Democratic Party’s “vital center” from 1948 to 1968 did NOT include: a. a commitment to maintaining New Deal reforms. b. attempts to extend freedom abroad. c. attempts to maintain the party’s popularity with labor. d. showing wide tolerance toward communist ideology. ANS: d Page Ref.: 757 (factual) 19. Third-party presidential candidate Strom Thurmond left the Democratic Party because of his: a. belief that the Soviet threat was not a serious concern. b. contention that the party had abandoned organized labor. c. opposition to civil rights reforms raised by party members. d. dislike of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ANS: c Page Ref.: 758 (factual) 20. Third-party presidential candidate Henry Wallace believed that: a. U.S. foreign policy was instigating the Cold War. b. civil rights should not be a national political issue. c. progressive reforms were ruining the country. d. big business should have more power in the American economy. ANS: a Page Ref.: 758 (factual) 21. In An American Dilemma, Gunnar Myrdal: a. stated that America’s race problems had little if any impact on foreign relations. b. stated that America’s race problems were of little significance. c. argued that the “American Creed” was based on Roman law. d. argued that the “American Creed” was at odds with racial discrimination. ANS: d Page Ref.: 759 (conceptual) 22. Harry Truman’s successful campaign of 1948 featured all of the following EXCEPT: a. “whistle stops” in which he talked directly to the American public. b. sophisticated use of television in televised debates. c. consistent attacks on what he termed the “do-nothing” Republican Congress. d. crowds yelling the slogan, “Give ‘em hell, Harry!” ANS: b Page Ref.: 758–759 (factual) 23. Harry Truman’s economic package was known as the: a. Fair Deal. b. New Frontier. c. Great Society. d. New World Order. ANS: a Page Ref.: 759 (factual)
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24. In the election of 1948, Harry Truman benefited from all of the following factors EXCEPT: a. his popularity in the South caused him to sweep all electoral votes in that region. b. he positioned himself as a moderate when compared to extreme third-party candidates. c. the Republican candidate, Thomas Dewey, became overconfident and distant from the voters. d. the no-nonsense personality of Truman allowed him to be appealing to common voters. ANS: a Page Ref.: 759 (factual) 25. In the 1948 presidential election, the __________ Party won 39 electoral votes. a. Socialist b. States’ Rights c. Communist d. Progressive ANS: b Page Ref.: 760 (factual) 26. An important legacy of the Housing Act of 1949 was that: a. it established the goal of decent housing for all Americans. b. it managed to put an end to all slums in the Northeast. c. it succeeded because Congress generously funded the program. d. it showed that the Republicans would never support federal housing measures. ANS: a Page Ref.: 760 (conceptual) 27. All of the following facets of Harry Truman’s economic package passed EXCEPT: a. revitalizing the Social Security program. b. legislation to help people who had been priced out of the housing market. c. a plan to provide national health insurance for all Americans. d. the expansion of many existing New Deal programs. ANS: c Page Ref.: 760 (factual) CONFRONTING THE SOVIET UNION 28. The period 1946–1950 began a 40-year era of: a. an American economy that never experienced a recession. b. Republican presidencies. c. rivalry with communism and the Soviet Union. d. unchecked legal segregation. ANS: c Page Ref.: 760 (factual) 29. The main western economic alliance that developed in the early years of the Cold War centered on the: a. United States, western Europe, Latin America. b. United States, western Europe, eastern Europe. c. United States, western Europe, Japan. d. United States, western Europe, China. ANS: c Page Ref.: 760 (factual)
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30. Which countries each controlled a zone within Germany after World War II? a. United States, Soviet Union b. United States, Soviet Union, Britain c. United States, Soviet Union, Britain, Poland d. United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France ANS: d Page Ref.: 761 (factual) 31. The United States and U.S.S.R. disputed the Yalta Conference’s decrees regarding: a. free elections in western Europe. b. the existence of socialism in the U.S.S.R. c. the status of Poland. d. the war-guilt clause for World War II. ANS: c Page Ref.: 761 (factual) 32. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were designed to: a. ease economic tensions between capitalism and communism. b. provide redevelopment loans for the Soviet Union. c. allow the United States to be isolationist in its foreign policy. d. ensure the United States’ central role in the reviving world economy. ANS: d Page Ref.: 761 (factual) 33. The Baruch Plan: a. was opposed by the United States. b. was supported by the Soviet Union. c. called for an international agency to supervise and regulate uranium and nuclear weapon production. d. called for all UN members to renounce the potential use of nuclear energy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 761 (factual) 34. The content of George Kennan’s “long telegram” depicted: a. a return to the depression if the United States did not continue social reforms. b. an aggressive U.S.S.R. driven by expansionist communism. c. a Republican Party that was not loyal to national goals. d. President Truman as an ineffective leader in domestic affairs. ANS: b Page Ref.: 761 (conceptual) 35. In 1947, President Truman and Congress appropriated $400 million to: a. enact desegregation policies in the South. b. fight communism in Greece and Turkey. c. rebuild public school systems in poor areas. d. support left-wing liberation movements in Africa. ANS: b Page Ref.: 762 (factual)
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36. The main purpose of the Truman Doctrine was to: a. support all nationalist movements across the globe. b. continue support for further labor and social welfare reforms. c. regulate the banking industry in hopes of avoiding another depression. d. use U.S. economic power to help free nations resist subversion or aggression. ANS: d Page Ref.: 762 (factual) 37. A major effect of the Marshall Plan was: a. a strengthening of the economic relationship between the United States and western Europe. b. the political downfall of President Truman. c. the communist movement in western Europe gained momentum. d. business and labor never supported the political or economic philosophy of the plan. ANS: a Page Ref.: 762 (conceptual) 38. In his July, 1947 Foreign Affairs article, George Kennan argued that: a. the Soviet Union was on the verge of political and economic collapse. b. the Soviet Union was primarily concerned with internal development, not foreign involvement. c. the United States should take the offensive to overthrow the Soviet government. d. the United States should seek to “contain” Soviet expansion. ANS: d Page Ref.: 763 (conceptual) 39. Due to fear of Soviet expansionism, the U.S. policy in Japan: a. was hostile to the economic development of Japan. b. imposed a military state for the first decade after the war. c. encouraged Japanese loyalty by nurturing its economic recovery. d. called for joint investment by the United States and U.S.S.R. in Japan. ANS: c Page Ref.: 763 (factual) 40. The United States and other Western nations responded to the Berlin blockade by: a. ignoring the Soviet Union’s awkward attempts at expansionism. b. airlifting supplies into the isolated city. c. threatening to use nuclear weapons against the Soviet Union. d. negotiating with the Soviet Union. ANS: b Page Ref.: 763 (factual) 41. Which organization was not created in the period 1946–1950? a. The Central Intelligence Agency b. The National Security Council c. The League of Nations d. The United Nations ANS: c Page Ref.: 763–764 (factual)
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42. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization: a. continued the United States’ tradition of no entangling alliances. b. solidified ties between the United States and its western European allies. c. strengthened political ties but did not address military matters. d. consisted only of the United States, England, and Germany. ANS: b Page Ref.: 764 (conceptual) 43. Which of the following countries was NOT a member of the Warsaw Pact in the late 1950s? a. Yugoslavia b. Czechoslovakia c. Poland d. Hungary ANS: a Page Ref.: 764 (factual) COLD WAR AND HOT WAR 44. In the period 1946–1954, fears of communism were fueled by all of the following EXCEPT: a. the Soviets’ development of the atomic bomb. b. the Communist victory in the Chinese Revolution. c. Chinese participation in the Korean War. d. the Soviet installation of nuclear weapons in Cuba. ANS: d Page Ref.: 764 (factual) 45. Which statement about the role of possible atomic war in the 1950s is NOT true? a. New environmental and health problems emerged because of nuclear testing. b. The United States–U.S.S.R. rivalry did not threaten the safety of western Europe. c. Both the United States and the U.S.S.R. developed the enormously powerful hydrogen bomb. d. The rivalry between the United States and the U.S.S.R. produced the beginning of a long arms race. ANS: b Page Ref.: 764–765 (conceptual) 46. Most development and production of American nuclear weapons took place in the ________ United States. a. western b. southern c. midwestern d. northeastern ANS: a Page Ref.: 765 (factual) 47. Results of the Communist victory in China included all of the following EXCEPT: a. members of the State Department were often unjustly accused of weakness. b. the Cold War between the United States and the U.S.S.R. was no longer as intense has it had been. c. critics accused the United States of placing too much emphasis on European allies. d. foreign service officers had correctly identified the weaknesses of the Chinese nationalists. ANS: b Page Ref.: 765 (conceptual)
