American Story, The Penguin Academics Series, Combined Volume Plus NEW MyHistoryLab with eText 5ERob

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THE AMERICAN STORY FIFTH EDITION

Robert A. Divine University of Texas

T.H. Breen Northwestern University

George M. Frederickson Late of Stanford University

R. Hal Williams Southern Methodist University

Ariela J. Gross University of Southern California

Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Chapter 32

New World Encounters 1 New World Experiments: England's Seventeenth-Century Colonies 15 Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society 28 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 42 The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763-1783 56 The Republican Experiment 70 Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788-1800 83 Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision 96 Nation Building and Nationalism 109 The Triumph of White Men's Democracy 123 Slaves and Masters 137 The Pursuit of Perfection 150 An Age of Expansionism 163 The Sectional Crisis 176 Secession and the Civil War 190 The Agony of Reconstruction 204 The West: Exploiting an Empire 218 The Industrial Society 232 Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900 245 Political Realignments in the 1890s 259 Toward Empire 272 The Progressive Era 287 From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism 300 The Nation at War 313 Transition to Modern America 326 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 339 America and the World, 1921-1945 353 The Onset of the Cold War 366 Affluence and Anxiety 379 The Turbulent Sixties 392 The Rise of a New Conservatism, 1969-1988 405 To the Twenty-first Century, 1989-2011 418

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CHAPTER ONE NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS Multiple Choice 1. The most significant factor that led large numbers of nomadic hunters to enter the heart of North America was ________.

A) the domestication of horses B) global warming C) population growth D) rising water levels E) a mass extinction of large mammals in Europe Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Skill: Factual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 2. Which of the following revolutionized early Native American cultures?

A) the discovery of hunting B) the development of agriculture C) tribal political alliances D) the emergence of a written language E) the domestication of the horse Answer: B Page Ref: 5 Skill: Factual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 3. The people who occupied the valley of Mexico when the Spanish arrived were the ________.

A) Mayas B) Apaches C) Aztecs D) Incas E) Toltecs Answer: C Page Ref: 7 Skill: Factual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 4. The Atlantic tribal group with whom the English had the most contact were ________.

A) Algonquian speakers B) Mayan C) Apache D) Sioux E) Cherokee Answer: A Page Ref: 7 Skill: Factual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest

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5. What Indians desired most, upon encountering Europeans, was ________.

A) cultural enlightenment B) victims for human sacrifice rituals C) religious instruction D) allies to help them defeat their enemies E) commercial relations Answer: E Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual Topic: A World Transformed 6. The single greatest factor that caused the destruction of Native Americans after contact with Europeans was ________.

A) warfare B) planned genocide C) disease D) loss of farmland E) enslavement Answer: C Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual Topic: A World Transformed 7. In the Columbian Exchange, the Old World and the New exchanged ________.

A) animal, plant, and microbial life forms B) technologies C) religious beliefs D) political systems E) trade goods Answer: A Page Ref: 12–13 Skill: Factual Topic: A World Transformed 8. The first European nation to establish contact with sub-Saharan Africa was ________.

A) France B) Italy C) the Netherlands D) Portugal E) Spain Answer: D Page Ref: 15 Skill: Factual Topic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

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9. The Portuguese explored West Africa searching for ________.

A) lands to settle B) spices and timber C) converts to Christianity D) slaves and gold E) land for a convict colony Answer: D Page Ref: 15 Skill: Factual Topic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies 10. Columbus was originally determined to prove that ________.

A) a westward water route to China existed B) the world was not flat C) the continents of North and South America existed D) the lost continent of Atlantis was actually part of South America E) the world was smaller than scientists believed at the time Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 11. At the time of Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, ________.

A) most educated Europeans believed the earth was flat B) no European nation had any interest in exploration C) most educated Europeans knew the world was round D) no one thought he would find anything E) the Catholic Church condemned this kind of exploration Answer: C Page Ref: 21 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 12. The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 resulted in ________.

A) war between Spain and Portugal B) Portuguese control of what would become Brazil C) English control of what is now Canada D) French control of Martinique E) the withdrawal of the Spanish from the New World Answer: B Page Ref: 22 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World

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13. The men largely responsible for Spain’s conquest of the New World were known as ________.

A) conquistadores B) coureurs de bois C) “Sea Dogs” D) pirates E) encomenderos Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 14. In order to better control the conquistadors in the New World, the Spanish government created ________.

A) the Inquisition B) the hacienda C) the encomienda D) the missions E) colonial governments Answer: C Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 15. Before his attacks on the Aztecs, Hernán Cortés was ________.

A) an accomplished ship captain B) a civil servant in Cuba C) a wealthy aristocrat D) a seasoned diplomat E) unconcerned about his public image Answer: B Page Ref: 23 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 16. From its beginnings, Spain regarded her New World domain as primarily a(n) ________.

A) provider of gold and silver B) place to send exiled Moors and Jews C) opportunity to further promote the Catholic faith D) source of cheap Native American labor to be used on Spanish estates E) place to establish penal colonies Answer: A Page Ref: 25 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World

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17. Most Spanish colonists were ________.

A) members of wealthy families B) more racially tolerant than their English counterparts C) unconcerned about economic opportunities D) unwilling to have contact with native groups E) unusually racist for their time Answer: B Page Ref: 25 Skill: Factual Topic: Imagining a New World 18. The first French explorers were ________.

A) interested in finding the mythical “northwest passage” to China B) determined to find gold and silver C) eager to Christianize the Native Americans D) ruthless and exploitive of the native peoples E) considered stupid by the Native Americans Answer: A Page Ref: 26 Skill: Factual Topic: The French Claim Canada 19. In their relations with the Native Americans, the French ________.

A) were as interested in Christian conversion as the Spanish B) cultivated close cooperation in order to sustain their fur trade C) were ruthless in their treatment of the Native Americans D) drove Indians from their lands in order to set up plantations E) were at a distinct disadvantage Answer: B Page Ref: 26–27 Skill: Factual Topic: The French Claim Canada 20. The financial success of the French empire in North America depended upon the ________.

A) fur trade B) complete annihilation of the Native American tribes in Canada C) discovery of huge amounts of gold D) establishment of plantations E) withdrawal of the Spanish Answer: A Page Ref: 26–27 Skill: Factual Topic: The French Claim Canada

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21. Which of the following was NOT a feature of the French experience in the New World?

A) the fur trade B) Samuel de Champlain C) encomiendas D) coureurs de bois E) lack of royal support for colonizing efforts Answer: C Page Ref: 26–27 Skill: Factual Topic: The French Claim Canada 22. What sixteenth-century European upheaval had a profound impact upon England’s settlement of the New World?

A) the Crusades B) the War of the Roses C) the Reformation D) the Hundred Years’ War E) the Renaissance Answer: C Page Ref: 30 Skill: Factual Topic: The English Enter the Competition 23. The English monarch responsible for quieting religious conflict and strengthening England in the face of Spanish power was ________.

A) Henry VII B) Henry VIII C) Elizabeth I D) Mary Tudor E) James I Answer: C Page Ref: 28 Skill: Factual Topic: The English Enter the Competition 24. The mission of the Spanish Armada was to ________.

A) suppress a revolt in the Netherlands B) defend Queen Elizabeth I of England against challenges to her rule C) defeat Queen Elizabeth I and make England a Catholic country D) replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary Queen of Scots E) get revenge against the English for their seizure of Spanish treasure galleons Answer: C Page Ref: 32 Skill: Factual Topic: The English Enter the Competition

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25. In the 1580s, the English attempted to make a settlement at ________.

A) Jamestown B) Newfoundland C) Plymouth D) Hatteras E) Roanoke Answer: E Page Ref: 33 Skill: Factual Topic: An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke 26. What was the most important result of the domestication of maize (corn), beans, and squash by some Native American groups?

A) moving from nomadism to a settled lifestyle B) no longer hunting mammals C) the evolution of Indians into a single continental cultural unit D) the disappearance of the Anasazi culture E) a general move to the coasts Answer: A Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 27. By the time Europeans arrived, the Aztecs had all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) large cities ruled by effective bureaucracies B) tools and weapons made of iron and bronze C) hieroglyphic writing D) an accurate solar calendar E) a religion that involved human sacrifice Answer: B Page Ref: 7 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 28. Which best describes how divisions among Algonquian groups helped facilitate European conquest of their lands?

A) Algonquian groups were so busy fighting each other that they did not notice the European arrivals.

B) Algonquian groups competed among each other to become trading partners with European arrivals.

C) Algonquian groups could not communicate with each other and thus could not warn each other of European invaders.

D) Algonquian groups had a strict hierarchy that made it much easier for Europeans to conquer them.

E) Algonquian groups were likely to form alliances with outsiders than each other.

Answer: E Page Ref: 8 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest

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29. Which of these was quickly adopted by Native Americans after contact with Europeans?

A) guns B) marriage customs C) public education D) Christianity E) urbanization Answer: A Page Ref: 10 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A World Transformed 30. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Native American men were more receptive to Christianity than were the women.

B) When Indians and whites married, the European partner usually chose to live among the Indians.

C) When trading with Native Americans, Europeans easily took advantage of the Indians.

D) Europeans had little success “civilizing” the Indians.

E) Native American women jealously guarded their traditional cultures.

Answer: C Page Ref: 11 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A World Transformed 31. What was the main result of the deadly diseases brought to the New World by Europeans?

A) an extremely high mortality rate among the natives, destroying the culture of many tribes B) a diminution of these diseases throughout Europe C) some deaths, but a low number compared to those caused by warfare between Native Americans and Europeans D) a death rate that was high only where Native Americans lived in low concentrations E) no significant deaths since Native Americans were already immune to these diseases Answer: A Page Ref: 12 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A World Transformed 32. Which statement about West Africa during the era of the European slave trade is TRUE? A) Africans were isolated from the rest of the world.

B) Africans had a simple, self-sufficient economy.

C) A single culture covered most of the African continent.

D) Muslim missionaries had introduced Islam.

E) Africans were united by a single language.

Answer: D Page Ref: 15 Skill: Conceptual Topic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

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33. Which was NOT a reason why Scandinavian outposts in the New World were eventually abandoned?

A) a colder climate B) hostile groups of Native Americans C) political upheavals in Scandinavia D) poor communication E) competition with Portuguese fishing groups Answer: E Page Ref: 17 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Europe on the Eve of Conquest 34. Why did the Portuguese reject Columbus’s proposed route to Cathay?

A) They wanted Columbus to sail to India, not Cathay.

B) They believed that Columbus had underestimated the Earth’s circumference.

C) They believed the Earth was round.

D) They believed that Columbus had no intention of reaching Cathay and was presenting a false route simply to gain monetary support.

E) They thought that Columbus would encounter too many hostile Indians on his proposed route.

Answer: B Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Europe on the Eve of Conquest 35. Why was “America” named after Amerigo Vespucci?

A) Vespucci published a falsified travel account that convinced mapmakers that he had been the first European to reach the continent.

B) Vespucci had been on Columbus’s last voyage, but unlike Columbus realized that they had found a new continent.

C) Vespucci’s travels to the Americas brought great wealth to Spain, and he was rewarded with a continent named for him.

D) Vespucci was the first person to make contact with what is now the Bahamas, and the continent he reached was named after him.

E) Vespucci convinced the king and queen of Spain that Columbus had falsified reports of his travels, and proved that it was he who had been the first to reach the Americas.

Answer: A Page Ref: 22 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World 36. Which was a key reason Cortés was able to conquer Montezuma, the Aztec emperor?

A) Montezuma’s unarmored horseman were unable to fight the armored horses that Cortés brought with him.

B) Cortés convinced the Aztecs to fight against their own corrupt leader, Montezuma.

C) Cortés and his men overwhelmingly outnumbered the Aztecs.

D) Cortés was able to recruit thousands of nearby Native Americans who helped him defeat Montezuma.

E) Montezuma believed that the Spaniards were gods and did not resist them at first.

Answer: E Page Ref: 23 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World

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37. How did the Historia de las Indias change the colonization of the New World?

A) It helped the Spanish recognize that they needed to be ruthless in order to prevail.

B) It led Spain to improve its treatment of Indians under their rule.

C) It helped the Spanish recognize that they would not be able to prevail over the powerful empires in the New World.

D) It led the Spanish to the conquest of the Aztecs.

E) It helped the Spanish recognize that Spanish culture was vastly inferior to native culture.

Answer: B Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World 38. Why was Spain’s wealth acquired from the New World considered to be a mixed blessing?

A) Spain was forced to send a large proportion of its population to the New World to help ship gold and silver back to Spain.

B) The Spanish got wealthy from silver and gold in the New World, but lost most of their army and navy in battles with Native Americans.

C) Because Spain used the New World only as a source of wealth, it did not consider establishing real settlements there.

D) Because Spain gained its wealth so quickly, it caused great inflation for ordinary Spaniards.

E) Most of the wealth ended up in the hands of Portuguese shippers.

Answer: D Page Ref: 26 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World 39. Which statement best describes how the early French colonists viewed Native Americans?

A) as obstacles to dominating the fur trade B) as potential slaves C) as valuable economic partners D) as obstacles to settling the land in North America E) as likely converts to Christianity Answer: C Page Ref: 26 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The French Claim Canada 40. What was the chief reason France was slow to establish a North American empire?

A) poor relations with the Indians of Canada and the West B) the French government’s indifference to affairs in the New World C) too many French settlers moving to the New World too quickly D) an inability to find anything of economic consequence in the New World E) too much competition with the English settlers over land in the New World Answer: B Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The French Claim Canada

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41. Why was England initially reluctant to establish an empire in the Americas?

A) Colonization threatened the English alliance with Spain.

B) Colonization threatened the English alliance with France.

C) Colonization would force Spain to ally itself with Portugal and France against England.

D) The English did not want to bring about conflict with the Pope.

E) Colonization threatened English trading agreements with the Dutch.

Answer: A Page Ref: 27–28 Skill: Conceptual Topic: English Dreams of Empire 42. Which of the following identifies the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation in England in the 1500s?

A) Henry VII’s severing of all ties with the pope B) the Act of Supremacy C) the death of Edward VI D) land that belonged to the Catholic Church was transferred to private owners E) Henry VIII’s wish to dissolve his marriage to Catherine of Aragon Answer: E Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The English Enter the Competition 43. Who backed the first colonization efforts undertaken by the English in the New World?

A) Henry VII B) Italians acting for the English monarch C) Parliament D) Catholic merchants E) Elizabeth I Answer: E Page Ref: 28–29 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The English Enter the Competition 44. Why was English Protestantism able to spread so successfully in the 1500s?

A) popular dissatisfaction with the clergy B) the fact that Martin Luther and John Calvin were both English C) the fervent Catholicism of the Tudor Kings D) the English hostility to the French Huguenots E) Mary I becoming queen of England Answer: A Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The English Enter the Competition

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45. Which of the following is incorrectly matched with its colonies?

A) France: Canada B) Portugal: Brazil C) Spain: Puerto Rico D) England: Cuba E) Spain: Mexico Answer: D Page Ref: 22 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Imagining a New World 46. Which does NOT identify a reason why the Roanoke colonies were doomed from their inception?

A) poor planning by the organizers of the settlement B) England’s distraction because of its preparations for war C) England devoting resources to its impending war with Spain D) religious conflicts among settlers E) hostilities with Native Americans Answer: D Page Ref: 32–33 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke 47. How did Richard Hakluyt keep the dream of colonizing America alive?

A) He explored the New World and brought exotic products back to England.

B) He interviewed explorers and told their stories in a popular book.

C) He started a successful colony that made reasonably good profits.

D) He wrote a work on the variety and cultural diversity of Native Americans.

E) He wrote a fictional story about a settlement but claimed it was a factual account.

Answer: B Page Ref: 34 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: Campaign to Sell America 48. What was the key difference between the English and Spanish colonial systems?

A) The English Crown totally funded the colonies, while the Spanish Crown offered little aid to its colonizers.

B) The English efforts were private, and the Spanish colonies were supported by the Crown.

C) The English settled the interior lands, while the Spanish settled primarily in coastal regions.

D) Religion played a central role in all the English colonies, but had little or no impact in New Spain.

E) The English were more concerned with finding wealth in the New World, while the Spanish wanted to establish permanent settlements.

Answer: B Page Ref: 19–25, 33 Skill: Analytical Topic: Imagining a New World; An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

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49. Which is the best interpretation of historian Davis Eltis’s statement: “In terms of immigration alone...

America was an extension of Africa rather than Europe until the late nineteenth century.”

A) The colonists set up communities in the New World that were much closer to the communities of Africa than those of Europe.

B) Many European colonists gave up the traditional ways of their homelands, while people brought to America from Africa retained most of their traditions.

C) The new colonies were governed in ways that were unlike any kind of European government and more like African governments.

D) Africans were not the largest group to immigrate to America, but they had the greatest influence on the new colonies.

E) More Africans than Europeans came to North America in the early years of colonization.

Answer: E Page Ref: 17 Skill: Analytical Topic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies 50. Which is the best description of the most important message Richard Hakluyt’s stories communicated to European readers?

A) Readers were convinced that the New World was a paradise that was theirs for the taking, disregarding the native people already living there.

B) Readers were cautioned not to settle in the New World without first being aware of the potential dangers that they could face.

C) Readers were convinced that the Native Americans were agreeable and eager to help them get settled in exchange for trading new ideas and goods.

D) Readers were warned to be sensitive to the concerns of Native Americans and not to treat the New World as a place that was simply theirs for the taking.

E) Readers were convinced that they would find precious metals in North America, and Hakluyt’s stories told them where to find those precious metals.

Answer: A Page Ref: 34 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Campaign to Sell America Essay 1. Compare the cultures that could be found in the New World prior to the arrival of Europeans. Why did such a great diversity exist among native groups?

Page Ref: 4–5 Skill: Analytical Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest 2. Describe the Spanish conquest of Central and South America. How did this conquest transform Native American cultures?

Page Ref: 19–26 Skill: Analytical Topic: Imagining a New World

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3. Compare and contrast the factors that attracted the Spanish, the French, and the English to the New World, and how these “pull” factors affected the development of each nation’s New World colonies.

Page Ref: 19–33 Skill: Analytical Topic: Imagining a New World; The French Claim Canada; The English Enter the Competition; An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

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CHAPTER TWO NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS: ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY COLONIES Multiple Choice 1. English settlers in seventeenth-century America could best be characterized in terms of their ________.

A) striking social diversity B) similarity to French and Spanish migrants of the same period C) unity of purpose and motivation D) desire to help each other E) homogeneity Answer: A Page Ref: 40 Skill: Factual Topic: Breaking Away 2. The founding of Pennsylvania was tied to the ________.

A) Quaker movement B) Restoration C) Glorious Revolution D) institution of the joint-stock company E) agricultural revolution Answer: A Page Ref: 63 Skill: Factual Topic: Quakers in America 3. William Penn acquired the Three Lower Counties to provide Pennsylvania with A) Philadelphia.

B) settlers.

C) access to the Atlantic.

D) arable land lacking in Pennsylvania.

E) mineral resources.

Answer: C Page Ref: 65 Skill: Factual Topic: Quakers in America 4. Joint-stock companies allowed for _______.

A) concentrated wealth in the hands of a few B) more successful colonization C) more investors D) more profit E) more royal control Answer: C Page Ref: 43 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth

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5. The ________ Company was responsible for the settlement of Jamestown.

A) New England B) Royal African C) Virginia D) American E) New World Answer: C Page Ref: 43 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 6. In which colony were religious reasons least important in its founding?

A) Massachusetts B) Rhode Island C) Maryland D) Virginia E) Pennsylvania Answer: D Page Ref: 43 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 7. The selection of a site for Jamestown was based primarily on the settlers’ ________.

A) fear of surprise attacks B) desire for a healthful place to live C) belief that friendly Indians lived nearby D) need for close proximity to the open ocean E) fear of diseases in the swamps Answer: A Page Ref: 43 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 8. Jamestown might have gone the way of Roanoke had it not been for the perseverance of ________.

A) John Winthrop B) John Smith C) Pocahontas D) Richard Hakluyt E) Cotton Mather Answer: B Page Ref: 44 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth

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9. Jamestown’s prosperity was ensured by ________.

A) the discovery of gold B) the development of fur trading C) royal financial support D) tobacco cultivation E) potato cultivation Answer: D Page Ref: 46 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 10. The man who taught Virginians how to grow tobacco was ________.

A) Captain John Smith B) Powhatan C) John Rolfe D) Sir Edwin Sandys E) the Duke of Marlboro Answer: C Page Ref: 46 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 11. Georgia was founded as a refuge for ________.

A) religious dissenters B) the poor of London C) Native Americans D) former slaves E) French exiles Answer: B Page Ref: 70–71 Skill: Factual Topic: The Founding of Georgia 12. Under the headright system in Virginia, ________.

A) every adult male could vote B) every child was guaranteed a primary education C) 50 acres were granted for each new settler, free or indentured D) new immigrants were guaranteed a year’s provisions E) every new settler was entitled to one slave Answer: C Page Ref: 46 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth

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13. James Oglethorpe was responsible for the founding of ________.

A) New Jersey B) Carolina colony C) Georgia D) Maryland E) Connecticut Answer: C Page Ref: 71 Skill: Factual Topic: The Founding of Georgia 14. In which colony was the death rate for the early colonists most severe?

A) Massachusetts B) New York C) Rhode Island D) Virginia E) Pennsylvania Answer: D Page Ref: 47 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 15. In 1624, Virginia became ________.

A) an independent commonwealth B) a proprietary colony C) a royal colony D) part of Maryland E) the primary destination for female settlers Answer: C Page Ref: 48 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 16. Initially, Lord Baltimore intended that Maryland be a haven for ________.

A) Quakers B) Puritans C) Catholics D) Baptists E) Separatists Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Skill: Factual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth

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17. The document in which the Pilgrims established a civil government for their Plymouth colony has become known as the ________.

A) Bill of Rights B) Mayflower Compact C) Statement of Principles D) Cambridge Agreement E) Plymouth Agreement Answer: B Page Ref: 52 Skill: Factual Topic: Reforming England in America 18. Seventeenth-century English Puritans ________.

A) were only a tiny minority of all Englishmen B) were committed to significant institutional change C) were firmly supportive of the status quo D) accepted the tenets of Catholicism with reservations E) were neurotic and self-righteous Answer: B Page Ref: 52–53 Skill: Factual Topic: Reforming England in America 19. King Charles I disbanded Parliament in 1629 because he could not deal with intense criticism from the ________.

A) Puritans B) Baptists C) Catholics D) Anglicans E) Presbyterians Answer: A Page Ref: 52–53 Skill: Factual Topic: Reforming England in America 20. The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay believed that the best way to reform the Church of England was to ________.

A) separate from it and reform it from the outside B) rely on help from the English monarchy C) remain in the Church and reform it from the inside D) refuse to associate with it in any way E) actively work to destroy the tenets with which they disagreed Answer: C Page Ref: 52–53 Skill: Factual Topic: Reforming England in America

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21. Because of its policy of religious toleration, ________ attracted unusual numbers of independent-minded people.

A) Maryland B) Connecticut C) Pennsylvania D) New York E) Rhode Island Answer: E Page Ref: 58 Skill: Factual Topic: Reforming England in America 22. The English takeover of New Netherland (which was subsequently renamed New York) ________.

A) had little immediate effect on the colony B) was followed by the expulsion of the Dutch C) led to the prompt creation of a legislature D) met with armed resistance by the Dutch E) sparked a war between the English and the Dutch Answer: A Page Ref: 62 Skill: Factual Topic: Diversity in the Middle Colonies 23. The colony of Pennsylvania was established as a religious sanctuary for ________.

A) Puritans B) Catholics C) Baptists D) Quakers E) Presbyterians Answer: D Page Ref: 64 Skill: Factual Topic: Diversity in the Middle Colonies 24. Large numbers of the first English settlers in the Carolinas came from ________.

A) Ireland B) Barbados C) Rhode Island D) Jamaica E) the Virgin Islands Answer: B Page Ref: 67 Skill: Factual Topic: Planting the Carolinas

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25. To its founding leaders, ____________ would be a “City on a Hill.”

A) Rhode Island B) Connecticut C) Maryland D) Pennsylvania E) Massachusetts Answer: E Page Ref: 54 Skill: Factual Topic: Reforming England in America 26. Which of these was true of the relationship between political events in England and English colonization in North America?

A) The two were unrelated.

B) Events in England impacted the direction of colonization repeatedly.

C) After about 1650, events in England had no effect on the colonies.

D) Colonization caused the fall of two English governments in the 1600s.

E) Because of the difficulty of ocean journeys, events in England produced no effects in the colonies.

Answer: B Page Ref: 40–41 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Breaking Away 27. Which of these was ultimately most important in leading to divisions among settlers in Pennsylvania?

A) Penn’s support for Quakerism B) the colony’s location C) the institute of proprietorship D) Penn’s propaganda E) the granting of headrights Answer: D Page Ref: 66 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Quakers in America 28. In the early days of the Virginia Colony, which is the best description of its settlers?

A) They were about evenly divided between men and women.

B) They were well-prepared to establish a colonial outpost.

C) They preferred to search for riches rather than farm.

D) They had few troubles except for unfriendly Indians.

E) They organized a successful community government.

Answer: C Page Ref: 43 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth

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29. The first three years of Jamestown’s history witnessed ________.

A) terrible hardship and suffering B) the discovery of gold and silver C) successful attempts at growing many profitable crops D) the establishment of a representative form of government E) the erection of the first Christian church in North America Answer: A Page Ref: 43–50 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 30. What eventually solved the economic problems of seventeenth-century Virginia?

A) the cultivation of tobacco B) the reorganization of the joint-stock company C) a successful agreement with the Native Americans D) trading with Barbados E) stopping the import of goods from England Answer: A Page Ref: 46 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 31. Indentured servants ________.

A) were working off the cost of their passage to America B) served the same number of years regardless of age or experience C) had no more legal rights than slaves D) were never legally emancipated E) usually lived long enough to complete their terms of service Answer: A Page Ref: 47 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 32. Those who migrated to the Chesapeake Bay area as indentured servants were ________.

A) usually from the dregs of English society B) English farmers who saw a better future in the New World C) normally single males in their teens or early twenties D) married individuals who came with their families E) generally convicted criminals who traded jail time in England for indentures Answer: C Page Ref: 47 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth

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33. In 1622, the Native American tribes of Virginia ________.

A) attacked the English settlements B) formed an alliance with the Native American tribes of New England C) established permanently good relations with the English settlers D) learned from the English settlers how to grow tobacco E) migrated westward to avoid future contact with settlers Answer: A Page Ref: 47 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 34. Why did the original boundaries of Maryland present a problem to colonists?

A) They were vaguely defined.

B) They accidentally crossed into Virginia.

C) They did not extend to the coast.

D) They cut through territory of the Algonquin.

E) They extended much further than Charles I had planned.

Answer: A Page Ref: 49 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 35. Lord Baltimore’s settlement in Maryland ________.

A) became a successful feudal outpost in America B) declared war on Virginia in 1639 C) never succeeded in becoming a feudal society D) became a haven for persecuted Protestants E) successfully put into effect his vision Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 36. Which identifies why the Mayflower Compact is considered an important historical document?

A) It was the first example of colonists describing the hardships endured on a voyage to the New World.

B) It was a legal document that authenticated the Pilgrims’ right to settle in New England.

C) It included a list of the passengers on the Mayflower who became the first New England colonists.

D) It was the first example of colonists forming their own government in North America.

E) It was the first example of colonists negotiating a treaty with Native Americans in North America.

Answer: D Page Ref: 51–52 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reforming England in America

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37. The Pilgrims who left Holland to settle in America ________.

A) were non-Separatists from the Church of England B) feared their way of life was being undermined by the ways of their Dutch hosts C) had few alternatives because they were harassed by the Dutch D) arrived in Virginia, even though their destination was Massachusetts Bay E) were Catholic radicals eager to overthrow England’s monarchy Answer: B Page Ref: 51 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reforming England in America 38. The founding of Georgia can be described as _______.

A) religiously-motivated B) political C) economically-motivated D) idealistic E) strategic Answer: E Page Ref: 70–71 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Founding of Georgia 39. How did someone become a member of a church in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

A) They became part of whatever church was in their community.

B) A person who already belonged to the church had to provide testimony for anyone new who wanted to join.

C) A new member needed the testimony of neighbors before acceptance in a church.

D) A person had to perform community service before being allowed to join a community church.

E) The church community would vote in order to decide whether to let a new member in.

Answer: C Page Ref: 52 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reforming England in America 40. Which is the only category in which seventeenth-century colonists in Massachusetts were more successful than Virginia’s colonists?

A) relating to the Indians B) establishing the Anglican Church C) finding a profitable staple crop D) adopting a concept of community welfare E) collecting taxes to pay for community services Answer: D Page Ref: 53 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reforming England in America

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41. How did Roger Williams’ religious ideas clash with those of the Puritans?

A) Williams believed that settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who had unconventional religious views should be punished by the colonial leaders.

B) Williams felt that it was not enough to purify the Church of England from within, but to separate from it.

C) Williams did not believe that the Puritans should separate from the Church of England, but rather to try to improve it.

D) Williams did not support religious toleration and insisted that the members of the Church of England try to preserve their own freedom of worship.

E) Williams believed that colonial leaders could not also be religious leaders.

Answer: B Page Ref: 53 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reforming England in America 42. Anne Hutchinson’s skillful self-defense at her trial before the magistrates of Massachusetts Bay was ruined by ________.

A) her affinity for the dictum of works B) her claim of personal revelation C) her reliance on the Scriptures D) her rejection of free grace E) the fact that she was female Answer: B Page Ref: 57 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reforming England in America 43. Which best describes how the colony of New York was settled?

A) New York originally was settled by the Duke of York and subsequently became Dutch.

B) New York originally was settled by the Dutch and then taken by force by the English.

C) New York was settled exclusively by the Dutch.

D) New York was settled originally by African Americans who were later pushed out by the English.

E) New York was settled originally by the French who were later pushed out by the Dutch.

Answer: B Page Ref: 60–62 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Diversity in the Middle Colonies 44. Seventeenth-century Quakers were known for their ________.

A) aggressive and overbearing personalities B) belief in humility and pacifism C) concept of predestination D) unwillingness to seek the conversion of others E) belief in the necessity of an educated clergy Answer: B Page Ref: 64 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Quakers in America

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45. Why was William Penn’s Frame of Government remarkable for its time?

A) It included more personal liberties than other English colonies.

B) It denied the right of due process for citizens.

C) It established the Quaker religion in Pennsylvania.

D) It granted freedom of conscience to all except Catholics.

E) It prevented the religious rule of the Church of England.

Answer: A Page Ref: 65–66 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Quakers in America 46. Which made the economy of Carolina different from the other southern colonies?

A) Carolina’s economy was based on slavery and cotton.

B) Carolina’s economy was as diverse as that of the Middle Colonies.

C) Carolina’s economy became dependent on rice as a staple.

D) Carolina’s economy was based on selling slaves and rum.

E) Carolina’s economy was based on sugar, which was easy to grow in the colony.

Answer: C Page Ref: 67 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Planting the Carolinas 47. Why did the new colonists of Georgia demand slaves?

A) Farmers were given so many acres of land that they felt they could not farm efficiently without slaves.

B) The main crop of Georgia—tobacco—could be cultivated only with slave labor.

C) The colonists felt that since they had no voice in government, they needed a class of people even lower on the social rung than they were.

D) The English settlers in Georgia were used to having slaves and demanded that they could not get along without them.

E) The colonists believed that they could compete economically with South Carolina only if they were allowed to have slaves.

Answer: E Page Ref: 67 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Founding of Georgia 48. The lives of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson provide strong evidence that ________.

A) Puritans seldom disagreed on matters of theology B) Massachusetts Bay officials insisted on freedom of religious thought and expression C) Massachusetts Bay faced difficulties in creating a society based on a religious principle D) Massachusetts Bay Colony sent preachers to frontiers as missionaries to the Indians E) most Puritans had wanted to break away from the Church of England Answer: C Page Ref: 57–59 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reforming England in America

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49. How did the religious beliefs of the Quakers compare to those of the Puritans?

A) Both rejected the Church of England and wanted to separate and form their own new religions.

B) The Quakers rejected the Church of England in favor of their own form of worship; the Puritans merely wanted to reform the Church of England.

C) Both considered all people equal in the sight of the Lord and saw no need for a learned ministry.

D) The Quakers did not seek converts, but simply wanted to practice their own beliefs peacefully; the Puritans sought to convert people throughout England.

E) Unlike the Quakers, the Puritans felt that there was no need for spiritual leaders, since one person’s interpretation of the Bible was as valid as anyone else’s.

Answer: B Page Ref: 53–63 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reforming England in America; Diversity in the Middle Colonies 50. Which statement provides the best interpretation of this sentence from text page 53? “The diversity of early English colonization must be emphasized precisely because it is so easy to overlook.”

A) Most historians did not realize how similar the English colonies were when they were initially settled.

B) The reasons that people settled the English colonies were so complex that they have only begun to be understood recently.

C) Settlers of the English colonies tended to overlook the hardships that they would face because they were so eager for religious freedom.

D) The experiences of the early English colonists cannot be separated from their experiences back in England.

E) Because most of the colonists were English, and eventually formed a single nation, many assume that they were originally more alike than different.

Answer: E Page Ref: 72 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Living with Diversity Essay 1. What problems did early settlers in Virginia have to overcome? What factors attracted settlers to that area?

Page Ref: 42 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth 2. How did affairs in England impact changes in the colonies in the 1600s?

Page Ref: 39–72 Skill: Analytical Topic: Entire Chapter 3. Analyze the dynamic between religious and economic motivations in the establishment and development of the English colonies in the seventeenth century.

Page Ref: 42–60, 67–69 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth; Reforming England in America; Planting the Carolinas

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CHAPTER THREE PUTTING DOWN ROOTS: OPPORTUNITY AND OPPRESSION IN COLONIAL SOCIETY Multiple Choice 1. The character of the first English settlements in the New World ________.

A) remained remarkably similar throughout the seventeenth century B) differed from colony to colony because of government rules C) differed substantially from colony to colony from the very beginning of colonization D) was determined primarily by the religious preference of each colony E) was not significantly influenced by geography Answer: C Page Ref: 77 Skill: Factual Topic: Families in an Atlantic Empire 2. Puritans viewed which of the following as essential to their New England commonwealth?

A) strict adherence to personal hygiene measures B) a flexible form of colonial administration C) a healthy family life D) the rapid creation of an urban society in New England E) honest public officials Answer: C Page Ref: 78–79 Skill: Factual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 3. The explanation for the tremendous population growth of seventeenth-century New England can be found in the ________.

A) extraordinary fertility of New England women B) emphasis Puritans placed on having large families C) good relations maintained with local Indians D) long lives of New England settlers E) agricultural richness of the New World Answer: D Page Ref: 79 Skill: Factual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 4. New England families differed from those of other English colonies in that they often included ________.

A) Native Americans B) grandparents C) polygamy D) widows E) extended families living in one household Answer: B Page Ref: 79 Skill: Factual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

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5. In New England, women ________.

A) enjoyed rights and powers equal to those of men B) outnumbered men in church by two to one C) had no economic power whatsoever D) could easily divorce their husbands E) began to lobby for voting rights in this colonial period Answer: B Page Ref: 81 Skill: Factual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 6. The society created by Puritans in New England ________.

A) copied the social order they had left behind in England B) was modeled on contemporary Dutch society C) represented a near-total rejection of traditional English ways D) was quite similar to that of the Chesapeake region E) adapted to include slavery Answer: A Page Ref: 82–83 Skill: Factual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 7. Sumptuary laws ________.

A) made excessive gluttony a crime B) established statutes that limited the wearing of fine apparel to the wealthy and prominent C) criminalized frivolity on the Sabbath D) provided that only “visible saints” could be buried in a church cemetery E) made church attendance compulsory Answer: B Page Ref: 83 Skill: Factual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 8. The most important reason for the difference between the New England and Chesapeake colonies was based on ________.