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48. The content of National Security Council Paper 68 argued that: a. military solutions should be encouraged to contain communism. b. foreign aid should be the key element of containing communism. c. the United Nations was the best vehicle for achieving coexistence with the Soviet Union. d. the military force behind Soviet expansionism was weak and inefficient. ANS: a Page Ref.: 765 (factual) 49. Long-range effects of NSC-68 included all of the following EXCEPT: a. its emphasis on military action contributed to American involvement in Vietnam. b. it caused large-scale military spending by both the United States and the Soviet Union. c. it served as the foundation for a great deal of America’s foreign policy through the 1980s. d. it provided American leaders with a better understanding of local nationalist movements. ANS: d Page Ref.: 765 (conceptual) 50. The world was brought to the brink of World War III surrounding a civil war in: a. Korea. b. Taiwan. c. Greece. d. Hungary. ANS: a Page Ref.: 766 (factual) 51. Before 1950, the United States: a. actively tried to instigate further internal violence in Korea. b. refused to recognize the South Korean government of Syngman Rhee. c. did not perceive Korea as a vital element of U.S. policy in Asia. d. met with China to discuss peaceful coexistence in Korea. ANS: c Page Ref.: 766 (factual) 52. Dean Acheson and President Truman believed that North Korea’s invasion of South Korea: a. involved planning by the Soviet Union. b. was not a serious foreign policy matter. c. showed that the Soviet Union could not maintain expansionist policies. d. would be supported by the United Nations. ANS: a Page Ref.: 767 (factual) 53. Effects of the Korean War included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the Soviet Union became once again convinced of the United States’ military invulnerability. b. the war foreshadowed the United States’ later involvement in Vietnam. c. the goals of NSC-68 had been confirmed as a major portion of U.S. foreign policy. d. the United States began to fund France’s efforts to retain control of colonies in Asia. ANS: a Page Ref.: 768 (conceptual)
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THE SECOND RED SCARE 54. All of the following statements about the Second Red Scare are true EXCEPT: a. loyalty programs were established to identify and fire suspect employees. b. the whims of committee chairs wielded extreme power in Congress. c. Democrats used the scare to discredit Dwight Eisenhower’s political coalition. d. anti-Communist crusaders often used dubious evidence to cast suspicion. ANS: c Page Ref.: 768–770 (conceptual) 55. In the years after World War II, the American Communist Party: a. had been very successful in urban elections in the Northeast. b. segregated its locals based on race. c. had effectively gained control of the leadership of the C.I.O. d. was actually in rapid decline. ANS: d Page Ref.: 770 (factual) 56. Loyalty boards were originally created and initiated by: a. Richard Nixon. b. Alger Hiss. c. the Truman administration. d. President Eisenhower. ANS: c Page Ref.: 770 (factual) 57. The loyalty program: a. was used for intimidation, not personnel decisions. b. was strongly opposed by Truman’s Justice Department. c. resulted in the firings and resignations of many innocent Americans. d. was ruled unconstitutional in 1952. ANS: c Page Ref.: 770 (factual) 58. The Dies Committee was originally designed to: a. recommend social welfare reforms. b. identify and ferret out pro-fascists. c. investigate communist conspiracies. d. investigate Joseph McCarthy’s background. ANS: b Page Ref.: 770 (factual) 59. One of the most provocative activities of the House Committee on Un-American Activities was to investigate alleged communism in: a. the military. b. corporate America. c. the film industry. d. professional sports. ANS: c Page Ref.: 770 (factual)
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60. The Hollywood Ten: a. was led by Ronald Reagan, who established he was an anti-Communist. b. refused to discuss their politics, citing the protections of free speech. c. called for Charlie Chaplin’s permanent exile from the United States. d. supported Richard Nixon’s attacks on alleged Communists. ANS: b Page Ref.: 770 (factual) 61. The McCarran Committee and state legislatures both attempted to intimidate: a. “red-baiters” such as Joseph McCarthy. b. anyone who would not use their Fifth Amendment rights. c. federal judges who would not convict alleged communists. d. teachers and college professors who had been accused of subversion. ANS: d Page Ref.: 770 (factual) 62. The major importance of the Alger Hiss case was that: a. Hiss had clearly stolen top-security documents from the State Department. b. Whittaker Chambers was convicted of perjury. c. people began to place more importance on Hiss as a symbol than as an alleged spy. d. it cast suspicions upon the Eisenhower administration for the first time. ANS: c Page Ref.: 771 (conceptual) 63. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: a. turned over a list of Communist agents to the American government. b. were convicted and electrocuted for passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. c. testified on behalf of Alger Hiss. d. showed that Joseph McCarthy’s political maneuverings had run out of momentum. ANS: b Page Ref.: 771–772 (factual) 64. A particularly suspicious aspect of McCarthy’s accusations regarding the State Department: a. was that he never accused Democrats of being Communist subversives. b. was that he constantly changed the number of people he was accusing. c. was his insistence that President Eisenhower knew of subversive acts. d. was his reluctance to talk about the accusations during televised committee meetings. ANS: b Page Ref.: 772 (factual) 65. McCarthy’s accusations reached absurdity when he claimed Communist agents included: a. President Eisenhower. b. Secretary of State George Marshall. c. Elvis Presley. d. HUAC committeeman Richard Nixon. ANS: b Page Ref.: 773 (conceptual)
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66. The emptiness of McCarthy’s charges were revealed when: a. it was discovered that Julius Rosenberg was an anti-Communist. b. President Eisenhower condemned him in a nationally televised speech. c. he admitted that he had lied throughout the committee hearings. d. Army lawyer Joseph Welch challenged him at the Army-McCarthy hearings. ANS: d Page Ref.: 773 (factual) Chronology 67. Which event happened last? a. Truman establishes the federal employee loyalty program. b. The Rosenbergs are convicted and executed. c. The Marshall Plan provides economic aid to Europe. d. The Best Years of Our Lives wins the Academy Award. ANS: b Page Ref.: 753 (factual) 68. Which headline would have appeared in the 1940s? a. “Truman Stuns Pollsters—Rolls to Reelection Over Dewey” b. “Truce Talks Begin in Korea” c. “McCarthy, Eisenhower Appear Together on Convention Stage” d. “Forces of U.S., China Come Face-to-Face in Korea” ANS: a Page Ref.: 753 (factual) 69. Which event did NOT occur during the Truman presidency? a. McCarthy censured by the Senate. b. The Berlin Airlift overcomes Soviet blockade. c. George Kennan first explains containment policy. d. The Alger Hiss hearings. ANS: a Page Ref.: 753 (factual) 70. Which event happened first? a. Truman defeats Dewey. b. Communist Chinese defeat Nationalists. c. The United Nations is founded. d. Alger Hiss convicted of perjury. ANS: c Page Ref.: 753 (factual) 71. In what year did the United States first test a hydrogen bomb? a. 1945 b. 1947 c. 1949 d. 1952 ANS: d Page Ref.: 753 (factual)
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72. In what year did containment first become a strong component of American foreign policy? a. 1947 b. 1949 c. 1951 d. 1952 ANS: a Page Ref.: 753 (factual) Short Essays 73. Describe the differences between the Democrats and Republicans regarding the legacy of the New Deal in the period 1945–1952. 74. In what ways did the immediate postwar years provide more opportunities for veterans and members of the working class? 75. What were the major objectives expressed in NSC-68? 76. What evidence reveals the existence of consumer and baby booms in the immediate postwar years? 77. How did the Taft-Hartley Act reduce the influence and power of American labor? Extended Essays 78. What combined roles did the Truman administration and the Republican Party play in promoting fear of an internal Communist threat? 79. Analyze the causes of Harry Truman’s upset victory in the election of 1948. Which factor do you believe was most decisive? 80. Describe the relationship of containment and NSC-68 to the purpose of American involvement in the Korean War. Do you feel that the United States was successful in achieving its goals? 81. What were the causes of the intense fear of Communist subversion in the late 1940s and early 1950s? Who were the key figures in the Second Red Scare? What long-term impact did the Red Scare have on American society? 82. Choose three of the following factors that intensified the Cold War and evaluate them: NSC-68, Soviet expansionism, American fear of communist infiltration, spy rings, the further development of nuclear weapons, the strategy of containment, the victory of Chinese Communists, Joseph McCarthy’s congressional hearings.
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CHAPTER 28: THE CONFIDENT YEARS, 1953–1964 Multiple Choice A DECADE OF AFFLUENCE 1.
Ronald Reagan, like many Americans, believed that the country would thrive if: a. free enterprise was encouraged and supported. b. the government would more actively regulate the economy. c. nuclear weapons were used against eastern Europe. d. the president extended New Deal reforms.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 781–782 (conceptual) 2.
A key to Dwight Eisenhower’s political success was his: a. close ties with Harry Truman. b. positive image with both liberals and conservatives. c. promise to undo New Deal reforms. d. belief that free trade was harming the economy.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 782 (conceptual) 3.
Between 1950 and 1964, the American economy: a. grew at a consistent pace. b. experienced sluggish growth and decline. c. experienced a depression. d. solved the problems of poverty.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 782 (factual) 4.
The congressional policy of termination provided one-time payments, but little else, to: a. blacks. b. women. c. Native Americans. d. Latinos.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 782 (factual) 5.
In 1954, Congress focused its housing policy on: a. urban renewal. b. family farms. c. better housing for blacks. d. building shopping malls.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 783 (factual)
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6.
Which statement about urban renewal from 1954 to 1964 is true? a. Rundown housing was often destroyed and replaced by upper-class businesses. b. Housing problems for the poor were solved in the North. c. Small farmers also benefited from federal urban renewal funds. d. Conservatives used urban renewal to attack the awful level of poverty.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 783 (conceptual) 7.
The Eisenhower administration used “New Deal-style” government spending in modernizing: a. the American medical system. b. the Civilian Conservation Corps. c. the national highway system. d. environmental protection methods.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 783 (factual) 8.
Changes in the domestic economy during the 1950s included: a. a decrease in the number of franchise businesses. b. consumers becoming more reluctant to buy on credit. c. a shrinking of the middle class. d. consumers buying more commodities on credit.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 783–785 (factual) 9.