A) the different crops exported B) the much higher mortality rate of the Chesapeake colonies C) the practice of slavery in the southern colonies D) contrasting economic systems E) varying degrees of ethnic diversity in the populations Answer: B Page Ref: 84 Skill: Factual Topic: The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment

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9. Compared to New England, Chesapeake society ________.

A) was more democratic B) was characterized by small farms C) had fewer families D) was more densely populated E) had fewer slaves Answer: C Page Ref: 84 Skill: Factual Topic: The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment 10. By the late 1600s, the gap between rich and poor in white Chesapeake society ________.

A) steadily shrank B) steadily widened C) remained unchanged D) could not be estimated E) is not mentioned by contemporary chroniclers Answer: B Page Ref: 85 Skill: Factual Topic: The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment 11. Of the estimated 11 million African slaves carried to the Americas, the great majority were sent to ________.

A) Brazil and the Caribbean B) British North America C) Chile D) Argentina E) Central America Answer: A Page Ref: 88 Skill: Factual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America 12. In the early seventeenth century, Virginia’s blacks ________.

A) were encouraged to marry white women B) occasionally served in the House of Burgesses C) sometimes became planters D) greatly outnumbered whites E) slowly integrated into white society Answer: C Page Ref: 88 Skill: Factual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America

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13. During the colonial period, most of the slaves sent to the North American colonies were supplied by the ________.

A) Dutch B) Americans C) Portuguese D) Spanish E) British Answer: E Page Ref: 88 Skill: Factual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America 14. The eighteenth-century population of the lowlands of South Carolina was ________ percent black.

A) 5 B) 10 C) 40 D) 60 E) 80 Answer: D Page Ref: 90 Skill: Factual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America 15. Where did the creole language, Gullah, endure longest?

A) Maryland B) North Carolina C) Louisiana D) Virginia E) the Sea Islands Answer: E Page Ref: 91–92 Skill: Factual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America 16. In which colony were African Americans most able to preserve their African identity?

A) New Jersey B) South Carolina C) Pennsylvania D) New York E) Virginia Answer: B Page Ref: 92 Skill: Factual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America

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17. The most serious slave rebellion of the colonial period was ________.

A) the Stono Uprising B) the Denmark Vesey Conspiracy C) Nat Turner’s Rebellion D) the Jamestown Massacre E) Bacon’s Rebellion Answer: A Page Ref: 93 Skill: Factual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America 18. British authorities based their colonial commercial policies on the theory of ________.

A) feudalism B) laissez-faire C) mercantilism D) federalism E) republicanism Answer: C Page Ref: 94 Skill: Factual Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire 19. The Navigation Acts established the principle that ________.

A) trade between the colonies of Spain and of England would be beneficial B) Spain would have most-favored status in trading with England C) free trade was good for all D) the British colonies’ only trading partner was England E) North American industry should be discouraged Answer: D Page Ref: 96 Skill: Factual Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire 20. The intention of the Navigation Acts was to ________.

A) remove the Dutch as a commercial competitor B) promote English industrial development C) keep the American colonies weak and dependent D) stimulate colonial economic diversification E) finance the British navy Answer: A Page Ref: 96 Skill: Factual Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire

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21. The Staple Act of 1663 stated that ________.

A) Americans must stop raising corn and wheat B) imports to America had to be shipped through England C) Americans could not produce iron products D) rum had to be manufactured in the West Indies E) Americans could only produce staple foodstuffs Answer: B Page Ref: 96 Skill: Factual Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire 22. Beginning in 1696, the ________ settled disputes that occurred at sea.

A) House of Commons B) Lords of Trade C) Board of Trade D) Privy Council E) vice-admiralty courts Answer: E Page Ref: 97 Skill: Factual Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire 23. One of the major causes of ________ was the disfranchisement of landless freemen by the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1670.

A) Bacon’s Rebellion B) Coode’s Rebellion C) Leisler’s Rebellion D) the Stono Uprising E) Shays’s Rebellion Answer: A Page Ref: 99 Skill: Factual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 24. The armed conflict between Native Americans and New Englanders in 1675 was led by ________.

A) Massasoit B) Powhatan C) Metacomet D) Tecumseh E) Opechancanough Answer: C Page Ref: 100 Skill: Factual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691

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25. The peaceful ousting of James II by Parliament in 1688 was known as ________.

A) King James’s War B) the Restoration C) Parliament’s Rebellion D) the Glorious Revolution E) the People’s War Answer: D Page Ref: 101 Skill: Factual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 26. As a result of the Salem witchcraft trials, ________.

A) nineteen people were hanged B) twenty-three people were banished C) eight people were pressed to death with weights D) fourteen people were burned at the stake E) nine people were executed by firing squad Answer: A Page Ref: 102 Skill: Factual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 27. Why were New England colonists more likely to maintain English customs than those who migrated to Virginia and Maryland?

A) The New England colonists came from higher social ranks than those in the other colonies and were more familiar with traditional English customs.

B) The New England colonists brought more English goods with them to America, which helped keep the traditions alive.

C) The New England colonists tended to migrate as families and thus were able to keep family and other traditions in the New World.

D) The New England colonists generally came to America as single men and women and found that preserving their English customs comforted them.

E) The New England colonists were proud to be English, while the other colonists wanted to reject their English traditions.

Answer: C Page Ref: 78 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 28. Why did the population of New England rise in the seventeenth century?

A) Better overall health resulted in people living longer.

B) Puritan families tended to have many children.

C) Couples in New England married younger and tended to have more children.

D) Many more immigrants came to New England than to the other colonies.

E) Colonists from the southern colonies moved to New England in large numbers.

Answer: A Page Ref: 78–79 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century

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29. What role did women have in the New England colonies?

A) They generally had no independence at all from men.

B) They had the same legal rights as men but could not vote.

C) They made no decisions and simply followed the orders of men.

D) They had no legal rights, but they were able to vote and hold public office.

E) They were respected for their work but were legally inferior to men.

Answer: E Page Ref: 81 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 30. Why did Massachusetts and Connecticut feel the need to pass sumptuary laws?

A) They weren’t comfortable with the idea that lower class people were taking on the trappings of the upper classes.

B) They weren’t comfortable with the idea that upper class people were “slumming” and taking on the trappings of the lower classes.

C) They wanted to abolish all signs of the British social class system.

D) They wanted to establish a minimum dress code for the lower classes.

E) They wanted to limit finery for all colonial classes.

Answer: A Page Ref: 83 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 31. Which of the following was true of seventeenth-century New England?

A) Most families had several servants.

B) There were wide gaps between the rich and the poor.

C) Land ownership was widespread.

D) Few colonists owned their own land.

E) All free males could vote.

Answer: C Page Ref: 84 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment 32. Which of these was true of Chesapeake families in the 1600s?

A) Stable nuclear families were the rule.

B) Most marriages did not last ten years.

C) Three-generation families commonly lived together.

D) Remarriage was uncommon after a spouse died.

E) Large families were common because of early marriage.

Answer: B Page Ref: 84 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment

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33. Which was NOT a factor that retarded population growth in seventeenth-century Virginia and Maryland?

A) Many young women delayed marriage until their terms of service were complete.

B) Infant mortality rates were very high in both colonies.

C) Local Indians kidnapped many women and children.

D) The life expectancy was short.

E) The gender ratio was seriously unbalanced.

Answer: C Page Ref: 84 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment 34. How would late seventeenth-century Virginia best be described?

A) a plantation society, dominated by a slaveholding elite B) a diversified society and economy, with minimal social stratification C) a society of small farmers, committed to diversified agriculture D) a successful commercial enterprise that returned large profits to the crown E) a society struggling with the question of slavery Answer: A Page Ref: 84–87 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment 35. What seems to have hindered the development of towns in the Chesapeake region?

A) hostility between different ethnic groups B) the absence of navigable rivers C) the absence of a vibrant middle class D) an economy based on one crop destined for export E) the dependence on a one-crop economy for use in the colonies Answer: D Page Ref: 86 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment 36. Why did colonial lawmakers create strict slave codes in the late 1600s?

A) Lawmakers wanted slaves to be treated fairly.

B) Lawmakers feared an uprising because the African population had increased greatly.

C) Lawmakers wanted to prevent an influx of additional Africans into America.

D) Lawmakers wanted African Americans to be treated the same as indentured servants.

E) Lawmakers wanted to pave the road for African slaves to eventually become citizens.

Answer: B Page Ref: 89 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America

36 .

37. Which of the following best characterizes the creole languages that developed among slaves in some parts of the southern colonies in the seventeenth century?

A) Creole languages were a mixture of English and different African languages.

B) Creole languages were based on African languages.

C) Creole languages were a mixture of French, English, and Dutch languages.

D) Creole languages were written versions of African languages.

E) Creole languages were informal, colloquial versions of English.

Answer: A Page Ref: 91 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America 38. Which provides the strongest evidence that eighteenth-century slavery was based on race?

A) Slave status depended entirely on the amount of money a person had, and blacks had little money.

B) The status of a person as a slave depended on where the person was born, and being born in Africa made a person a slave.

C) The status of a person as a slave depended entirely on skin color.

D) The status of a person as a slave depended partly on skin color and partly on intelligence.

E) The status of a person as a slave depended entirely on social class.

Answer: C Page Ref: 90 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Race and Freedom in British America 39. Which statement is a key assumption of mercantilism?

A) Trade benefits all trading partners equally.

B) Trade benefits only the weak nations.

C) One nation’s success in commerce has no effect on other nations.

D) One nation’s success in commerce is another nation’s loss.

E) One nation’s success in commerce benefits all nations.

Answer: D Page Ref: 95 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire 40. Why did the Virginia tobacco planters oppose the Navigation Acts?

A) Trading with the Dutch made the price of tobacco decrease.

B) Virginians wanted to be able to import goods from France.

C) The planters received smaller profits due to the customs duties on tobacco.

D) They wanted tobacco to be transshipped through England first.

E) The cost of ships reduced the profits they made from tobacco.

Answer: C Page Ref: 97 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire

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41. What did the seventeenth-century revolts of American colonial gentry represent?

A) an early rehearsal for the American Revolution B) confrontations between ordinary people and their rulers C) competition among local factions for control of their colonies D) ideological struggles over colonial rights E) a struggle between the planters and yeoman farmers Answer: C Page Ref: 98 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 42. Which statement about Bacon’s Rebellion is FALSE? A) Bacon would probably have been accepted into the ruling clique had he only waited.

B) Bacon led a rebellion to prevent Governor Berkeley from waging a war against the Susquehannock Indians.

C) Bacon was perceived as a hero by the common people of Virginia.

D) Bacon and his men burned Jamestown to the ground.

E) Bacon, a member of a respectable English family, had only recently arrived in Virginia.

Answer: B Page Ref: 98–99 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 43. Which issue led directly to Bacon’s Rebellion?

A) the inability of the governor to take action against the Indians on the frontier B) the unfair trial of colonial smugglers by British admiralty courts C) Parliament’s decision to appoint a governor rather than allow popular elections D) the attempt to move the capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg E) the attempt of Bacon to obtain a license to engage in the fur trade Answer: A Page Ref: 99 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 44. What was the New England version of the Glorious Revolution?

A) a year-long celebration of the overthrow of James II B) the overthrow of Governor Andros C) a year-long celebration of the crowning of William and Mary D) a new bill of rights for all colonists E) a new bill of rights for land-owning colonists Answer: B Page Ref: 100 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691

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45. What do we know about the sources of the witchcraft hysteria in Salem?

A) They are known to have been primarily economic.

B) They reflected the community’s underlying resistance to the teachings of Calvinism.

C) They lay in the community’s dislike of English authority.

D) They are likely the result of preexisting conflict.

E) They may have been related to the presence of real witches.

Answer: D Page Ref: 101 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 46. Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Salem witchcraft hysteria?

A) the community’s history of religious discord B) disagreements between Salem’s poor people and its upper classes C) Salem’s history of engaging in occult practices D) fear of attack by nearby Indians E) the underlying misogyny of the entire colonial culture Answer: C Page Ref: 101 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 47. During the Salem witchcraft hysteria, Increase Mather and other leading ministers ________.

A) called for execution of the accused witches B) completely ignored the controversy C) urged restraint and caution D) called for colony-wide searches for accused witches E) questioned the validity of the testimony of minors Answer: C Page Ref: 101 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691 48. Why is the Navigation Act in 1660 considered the most important piece of imperial legislation drafted before the American Revolution?

A) It allowed the development of the colonial navy into one of the most powerful in the world.

B) It greatly strengthened the English mercantile empire.

C) It allowed colonists to trade with the Dutch, which eventually caused the British to retaliate with acts that sparked the American Revolution.

D) It established France and Holland as allies of the colonies and enemies with England.

E) Its passage directly led to the Boston Tea Party, which was the first act of rebellion by the American colonists.

Answer: B Page Ref: 98 Skill: Analytical Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire

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49. What was a difference between the rights in marriage of women in the Chesapeake region and those of women in New England in the 1600s?

A) Women in the Chesapeake region tended to have more power because they were fewer in number and thus began from a better bargaining position.

B) Women in New England had more rights because there were more women there and they had greater strength as a community.

C) Women in New England had fewer rights because the colonists there came from more strict and traditional backgrounds.

D) Women in the Chesapeake region tended to have fewer rights because the planter class had more restrictions on the roles of women in society.

E) Women in New England had fewer rights because the women there tended to live much shorter lives than those in the Chesapeake region.

Answer: A Page Ref: 86 Skill: Analytical Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century; The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment 50. Consider the following statement. “The elements that sparked a powerful sense of nationalism among colonists dispersed over a huge territory would not be evident for a long time.” What does this statement mean?

A) The colonists tended to dislike the colonists in regions other than their own.

B) The colonies were getting very close to forming an independent country.

C) The colonies were still separate and had very little to do with each other.

D) The colonies had expanded to a huge area of the country.

E) The colonies saw themselves as English first and Americans second.

Answer: C Page Ref: 104 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Local Aspirations within an Atlantic Empire Essay 1. What was the cultural and economic role of the family in colonial New England?

Page Ref: 78–80 Skill: Analytical Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century 2. What economic factors shaped the emerging social structures of colonial America?

Page Ref: 80–82 Skill: Analytical Topic: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century; The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment 3. Describe the origins of slavery in the mainland English colonies. How did Africans adjust to life as slaves? What factors influenced the enactment of slave codes by colonial assemblies?

Page Ref: 81–88 Skill: Analytical Topic: Race and Freedom in British America; Rise of a Commercial Empire

40 .

4. How did mercantilism shape the economic and political relationship between England and its colonies?

Page Ref: 94–95 Skill: Analytical Topic: Rise of a Commercial Empire; Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, 1676–1691

41 .

CHAPTER FOUR EXPERIENCE OF EMPIRE: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AMERICA Multiple Choice 1. The factor most responsible for the growth of the colonial population between 1700 and 1770 was ________.

A) natural reproduction B) the great wave of immigration during that period C) the program of forced migration instituted by the monarchy D) the dramatic upsurge in the importation of slaves E) the intermarriage between settlers and Native Americans Answer: A Page Ref: 110 Skill: Factual Topic: Growth and Diversity 2. The largest group of white, non-English immigrants to the colonies in the 1700s were ________.

A) the Dutch B) the Germans C) the Swedish D) the Scots-Irish E) the French Answer: D Page Ref: 110–111 Skill: Factual Topic: Growth and Diversity 3. The first large group of German immigrants moved to America seeking ________.

A) free land B) religious tolerance C) an opportunity to become wealthy farmers D) markets for their craft products E) work to bring their families from Europe Answer: B Page Ref: 111–112 Skill: Factual Topic: Growth and Diversity 4. The population of the thirteen British colonies grew to about __________ in 1770.

A) 2000 B) 20,000 C) 200,000 D) 2 million E) 20 million Answer: D Page Ref: 110 Skill: Factual Topic: Growth and Diversity

42 .

5. The “middle ground” was an area ________.

A) where most of the fighting between whites and Indians occurred B) where whites and Indians interacted on an approximately equal basis C) inhabited by renegades, half-breeds, and runaway slaves D) of metaphorical stasis, symbolic of a culture that was part European and part Indian E) designated by treaty as a demilitarized zone Answer: B Page Ref: 115 Skill: Factual Topic: Growth and Diversity 6. In 1565, concern over French encroachment led to the establishment of ________.

A) Jamestown B) Boston C) St. Augustine D) Plymouth E) Roanoke Answer: C Page Ref: 116 Skill: Factual Topic: Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century 7. Which region was NOT considered part of the eighteenth-century Spanish borderlands?

A) California B) New Mexico C) Colorado D) Texas E) Florida Answer: C Page Ref: 116 Skill: Factual Topic: Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century 8. Which tribe was most successful at resisting conversion to Catholicism?

A) Pueblos B) Coahuiltecans C) Aztecs D) Pimas E) Conchos Answer: A Page Ref: 116 Skill: Factual Topic: Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century

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9. For many Americans, the main appeal of the Enlightenment was its focus on ________.

A) searching for practical knowledge B) reviving interest in classical education C) defending traditional Christian beliefs D) pure scientific research E) achieving a classless society Answer: A Page Ref: 119–120 Skill: Factual Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 10. The one American who, more than anyone else, symbolized the spirit of the Enlightenment was ________.

A) Jonathan Edwards B) George Washington C) Cotton Mather D) George Whitefield E) Benjamin Franklin Answer: E Page Ref: 120 Skill: Factual Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 11. A major financial problem that confronted mid-eighteenth-century America involved the ________.

A) colonists’ heavy debt to the British B) colonists’ refusal to buy English products C) shortage of gold and silver coinage D) colonies’ failure to print paper money E) lack of credit available to merchants Answer: A Page Ref: 119–123 Skill: Factual Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 12. The two most important leaders of the Great Awakening in colonial America were ________.

A) Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield B) John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards C) John Locke and Benjamin Franklin D) Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard E) Cotton Mather and George Whitefield Answer: A Page Ref: 124–125 Skill: Factual Topic: Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies

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13. Followers of the Great Awakening, who emphasized a powerful, emotional religion, were known as ________.

A) “Old Lights” B) “New Lights” C) Presbyterians D) deists E) evangelicals Answer: B Page Ref: 126 Skill: Factual Topic: Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 14. Which of these was a prominent African-American minister, founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church?

A) William Pitt B) Richard Allen C) Edward Braddock D) John Trenchard E) Thomas Gordon Answer: B Page Ref: 127 Skill: Factual Topic: Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 15. Which college was NOT established as a result of the Great Awakening?

A) Princeton B) Columbia C) Rutgers D) Brown E) Dartmouth Answer: B Page Ref: 124–125 Skill: Factual Topic: Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 16. A major source of political information in the colonies came in the form of ________.

A) imported political treatises B) weekly newspapers C) pamphlets D) public debates E) daily newspapers Answer: B Page Ref: 132 Skill: Factual Topic: Clash of Political Cultures

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17. Which was NOT a colonial war between France and England?

A) King William’s War B) Queen Anne’s War C) King George’s War D) French and Indian War E) King Philip’s War Answer: E Page Ref: 133 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War 18. The major source of Anglo-French conflict in the colonies was ________.

A) slavery B) international naval supremacy C) arguments over relations and treaties with Native Americans D) political grievances E) control of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys Answer: E Page Ref: 133 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War 19. In 1743, during King George’s War, colonial forces captured ________.

A) Montreal B) Toronto C) Louisbourg D) New Orleans E) Quebec Answer: C Page Ref: 134 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War 20. The leading figure at the Albany Congress, and designer of the Albany Plan, was ________.

A) Thomas Jefferson B) George Washington C) William Pitt D) John Adams E) Benjamin Franklin Answer: E Page Ref: 135 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War

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21. Colonial involvement in imperial wars began with ________.

A) the French and Indian War B) King William’s War C) King Philip’s War D) the Thirty Years’ War E) Queen Anne’s War Answer: B Page Ref: 133 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War 22. The failure of the Albany Plan can be attributed, primarily, to the ________.

A) opposition of French authorities B) fiscal jealousies of colonial assemblies C) beginning of the French and Indian War D) refusal of the Iroquois tribes to support it E) lack of interest from colonial representatives Answer: B Page Ref: 135 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War 23. The man who led Great Britain to victory in the Seven Years’ War was ________.

A) Lord North B) John Trenchard C) Horatio Nelson D) King George II E) William Pitt Answer: E Page Ref: 136 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War 24. Which war between England and France had the greatest political and economic impact on colonial America?

A) King William’s War B) Queen Anne’s War C) King George’s War D) the Seven Years’ War E) King Philip’s War Answer: D Page Ref: 136 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War

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25. Which was NOT a territorial change under the Peace of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years’ War? A) Spain gained Louisiana B) Britain gained Florida C) France lost all land claims in continental North America D) Spain gained Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean E) Britain gained Canada Answer: D Page Ref: 137 Skill: Factual Topic: Century of Imperial War 26. Which of these was most likely the principal reason Spain found its North American border hard to hold?

A) lack of mineral resources B) lack of arable land C) its vastness D) Spanish-British hostilities E) the opposition of the Plains Indians Answer: C Page Ref: 116 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century 27. What was the main motivation that brought so many Scots-Irish to America in the 1700s?

A) They came to practice Catholicism freely, something they could not do in Ireland.

B) They came in search of freedom and prosperity, two things they lacked in Ireland.

C) They came to work as indentured servants in the New World.

D) Their main goal was to form new Presbyterian congregations in America.

E) They came to earn money in America and planned to return to Scotland.

Answer: B Page Ref: 111 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Growth and Diversity 28. What was the motivation for German Lutherans to come to the middle colonies in the later 1700s?

A) Their primary goal was to improve their lives materially.

B) They wanted to escape the war that was going on between Germany and France.

C) They were seeking political freedom.

D) They were seeking religious freedom.

E) Their primary goal was to convert more people to Lutheranism in the colonies.

Answer: A Page Ref: 112 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Growth and Diversity

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29. Which was true of the Native Americans of the “middle ground”?

A) They maintained a strong, independent role in commercial exchange with Europeans.

B) They sought to isolate themselves completely from European contact.

C) They sought economic competition between tribes rather than military confrontation.

D) They continued to war against each other rather than establish intertribal confederacies.

E) They wanted to strengthen their ties to each other in order to fight the European settlers.

Answer: A Page Ref: 115 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Growth and Diversity 30. Why did increased trade with Europeans tend to erode the traditional leadership structure of Native American groups?

A) Native Americans looked to the Europeans as their new leaders, which caused the Native American leaders to lose much of their power.

B) Native Americans who traded with Europeans tended not to belong to traditional communities, but rather to leaderless societies.

C) Native American leaders no longer wanted to rule over other members of their groups who traded with Europeans.

D) Native American leaders spent so much time in conflict with European traders that they had no time for leadership, causing their roles to weaken.

E) Native Americans no longer consulted leaders when they bargained with European traders, which weakened the leaders’ roles.

Answer: E Page Ref: 115 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Growth and Diversity 31. Why did Spain initially have little interest in settling California?

A) The region was full of Native American groups who fought any Europeans that tried to settle there.

B) The region had so many French settlers that the Spanish did not want to fight over land with them.

C) The region appeared to lack natural resources and was not easy to reach from Mexico City.

D) The region was continually plagued by earthquakes, which frightened the settlers away.

E) The region was too close to Mexico City and the Native American groups there.

Answer: C Page Ref: 117 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century 32. How did early Spanish outposts in North America compare to early English settlements?

A) There were fewer Native American groups in the Spanish outposts to threaten the new settlers.

B) There were more natural resources in the Spanish outposts, which led to a greater success of the first settlements there.

C) The Spanish outposts contained settlers who had migrated from many more places in Europe than the ones in the English settlements.

D) The Spanish outposts grew more slowly due to the harsh environment and threats of Native Americans.

E) Though they started later, the Spanish outposts eventually grew much larger and at a faster rate.

Answer: D Page Ref: 117 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century 49 .

33. Which best summarizes the basic philosophy of the Enlightenment?

A) Reason could help humans achieve perfection in this world.

B) Knowledge was of little use when confined to speculation.

C) Faith and tolerance could help humans achieve perfection in this world.

D) Absolutist governments must be replaced by representative governments.

E) People must give up most possessions to achieve true enlightenment.

Answer: A Page Ref: 119 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 34. As a result of Enlightenment thinking, Benjamin Franklin ________.

A) turned to organized religion for meaning in his life B) devoted his life to his own personal religious views C) rejected the practical pursuits of life in favor of contemplation, meditation, and intellectual inquiry D) pursued his curiosity until it yielded useful scientific ideas and ingenious material inventions E) sought to find true enlightenment by giving up most of his material possessions Answer: D Page Ref: 120–121 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 35. What happened as a result of the growth of the eighteenth-century colonial economy?

A) The population grew even faster and per capita income declined.

B) Enforcement of the Navigation Laws sowed the seeds of a lingering bitterness against Britain.

C) The colonies developed a strong industrial base.

D) Colonists’ prosperity as a whole increased.

E) American exports increasingly found new markets around the world.

Answer: D Page Ref: 120–121 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 36. What caused the balance of trade between England and the colonies to turn dramatically in England’s favor by the mid-eighteenth century?

A) the decline in trade between the colonies and the West Indies B) enormous demand in the colonies for British finished products C) industrialization in the colonies D) stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts E) enormous demand in the colonies for raw materials from England Answer: B Page Ref: 123 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture

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37. Which of the following best characterizes the primary message of Jonathan Edwards’ preaching?

A) that a combination of good deeds and steadfast faith could bring salvation B) that salvation would come through repentance only C) that the eternal fate of individuals was determined at birth D) that Old Light spokesmen were the only true possessors of truth E) that people could redeem themselves by performing good works Answer: C Page Ref: 124 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 38. Why did tension arise between colonial congregations of the 1740s and 1750s?

A) Evangelical preachers began to challenge traditional preaching.

B) Colonial preachers no longer wanted to be controlled by the English clergy.

C) Some preachers wanted to prevent colonists from joining their congregations.

D) Many preachers tried to convert Native Americans to evangelical Christianity.

E) Congregations disagreed about whether women should participate in the church.

Answer: A Page Ref: 124 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 39. Which of the following was NOT an important effect of the Great Awakening?

A) It stimulated higher education in the colonies.

B) It strengthened the authority of old colonial religions.

C) It encouraged the development of individualism.

D) It fostered an optimistic view of the future among those touched by it.

E) It evoked a sense of “new birth” among believers.

Answer: B Page Ref: 124 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 40. Which is NOT true of royal governors in colonial America?

A) They had the power to dismiss judges.

B) They were military commanders-in-chief in each colony.

C) They had the power to appoint colonial officials.

D) They had the power to tax the colonists.

E) They had the right to veto legislation.

Answer: D Page Ref: 128 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Clash of Political Cultures

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41. Colonial legislators saw their primary function as ________.

A) improving the lives of their constituents B) preventing encroachments on the people’s rights C) implementing the governor’s policies D) mediating between the royal governor and the people E) supporting the governor to attain patronage appointments Answer: B Page Ref: 128 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Clash of Political Cultures 42. In the period of the rise of the colonial assembly, which of these changes took place in colonial law?

A) A unique colonial legal system emerged.

B) Colonial courts disappeared.

C) Colonial law increasingly reflected German law.

D) Legal practices increasingly resembled those of England.

E) Legal issues were increasingly decided in England.

Answer: D Page Ref: 128 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Clash of Political Cultures 43. Which best describes the change in colonial warfare during the eighteenth century?

A) Rather than fight off Native Americans, the colonists found that their main enemies were colonists from other regions of the country.

B) Rather than participate in European wars, the colonists were forced to battle against Native Americans.

C) Instead of the threat from hostile Native Americans, the colonists faced threats from African-American slaves.

D) Instead of facing threats from Native Americans and African-American slaves, the colonists were forced to fight against Spanish forces.

E) Instead of being involved in local wars with Native Americans, the colonists became involved with the wars between Britain and France.

Answer: E Page Ref: 133 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Century of Imperial War 44. By the mid-1700s, the colonial assemblies ________.

A) had surrendered most powers to royal assemblies B) were gaining steadily in power C) were able to elect the colonial governors D) were completely independent in their actions from the mother country E) were full of mid-level bureaucrats seeking better patronage jobs Answer: B Page Ref: 128 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Clash of Political Cultures

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45. One of the most important factors uniting Americans of different colonies into a single political culture was ________.

A) the English common law B) cooperative royal governors in between the northern and southern colonies C) their near-monolithic religious beliefs D) a respect for the sovereignty of Parliament E) fear of attack by Indians Answer: A Page Ref: 132 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Clash of Political Cultures 46. Which best describes Benjamin Franklin’s main goal in drafting the Albany Plan?

A) to organize a council of delegates to coordinate common defense and western expansion B) to propose the dredging of canals that connected Albany with Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River C) to set up a system of common taxes and tariffs throughout the colonies D) to draft a constitution that freed the colonies from any control by the British crown E) to prepare the colonies for an eventual war of independence with England Answer: A Page Ref: 135 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Century of Imperial War 47. Which was NOT a consequence of the Seven Years’ War? A) The war made the colonists more aware of their land.

B) The war led to the creation of several new French colonies.

C) The war trained a corps of American officers.

D) The war revealed British discontent with America’s contribution to its own defense.

E) The war forced the colonists to cooperate on an unprecedented scale.

Answer: B Page Ref: 136 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Century of Imperial War 48. What did the Great Awakening, intercolonial trade, and the rise of the colonial assemblies have in common?

A) They created disdain for England.

B) They created a rebellious spirit in America.

C) They contributed to a growing sense of shared identity.

D) They helped create imperial rivalry between England and France.

E) They exacerbated the problems of an already-divided citizenry.

Answer: C Page Ref: 118–128 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture; Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies; Clash of Political Cultures

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49. How did the increase in British imports to the colonies in the 1700s affect American culture?

A) The colonists produced fewer of their own homespun goods, which made them less reliant on old traditions.

B) The colonists no longer relied on imports from other countries and became less connected to French and Spanish cultures.

C) The same British goods were sold throughout the colonies, which gave colonists a collective background and brought them into greater contact with each other.

D) The colonists of different colonies developed interests in different British imports, which led to greater isolation and greater identification with their own region.

E) The colonists were introduced to new British traditions through the imports they bought, and lost much of their original American culture.

Answer: C Page Ref: 119 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 50. Which statement is the best interpretation of this sentence from page 105? “For the British, ‘American’ was a way of saying ‘not quite English.’”

A) The British believed that the colonists could only become truly American if they broke away from the crown.

B) The British felt that the colonists needed to import more British goods in order to be considered truly British.

C) The British did not perceive the differences among the various colonies and thought all Americans were the same.

D) The British regarded colonists not as English—as the colonists viewed themselves—but as something a little different.

E) The British felt that the colonists no longer wanted to be British and had rejected many of their traditional ways.

Answer: D Page Ref: 141 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Rule Britannia?

Essay 1. What difficulties did Native Americans encounter in their struggle to maintain cultural independence?

What was the function of the “middle ground”?

Page Ref: 110–113 Skill: Analytical Topic: Growth and Diversity 2. Analyze the dynamic between the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening in shaping eighteenth-century American culture.

Page Ref: 118–120 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture

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3. Why did colonists believe that their governments replicated the English political system? What factors made these governments uniquely American? How may this have paved the way for eventual political union?

Page Ref: 128–131 Skill: Analytical Topic: Clash of Political Cultures

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CHAPTER FIVE THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: FROM ELITE PROTEST TO POPULAR REVOLT, 1763–1783 Multiple Choice 1. At the end of the Seven Years’ War, American colonists could be best characterized as ________.

A) hostile toward the British B) optimistic about the future C) apathetic about colonial-British relations D) eager for independence from Great Britain E) trying to rebuild Answer: B Page Ref: 147 Skill: Factual Topic: Structure of Colonial Society 2. George III believed ________.

A) Parliament should run the empire B) the monarch should take an active role in government C) the monarch should be a figurehead D) qualified men should run the government E) the monarch should consider parliamentary opinion when making decisions Answer: B Page Ref: 148 Skill: Factual Topic: Structure of Colonial Society 3. The central issue in the Anglo-American debate over governance was ________.

A) divine sovereignty B) laissez faire C) parliamentary sovereignty D) absolute rule E) colonial sovereignty Answer: C Page Ref: 149 Skill: Factual Topic: Structure of Colonial Society 4. Which of these was the elder statesmen that was one of the men who negotiated a peace with Britain following the Revolutionary War? A) James Otis B) Samuel Adams C) Benjamin Franklin D) Thomas Jefferson E) James Madison Answer: C Page Ref: 180 Skill: Factual Topic: Winning the Peace

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5. The English political philosopher most often cited by American rebels was ________.

A) Thomas Paine B) Edmund Burke C) William Pitt D) John Locke E) David Hume Answer: D Page Ref: 150 Skill: Factual Topic: Structure of Colonial Society 6. According to whose political theory is power dangerous and must be countered by virtue?

A) Commonwealthmen B) Whigs C) Tories D) Patriots E) Loyalists Answer: A Page Ref: 160 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 7. A major source of information for the colonists was ________.

A) newspapers B) books C) church meetings D) the marketplace E) the town crier Answer: A Page Ref: 151 Skill: Factual Topic: Structure of Colonial Society 8. Who was the Delaware Prophet?

A) Cotton Mather B) Pontiac C) Charles Townshend D) George Grenville E) Neolin Answer: E Page Ref: 152 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire

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9. Which prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains?

A) Navigation Act of 1772 B) Proclamation of 1763 C) Stamp Act of 1765 D) Townshend Acts of 1767 E) Settlement Act of 1765 Answer: B Page Ref: 152–153 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 10. The radical American group that first emerged during the Stamp Act crisis was known as ________.

A) the Loyalists B) the Sons of Liberty C) the Democratic Republicans D) the Federalists E) Oliver’s Raiders Answer: B Page Ref: 154 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 11. The Stamp Act of 1765 affected ________.

A) only businessmen and merchants B) primarily colonial manufacturers C) ordinary people, as well as the elite D) only those in direct trade with Great Britain E) notaries and other public officials Answer: C Page Ref: 153 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 12. The boycott movement against the Stamp Act ________.

A) had little effect on Great Britain B) mobilized colonial women to action C) ultimately hurt American businessmen more than British D) was opposed by New England businessmen E) was badly organized Answer: B Page Ref: 156 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire

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13. Which of the following stated Parliament’s belief in its own sovereignty?

A) Townshend Acts B) Declaratory Act C) Coercive Acts D) Stamp Act E) Sovereignty Act Answer: B Page Ref: 156–157 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 14. The fundamental issue leading to the Boston Massacre in 1770 was the ________.

A) British attempt to enforce the Tea Act B) Boston Tea Party C) passage of the Townshend Acts D) sinking of the Gaspee E) presence of so many British troops in Boston Answer: E Page Ref: 160 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 15. The Boston Massacre ________.

A) proved the importance of the British army in the colonies B) raised the possibility of colonial armed resistance C) had little effect on Anglo-colonial relations D) had little support from colonial leaders E) left fifty-three Americans dead Answer: B Page Ref: 160 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 16. Samuel Adams can best be described as a ________.

A) pacifier B) compromiser C) genuine revolutionary D) pragmatist E) guerilla fighter Answer: C Page Ref: 161 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire

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17. The Tea Act of 1773 was passed in order to ________.

A) save the East India Company B) raise revenue to pay royal governors’ salaries C) punish colonists for the Boston Massacre D) support the stationing of British troops in America E) recover revenue lost by reducing the tax on molasses Answer: A Page Ref: 162 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 18. England passed the Coercive Acts in response to the ________.

A) colonial boycott of the Stamp Act B) Boston Tea Party C) American victory at Saratoga D) Declaratory Act E) Tea Act Answer: B Page Ref: 164 Skill: Factual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 19. The Suffolk Resolves advocated ________.

A) forcible resistance to the Coercive Acts B) the assassination of British tax collectors C) the formation of an American navy D) the repeal of the Stamp Act E) the formation of the Sons of Liberty Answer: A Page Ref: 165 Skill: Factual Topic: Steps Toward Independence 20. In December 1775, Parliament passed the ________, which cut America off from international commerce.