All of the following were new to consumers in the 1950s EXCEPT: a. large-scale suburban shopping centers, such as Northgate in Seattle. b. franchised hotels and fast-food restaurants, such as Holiday Inn and McDonald’s. c. new environments for high-intensity consumption, such as Disneyland. d. mass production of bottled soda pop, such as Coca-Cola and 7-Up.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 783–785 (conceptual) 10. Situation-comedy television shows of the 1950s portrayed American families as: a. unimportant in American culture. b. white, polite, and happy. c. including two parents who worked in the professions. d. troubled and full of conflict. ANS: b Page Ref.: 785 (conceptual) 11. In which of the following years was the percentage of working women to all women the highest? a. 1950 b. 1965 c. 1975 d. 1990 ANS: d Page Ref.: 786 (factual)
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12. Who did NOT first rise to great popularity in the 1950s? a. Buddy Holly b. Elvis Presley c. Marilyn Monroe d. The Beatles ANS: d Page Ref.: 786 (factual) 13. Dwight Eisenhower did all of the following during his two-term presidency EXCEPT: a. refuse to dismantle successful New Deal programs. b. extend the American military while avoiding war. c. place more emphasis on domestic reforms than foreign affairs. d. delegate authority through a “hidden-hand” presidential style. ANS: c Page Ref.: 789 (conceptual) FACING OFF WITH THE SOVIET UNION 14. During the Eisenhower administration, official American policy for a Soviet attack on western Europe called for: a. massive nuclear retaliation against the USSR. b. response with conventional military forces. c. intense negotiations mediated by the United Nations. d. western Europe to defend itself, with the United States supplying financial aid. ANS: a Page Ref.: 789 (factual) 15. One trend in governmental spending during the 1950s was: a. cutting all social reform programs. b. a significant increase in defense spending. c. providing no new educational programs. d. a lack of funding for containment efforts. ANS: b Page Ref.: 789 (factual) 20. In which of the following years was defense spending as a percentage of gross national product the highest? a. 1950 b. 1955 c. 1975 d. 1997 ANS: b Page Ref.: 789 (factual) 21. Effects of the Soviet Union’s launching of Sputnik included all of the following EXCEPT: a. many Americans believed that Sputnik’s inferior quality revealed American superiority. b. American schools placed stronger emphasis on math and science courses. c. the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was created by Congress. d. Congress supported college and post-graduate study with the National Defense Education Act. ANS: a Page Ref.: 789 (conceptual)
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22. One of the pitfalls of the U.S. policy of containment was that it: a. weakened relations with Great Britain. b. often caused America to support undemocratic regimes. c. caused a debilitating recession in the mid-1960s. d. closed American markets in western Europe. ANS: b Page Ref.: 790 (factual) 23. In 1956, the Soviet Union used military force to suppress an uprising in: a. North Korea. b. Greece. c. Hungary. d. Egypt. ANS: c Page Ref.: 792 (factual) 24. During the Eisenhower presidency, disarmament was set back for years after: a. the Soviet Union installed offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. b. Eisenhower committed 500,000 American troops to Vietnam. c. the United States refused to apologize for the use of U-2 spy planes. d. the Soviet Union was left out of the Warsaw Pact agreement. ANS: c Page Ref.: 793 (factual) JOHN F. KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR 25. John Kennedy’s New Frontier focused on: a. providing tax breaks for poor Americans. b. creating a new era of scientific and social progress. c. reforming the nation’s medical system. d. rebuilding the nation’s transportation infrastructure. ANS: b Page Ref.: 793 (factual) 26. A major factor in John Kennedy’s victory in the election of 1960 was: a. Richard Nixon’s lack of political experience. b. the decision by both candidates to avoid televised debates. c. Kennedy’s charismatic charm and wit. d. Dwight Eisenhower’s aggressive support for Kennedy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 793 (conceptual) 27. In the incident at the Bay of Pigs, the United States: a. failed to overthrow Fidel Castro with a CIA-backed invasion. b. toppled the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem. c. threatened to use atomic weapons against Communists in southeast Asia. d. showed that its policy regarding communism was now more tolerant. ANS: a Page Ref.: 794 (factual)
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28. The Viet Cong: a. benefited from the financial backing of the United States. b. gained strength as insurgents in the Vietnamese countryside. c. helped the United States establish a policy of containment in Vietnam. d. earned little support for their cause in South Vietnam. ANS: b Page Ref.: 795 (factual) 29. Which of the following was NOT a member of SEATO? a. Australia b. United States c. Philippines d. Laos ANS: d Page Ref.: 795 (factual) 31. The Cuban Missile Crisis began when: a. President Johnson escalated the use of ground troops in southeast Asia. b. the U.S.S. Maddox was hit by Communist fire in the Gulf of Tonkin. c. the United States discovered that the U.S.S.R. was installing offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. d. the United States refused to back rebel forces in Hungary. ANS: c Page Ref.: 795 (factual) 32. President Kennedy’s main strategy in dealing with the Cuban Missile Crisis was: a. sending more troops to face Communist forces on the 17th parallel. b. imposing a naval blockade around Cuba until the crisis was resolved. c. ordering the construction of new Jupiter missiles in Turkey. d. conducting secret diplomacy without telling the public about the threat. ANS: b Page Ref.: 796 (factual) 33. The Limited Test Ban Treaty: a. was rejected by President Kennedy. b. was co-signed by China and France. c. provided for on-site inspection of Soviet missile sites. d. outlawed nuclear testing in the atmosphere and outer space. ANS: d Page Ref.: 796 (factual) RIGHTEOUSNESS LIKE A MIGHTY STREAM: THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS 34. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that: a. President Kennedy had to protect James Meredith’s entry to the University of Mississippi. b. segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. c. segregation was constitutional as long as facilities were equal. d. segregation of public schools should be determined by state governments. ANS: b Page Ref.: 797 (factual)
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35. In Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957: a. Martin Luther King gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech.” b. Rosa Parks refused to follow the rules of segregated public transportation. c. the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was created. d. federal troops ensured the safety of black students from angry white mobs. ANS: d Page Ref.: 798 (factual) 36. The young, charismatic leader of the successful Montgomery bus strike was: a. Stokely Carmichael. b. Malcolm X. c. Martin Luther King, Jr. d. Bob Moses. ANS: c Page Ref.: 799–800 (factual) 37. Methods used by blacks in winning the Montgomery bus strike included: a. riots in certain sections of Montgomery. b. the use of car pools despite police harassment. c. hunger strikes. d. asking federal troops to take control of the city. ANS: b Page Ref.: 800 (factual) 38. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the founder of the: a. Southern Christian Leadership Conference. b. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. c. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. d. Congress of Racial Equality. ANS: a Page Ref.: 800 (factual) 39. In February 1960, four black college students began a trend toward mass involvement in: a. the Albany Movement. b. violent civil disobedience. c. lunch counter sit-ins. d. nationwide bus boycotts. ANS: c Page Ref.: 800 (factual) 40. The Freedom Riders: a. brought their message of equality to urban ghettos of the North. b. received little attention from the Kennedy administration. c. challenged the segregation of interstate bus terminals. d. rejected biracial organization in protests against segregation. ANS: c Page Ref.: 800 (factual)
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41. In 1963, many Americans were sickened by: a. the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. b. the behavior of whites as black students attempted to enter a school in Little Rock, Arkansas. c. accounts of massacres of civilians in the remote regions of South Vietnam. d. violence committed by authorities against civil rights activists in Birmingham, Alabama. ANS: d Page Ref.: 800 (factual) 42. Which statement about the March on Washington of 1963 is NOT true? a. It began a period of uninterrupted unity within the civil rights movement. b. It succeeded in transforming civil rights into a national cause. c. A biracial crowd of approximately 250,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial. d. Martin Luther King’s famous speech was nationally televised. ANS: a Page Ref.: 801 (conceptual) LET US CONTINUE 43. Who was sworn in as president immediately after John Kennedy’s death? a. Dwight Eisenhower b. Lyndon Johnson c. Gerald Ford d. Richard Nixon ANS: b Page Ref.: 802 (factual) 44. All of the following statements about Lyndon Johnson are true EXCEPT: a. he supported an ambitious program of social reform. b. he declared an aggressive attack aimed at alleviating poverty. c. he was especially knowledgeable in all aspects of American foreign policy. d. he was very successful at getting domestic reforms passed in Congress. ANS: c Page Ref.: 802 (factual) 45. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: a. prohibited segregation in public facilities. b. was defeated in the House of Representatives. c. was not backed by Lyndon Johnson. d. guaranteed blacks the right to vote. ANS: a Page Ref.: 802 (factual) 46. During the Freedom Summer: a. students marched to Washington, D.C., to protest the Vietnam War. b. black and white activists registered black voters in Mississippi. c. activists were not victimized by violence. d. Sheriff Bull Connor ordered that dogs should be used against civil rights marchers. ANS: b Page Ref.: 802 (factual)
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47. Prior to the Voting Rights Act of 1965: a. northern blacks had not been allowed to vote in city elections. b. Lyndon Johnson had not been a strong advocate of civil rights legislation. c. the Republican Party had been the lone supporter of civil rights. d. the vast majority of blacks in the South were denied the right to vote. ANS: d Page Ref.: 803 (factual) 48. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: a. declared the official end of the Korean War. b. resulted in the resignation of Richard Nixon. c. caused the Soviet Union to dismantle its nuclear missiles in Cuba. d. gave President Johnson the power to wage undeclared war in Vietnam. ANS: d Page Ref.: 804 (factual) 49. In 1964, Barry Goldwater: a. lost a close election to Lyndon Johnson. b. called for aggressive confrontation with communism. c. represented the moderate wing of the Republican Party. d. was the governor of Arizona. ANS: b Page Ref.: 804 (factual) 50. Lyndon Johnson was responsible for the creation and passage of all of the following EXCEPT: a. the Alliance for Progress. b. the Voting Rights Act of 1965. c. Medicare. d. the National Endowment for the Humanities. ANS: a Page Ref.: 804 (factual) 51. The passage of Great Society programs was made possible primarily by: a. a series of favorable Supreme Court rulings on their potential constitutionality. b. the support of many moderate Republicans. c. the support of nearly all southern Democrats. d. the large majorities Democrats gained in Congress in the 1964 elections. ANS: d Page Ref.: 804 (conceptual) 52. In what year were poverty rates the highest? a. 1960 b. 1970 c. 1980 d. 1990 ANS: a Page Ref.: 805 (factual)
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53. Which of the following was NOT one of Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs? a. Social Security b. Medicare c. Medicaid d. National Endowment for the Arts ANS: a Page Ref.: 804 (factual) Chronology 54. Which event did NOT happen in the 1960s? a. the Montgomery bus strike b. the spread of lunch counter sit-ins c. the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution d. the assassination of President Kennedy ANS: a Page Ref.: 781 (factual) 55. Which event happened first? a. Decision is issued in the Brown v. Board of Education case. b. The Civil Rights Act is passed. c. U.S. astronaut orbits the Earth for the first time. d. Medicare and Medicaid are established. ANS: a Page Ref.: 781 (factual) 56. Which headline would have appeared in 1963? a. “JFK Edges Nixon in One of Nation’s Closest Elections” b. “Soviets Successfully Launch Sputnik” c. “Quarter-Million Americans Gather to Hear King at Lincoln Memorial” d. “Ike Orders Federal Troops to Protect Black Students in Little Rock” ANS: c Page Ref.: 781 (factual) 57. Which event happened last? a. Soviets launch Sputnik. b. Montgomery bus strike. c. Martin Luther King gives “I Have a Dream Speech.” d. President Johnson signs Voting Rights Act. ANS: d Page Ref.: 781 (factual) 58. In what year did Fidel Castro win control of Cuba? a. 1953 b. 1959 c. 1962 d. 1963 ANS: b Page Ref.: 781 (factual)
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59. Which event occurred in 1964? a. passage of the Civil Rights Act b. Bay of Pigs invasion c. beginning of sit-in movement d. construction of the Berlin Wall ANS: a Page Ref.: 781 (factual) Short Answer 60. Describe examples that define the “New Republicanism” of the Eisenhower years. 61. How did television portray the American middle class in the 1950s and early 1960s? 62. What examples reveal that U.S. foreign policy sometimes involved backing undemocratic regimes in the effort to contain communism? 63. What factors contributed to John Kennedy’s victory in the election of 1960? 64. What Civil Rights Acts were supported and passed under the leadership of Lyndon Johnson? Extended Essays 65. How did the economic prosperity of the 1950s and early 1960s shape social and political life in the United States? 66. What characteristics and organizations defined the nonviolent movement to achieve civil rights in the period 1954–1965? What successes were achieved in this period? Describe who you believe were the most successful leaders of these successes. 67. In what ways did John Kennedy’s mystique shape the national mood of the early 1960s? What successes and failures did JFK experience as president? How did his combination of idealism and shrewdness affect the rest of the 1960s? 68. Describe the ways in which both Dwight Eisenhower and Lyndon Johnson furthered the legacy and reforms of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. 69. In 1965, civil rights leaders consistently expressed that Lyndon Johnson was “the best president that American blacks ever had.” What factors caused the leaders to voice this opinion? 70. Discuss the role of containment in American foreign policy during the period 1950–1965. Was the overall effect of containment beneficial or harmful to the goals and ideals of the United States?
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CHAPTER 29: SHAKEN TO THE ROOTS, 1965–1980 Multiple Choice THE END OF CONSENSUS 1.
American involvement in Vietnam peaked in: a. 1963. b. 1965. c. 1968. d. 1973.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 814 (factual) 2.
Effects of the Vietnam War included the: a. erosion of the nation’s confidence in its government. b. obliteration of communism in Asia. c. surrender of the Viet Cong. d. growth of support for further wars to halt nationalist movements.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 814–816 (conceptual) 3.
President Johnson’s advisers convinced him that: a. it was unwise to form a political alliance with Martin Luther King, Jr. b. he should not pursue significant social reforms. c. the Air Force should not be used in Vietnam. d. controlled military escalation could secure Vietnam.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 814 (factual) 4.
The search-and-destroy strategy began to fail because: a. the Chinese sent reinforcements to the aid of North Vietnam. b. Congress would not expand use of the military draft. c. South Vietnamese guerrillas were more of a force than North Vietnam’s troops. d. the United States was reluctant to back up infantry detachments with air strikes.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 814 (conceptual) 5.
The majority of the draftees and enlistees for military service in Vietnam: a. were college students. b. came from the Lower South. c. averaged about 25 years of age. d. were from working-class families.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 816 (factual)
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6.
Model Cities Programs: a. rejected the philosophy of self-help. b. were not supported by the New Left. c. discouraged grass-roots activism. d. encouraged community involvement in urban planning.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 817 (factual) 7.
Millions of young people in the second half of the 1960s expressed their alienation from American society by sampling drugs or chasing the rainbow of a youth culture; this is referred to as: a. the “yuppie culture.” b. the counterculture. c. consumerism. d. the “drug culture.”
ANS: b Page Ref.: 817 (factual) 8.
The growth of the “Woodstock Generation” in the 1960s revealed that: a. many Americans were turning toward socialism. b. there was no connection between social dissent and the counterculture. c. hippies were usually from the poorest segments of American society. d. a feeling of alienation existed within American society.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 818 (conceptual) 9.
All of the following statements about the Haight-Ashbury district are true EXCEPT: a. it became a center of the radical counterculture. b. 1967’s “Summer of Love” brought thousands of people to the district. c. the community’s radicals preached an anti-drug message. d. it helped spur the growth of hippie districts on college campuses.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 818 (factual) 10. Which of the following cities was one of the first to have a comparatively large openly gay subculture in the 1970s? a. Washington, D.C. b. San Francisco c. St. Louis d. Houston ANS: b Page Ref.: 820 (factual) CITIES UNDER STRESS 11. Events in the Watts section of Los Angeles in 1965 showed that: a. the Democratic Party was calming the anger of poor Americans. b. grass-roots democracy was succeeding by using non-violence. c. there was growing power in non-violent civil disobedience. d. racial unrest could result in violent riots. ANS: d Page Ref.: 821 (conceptual)
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12. Which statement about riots in urban ghettos in the 1960s is true? a. The riots were instigated by outside agitators. b. The riots showed the frustrations of residents who had legitimate grievances. c. Politicians such as Governor Ronald Reagan sympathized with the rioters. d. The riots were confined to cities in the South. ANS: b Page Ref.: 821 (conceptual) 13. The phrase “Black Power” was connected to all of the following EXCEPT: a. the emphasis of Christian love in civil-rights strategies. b. celebrating African-American heritage. c. controlling local black communities through political activism. d. the messages of speeches given by Stokely Carmichael and Malcolm X. ANS: a Page Ref.: 821 (factual) 14. Malcolm X was assassinated by rivals within the Black Muslims after he: a. began to consider limited acceptance of white culture. b. advocated a bloody race war. c. refused to run for president. d. announced he would not make a pilgrimage to Mecca. ANS: a Page Ref.: 822 (factual) 15. Bobby Seale and Huey Newton began the Black Panthers in their home area of: a. Oakland, CA. b. Montgomery, AL. c. Chicago. d. Washington, D.C. ANS: a Page Ref.: 822 (factual) 16. All of the following statements about the Black Panthers are true EXCEPT: a. they focused entirely on national rather than local goals. b. they began free breakfast programs in northern ghettos. c. stopping police brutality was one of their expressed goals. d. their goals were expressed in the creation of a political program. ANS: a Page Ref.: 822 (factual) 17. Reies López Tijerina led a movement that: a. condemned anti-union businesses in Texas. b. demanded the return of land to Hispanics in New Mexico. c. rejected local organization and grass-roots democracy. d. resulted in his nomination for president. ANS: b Page Ref.: 822 (factual)
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18. All of the following statements are true about the American Indian Movement EXCEPT: a. the organization attempted to protect Indians from police brutality. b. the organization refused to ally itself with other Indian groups. c. it was part of the group that took over Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973. d. it aimed to increase economic opportunities for Native Americans. ANS: b Page Ref.: 823 (factual) 19. The 1962 Baker v. Carr decision required that legislative seats be apportioned: a. on a population basis. b. as state legislatures saw fit. c. by geographic area. d. in such a way as to increase racial diversity in legislatures. ANS: a Page Ref.: 824 (factual) THE YEAR OF THE GUN, 1968 20. The impact of the Tet Offensive was magnified by all of the following facts EXCEPT: a. television coverage that appeared to show a Viet Cong victory. b. U.S. officials had predicted that American armies were near victory. c. the permanent loss of Saigon due to the Viet Cong’s surprise offensive. d. the U.S. embassy in Saigon was momentarily taken over by guerrillas. ANS: c Page Ref.: 824–825 (factual) 21. In the wake of the Tet crisis: a. American officials censored all television coverage of the war. b. the Republican Party overwhelmingly opposed the war. c. President Johnson decided to withdraw all American troops from Vietnam. d. advisers told Lyndon Johnson that the war was not winnable in traditional American terms. ANS: d Page Ref.: 825 (conceptual) 22. President Johnson decided not to run for reelection because: a. he had become overwhelmed by the war and challenges within his party. b. his health made it impossible for him to run. c. he had been barely elected in the election of 1964. d. he believed that Eugene McCarthy was a better spokesman for domestic reform. ANS: a Page Ref.: 825 (conceptual) 23. In 1968, the Soviet Union militarily suppressed moves toward democracy and liberalization in: a. Hungary. b. Poland. c. East Germany. d. Czechoslovakia. ANS: d Page Ref.: 826 (factual)
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24. “Red Spring,” which included student uprisings and grassroots rebellions in Europe, occurred in: a. 1965. b. 1968. c. 1970. d. 1973. ANS: b Page Ref.: 826 (factual) 25. Which two men were assassinated within months of each other in 1968? a. Malcolm X and Robert Kennedy b. Martin Luther King, Jr. and John Kennedy c. John Kennedy and Malcolm X d. Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. ANS: d Page Ref.: 825–826 (factual) 26. Hubert Humphrey’s narrow defeat in 1968 was due, in part, to: a. his conservative views on race. b. Richard Nixon’s promise to escalate the war in Vietnam. c. the violence that had occurred at the Democratic convention in Chicago. d. the antiwar movement’s support for Richard Nixon’s candidacy. ANS: c Page Ref.: 826–827 (conceptual) 27. Which third-party candidate earned 46 electoral votes in the election of 1968? a. Eugene McCarthy b. Dick Gregory c. George Wallace d. Eldridge Cleaver ANS: c Page Ref.: 827 (factual) NIXON, WATERGATE, AND THE CRISIS OF THE EARLY 1970s 28. Which of the following was NOT one of Richard Nixon’s accomplishments as president? a. speedy end to the Vietnam War b. environmental legislation c. reduced tensions with China and the Soviet Union d. increased civil rights enforcement ANS: a Page Ref.: 827–828 (factual) 29. After Richard Nixon’s election, it became apparent that: a. relations with the Soviet Union would worsen. b. antiwar protests would immediately decline. c. he did not have a secret plan to end the war. d. Vice President Agnew would not support Nixon’s war policies. ANS: c Page Ref.: 827 (factual)