A) Declaratory Act B) Prohibitory Act C) Commerce Act D) Tea Act E) Trade Act Answer: B Page Ref: 167 Skill: Factual Topic: Steps Toward Independence

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21. The author of the Declaration of Independence was ________.

A) George Washington B) Benjamin Franklin C) Samuel Adams D) Patrick Henry E) Thomas Jefferson Answer: E Page Ref: 169 Skill: Factual Topic: Steps Toward Independence 22. The Loyalists were concentrated in _________.

A) remote mountainous areas B) the Chesapeake colonies C) the northernmost colonies D) urban areas E) the southernmost colonies Answer: D Page Ref: 179 Skill: Factual Topic: The Loyalist Dilemma 23. The American victory that led to the French alliance occurred at ________.

A) Saratoga B) Yorktown C) Breed’s Hill D) Philadelphia E) Trenton Answer: A Page Ref: 175 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting for Independence 24. Whose activities were essential to the establishment of a colonial alliance with the French?

A) Thomas Paine B) John Adams C) John Dickinson D) Thomas Jefferson E) Benjamin Franklin Answer: E Page Ref: 175 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting for Independence

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25. For the British, French intervention meant ________.

A) a change in military strategy B) little change in their military strategy C) little challenge to their empire D) a new ally in the war effort E) fighting a two-front war, both in the colonies and in Europe Answer: A Page Ref: 175 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting for Independence 26. How did ordinary colonists respond after the wealthy elite had initiated the American rebellion?

A) They rejected the lead of their “betters.”

B) They lost rights gained during the colonial period.

C) They turned an elite movement into a mass movement.

D) They fought for a socioeconomic revolution against the gentry.

E) They retreated further from political activities.

Answer: C Page Ref: 165 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Steps Toward Independence 27. Which was central to the colonists’ position in the Anglo-American debate over parliamentary powers?

A) their strong belief in the powers of their own provincial assemblies B) their unswerving support of the monarchy C) their willingness to defer to the wishes of Parliament D) their desire for an authoritarian government E) their desire for revolution Answer: A Page Ref: 147–150 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Structure of Colonial Society 28. Which of the following linked religious values to the practice of government?

A) colonial newspapers B) the Great Awakening C) theories of the Earl of Bute D) ideas from the Commonwealthman E) the works of John Locke Answer: E Page Ref: 150 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Structure of Colonial Society

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29. What was the most significant consequence of the Seven Years’ War? A) its virtual destruction of American Indians B) Britain’s staggering war debt C) the remaining French toehold in Quebec D) the assassination of George II E) a distaste for further fighting by the colonists Answer: B Page Ref: 151–152 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 30. In what way did the Sugar Act differ from earlier regulations, such as the Navigation Acts?

A) Its purpose was to show the colonists that they were not in control.

B) Its purpose was to show the colonists that they were autonomous.

C) It taxed sugar for the specific benefit of the East India Company.

D) Its purpose was to collect revenue from the Americans.

E) It had nothing to do with trade.

Answer: D Page Ref: 151 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 31. Which of the following did NOT occur as part of the Stamp Act crisis?

A) Patrick Henry denounced British taxation with his Virginia Resolves.

B) A Stamp Act Congress drew together colonial leaders from different regions.

C) Resistance drew many into political action that included street violence.

D) Massachusetts reacted so bitterly that the British imposed the Coercive Acts.

E) Colonial women began to take a greater role in politics.

Answer: D Page Ref: 157 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 32. What was the tone of the Stamp Act Congress?

A) extreme radicalism, with some delegates calling for an immediate declaration of independence B) restraint and conciliation, with no mention of independence or disloyalty C) bitter division between pro-independence radicals and Loyalists who favored British rule D) angry disputes between various colonies and regions E) a show of the strength of the Loyalist faction in the colonies Answer: B Page Ref: 154 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire

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33. Which list places events in the correct order?

A) Townshend duties, Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Coercive Acts B) Townshend duties, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Coercive Acts C) Boston Tea Party, Coercive Acts, Boston Massacre, Townshend duties D) Coercive Acts, Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Townshend duties E) Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Townshend duties, Coercive Acts Answer: B Page Ref: 160–165 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 34. While repealing the Townshend duties, why did the North ministry retain a tax on tea?

A) to stabilize prices for tea B) to punish American tea smugglers C) to punish John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and the Sons of Liberty D) to symbolize Parliament's power to tax Americans E) to ensure that tea from England would not be boycotted Answer: D Page Ref: 161 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 35. What was the main purpose of the continental “Association”?

A) to foster improved relations between the various colonies B) to seek a conservative, peaceful resolution of the political crises of the mid–1770s C) to raise money to feed starving Indians displaced by western settlements D) to halt trade with Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed E) to raise and equip armies to fight for the American cause Answer: D Page Ref: 165–166 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Steps Toward Independence 36. What was the most important responsibility facing the Second Continental Congress?

A) to convince the colonists of the necessity for war B) to win loyalty from the Indians C) to organize the colonies for war D) to find a strong political leader for the nation E) to draft the Declaration of Independence Answer: C Page Ref: 166 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Steps Toward Independence

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37. What was the significance of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense?

A) Widening popular support for revolution.

B) It acknowledged the sovereignty of the monarch.

C) It persuaded colonial elites to sever their ties with Great Britain.

D) It had little immediate popularity among the colonists.

E) It did not criticize all monarchs, just George III. Answer: A Page Ref: 167 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Steps Toward Independence 38. Which of the following explains why England lost the Revolutionary War? A) The British government did not believe it could win the war.

B) British finances could not support the war.

C) British strategists did not understand how to fight the war.

D) George III never supported the war effort.

E) British soldiers sympathized with the Americans.

Answer: C Page Ref: 169 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting for Independence 39. What was the role of the colonial militias?

A) They played a decisive role in several major battles.

B) They kept the slave population in line.

C) They maintained political control in areas not occupied by British troops.

D) They consisted mainly of African Americans.

E) They would sometimes switch sides if they did not get paid.

Answer: C Page Ref: 170 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting for Independence 40. Why did many African Americans in the North take up arms to fight the British?

A) They believed that the king and the British Parliament were solely responsible for their lack of freedom.

B) They felt that the British had unfairly taxed them without offering representation in Congress.

C) They believed that the Americans were more likely to win the war.

D) They felt that the army was the safest place for them to be at the time.

E) They felt that the Americans were more likely to free them from slavery if they sided with them.

Answer: E Page Ref: 170 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting for Independence

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41. What did military strategists in 1779 predict would be Britain’s last chance for victory over the colonies?

A) a more effective use of its great navy B) the breaking of the French-American alliance C) calling on its European allies for help D) a successful campaign in the Southern Colonies E) increasing the British army in the colonies by 25,000 men Answer: D Page Ref: 175–176 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting for Independence 42. Which event marked the end of the military phase of the war?

A) the capture of New York City by French forces B) Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga C) the British evacuation of Boston D) Cornwallis’s surrender at Yorktown E) the destruction of a British army at the Battle of New Orleans Answer: D Page Ref: 176 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting for Independence 43. American Loyalists, who sided with the British during the War for Independence, ________.

A) tended to be wealthy conservatives B) were known for their wickedness and immorality C) favored a strongly centralized, authoritarian form of government D) came from all occupations and social classes E) were pacifists who opposed war for any reason Answer: D Page Ref: 178–179 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Loyalist Dilemma 44. After the Revolutionary War, why did many American Loyalists who returned to England feel betrayed?

A) They were treated as second-class citizens in England.

B) They were denied any monetary compensation for their sacrifices.

C) They were viewed as traitors by the native-born English.

D) They were viewed as foreigners by the native-born English.

E) They were put in prisons because they would not pay their debts.

Answer: A Page Ref: 179 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Loyalist Dilemma

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45. What was the significance of the Treaty of Paris of 1783?

A) It established the American borders at the Appalachian Mountains.

B) It ensured Loyalists would not be compensated for their lands.

C) It did not provide a favorable conclusion to the war.

D) It allowed Americans the opportunity to form an independent nation.

E) It did not include compensation for Loyalists.

Answer: D Page Ref: 180 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Winning the Peace 46. Which of the following was NOT a key benefit of the Treaty of Paris for the United States?

A) guaranteed independence B) fishing rights in the North Atlantic C) the rights to Florida D) all territory east of the Mississippi River E) an end to the war Answer: C Page Ref: 180 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Winning the Peace 47. Which of the following was NOT a task facing the new nation?

A) deciding what form the new government would take B) learning how political power would be distributed C) learning how to ensure political equality for all D) learning to fend off French attempts to control the country E) bridging the division of state and federal authority Answer: D Page Ref: 180 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: Preserving Independence 48. What was the most significant outcome of the Boston Massacre?

A) It demonstrated to the colonists that British troops were largely symbolic and the British would back down in the face of organized resistance.

B) It demonstrated to the colonists that British troops had no effective way to restore order in the colonies.

C) It showed that the colonists had a better organized army than the British and would be difficult to defeat.

D) It was the first act of organized resistance against the British troops in the colonies.

E) It demonstrated to the colonists that British troops would resort to violence to restore order in the colonies.

Answer: E Page Ref: 160 Skill: Analytical Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire

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49. What does the following quote by Benjamin Rush signify? “The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed.”

A) The American Revolution was not a war at all, but merely a break from English control over the colonies.

B) The war was merely the first step in the colonists’ move toward establishing a new nation.

C) The war was not yet over and the Americans needed to prepare for another round of fighting against the British if they ever hoped to gain their independence.

D) Americans needed to free themselves from other European countries that were restricting their trade and keeping them from economic and political independence.

E) The American Revolution would not end until the English monarchy was destroyed and a new form of government was put in place in England to better rule the colonies.

Answer: B Page Ref: 180 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Preserving Independence 50. Which statement best explains why the Boston Tea Party became a famous symbol of the American Revolution?

A) The Boston Tea Party was one of the most destructive acts in the entire war.

B) The Boston Tea Party was the final action before the first shots that led to the actual war.

C) The Boston Tea Party showed that the colonists had lost their respect for the British monarchy.

D) The Boston Tea Party not only killed many soldiers, it also destroyed millions of dollars worth of property.

E) The Boston Tea Party was an unprecedented act of violence by angry colonists against the British troops.

Answer: C Page Ref: 162 Skill: Analytical Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire Essay 1. Why were parliamentary sovereignty and the meaning of representation the main points of conflict in the years leading up to the Revolution? Why would the writings of the Commonwealthmen have appealed to Americans influenced by the Great Awakening?

Page Ref: 149, 160 Skill: Analytical Topic: Structure of Colonial Society 2. What was the impact of the approach to revolution on Native Americans?

Page Ref: 152 Skill: Analytical Topic: Eroding the Bonds of Empire 3. What factors led to British defeat in the American Revolution?

Page Ref: 169 Skill: Analytical Topic: Fighting For Independence

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4. Why did some Americans oppose independence? How did their overall political beliefs compare with those of Americans who supported independence?

Page Ref: 170 Skill: Analytical Topic: Fighting For Independence; The Loyalist Dilemma

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CHAPTER SIX THE REPUBLICAN EXPERIMENT Multiple Choice 1. For Americans in the 1780s, they had formed a real republic by eliminating ________.

A) conflict B) the monarchy and aristocracy C) a hereditary legislature D) a strong national government E) sectionalism Answer: B Page Ref: 186–187 Skill: Factual Topic: Defining Republican Culture 2. The Society of the Cincinnati was formed by ________.

A) George Washington and fellow revolutionary officers B) Samuel Adams and political contemporaries C) John Adams and James Madison D) Thomas Jefferson and George Washington E) James Madison and John Jay Answer: A Page Ref: 187 Skill: Factual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution 3. ________ caused the most important changes in voting patterns in the immediate post-war years.

A) The tremendous loss of male lives B) Western migration C) The dramatically increased standard of living D) The Articles of Confederation E) The movement of state capitals to more central locations Answer: B Page Ref: 183 Skill: Factual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution 4. The leading African-American scientist and mathematician in early America was ________.

A) John Woolman B) Richard Allen C) Benjamin Banneker D) Sojourner Truth E) Phillis Wheatley Answer: C Page Ref: 189 Skill: Factual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution

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5. Even before achieving statehood, ________ prohibited slavery in its constitution.

A) Connecticut B) New Jersey C) Massachusetts D) Pennsylvania E) Vermont Answer: E Page Ref: 190 Skill: Factual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution 6. How many states did not have to draft new constitutions, since they already had republican governments as part of their colonial charters?

A) none B) one C) two D) three E) four Answer: C Page Ref: 193 Skill: Factual Topic: The States: Experiments in Republicanism 7. The Americans who wrote the first state constitutions were alike in that all ________.

A) totally rejected British traditions and ideas in creating them B) demanded written documents C) refused to include bills of rights D) made the constitutions vague and imprecise where basic rights were concerned E) followed the example of the British constitution Answer: B Page Ref: 193 Skill: Factual Topic: The States: Experiments in Republicanism 8. Most new state constitutions after the American Revolution ________.

A) strengthened the power of the governors B) weakened the power of the legislature C) avoided written constitutions D) included Declarations of Rights E) affirmed the freedom of speech and press but not of religion Answer: D Page Ref: 194 Skill: Factual Topic: The States: Experiments in Republicanism

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9. In the 1780s, nationalists were those who _______.

A) advocated the elimination of sectional differences B) pushed to establish symbols such as the flag and a national anthem C) supported states’ rights D) called for a strong central government E) called for a firm stand against Britain Answer: D Page Ref: 202 Skill: Factual Topic: Strengthening Federal Authority 10. The Articles of Confederation ________.

A) gave too much power to the central government B) provided for state representation by population C) jealously guarded state sovereignty at the expense of national power D) created a powerful presidency E) changed little from first draft to final document Answer: C Page Ref: 196–197 Skill: Factual Topic: Stumbling Toward a New National Government 11. The controversy which delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation involved ________.

A) slavery B) the disposition of western lands C) American relations with European countries D) regulating trade with British manufacturers E) boundaries between the states Answer: B Page Ref: 196–197 Skill: Factual Topic: Stumbling Toward a New National Government 12. The most important accomplishment of Congress under the Articles of Confederation was its ________.

A) disposition of the Florida border problem with Spain B) passage of ordinances organizing the Northwest Territory C) management of the nation’s financial affairs D) rejection of British demands for territory along the country’s borders with Canada E) set of rules for interstate trade and tariffs Answer: B Page Ref: 198 Skill: Factual Topic: Stumbling Toward a New National Government

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13. Negotiations between the states and Spain were opened as a result of what event?

A) Spain closed the Mississippi to U.S. citizens in 1784.

B) The U.S. failed to make good its obligations from the Revolutionary War. C) The Spanish government was seriously weakened following the French Revolution.

D) Gold was discovered in California.

E) France and Britain declared war on Spain.

Answer: A Page Ref: 205 Skill: Factual Topic: Strengthening Federal Authority 14. The Northwest Ordinance ________.

A) defined the process by which a territory became a state B) provided for a survey of the Northwest Territory C) ignored the basic rights of settlers in the region D) specifically allowed slavery to exist in the region E) was one of the first acts passed under the Confederation Answer: A Page Ref: 202 Skill: Factual Topic: Stumbling Toward a New National Government 15. The most brilliant American political theorist of the post-revolutionary period was ________.

A) James Madison B) George Washington C) John Locke D) John Adams E) Thomas Jefferson Answer: A Page Ref: 206 Skill: Factual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

16. The European philosopher whose ideas supported the theory of state sovereignty was ________.

A) Locke B) Montesquieu C) Voltaire D) Machiavelli E) Rousseau Answer: B Page Ref: 206 Skill: Factual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

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17. The most important result of the Annapolis Meeting of 1786 was ________.

A) that it added support for the Articles of Confederation B) the establishment of new, more efficient trade regulations for the United States C) the settlement of problems involving Spain’s control of the Mississippi River D) the nationalists’ recommendation to Congress for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation E) the growing political power and influence of James Madison Answer: D Page Ref: 207 Skill: Factual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

18. Shays’s Rebellion involved ________.

A) discontented New England merchants B) western settlers demanding Indian territory C) supporters of freer trade with Great Britain D) discontented farmers in Massachusetts E) Continental Army officers who had been denied their pensions Answer: D Page Ref: 207 Skill: Factual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

19. An important procedural decision approved at the opening of the Constitutional Convention involved ________.

A) publicizing the convention’s meetings and debates B) refusing to allow the small states to present their plans for constitutional revisions C) the decision to keep deliberations as secret as possible D) the election of James Madison as chairman E) the requirement of a plurality rather than a simple majority to implement changes Answer: C Page Ref: 208 Skill: Factual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

20. Under whose intellectual guidance did the Constitutional Convention form a new government?

A) Robert Morris B) Alexander Hamilton C) James Madison D) Benjamin Franklin E) Thomas Jefferson Answer: C Page Ref: 208 Skill: Factual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

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21. Men that were called nationalists in the early 1780s were the ________ later in the same decade.

A) Whigs B) Federalists C) Antifederalists D) Tories E) Republicans Answer: B Page Ref: 204, 214 Skill: Factual Topic: Strengthening Federal Authority; Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification 22. The three-fifths rule concerned the issue of ________.

A) whether or not to count slaves as part of the population B) the number of branches in the national government C) checks and balances D) presidential power E) the number of votes required in the House to pass legislation Answer: A Page Ref: 210 Skill: Factual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

23. The economic depression of the 1780s was caused by which of these?

A) the emergence of industrialization in the Northeast B) a slump in cotton prices C) a trade imbalance with Great Britain D) poor tobacco harvests E) an earlier European depression Answer: C Page Ref: 204–205 Skill: Factual Topic: Strengthening Federal Authority 24. The Federalist was a series of essays written by ________.

A) Washington and Adams B) Thomas Jefferson C) Madison, Hamilton, and Jay D) Randolph and Franklin E) Samuel Chase Answer: C Page Ref: 215 Skill: Factual Topic: Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification

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25. The author of the original proposal for the Bill of Rights was ________.

A) Patrick Henry B) George Washington C) Alexander Hamilton D) James Madison E) Thomas Jefferson Answer: D Page Ref: 217 Skill: Factual Topic: Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification 26. How did the debate between public morality and private freedom inform political debate in the 1780s?

A) The Americans who preached public morality did not believe in political debate.

B) Because public morality and private freedom are in direct contrast, they mirror the political debates of the 1780s about tyranny versus republicanism.

C) Because public morality leads to private freedom, Americans believed that British tyranny would lead to American democracy.

D) Americans defended individual rights but believed that a society without virtue couldn’t preserve liberty and independence.

E) Because English colonialism had imposed public morality, Americans rejected it for private freedom.

Answer: D Page Ref: 186–187 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Defining Republican Culture 27. In the 1780s, why did Americans disagree sharply over the relative importance of liberty and order?

A) Americans believed that in order to gain liberty, everyone should be given extensive civil rights.

B) Some Americans believed people should be free; others believed they should be well-mannered.

C) Americans who valued British traditions supported order; those loyal to the new American government supported liberty.

D) Religious leaders preached order while politicians advocated for liberty and religious freedom.

E) After British tyranny Americans valued liberty but recognized the importance of order.

Answer: E Page Ref: 186–187 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Defining Republican Culture 28. Why was there an uproar surrounding the formation of the Society of the Cincinnati?

A) The public feared that it amounted to an American aristocracy.

B) Many women were angry because membership was exclusively male.

C) Religious leaders felt the society was pagan in its rituals.

D) Parents feared allowing young men and women to meet without chaperones.

E) Southerners questioned the society’s strong anti-slavery stance.

Answer: A Page Ref: 187–188 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution

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29. What was the effect of the American Revolution on slavery?

A) Soon after the end of the war, slavery was abolished in northern states.

B) The war set a time limit to end slavery in the South.

C) The war had little effect on slavery.

D) Initially, the war led to African Americans’ gaining freedom.

E) The war emancipated African Americans in several states.

Answer: A Page Ref: 188–190 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution 30. How was slavery an obvious contradiction to the principles of the American republic?

A) Slavery showed how poorly treated black women were.

B) Americans claimed to be fighting for freedom, but still enslaved others.

C) Slavery funded much of the Revolution, so it was part of the new republic.

D) Slavery was a British institution and had no place in an independent America.

E) People who fought in the war and enslaved others were too violent for a republic.

Answer: B Page Ref: 188 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution 31. How were women affected by the political ideas of the American Revolution?

A) These ideas did not interest women very much.

B) The ideas brought dramatic changes and opportunities to their lives.

C) The ideas caused them to be more assertive about their roles in the family.

D) The end of the war allowed them to participate actively in government.

E) Revolutionary ideas brought them together to demand universal suffrage.

Answer: C Page Ref: 192 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution 32. What did women gain as a result of the American Revolution?

A) Women gained voting rights and access to higher education.

B) Women gained little; their lives remained much the same.

C) Women could now become landowners, shopkeepers, and dress makers.

D) Women gained access to divorce, and some economic opportunities.

E) Women could travel freely, study widely, and find gainful employment.

Answer: D Page Ref: 192 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution

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33. Why did most first state constitutions include a bill of rights?

A) To remind future rulers of the exact limits of their authority.

B) To establish the rights of white male landowners.

C) To create a stronger central federal government.

D) To prevent weak state governments.

E) Because the federal constitution included a bill of rights.

Answer: A Page Ref: 194 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The States: Experiments in Republicanism 34. Why did the Articles of Confederation give states more power than the central government?

A) The delegates believed that powerful state governments were dangerous.

B) The delegates were mostly state governors, so they wanted to preserve their own power.

C) The new central government had proven itself unworthy of power with corrupt officials and systematic abuses.

D) Articles of Confederation by definition must give power to the states as it is a state-wide document.

E) The delegates believed that powerful central governments were dangerous.

Answer: E Page Ref: 197 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Stumbling Toward a New National Government 35. Why did disagreements over western lands delay the ratification of the Articles of Confederation?

A) Britain still held claims on the western lands, so the Americans had to negotiate with Britain before they could ratify.

B) Several states made claims to western lands, which other states disputed.

C) Native Americans protested the Articles of Confederation in an effort to secure their land in the West.

D) A large percentage of Americans lived in the West, but travel and communication was poor, so it took a long time to receive their votes.

E) Most of the land in the West belonged to Spain and France, so the impoverished new America had to wait to raise money to buy it.

Answer: B Page Ref: 197 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Stumbling Toward a New National Government 36. How could a territory become a state according to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

A) First a territory had to raise enough money to buy their land from the European country that owned it, then the people could petition for statehood.

B) Once the people of the territory had successfully subdued the Native American population, they could become a state.

C) Territories had to elect officials and then write Articles of Confederation in order to become a fullfledged state.

D) Once population reached 60,000, residents could write a constitution and petition for statehood.

E) After a period of eighteen years, territories could petition the federal government for permission to become a state.

Answer: D Page Ref: 199 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Stumbling Toward a New National Government 78 .

37. Why was James Madison described as a political genius?

A) He wrote the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.

B) He helped Americans think of republican government in radical new ways.

C) He used the teachings of Montesquieu to advocate for strong state governments.

D) He had fought bravely in the revolutionary war, leading his men with wisdom and courage.

E) He successfully governed his home state of Virginia in a socialist manner, giving all power to the people.

Answer: B Page Ref: 206 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

38. How did Shays’s Rebellion help advance Madison’s plans for reform?

A) Farmers throughout the United States began supporting Madison as a way of guaranteeing their rights.

B) Wealthy plantation owners feared slave rebellions on their own lands and wanted a strong government to protect their interests.

C) Madison was instrumental in calming the farmers and ending the rebellion, so people began to trust him.

D) Even Northerners were alarmed to see that African Americans could wield such power, and looked to Madison to establish a government to protect whites.

E) People throughout the United States realized that law and order were breaking down.

Answer: E Page Ref: 207 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

39. Why did the delegates at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention vow to secrecy during the proceedings?

A) to keep their competition (Antifederalists) in the dark B) so that James Madison could wield limitless power C) to avoid the spread of rumors D) to avoid a civil war between the North and the South E) so that there would be a balance of power between state and federal governments Answer: C Page Ref: 207 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

40. Why didn’t William Paterson’s New Jersey Plan appeal to most delegates of the Philadelphia Convention?

A) It failed to provide a solution to the Convention’s most pressing issues.

B) It proposed a two-house national legislature, giving the federal government too much power.

C) It represented the wishes only of the large states, excluding small and weak states.

D) It was strongly supported by Madison and his colleagues, so most delegates rejected it on that basis alone.

E) It denied Congress power to tax or regulate trade, severely hampering its political and economic viability.

Answer: A Page Ref: 208–209 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

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41. How did the question of slavery impact the Constitutional Convention?

A) It caused few real problems.

B) It generally saw northerners willing to support southern concerns.

C) It threatened to disrupt and destroy the work of the convention.

D) It found the southern delegates eager to compromise on most significant arguments.

E) It was resolved, but left the South at a disadvantage.

Answer: C Page Ref: 208–209 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

42. How did the Constitutional Convention affect slavery?

A) It allowed the slave trade to continue indefinitely.

B) It permitted Congress to outlaw the importation of slaves in 1808.

C) It provided for an immediate end to the importation of African slaves.

D) It declared slavery to be illegal as of 1808.

E) It declared that slaves could not be purchased in the United States after 1808.

Answer: B Page Ref: 209–211 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

43. Why did the new Constitution of 1787 call for the election of a president by an Electoral College?

A) so that the people could directly vote for their president B) because most voters were illiterate C) so that the president would not be indebted to Congress for his office D) so that no state would have more power than another E) to prevent non-white males from voting Answer: C Page Ref: 213 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

44. How did the Philadelphia Convention delegates ensure ratification of the Constitution?

A) They called for electing 13 state conventions and requiring only nine state legislatures to ratify it.

B) They decided that a unanimous vote among the general public of all the states would ratify it.

C) They decided that a unanimous vote among the state congresses would ratify it.

D) They called for electing James Madison as president so he could ratify it instead of Congress.

E) They decided that three-fifths of all state legislators needed to ratify it.

Answer: A Page Ref: 213–214 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

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45. Why was the phrase “We the people of the United States” in the new Constitution?

A) It was there to exclude women and African Americans from the rights described in the document.

B) The phrase recalled the Declaration of Independence and would help Americans approve the document.

C) The other delegates voted unanimously on the phrase, thinking it would help ensure ratification.

D) It was there to include women and African Americans in the rights described in the document.

E) It was there to avoid mention of the states because of uncertainty about how many and which states would ratify the document.

Answer: E Page Ref: 214 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Have We Fought for This?”

46. Why did those who campaigned actively for ratification of the Constitution call themselves “Federalists”?

A) The term “Nationalists” had been used during the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and was now negatively viewed.

B) The term suggested that they stood for a confederation of states and not for a supreme national authority.

C) They wanted the public to know that they supported strong state governments that controlled the federal government.

D) The term “Antifederalists” was perceived as negative because of the root “anti.”

E) The popular song “Federalists on the Shore” recalled the glories of the Revolutionary War. Answer: B Page Ref: 214 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification 47. Why were Antifederalists concerned about the new Constitution?

A) They worried that public officials would scheme to increase their power.

B) They knew that preservation of liberty required no vigilance.

C) They saw that smaller republics were prone to political corruption.

D) They feared that the new national government would be too strong.

E) They believed that constituents reflect the character of their elected officials.

Answer: D Page Ref: 214 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification 48. How did the Bill of Rights of 1789 provide only limited freedoms?

A) It did not allow for freedoms of speech, religion, press, or trial.

B) It excluded foreigners and poor Americans.

C) It protected the freedoms of speech, religion, press, trial, bearing arms, and searches but did not grant rights to non-white males.

D) It granted the states more power than the federal government.

E) It was comprised mostly of legal procedures for Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court.

Answer: C Page Ref: 218 Skill: Analytical Topic: Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification

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49. How does the modern Bill of Rights compare to that of 1789?

A) The modern one allows for freedoms despite ethnicity, race, gender, or sexual orientation—provisions that were not made in 1789.

B) The modern one allows for infringement on freedom of speech and privacy with technology laws— provisions that did not exist in 1789.

C) The 1789 bill led to political controversy whereas the modern one has not.

D) The modern bill has led to political controversy whereas the 1789 one did not.

E) The 1789 bill was longer; the modern one is a shorter rewriting of the same tenets.

Answer: A Page Ref: 218 Skill: Analytical Topic: Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification 50. How did disagreements between Federalists and Antifederalists reflect the political climate of the 1780s and predict the climate of the 1800s?

A) The disagreement showed that Americans were strangers to the political process and had a lot to learn.

B) The disagreement threatened the young nation throughout the 1780s and well into the 1800s.

C) The disagreement was inconsequential as most Americans agreed about state, federal, and individual rights.

D) The disagreement was quickly cleared up, demonstrating that Americans were able politicians.

E) The disagreement showed how the country was divided and would be divided for the next several decades on state, federal, and individual rights.

Answer: E Page Ref: 214–218 Skill: Analytical Topic: Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification Essay 1. How did political reality cause Americans to modify their theories about republicanism during the 1780s?

Why was balancing liberty and order so difficult?

Page Ref: 186–187 Skill: Analytical Topic: Defining Republican Culture 2. How did republican idealism challenge the traditional treatment of women and blacks?

Page Ref: 187–190 Skill: Analytical Topic: Living in the Shadow of Revolution 3. How did the struggle between large and small states and between northern and southern states influence the character of the government established by the 1787 Constitution?

Page Ref: 193–197 Skill: Analytical Topic: Stumbling Toward a New National Government 4. Analyze the Antifederalist critique of the Constitution. Have any of their warnings proven to be true?

Page Ref: 215–217 Skill: Analytical Topic: Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification

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CHAPTER SEVEN DEMOCRACY AND DISSENT: THE VIOLENCE OF PARTY POLITICS, 1788–1800 Multiple Choice 1. Members of the Federalist party ________.

A) advocated states’ rights B) supported the French Revolution C) wanted Thomas Jefferson to be president D) supported a strong national government E) despised centralized economic planning Answer: D Page Ref: 233–234 Skill: Factual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 2. For many Americans, George Washington was ________.

A) a symbol of the new government B) a routine, typical political leader C) not a popular leader D) a threat to proclaim himself king E) a good general, but not necessarily a good politician Answer: A Page Ref: 224 Skill: Factual Topic: Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government 3. The Judiciary Act of 1789 ________.

A) was primarily the work of Oliver Ellsworth B) set up a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices C) defined the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court D) provided that the chief justice would be chosen by the Senate E) established the power of judicial review Answer: B Page Ref: 225–226 Skill: Factual Topic: Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government 4. Which of the following individuals was NOT a member of George Washington’s first government?

A) Thomas Jefferson B) James Madison C) Edmund Randolph D) Alexander Hamilton E) Henry Knox Answer: B Page Ref: 225 Skill: Factual Topic: Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government

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5. By the end of Washington’s first term of office, ________.

A) political harmony had unified the cabinet B) political squabbling had divided the government C) political parties had not yet formed D) the machinery of government had been brought to a standstill E) politicians listened only to public opinion Answer: B Page Ref: 226–227 Skill: Factual Topic: Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamilton 6. The greatest challenge facing the first Washington administration was ________.

A) foreign affairs B) waging war with Native Americans C) setting the government’s finances in order D) territorial expansion E) regulating interstate trade Answer: C Page Ref: 230 Skill: Factual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 7. Hamilton’s Report on the Public Credit recommended ________.

A) the renunciation of all old government debts B) that the federal government assume remaining state debts C) that the states fund most government activities D) that bankers be restricted in their dealings with the federal government E) that the federal government offer its creditors 80 percent of the face value of its obligations Answer: B Page Ref: 229 Skill: Factual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 8. James Madison opposed Hamilton’s proposal for the public debt because ________.

A) he feared Hamilton’s growing political power B) the powers of state government would be reduced C) he believed only speculators would benefit D) it did not foster the government of the Revolution E) many soldiers had lost the old loan certificates that entitled them to payment Answer: C Page Ref: 229 Skill: Factual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security

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9. Opposition to Hamilton’s proposed national bank ________.

A) was based on “loose construction” of the Constitution B) reflected the fears of private bankers C) was justified because his plans so clearly favored a few “monied interests.”

D) generally did not involve the general public E) involved issues relating to Congress’s constitutional powers Answer: E Page Ref: 231 Skill: Factual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 10. Creation of the Bank of the United States was based on the doctrine of ________.

A) strict construction B) states’ rights C) implied powers D) judicial review E) checks and balances Answer: C Page Ref: 231 Skill: Factual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 11. The Report on Manufactures suggested ________.

A) low tariffs on imported goods B) congressional taxes on industrial goods C) protective tariffs D) strict laissez faire E) a fluctuating tariff schedule Answer: C Page Ref: 232 Skill: Factual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 12. During Washington’s second term in office, ________.

A) foreign affairs became a much more important focus B) relations with Great Britain and France improved dramatically C) Hamilton and Jefferson resolved their differences over domestic policy D) Hamilton ceased to be a force in American politics E) the European war unified American officials in support of France Answer: A Page Ref: 233 Skill: Factual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs

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13. In the early 1790s, British actions toward the United States indicated ________.

A) respect for the status of the new nation B) a desire to recruit the United States as a close ally C) disdain for American rights D) a willingness to join the French in taking advantage of the new country E) the need for American resources to feed and clothe British troops Answer: C Page Ref: 233 Skill: Factual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 14. Thomas Jefferson felt it was important that the U.S. government ________.

A) foster strong ties with Great Britain B) support business and industrial development C) decrease the role agriculture played in the American economy D) lean toward France in the event it clashed with Britain E) expand the franchise Answer: D Page Ref: 233 Skill: Factual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 15. Jay’s Treaty succeeded in ________.

A) getting British troops to withdraw from the northwest forts B) opening New Orleans to U.S. commerce C) pacifying Southerners who had lost slaves during the war D) humiliating the French E) calming Washington’s anxieties Answer: A Page Ref: 236 Skill: Factual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 16. As a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, ________.

A) Great Britain continued to dominate the western frontier B) the United States withdrew from the western frontier C) the Indians scored a decisive victory D) the inadequacy of the American army was made evident E) the British encouraged Native Americans to give up their land Answer: B Page Ref: 238 Skill: Factual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs

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17. Which of the following statements about the Whiskey Rebellion is FALSE? A) It took place in western Pennsylvania.

B) It lent credence to fears of political violence against the government.

C) It involved an attempt to prohibit the consumption of whiskey and other alcoholic beverages.

D) The Washington administration’s reaction to it was excessive.

E) It increased Republican electoral strength along the frontier.

Answer: C Page Ref: 241 Skill: Factual Topic: Popular Political Culture 18. Washington’s Farewell Address ________.

A) warned against creating a strong military B) brought harmony to the political system C) supported the political ideology of Jefferson and Madison D) advised against an alliance with France E) wholeheartedly endorsed the two-party system Answer: D Page Ref: 242 Skill: Factual Topic: Popular Political Culture 19. The election of 1796 was complicated by ________.

A) changes in the nation’s voting laws B) interference from British diplomats C) behind-the-scenes manipulations by Alexander Hamilton D) Washington’s refusal to stay out of politics E) confusion over the differences between Federalists and Republicans Answer: C Page Ref: 243 Skill: Factual Topic: The Adams Presidency 20. During the Adams administration, ________.

A) Great Britain continued to pose problems for the nation B) domestic problems occupied the president’s full attention C) France reacted negatively to the terms of Jay’s Treaty D) few Americans seemed concerned with foreign affairs E) France became a closer ally thanks to the terms of Jay’s Treaty Answer: C Page Ref: 243 Skill: Factual Topic: The Adams Presidency

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21. In 1798, the Federalists sponsored a military buildup with the intention of ________.

A) taking the French West Indies B) suppressing internal political dissent C) conquering Canada D) pacifying the Indian tribes of the Ohio Valley E) pumping federal dollars into a sagging economy Answer: B Page Ref: 246 Skill: Factual Topic: The Adams Presidency 22. According to the Kentucky Resolutions, ________.