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30. Four students were killed by the National Guard at Kent State University during a protest of: a. Richard Nixon’s reelection. b. Lyndon Johnson’s decision to bomb North Vietnam. c. the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. d. American bombing of Cambodia. ANS: d Page Ref.: 828 (factual) 31. Security adviser Henry Kissinger arranged Richard Nixon’s surprising diplomatic trip to: a. North Vietnam. b. North Korea. c. England. d. China. ANS: d Page Ref.: 829 (factual) 32. The term détente has been used to describe President Nixon’s: a. threat to use nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War. b. foreign policy to ease tensions between the United States and China and the Soviet Union. c. campaign of illegal wiretapping of alleged “enemies” of his administration. d. psychological state in the last years of his presidency. ANS: b Page Ref.: 829 (factual) 33. President Nixon’s domestic policies included: a. extending Lyndon Johnson’s extensive aid to troubled cities. b. rejecting price and wage freezes in dealing with a struggling economy. c. funneling more money to suburbs through “no-strings” grants. d. cordial public relations with New Left reformers. ANS: c Page Ref.: 830 (factual) 34. Economic problems during the early 1970s included all of the following EXCEPT: a. rising energy costs. b. high inflation. c. 25 percent unemployment. d. increased gas prices. ANS: c Page Ref.: 830 (factual) 35. Stagflation included all of the following, EXCEPT: a. low economic growth. b. high unemployment. c. high inflation. d. substantial declines in wages. ANS: d Page Ref.: 830 (factual)
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36. Successes of the environmental movement included all of the following EXCEPT: a. paving the way to achieve Superfund cleanup legislation for areas ravaged by pollution. b. convincing big industry to cut back its dependence on nuclear energy. c. the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency to enforce environmental laws. d. informing people about the poor environmental conditions in low-income areas. ANS: b Page Ref.: 830–831 (factual) 37. The foundation of the Watergate crisis was centered on: a. Richard Nixon’s near defeat in the election of 1972. b. Richard Nixon’s overestimation of his opponent’s political strengths. c. the military’s growing success in the Vietnam War. d. the inability of Congress to pass any legislation. ANS: b Page Ref.: 830 (conceptual) 38. Troubling aspects of the Watergate scandal included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the revelation that the White House had compiled an “enemies list” of dissenters. b. lies told by the Nixon administration regarding their involvement. c. John Dean’s refusal to tell the truth at Senate hearings. d. funds accepted from honest Americans were being used to finance illegal activities. ANS: c Page Ref.: 831–833 (factual) 39. The plumbers were: a. a violent wing of the Students for a Democratic Society. b. members of the Nixon administration who engaged in illegal activities. c. a political-action group that lobbied for environmental reform. d. a group of working-class hippies. ANS: b Page Ref.: 831 (factual) 40. The Pentagon Papers detailed American military involvement in: a. the support of various right-wing dictators in Latin America. b. Vietnam. c. Korea. d. the Dominican Republic in 1965. ANS: b Page Ref.: 831 (factual) 41. In the presidential election of 1972, Richard Nixon easily defeated the liberal Democrat: a. Hubert Humphrey. b. George McGovern. c. George Wallace. d. Jimmy Carter. ANS: b Page Ref.: 832 (factual)
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42. Tapes of White House meetings revealed that President Nixon: a. was actually opposed to the Vietnam War. b. did not want to run for reelection. c. had lied about his innocence in the Watergate coverup. d. had no knowledge of the “enemies list.” ANS: c Page Ref.: 832 (factual) 43. The Watergate crisis revealed all of the following EXCEPT: a. Richard Nixon was driven by an overwhelming urge for power. b. many members of the administration had broken the law. c. special prosecutors can function independently of the White House. d. the separation of powers could no longer rein in a power-hungry president. ANS: d Page Ref.: 833 (factual) JIMMY CARTER: IDEALISM AND FRUSTRATION IN THE WHITE HOUSE 44. Jimmy Carter won the election of 1976 because he: a. was viewed as an alternative to Washington insiders. b. appealed to conservative Republicans. c. had been a leader in the antiwar movement. d. did not attempt to reassemble LBJ’s political coalition. ANS: a Page Ref.: 835 (conceptual) 45. All of the following policies were advocated by President Carter EXCEPT: a. new proposals to solve the energy crisis and change the nation’s energy habits. b. cuts in federal spending. c. stepping up defense spending. d. promoting economics over human rights in foreign affairs. ANS: d Page Ref.: 836–837 (factual) 46. In the Camp David Agreement, President Carter presided over: a. an international forum on energy consumption. b. talks that led to the United States and U.S.S.R. cutting defense spending. c. a treaty that normalized relations between Egypt and Israel. d. a meeting that addressed the nation’s continuing inflation problems. ANS: c Page Ref.: 837 (factual) 47. SALT II was technically killed when the Soviet Union invaded __________ in 1979. a. Afghanistan b. Iran c. Hungary d. Czechoslovakia ANS: a Page Ref.: 837 (factual)
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48. The roots of the Iranian hostage crisis resided in: a. Jimmy Carter’s emphasis on human rights. b. the Shah of Iran’s despotic regime. c. economic inflation in the United States. d. America’s isolationist stance in foreign affairs. ANS: b Page Ref.: 837 (conceptual) 49. Similarities between the Vietnam War and the Iranian Hostage Crisis included: a. both conflicts were ignited by Communist insurgents. b. both conflicts were not closely followed by the American public. c. both conflicts resulted from American support for democratic regimes. d. both conflicts destroyed the credibility of the presidents involved. ANS: d Page Ref.: 838 (conceptual) Chronology 50. All of the following happened in 1968 EXCEPT: a. the assassination of Robert Kennedy. b. the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. c. violence in Chicago at the Democratic Convention. d. the release of the Pentagon Papers. ANS: d Page Ref.: 813 (factual) 51. Which event happened last? a. American hostages taken in Iran b. four students killed at Kent State c. Richard Nixon resigns d. the Tet Offensive ANS: a Page Ref.: 813 (factual) 52. What is the correct order of events? a. Tet Offensive, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, LBJ drops out of presidential race b. LBJ drops out of presidential race, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive c. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive, LBJ drops out of presidential race d. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, LBJ drops out of presidential race, Tet Offensive ANS: c Page Ref.: 813 (factual) 53. Which event happened in the 1960s? a. Richard Nixon resigns b. Neil Armstrong walks on the Moon c. Jimmy Carter defeats Gerald Ford d. Three Mile Island nuclear leak occurs ANS: b Page Ref.: 813 (factual)
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54. Which event happened first? a. Nixon visits China b. riot in Watts area of Los Angeles c. SALT I signed d. Arab states impose oil embargo ANS: b Page Ref.: 813 (factual) 55. Which of the following events happened in 1970? a. Senate Watergate hearings begin b. United States invades Cambodia c. Malcolm X assassinated d. Spiro Agnew resigns as vice president ANS: b Page Ref.: 813 (factual) Short Essays 56. Explain the reasons why the search-and-destroy strategy failed in the Vietnam War. 57. What aspects of the military draft fragmented the American public along class lines? 58. What major successes were achieved in the American space program in the period 1957–1988? 59. What aspects of the 1960s and 1970s revealed the existence of a “generation gap”? 60. What environmental reforms were passed during the Nixon presidency? Extended Essays 61. What causes and events illustrate that 1968 was the most violent year, on the domestic political front, in American history? 62. Discuss the roots and development of “participatory democracy” in the 1960s. What influence would grassroots democracy have on later American history? 63. What political errors were made regarding American involvement in the Vietnam War? What circumstances led policymakers to eventually believe that the war could not be won? 64. Analyze the dynamics of the election of 1968. What events, strategies, and factors resulted in Richard Nixon’s narrow triumph over Hubert Humphrey? 65. Discuss the connections between the antiwar movement, hippies, the counterculture, and the Black Power movement. What were the successes and failures of the New Left? 66. How did the backgrounds and individual personalities of Presidents Johnson, Nixon, and Carter shape their successes and failures as national leaders?
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CHAPTER 30: THE REAGAN REVOLUTION AND A CHANGING WORLD, 1981–1992 Multiple Choice REAGAN'S DOMESTIC REVOUTION 1.
Ronald Reagan won the election of 1980 because: a. he was more intelligent than Jimmy Carter. b. he advocated extending New Deal programs. c. Americans felt threatened by political and economic forces they couldn’t control. d. Americans became disenchanted by the many political scandals of the Carter years.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 846 (conceptual) 2.
Aspects of the national economy in the 1980s included: a. the highest inflation rates ever recorded. b. a widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. c. the development of millions of new jobs. d. increased participation in the stock market.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 845 (factual) 3.
Ronald Reagan’s first foray into politics and governing occurred in 1966 when he successfully ran for: a. governor of California. b. state senator of Illinois. c. governor of Illinois. d. lieutenant governor of California.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 846 (factual) 4.
Some of Reagan’s most articulate support for president came from this group, who feared that the United States was losing influence in the world. a. anti-communists from both parties b. conservative Democrats c. liberal Republicans d. the Moral Majority
ANS: a Page Ref.: 846 (factual) 5.