A) ultimate power always remained with the federal government B) states had the right to nullify federal law under certain circumstances C) the Sedition Act was worthy of enforcement by the states D) Kentucky chose to remain neutral in the contest between Hamilton and Jefferson E) the “general welfare” of the nation should be the guiding principle in state decisions Answer: B Page Ref: 248 Skill: Factual Topic: The Adams Presidency 23. As a result of the actions taken by President Adams in 1799, ________.

A) he was overwhelmingly reelected in 1800 B) the United States resolved its differences with France C) the Federalist Party remained the major party D) France compensated the United States for ships taken E) the French added even more restrictions on U.S. commerce Answer: B Page Ref: 249 Skill: Factual Topic: The Adams Presidency 24. The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution ________.

A) changed the process of electing the president and vice president B) decreased presidential power C) heightened the potential for further political conflict D) stopped the African slave trade E) dealt with the judicial power of the United States Answer: A Page Ref: 250 Skill: Factual Topic: The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800

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25. Each of the following is true of the election of 1800 EXCEPT ________.

A) Alexander Hamilton intrigued to keep his own party’s candidate from winning B) the Federalist Party was hopelessly split C) the electoral college decided the election D) Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson tied for president E) it led to changes in the presidential electoral process Answer: C Page Ref: 250–251 Skill: Factual Topic: The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800 26. Why did Jeffersonians fear strong financial institutions?

A) Most were simple farmers who did not understand banking policy.

B) They resented Federalists, who tended to have more money.

C) They held firm religious beliefs about the sin of greed.

D) Most were anti-Semitic, believing that banks were controlled by Jewish interests.

E) They believed that banks were the root of corruption in the British government.

Answer: E Page Ref: 231–232 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 27. How was Washington’s election to the presidency different from that of every president since?

A) He was unanimously elected by the Electoral College.

B) He was elected by the public as there was no Electoral College yet.

C) He was not “elected” but rather appointed by Congress.

D) He is the only army general to become president.

E) He is the only president who wasn’t born on American soil.

Answer: A Page Ref: 224 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government 28. Which of these was true of U.S. political leaders in the 1790s?

A) Many of those who had collaborated closely during the American Revolution found themselves bitter enemies.

B) Political leadership passed from those active in the American Revolution to a new generation of statesmen.

C) Friendships among those active in the American Revolution continued under Washington’s two terms.

D) Differences that developed during the Revolution created the political parties that emerged under Washington.

E) While those who were prominent remained united, political parties emerged under the leadership of a new generation of leaders.

Answer: A Page Ref: 223–224 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Force of Public Opinion

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29. Which of the following was NOT a Hamiltonian idea?

A) Private greed could be the source of public good.

B) The new government depended primarily on the wealthiest Americans.

C) France was the United States’ most important ally.

D) A national bank was necessary for the country’s economic health.

E) Anarchy was a greater threat than monarchy.

Answer: C Page Ref: 226–229 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamilton 30. How did Hamilton demonstrate his dedication in developing his plan for prosperity and security?

A) He consulted his friends and colleagues in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Virginia.

B) He surveyed and patiently listened to his political enemies, especially Jefferson and Madison.

C) He traveled to England and France, studying their economic institutions and industrial centers.

D) He traveled around the United States, even into the Western Territories, to gain a true sense of the nation’s fiscal status.

E) He conducted a survey of political and economic leaders on the subject.

Answer: E Page Ref: 229–233 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 31. Why did opponents criticize Hamilton’s assumption program?

A) It rewarded states like Massachusetts, which had sloppy financial systems, for nonpayment of debt.

B) It proposed a lengthy and unrealistic policy of repaying the original holders of the debt.

C) Only the poor would profit from the program, disadvantaging the rich and creating larger economic issues.

D) The program was disproportionately favorable to the South.

E) The program could lead to the establishment of a monarchy.

Answer: A Page Ref: 230 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 32. Why didn’t Washington veto Hamilton’s bank bill?

A) He agreed with it wholeheartedly.

B) He didn’t like it, but he knew it was best for the country.

C) Jefferson made a strong argument for it, and Hamilton argued weakly against it.

D) Hamilton made a strong argument for it, and Jefferson argued weakly against it.

E) The Supreme Court had already approved it.

Answer: D Page Ref: 231 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security

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33. Which of the following would Alexander Hamilton have proposed?

A) strong diplomatic ties with France B) the purchase of western lands C) expanding the franchise D) placing tighter controls on commerce E) modeling the banking system on the German model Answer: D Page Ref: 232 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security 34. In saying “We are all republicans; we are all federalists” Jefferson meant that _______.

A) Republicans and Federalist should be united against the Whigs B) he hoped to make common cause with the Federalists C) there were no real differences between these two parties D) Americans still shared a common political ideology E) the real threat was the Whig-Tory split Answer: D Page Ref: 249–250 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800 35. How were political parties formed in the United States?

A) Each congressman voted on possible party affiliations.

B) They were a simple continuation of Federalist and Antifederalist groups.

C) Opponents who had disagreed on economic policy split further regarding foreign alliances.

D) Political parties developed out of the personal followings of Jefferson and Hamilton.

E) Washington, seeing how divided the country was about slavery, proposed political parties as a way for people to disagree civilly.

Answer: C Page Ref: 233–234 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 36. Initially, why did Americans want to remain neutral when war broke out in Europe?

A) Neutrality seemed safest.

B) Most Americans believed only in nonviolent solutions to conflicts.

C) Most Americans didn’t care about a war a whole ocean away.

D) Americans were tired of fighting as they had just finished the Revolution.

E) Both Britain and France were generous, powerful allies.

Answer: A Page Ref: 234 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs

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37. What was Hamilton’s impact on Jay’s Treaty?

A) He counseled Jay on whom to see and what to say when he went to England.

B) He wrote the terms of the treaty, consolidating his and Madison’s ideas.

C) He informed the French of the treaty, allowing them to attack England.

D) He set the terms of the treaty by secret communications with Britain.

E) He filibustered in Congress, stalling the ratification until the treaty expired.

Answer: D Page Ref: 236 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 38. Why did Spain agree to the terms of Pinckney’s Treaty?

A) It mistook Jay’s Treaty for an Anglo-American alliance.

B) It needed the additional sources of revenue.

C) It needed protection on its southwest borders.

D) The United States threatened direct military action.

E) It thought America and France had agreed to take Spain’s North American land.

Answer: A Page Ref: 238 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 39. Why did Washington view the Whiskey Rebellion as treason?

A) The rebellious farmers elicited the help of Native Americans, creating a quasi civil war.

B) He thought French agents had supported the protest.

C) Because Britain supplied the rebellious farmers with money and arms, Washington assumed that they were siding with the enemy.

D) Because France was having its own revolutionary war, Washington worried the violence would lead to civil war.

E) The rebellious farmers began to ship and sell their whiskey to France and England, breaking U.S. trade agreements.

Answer: B Page Ref: 241 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Popular Political Culture 40. Why had Washington’s political alliance shifted by the end of his presidency?

A) Disillusioned by political factions, he created his own political party.

B) He regretted supporting England in the war, and began to support France.

C) He regretted supporting France in the war, and began to support England.

D) He shifted from neutrality to a closer alliance with the Federalists.

E) He shifted from neutrality to a closer alliance with the Republicans.

Answer: E Page Ref: 242 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Popular Political Culture

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41. How was John Adams’s presidency made much more difficult?

A) He lacked experience with government.

B) Alexander Hamilton interfered and opposed him constantly.

C) Jefferson refused to cooperate with a Federalist president.

D) America continued to have problems with the British on the seas.

E) Adams could not communicate well with Jefferson.

Answer: B Page Ref: 243 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Adams Presidency 42. How are the Quasi-War and the XYZ Affair related?

A) The XYZ Affair was the most significant “battle” in the Quasi-War between the U.S. and France.

B) The Quasi-War was one factor leading to the XYZ Affair.

C) They XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War are examples of European attacks on the United States.

D) The XYZ Affair ended the Quasi-War between the U.S. and France.

E) The XYZ Affair was a disagreement between England and the U.S., whereas the Quasi-War was a disagreement between France and the U.S. Answer: B Page Ref: 244–245 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Adams Presidency 43. How did the XYZ Affair affect U.S. politics?

A) Adams declared war on France.

B) France suffered diplomatic humiliation at the hands of the U.S. C) Hamilton resisted the idea of a strong army.

D) Adams and Jefferson reached a political impasse.

E) High Federalists used the tensions it created as an excuse for military expansion.

Answer: E Page Ref: 245 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Adams Presidency 44. Why did Congress pass the Naturalization Law? A) to help immigrants assimilate into society B) to allow the government to deport undesirable aliens C) to allow the Federalists to maintain political control D) to create a heterogeneous society for America E) to keep out eastern European immigrants Answer: C Page Ref: 246–247 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Adams Presidency

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45. Why did the Sedition Act distress many Americans?

A) It threatened their political right to disagree with and speak out against the government.

B) It gave the Federalists too much power and reduced the Republicans’ power.

C) It suspended free elections, depriving all white males of their voting rights.

D) It expanded the powers of Congress, which meant bigger government.

E) It allowed libel convictions without a jury trial, affecting people’s judicial rights.

Answer: A Page Ref: 246–248 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Adams Presidency 46. Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts?

A) The acts deprived poor farmers of their voting and civil rights.

B) The acts expanded federal power.

C) Jefferson and Madison opposed all of Hamilton’s acts on principle.

D) The acts didn’t support a strong central government.

E) The acts essentially rewrote the Constitution without due process.

Answer: B Page Ref: 246–248 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Adams Presidency 47. In what sense was the election of 1800 a “peaceful revolution”?

A) The public marched in the streets, chanting and holding signs in support of their candidates.

B) There was only one candidate for president, so he won without political battle.

C) The House and the Senate disagreed about who should be president, so they created the Electoral College—a revolutionary but peaceful solution.

D) Although politicians passionately disagreed about who should be president, a new president was elected peacefully, in spite of electoral glitches.

E) Power passed quietly from Washington to Jefferson.

Answer: D Page Ref: 249 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800 48. How did Washington’s and Adam’s cabinets compare to those of today?

A) They were much smaller, consisting of only three offices, whereas today’s cabinet comprises dozens of secretaries and thousands of employees.

B) They were much larger; having to lay the groundwork for a new nation required more manpower than running a superpower today.

C) Their cabinets had less power; they acted only as advisors to the president and couldn’t create any actual policies.

D) Their cabinet members, being from the same political party, accomplished more by cooperating better than today’s members.

E) Their cabinets met less frequently as they were busy traveling about the country or Europe, whereas today’s members stay mainly in Washington, D.C. Answer: A Page Ref: 224–226 Skill: Analytical Topic: Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government

94 .

49. How does the financial-political climate of the late eighteenth century compare to today’s climate?

A) The late eighteenth century was a simpler time; people were either farmers or professionals; few people discussed politics or financial systems.

B) Debate about politics and finances was more intense in the late eighteenth century; strife resulted as people established political and financial systems.

C) In the late eighteenth century, politics and finances were intertwined; today financial institutions are separate from the influence of political systems.

D) Both the financial and political climates of the late eighteenth century and today can be characterized as generally peaceful and focused on domestic affairs.

E) The political and financial climates of both times can be characterized as strife-filled, interdependent on each other, and heavily influenced by foreign affairs.

Answer: E Page Ref: 224–226, 229–245 Skill: Analytical Topic: Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government; Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security; Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs; Popular Political Culture; The Adams Presidency 50. How did Adams influence the United States’ future land holdings?

A) He proposed a law in Congress to tax English imports at a high rate, generating enough income to buy the Southwest from Spain.

B) He banned political parties, cooling passionate debates so that the nation could focus on expansion.

C) He repaired relations with France and created a sense of trust so that the U.S. could eventually purchase the Louisiana Territory.

D) He gave the U.S. Army permission to clear Native Americans from the lands, using violence if necessary.

E) He appeased Britain with tax agreements and U.S. army assistance in the war against France, so Britain gave the U.S. the land that is now Montana.

Answer: C Page Ref: 243 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Adams Presidency Essay 1. How did the conflicting views of Hamilton and Jefferson give rise to our first political parties?

Page Ref: 226–239 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamilton; Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security; Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 2. What was the role of foreign policy issues in the bitter political polarization of the late 1790s?

Page Ref: 233–239 Skill: Analytical Topic: Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs 3. What threat did the Alien and Sedition Acts pose to individual liberties? What threat did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions pose to the integrity of the Union? How do these issues relate to the balance between liberty and order?

Page Ref: 243–249 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Adams Presidency 95 .

CHAPTER EIGHT REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSONIAN VISION Multiple Choice 1. By 1810, one-fifth of the American population was made up of ________.

A) Indians B) immigrants C) blacks D) Latinos E) Catholics Answer: C Page Ref: 257 Skill: Factual Topic: Limits of Equality 2. The large increase in the national population reflected in the 1810 census resulted mainly from ________.

A) the assimilation of whole tribes of Native Americans into the general population B) natural biological increase C) a huge increase in the importation of slaves from Africa D) the immigration of many thousands of Europeans fleeing the Napoleonic wars E) fabrication of census records by corrupt state officials who hoped to increase their congressional representation Answer: B Page Ref: 258 Skill: Factual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 3. The old Northwest Territory was composed of what is today ________.

A) the Northeast B) the Northwest C) the West D) the Rocky Mountain region E) the Midwest Answer: E Page Ref: 259 Skill: Factual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 4. Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa ________.

A) worked to persuade the Indians of the Indiana Territory to hold onto their tribal cultures and their land B) represented themselves as tribal leaders and sold off huge tracts of land for whiskey and trinkets C) led an Indian rebellion which was crushed by Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend D) accepted President Jefferson’s promise of a vast Indian reservation west of the Mississippi River E) developed a written language for the Shawnees and worked for gradual assimilation into white culture Answer: A Page Ref: 260 Skill: Factual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic

96 .

5. Thomas Jefferson’s attitude toward Native Americans showed that he ________.

A) considered them to be expendable B) was committed to preserving their way of life C) found them to be savages unworthy of serious concern D) respected them as people, and was impressed by their culture E) wanted to try to assimilate them into the nascent culture of the United States Answer: A Page Ref: 260 Skill: Factual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 6. American prosperity in the early 1800s was based on ________.

A) an industrial economy B) manufacturing C) monetary supplies D) agriculture and commerce E) the slave system Answer: D Page Ref: 260 Skill: Factual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 7. The contribution of ________ led to the birth of the factory system in the United States.

A) Eli Whitney B) Samuel Slater C) Benjamin Reed D) Robert Lowell E) James Stubblefield Answer: B Page Ref: 261 Skill: Factual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true of President Thomas Jefferson?

A) He was a man of great intellectual ability.

B) He created the military academy at West Point.

C) He hated the national debt.

D) He wanted to cut government spending.

E) He loved the military and saw it as America’s greatest asset.

Answer: E Page Ref: 263 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson as President

97 .

9. As the chief negotiator with France, ________ engineered the Louisiana Purchase along with Robert Livingston.

A) James Madison B) John Quincy Adams C) John Marshall D) James Monroe E) Thomas Jefferson Answer: D Page Ref: 264 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson as President 10. What difficulty did Jefferson face in purchasing the Louisiana Territory?

A) possible confrontation with Great Britain B) lack of support from the American people C) the constitutionality of his actions D) whether to accept foreign citizens on the land E) finding $15 million in the federal budget Answer: C Page Ref: 265 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson as President 11. The Lewis and Clark expedition ________.

A) at last discovered the long-sought Northwest Passage B) traveled up the Missouri River to the Pacific Northwest C) explored the desert Southwest, including Pike’s Peak and the Grand Canyon D) had to fight its way through the domains of several hostile Indian tribes E) was assisted by a young Shoshone woman named Pocahontas Answer: B Page Ref: 266 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson as President 12. In the election of 1804, Thomas Jefferson defeated ________.

A) John Quincy Adams B) Aaron Burr C) Charles Pinckney D) John Randolph E) Alexander Hamilton Answer: C Page Ref: 268 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson as President

98 .

13. Chief Justice John Marshall believed in judicial review, which is ________.

A) a professional journal read by lawyers and judges B) the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of legislation C) a system whereby all legislation passed by Congress must be approved by the Supreme Court before it can take effect D) a job-performance appraisal system for federal judges E) a process for evaluating the qualifications of candidates for federal judgeships Answer: B Page Ref: 269 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson’s Critics 14. Samuel Chase’s impeachment trial ________.

A) destroyed the authority of the courts B) forced Marshall to resign C) maintained the independence of the judiciary D) showed Jefferson to be a conciliatory leader E) was a rather dull affair Answer: C Page Ref: 270 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson’s Critics 15. On the issue of slavery, Jefferson ________.

A) politically supported the institution B) wanted the slave trade outlawed, even though he was a slave owner C) believed states should regulate it, wanting to keep himself out of the debate D) wanted to repeal the “three-fifths rule” as it unfairly favored the South E) worked behind the scenes to support the institution Answer: B Page Ref: 269–271 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson’s Critics 16. According to the 1807 federal law that outlawed the importation of slaves, Africans captured from smugglers were to be ________.

A) lined up and executed B) returned to Africa C) immediately emancipated D) turned over to state authorities E) sold to the highest bidder by federal agents Answer: D Page Ref: 274 Skill: Factual Topic: Jefferson’s Critics

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17. As the Napoleonic wars broke out in Europe, the United States ________.

A) was forced to take sides B) isolated itself from the war C) took advantage of the situation D) feared for the safety of its citizens E) threw its support behind France, in recognition of French aid during the Revolutionary War Answer: C Page Ref: 276–278 Skill: Factual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 18. The Chesapeake Affair of 1807 ________.

A) violated American sovereignty B) forced the French to rescind the Berlin Decree C) damaged the British navy D) had little effect on Anglo-American relations E) influenced the Americans to support the French Answer: A Page Ref: 276 Skill: Factual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 19. According to the policy of “peaceable coercion,” ________.

A) a nation declares its neutrality B) a nation avoids all military confrontation C) peaceful relations should be sought through negotiations D) economic pressure is used as a diplomatic weapon E) neutral nations can have limited trade with belligerents Answer: D Page Ref: 276 Skill: Factual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 20. In the election of 1808, the Federalist Party ________.

A) seemed unable to adapt to the changes in society B) made impressive gains in Congress C) had won new support in the West D) was dominated by innovative new political leaders E) nominated George Clinton for president Answer: B Page Ref: 277 Skill: Factual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas

100 .

21. The effect of Macon’s Bill Number Two was that ________.

A) Napoleon promised to rescind the Berlin and Milan decrees B) Great Britain promised to rescind the Orders in Council C) Napoleon declared war on the United States D) Madison received strong public support E) even diplomatic contact with Britain and France was severed Answer: A Page Ref: 278 Skill: Factual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 22. Which of these was true of the War Hawks?

A) They favored war with Britain.

B) They were Federalists.

C) They called for war with France.

D) They supported invading Mexico.

E) The group was too radical to be of much influence.

Answer: A Page Ref: 279 Skill: Factual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 23. At the Battle of New Orleans, ________.

A) British forces retreated when they saw how strong American defenses were B) British forces won and forced the surrender of the city C) British forces were defeated by Andrew Jackson and his troops D) Andrew Jackson proved to be an ineffective political leader E) the War of 1812 was won Answer: C Page Ref: 282 Skill: Factual Topic: The Strange War of 1812 24. At the Hartford Convention, ________.

A) a resolution threatening New England’s secession was adopted B) Federalists demanded a unanimous vote in the Senate before war could be declared C) New Englanders gave strong support for the war effort D) the “three-fifths rule” concerning slavery was opposed E) Federalists continued to show their support of the embargo Answer: D Page Ref: 282 Skill: Factual Topic: The Strange War of 1812

101 .

25. The Treaty of Ghent ________.

A) awarded part of Canada to the United States B) did little more than end hostilities and postpone issues for future negotiations C) gave the British navigation rights on the Mississippi River D) restored Quebec to France E) was negotiated quickly and quietly, since there were no real debates Answer: B Page Ref: 283 Skill: Factual Topic: The Strange War of 1812 26. Why was Americans’ obsession with equality hypocritical?

A) They believed in and reinforced class distinctions.

B) They were the only country in the world to enforce equality.

C) They denied liberty to African Americans in the institution of slavery.

D) The government controlled and influenced most of the newspapers.

E) The court system was so corrupt that people didn’t really have fair trials.

Answer: C Page Ref: 285 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: Republican Legacy 27. What was the approximate population of the U.S. in 1810?

A) 1 million B) 7 million C) 23 million D) 80 million E) 110 million Answer: B Page Ref: 258 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 28. Why were regional identities formed in the U.S. in the early nineteenth century?

A) Without telephones, radios, televisions, or Internet, people were isolated and knew little of the happenings in other regions.

B) Most regions had aggressive devotion to radical democracy, making the other regions uneasy.

C) In order to control immigrant migration, the federal government designated certain areas for immigrants from certain countries to live.

D) The industrial revolution increased European immigration; immigrants tended to migrate to cities to live near people from their country of origin.

E) People wanted to defend local economic interests, it was difficult to travel far, and there were distinct regional subcultures.

Answer: E Page Ref: 259 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic

102 .

29. Why did people move to the West in the 1800s?

A) The federal government required poor immigrants to settle in the West.

B) The federal government gave large incentives to people who moved west.

C) Soldiers and their families moved west to control the Indian population.

D) People moved to farm on the rich soil.

E) The East had become unpleasantly overcrowded and industrialized.

Answer: D Page Ref: 259 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 30. How did white Americans interact with Native Americans in the early 1800s?

A) The federal government worked with tribal leaders to find compromises on land distribution.

B) White businessmen, supported by the government, forced Indians to work in mills and labor camps, destroying their culture and family ties.

C) They used violence and trickery to kill Indians and gain their land.

D) They generally lived peacefully as neighbors, often sharing resources.

E) The federal government took Indian children from their homes and placed them in schools to increase assimilation.

Answer: C Page Ref: 259 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 31. What was the main function of American cities during the Jeffersonian era?

A) to centralize cultural activities B) to serve as depots for international trade C) to create agricultural marketplaces D) to centralize financial activities E) to serve as places to exchange ideas and keep up with news Answer: B Page Ref: 261 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 32. In what ways was Jefferson a powerful president?

A) He successfully reformed and controlled the judicial system.

B) He skillfully used diplomacy to steer the United States away from conflict with Europe.

C) He created financial systems and solutions that most of the nation agreed with and championed.

D) He developed close ties with Congress, working closely with legislators to reach many of his political goals.

E) He successfully destroyed the Federalist Party, his political competition.

Answer: D Page Ref: 262 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jefferson as President

103 .

33. What triggered Thomas Jefferson’s decision to make the Louisiana Purchase?

A) Spain closed the port of New Orleans to American commerce.

B) Great Britain invaded Cuba.

C) The citizens of New Orleans petitioned him to do so.

D) Napoleon sent troops to the Dominican Republic.

E) Jefferson realized that the U.S. would gain Florida as well.

Answer: A Page Ref: 263 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jefferson as President 34. In what ways was the Lewis and Clark expedition a success?

A) It forced France to sell to the United States the parcel of land known as the Louisiana Purchase.

B) It forced Britain out of military posts in the West.

C) It fulfilled Jefferson’s scientific expectations and reaffirmed his faith in the future prosperity of the United States.

D) It discovered a direct water route from coast to coast across the continental United States.

E) It established peaceful relations with most of the Native American tribes in the West.

Answer: C Page Ref: 266 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jefferson as President 35. How can Jefferson’s first term best be characterized?

A) It was a failure in that he led the country to war, increased taxes, and lost land in the North and West.

B) It was a success in that he united Republican politicians and eradicated their competition, the Federalists.

C) It was a failure in that he lost important trade rights with Europe and lost western land to Native American tribes.

D) It was a success in that he reduced taxes, maintained peace, and expanded the United States.

E) It was a failure in that his judicial, educational, and economic reforms were not passed by Congress.

Answer: D Page Ref: 268 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jefferson as President 36. How does the Marbury v. Madison case influence legislature today?

A) It established the constitutionality of political parties and the limits on political contributions.

B) It began the civil rights movement, determining that the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are for all people.

C) It was the first unanimous ruling, demonstrating that even politically divided Supreme Courts can work together.

D) It began the process of rewriting the U.S. Constitution, making it the document legislators use today.

E) It established precedence for the Supreme Court to judge the constitutionality of congressional acts.

Answer: E Page Ref: 269 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jefferson’s Critics

104 .

37. Which characterizes Jefferson’s stance on slavery?

A) He supported the slave trade, yet he didn’t own any slaves himself.

B) He was a faithful Republican and abolitionist, yet most Republicans were not abolitionists.

C) He wanted the slave trade outlawed, yet he owned slaves.

D) He publically stated he wanted the slave trade outlawed, but he secretly supported it.

E) He preached life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but he didn’t want to outlaw the slave trade.

Answer: C Page Ref: 274 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jefferson’s Critics 38. Why was the 1807 federal slavery law unsatisfying for everyone?

A) On the one hand, slave owners felt it threatened their livelihood, but on the other hand, abolitionists felt it did little to end slavery.

B) It did nothing to affect slavery or the slave trade in the U.S. and only frustrated relations with European allies.

C) On the one hand it appeased anti-slavery European allies, but on the other hand it frustrated U.S. slave owners.

D) It only granted African Americans freedom, not any voting or civil rights, yet it infuriated their slave owners.

E) It appeased southern slave owners, but infuriated northern abolitionists.

Answer: A Page Ref: 274 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jefferson’s Critics 39. How were the Orders in Council and the Berlin and Milan Decrees similar?

A) They both allowed broken voyages to occur throughout Europe.

B) They both forbade commerce in Europe but were ineffective “paper blockades.”

C) Neither had any effect on American shipping.

D) Both gave Great Britain control of the seas.

E) Both allowed the British navy to monitor every Continental port.

Answer: B Page Ref: 278 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 40. How was the U.S. Embargo Act of 1807 ineffective?

A) It only gained public support in the Northeast.

B) It only resulted in England respecting American trade rights; France still did not.

C) It caused severe economic depression in France but had little effect on England.

D) It caused economic mayhem in the U.S. and did little to affect France and England.

E) It resulted in a severe shortage of food for both the French and British armies.

Answer: D Page Ref: 276 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas

105 .

41. How can Jefferson’s foreign policy best be characterized?

A) It allowed Madison—the next president—to return to domestic concerns.

B) It seriously damaged the British economy through conflict and embargoes.

C) It fostered a valuable alliance with France.

D) It did more harm than good for the United States.

E) It strengthened relations with Europe, despite the war.

Answer: D Page Ref: 276–277 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 42. What was the goal of Britain’s Orders in Council?

A) peace with France B) an alliance with the U.S. C) the end of the Napoleonic wars D) British control of trade with the continent of Europe E) forcing war with France Answer: D Page Ref: 279 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 43. What was Madison’s goal in the War of 1812?

A) territorial expansion B) reparations for British damage done during the Revolutionary War C) respect for U.S. maritime rights D) support for Britain against France E) providing aid to France, then in the midst of the French Revolution Answer: C Page Ref: 279 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas 44. Why did many New Englanders oppose war with Great Britain?

A) They traced their heritage back to Great Britain and did not want to be at war with relatives.

B) They were tired from fighting the Revolutionary War and wanted a time of sustained peace.

C) They were tired from fighting in conflicts with Native Americans in the West and wanted a time of peace.

D) They were already engaged in their own armed conflicts with the French in Canada and couldn’t support two wars.

E) They believed the real reason for the war was to build up America’s ego—a ridiculous cause for war in their opinion.

Answer: E Page Ref: 280 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Embarrassments Overseas

106 .

45. In what ways was the War of 1812 strange?

A) It was fought on U.S. territory but between France and Great Britain.

B) Its goals were dubious, and none of them were achieved.

C) Great Britain was engaged in an expensive and taxing war with France but still found resources to engage the U.S. on land and by sea.

D) It was a “paper” war of unenforced embargoes, wild rumors, and great lies.

E) It was mainly fought by merchants and pirates on the Atlantic Ocean rather than by soldiers on land or naval officers at sea.

Answer: B Page Ref: 280 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Strange War of 1812 46. The Congressional War Hawks in 1812 were most interested in ________.

A) putting a stop to British impressment of American sailors B) decreasing American reliance on foreign exports C) showing France that America was a major military power D) proving the might and dignity of the U.S. E) controlling U.S. trade in Canada and Europe Answer: D Page Ref: 279 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Strange War of 1812 47. How did the Hartford Convention lead to the downfall of the Federalists?

A) The Hartford Federalists sent their resolutions to Washington just after the victorious Battle of New Orleans, making them look unpatriotic and selfish.

B) The Federalists who met in Hartford passed radical resolutions that the rest of the country would never agree to, making the Federalists look foolish.

C) The Republicans who met in Hartford called for secession.

D) The Hartford Republicans passed resolutions that led to peaceful trade negotiations with Europe, making the War Hawk Federalists look bad.

E) Only northern Federalists attended the convention; southern Federalists disagreed with the Hartford resolutions, fracturing and weakening the party.

Answer: A Page Ref: 282 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Strange War of 1812 48. How did cities of the early nineteenth century compare with cities today?

A) They were sparsely populated.

B) They had comparatively lower rents.

C) They were more economically homogeneous.

D) They offered more economic opportunities for unskilled workers than today’s cities.

E) They were more culturally diverse and offered more cultural experiences.

Answer: C Page Ref: 258–261 Skill: Analytical Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic

107 .

49. For Jefferson, possession of which city would make another power the immediate enemy of the U.S.?

A) New York B) Boston C) Chicago D) Charleston E) New Orleans Answer: E Page Ref: 264 Skill: Analytical Topic: Jefferson as President 50. How was the War of 1812 both a success and a failure for Americans?

A) The U.S. won all the battles but lost the war in that the Treaty of Ghent gave them only maritime rights and did not discuss impressments.

B) The U.S. felt confirmed as a strong nation, yet it did not receive maritime rights or guarantees that Britain would end impressment.

C) The U.S. lost all major battles, wasting lives and resources, but it gained maritime rights and an end to impressment in the Treaty of Ghent.

D) The U.S. lost valuable land in the West, but gained all of its stated goals.

E) The U.S. gained land in the West, all of the stated war aims in the peace treaty, but lost many lives and resources in the war.

Answer: B Page Ref: 283 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Strange War of 1812 Essay 1. What factors encouraged the emergence of distinct regional identities in the early nineteenth century?

Page Ref: 258–261 Skill: Analytical Topic: Regional Identities in a New Republic 2. How did practical politics cause Jefferson to modify his initial political beliefs during his presidency?

Page Ref: 261–268 Skill: Analytical Topic: Jefferson as President 3. What was the long-term significance of the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison?

Page Ref: 269–270 Skill: Analytical Topic: Jefferson’s Critics 4. Why is the War of 1812 sometimes called the “second war of independence”?

Page Ref: 284 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Strange War of 1812

108 .

CHAPTER NINE NATION BUILDING AND NATIONALISM Multiple Choice 1. The first goal of expansionists in the United States after 1815 was to ________.

A) obtain the Pacific Northwest from Great Britain B) obtain Florida from Spain C) acquire the former French colony of Louisiana D) develop the trans-Appalachian West E) eradicate the Native Americans Answer: B Page Ref: 291 Skill: Factual Topic: Expansion and Migration 2. The Adams-Onís Treaty ________.

A) excluded Spain from the North American continent B) reduced British influence in Florida C) granted the Northwest Territory to the United States D) weakened the Spanish position in Latin America E) made Florida a U.S. territory Answer: E Page Ref: 291 Skill: Factual Topic: Expansion and Migration 3. After 1815, the United States ________.

A) grew rapidly in size and population B) was threatened by foreign invasion C) revised its form of government D) was unable to expand its economy E) invaded and occupied Canada Answer: A Page Ref: 290 Skill: Factual Topic: A Revolutionary War Hero Revisits America in 1824 4. By the mid-1820s, the Cherokee had each of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) a written language B) a written constitution providing a republican form of government C) a system of slavery regulated by law D) a military force capable of defending their lands against white encroachment E) a salaried government bureaucracy Answer: D Page Ref: 293 Skill: Factual Topic: Expansion and Migration

109 .

5. The ________ nation included peoples of both Native American and African origins.

A) Algonquin B) Seminole C) Cherokee D) Apache E) Choctaw Answer: B Page Ref: 293 Skill: Factual Topic: Expansion and Migration 6. The last resistance of Indians to white settlement in the Old Northwest came in 1831–1832 under Chief ________.

A) Tecumseh B) Sitting Bull C) Osceola D) Black Hawk E) Rain-in-Face Answer: D Page Ref: 295 Skill: Factual Topic: Expansion and Migration 7. The first great federal transportation project was the ________.

A) National Road B) Lancaster Turnpike C) Erie Canal D) transcontinental railroad E) Union and Pacific Railroad Answer: A Page Ref: 298 Skill: Factual Topic: A Revolution in Transportation 8. Which of the following forms of transportation predominated before the 1820s and 1830s?

A) national road systems B) canal systems C) steamboats D) flatboats E) railroads Answer: D Page Ref: 299 Skill: Factual Topic: A Revolution in Transportation

110 .

9. The most spectacular engineering achievement of the young United States was the ________.

A) Cumberland Trail B) Erie Canal C) Intercoastal Waterway D) Baltimore Turnpike E) Washington Monument Answer: B Page Ref: 301 Skill: Factual Topic: A Revolution in Transportation 10. Which of the following statements about canals in early nineteenth-century America is NOT true?

A) They linked the Atlantic coastal cities to the lakes and rivers of the interior.

B) Most of them proved to be unprofitable.

C) They could not compete successfully with railroads.

D) Their construction was paid for through a combination of state funding and private investment.

E) Spectacular canal boat accidents claimed many lives.

Answer: E Page Ref: 300–301 Skill: Factual Topic: A Revolution in Transportation 11. Which one of the following was NOT a southern staple by about 1820?

A) cotton B) rice C) sugar D) indigo E) tobacco Answer: D Page Ref: 302 Skill: Factual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy 12. Under the ________ system, manufacturers provided raw materials to people in their own homes and then picked up the finished products for distribution.

A) finishing-off B) mass production C) piece work D) putting-out E) cottage industry Answer: D Page Ref: 304 Skill: Factual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy

111 .

13. The great showplace for early American industrialization was ________.

A) New York, New York B) Boston, Massachusetts C) Lowell, Massachusetts D) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania E) Burlington, Vermont Answer: C Page Ref: 304 Skill: Factual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy 14. Which of the following groups was initially a primary source of labor for the textile mills?

A) young single women B) young single men C) children D) immigrants E) African Americans Answer: A Page Ref: 304 Skill: Factual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy 15. Industrialization transformed women’s work by ________.

A) introducing a new area of expertise B) changing where women worked C) transferring women’s work to men D) turning the household into a production center E) reducing women’s household duties Answer: B Page Ref: 304–305 Skill: Factual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy 16. Many Americans believed high tariffs would ________.

A) enhance America’s image abroad B) prevent competition from foreign goods C) meet the demands of American farmers D) prevent political differences from arising E) take money out of their own pockets Answer: B Page Ref: 305 Skill: Factual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy

112 .

17. The president most closely identified with the Era of Good Feeling was ________.

A) James Monroe B) James Madison C) John Quincy Adams D) Thomas Jefferson E) Andrew Jackson Answer: A Page Ref: 307 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 18. Which of the following was NOT an aspect of the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

A) No more slave states could be created north of the southern boundary of the Missouri Compromise line.

B) Missouri was admitted as a slave state on the condition that slavery be phased out over a period of time.

C) Maine was split off from Massachusetts and admitted as a free state.

D) Northern and southern congressmen split along sectional lines on this issue.

E) Adroit political maneuvering by Henry Clay got the compromise through the House of Representatives.

Answer: B Page Ref: 309 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 19. As chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall ________.

A) promoted the growth of state sovereignty B) supported the attainment of political and social equality C) emphasized the primacy of property and property rights D) abandoned his Federalist sympathies E) began the tradition of wearing four gold stripes on the sleeves of his robes Answer: C Page Ref: 311 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 20. Which of the following was not a decision of the Marshall Court?