Neoconservatives such as Edward Banfield believed that: a. the federal government was spending too much money on defense. b. liberal policies failed only because conservatives failed to provide support. c. government regulation was more economically effective than promoting free markets. d. social problems could not be solved through public policies enacted by the government.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 847 (conceptual)
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6.
In its first term, the Reagan administration did all of the following, EXCEPT: a. increase the national debt. b. increase defense spending. c. increase federal funds for school lunches. d. decrease environmental regulation.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 848 (factual) 7.
The Economic Recovery and Tax Act of 1981 did all of the following things EXCEPT: a. attempt to stimulate business activity. b. reduce the amount of money taken in by the federal government. c. provide more funds for social welfare programs. d. put more money in the hands of consumers.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 848 (factual) 8.
Ronald Reagan’s economic plan included all of the following facets EXCEPT: a. providing less government regulation of big businesses. b. enforcing strict protection of natural environments. c. reducing taxes on the wealthiest Americans. d. encouraging wider participation in the stock market.
ANS: b Page Ref.: 848 (factual) 9.
The appointment of this man as secretary of the interior was controversial, particularly because of his sympathy to the Sagebrush Rebellion. a. James Lee Witt b. James Watt c. David Stockman d. George Bush
ANS: b Page Ref.: 848 (factual) 10. This situation comedy is considered one of popular culture’s best takes on the problems of blue-collar America. a. Roseanne b. Everybody Loves Raymond c. Seinfeld d. Yes, Dear ANS: a Page Ref.: 849 (factual) 11. One effect of deregulation was: a. the strengthening of organized labor unions. b. more economic power for the poor. c. the destruction and bailout of the savings and loan industry. d. big business withdrawing its support for President Reagan. ANS: c Page Ref.: 848 (conceptual)
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12. In the period 1964–1989, organized labor: a. defeated all attempts at “union busting.” b. won victories in areas such as the Los Angeles garment district. c. benefited from an increase in blue-collar jobs. d. experienced a decline in membership. ANS: d Page Ref.: 849 (factual) 13. “Yuppies” tended: a. not to reap the economic benefits of the 1980s. b. to purchase items from upscale retailers. c. not to emulate the upper class in their lifestyles. d. to come from the lowest economic sectors. ANS: b Page Ref.: 850 (conceptual) 14. Federal tax and spending policies of the 1980s made life more difficult for: a. wealthy corporations. b. middle-class workers caught in industrial restructuring. c. people seeking employment in Sunbelt cities. d. the wealthiest members of American society. ANS: b Page Ref.: 851 (conceptual) 15. Which statement about the American poor is true? a. The percentage of poor people had decreased in the period 1960–1973. b. In the 1980s, there was an increase in the number of Americans living in poverty. c. Homelessness was less visible in the 1980s and affected only a handful of Americans. d. Analysts began to refer to an underclass that was left out of the economic mainstream. ANS: b Page Ref.: 851 (factual) 16. By the end of the 1980s: a. women constituted nearly two-thirds of poor adults. b. the percentage of women attending college decreased. c. the average salary of men and women was virtually equal. d. the Republican Party promoted the Equal Rights Amendment. ANS: a Page Ref.: 852 (factual) 17. George Bush’s campaign strategies in 1988 included all of the following EXCEPT: a. exploiting Americans’ fear of crime. b. attacking his opponent’s support for gun control. c. assailing his opponent’s environmental record as governor. d. expressing a thorough program of domestic policy. ANS: d Page Ref.: 853 (factual)
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THE CLIMAX OF THE COLD WAR 18. Evidence of a renewed Cold War in the 1980s included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the American public’s belief that the government had been infiltrated by communists. b. the United States’ placement of new cruise missiles in Europe. c. the belief, expressed in NSD D-13, that a nuclear war was winnable. d. a significant increase in the nuclear arms race. ANS: a Page Ref.: 854 (conceptual) 19. In 1982, nearly 1 million people turned out in New York for a rally: a. against the Vietnam War. b. in support of American offensives in the Persian Gulf War. c. against Richard Nixon’s policy of détente. d. in support of a freeze on the development of nuclear weapons. ANS: d Page Ref.: 854 (factual) 20. President Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative: a. was defeated in the House of Representatives. b. created an expensive defense plan based on super-lasers and satellites. c. emphasized the use of traditional weapons rather nuclear arsenals. d. was opposed by heads of the defense industry. ANS: b Page Ref.: 854 (factual) 21. The Reagan Doctrine called for: a. an overall reduction in nuclear arms. b. America to support anti-Marxist movements throughout the world. c. cooperation with Gorbachev. d. the support of global human rights to be the number one foreign policy priority. ANS: b Page Ref.: 855 (conceptual) 22. In the Iran-Contra affair, Oliver North: a. testified that President Reagan was solely to blame. b. was innocent of any unconstitutional actions. c. was completely honest in his testimony. d. funneled illegal arms sales funds to Nicaraguan rebels. ANS: d Page Ref.: 856 (conceptual) 23. Which statement about the Iran-Contra affair is NOT true? a. President Reagan and Vice President George Bush were unaware of illegal activities. b. The Reagan administration defied its trade embargo with Iran. c. The arms deal contradicted the United States’ claim that it wouldn’t negotiate with terrorists. d. Many illegal activities were involved in the arms-for-hostages dealings. ANS: a Page Ref.: 856 (factual)
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24. Which Soviet leader instituted the political openness of glasnost? a. Mikhail Gorbachev b. Leonid Brezhnev c. Constantin Chernenko d. Yuri Andropov ANS: a Page Ref.: 856 (factual) 25. President Reagan reacted to Mikhail Gorbachev’s offers of Soviet military cutbacks: a. with great suspicion. b. by refusing to meet with the Soviet leader. c. by embracing the Soviet Union’s new positions. d. after Gorbachev was removed from office. ANS: c Page Ref.: 856–857 (factual) 26. Supporters of the International Nuclear Force agreement did NOT include: a. Secretary of State George Schultz. b. American peace activists. c. President Reagan. d. the Defense Department and the C.I.A. ANS: d Page Ref.: 857 (factual) 27. George H. W. Bush viewed diplomacy: a. as not being part of a president’s responsibilities. b. in terms of the traditional view of reconciling national interests. c. as unimportant in the modern world of foreign policy. d. as being accomplished through conversations and friendships among leaders. ANS: d Page Ref.: 857 (factual) 28. Developments in foreign relations in the late 1980s included: a. relatively peaceful revolutions that toppled Soviet control of eastern Europe. b. a heightening of the Cold War and the arms race. c. the emergence of a strong isolationist foreign policy by the United States. d. President Bush’s aggressive verbal attacks on Mikhail Gorbachev. ANS: a Page Ref.: 857–858 (factual) 29. President Bush’s call for U.S. military involvement in the Persian Gulf came when: a. Saddam Hussein’s forces engaged in a bitter war with Iran. b. Iraq invaded Kuwait and gained control of its oil production. c. the Soviet Union sent its forces into southern Iraq. d. the United Nations decided to support Saddam Hussein’s claim in Kuwait. ANS: b Page Ref.: 859 (factual)
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30. Effects of Operation Desert Storm included: a. large destruction of Iraqi military and civilian areas. b. showing the invincibility of Saddam Hussein’s antiaircraft weapons. c. getting the Soviet Union to commit a huge force of troops. d. very high American casualties. ANS: a Page Ref.: 860 (factual) 31. In 1991, President George H. W. Bush avoided the “Vietnam Syndrome” in the Persian Gulf War by: a. avoiding mention of Vietnam in his speeches about the conflict. b. using a large number of troops and weapons to achieve quick victory. c. seeking to gain his military objectives in secrecy. d. refusing to allow any allies to help in the military effort. ANS: b Page Ref.: 860 (factual) 32. Outcomes of the Persian Gulf War included all of the following EXCEPT: a. the toppling of Saddam Hussein from power. b. the outburst of civil war in Iraq. c. a general belief that American military technology was superior. d. the achievement of President Bush’s goal to restore the “status quo.” ANS: a Page Ref.: 860 (factual) GROWTH IN THE SUNBELT 33. All of the following cities are located in the American Sunbelt EXCEPT: a. Dallas. b. Phoenix. c. Cleveland. d. Atlanta. ANS: c Page Ref.: 861 (factual) 34. In the early 1990s, the United States: a. experienced its biggest immigration boom since World War I. b. rejected the philosophy of free trade in the Western Hemisphere. c. enacted legislation that placed harsh restrictions on Asian immigration. d. began to increase trade with Europe while decreasing trade with Pacific nations. ANS: a Page Ref.: 862 (factual) 35. Which of the following changed the composition of the American people by abolishing the national quota system, which had been in effect since 1924? a. the Immigration and Naturalization Service b. Proposition 187 c. the Moral Majority d. the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ANS: d Page Ref.: 861 (factual)