A) Gibbons v. Ogden B) Dartmouth College v. Woodward C) Dred Scott v. Sandford D) McCulloch v. Maryland E) Marbury v. Madison Answer: C Page Ref: 312–313 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812

113 .

21. McCulloch v. Maryland involved questions regarding ________.

A) the national bank B) internal improvements C) the role of the U.S. Congress D) the chartering of private corporations E) timber rights Answer: A Page Ref: 312 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 22. According to the decision of Gibbons v. Ogden, which of these would regulate interstate commerce?

A) the executive branch B) Congress C) the Supreme Court D) the individual states E) the judicial branch Answer: B Page Ref: 313 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 23. The main diplomatic challenge facing James Monroe in 1820 was ________.

A) the continuing threat of English intervention in the United States B) the development of trading rights with Latin America C) establishing friendly relations with France D) responding to the revolt of Spain’s Latin American colonies E) the “Native American problem” Answer: D Page Ref: 313 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 24. In 1823, John Quincy Adams believed the nation should ________.

A) form an alliance with the British B) avoid involvement in European affairs C) create an alliance with the newly independent Latin American nations D) control the affairs of the Western Hemisphere E) wrest control of New Orleans from the Spanish Answer: B Page Ref: 313–314 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812

114 .

25. The foreign policy initiative calling for an end to all European colonization efforts in the Western Hemisphere was known as the ________.

A) Monroe Doctrine B) Adams-Onís Agreement C) Continental Treaty 1818 D) Webster-Ashburton Treaty E) American System Answer: A Page Ref: 314 Skill: Factual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 26. How are expansion and migration after 1812 in the U.S. related?

A. As the U.S. expanded, people immigrated to these areas.

B. Expansion was caused primarily by the pressure of migration.

C. As the U.S. expanded its borders, people migrated to these new areas.

D. Expansion and migration are both direct results of improved water transportation after 1812.

E. Expansion and migration are both direct results of improved land transportation after 1812.

Answer: C Page Ref: 290–291 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Expansion and Migration 27. How did expansion affect men like John Jacob Astor?

A) As free African Americans, men like Astor could settle in the West and make a life for themselves.

B) As displaced Native Americans, men like Astor could relocate in the newly acquired land of the West or Florida making a new life for themselves.

C) Expansion gave entrepreneurs like Astor the opportunity to create prosperous immigrant neighborhoods like Astoria, New York.

D) Expansion gave entrepreneurs like Astor the opportunity to create prosperous companies in the West.

E) Expansion gave immigrants like Astor the opportunity to work hard in an industrial mill and one day save enough money to start their own business.

Answer: D Page Ref: 292 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Expansion and Migration 28. What does it mean that some Americans believed the U.S. had “continental destiny”?

A) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should control all of the North American continent.

B) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should expand from the East coast to the West coast, controlling all the lands in between.

C) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should support Latin American countries fighting for their independence.

D) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should join with continental Europe to fight the British Empire.

E) It meant that some Americans believed that the U.S. should join with the continental European countries that opposed Latin American independence.

Answer: B Page Ref: 291 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Expansion and Migration 115 .

29. How did preemption affect migration?

A) More people migrated when assured that preemption would allow them to own the land they had improved.

B) It allowed Native Americans the right to refuse to leave land they had improved in Florida to settle in the West.

C) It gave land speculators the first rights to purchase public domain land, encouraging speculators to migrate west.

D) It allowed the government to seize land from farmers, discouraging people from moving west.

E) It permitted squatters to occupy Native American camps while they were migrating for seasonal hunting or gathering trips.

Answer: A Page Ref: 296 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Expansion and Migration 30. How did pressure to settle western lands change the nature of Indian removal as first planned by Thomas Jefferson?

A) The process was entirely voluntary.

B) Native Americans had no say in the process.

C) Indians who chose to adopt white ways were not allowed to remain.

D) Removal happened much earlier than planned.

E) Jefferson had planned for only small groups to migrate west.

Answer: C Page Ref: 295 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Expansion and Migration 31. Why was the “civilization” of Native Americans tragic?

A) Some Native Americans refused to become civilized, so they were murdered by white Americans.

B) Many Native Americans tried to use civilized means like protests and boycotts to influence the U.S. government for their rights but failed.

C) Few Native Americans wanted to become “civilized” because it meant giving up their culture in exchange for land and citizenship.

D) Most Native Americans were unable to demonstrate aspects of civilization: literature, art, or organized society.

E) Some Native Americans sacrificed their culture to try to assimilate into white society and still they weren’t accepted or granted rights.

Answer: E Page Ref: 293 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Expansion and Migration

116 .

32. What did Native Americans and African Americans have in common in the early nineteenth century?

A) Both were enslaved by white Americans and used as cheap agricultural labor.

B) Both successfully resisted white American dominance with peaceful protests and lobbying.

C) Both successfully resisted white American dominance with violence, often joining together to do so.

D) Both were denied their citizenship and freedom in most areas of the United States.

E) Both successfully obtained their citizenship and freedom in most areas of the United States.

Answer: D Page Ref: 293 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Expansion and Migration 33. When President James Madison talked about the need for “internal improvements,” he was referring to ________.

A) improved reservations for Native American tribes B) reconstruction of the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. C) construction of a national transportation system D) more efficient method of moving proposed legislation through Congress E) development of the land beyond the Appalachians Answer: C Page Ref: 298 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A Revolution in Transportation 34. How did transportation affect industry and agriculture in the early nineteenth century?

A) Improved land and water transportation changed the U.S. from an agricultural to an industrial society.

B) Improved land and water transportation allowed the U.S. to develop more industry and create a cash crop agricultural system.

C) Developments in land and water transportation were slow so the U.S. remained an agricultural society with virtually no industry.

D) Because land transportation was so poor, water transportation caused industry and agriculture to be confined to the East coast.

E) Because water transportation was cheaper than land transportation, industry soon replaced agriculture in the U.S. Answer: B Page Ref: 298–299 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A Revolution in Transportation 35. Why did America experience rapid economic development in the early nineteenth century?

A) a high level of federal support B) the rapid establishment of a strong manufacturing base C) the nation’s river network permitted economic development D) the absence of international economic competition E) the development of web presses for printing money Answer: C Page Ref: 301 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy

117 .

36. The development of profitable commercial agriculture resulted from all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) the availability of good land B) the revolution in marketing C) improvements in agricultural technology D) the extension of transportation facilities E) generous government subsidies to encourage increased production Answer: E Page Ref: 301 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy 37. What was the relationship between industrialization and urbanization in the early 1800s?

A) Urbanization was often the product of industrialization.

B) Industrialization caused major urban areas to shrink.

C) Both were the product of population expansion.

D) Urbanization and industrialization both experienced a decline in the 1820s.

E) Urbanization was initially hampered by industrialization.

Answer: A Page Ref: 304 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy 38. The economic revolution in the United States between 1810 and 1840 was one of ________.

A) design B) technology C) handwork D) production E) distribution Answer: E Page Ref: 304 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy 39. Why did interest in national politics wane in the early nineteenth century?

A) Many people began to believe that all politicians, especially those far removed from their constituency, were corrupt.

B) Most people were focused on state politics because of a rise in political parties and internal strife.

C) Many people were distracted by the changes in the Supreme Court and paid less attention to national politics.

D) A period of satisfaction with events followed the War of 1812.

E) Many people still distrusted a strong central government and therefore wanted to develop their state governments rather than the federal one.

Answer: D Page Ref: 307 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812

118 .

40. Why was James Monroe elected in both 1816 and 1820, in spite of fierce debate over the Missouri Compromise?

A) Monroe was on the winning side in the debate.

B) Monroe took no part in the controversy.

C) Monroe changed sides rapidly during the controversy.

D) Monroe set out a clear agenda, and then pursued it to a successful conclusion.

E) The president worked behind the scenes, using proxies to achieve his goals.

Answer: B Page Ref: 308–309 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 41. How did the Missouri Compromise impact slavery?

A) It put a final time limit on the institution in the South.

B) It demonstrated that the federal government didn’t care about slavery.

C) It ensured that slavery would remain indefinitely.

D) It put a final end to the slave trade if not the institution of slavery in the U.S. E) It reduced the number of states where slavery was legal.

Answer: C Page Ref: 309–310 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 42. How did the Missouri Compromise impact the future of North-South relations in the U.S.?

A) It put off major conflict to a future time.

B) It resolved major North-South conflicts about slavery.

C) It increased North-South conflict about slavery.

D) It changed North-South conflict from political maneuvers to violent conflict.

E) It changed the source of North-South conflict from economics to slavery.

Answer: A Page Ref: 310 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 43. John Marshall was extremely influential in interpreting ________.

A) the role of the presidency B) the extent of executive privilege C) the Constitution D) Congress’ role in national politics E) the role of political parties Answer: C Page Ref: 311 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812

119 .

44. How did John Marshall influence the United States?

A) He created the first commercial steam ship, proving that people and freight can move by steam power.

B) He brokered the Adams-Onís Treaty, granting the U.S. the fertile land of Florida.

C) He influenced the future of the institution of slavery in the U.S. by convincing congress to pass the Missouri Compromise.

D) He influenced the future of the U.S. and Latin America through his Supreme Court rulings like the Monroe Doctrine.

E) He influenced the future of the U.S. economy through his Supreme Court rulings.

Answer: E Page Ref: 311–312 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 45. Henry Clay’s American system envisioned _________.

A) the triumph of the Monroe Doctrine B) the end of the canal boom C) rapid Indian removal D) a strong federal role in the economy E) the demise of slavery Answer: D Page Ref: 313 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 46. Why didn’t Great Britain support the rest of the European continent in their Latin American policies?

A) Independent Latin American countries offered better economic opportunities for British products.

B) Great Britain didn’t want to lose its colonies in Africa, so it opposed any independent colonies in Latin America.

C) Great Britain hoped to re-colonize most of the Latin American nations once the Spanish and Portuguese were kicked out.

D) Great Britain had learned that colonial wars were expensive and impossible to win.

E) Great Britain respected Latin American nations’ rights.

Answer: A Page Ref: 313–314 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 47. Why did the Era of Good Feeling end?

A) The United States could not sustain continued economic growth; financial institutions began to crumble.

B) Nonpartisan cooperation could not be sustained through disagreements of how government should be involved in social and economic changes.

C) The United States could not maintain peaceful relations with European countries intent on continuing colonial rule in Latin America.

D) Poor road transportation made it difficult to unite the West with the East of the United States, causing poor communication and political divisions.

E) The Supreme Court’s focus on protection of individual liberty produced political, social, and economic inequalities that greatly weakened the nation.

Answer: B Page Ref: 315 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: The End of the Era of Good Feelings 120 .

48. How does this statement from Monroe’s inaugural fail to address American reality? “Their citizens individually have been happy and the nation prosperous.”

A) Few people were truly happy in the U.S. during the first few decades of the nineteenth century.

B) The nation was only prosperous because it exploited immigrants and weaker North American neighbors.

C) Only those who were citizens (white males) were able to be happy and prosperous; Native and African Americans were denied these opportunities.

D) Monroe was addressing politicians, the only truly happy citizens of the U.S. and the only people allowed to enjoy its prosperity.

E) From the moment of his inaugural address, Monroe’s policies undermined individual citizen’s happiness and the nation’s ability to prosper greatly.

Answer: C Page Ref: 290 Skill: Analytical Topic: A Revolutionary War Hero Revisits America in 1824 49. How was Monroe’s statement in his first inaugural address that “no country was ever happier with respect to its domain” contradicted by subsequent events?

A) If the U.S. was happy with respect to its domain, it would not have to expand to obtain Florida or more land in the West.

B) If the U.S. was happy with respect to its domain, it would not have changed to a market economy and begun industrialization outside of the home.

C) If the Great Lakes and the great rivers were important to the U.S., it would not have built national roads.

D) The Great Lakes and great rivers ended up being of little value to the U.S. during the early nineteenth century, causing the U.S. to seek more “domain.”

E) Because of poor relations with Native American tribes in the Great Lakes and great rivers regions, the U.S. wasn’t truly happy with respect to its domain.

Answer: A Page Ref: 290 Skill: Analytical Topic: A Revolutionary War Hero Revisits America in 1824 50. Why did the Monroe Doctrine make little impression on European powers?

A) They were too occupied with losing their colonial power in the Americas to care about trade embargoes in the United States.

B) They didn’t see the U.S. as a significant enough military power to feel threatened about their support of Latin American independence.

C) Europe, especially Britain, couldn’t predict how powerful an influence the U.S. would have on independent markets in Latin America.

D) Communication was so poor that the European powers didn’t receive news of the Monroe Doctrine until after they had given up Latin America.

E) Maps were so inaccurate that European powers didn’t have a sense of how close the United States was to much of Latin America.

Answer: B Page Ref: 314 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812

121 .

Essay 1. How did the transportation revolution contribute to the development of a national market economy in the United States between 1810 and 1840?

Page Ref: 298–301 Skill: Analytical Topic: A Revolution in Transportation 2. How did Native Americans of the trans-Appalachian West respond to encroachment by Anglo Americans?

Page Ref: 290–291 Skill: Analytical Topic: Expansion and Migration 3. What evidence is there that public policies between the War of 1812 and the Age of Jackson reflected nationalism? Include examples from all three branches of government.

Page Ref: 307–314 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 4. Did changes in agriculture and industry in the decades following the War of 1812 constitute a real revolution, or just expansion of existing practices?

Page Ref: 301–306 Skill: Analytical Topic: Emergence of a Market Economy

122 .

CHAPTER TEN THE TRIUMPH OF WHITE MEN’S DEMOCRACY Multiple Choice 1. ________ came to symbolize the triumph of democracy in the 1820s.

A) Henry Clay B) John C. Calhoun C) Daniel Webster D) Martin Van Buren E) Andrew Jackson Answer: E Page Ref: 327 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 2. The most evident feature of democracy in America to European travelers was the ________.

A) American contribution B) decline in the spirit of deference C) participation of women in government D) American election process E) equality of former slaves Answer: B Page Ref: 320 Skill: Factual Topic: Democratic Space: The New Hotels 3. American culture in the Jacksonian period ________.

A) reflected the development of a more hierarchical society B) was based on elitism and privileges C) was primarily the concern of the upper class D) reflected the rise of the democratic spirit E) reached an all-time low in production Answer: D Page Ref: 320 Skill: Factual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 4. Which of the following individuals is incorrectly matched with his art form?

A) William Sidney Mount: paintings B) Nathaniel Hawthorne: novels C) Herman Melville: novels D) Oliver Wendell Holmes: paintings E) George Caleb Bingham: paintings Answer: D Page Ref: 320–322 Skill: Factual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice

123 .

5. The most obvious indicator of the supremacy of democracy in the United States was the ________.

A) high percentage of people who voted B) widespread use of the “spoils system” C) absence of any kind of social or economic class D) development of universal white manhood suffrage E) increase in the number of appointed officials Answer: D Page Ref: 324 Skill: Factual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 6. Martin Van Buren regarded a two-party system as essential to democratic government because ________.

A) it provided a check on the temptation to abuse power B) he believed governments could not operate effectively without parties C) they were traditional in democracies D) he saw two parties as a way to increase his personal power E) three or more parties would cause too much voter confusion Answer: A Page Ref: 324 Skill: Factual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 7. The major issues dominating politics in the 1820s and 1830s were ________.

A) constitutional B) sectional C) social D) economic E) diplomatic Answer: D Page Ref: 325 Skill: Factual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 8. The “corrupt bargain” was used to describe ________.

A) another name for the Missouri Compromise B) the selection of John Quincy Adams for president C) President Jackson’s policy of Indian removal D) the appointment of Roger B. Taney as chief justice E) an insulting reference to Jackson’s marriage to Rachel Robards Answer: B Page Ref: 327 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy

124 .

9. Which of the following men were true political and philosophical allies in the 1820s?

A) John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay B) Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson C) Andrew Jackson and John Marshall D) Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun E) Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams Answer: A Page Ref: 327 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 10. The main issue of John Quincy Adams’s presidency was ________.

A) the forced relocation of Native Americans B) relations with Canada C) foreign affairs D) tariffs E) the idea of a continental railroad Answer: D Page Ref: 328 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 11. Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans was that they should be ________.

A) removed to areas beyond white expansion B) allowed to remain on their tribal lands C) encouraging settlement and assimilation D) treated as equals to the white man E) exterminated Answer: A Page Ref: 331 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 12. ________ denied states the right to take Native American tribal lands.

A) McCulloch v. Maryland B) southern legislatures C) Worcester v. Georgia D) Fletcher v. Peck E) Wallace v. Tennessee Answer: C Page Ref: 333 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy

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13. The Trail of Tears refers to ________.

A) the destruction of the national bank B) passage of the “tariff of abominations” C) the forced relocation of the Cherokees to Oklahoma D) the nullification controversy E) the Oregon Trail and westward expansion Answer: C Page Ref: 333 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 14. In the 1830s and 1840s, the most vocal advocate of states’ rights was ________.

A) Daniel Webster B) Henry Clay C) John C. Calhoun D) Martin Van Buren E) Andrew Jackson Answer: C Page Ref: 334 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 15. The nullification crisis was strongly influenced by ________.

A) foreign manufacturing interests B) the political maneuvers of the National Republicans C) the demands of other southern states D) the fear of attacks on slavery E) the relocation of Native Americans Answer: D Page Ref: 335–336 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 16. The nullification crisis of the early 1830s ________.

A) had little impact outside South Carolina B) was of little significance to the future of the United States C) revealed the strength of the Constitution D) was an early indication of dangerous future divisions E) demonstrated the inherent solidarity of the Union Answer: D Page Ref: 336 Skill: Factual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy

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17. Who was the president of the Bank of the United States and Andrew Jackson’s chief opponent in the “bank war”?

A) Henry Clay B) John C. Calhoun C) Francis B. Blair D) Nicholas Biddle E) John Jacob Astor Answer: D Page Ref: 336 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 18. The strategic blunder made by Nicholas Biddle was his ________.

A) decision to confide in Henry Clay B) decision to seek the bank’s charter renewal four years early C) decision to give bank loans to congressmen D) failure to listen to the advice of Henry Clay E) advocacy of large loans to immigrants Answer: B Page Ref: 336 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 19. The major significance of Jackson’s national bank veto message was that it ________.

A) was the first veto made by Jackson B) failed to explain the constitutional reasons for his decision C) was the first veto not based solely on a bill’s constitutionality D) decisively ended the life of the national bank E) was the first recorded presidential veto Answer: C Page Ref: 338 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 20. Andrew Jackson killed the national bank ________.

A) by withdrawing federal deposits from it B) through further legislation C) through the actions of the Supreme Court D) by letting its charter expire in 1836 E) by accusing Nicholas Biddle of treasonous acts Answer: A Page Ref: 339 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System

127 .

21. The Whig Party ________.

A) generally supported Jackson’s presidency B) grew from a coalition of Jackson’s opponents C) refused the support of other, smaller parties D) represented political ideas unique to the American experience E) supported abolition Answer: B Page Ref: 342 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 22. William Henry Harrison’s nickname “Tippecanoe” refers to his ________.

A) support for the emancipation of African-American slaves in the South B) birthplace C) experience as a legislative logroller D) military experience E) prediction of the nullification crisis Answer: D Page Ref: 343–344 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 23. Belief in a national bank, high tariffs, and federally financed internal improvements best describes the policies of which party in the 1830s?

A) Democrats B) Republicans C) Masons D) Whigs E) Federalists Answer: D Page Ref: 345 Skill: Factual Topic: Heyday of the Second Party System 24. Typically, immigrants, Catholics, freethinkers, and backwoods farmers of the 1840s would be members of the ________.

A) Democratic party B) Equal Rights party C) Federalist party D) Whig party E) Republican party Answer: A Page Ref: 345 Skill: Factual Topic: Heyday of the Second Party System

128 .

25. In the 1840s, which of the following was LEAST likely to determine a person’s political identification?

A) social class B) economic interests C) religious belief D) ethnic identity E) lifestyle Answer: A Page Ref: 345 Skill: Factual Topic: Heyday of the Second Party System 26. How did hotels symbolize the American spirit in the 1820s–1840s?

A) Like democracy, they were open to all men, but closed to women; they also showed how easily people moved around physically, socially, economically, and politically.

B) Hotels reflected the cultural changes—particularly the blurring of class distinctions—that accompanied the extension of the franchise in the period.

C) Hotels were often sites of debauchery and illicit behaviors, showing that Americans had become morally bankrupt.

D) Hotels were expensive demonstrating the entrepreneurial power of the American spirit.

E) Hotels were large, cavernous places, not the cozy warm places that old-fashioned inns were; they symbolized the size of America geographically, economically, and politically.

Answer: B Page Ref: 318–319 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Democratic Space: The New Hotels 27. In what ways was American democracy an illusion in the 1820s–1840s?

A) Although all white men began life with equal opportunities, women and African and Native Americans did not.

B) Despite the impression that people had equal opportunities, distinctions of class and education persisted.

C) Not only were women and African and Native Americans excluded, but economic inequality was growing.

D) Only land owners could vote, and as there were so few land owners in the United States, suffrage was not universal even among white men.

E) U.S. foreign policy in Latin America showed that the democracy Americans enjoyed was not the same system they supported for their neighbors.

Answer: C Page Ref: 320 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 28. What theme ran through almost all cultural expression of the 1820s–1840s?

A) peace B) prosperity C) expansion D) morality E) democracy Answer: E Page Ref: 322 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 129 .

29. What led the two-party system of politics to develop in the 1820s–1840s?

A) The Supreme Court passed changes in the Constitution regarding the party system.

B) There was an increasing concern about foreign policy issues.

C) Changes in the method of nominating and electing the president developed.

D) The burgeoning population of the trans-Appalachian West created a need for two parties.

E) Married women gained the right to vote and created a second party.

Answer: C Page Ref: 324 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 30. Which of these led voter participation in elections to increase dramatically between 1824 and 1840?

A) The population of the U.S. grew, so the number of voters increased.

B) People who had been migrating were settled and could register and vote.

C) African Americans in the North were given permission and encouragement to vote.

D) Politicians changed campaigning practices, drawing in more voters.

E) Native Americans in the South and West were given permission and encouragement to vote.

Answer: D Page Ref: 324 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 31. Why was Andrew Jackson so influential in the mid-1800s?

A) He embodied the popular taste for democracy and social leveling.

B) He was a charismatic and kind president, fighting for the poor and disenfranchised.

C) The 1830s and 1840s represented a time in which Americans wanted to be led by a strong leader.

D) He made political deals to gain majority support in Congress and the Supreme Court, using the other branches to further his own agenda.

E) His political career had earned him popularity among both Whigs and Democrats.

Answer: A Page Ref: 327 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 32. Why did the “tariff of abominations” become a major campaign issue of the 1828 elections?

A) Adams’ campaigners used it to try to win reelection, suggesting that the tariff showed Jackson was an unfit candidate.

B) Jackson campaigners used the tariff to rally opposition to the Adams administration.

C) The Democratic party in the South (where the tariff was hated) used the tariff to rally around Jackson, a staunch opponent of the tariff.

D) The Republican party in the North (where the tariff was generally welcomed) used it to rally around Adams, a staunch supporter of the tariff.

E) Senator Martin Van Buren opposed both Adams and Jackson on the tariff and state rights, proposing a third party that would eliminate the tariff.

Answer: B Page Ref: 328–329 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy

130 .

33. How did campaigning methods change in the election campaign of 1828?

A) Politicians campaigned at state and local levels, using parades, barbeques, and eventually rumors and mudslinging.

B) Politicians did most of the campaigning themselves, going door-to-door in their cities and soliciting support.

C) Politicians hired people called “supporters”; the name is ironic because they didn’t necessarily believe in the candidate but were financially supported by him.

D) Politicians debated with opposing candidates in town squares, halls, and newspaper forums.

E) Politicians relied predominantly on newspapers, writing essays and letters to editors that were read nationwide.

Answer: A Page Ref: 329 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 34. Georgia’s actions against the Cherokee were very similar to those of South Carolina’s in regard to the “tariff of abominations” in that both hinged on _________.

A) motives that were primarily patriotic B) a strict reading of the Bill of Rights C) states’ rights and defiance of the Constitution D) protectionism E) racism and chauvinism Answer: C Page Ref: 328–329 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 35. Why did South Carolinians protest the tariff of 1828?

A) They feared its effect on the price of cotton.

B) They saw it as an unfair “northern” law.

C) They used it as an excuse to exert a state veto of federal law.

D) They disliked Andrew Jackson.

E) Tariffs determined the prices that southerners could get for their manufactured goods.

Answer: C Page Ref: 333 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 36. What can one conclude from Jackson’s response to the nullification crisis?

A) Jackson was a strong supporter of states’ rights.

B) Jackson believed that states were not truly sovereign.

C) Jackson supported the unlimited use of federal power.

D) Jackson supported higher tariffs especially on manufactured goods coming from Europe.

E) Jackson supported lower tariffs especially on manufactured goods going from the South to the North.

Answer: B Page Ref: 333 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy

131 .

37. Why were most southern states unconcerned about Jackson’s fight with South Carolina?

A) They knew him to be in sympathy with the abolitionists.

B) They knew him to be truly an advocate of extreme state sovereignty.

C) He was a Southerner and a slaveholder.

D) They knew he was unable to prevent Congress from overriding his decisions.

E) He was a master politician with the ability to turn enemies into allies.

Answer: C Page Ref: 336 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 38. How was Jackson’s Force Bill of 1833 connected with slavery?

A) South Carolina equated the extension of federal power with a threat to the institution of slavery.

B) Many Northerners feared that if Southerners required the threat of force to pay tariffs they would require physical violence to obey antislavery laws.

C) The Force Bill of 1833 surprised South Carolinians in that Jackson showed he was willing to force abolitionist ideas on Southerners.

D) The Force Bill of 1833 required Southerners to pay tariffs on all manufactured goods, including slaves traded from Africa and within the South.

E) The Force Bill of 1833 put a time limit not only on the slave trade but also the institution itself.

Answer: A Page Ref: 335 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 39. How did the foundation of the Democratic party differ from that of the Whig Party?

A) The Democratic party was composed of white evangelical Protestants, whereas the Whig party was founded as a more universal group.

B) The Democratic party was founded to infuse politics with morality, whereas the Whig party was established to champion individual freedom.

C) The Democratic party was founded by Andrew Jackson in his second term as president, whereas the Whig party was founded by Adams in his first term.

D) The Democratic party was founded to support Jackson’s presidency, whereas the Whig party was founded to counter Jackson’s attack on the Bank.

E) The Whig party was founded to elect Jackson whereas the Democratic party was founded to counter Jackson’s attack on the Bank.

Answer: D Page Ref: 336–342 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System

132 .

40. The “kitchen cabinet” was ________.

A) Jackson’s special staff of gourmet chefs who prepared White House meals, demonstrating his hypocrisy with regard to social deference B) a reference to the fact that the only place Jackson could consult with his official advisors in secrecy was in the White House kitchen C) Jackson’s circle of unofficial advisors D) the oldest piece of furniture in the White House, saved from destruction by then General Jackson when the British burned the executive mansion in 1814 E) where Jackson kept his state papers, demonstrating his humility and true “common man” character Answer: C Page Ref: 338 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 41. Why was Jackson’s view of the 1832 election results suspect?

A) He was accused of having made a deal with his close friend, Martin Van Buren, in exchange for electoral college votes.

B) He didn’t win by a very large margin, yet he took the results to mean the nation supported his Native American removal policies.

C) He lost the popular vote but won the electoral college vote, increasing his suspicion that states should not have sovereignty.

D) He beat Adams a second time, assuring himself that the nation supported his financial and foreign policies as they differed greatly from Adams’.

E) He took it to be a mandate to attack the national bank.

Answer: E Page Ref: 338 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 42. What did resistance within Jackson’s own cabinet suggest about his attack on the national bank?

A) The cabinet resistance suggested that Jackson was a tyrant who would brook no competition.

B) The cabinet resistance suggested that withdrawing funds from the national bank and depositing it in state banks was probably unconstitutional.

C) The cabinet resistance suggested that killing the bank was a politically risky act that might damage future Senatorial aspirations.

D) The cabinet resistance shows that Jackson was a charismatic leader who orchestrated his actions with the same precision with which he lead his army.

E) The cabinet resistance demonstrated that Jackson was a weak president with Congress and the Supreme Court despite his popular appeal.

Answer: B Page Ref: 338–339 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System

133 .

43. Why was the Panic of 1837 significant for President Van Buren?

A) Van Buren had to respond but was hampered by his own party’s laissez-faire policies, dooming his reelection.

B) The Whigs blamed Van Buren for the crisis, further strengthening their popular appeal.

C) The Democrats blamed Van Buren for the crisis, further strengthening their popular appeal.

D) Van Buren responded contrary to his political party’s laissez-faire policies, forcing the economy into enough of a rebound to win him a second term.

E) His predecessor, Jackson, had caused the crisis, so Van Buren was taxed with fixing it without insinuating the popular president from his own political party.

Answer: A Page Ref: 343 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 44. What did the Whigs mean by “executive usurpation”?

A) Jackson had usurped the executive presidential power by abusing the Constitution in the Nullification Crisis and Bank War. B) Democrats had usurped the executive power by creating a corrupt bargain between President Adams and Henry Clay.

C) Jackson was a weak president, giving in to states that usurped federal prerogatives.

D) The Whigs wanted to usurp Jackson’s executive powers by winning back the presidency.

E) They saw Adams as a tyrannical executive who had usurped the democratic powers of the presidency.

Answer: A Page Ref: 341 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System 45. How did the two-party political system of 1840 differ from the previous system?

A) In 1840, there was a two-party system, which only allowed for two candidates; in Jefferson’s time there were many parties and candidates.

B) In 1840, the two-party system was regionally organized, meaning there were more than two candidates; in Jefferson’s time parties were national.

C) In 1840, the two-party system dominated political, social, and economic life; during Jefferson’s time, political parties had a much narrower, political impact.

D) In 1840, the two-party system had little impact on people’s lives, whereas political parties of Jefferson’s time affected politics, social life, and economics.

E) In 1840, there were no real differences between the two parties, so voters had no real choice; before, political parties and candidates had varied greatly.

Answer: C Page Ref: 344 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Heyday of the Second Party System

134 .

46. To what was French historian Alexis de Tocqueville referring to when he wrote that Americans did not believe “that democratic principles should undermine the husband’s authority and make it doubtful who is in charge of the family”?

A) In France, unlike in the U.S., women experienced true democracy both in and outside of the home.

B) In the U.S., women did not experience true democracy in or outside of their homes.

C) In the U.S., unlike in France, women experienced true democracy both in and outside of the home.

D) Democracy undermines women’s rights and safety in the American home.

E) U.S. democracy supports and establishes women’s rights in the American home.

Answer: B Page Ref: 346 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: Tocqueville’s Wisdom 47. To what was French historian Alexis de Tocqueville referring when he wrote, “it is possible to foresee that the freer the whites in America are, the more they will seek to isolate themselves”?

A) The more rights and liberties whites obtain, the less willing they are to share those rights with others such as African or Native Americans.

B) Democracy breeds in people (white Americans especially) an isolationist attitude, causing them to eschew involvement in foreign affairs.

C) As all whites gain rights and liberties despite social or economic status, they will be more willing to share those rights with nonwhites.

D) In order to gain rights and liberties, whites must oppress others, namely African and Native Americans.

E) Because white Americans are isolated from African and Native Americans, they do not see that they do not share the same rights and liberties.

Answer: A Page Ref: 346 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: Tocqueville’s Wisdom 48. Like the earlier Federalist-Jeffersonian Republican split, Whigs and Democrats were divided on A) Indian education versus Indian removal.

B) unicameral versus bicameral legislatures.

C) alliance with France or Britain.

D) confederation versus a federal union.

E) states’ right versus federal power.

Answer: E Page Ref: 344 Skill: Analytical Topic: Heyday of the Second Party System 49. How does Jackson’s interpretation of the “spoils system” compare to that of earlier presidents?

A) He condemned it in theory and practice.

B) Jackson condemned Jefferson for using the system, but himself continued its use.

C) Jackson had been an outspoken opponent of the practice, but used it when in office.

D) Jackson spoke of the system as democratic in principle.

E) Jackson rejected the system, believing it maintained inherited privilege.

Answer: D Page Ref: 330 Skill: Analytical Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy

135 .

50. How do economic crises today compare to the Panic of 1837?

A) The Panic of 1837 was caused by Andrew Jackson’s laissez-faire policies; today politicians regulate commerce more, avoiding panics and recessions.

B) The Panic of 1837 was caused by international fluctuations; today panics and recessions are usually localized within regions and countries.

C) Like the Panic of 1837, panics and recessions today may be caused by international fluctuations natural to a capitalistic economy.

D) Like the Panic of 1837, panics and recessions today are caused by tight governmental controls on commerce.

E) Like the Panic of 1837, panics and recessions today are the primary cause of presidents losing reelection campaigns.

Answer: C Page Ref: 343 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System Essay 1. How did American culture in the 1820s and 1830s reflect the democratic impulse of the period?

Page Ref: 320–326 Skill: Analytical Topic: Democracy in Theory and Practice 2. How did the democratization of the political system affect the practice of politics? What factors limited political participation during this era?

Page Ref: 327–335 Skill: Analytical Topic: Jackson and the Politics of Democracy 3. How did the tumultuous political struggles of the Jacksonian era influence the rise of a second two-party system? What relationship did the Whigs and Democrats have with earlier party divisions?

Page Ref: 336–345 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Bank War and the Second Party System; Heyday of the Second Party System

136 .

CHAPTER ELEVEN SLAVES AND MASTERS Multiple Choice 1. The leader of the 1831 slave uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, was ________.

A) Denmark Vesey B) Hinton R. Helper C) George Fitzhugh D) Daniel Webster E) Nat Turner Answer: E Page Ref: 349 Skill: Factual Topic: Nat Turner’s Rebellion: A Turning Point in the Slave South 2. The majority of slaves worked ________.

A) in industry B) as skilled tradesmen C) as house servants D) as field workers E) in restaurants, hotels, and saloons Answer: D Page Ref: 354 Skill: Factual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 3. What did the young children of plantation slaves do while their parents worked?

A) They often accompanied their parents and were cared for by older children.

B) They often went to segregated schools before they were old enough to work.

C) They were often cared for at home by their mothers.

D) They were often sent to nurseries where other slaves cared for them.

E) They often played with the young children of the plantation owners.

Answer: A Page Ref: 353–354 Skill: Factual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 4. Slave marriages tended to last longer on ________.

A) plantations in the upper South B) small farms C) smaller plantations D) large plantations E) urban estates Answer: D Page Ref: 354–355 Skill: Factual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks

137 .

5. Why were slave families in the upper South so often headed by women?

A) They were following African traditions.

B) Husbands often worked elsewhere.

C) Mortality rates were unusually high there.

D) Women tended to work inside the house.

E) Industry was more common in that region.

Answer: B Page Ref: 355 Skill: Factual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 6. Slave religion was typically ________.

A) the same as indigenous African religion B) a version of Christianity shaped by African traditions C) overseen by the established white churches D) shaped by white evangelization E) underdeveloped because of slaves’ work schedule Answer: B Page Ref: 356 Skill: Factual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 7. What was the Underground Railroad?

A) a train line that many white Southerners used when hunting for escaped slaves B) a formal network that helped return fugitive slaves to their masters C) an organization that helped fugitive slaves escape to Mexico D) an informal network of people that helped return fugitive slaves to their masters E) an informal network that helped fugitive slaves make their way to the North Answer: E Page Ref: 359 Skill: Factual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 8. The typical way for most slaves to express discontent was ________.

A) political protest B) open, armed rebellion C) passive resistance D) participation in conspiracies E) organizing boycotts Answer: C Page Ref: 359–360 Skill: Factual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks

138 .