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36. In recent decades, the largest number of new Americans has come from: a. Canada. b. Mexico. c. Vietnam. d. the Philippines. ANS: b Page Ref.: 862 (factual) 37. Which of the following ethnic groups makes up the smallest percentage of the American population? a. African Americans b. Hispanics c. Native Americans d. Asians and Pacific Islanders ANS: c Page Ref.: 862 (factual) 38. In the second half of the 1970s, hundreds of thousands of political refugees immigrated to the United States from: a. Canada. b. western Europe. c. Vietnam and Southeast Asia. d. South Africa. ANS: c Page Ref.: 863 (factual) 39. The population of Los Angeles in the 1990s: a. decreased faster than any city in the United States. b. included a significant sector of Mexican Americans. c. was not as diverse as populations in most American cities. d. contained very few Asian immigrants. ANS: b Page Ref.: 863 (factual) 40. Communities such as El Paso, Texas, and San Diego, California are examples of: a. cities that enforce strict nativist policies. b. a policy of resistance against new immigration. c. the existence of a cross-border economy. d. a one-party political system. ANS: c Page Ref.: 864 (factual) 41. In the years 1965–1990, which statement about Americans over the age of 65 is NOT true? a. Retired people often moved to Sunbelt communities. b. The number of retired Americans increased significantly. c. Older Americans became a weaker political force than in previous eras. d. Real estate developers increased the creation of retirement communities. ANS: c Page Ref.: 864–865 (factual)
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VALUES IN COLLISION 42. Title IX of the Education Amendments (1972) forbade discrimination by gender: a. in all colleges and universities. b. in all K-12 schools. c. in all after-school programs. d. in all educational programs receiving federal aid. ANS: d Page Ref.: 865 (factual) 43. The Roe v. Wade decision was based on the right to: a. privacy. b. assemble peaceably. c. freedom of expression. d. freedom of religion. ANS: a Page Ref.: 865 (factual) 44. The Equal Rights Amendment: a. easily won ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures. b. created little controversy. c. fell three states short of ratification before the 1982 deadline. d. was proposed by a national constitutional convention. ANS: c Page Ref.: 865 (factual) 45. A “rainbow coalition” that encouraged a wider commitment to social justice was led by: a. Jim Jones. b. Pat Robertson. c. Jesse Jackson. d. Jerry Falwell. ANS: c Page Ref.: 865 (factual) 46. In the case Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that: a. suburban areas needed wider representation in state governments. b. labor unions could not call strikes during the process of collective bargaining. c. state laws could not forbid abortions in the first three months of pregnancy. d. the federal government could make no laws that encourage integration. ANS: c Page Ref.: 865 (factual) 47. Inflation and declining incomes led to: a. a depression in the late 1970s. b. a decline in luxury spending by the middle class. c. President Reagan’s “war on poverty.” d. more women entering the workplace. ANS: d Page Ref.: 866 (conceptual)
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48. Life in gay communities took an abrupt turn in the 1980s when: a. the Supreme Court ruled that companies could not provide insurance for gay workers. b. the American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a mental illness. c. Congress supported passage of national equal rights law for homosexuals. d. a worldwide AIDS epidemic began to impact the population of the United States. ANS: d Page Ref.: 866 (factual) 49. Which statement about fundamentalists is true? a. They never get involved in politics. b. They represent a large segment of the Roman Catholic Church. c. They are never part of a larger evangelical denomination. d. They believe there is one literal interpretation of the Bible. ANS: d Page Ref.: 868 (conceptual) 50. Which American president helped the Roman Catholic Church move toward the center of American life? a. John Kennedy b. Lyndon Johnson c. Ronald Reagan d. George Bush ANS: a Page Ref.: 868 (conceptual) 51. Which of the following men claimed leadership of the Moral Majority? a. Pat Robertson b. Jim Bakker c. Jerry Falwell d. Oral Roberts ANS: c Page Ref.: 870 (factual) 52. Liberal or “modern” Protestants: a. attack the immorality and corruption of modern life. b. believe there is one literal interpretation of the Bible. c. emphasize building the Kingdom of God through social justice. d. express that personal sexual indulgence is ruining the nation. ANS: c Page Ref.: 869 (conceptual) 53. Cultural conservatives have aggressively backed efforts to: a. protect the environment. b. provide further social relief programs. c. secularize public education. d. prevent states from protecting homosexuals’ rights. ANS: d Page Ref.: 869 (conceptual)
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Chronology 54. In which year was AIDS identified as a new disease pattern? a. 1981 b. 1985 c. 1989 d. 1990 ANS: a Page Ref.: 845 (factual) 55. In which decade did Roe v. Wade go before the Supreme Court? a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s ANS: b Page Ref.: 845 (factual) 56. Which of the following happened first? a. Ronald Reagan is elected president b. George Bush is elected president c. Rodney King trial d. SDI introduced ANS: a Page Ref.: 845 (factual) 57. Which of the following happened last? a. Reagan wins reelection b. Tax Reform Act is adopted c. Iraq invades Kuwait d. Soviet Union dissolves into independent nations ANS: c Page Ref.: 845 (factual) 58. In what year did Iraq invade Kuwait? a. 1987 b. 1990 c. 1994 d. 1998 ANS: b Page Ref.: 845 (factual) 59. In what year did communism collapse in eastern Europe? a. 1986 b. 1989 c. 1991 d. 1994 ANS: b Page Ref.: 845 (factual)
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60. Which headline could have appeared in 1989? a. “Reagan Reelected President” b. “ERA Fails” c. “241 Marines Killed in Beirut Bombing” d. “United States Invades Panama” ANS: d Page Ref.: 845 (factual) Short Essays 61. Contrast the differing views of America expressed by fundamentalists and modern Protestants. 62. What events characterize the condition of organized labor in the period 1965–1990? 63. Trace the precedents and explain the foundation of the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade. 64. What were the major goals of American policy in the Persian Gulf War? 65. Define the terms perestroika and glasnost and describe their impact on relations between the United States and the U.S.S.R. 66. Describe the differences of opinion that existed between supporters of a nuclear freeze and advocates of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Extended Essays 67. Choose three of the following groups and analyze their changing roles in American society after 1965: older people, organized labor, women, religious conservatives, blue-collar workers, educated suburbanites. 68. Analyze three examples of issues in American life that have been a point of contention between progressives and conservatives. 69. What changes have occurred in American family patterns since the 1960s? How have economic factors and new social values been reflected in these changes? 70. In what ways did Ronald Reagan’s presidency change the economic realities for workers and business corporations? How did the federal economic policies of the 1980s affect the lives of the poorest and richest Americans?
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CHAPTER 31: COMPLACENCY, CRISIS, AND GLOBAL REENGAGEMENT 1993–2010 Multiple Choice POLITICS OF THE CENTER 1.
Which of the following was not one of the promises Bill Clinton made in the campaign of 1992? a. to reduce government bureaucracy b. to reduce the deficit c. to make a return to “family values” d. to work on health care and welfare reform
ANS: c Page Ref.: 877–878 (conceptual) 2.
In the mid-1990s, the safest political stance for a politician to take was: a. in the center. b. to the far left of the issues. c. to the far right of the issues. d. to not make any decisions.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 877 (conceptual) 3.
By the early 1990s, many young American voters had come to believe that: a. individual opportunities were diminishing. b. American foreign policy was being neglected. c. the economic problems of the 1990s did not affect their lives. d. the Republicans had placed too much emphasis on social policies.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 877 (conceptual) 4.
Who was NOT a candidate in the three-way presidential race in 1992? a. Ross Perot b. Bill Clinton c. Bob Dole d. George Bush
ANS: c Page Ref.: 878 (factual) 5.
In order to field a full baby boomer and southern ticket in the election of 1992, Clinton chose this man as his running mate. a. Al Gore b. Bob Dole c. Dan Quayle d. Mario Cuomo
ANS: a Page Ref.: 878 (factual)
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6.
In March 1999, NATO began a bombing campaign in this region. a. Kosovo b. Bosnia c. Somalia d. Haiti
ANS: a Page Ref.: 879 (factual) 7.
Despite the support of many voters, President Clinton failed to: a. enact any measures regarding civil liberties. b. pursue the goals of free trade. c. pass significant health care reform. d. raise taxes on the wealthy class.
ANS: c Page Ref.: 879 (factual) 8.
The Republicans pushed the “Contract with America” agenda right after: a. the nomination of Bob Dole in 1996. b. George Bush’s defeat in 1992. c. President Clinton’s reelection in 1996. d. their historic victory in the midterm elections of 1994.
ANS: d Page Ref.: 880 (factual) 9.
When the federal government shut down in 1995, most Americans blamed: a. Newt Gingrich and his Congressional allies. b. the Democratic Party. c. President Bush. d. the Federal Reserve.