9. If a former slave could not prove he or she had been legally freed, then he or she was likely to be ________.

A) reenslaved B) deported C) arrested D) fined E) executed Answer: A Page Ref: 361 Skill: Factual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 10. At the time of the Civil War, ________.

A) almost all Southerners owned at least one slave B) most white Southerners owned three or more slaves C) most white households had a house slave D) one-quarter of white Southerners owned slaves E) one-half of white Southerners owned slaves Answer: D Page Ref: 352 Skill: Factual Topic: The Divided Society of the South 11. Planters who owned large plantation houses with at least fifty slaves made up about ______ percent of the white population in the South in 1860.

A) 1 B) 75 C) 25 D) 40 E) 90 Answer: A Page Ref: 362 Skill: Factual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 12. Most southern whites ________.

A) owned at least one slave B) were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers C) were poor people who sympathized with the slaves D) owned at least five slaves E) favored abolishing slavery Answer: B Page Ref: 362 Skill: Factual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South

139 .

13. Who was the typical small slaveholder?

A) an urban merchant B) a wealthy land owner C) a small business owner D) a shopkeeper E) a farmer Answer: E Page Ref: 365 Skill: Factual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 14. The yeoman farmers of the South ________.

A) were typically slave owners B) did not own the land they worked C) were located primarily in the backcountry D) were clustered around the large plantations E) were quite different from their northern counterparts Answer: C Page Ref: 366 Skill: Factual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 15. What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers?

A) sugar B) rice C) whiskey D) livestock E) lumber Answer: D Page Ref: 366 Skill: Factual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 16. What was one goal of the American Colonization Society?

A) to enact gradual voluntary emancipation for slaves B) to force an immediate end to slavery C) to settle the West with freed slaves D) to reunite former slaves with their families E) to bring slavery to every state in the union Answer: A Page Ref: 368 Skill: Factual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South

140 .

17. How did apologists describe the institution of slavery before the 1830s?

A) as a benefit to the slaves themselves B) as a necessary evil C) as an inevitable institution D) as a neutral business arrangement E) as a sinful enterprise Answer: B Page Ref: 368 Skill: Factual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 18. How did southern opinion about the morality of slavery change during the 1830s?

A) People began to describe slavery as a positive good.

B) People began to describe slavery as a necessary evil.

C) People began to describe slavery as a doomed institution.

D) People began to describe slavery as a simple business arrangement.

E) People began to describe slavery as a sinful enterprise.

Answer: A Page Ref: 368 Skill: Factual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 19. At the time of the Civil War, there were approximately ________ slaves in the South.

A) 200,000 B) 400,000 C) 1,000,000 D) 2,000,000 E) 4,000,000 Answer: E Page Ref: 371 Skill: Factual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy 20. The most profitable commodity bought and sold in the upper tier of the southern states was ________.

A) tobacco B) cotton C) slaves D) wheat E) corn Answer: C Page Ref: 371 Skill: Factual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy

141 .

21. The internal slave trade in the United States ran from ________.

A) the West to the upper South B) the upper South to the West C) the upper South to the lower South D) the lower South to the upper South E) the lower South to the West Answer: C Page Ref: 371 Skill: Factual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy 22. The institution of slavery became even more entrenched in the South because of the increasing importance of ________.

A) rice B) indigo C) long-staple cotton D) short-staple cotton E) sugar cane Answer: D Page Ref: 372 Skill: Factual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy 23. The invention that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the ________.

A) railroad B) cotton gin C) cotton reaper D) steel plow E) mechanical seed planter Answer: B Page Ref: 372 Skill: Factual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy 24. During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production ________.

A) moved westward B) moved eastward C) moved northward D) remained in the Southeast E) remained in the upper South Answer: A Page Ref: 373 Skill: Factual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy

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25. Who profited most from the union of slavery and cotton production?

A) inventors and entrepreneurs B) small business owners C) non-slaveholders D) small slaveholders E) large plantation owners Answer: E Page Ref: 376 Skill: Factual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy 26. Which identifies an important effect of the violent slave rebellion of 1831?

A) White Southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas.

B) Many slaves were freed because their masters were afraid to remain part of the system.

C) Organized, violent rebellions began happening with more frequency.

D) White Southerners began to question the legitimacy of slavery.

E) Many slaves were sold to the West Indies to decrease the population in the South.

Answer: A Page Ref: 367 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 27. Which best describes the “gang” labor performed by many slaves on large plantations?

A) A group of white overseers pushed a small group of slaves to work around the clock.

B) Large groups of slaves worked side by side with their masters.

C) Groups of slaves worked from sunrise to sunset under a white overseer.

D) Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day.

E) Large groups of slaves worked together to accomplish major projects.

Answer: C Page Ref: 353 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 28. Which description best describes the “task” labor that many slaves performed on large plantations?

A) A group of white overseers pushed a small group of slaves to work around the clock.

B) Large groups of slaves worked side by side with their masters.

C) Large groups of slaves worked from sunrise to sunset under a white overseer.

D) Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day.

E) Large groups of slaves worked together to accomplish major projects.

Answer: D Page Ref: 354 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks

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29. Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?

A) Families stayed intact and the mother typically raised the children alone.

B) Families stayed intact and the father typically raised the children alone.

C) Families stayed intact and both parents typically shared in the child-rearing duties.

D) Children were usually raised by distant family members, allowing a large social network to develop.

E) Children usually began working as soon as they could walk, cutting down on behavioral problems.

Answer: C Page Ref: 354 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 30. During the Second Seminole War of 1835–1842, ________.

A) most slaves rebelled against their masters B) many escaped slaves fought with the Native Americans against the U.S. soldiers C) slaves slaughtered Seminole Indians in large numbers D) many whites killed their slaves in fear of an alliance between slaves and Native Americans E) many escaped slaves hiding in Florida were found and returned to their owners Answer: B Page Ref: 359 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 31. The Brer Rabbit stories ________.

A) showed how a fugitive slave could find safe haven in the underbrush B) were fantasies which enabled slaves to forget their harsh lot for a while C) were used to indoctrinate white children with the belief that slaves were no smarter than animals D) showed how a defenseless animal could overcome a stronger one through cunning and deceit, a metaphor for survival as a slave E) portrayed slaves as being happy and well-adjusted Answer: D Page Ref: 360 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 32. Free blacks in the South faced each of the following limitations EXCEPT ________.

A) being prohibited from transacting business B) being required to carry documentation of their free status at all times C) being forced to register or have a white guardian who was responsible for their actions D) having their meetings or organizations blocked by the authorities E) having to get official permission to move from one county to another Answer: A Page Ref: 360 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The World of Southern Blacks

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33. The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was ________.

A) most likely a self-made man B) looked down on by most southern whites C) well-educated D) born to wealth and position E) descended from the colonial elite Answer: A Page Ref: 362 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 34. In which way did the richest plantation families resemble a traditional landed aristocracy?

A) Planters were poor businessmen.

B) Planters collected taxes from the peasants who worked their land.

C) Planters’ sons chose military or law careers rather than going into trade.

D) Planters lived lives of leisure.

E) Most planters were descended from titled families.

Answer: C Page Ref: 363 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 35. Most southern planters considered their slaves to be ________.

A) hard working and industrious B) children who required constant supervision C) skilled and motivated D) dangerous malcontents E) mere property Answer: B Page Ref: 363 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 36. Which description best identifies how Christian slaveholders justified the enslavement of other human beings?

A) The prosperity of many was necessitated by the suffering of a few.

B) Suffering in slavery helped African Americans earn a place in Heaven.

C) People of African descent were demons and therefore should be enslaved.

D) People of African descent needed to be taken care of.

E) Being enslaved would help convert African Americans to Christianity.

Answer: D Page Ref: 369 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South

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37. Which practice provides some support for the idea that planters were benevolent parents to their slaves?

A) The masters of large plantations had close relationships with most of their slaves.

B) Planters generally treated their slaves like their own children.

C) Slaves in the American South were treated better relative to slaves in Brazil and the West Indies.

D) Planters, as Christians, acknowledged the validity of slave marriages.

E) Planters made sure that slaves were given a rudimentary education.

Answer: C Page Ref: 369 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 38. Why would most slaves typically prefer living and working on a plantation rather than a small farm?

A) Plantation owners often worked alongside their slaves.

B) There were often better living conditions on plantations, and more possibilities for social interaction.

C) Slaves often enjoyed a sense of camaraderie with plantation owners.

D) Rich planters usually avoided breaking up families on their plantations.

E) Working hours were always shorter on plantations than on small farms.

Answer: B Page Ref: 369 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 39. The prosperity of the southern yeoman was limited by the lack of ________.

A) cash crops B) land C) transportation facilities D) educational facilities E) entrepreneurial spirit Answer: C Page Ref: 366 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 40. Which correctly describes the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers?

A) They were staunch supporters of abolitionism even though they owned slaves.

B) They listened sympathetically to abolitionist ideas but remained neutral.

C) They paid little attention to the slave system even though it supported them.

D) They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves.

E) They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they were Christians.

Answer: D Page Ref: 367 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South

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41. Hinton R. Helper tried to convince southern yeoman farmers that ________.

A) they should end planter dominance and slavery with it B) slavery increased their standard of living C) they could someday be slave owners themselves D) they should fight to maintain the institution of slavery E) they should free their slaves Answer: A Page Ref: 367 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 42. Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they ________.

A) were dependent on the institution of slavery for their livelihoods B) thought slavery was best for the slaves themselves C) wanted to become slave owners themselves D) were not eligible to participate in the political process E) feared slave owners would requisition their land Answer: C Page Ref: 367 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 43. Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was ________.

A) the natural status for blacks B) sanctioned by the Bible C) supported by the United States Constitution D) consistent with the humanitarian spirit E) more humane than the employer-employee relationship Answer: C Page Ref: 369 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 44. Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than the employer-worker relationship because it offered ________.

A) job training B) a more egalitarian relationship C) better working conditions D) greater long-term security E) gender equality Answer: D Page Ref: 369 Skill: Conceptual Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South

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45. When tobacco prices sagged after 1820, ________.

A) farmers in the upper South switched over to cotton and rice production B) farmers in the upper South found effective ways to reverse soil depletion C) an internal slave trade emerged from the upper to the lower South D) planters in Virginia and Maryland turned openly to slave breeding as a business E) Virginia and Maryland began exporting slaves to the Caribbean Islands Answer: C Page Ref: 371 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy 46. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era?

A) Many planters sought to cultivate an alternative to cotton.

B) Cotton was the most famous crop in the South, but it was not the most profitable.

C) Cotton was a sure investment because cotton prices rarely fluctuated.

D) Many planters worked their land until it was exhausted.

E) Large plantation owners stopped growing cotton and turned to tobacco.

Answer: D Page Ref: 374 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy 47. The cotton economy of the lower South ________.

A) benefited the lower classes and the upper classes equally B) did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region C) was free from general market fluctuations D) led to greater southern self-sufficiency E) encouraged industry and innovation Answer: B Page Ref: 376 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy 48. White southerners in the 1830s began portraying free blacks as savages because they were trying to ________.

A) justify harsher treatment of free blacks B) drum up support for a race war C) raise funds for militias to defend against slave uprisings D) put social pressure on free blacks to leave the South E) put social pressure on all blacks, both slave and free, to leave the South Answer: A Page Ref: 360 Skill: Analytical Topic: The World of Southern Blacks

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49. According to the authors, inequalities based on race were exacerbated by inequalities based on ________.

A) gender B) religion C) country of origin D) distribution of resources E) education Answer: D Page Ref: 352 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Divided Society of the Old South 50. Which statement best describes a major disadvantage of the southern economy?

A) The South lacked the infrastructure to transport all the cotton it produced, so planters were frequently forced to burn their crops.

B) Such a large percentage of arable land was devoted to cotton that there were frequent food shortages in the South.

C) The focus on a single industry that was profitable only to a small minority prevented industrial and commercial growth.

D) The excessive profits of the industry led to unchecked price inflation in southern urban centers.

E) The profits of the industry were available to everyone, so the South underwent social upheaval and class conflict.

Answer: C Page Ref: 376 Skill: Analytical Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy Essay 1. What factors account for the development of community among slaves? What factors could make the development of community more difficult?

Page Ref: 352–361 Skill: Analytical Topic: The World of Southern Blacks 2. How did slavery define the structure of white southern society? How did it both divide and unite southerners?

Page Ref: 362–369 Skill: Analytical Topic: White Society in the Antebellum South 3. In terms of the southern economy as a whole, analyze both the advantages and the drawbacks of cotton production and slave labor.

Page Ref: 370–376 Skill: Analytical Topic: Slavery and the Southern Economy

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CHAPTER TWELVE THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION Multiple Choice 1. Which of these was used successfully in the early 1800s to increase church membership?

A) overseas missionary activity B) ecumenicalism C) revivalism D) spiritualism E) marketing tactics Answer: C Page Ref: 382 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 2. What was the Second Great Awakening?

A) a wave of religious revivals B) a political movement to abolish slavery C) an early women’s rights movement D) a reform movement to educate more American children E) a creative movement that revolutionized American art Answer: A Page Ref: 382 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 3. Which religiously liberal group of the early nineteenth century denied the doctrine of the Trinity?

A) Presbyterians B) Congregationalists C) Unitarians D) Methodists E) Mormons Answer: C Page Ref: 384 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 4. Who was the first great practitioner of evangelical Calvinism?

A) Samuel John Mills B) Lyman Beecher C) Nathaniel Taylor D) Horace Mann E) Charles G. Finney Answer: B Page Ref: 385 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism

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5. The idea that people could conduct their lives completely free of sin is called ________.

A) perfectionism B) abolitionism C) temperance D) acceptance E) purification Answer: A Page Ref: 386 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 6. Lyman Beecher was especially influential in which one of the following reform movements?

A) abolition B) mental asylum reform C) prison reform D) public school reform E) temperance Answer: E Page Ref: 387 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 7. What was the Washingtonian Society?

A) an evangelical group that focused on converting the working classes to Christianity B) a group of Christian women who traveled the country preaching the evils of alcoholism C) a political faction that used the Constitution as a basis for their antislavery movement D) a temperance group whose members discussed their struggles with alcoholism E) a secret society that prompted many of the social and religious reforms during the 1800s Answer: D Page Ref: 381, 397 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism; Reform Turns Radical 8. What did the term “benevolent empire” refer to?

A) a United States without slavery B) the English-speaking Christian colonies C) a group of Christian churches that focused on helping the poor D) a group of missionary and reform societies that worked together E) the Kingdom of Heaven Answer: D Page Ref: 387 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism

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9. What was considered the “proper” sphere for middle-class white women in the nineteenth century?

A) helping with her husband’s small business B) being involved in the arts and literature C) keeping house and raising a family D) working on tasks that did not need physical strength E) wage-earning outside the home Answer: C Page Ref: 389 Skill: Factual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 10. Who were primarily affected by the Cult of Domesticity?

A) relatively affluent women B) middle-class men C) working-class women D) African-American women E) recent immigrants Answer: A Page Ref: 389 Skill: Factual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 11. What was the focus of the feminine subculture for many middle-class women during the nineteenth century?

A) establishing that women are morally superior to men B) establishing a sense of solidarity with other women C) gaining political equality with men D) gaining economic equality with men E) competition with other women to be most virtuous Answer: B Page Ref: 389 Skill: Factual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 12. What was considered the main function of the family unit in the nineteenth century?

A) to establish a good name for the family B) to maintain the family’s reputation C) to contribute to the economy D) to defend family members against outsiders E) to raise children Answer: E Page Ref: 389 Skill: Factual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family

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13. Nineteenth century parents began using ________ instead of corporal punishment to enforce good behavior among their children.

A) fear B) praise C) bribery D) shame E) humor Answer: D Page Ref: 392 Skill: Factual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 14. What was considered to be the most important function of the school in the mid-nineteenth century?

A) intellectual training B) vocational training C) moral indoctrination D) child care E) physical conditioning Answer: C Page Ref: 393 Skill: Factual Topic: Institutional Reform 15. Which of the following men was the most influential spokesman for the common school movement?

A) John Harward B) Lyman Beecher C) Henry James D) Horace Mann E) Terrance Knox Answer: D Page Ref: 394 Skill: Factual Topic: Institutional Reform 16. In addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic, mid-nineteenth-century public schools taught ________.

A) abolitionist ideals B) the Protestant ethic C) Catholicism D) the evils of industrialization E) the merits of science over religion Answer: B Page Ref: 394 Skill: Factual Topic: Institutional Reform

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17. Which American president had little formal education as a child, but sharpened his intellect through participation in debating societies and lyceums?

A) James K. Polk B) John Quincy Adams C) Abraham Lincoln D) James Garfield E) Franklin Pierce Answer: C Page Ref: 395 Skill: Factual Topic: Institutional Reform 18. The radical abolitionist and cofounder of the American Anti-slavery Society was ________.

A) William Lloyd Garrison B) Theodore Weld C) Sojourner Truth D) Harriet Beecher Stowe E) Harriet Tubman Answer: A Page Ref: 398 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 19. Whose career demonstrated the tie between revivalism and abolitionism?

A) Lewis Tappan B) Theodore Dwight Weld C) Charles G. Finney D) Elizabeth Cady Stanton E) Harriet Tubman Answer: B Page Ref: 399 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 20. Where did antislavery orators and organizers tend to have their greatest success?

A) border states B) the upper North C) large cities D) frontier territories E) northern state legislatures Answer: B Page Ref: 399 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform Turns Radical

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21. William Lloyd Garrison’s stand on _________ led to an open break at the national convention of the American Anti-slavery Society in 1840.

A) interracial marriage B) African-American rights C) religion D) temperance E) women’s rights Answer: E Page Ref: 400 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 22. Frederick Douglass was all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) a former slave B) the founder of the black newspaper North Star C) a prominent black abolitionist D) a fiery orator, who described slavery to northern audiences E) a presidential candidate in 1868 Answer: E Page Ref: 401 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 23. Who were the main conductors on the Underground Railroad?

A) sympathetic plantation owners in the South B) freed slaves in the Southwest C) free blacks in the North D) affluent whites in the North E) working-class whites Answer: C Page Ref: 401 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 24. Which of the following women became one of the most significant leaders of the women’s rights movement?

A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton B) Mother Ann Lee C) Dorothea Dix D) Harriet Beecher Stowe E) Louisa May Alcott Answer: A Page Ref: 403 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform Turns Radical

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25. What significant event occurred in 1848, at Seneca Falls, New York?

A) the largest religious revival in American history B) the first national gathering of feminists C) an anti-Mormon riot in which several were killed D) the beginning of the radical antislavery movement E) the cession of the Ohio Valley to the United States Answer: B Page Ref: 403 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 26. In contrast to the North, revivalism in southern states did not ________.

A) seek to improve the morals of society B) push for social reform C) encourage temperance D) discourage dueling E) have an impact on religious life Answer: B Page Ref: 382–385 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 27. The reform movement in New England began as a(n) ________.

A) effort to defend Calvinism against Enlightenment ideas B) attempt to maintain the status quo in religion C) result of the actions of social radicals in religion D) outgrowth of deism E) rejection of Catholicism Answer: A Page Ref: 382 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 28. What did radical revivalist Charles G. Finney do that was considered a violation of tradition?

A) He allowed women to join his church.

B) He allowed women to pray aloud in church.

C) He relied on rational, scientific arguments to win converts.

D) His sermons were lengthy, sometimes lasting two hours.

E) He did not believe in a mysterious, all-powerful God. Answer: B Page Ref: 385 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism

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29. As a result of revivalism, northern evangelicals were involved with each of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) abolitionism B) missionary and benevolent associations C) the temperance movement D) Indian removal E) publication of religious tracts Answer: D Page Ref: 386–387 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 30. What was true about the temperance movement of the nineteenth century?

A) It was created to help unmarried women survive in the workforce.

B) It led to a rise in organized crime due to criminalization of alcohol consumption.

C) It was the least successful reform movement of the era.

D) It was created to address alcohol consumption rates much lower than modern rates.

E) It addressed a very real social problem of the time.

Answer: E Page Ref: 387 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 31. The temperance movement was like the abolition movement in ________.

A) spawning Washingtonian societies B) being popular in both the North and the South C) being part of an international movement D) involving women and black activists in important roles E) being restricted largely to the North Answer: D Page Ref: 399 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 32. Each of the following was a result of the temperance campaign of the 1830s EXCEPT ________.

A) thousands of local temperance organizations were set up B) large numbers of confirmed drunkards were cured C) temperance became a mark of respectability among middle-class men D) per capita consumption of hard liquor declined by over 50 percent E) the drinking habits of middle-class American males were significantly altered Answer: B Page Ref: 399–405 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform Turns Radical

157 .

33. The reality behind the Cult of Domesticity was ________.

A) the growing urban population of the nation B) the accepted use of child labor C) a growing division between the workplace and the home D) the increasing acceptance of careers for women E) the staggering number of women dying during childbirth Answer: C Page Ref: 389 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 34. Which of these describe the effect of the Cult of Domesticity?

A) It spread the message that women had no value in the society.

B) It saw women as guardians of virtue within the family.

C) It idealized women who left their families for religious missions.

D) It taught that women should help the economic stability of their families.

E) It focused on the domestic role of men.

Answer: B Page Ref: 390 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 35. Why did Catharine Beecher argue that women should be schoolteachers?

A) Teaching was a form of parenting, at which women naturally excelled.

B) Women had a stronger moral sense than men.

C) Women were more intelligent than men.

D) Teaching was the only paid occupation for which women were qualified.

E) Women had better language and explication skills than men.

Answer: A Page Ref: 391 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 36. Which of the following was NOT a major change in middle-class family life during the nineteenth century?

A) Relationships between parents and children became more intimate.

B) The “Cult of Domesticity” gained ground.

C) Families became more child-centered.

D) More and more women worked outside the home.

E) The use of corporal punishment declined.

Answer: D Page Ref: 391 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family

158 .

37. What was one of the results from changes in the middle-class family in the nineteenth-century?

A) Children left home sooner.

B) Children became more available for labor.

C) Children received more physical punishment than in earlier generations.

D) Children increasingly became viewed as individuals.

E) Children were often offered up for adoption.

Answer: D Page Ref: 391 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 38. Which of the following identifies a key reason why society began focusing on childhood in the nineteenth century?

A) Children were becoming a larger part of the national economy.

B) Urban couples saw large families as an economic asset.

C) Religious revivalism made birth control and abortions impossible.

D) Families were getting larger and individual children became more highly valued.

E) Families got smaller.

Answer: E Page Ref: 393 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 39. Why did educational reformers want local schools to serve sometimes as a substitute for the family?

A) They were worried that poor and immigrant families would not properly nurture their children.

B) They were worried that parents in poor and immigrant families often ended up getting divorced.

C) They were afraid that many families would resist the new child-centered model of family life they endorsed for religious reasons.

D) They were worried that parents in wealthy families often ended up getting divorced.

E) They were worried that parents in poor and immigrant families often ended up abandoning their children.

Answer: A Page Ref: 393 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Institutional Reform 40. In practice, working-class families viewed the new public schools ________.

A) as depriving them of needed wage earners B) as essential to the improvement of their economic situation C) with indifference D) as an indication of upper class paternalism E) as a welcome learning opportunity for themselves and their children Answer: A Page Ref: 394 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Institutional Reform

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41. Which statement below is true of the American Colonization Society?

A) African countries refused to participate in the program.

B) It advocated immediate emancipation of slaves.

C) It was opposed by African Americans in the North.

D) Government intervention hampered its efforts.

E) It was responsible for most of the emancipations prior to the Civil War. Answer: C Page Ref: 398 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 42. Which of the following movements of the nineteenth century had the greatest influence on the development of the abolitionist movement?

A) Cult of Domesticity B) extension of public education C) women’s rights movement D) temperance movement E) Second Great Awakening Answer: E Page Ref: 399 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 43. How did working-class urban whites generally feel about the abolitionist movement?

A) They supported abolitionism because they thought the institution of slavery was morally wrong.

B) They supported abolitionism because they thought it would lead to more economic opportunities.

C) They resisted abolitionism because they sincerely believed that African Americans were happier in slavery than they would be as free people.

D) They resisted abolitionism because they worried about the collapse of the cotton industry.

E) They resisted abolitionism because they did not want to compete socially and economically with African Americans.

Answer: E Page Ref: 399–400 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 44. What was the main source of tension between black and white abolitionists?

A) Black abolitionists thought that white abolitionists were too radical.

B) White abolitionists thought that black abolitionists were too radical.

C) White abolitionists protested that they did not have a fair share of influence and leadership positions in the movement.

D) Black abolitionists protested that they did not have a fair share of influence and leadership positions in the movement.

E) White abolitionists did not want to end slavery immediately, whereas black abolitionists did.

Answer: D Page Ref: 400 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform Turns Radical

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45. Abolitionism served as a catalyst for the ________ movement.

A) temperance B) women’s rights C) utopian socialist D) transcendentalist E) prison reform Answer: B Page Ref: 400 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 46. What was a major goal of the early women’s rights activists in the mid-1800s?

A) to free unmarried women from laws that did not allow them to work outside the home B) to give married women some control of themselves, their property, and their children C) to enact laws that would require men to participate equally in household duties such as child-rearing D) to convince more women to run for public office E) procuring the right to vote Answer: B Page Ref: 403 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform Turns Radical 47. Which of the following individuals is INCORRECTLY matched with his or her reform movement?

A) Lyman Beecher: temperance B) Horace Mann: public schools C) Theodore Dwight Weld: abolition D) Elizabeth Cady Stanton: women’s rights E) David Walker: prison reform Answer: E Page Ref: 401–402 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism; Domesticity and Changes in the American Family; Institutional Reform; Reform Turns Radical 48. Which statement best characterizes how evangelical culture changed the role of women in American society?

A) Women began to expect their husbands to contribute more to household chores and the duties of raising children.

B) Women became less important figures to the home and family.

C) Women became more confined to the home but became more important inside it.

D) Women were expected to make a larger economic contribution to the society than ever before.

E) Women were given more active roles and public leadership positions.

Answer: C Page Ref: 388 Skill: Analytical Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family

161 .

49. Why has the nineteenth century been identified as “the century of the child”?

A) Parents began having more children, and larger families required more attention.

B) Parents had a new attitude towards childhood, and families became child-centered.

C) Medical advances made it possible for more children to survive to adulthood.

D) Children became a more important part of the labor force.

E) For the first time ever, children began to spend money in the economy.

Answer: B Page Ref: 392 Skill: Analytical Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 50. In what way do historians consider the abolitionist movement of the 1830s and 1840s to be a success?

A) It brought the issue of slavery into the public consciousness.

B) It convinced most people that slavery should be abolished immediately.

C) It peacefully converted many slaveholders to abolition.

D) It led to a marked decrease in racism among northern urban whites.

E) It orchestrated the emancipation of thousands of slaves.

Answer: A Page Ref: 402 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reform Turns Radical Essay 1. How did the American social reform movement evolve out of the Second Great Awakening?

Page Ref: 382–386 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Rise of Evangelicalism 2. How did the social reform movement of the early nineteenth century affect women, children, and the family?

Page Ref: 388–393 Skill: Analytical Topic: Domesticity and Changes in the American Family 3. What were the major goals of the expanded and improved public education system of the 1830s and 1840s? How did these goals reflect the influence of the Second Great Awakening?

Page Ref: 393–397 Skill: Analytical Topic: Institutional Reform 4. As early nineteenth-century American reformers struggled with the issue of slavery, what different approaches did they take in dealing with it? How did the rise of the “new perfectionism” affect the antislavery movement?

Page Ref: 397–406 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reform Turns Radical

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CHAPTER THIRTEEN AN AGE OF EXPANSIONISM Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following does NOT characterize the Young America movement of the 1840s and 1850s?

A) territorial expansion B) an aggressive foreign policy C) economic expansion and growth D) technological progress E) appraisal of American values Answer: E Page Ref: 410 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spirit of Young America 2. Which of the following novels was so original in form and conception that it was considered the ideal Young American novel?

A) The Scarlet Letter B) Moby-Dick C) Uncle Tom’s Cabin D) Pride and Prejudice E) Jane Eyre Answer: B Page Ref: 411 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spirit of Young America 3. After the Mexican-American War, the Young America movement shifted its focus to which of the following?

A) economic growth and industrialization B) adding Canada and Alaska to the United States C) the abolition of slavery D) making the United States a world power E) spreading the gospel to foreign lands Answer: A Page Ref: 411 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spirit of Young America 4. Which of these states was NOT wholly or partly Mexican in 1821?

A) California B) Oregon C) Texas D) New Mexico E) Arizona Answer: B Page Ref: 412–413 Skill: Factual Topic: Movement to the Far West

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5. In the early 1820s, Mexican officials encouraged settlers from the United States to settle in Texas with offers of which of the following?

A) more freedoms for women B) religious freedom C) cheap land D) money E) abolishing slavery Answer: C Page Ref: 414 Skill: Factual Topic: Movement to the Far West 6. Which famous battle occurred just days after Texas declared itself a republic?

A) the battle of the Nueces B) the battle of Matamoros C) the battle of the Alamo D) the battle of Veracruz E) the siege of Mexico City Answer: C Page Ref: 415 Skill: Factual Topic: Movement to the Far West 7. What was the platform of Sam Houston, the first president of Texas?

A) He fought to prevent the annexation of Texas.

B) He was against annexation in any form.

C) He was against annexation unless it included the Oklahoma territory.

D) He was for annexation but only if it included the New Mexico territory.

E) He was for annexation immediately after Texas declared independence.

Answer: E Page Ref: 416 Skill: Factual Topic: Movement to the Far West 8. One of the important ideas behind the concept of Manifest Destiny was ________.

A) converting recent immigrants to Protestantism B) the establishment of the factory system C) the inclusion of women in the workforce D) territorial expansion E) the abolition of slavery Answer: D Page Ref: 419 Skill: Factual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War

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9. Which of the following was opposed to President Tyler’s plan for the annexation of Texas?

A) northern antislavery Whigs B) southern agricultural interests C) New England merchants D) Great Britain E) railroad companies Answer: A Page Ref: 419 Skill: Factual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 10. Which presidential candidate in 1844 ran on a platform calling for the simultaneous annexation of Texas and assertion of American claims to all of Oregon?

A) Henry Clay B) James K. Polk C) Martin Van Buren D) John Tyler E) James G. Birney Answer: B Page Ref: 421 Skill: Factual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 11. Which of the following best sums up the ideals of John O’Sullivan’s concept of Manifest Destiny?

A) North America was American property.

B) Britain and Mexico were the natural enemies of the U.S. C) Industrialization and expansion are inextricably linked.

D) The U.S. was destined to expand into North America.

E) The U.S. was doomed if it could not expand.

Answer: D Page Ref: 422 Skill: Factual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 12. Which of the following did not result from the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

A) The Rio Grande was confirmed as the southern border of Texas.

B) The United States paid Mexico $15 million.

C) Slavery would not be allowed west of the Rio Grande.

D) Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the United States.

E) Mexican residents of the ceded areas would become American citizens.

Answer: C Page Ref: 427 Skill: Factual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War

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13. During the Mexican-American War, what major issue came up for debate in Congress?

A) annexation of Mexico as U.S. territory B) prohibition of slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico C) extension of voting rights to women in the western territories D) increased immigration from Mexico to the Unites States E) cession of more southwestern territory to the Mexican government Answer: B Page Ref: 428 Skill: Factual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 14. Which of the following forms of transportation had the greatest impact on the American economy during the 1840s and 1850s?

A) the clipper ship B) the canal system C) the steamboat D) the covered wagon E) the railroad Answer: E Page Ref: 429 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 15. What did state and local governments do to help the early railroads?

A) They gave them money and land.

B) They gave them the right to seize private property.

C) They gave them free labor to lay tracks.

D) They gave them legal immunity.

E) They backed railroad bonds.

Answer: E Page Ref: 429 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 16. All of these were essential features of the factory system beginning in the 1840s, EXCEPT ________.

A) a supervised workforce B) the workforce being located in one place C) payment of cash wages D) each product being produced by one worker E) mechanization Answer: D Page Ref: 432 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism

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17. Which of the following inventions laid the basis for the ready-to-wear clothing industry?

A) the sewing machine B) the button machine C) blue denim D) the zipper E) iron to press clothing Answer: A Page Ref: 432 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 18. What was the greatest triumph of American technology during the mid-nineteenth century?

A) improvements in the transportation infrastructure B) new uses for vulcanized rubber C) improved farm implements D) sophisticated machine tools E) more efficient farming strategies Answer: D Page Ref: 432 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 19. In 1860, most Americans worked in what sector?

A) ranching B) gold mining C) farming D) the textile industry E) the transportation industry Answer: C Page Ref: 432 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 20. What was the significance of the invention of the John Deere steel plow?

A) It allowed farmers to cultivate tough prairie soils.

B) It lowered the cost of steel plows.

C) It helped farmers plow loose soil in half the time of a cast-iron plow.

D) It allowed farmers to plow by hand without the aid of a farm animal.

E) It allowed farmers to plow more accurately than cast-iron plows.

Answer: A Page Ref: 432 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism

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21. Where did most of the immigrants to the United States come from in the 1840s and 1850s?

A) the Middle East B) Europe C) Africa D) Latin America E) China Answer: B Page Ref: 433 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 22. What was the period of greatest immigration in proportion to the overall population in America?

A) 1790 to 1800 B) 1805 to 1815 C) 1840 to 1860 D) 1880 to 1890 E) 1910 to 1920 Answer: C Page Ref: 433 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 23. Due to their poverty, where did most Irish immigrants settle in the United States?

A) the South B) the Midwest C) the Far West D) the Northeast E) the Gulf Coast region Answer: D Page Ref: 433 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 24. How were the majority of immigrants employed in the mid-1800s?

A) as yeoman farmers B) as small business owners C) as wage workers in factories D) as skilled craftsmen E) as prospectors Answer: C Page Ref: 436 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism

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25. What did the Female Labor Reform Association campaign for?

A) more jobs for women and children B) more managerial positions for women C) higher pay D) shorter working hours E) an end to all forms of sexual harassment Answer: D Page Ref: 437 Skill: Factual Topic: Internal Expansionism 26. How were Young Americans unlike the traditional members of the Democratic Party?

A) They were enthusiastic about commerce, industry, and speculation in the market.

B) They were opposed to territorial expansion.

C) They fiercely opposed the Mexican-American War. D) They worried about the materialism that accompanied the market economy.

E) They embraced European themes in American literature.

Answer: A Page Ref: 410–411 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Spirit of Young America 27. What caused friction to develop between the Mexican government and Anglo-American colonists in Texas?

A) The Mexican government denied Anglo-American settlers the right to own land.

B) The Mexican government did not grant women any rights.

C) Anglo-American settlers flouted Mexican law.

D) Many Anglo-American settlers refused to practice any religion.

E) Many Anglo-American settlers refused to pay taxes.

Answer: C Page Ref: 414 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Movement to the Far West 28. Why was slavery a point of conflict between the Mexican government and Anglo-American settlers in Texas?

A) The Mexican government required Anglo-American settlers to emancipate their slaves.

B) The Mexican government required each Anglo-American settler to own at least four slaves.

C) The Mexican government allowed white as well as black slavery.

D) The Anglo-American settlers tried to enslave Mexican citizens.

E) The Anglo-American settlers did not want slavery in the territory.

Answer: A Page Ref: 414 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Movement to the Far West

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29. How did Andrew Jackson and his administration react to Texas becoming an independent republic in 1836?

A) They tried to convince Texans to return to Mexican rule.

B) They declared war on Mexico to defend Texas's revolt.

C) They immediately annexed Texas.

D) They formally recognized Texas as a sovereign republic.

E) They refused to recognize Texas as a republic.

Answer: D Page Ref: 416 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Movement to the Far West 30. Why did President John Tyler initiate the politics of Manifest Destiny beginning in 1841?

A) He wanted to win the support of his fellow Whigs.

B) He wanted to reconcile the Whig and Democratic parties.

C) He was inspired by the beliefs of Henry Clay.

D) He wanted to build a base for his reelection in 1844.

E) He hoped to identify himself with James Monroe.

Answer: D Page Ref: 419 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 31. In the most extreme form of Manifest Destiny, what land would the United States ultimately occupy?

A) the area from the east coast to the Rocky Mountains B) the area from the east coast to the west coast C) the land that is occupied today by the United States, Mexico, and Canada D) North America and Central America E) the entire North American continent plus the Caribbean islands Answer: C Page Ref: 419 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 32. What finally led Mexico to break off diplomatic relations with the United States and prepare for armed conflict?

A) The Republic of Texas began claiming land south of the Rio Grande.

B) The United States annexed Texas and claimed the land between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande.

C) The U.S. military began fighting for control over California harbors.

D) The U.S. government refused to grant rights of citizenship to people of Mexican descent living in Texas.

E) President Polk criticized the Mexican government in a scathing public address.

Answer: B Page Ref: 424 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War

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33. What caused James Polk to send troops to Mexico?

A) to retaliate for the harsh Mexican treatment of Texans B) to protect the southern border of the United States C) to enforce U.S. claims along the Texas-Mexico border D) to prevent a Mexican attempt to reacquire Texas E) to distract Americans from other domestic issues Answer: C Page Ref: 425 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 34. What caused the Mexican-American War to last much longer than expected?

A) The Americans lacked the resources to attack in earnest.

B) The Americans lost a string of important battles.

C) Severe weather slowed the American advance.

D) The Mexicans were better prepared to battle in the Mexican terrain.

E) The Mexicans stubbornly refused to make peace despite military defeats.

Answer: E Page Ref: 426 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 35. According to historian Norman Graebner, the United States did not annex all of Mexico because they already had ________.

A) U.S. citizenship for thousands of Mexicans living in the territory B) the grazing lands of the southwest C) the fertile farming lands of new Mexico D) the harbors of California E) the deserts of Arizona Answer: D Page Ref: 427 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 36. Why did the Mexican-American War ultimately divide the American public and provoke political dissension?

A) Many Northerners feared the spread of slavery to the newly acquired territories.

B) Many Southerners feared the economic competition from cotton growers in the newly acquired territories.

C) Many people in the Midwest feared the economic competition from ranchers in the newly acquired territories.

D) Many people on the East Coast worried about the social effects of expansion.

E) Many religious groups worried about the lawlessness that would exist in the sparsely populated new territories.

Answer: A Page Ref: 427 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War

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37. Why did freight businesses not immediately shift to the railroads when they were first built?

A) Companies distrusted the safety of the steam engine.

B) Companies received financial incentives from the government to stay with canal routes.

C) Canal boats were cheaper.

D) Companies were not convinced of their reliability.

E) Companies were fiercely loyal to the canal operators.

Answer: C Page Ref: 429 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 38. What could be said about the railroad industry by the end of the 1850s?

A) Railroads were struggling to remain active due to heavy financial losses.

B) Business was booming and railroads had transformed the economy.

C) Railroads had been largely replaced by canal transportation.

D) The railroad industry was still in its infancy.

E) The railroad industry was crippled by scandals and corruption.

Answer: B Page Ref: 429 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 39. All of the following influenced the growth of American industry in the 1830s and 1840s EXCEPT ________.

A) the transition to a factory setting B) the development of mass production C) the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania D) the invention of mechanical tools E) advances in the transportation industry Answer: C Page Ref: 432 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 40. What was the major push factor that brought Irish immigrants to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s?

A) oppression by the British government B) decline in the number of jobs in Ireland C) overpopulation of Ireland D) the great potato blight E) persecution of Catholics Answer: D Page Ref: 433 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism

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41. What brought most German immigrants to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s?

A) They wanted to avoid European wars.

B) They wanted to escape tough economic times.

C) They wanted to escape catastrophic famine.

D) They wanted to escape political oppression.

E) They wanted to escape religious persecution.

Answer: B Page Ref: 435–437 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 42. Which of the following characterizes the experience of German immigrants?

A) They suffered less prejudice than the Irish.

B) They suffered more prejudice than the Irish.

C) They could not be assimilated easily into American society.

D) They possessed few agricultural or other skills.

E) They were few in number.

Answer: A Page Ref: 435 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 43. Which of the following demonstrates that economics was a major motivation for immigration?

A) the occupations of the immigrants B) the kinds of labor needed in the United States C) the peaks in immigration that correspond to times of economic prosperity D) the wages paid to immigrants E) the forms that immigrants filled out when they reached Ellis Island Answer: C Page Ref: 435–437 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 44. Which of the following statements describes the result of the arrival of large numbers of immigrants in the 1850s?

A) They were a positive development for American cities.

B) They did not contribute measurably to city developments.

C) They worsened the already serious problems of the cities.

D) They increased the population of rural rather than urban areas.

E) They prevented the development of America’s first suburbs.

Answer: C Page Ref: 435–437 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism

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45. Which of the following resulted from the growth of the working class in the 1830s and 1840s?

A) greater cooperation between employer and employee B) improvement in working conditions and wages C) the paternalistic employer-employee relationship D) more emphasis on skilled labor E) an upsurge of labor militancy Answer: E Page Ref: 437 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 46. What explains why Irish immigrants were unlikely to protest poor labor conditions?

A) Labor protests were very unpopular at the time.

B) They had low economic expectations and conservative attitudes.

C) They were afraid of violent retribution from native-born Americans.

D) The Catholic Church strictly forbade all forms of protest.

E) They tended to find jobs with good working conditions.

Answer: B Page Ref: 437 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 47. What was different about the American working class of the 1830s as compared to the American working class of the 1840s?

A) In the 1830s, most factory work was done by men, but by the 1840s, more women and children began to work in factories.

B) In the 1830s, most men worked in factories, but by the 1840s, they worked more as artisans as factory work decreased in general.

C) In the 1830s, the majority of male workers were farmers, but by the 1840s, most male workers were employed in factories.

D) In the 1830s, most male workers were artisans and few worked in factories, but by the 1840s, the proportion of male factory workers increased.

E) In the 1830s, most women and children did not work at all, but by the 1840s they worked side by side with men in factories.

Answer: D Page Ref: 435–437 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Internal Expansionism 48. How did the Mexican-American War affect sectional tensions in the U.S.?

A) Tensions were appeased because of the expansion of slavery.

B) New ties between the Old and New Northwest increased national harmony.

C) Linked by railroads, the entire country entered a period of unprecedented harmony.

D) It eased North-South tensions because of the acquisition of new territory.

E) It exacerbated North-South conflicts because of the slavery issue.

Answer: E Page Ref: 419–428 Skill: Analytical Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War

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49. Which statement best characterizes how the labor force changed during the 1800s?

A) Male workers made the transition from being factory workers to being artisans.

B) Male workers made the transition from being artisans to being factory workers.

C) Married women were more likely to work in factories than men.

D) Married women were more likely to work in factories than unmarried women.

E) Immigrants were being replaced in factories by native-born Americans.

Answer: B Page Ref: 435 Skill: Analytical Topic: Internal Expansionism 50. Which statement best characterizes how the increase in immigration changed the U.S. economy in the mid–1800s?

A) Immigration hindered economic growth because immigrants came in such large numbers that there were not enough resources for everyone.

B) Immigration slowed down the Industrial Revolution because immigrants launched frequent and effective labor protests.

C) Immigration boosted the economy because immigrants provided much of the capital that was needed for infrastructure and entrepreneurship.

D) Immigration boosted the economy by providing the skilled labor that was desperately needed in the labor force.

E) Immigration accelerated the Industrial Revolution by providing a large pool of cheap factory labor.

Answer: E Page Ref: 433 Skill: Analytical Topic: Internal Expansionism Essay 1. What were the main ideas behind Manifest Destiny? How was this notion related to the Young America movement and the Puritan tradition?

Page Ref: 422–423 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Spirit of Young America; Movement to the Far West; Manifest Destiny and the MexicanAmerican War 2. How did the annexation of Texas differ from previous territorial acquisitions? How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo stimulate sectional controversies in the United States?

Page Ref: 427 Skill: Analytical Topic: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 3. How did technological advances open the way for the creation of a national market?

Page Ref: 432 Skill: Analytical Topic: Internal Expansionism

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CHAPTER FOURTEEN THE SECTIONAL CRISIS Multiple Choice 1. In 1856, which antislavery Senator was almost beaten to death on the floor of the U.S. Senate by Representative Preston Brooks?

A) Thaddeus Stevens B) John C. Calhoun C) Charles Sumner D) Zachary Taylor E) William Graham Sumner Answer: C Page Ref: 455 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 2. When did the “irrepressible conflict” over slavery in the territories begin?

A) the late 1840s B) the mid–1860s C) the early 1830s D) the late 1700s E) the late 1850s Answer: A Page Ref: 442 Skill: Factual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 3. In what area did the Wilmot Proviso propose to ban slavery?

A) in the northern states B) in the southern states C) in territory acquired from Mexico D) in any future U.S. territories E) from all U.S. lands Answer: C Page Ref: 444 Skill: Factual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 4. In the first House vote on the Wilmot Proviso, party lines crumbled and the vote split ________.

A) along party lines B) along sectional lines C) along religious lines D) along socioeconomic lines E) along gender lines Answer: B Page Ref: 444 Skill: Factual Topic: The Compromise of 1850

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5. Under the Compromise of 1850, who would determine whether a territory would have slavery, per the principle of squatter sovereignty, or popular sovereignty as it was later called?

A) Congress B) territorial legislatures C) the state’s constitutional convention D) the Supreme Court E) the House of Representatives Answer: B Page Ref: 447 Skill: Factual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 6. The founding of which party was the first significant effort to create a broadly based sectional party addressing itself to voters’ concerns about the extension of slavery?

A) Free-Soil Party B) Whig Party C) Republican Party D) Democratic Party E) Know-Nothing Party Answer: A Page Ref: 449 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 7. Who was the “great pacificator” who established the Compromise of 1850?

A) John C. Calhoun B) Henry Clay C) Lewis Cass D) Zachary Taylor E) Roger B. Taney Answer: B Page Ref: 446 Skill: Factual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 8. Which of the following was true about the Compromise of 1850?

A) It temporarily restored sectional peace.

B) It failed to pass Congress despite revisions.

C) It prohibited slavery in the New Mexico territory.

D) It made it easier for escaped slaves to hide in the West.

E) It temporarily made California a slave state.

Answer: A Page Ref: 448 Skill: Factual Topic: The Compromise of 1850

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9. Which part of the Compromise of 1850 was most opposed by Northerners?

A) admission of California as a free state B) opening of New Mexico and Utah territories to slavery under popular sovereignty C) reduction of Texas to its present boundaries D) enactment of the new Fugitive Slave Law E) prohibition of slavery in the District of Columbia Answer: D Page Ref: 447 Skill: Factual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 10. What does the term “second party system” refer to?

A) the two-party system of American politics from about 1790 B) the party system from about 1830 to 1850 C) the creation of a new third political party in the 1940s D) the political party not in power in government E) a total shift in American politics Answer: B Page Ref: 448 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 11. In 1854, Stephen Douglas proposed a bill that would set up territorial governments in Kansas and Nebraska on the basis of ________.

A) the Compromise of 1850 B) Free-Soil ideology C) congressional approval or disapproval of slavery D) presidential approval or disapproval of slavery E) popular sovereignty Answer: E Page Ref: 450 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 12. What law did Stephen Douglas need to repeal in order to gain southern support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act? A) the Wilmot Proviso B) the Missouri Compromise C) the Compromise of 1850 D) the Bill of Rights E) the new Fugitive Slave Law Answer: B Page Ref: 450 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856

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13. What did the Ostend Manifesto of 1854 accuse the Pierce administration of doing?

A) accepting bribes from southern plantation owners B) conspiring with Northerners to make the U.S. a “free soil wasteland” C) wanting to punish the working class through taxation D) wanting to create a “Caribbean slave empire” by annexing Cuba E) discriminating against recent immigrants through unfair voting laws Answer: D Page Ref: 452 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 14. Which political party wanted to extend the period of naturalization in order to weaken immigrant voter strength?

A) Free-Soil party B) Whig party C) Know-Nothing party D) Democratic party E) Liberty party Answer: C Page Ref: 452 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 15. What was the main reason that many native-born Americans disliked Irish and German immigrants?

A) because they were mostly communists B) because they were mostly illiterate C) because they were mostly Jewish D) because they were mostly Roman Catholic E) because they were mostly atheists Answer: D Page Ref: 452 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 16. A small-scale civil war over slavery broke out in the late 1850s between rival regimes of which state?

A) Missouri B) Kansas C) South Carolina D) Tennessee E) Texas Answer: B Page Ref: 455 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856

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17. What action took place after proslavery adherents raided Lawrence, the free-state capital of Kansas, in 1856?

A) John Brown and his followers killed five Native Americans in a land dispute.

B) A mob of angry settlers attacked and killed five escaped slaves.

C) An escaped slave killed a family of five white settlers.

D) John Brown killed eight abolitionists in Kansas.

E) John Brown and his followers killed five proslavery settlers in cold blood.

Answer: E Page Ref: 455 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 18. During the presidential election of 1856, what did the Republican Party platform call for?

A) popular sovereignty in the territories B) prohibition of slavery in the territories C) election of Fillmore, who opposed Buchanan D) secession from the United States E) election of Buchanan, who opposed Fillmore Answer: B Page Ref: 455 Skill: Factual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 19. The tension between ________ became nearly insurmountable in the years between the elections of 1856 and 1860.

A) blacks and whites B) Northerners and Southerners C) immigrants and native-born citizens D) farmers and factory owners E) Southerners and former slaves Answer: B Page Ref: 456–457 Skill: Factual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 20. Which notable Southern author wrote proslavery polemics?

A) Edgar Allan Poe B) Henry David Thoreau C) Herman Melville D) James Russell Lowell E) Ralph Waldo Emerson Answer: A Page Ref: 457 Skill: Factual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860

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21. Harriet Beecher Stowe published her abolitionist novel ______ in 1852, and it was enormously successful.

A) Uncle Tom’s Cabin B) The Impending Crisis of the South C) Tom Sawyer D) Up from Slavery E) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Answer: A Page Ref: 457 Skill: Factual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 22. What issue brought the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford to the Supreme Court?

A) A slave owner sued for damages because he was beaten severely by an abolitionist.

B) A slave owner sued for damages because abolitionists helped his slaves.

C) A slave sued for damages because he was beaten severely by a white owner.

D) An escaped slave sued for his freedom because he was caught in a free territory.

E) A slave sued on the grounds that he had lived in a free state and so he should be a free man.

Answer: E Page Ref: 458 Skill: Factual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 23. How did Abraham Lincoln argue about slavery in his debates with Stephen Douglas during the 1858 Senate race?

A) He favored abolishing slavery in all the states and territories.

B) He favored restricting slavery to the states where it was most profitable.

C) He favored restricting slavery to the states where the Constitution protected it.

D) He favored using popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue in new territories.

E) He favored allowing slavery in newly acquired territories.

Answer: C Page Ref: 460 Skill: Factual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 24. What happened in 1859 in Harpers Ferry, Virginia?

A) The federal arsenal was attacked in an unsuccessful attempt to start an uprising against slavery.

B) A slave rebellion resulted in the deaths of eighteen participants.

C) A group of white men raided a southern abolitionist office and killed five white and black anti-slavery protestors.

D) White men and women seized eighteen slaves in order to forcibly emancipate them in Mexico.

E) A group of white and black abolitionists killed three slave owners and wounded five others.

Answer: A Page Ref: 462 Skill: Factual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860

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25. Which of the following men was NOT a presidential candidate in the 1860 election?

A) John Bell B) John Breckinridge C) Stephen Douglas D) Millard Fillmore E) Abraham Lincoln Answer: D Page Ref: 464 Skill: Factual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 26. Why was it difficult for northern abolitionists to develop a practical program that would eliminate the institution of slavery throughout the country?

A) Southern states generally had much better lawyers than northern states.

B) There was a serious lack of strong northern congressional leadership.

C) The Constitution protected state laws that allowed slavery.

D) Southern plantation owners donated heavily to northern political candidates.

E) The issue of slavery was overshadowed by more pressing problems.

Answer: C Page Ref: 443 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 27. What was true of most Northerners during the 1840s?

A) They disliked slavery, but opposed abolition.

B) They were fierce and loyal abolitionists.

C) They supported the institution of slavery.

D) They were apathetic about the slavery issue.

E) They felt that slavery was starting to spread to the North.

Answer: A Page Ref: 444 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 28. Why did the Free-Soil movement support the exclusion of slavery from the territories?

A) It believed in racial justice.

B) It believed in the immorality of slavery.

C) It feared the outbreak of slave insurrections in the territories.

D) It feared labor competition from slaves.

E) Most western land was unsuited for plantation agriculture.

Answer: D Page Ref: 444 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Compromise of 1850

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29. What made the Compromise of 1850 so difficult to pass?

A) President Taylor opposed the compromise, and congressmen kept granting key concessions to rival parties.

B) President Taylor was for the compromise, but congressmen kept granting key concessions to rival parties.

C) The compromise was broken into too many small and ineffective measures.

D) President Taylor died and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, who opposed the compromise.

E) President Taylor supported the compromise, but key senators kept proposing new compromises before a vote could be taken.

Answer: A Page Ref: 446 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 30. What was one of the effects of the new Fugitive Slave Law that was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850?

A) It became easier for escaped slaves to stay free.

B) It became easier to kidnap and enslave free African Americans.

C) It became easier for slaves to sue for their freedom.

D) It became easier for slaves to purchase their freedom.

E) It became more difficult for plantation owners to reclaim their escaped slaves.

Answer: B Page Ref: 447–448 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Compromise of 1850 31. What were the different stands Democrats and Whigs took on annexation and slavery in new territories?

A) Democrats endorsed expansion and both free and slave states, while Whigs opposed annexation to avoid the slavery debate.

B) Democrats opposed annexation to avoid the slavery debate, while Whigs endorsed expansion and both free and slave states.

C) Both Democrats and Whigs endorsed expansion, but Democrats wanted the new territories to allow slavery while the Whigs did not.

D) Both Democrats and Whigs endorsed expansion, but Whigs wanted the new territories to allow slavery while the Democrats did not.

E) Neither party endorsed expansion, but if it was inevitable, the Whigs encouraged the spread of slavery while the Democrats did not.

Answer: A Page Ref: 448–449 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856

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32. Which does NOT help explain why Whig Party candidate General Winfield Scott was crushed in the 1852 presidential campaign?

A) The Compromise of 1850 weakened the political differences between Whigs and Democrats.

B) The Whigs did not succeed in rallying public interest in a major political issue.

C) The Whigs alienated nativists by actively seeking the immigrant vote.

D) The Whig nominee lost northern support by allying himself with the antislavery wing of the party.

E) The Whig nominee lost southern support by allying himself with the antislavery wing of the party.

Answer: D Page Ref: 449 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 33. What made Northerners so opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

A) It permitted slavery in all the states west of the Kansas and Nebraska territories.

B) It permitted slavery in all the states east of the Kansas and Nebraska territories.

C) It permitted slavery in an area where it had previously been prohibited.

D) It made it much more difficult for escaped slaves to find freedom in the North.

E) It abolished slavery in all the states west of the Kansas and Nebraska territories.

Answer: C Page Ref: 450 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 34. What ultimately resulted from the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? A) It shattered sectional harmony.

B) It revived support for an expansionist foreign policy.

C) It strengthened the political power of the Whig Party.

D) It had little effect on sectional tensions.

E) It never got the congressional support it needed for passage.

Answer: A Page Ref: 450 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 35. How did the Republican Party manage to gain so much support in the 1850s?

A) It was sympathetic toward immigrants.

B) It supported agricultural expansion.

C) It wanted to prohibit slavery in the territories.

D) It supported the Catholic Church.

E) It supported progressive labor laws.

Answer: C Page Ref: 453 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856

184 .

36. Why did the doctrine of popular sovereignty fail in the 1854 Kansas territorial government elections?

A) voter apathy B) illegal voting by Missouri residents C) a lack of enthusiasm from voters D) a lack of compelling candidates E) extremists’ destruction of polling centers Answer: B Page Ref: 454 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 37. What was revealed by the Republican Party’s nominating convention for the 1856 presidential election?

A) The party received broad-based support throughout the nation.

B) It was primarily a sectional party.

C) The party was made up of farmers and laborers.

D) The party was made of southern planters.

E) The party had to struggle in its first years of existence.

Answer: B Page Ref: 454 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 38. In the South, how was James Buchanan’s winning of the 1856 presidential election viewed?

A) with a temporary sense of relief B) as a long-term victory for the southern cause C) as a victory for Free-Soil supporters D) with a strong sense of dismay E) as evidence of the strength of the North’s threat Answer: A Page Ref: 455 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 39. What was true about the sectional quarrel between North and South during the 1840s and early 1850s?

A) It was primarily expressed in political terms.

B) It was entirely expressed in legal, constitutional terms.

C) It had little impact on the common man.

D) It was increasingly seen in cultural and intellectual terms.

E) It had reached an uneasy but peaceful stalemate by 1860.

Answer: D Page Ref: 456–457 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860

185 .

40. Which was the intended message of southern literature during the 1840s and 1850s?

A) Genteel southern civilization was superior to greedy northern culture.

B) Southerners should reevaluate their dependency on slavery.

C) Southerners should try to change their culture to be more like Northerners.

D) Southerners should maintain slavery but dismantle the plantation system.

E) Southern morals should be more strictly based on the Protestant ethic.

Answer: A Page Ref: 457 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 41. Most of the emotional impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin came from what?

A) its portrayal of Southerners as greedy, immoral barbarians B) its portrayal of northern abolitionists as heroic defenders of morality C) its evidence that slaves were just as evil as the slave owners D) its portrayal of slavery as a necessary evil that needed to be preserved E) its portrayal of slavery as a threat to the family and the cult of domesticity Answer: E Page Ref: 457 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 42. In the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision, which of the following was the one thing the Supreme Court did NOT rule?

A) An African American could not be a citizen of the United States.

B) Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in federal territories.

C) The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

D) The Democratic platform was unconstitutional.

E) Slaves could not pursue justice through the court system.

Answer: D Page Ref: 458 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 43. What was Abraham Lincoln’s position on slavery in his debates with Stephen Douglas?

A) He suggested a new balance between slave and free territories.

B) He took a position similar to Douglas on the issue of slavery.

C) He suggested that not opposing slavery was the same as endorsing it.

D) He differed with the Republican platform by supporting slavery in new territories.

E) He avoided discussing the issue of slavery altogether.

Answer: C Page Ref: 460 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860

186 .

44. What was the impact of John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry?

A) It increased southern fears of northern hostility.

B) It was condemned by most Northerners.

C) It had little effect on sectional tensions.

D) It united North and South in their condemnation of Brown.

E) It has been exaggerated by historians.

Answer: A Page Ref: 462 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 45. What ultimately led to the Republican success in the election of 1860?

A) Republicans compromised on the issue of slavery.

B) Republicans were able to win decisively in the North.

C) Republicans won significant southern support.

D) Abraham Lincoln offered the potential for sectional harmony.

E) The Democrats dropped out of the race.

Answer: B Page Ref: 464 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 46. How did Southerners react to Lincoln’s victory in the presidential election of 1860?

A) They celebrated the end of sectionalist tensions that plagued the nation.

B) They were optimistic that Lincoln would preserve their interests.

C) They redoubled their efforts to win the next congressional election.

D) They resigned themselves to being permanent minorities in America.

E) They launched a movement to secede from the Union.

Answer: E Page Ref: 465 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860 47. What was the difference between northern and southern evangelicalism in the mid-1800s?

A) Northern evangelicalism focused on self-discipline and social reform; southern evangelicalism focused on personal piety.

B) Northern evangelicalism focused on personal piety; southern evangelicalism focused on philanthropy.

C) Northern evangelicalism focused on the virtues of the family unit; southern evangelicalism focused on helping the poor.

D) Northern evangelicalism focused on philanthropy; southern evangelicalism focused on self-discipline.

E) Northern evangelicalism focused on conversion of the poor; southern evangelicalism focused on personal piety.

Answer: A Page Ref: 467 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: Explaining the Crisis

187 .

48. Why did the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, and California cause conflict in the United States?

A) The Constitution did not establish the status of slavery in future states, so whether or not those territories would allow slavery was hotly debated.

B) The new territories were all north of the Missouri Compromise line, which threatened to disrupt the balance between slave and free states.

C) The Missouri Compromise mandated that those territories should be free, but the economies of the territories were already completely dependent on slavery.

D) Mexico kept claiming the territories even after they had been annexed to the United States.

E) Citizens in those territories refused to pay taxes to a federal government that they did not support.

Answer: A Page Ref: 443 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Compromise of 1850 49. What do most modern historians believe was the underlying cause of the breakup of the Union?

A) religious leaders promising salvation or damnation to each side B) politicians and agitators stirring public opinion into a frenzy C) ideological differences over the morality and utility of slavery D) a clash of economic interests between agrarian and industrialized regions E) infighting within political parties Answer: C Page Ref: 465–466 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Explaining the Crisis 50. Why did the Republican Party call for “free soil” in the territories rather than freedom for African Americans?

A) Focusing on land rather than people would make it easier to pass legislation through Congress.

B) The party knew that achieving its dream of liberating all African Americans was unrealistic, so it settled on the compromise of “free soil.”

C) The party was focusing on “free soil” as a first step in the eventual freedom of all African Americans.

D) Putting the focus on the laws of the land rather than the freedom of African Americans would prevent isolating the hard line racists in the party.

E) Abolitionism conflicted with the North’s commitment to both white supremacy and the original constitutional compromise about slavery.

Answer: E Page Ref: 466 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Explaining the Crisis Essay 1. Discuss the major elements of the Compromise of 1850 and how they were an attempt to balance the requirements of pro- and antislavery factions in the United States. Why did the compromise ultimately fail?

Page Ref: 445–448 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Compromise of 1850

188 .

2. How did national political parties help to hold the Union together during the 1840s and early 1850s?

What role did the failure of the two-party system play in the breakup of the Union?

Page Ref: 448–456 Skill: Analytical Topic: Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 3. How did the people of each section increasingly view each other during the 1850s? What events intensified their fears and resentments? How did this lead to the breakup of the Union?

Page Ref: 456–465 Skill: Analytical Topic: The House Divided, 1857–1860

189 .

CHAPTER FIFTEEN SECESSION AND THE CIVIL WAR Multiple Choice 1. What caused seven states to secede from the Union before any shots had been fired?

A) the Compromise of 1850 B) John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry C) the election of President Lincoln D) the Emancipation Proclamation E) Lincoln’s plans to free the slaves Answer: C Page Ref: 472–473 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers 2. Which of the following southern states was the first to secede from the Union?

A) Kentucky B) Virginia C) Alabama D) South Carolina E) North Carolina Answer: D Page Ref: 472–473 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers 3. Cooperationists believed that the slave states ________.

A) should act as a unit rather than secede one at a time B) should remain in the Union C) should form a new union with northern states D) and the free states should simply find a way to get along E) should cooperate with Britain and France Answer: A Page Ref: 473 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers 4. The Confederate Constitution ________.

A) allowed the Atlantic slave trade to be reopened B) abolished the three-fifths clause in determining congressional representation C) prohibited free states from joining the new Confederacy D) allowed the government to impose protective tariffs E) required the government to protect slavery in the states and the territories Answer: E Page Ref: 473–476 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers

190 .

5. The Crittenden Compromise would have ________.

A) extended the Missouri Compromise to the Pacific B) abolished the Fugitive Slave Law C) denied federal compensation to the owners of escaped slaves D) guaranteed slavery in all new territories E) changed the Constitution to allow slavery to be abolished in all the states Answer: A Page Ref: 475 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers 6. Where was the capital of the Confederacy located?

A) Montgomery, Alabama B) Atlanta, Georgia C) Richmond, Virginia D) Savannah, Georgia E) Memphis, Tennessee Answer: C Page Ref: 477 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers 7. The first shots of the Civil War were fired at ________.

A) Fort Pickens B) Fort Sumter C) Manassas Junction D) Fort Henry E) Fort Donelson Answer: B Page Ref: 476 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers 8. Which one of the following states was NOT part of the Confederacy?

A) Missouri B) North Carolina C) Texas D) Tennessee E) Florida Answer: A Page Ref: 477 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers

191 .

9. Which was most common in determining whether a state supported the North or the South in the Civil War? A) ideology about slavery B) opinions about Lincoln’s presidency and whether he was a legitimate leader C) views on whether or not states had the right to secede from the Union D) economic interests E) religious convictions Answer: C Page Ref: 477 Skill: Factual Topic: The Storm Gathers 10. As a war leader, Jefferson Davis ________.

A) focused more on policymaking than controlling the military B) had an excellent relationship with his generals C) lacked initiative and leadership on the home front D) frequently used martial law to retain control E) had the full support of southern governors Answer: C Page Ref: 479–480 Skill: Factual Topic: Adjusting to Total War 11. In 1861, Lincoln declared martial law and suspended the _________ in the area between Philadelphia and Washington.

A) Constitution B) writ of habeas corpus C) right to bear arms D) freedom of speech protections E) right to vote Answer: B Page Ref: 481 Skill: Factual Topic: Adjusting to Total War 12. The first major battle of the war, at Bull Run, resulted in ________.

A) a Union victory B) a Confederate victory C) a bloody stalemate D) the capture of Washington, D. C. E) Sherman’s capture of Savannah, Georgia Answer: B Page Ref: 483 Skill: Factual Topic: Adjusting to Total War

192 .

13. The Union general who replaced Winfield Scott as commander of Union forces was ________.

A) Irvin McDowell B) Joseph Hooker C) Robert E. Lee D) William Tecumseh Sherman E) George McClellan Answer: E Page Ref: 483 Skill: Factual Topic: Adjusting to Total War 14. One of the bloodiest battles of the war was ________, which took place on September 17, 1862.

A) Shiloh B) Bull Run C) Vicksburg D) Gettysburg E) Antietam Answer: E Page Ref: 485 Skill: Factual Topic: Adjusting to Total War 15. The Emancipation Proclamation freed ________.

A) all slaves throughout the United States B) only slaves in the loyal border states C) only slaves in the western territories D) only slaves in the Confederate-controlled areas E) only children born in the future to those who were then slaves Answer: D Page Ref: 487 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish 16. Approximately what percentage of the slave population gained freedom during the war under the terms of the Emancipation Proclamation?

A) 1 percent B) 10 percent C) 25 percent D) 60 percent E) 100 percent Answer: C Page Ref: 489–490 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish

193 .

17. During the Civil War, about ________ African Americans served in the Union Army.

A) 10,000 B) 100,000 C) 200,000 D) 500,000 E) 1,000,000 Answer: C Page Ref: 489–490 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish 18. The Enrollment Act of March 1863 ________.

A) drafted white men but allowed them to hire a substitute or pay a fee to avoid service B) drafted black males into the armed forces but denied them pay for their service C) allowed black men to join the American armed forces for the first time D) required that all military service be voluntary rather than mandatory E) prohibited wealthy men from hiring substitutes or paying a fee to avoid service Answer: A Page Ref: 492 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish 19. Copperheads ________.

A) strongly supported the Emancipation Proclamation B) supported the growth of the federal government C) narrowly won victory in the 1864 election D) were militant antiwar activists E) were a group of wealthy industrialists who secretly financed the war Answer: D Page Ref: 492 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish 20. The Confederate 1863 victory at Chancellorsville cost the Confederacy the life of ________.

A) Jefferson Davis B) “Stonewall” Jackson C) Robert E. Lee D) William Tecumseh Sherman E) Ulysses S. Grant Answer: B Page Ref: 492 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish

194 .

21. The victory at ________ gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

A) Gettysburg B) Vicksburg C) Richmond D) Shiloh E) Fredericksburg Answer: B Page Ref: 492 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish 22. Lincoln’s opponent from the Democratic Party in the presidential election of 1864 was _______.

A) Jefferson Davis B) Stephen Douglas C) John Bell D) Ulysses S. Grant E) George McClellan Answer: E Page Ref: 494 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish 23. Who surrendered to the Union Army at Appomattox Courthouse in April of 1865?

A) Confederate President Jefferson Davis B) General Robert E. Lee C) General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson D) General Ulysses S. Grant E) Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens Answer: B Page Ref: 496 Skill: Factual Topic: Fight to the Finish 24. Approximately ________ soldiers died in the Civil War. A) 50,000 B) 125,000 C) 620,000 D) 950,000 E) 1,500,000 Answer: C Page Ref: 497 Skill: Factual Topic: Effects of the War

195 .

25. What did the Sanitary Commission promote?

A) cleanliness, nutrition, and medical care in northern army camps B) healthy drinking water in northern cities C) improved sewer systems in southern urban centers D) cleanliness in northern factories E) nutrition and medical care for freed or escaped slaves Answer: A Page Ref: 497 Skill: Factual Topic: Effects of the War 26. After Lincoln’s election, which best describes what happened in the upper South?

A) States there immediately seceded.

B) These states were afraid to secede since they were so close to the Union forces.

C) States there did not think that Lincoln’s election alone was a good enough reason to secede.

D) States there began taking steps to emancipate their slaves.

E) These states considered forming their own republic separate from the North and the Deep South.

Answer: C Page Ref: 475–477 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Storm Gathers 27. Which best describes the South’s goal in seceding from the Union?

A) to create a slave empire based on reactionary ideals B) to slowly get rid of slavery and exist as an independent nation C) to recreate the government of the British Isles D) to recreate the Union as it had been before the Republican Party E) to form a powerful nation that would eventually take over the North Answer: D Page Ref: 472–475 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Storm Gathers 28. Lincoln rejected the Crittenden compromise because _______.

A) he wanted to avoid war with the South B) war was by then inevitable C) extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific would solve the slavery issue D) the firing on Fort Sumter had begun the war E) he felt he had a mandate to oppose slavery Answer: E Page Ref: 475 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Storm Gathers

196 .

29. Which statement best describes Lincoln’s early military policy toward the Confederacy?

A) He wanted to take the South back by force as soon as possible.

B) He wanted the South to be responsible for starting the war.

C) He wanted the North to take the first military action.

D) He wanted the North to refrain from military action regardless of southern actions.

E) He wanted to start the war with a decisive Union victory in a key southern city.

Answer: B Page Ref: 476 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Storm Gathers 30. The attack on Fort Sumter ________.

A) was a prolonged and exceptionally bloody battle B) weakened the secession movement C) caused increasing opposition to the war in the North D) united northern opinion against the rebellion E) was the first southern defeat of the war Answer: D Page Ref: 476 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Storm Gathers 31. In the beginning, the Civil War was a ________.

A) struggle to free the slaves B) struggle to preserve the Union C) personal struggle between Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis D) struggle to preserve “King Cotton” E) struggle over control of new and future territories Answer: B Page Ref: 487 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fight to the Finish 32. Which statement best describes the Confederate constitution?

A) It was a loose collection of ideas rather than a formally drafted document.

B) It was very similar to the U.S. Constitution.

C) It was based on the British Constitution.

D) It was a subject of ongoing debate throughout the war.

E) It represented the desires of reactionary extremists in the South.

Answer: B Page Ref: 474 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Storm Gathers

197 .

33. To secure the necessary troops for the war, both the North and the South ________.

A) resorted to a draft B) forbade wealthy men to buy exemptions C) allowed women to join combat units D) hired mercenaries from Europe E) used “press gangs,” coercion, and blackmail to obtain soldiers Answer: A Page Ref: 480 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Adjusting to Total War 34. Which statement best describes the disparity in resources between the North and the South during the Civil War? A) The North had more factories and industrial workers than the South.

B) The value of industrial production was higher in the South.

C) The South had more textiles and firearms factories.

D) The South had more miles of railroad tracks than the North.

E) The North was unable to access its immigrant population for manpower.

Answer: A Page Ref: 480 Skill: Analytical Topic: Adjusting to Total War 35. During the war, the Confederate economy ________.

A) managed to produce a surplus of industrial goods B) easily evaded the effects of the northern blockade C) suffered from severe inflation D) actually benefited from the Emancipation Proclamation E) boomed, as most do during a war Answer: C Page Ref: 480 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Adjusting to Total War 36. Why was Lincoln angry with General McClellan after the battle at Antietam?