ANS: a Page Ref.: 880 (factual) 10. The outcome of the budget wars in 1995 and 1996: a. showed that neither political party provided a voice of moderation. b. illustrated the weaknesses of bipartisan politics. c. revealed that centrist solutions were preferred by most Americans. d. served as an example of the dominant power of right-wing Republicanism. ANS: c Page Ref.: 880 (conceptual) 11. In the election of 1996, Hispanic voters, alienated by anti-immigrant rhetoric from the Republicans, helped Clinton take these usually Republican states. a. Florida and Texas b. Texas and Arizona c. Florida and Arizona d. Utah and Florida ANS: c Page Ref.: 880 (factual)
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12. On April 19, 1993, federal agents raided the fortified compound of this cult in Waco, Texas. a. the Moonies b. the Branch Davidians c. Opus Dei d. the Moral Majority ANS: b Page Ref.: 881 (factual) 13. Gun control was political dynamite in the 1990s, with groups debating the definition and interpretation of the: a. Second Amendment. b. Fourteenth Amendment. c. Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. d. National Rifle Association. ANS: a Page Ref.: 881 (conceptual) 14. This was the biggest contributor to the prison boom in the 1980s and 1990s. a. the three strikes measure b. the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act c. the war on drugs d. NAFTA ANS: c Page Ref.: 881 (factual) 15. This woman brought a lawsuit against Bill Clinton, claiming sexual harassment. a. Monica Lewinsky b. Geraldine Ferraro c. Paula Jones d. Susan McDougall ANS: c Page Ref.: 882 (factual) A NEW ECONOMY? 16. What happened to the unemployment rate between the years 1992 and 2000? a. It rose 4 percent. b. It dropped from 7.2 percent to 4 percent. c. It stayed the same. d. It rose from 4 percent to 7.2 percent. ANS: b Page Ref.: 883 (factual) 17. Examples of jobs in the information economy include all of the following EXCEPT: a. hospital orderlies. b. teachers. c. creators of advertising. d. professional consultants. ANS: a Page Ref.: 883 (conceptual)
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18. Between 1965 and 1990: a. industrial growth brought great prosperity to the old cities of the Northeast. b. commercial farming declined as a portion of the agricultural economy. c. corporate “downsizing” reached an all-time low. d. the number of service workers continued to increase. ANS: d Page Ref.: 883 (factual) 19. Passed in California in 1978, this limited property taxes and continued into the 1990s. a. Proposition 13 b. Proposition 187 c. Proposition 52 d. Proposition 113 ANS: a Page Ref.: 884 (factual) 20. The center of the electronics industry, Silicon Valley, is located in: a. California. b. New York. c. Texas. d. Michigan. ANS: a Page Ref.: 885 (factual) 21. In the late 1990s and into the new century, this state was the most networked state in the United States. a. New Hampshire b. Alaska c. Washington d. Utah ANS: b Page Ref.: 885 (factual) 22. The Internet grew out of: a. Americans’ desire to do research at home. b. Americans’ desire to have another way to communicate beyond the phone and letters. c. concerns about defense and national security. d. a trade agreement between Microsoft and IBM. ANS: c Page Ref.: 885 (factual) 23. Supporters of the North American Free Trade Agreement include: a. the leaders of organized labor. b. environmentalists worried about lax regulations in Mexico. c. professional businesses that want foreign customers. d. communities already hit by industrial shutdowns. ANS: c Page Ref.: 886 (factual)
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24. What organization replaced GATT in 1996? a. NAFTA b. ETRA c. WTO d. GATT II ANS: c Page Ref.: 886 (factual) BROADENING DEMOCRACY 25. Which of the following groups of states are inhabited by one-third of all Americans? a. California, Texas, New York, Florida b. California, Washington, New York, Florida c. Georgia, Illinois, New York, Florida d. Florida, Texas, Arizona, California ANS: a Page Ref.: 888 (factual) 26. Of all of the regions in the United States, which grew the fastest, according to the 2000 census? a. the North b. the South c. the East d. the West ANS: d Page Ref.: 888 (factual) 27. Which ethnic group is the fastest growing in the United States? a. Asians b. Hispanics c. Europeans d. Jamaicans ANS: b Page Ref.: 889 (factual) 28. The first woman named to the Supreme Court was: a. Geraldine Ferraro. b. Patricia Schroeder. c. Dianne Feinstein. d. Sandra Day O’Connor. ANS: d Page Ref.: 889–890 (factual) 29. The first female attorney general was appointed by Bill Clinton; she was: a. Geraldine Ferraro. b. Patricia Schroeder. c. Sandra Day O’Connor. d. Janet Reno. ANS: d Page Ref.: 890 (factual)
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30. In supporting political ideals, women often show that they are especially concerned with: a. foreign policy. b. organized labor in traditional industries. c. practical problems of schools and neighborhoods. d. retaining the status quo in American politics. ANS: c Page Ref.: 890 (conceptual) 31. Anita Hill accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of: a. sexual harassment. b. once belonging to the Communist Party. c. taking illegal payments when he was a judge. d. illegal drug use. ANS: a Page Ref.: 891 (factual) 32. One effect of the congressional committee’s questioning of Anita Hill was: a. the defeat of Clarence Thomas’s nomination for the Supreme Court. b. millions of women were angered by the badgering of U.S. senators. c. women became so disillusioned that they became politically inactive. d. an increase among women in the popularity of the Republican Party. ANS: b Page Ref.: 891 (conceptual) 33. In 1989, this man became the first black governor in the United States since the Reconstruction. a. Douglas Wilder b. Carl Stokes c. Tom Bradley d. Maynard Jackson ANS: a Page Ref.: 892 (factual) 34. Native Americans have downplayed tribal differences in order to: a. gain more Senate seats. b. elect more Native Americans to the House of Representatives. c. secure better opportunities for Native Americans as a group. d. gain more financial retribution from the government. ANS: c Page Ref.: 892 (factual) 35. When California’s voters approved Proposition 187: a. Hispanics cited racist motivations. b. college tuition was free for all citizens in the state. c. stricter environmental laws went into effect. d. political patronage was banned. ANS: a Page Ref.: 893 (factual)
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36. How many states currently declare English their official language? a. 20 b. 23 c. 26 d. 30 ANS: c Page Ref.: 893 (factual) 37. The case of University of California v. Bakke is a landmark court case about: a. bilingual education. b. voting rights. c. affirmative action. d. gun control. ANS: c Page Ref.: 894 (factual) EDGING INTO A NEW CENTURY 38. Despite holding a lead in the popular vote, Al Gore needed this state to secure the electoral votes and the White House. a. Arizona b. New York c. Georgia d. Florida ANS: d Page Ref.: 895 (factual) 39. Who decided the election of 2000? a. the American people b. the election committee of Florida c. Jeb Bush d. the Supreme Court ANS: d Page Ref.: 895 (factual) 40. In the aftermath of the 2000 election, President George W. Bush pursued ______________ on domestic issues. a. a moderate course b. a strong shift to the right c. a slight shift to the right d. a slight shift to the left ANS: b Page Ref.: 895 (factual) 41. George W. Bush’s tax cuts: a. primarily helped the poor and lower middle classes. b. were supported by most Democrats. c. had little support among Republicans. d. caused huge federal budget deficits. ANS: d Page Ref.: 895–896 (factual)
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42. George W. Bush decided NOT to implement this treaty, which had been one of the major accomplishments of his father’s term as president. a. NAFTA b. GATT c. START II d. Proposition 187 ANS: c Page Ref.: 897 (factual) PARADOXES OF POWER 43. In the 1990s, this member of President Clinton’s cabinet had expressed concerns about terrorism—years before the September 11 attacks. a. James Watt b. James Lee Witt c. Dick Cheney d. William Cohen ANS: d Page Ref.: 898 (factual) 44. Vice president Dick Cheney developed the George W. Bush administration’s energy policy in consultation with: a. energy companies. b. environmentalists. c. consumer groups. d. all three of these. ANS: a Page Ref.: 896 (factual) 45. Regarding treaties and negotiations, President George W. Bush: a. sought to engage the United States in more treaties. b. opted out of treaties that could put limits on American business. c. entered many treaties that put limits on the American military. d. signed more treaties than any other American president. ANS: b Page Ref.: 898 (factual) 46. The September 11 terrorist attacks are often compared to: a. Hitler’s proposed takeover of Europe. b. the WWII bombings in Great Britain. c. Vietnam. d. the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. ANS: d Page Ref.: 899 (factual)
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47. Which of the following countries was NOT named part of George W. Bush’s “Axis of Evil”? a. Syria b. Iran c. Iraq d. North Korea ANS: a Page Ref.: 899 (factual) 48. American policy toward Israel and the Palestinians includes all of the following, EXCEPT: a. secure borders for Israel. b. an independent Palestinian state. c. the coexistence of Israel and Palestine. d. the creation of a Palestinian state in southern Lebanon. ANS: d Page Ref.: 900 (conceptual) 49. Prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, George W. Bush focused primarily on Iraq’s: a. suppression of the Sunnis. b. supposed possession of weapons of mass destruction. c. 1990 invasion of Kuwait. d. unwillingness to allow UN inspectors into the country. ANS: b Page Ref.: 899–900 (factual) 50. The first two weeks of the Iraq War were: a. marked by confusion from far too many American troops interfering with each other. b. fought alone by the United States without the help of the British. c. a military success. d. fought with the help of French and Canadian troops. ANS: c Page Ref.: 900 (factual) 51. Of the following, the most important domestic issue in the 2004 presidential election was: a. drilling for oil in Alaska. b. steroids in baseball and other professional sports. c. the health effects of air pollution. d. the controversy over same-sex marriage. ANS: d Page Ref.: 901 (conceptual) 52. This group in Iraq had the most power under Saddam Hussein: a. Kurds. b. Sunnis. c. Shiites. d. Druze. ANS: b Page Ref.: 901 (conceptual)
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53. Kurds are located in __________ Iraq. a. eastern b. southern c. western d. northern ANS: d Page Ref.: 901 (factual) Chronology 54. Which of the following happened first? a. The United States and Russia agree to cut the number of deployed nuclear warheads. b. The U.N. Security Council passes a resolution requiring Iraq to allow open inspections of weapons systems. c. Paula Jones lawsuit dismissed. d. Congress passes significant ten-year tax reduction. ANS: c Page Ref.: 877 (factual) 55. In what year did the United States send troops to Bosnia? a. 1992 b. 1993 c. 1994 d. 1995 ANS: d Page Ref.: 877 (factual) 56. In what year was NAFTA approved by Congress? a. 1992 b. 1993 c. 1994 d. 1995 ANS: b Page Ref.: 877 (factual) 57. In what year did the Senate acquit Clinton of impeachment charges? a. 1997 b. 1998 c. 1999 d. 2000 ANS: c Page Ref.: 877 (factual) 58. Which of the following events happened last? a. CNN begins broadcasting b. Congress creates the Department of Homeland Security c. WWW launched d. Congress adopts Family Leave Act ANS: b Page Ref.: 877 (factual)
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Short Essays 59. In what ways were the views of George Bush and Bill Clinton similar, and in what ways did they differ? 60. Discuss GATT and why it was such a controversial organization. 61. What is affirmative action and why is it a lightning rod for controversy? 62. Describe Bill Clinton and what made him so popular in both the elections of 1992 and 1996. What kind of change did he represent? Extended Essays 63. Compare and contrast the visions of America expressed by Ronald Reagan, George Bush, and Bill Clinton. Which view is closest to your vision of America? Explain why. 64. Discuss the election of 2000, why it was contested, and what it revealed about the American people and the nation. 65. What were the major goals of the Bush administration after the election of 2000? How did Bush go about putting his ideas and goals into effect? Discuss Bush’s approach to the economy, domestic and foreign policy, and education. 66. What have been the results of the September 11 terrorist attacks, both domestically and internationally? What security measures have been put into place?
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