A) McClellan retreated while he still had a chance to win the battle.

B) McClellan killed Robert E. Lee rather than taking him prisoner.

C) McClellan lost the battle, despite having a clear advantage in the field.

D) McClellan lost too many men in the battle, which weakened the Union army.

E) McClellan was slow to pursue Robert E. Lee after the battle and let Lee escape.

Answer: E Page Ref: 484–486 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Adjusting to Total War

198 .

37. Why did northern sentiment to free the slaves increase as the war dragged on?

A) People began to realize that slavery was immoral.

B) People recognized that emancipation could be used as a weapon against the South’s economic and social systems.

C) Congress thought it would be easier to reintegrate the southern states into the Union if slavery were abolished.

D) Hatred for the South and the Confederacy had increased.

E) Strategists thought that a northern emancipation law might goad southern military leaders into making tactical mistakes.

Answer: B Page Ref: 487 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fight to the Finish 38. How did the Emancipation Proclamation change how each side viewed the war?

A) It made the South realize that slavery was not a sustainable system.

B) It allowed both sides to focus exclusively on fighting.

C) It made the South realize that it should re-enter the United States and fight for slavery in Congress.

D) It committed the North to abolishing slavery as a major aim of the war.

E) It made the South realize that secession had not been necessary.

Answer: D Page Ref: 487–490 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fight to the Finish 39. African-American soldiers did all of the following during the Civil War EXCEPT ________.

A) serve in segregated units under white officers B) make a vital contribution to the North’s victory C) serve in integrated units under black officers D) participate disproportionately in heavy labor behind the lines E) accept lower pay initially than their white counterparts Answer: C Page Ref: 389–392 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fight to the Finish 40. During the war, the North ________.

A) was plagued by the lack of manufactured goods B) suffered from a weak railroad system C) was plagued by a series of violent anti-draft riots D) finally overcame the problem of anti-African-American racism E) slowly began to starve Answer: C Page Ref: 392 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fight to the Finish

199 .

41. What caused the New York riot of July 1863?

A) a combination of racial prejudice and opposition to the draft B) a combination of fervent abolitionism and religious zeal C) a strong anti-immigrant sentiment D) economic desperation E) southern agitators who were trying to stir up trouble Answer: A Page Ref: 492 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fight to the Finish 42. Which identifies the main reason for Lincoln’s victory in the 1864 presidential campaign?

A) The Democratic Party failed to offer a strong candidate.

B) Northern morale was high throughout the war and Lincoln had few critics.

C) Heavy northern losses rallied the Republican Party behind him.

D) A string of northern military victories rallied the Republican Party behind Lincoln.

E) Lincoln ran unopposed.

Answer: D Page Ref: 494 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fight to the Finish 43. Which statement best characterizes Sherman’s march through Georgia?

A) Sherman defied Lincoln by refusing to implement a scorched-earth policy.

B) Sherman destroyed almost anything of military or economic value in his path.

C) Sherman destroyed cities, but was careful to do little damage to infrastructure.

D) Sherman avoided major population centers in order to travel as quickly as possible.

E) Sherman was careful not to alienate the local population.

Answer: B Page Ref: 494 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fight to the Finish 44. How did life change for women as a result of the Civil War? A) Men traumatized from the war were less choosy about marriage.

B) Northern women pushed the boundaries of their traditional roles.

C) Women were forced into more subservient roles than they had previously occupied.

D) Traditional gender inequalities were destroyed and women were seen as equals.

E) Women gained the right to vote during the post-war period.

Answer: B Page Ref: 497 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Effects of the War

200 .

45. Which statement best describes the situation for women in the South after the Civil War? A) The South remained more conservative about women’s role in the society than the North.

B) The South became more liberal about women’s role in the society than the North.

C) The situation for women in southern society did not change as a result of the war.

D) Women took the lead in criticizing the Confederate cause and repairing the relationship with the North.

E) Southern women became less active in the economy and the society as a result of the war.

Answer: A Page Ref: 498 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Effects of the War 46. After the war, many working class northern whites were ________.

A) eyeing unoccupied agricultural land in the South and considering taking up farming B) fearful that the abolition of slavery would have negative effects on workers in general C) hopeful that the crusade against slavery could broaden into a movement to help workers in general D) unemployed since the Confederate army had destroyed or disrupted so many northern industries E) feeling fierce anti-immigrant sentiments since so few immigrants had supported the Union cause Answer: C Page Ref: 498 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Effects of the War 47. As a result of the war, how did the American society change?

A) The United States became a better place for large corporations.

B) The United States became more reliant on individuals and small producers for economic progress.

C) The United States began to emulate nostalgic representations of life in the Old South.

D) The United States became more socialistic, and began to address the needs of the poor and the disadvantaged.

E) The United States became militantly anti-corporation.

Answer: A Page Ref: 498–499 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Effects of the War 48. Which identifies a key reason for the South’s defeat in the Civil War? A) The Confederacy lacked a single competent general to lead its troops.

B) Southern planters were reluctant to start growing food crops instead of cash crops.

C) Confederate armies lacked the conviction to fight a prolonged war with the North.

D) The South was too industrialized to adapt well to a wartime economy.

E) The northern troops were better individual soldiers than Confederate troops.

Answer: B Page Ref: 478–479 Skill: Analytical Topic: Adjusting to Total War

201 .

49. Why did Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina join the Confederacy only after the attack at Fort Sumter?

A) When given a choice of whether to fight for or against states that had already seceded, those states sided with the Confederacy.

B) When given a chance to join the Confederacy, those states joined because they thought they could convince the South to reunite with the North.

C) When given a chance to join the Confederacy, those states joined because they thought it would enhance their economic situation.

D) When given a chance to join the Confederacy, those states joined because they thought they could convince the other states to abolish slavery.

E) When given a chance to join the Confederacy, those states joined because they thought they could convince the North to accept secession.

Answer: A Page Ref: 476–477 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Storm Gathers 50. How did the role of government change as a result of the Civil War? A) More power was given to local governments instead of the state and federal levels.

B) The federal government became less involved in economic policy.

C) All constitutional restrictions on federal government were dissolved.

D) The federal government became recognized as supreme over state governments.

E) State governments were confirmed as being supreme over the federal government.

Answer: D Page Ref: 498 Skill: Analytical Topic: Effects of the War Essay 1. What arguments did secessionists develop to justify leaving the Union? What problems did secession create for both Lincoln’s administrations?

Page Ref: 472–477 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Storm Gathers 2. Compare the adjustments the North and South made to meet the demands of total war. What factors gave the North the advantage?

Page Ref: 477–487 Skill: Analytical Topic: Adjusting to Total War 3. Compare Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis as wartime leaders. To what extent were these differences due to differing conditions in the Union and the Confederacy?

Page Ref: 477–487 Skill: Analytical Topic: Adjusting to Total War

202 .

4. Evaluate the overall impact of emancipation on the outcome of the war.

Page Ref: 487–496 Skill: Analytical Topic: Fight to the Finish

203 .

CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE AGONY OF RECONSTRUCTION Multiple Choice 1. The term Reconstruction refers to the _______.

A) period immediately following the Civil War B) attempt to rebuild the city of Atlanta C) struggle at Gettysburg D) treatment of African Americans after emancipation E) attempt to change southern ideas about slavery Answer: A Page Ref: 503 Skill: Factual Topic: Robert Smalls and Black Politicians During Reconstruction 2. Who was Robert Smalls?

A) He was an African-American Congressman during Reconstruction.

B) He was a former general from the Union Army.

C) He was an official in the Confederate government.

D) He was a crucial advisor to President Lincoln.

E) He was a southern planter who refused to free his slaves.

Answer: A Page Ref: 503 Skill: Factual Topic: Robert Smalls and Black Politicians During Reconstruction 3. President Lincoln’s Reconstruction plans were committed to _______.

A) punishing the South for provoking the Civil War B) establishing racial equality for the freedmen C) sharing decisions with Congress on Reconstruction policies D) leniency towards the southern states to the Union E) protecting the rights of African-American citizens Answer: D Page Ref: 505 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 4. As early as 1863, Lincoln proposed a plan for restoring southern state governments if _______ percent of the 1860 voting population took a loyalty oath to the Union.

A) 5 B) 10 C) 20 D) 25 E) 50 Answer: B Page Ref: 506 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress

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5. Which of the following required 50 percent of southern voters to take an oath of loyalty to the Union before the southern states could regain their status as states?

A) Fourteenth Amendment B) Fifteenth Amendment C) Loyalty Act D) Tenure of Office Act E) Wade-Davis Bill Answer: E Page Ref: 506 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 6. President Lincoln’s response to the Wade-Davis Bill was to _______.

A) accept it completely B) reluctantly support it C) express no opinion on it D) stop it with a pocket veto E) ask Congress to reconsider Answer: D Page Ref: 506 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 7. The man who became president of the United States after Lincoln’s assassination was _______.

A) Robert E. Lee B) Andrew Johnson C) Ulysses S. Grant D) William H. Seward E) Andrew Jackson Answer: B Page Ref: 507 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 8. President Andrew Johnson was NOT a(n) _______.

A) southerner B) Democrat C) opponent of slave owners D) supporter of African-American rights E) Unionist Answer: D Page Ref: 507–509 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress

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9. President Andrew Johnson was eventually _______.

A) loved by most African Americans B) admired by wealthy southern planters C) opposed by Radical Republicans D) compromising in his actions and policies E) determined to carry on with Lincoln’s plans Answer: C Page Ref: 508 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 10. Which one of the following Constitutional Amendments abolished slavery?

A) Thirteenth B) Fourteenth C) Fifteenth D) Sixteenth E) Seventeenth Answer: A Page Ref: 509 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 11. Congressional Republicans believed that Reconstruction should _______.

A) guarantee that the southern ruling class would not regain power B) return the South to its prewar system, minus slavery C) treat the South as a conquered nation D) guarantee the civil rights of freedmen E) follow the plan that had been outlined by Lincoln Answer: A Page Ref: 510 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 12. The first bill ever passed over a presidential veto was the _______.

A) Wade-Davis Bill B) Freedmen’s Bureau extension bill C) Civil Rights Act of 1866 D) Tenure of Office Act E) First Reconstruction Act Answer: C Page Ref: 510 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress

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13. The congressional answer to Andrew Johnson’s resistance toward Radical Reconstruction was the _______.

A) Fourteenth Amendment B) Ten Percent plan C) Wade-Davis Bill D) Civil Rights Act E) Freedmen’s Bureau Bill Answer: A Page Ref: 511 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 14. Which of the following constitutional amendments was opposed by Andrew Johnson?

A) Thirteenth B) Fourteenth C) Fifteenth D) Sixteenth E) Seventeenth Answer: B Page Ref: 511 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 15. Which of the following constitutional amendments attempted to ensure the civil rights of former slaves?

A) Thirteenth B) Fourteenth C) Fifteenth D) Sixteenth E) Seventeenth Answer: B Page Ref: 511 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 16. The federal agency designed to assist former slaves in making the economic adjustment to freedom was known as the _______.

A) Freedmen’s Bureau B) Department of Education C) African-American Rights Association D) Liberty Association E) Southern Reconstruction Agency Answer: A Page Ref: 510 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress

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17. The First Reconstruction Act of 1867 _______.

A) recognized southern state governments as legitimate B) confiscated all property of ex-Confederates C) guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in southern elections D) supported the Black Codes E) placed the South under military rule Answer: E Page Ref: 512 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 18. The Reconstruction Acts _______.

A) gave freedmen the power to protect themselves B) led to a decade-long period of military rule C) were supported only by Radical Republicans D) readmitted states based on the number of freedmen E) were actually a retreat from true radicalism Answer: E Page Ref: 512 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 19. Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House for his violation of the _______.

A) Civil Rights Act of 1866 B) Tenure of Office Act C) Wade-Davis Bill D) Fourteenth Amendment E) Loyalty Act Answer: B Page Ref: 514 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress 20. Andrew Johnson was acquitted in the Senate because _______.

A) the President’s attorneys argued for a wide interpretation of “high crimes and misdemeanors” B) seven Republican senators broke with the party leadership and voted for acquittal C) the Senate knew that the House of Representatives would never vote for impeachment D) the prosecution argued that Stanton’s removal did not violate the Tenure of Office Act E) Republicans feared that Johnson’s removal would strengthen the executive branch Answer: B Page Ref: 514 Skill: Factual Topic: The President v. Congress

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21. During Reconstruction, most African Americans _______.

A) were able to become independent farmers B) lived in integrated urban societies C) remained agricultural workers D) had no opportunity for schooling E) left the South in overwhelming numbers Answer: C Page Ref: 518 Skill: Factual Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society 22. Which one of the following groups was not part of the southern Republican party of 1868?

A) businessmen hoping for government support B) poor white farmers C) newly enfranchised African Americans D) white planters E) “scalawags” and carpetbaggers Answer: D Page Ref: 520 Skill: Factual Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society 23. What amendment to the Constitution states that no person could be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude?

A) Eleventh B) Twelfth C) Thirteenth D) Fourteenth E) Fifteenth Answer: E Page Ref: 526 Skill: Factual Topic: Retreat from Reconstruction 24. The organization that symbolized most vividly the “white backlash” of the Reconstruction era was _______.

A) the Union League B) the Freedmen’s Bureau C) the Redeemers D) the White Citizens Council E) the Ku Klux Klan Answer: E Page Ref: 527 Skill: Factual Topic: Retreat from Reconstruction

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25. The Redeemers _______.

A) continued the policies established during Reconstruction B) offered new programs for working people and tenant farmers C) were loyal to the class structure of the antebellum South D) believed in the principles of laissez-faire and white supremacy E) were mostly members of the old planter aristocracy Answer: D Page Ref: 533 Skill: Factual Topic: Reunion and the New South 26. Which of the following statements reflects Lincoln’s view of Reconstruction?

A) Free amnesty for all southerners including those who had willingly aided the Confederacy.

B) Reconstruction would guarantee full political and civil equality for southern blacks.

C) Congress would determine the terms for readmission of the seceded states.

D) Pardons would be granted to all southerners who took an oath to the Union.

E) The president and Congress would work together to readmit the Confederate states.

Answer: D Page Ref: 508–509 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The President v. Congress 27. What was the main implication behind Black Codes?

A) Southerners were willing to allow African Americans legal equality.

B) Southerners wanted African Americans to return to positions of servitude.

C) Southerners were interested in improving the education of the freedmen.

D) The freedmen would be allowed to vote and participate in the political process.

E) The idea of “separate but equal” was unconstitutional and would not be allowed.

Answer: B Page Ref: 509 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The President v. Congress 28. After rejecting Johnson’s Reconstruction plan, what was the basis of Congress’s program?

A) social and moral regeneration of the South B) confiscation and redistribution of plantations C) enfranchisement of both the freedmen and ex-Confederates D) guarantees for the rights of all citizens with the Fourteenth Amendment E) pardons for members of the planter class who asked for them Answer: D Page Ref: 510–511 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The President v. Congress

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29. What was the main belief of the Radical Republicans?

A) that the process of Reconstruction should be completed quickly B) that the South should be treated with sympathy and compassion C) that Reconstruction policy should be initiated by the president D) that there was an inherent equality between races E) that southern society should be restructured before states were readmitted Answer: E Page Ref: 511 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The President v. Congress 30. How did President Johnson antagonize Republicans in Congress?

A) He called for an extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

B) He supported a civil rights bill to guarantee equality for African Americans.

C) He urged confiscation and redistribution of southern land.

D) He vetoed bills with strong Republican support.

E) He insisted on support for the Fourteenth Amendment as a condition of readmission.

Answer: D Page Ref: 510–511 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The President v. Congress 31. What was a result of the congressional elections of 1866?

A) Johnson’s Reconstruction policies were supported at the polls.

B) The Radical Republicans lost ground in Congress.

C) Democrats regained control of the House, but not the Senate.

D) Radical Reconstruction was strengthened and Johnson weakened.

E) Johnson’s reelection campaign got a big boost.

Answer: D Page Ref: 510–511 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The President v. Congress 32. What was the meaning of the phrase “regeneration before Reconstruction”?

A) restructuring southern society before readmission to the union B) funding the rehabilitation of those areas in the South damaged during the war C) transforming southern society, including land reform, before readmission D) repudiating the debts owed by the former Confederate states to the Union E) suspending military rule in the South until elections could take place Answer: A Page Ref: 512 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The President v. Congress

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33. Why did the House of Representatives impeach President Johnson?

A) because he dismissed officers in the southern military districts B) because he challenged the Tenure in Office Act by removing the Secretary of War C) because he vetoed the First and Second Reconstruction Acts D) because he attempted to abolish the Freedmen’s Bureau E) because he opposed the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment Answer: B Page Ref: 514 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The President v. Congress 34. What was the intent of many northerners who went south after the war?

A) They wanted to carry reforms to an area they felt needed change.

B) They wanted to keep African Americans adrift between slavery and freedom.

C) They wanted to acquire land and to fight for their own enfranchisement.

D) They wanted to ensure that the South would not embrace interracial democracy.

E) They wanted to oppose the Reconstruction plan of the Radical Republicans.

Answer: A Page Ref: 515 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society 35. How did former slaves’ ideas about their freedom conflict with the ideas of their northern allies?

A) Their northern allies wanted freed blacks to continue working on plantations for white planters, but African Americans did not want to return to plantation life.

B) Freed blacks wanted to move to the North and begin new lives, but their northern allies felt they needed to stay in the South.

C) Their northern allies felt that freed blacks should continue with their communal work system, but freed blacks wanted to take part in the piecework system.

D) Freed blacks wanted to move to new land of their own, while their northern allies felt they should remain on the land where their families had lived for generations.

E) Freed blacks wanted to continue with a family-based communal work system, but northerners wanted them to become individual wage earners.

Answer: E Page Ref: 516 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society

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36. How did the northern military help some former slaves work toward economic independence?

A) Northern soldiers were tasked with the assignment of teaching former slaves the practice of piecework.

B) The Union Army enforced the contract-labor system by making sure that southern planters offered flexible wages.

C) General Sherman issued an order that set aside the islands and coastal areas of South Carolina and Georgia for exclusive black occupancy.

D) The northern military established an economic base for former slaves in parts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

E) Union generals issued an order that led to the formation of the sharecropping system, which allowed black farmers to work their land free and clear.

Answer: C Page Ref: 516 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society 37. How did Black Codes seem like another form of slavery to African Americans?

A) Black Codes severely limited the legal and economic rights of African Americans.

B) Black Codes forced many African Americans to work for whites for free.

C) Black Codes made wage labor for African Americans a crime.

D) Black Codes restricted African Americans to the plantations where they had been enslaved.

E) Black Codes encouraged whites to join the militia to attack or murder African Americans.

Answer: A Page Ref: 519 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society 38. What was true about most southern African Americans who held political power during Reconstruction?

A) They alienated whites by pushing for massive land restriction.

B) They concentrated their efforts on educational and political reforms.

C) They used the Freedmen’s Bureau to oppress ex-Confederates.

D) They pushed for educational integration.

E) They were more corrupt than their white counterparts.

Answer: B Page Ref: 520 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society 39. Which of these tainted President Grant’s first term in office?

A) the Teapot Dome scandal B) congressional override of his veto C) failure of the Wade-Davis Bill D) the Crédit Mobilier scandal E) kickbacks given to Grant for lands taken from former members of the Confederacy Answer: D Page Ref: 530 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Retreat from Reconstruction

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40. Why were some American women angered by the Fifteenth Amendment?

A) It gave voting rights to white women, but not to African-American women.

B) White women did not want African Americans to have the right to vote.

C) It gave voting rights to African-American men, but not to any women.

D) It did not make the imposition of poll taxes, property qualifications, or literacy tests illegal.

E) It allowed African Americans to vote in the North, but not in the South.

Answer: C Page Ref: 526 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Retreat from Reconstruction 41. What was the main reason for the Ku Klux Klan’s success in the South after 1868?

A) popular support from whites of all social classes B) its centralized political organization C) its support from the southern state Republican governments D) the persistent threat of a violent black uprising E) the Force Act, which protected terrorist groups like the Klan Answer: A Page Ref: 527–528 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Retreat from Reconstruction 42. What is significant about the result of the disputed election of 1876?

A) It was the final Radical Republican victory.

B) It meant the end of the Reconstruction era.

C) It marked the beginning of a Republican resurgence nationwide.

D) It demonstrated the political power of southern African Americans.

E) It was resolved more quickly than anyone expected.

Answer: B Page Ref: 531–532 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reunion and the New South 43. What did Republican leaders agree to do in order to ensure the election of Rutherford Hayes?

A) offer lucrative positions to members of the electoral commission B) end federal support for southern radical regimes C) continue federal support for southern radical regimes D) support fraudulent elections with federal troops E) split control of southern state governments with Democrats Answer: B Page Ref: 531–532 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reunion and the New South

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44. In what way did white farmers resemble black southerners in their treatment at the hands of southern governments run by the Redeemers?

A) They were often denied the right to vote and were intimidated at the polls.

B) They were forced to pay high taxes on any imported goods from the North.

C) They were not allowed to own property and could work only for rich planters.

D) They could not borrow any federal money and were forced to give up their farms.

E) They were forced into deeper debt due to the crop lien system that favored local merchants.

Answer: E Page Ref: 534 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reunion and the New South 45. How might Reconstruction have been different if Lincoln had not been assassinated?

A) African Americans might have gained political and economic rights sooner, since Lincoln was a strong supporter of equal rights for all Americans.

B) Terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan would not have developed in the South and African Americans would not have been violently attacked.

C) Women would also have gained the right to vote, since Lincoln would have encouraged this in the Fifteenth Amendment.

D) Lincoln would have refused to allow any former Confederates to participate in the Republican government.

E) Since Lincoln favored more leniency toward the South, readmission of southern states might have happened more rapidly.

Answer: E Page Ref: 505 Skill: Analytical Topic: The President v. Congress 46. All of the following contributed to the rift that developed between President Johnson and Congressional Republicans EXCEPT _______.

A) the appointment of provisional southern governors B) the passage of the Black Codes C) the veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau bill D) the veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 E) the refusal to seat the recently elected southern delegation Answer: A Page Ref: 505–512 Skill: Analytical Topic: The President v. Congress

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47. Why did Andrew Johnson resist the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment?

A) Johnson felt that these laws did not grant equal rights to African Americans, and thus pushed for further legislation.

B) Johnson strongly supported states’ rights and felt that these laws did not allow states to manage their own affairs.

C) Johnson felt that by stating the rights of African Americans, state governments would be able to exploit legal loopholes.

D) Johnson believed that his Republican supporters would never vote for him again if he backed equal rights for African Americans.

E) Johnson knew that these laws would only encourage terrorist organizations to form in opposition to them.

Answer: B Page Ref: 511 Skill: Analytical Topic: The President v. Congress 48. How did the Redeemers restrict voting rights in the late 1870s and early 1880s?

A) African Americans were not allowed to vote at all and were kept away from the polls.

B) Any African Americans voting for Democrats had their votes discarded.

C) If African Americans tried to vote for Republicans, they were intimidated and threatened.

D) African Americans could vote only if they paid a fee to the Republican candidates.

E) African Americans risked losing their jobs if they tried to vote for any Democratic candidates.

Answer: C Page Ref: 534 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reunion and the New South 49. What was the legacy of Reconstruction for most African Americans?

A) the benefits of freedom B) poverty and discrimination C) land ownership D) skilled factory jobs E) successful entry into politics Answer: B Page Ref: 534–535 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reunion and the New South

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50. How did African Americans end up paying the heaviest price for the sectional reunion after Reconstruction?

A) African Americans lost an enormous amount of wealth and property during Reconstruction and by the end were reduced to poverty.

B) Congress made no efforts to address the rights of African Americans in their attempts to repair the damaged South during Reconstruction.

C) Although African Americans saw signs of equal rights at the start of Reconstruction, once it ended many of these rights were not enforced.

D) Many laws were passed by Congress during Reconstruction that deliberately restricted the rights of newly freed slaves.

E) African Americans who left the South for the North after the Civil War found that their rights became restricted as Reconstruction progressed.

Answer: C Page Ref: 531–536 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reunion and the New South; Conclusion: Henry McNeal Turner and the “Unfinished Revolution” Essay 1. Analyze the political struggle between the presidency and Congress over how to reconstruct the Union.

What was at stake in this contest?

Page Ref: 505–515 Skill: Analytical Topic: The President v. Congress 2. Why did the South have such a difficult time restoring its economy? How did sharecropping reduce many African Americans to permanent tenant-farmer status?

Page Ref: 515–524 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society 3. What groups comprised the southern Republican party during Reconstruction? What motivated each to support the Republicans? Why did the southern Republican party fail?

Page Ref: 515–531 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reconstructing Southern Society; Retreat from Reconstruction 4. What was the role of the North in the failure of Reconstruction?

Page Ref: 531–535 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reunion and the New South

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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN THE WEST: EXPLOITING AN EMPIRE Multiple Choice 1. How did mapmakers refer to the Great Plains region of the United States between 1825 and 1860?

A) the Barren Plains B) the Rockies Region C) the Great American Desert D) the Great Frontier E) Indian Country Answer: C Page Ref: 542 Skill: Factual Topic: Beyond the Frontier 2. In 1865, about how many Native Americans were living in the western half of the United States?

A) 10,000 B) 250,000 C) 500,000 D) 750,000 E) 1,000,000 Answer: B Page Ref: 543 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 3. Which of the following Native American groups were peaceful farmers and herdsmen?

A) the Sioux B) the Kiowa C) the Seminole D) the Pueblo peoples E) the Comanche Answer: D Page Ref: 543–544 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 4. By 1880, about how many Native Americans lived in California?

A) 20,000 B) 30,000 C) 40,000 D) 50,000 E) 60,000 Answer: A Page Ref: 544 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans

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5. Which of the following tribes were not Plains Indians?

A) the Hopi B) the Cheyenne C) the Sioux D) the Comanche E) the Arapaho Answer: A Page Ref: 543–544 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 6. What is the best way to characterize the Plains tribes?

A) as sedentary and pacific B) as fishermen and farmers C) as nomadic and warlike D) as practitioners of human sacrifice E) as builders of great cities Answer: C Page Ref: 544 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 7. What was the center of the socioeconomic life of the Plains tribes?

A) the sun B) grain cultivation C) the buffalo D) the elk E) war Answer: C Page Ref: 544 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 8. Besides buffalo, what other animal was central to the Plains Indians’ economy and culture?

A) the dog B) the elks C) deer D) the horse E) the jackrabbit Answer: D Page Ref: 544 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans

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9. In the 1850s, government policy changed toward Native Americans in that now the government ________.

A) exterminated them B) defined boundaries for each tribe C) gave each Native American “40 acres and a mule” for farming D) provoked intertribal warfare E) ignored them and hoped they would eventually die out Answer: B Page Ref: 545 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 10. Who led the massacre at Sand Creek in 1864?

A) William J. Fetterman B) George A. Custer C) William Sherman D) John Chivington E) Joseph Smith Answer: D Page Ref: 545 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 11. Which of the following involved the largest Native American army ever assembled in the United States?

A) the Battle of Wounded Knee B) the Battle of Sand Creek C) the Battle of the Little Bighorn D) the Fetterman Massacre E) the “Trail of Tears” Answer: C Page Ref: 548 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 12. By 1890, many of the Teton Sioux turned to the ritual of ________, hoping that it would bring back Native American lands.

A) the Ghost Dance B) the Sun Dance C) human sacrifice D) Catholicism E) the Great White Father Answer: A Page Ref: 549 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans

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13. In 1871, Congress ________.

A) stopped dealing with Native American tribes as sovereign nations B) started dealing with Native American tribes as sovereign nations C) tried to restore lands to Native Americans D) rejected the Dawes Act E) began a systematic slaughter of all Native Americans still living in tribes Answer: A Page Ref: 549–450 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 14. What was considered the final blow to the Plains Indians’ way of life?

A) the deaths of the major Native American leaders B) the extermination of the buffalo herds C) incessant tribal warfare D) the reservation system E) the introduction of crop farming Answer: B Page Ref: 549 Skill: Factual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 15. The first movement west ________.

A) headed for the Middle Plains region B) focused on the Southwest C) rushed to Oregon and California D) followed the traditional path of earlier settlers E) steered toward the Great Lakes region Answer: C Page Ref: 552 Skill: Factual Topic: Settlement of the West 16. The control of what became a dominant issue in the western Great Plains?

A) gold and silver mines B) grazing rights C) water D) the land E) the routes of the great cattle drives Answer: C Page Ref: 555 Skill: Factual Topic: Settlement of the West

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17. What was a common sight for pioneers heading west on the Oregon and other trails?

A) the bleached bones of those who had gone before B) menacing bands of hostile Indians C) piles of trash discarded by previous travelers D) towns in which gambling and drinking predominated E) cattle drives heading north Answer: C Page Ref: 553 Skill: Factual Topic: Settlement of the West 18. Which of the following were the West’s largest landowners?

A) railroad companies B) immigrants C) eastern settlers D) Native Americans E) Mexicans Answer: A Page Ref: 554 Skill: Factual Topic: Settlement of the West 19. Which federal law in 1902 used the proceeds from land sales to finance irrigation projects in the West?

A) the National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act) B) the Timber Culture Act C) the Timber and Stone Act D) the Homestead Act E) the Western Watering Act Answer: A Page Ref: 555 Skill: Factual Topic: Settlement of the West 20. Which of the following industries was the first to attract large numbers of people to the West?

A) cattle ranching B) farming C) fur trapping D) herding E) mining Answer: E Page Ref: 558 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bonanza West

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21. Where did the techniques of the western cattle industry originate?

A) Mexico B) Spain C) New England D) the plantation South E) the Midwest Answer: A Page Ref: 561 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bonanza West 22. Who was largely responsible for the idea of driving cattle from Texas to railheads?

A) William Hickok B) Joseph G. McCoy C) Charles Goodnight D) Henry Comstock E) Hank Chisholm Answer: B Page Ref: 561 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bonanza West 23. Approximately 50 percent of cowboys driving the great herds from Texas to city markets in the 1870s were ________.

A) Asian Americans B) African Americans and Mexicans C) Europeans D) Native Americans E) women Answer: B Page Ref: 561–562 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bonanza West 24. Where did the “final fling” of settlement on the western frontier occur?

A) California B) Oklahoma C) Missouri D) Oregon E) Arizona Answer: B Page Ref: 568 Skill: Factual Topic: The Bonanza West

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25. Who was Frederick Jackson Turner?

A) the founder of the National Grange B) the historian who first developed the frontier thesis C) the most notorious of the western badmen D) the discoverer of the Comstock Lode E) a famous wagon train boss Answer: B Page Ref: 568 Skill: Factual Topic: Conclusion: The Meaning of the West 26. What were some of the challenges of settling the land west of the Mississippi River in the late 1800s?

A) The region got little rainfall, and there was little lumber available for housing.

B) The region was frequently flooded by its rivers, which made farming difficult.

C) The Great Plains had many deserts and this made travel and farming difficult.

D) The region had various Native American groups who would not leave their land.

E) The Great Plains were known for their severe and unpredictable weather patterns.

Answer: A Page Ref: 542 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Beyond the Frontier 27. Which statement best describes the Plains Indians?

A) They were organized into one large and powerful tribal group.

B) They were an insignificant proportion of the total Native American population in the United States in 1870.

C) They were a complex of tribes, cultures, and bands that assigned most work on the basis of gender.

D) They were at a distinct disadvantage when fighting whites because of their weapons.

E) They had advanced farming techniques and complex building structures.

Answer: C Page Ref: 544 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 28. Which of the following was NOT a factor in the U.S. government’s abandonment of the policy of one large reservation for Native Americans after 1851?

A) Wagon trains hoped to cross the Great Plains without hindrances.

B) Prospectors kept finding more gold and silver all over the West.

C) Indians had traditional rivalries and needed to be kept apart.

D) A transcontinental railroad was being planned across the land.

E) The government wanted to clear the way for settlement.

Answer: C Page Ref: 545 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans

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29. Which of the following statements describes government policy toward Native Americans in the 1860s?

A) It ignored or opposed tribal organization.

B) It was consistent but not successful because of tribal organization.

C) It was formulated by humanitarians who wanted to preserve tribal organization.

D) It was a failure because the Indians insisted on being farmers.

E) It was based on a system of hierarchy toward various groups.

Answer: A Page Ref: 545–549 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 30. Why did American reformers argue against segregating Native Americans on reservations?

A) They thought Native Americans should be sent to the North where they could live freely.

B) They felt that reservations took too much land away from white settlers.

C) They felt that Native Americans should be allowed to live their traditional lifestyles in the West.

D) They believed that Native Americans should be assimilated into white American culture.

E) They felt that reservations should include both Native Americans and white settlers.

Answer: D Page Ref: 547–549 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 31. How did the Dawes Severalty Act of 1877 try to “civilize” Native Americans?

A) by turning them into landowning ranchers and farmers B) by making public education compulsory on reservations C) by threatening to exterminate Indians if they refused to adopt white culture D) by sending Christian missionaries to convert Indians E) by arranging for their children to be fostered out to white families Answer: A Page Ref: 547 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 32. All of the following were part of the national government’s policy toward Native Americans from the early 1870s to the mid-1880s EXCEPT ________.

A) signing separate peace treaties with specific Indian tribes B) trying Native Americans in federal courts C) giving individual Native Americans parcels of land D) assimilating Native Americans into urban life E) establishing Native American schools Answer: D Page Ref: 547–549 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Crushing the Native Americans

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33. What was the main reason most people moved west between 1870 and 1900?

A) to seek freedom from religious persecution B) to escape the drab routine of factory life C) to escape the diseased conditions of crowded eastern cities D) to improve their economic situation E) to escape from invading Native American groups Answer: D Page Ref: 551 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Settlement of the West 34. Which of the following phrases describes the journey for most settlers westward?

A) All members of the journey had tasks to fulfill on the trail.

B) Only men migrated westward.

C) Most settlers tried to make the journey as quickly as possible.

D) The journey was easier for men than women.

E) It was a disciplined and efficient enterprise.

Answer: A Page Ref: 552 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Settlement of the West 35. Why is it not accurate to say that people moved westward to settle the American West in the 1870s and 1880s?

A) because many people in the Northwest traveled southeast to the Great Plains B) because Mexicans traveled north and Asians traveled east to settle in the West C) because Mexicans traveled east from California to settle in the Great Plains D) because western Europeans traveled east in order to settle in the West E) because Asians in the West traveled east to reach the Great Plains Answer: B Page Ref: 552 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Settlement of the West 36. Why did the Homestead Act of 1862 not work as Congress had hoped?

A) It charged too much for government land.

B) The land allotments were insufficient for farming arid land.

C) It did not adequately convert Native Americans to farming.

D) Gold was discovered on land set aside for farming.

E) Too few settlers were willing to migrate to the West.

Answer: B Page Ref: 554 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Settlement of the West

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37. In what way did the National Reclamation Act of 1902 help settlement in the West?

A) It restricted immigration from Asia and parts of Europe so that there would be more land for Easterners moving west.

B) It reclaimed hundreds of acres of land from Native Americans and made it available to white settlers.

C) It restricted cattle to specific areas of land, so that farmers would have more land for cultivation.

D) It gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay a registration fee and cultivate the land for five years.

E) It financed irrigation projects, such as dams and canals, which brought water to the area.

Answer: E Page Ref: 555 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Settlement of the West 38. What contributed to the late nineteenth century Southwest being largely Spanish American?

A) The heavy Spanish influence there was due to the original Spanish settlers.

B) There were very few Anglo-Americans who wanted to settle the Southwest.

C) It was originally part of Mexico and many Mexicans still had communities there.

D) Mexico did not allow people from the eastern United States to settle there.

E) English settlers were reluctant to learn Spanish, so they settled elsewhere.

Answer: A Page Ref: 556–557 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Settlement of the West 39. What caused “instant cities” to arise in the West in the late nineteenth century?

A) City builders rushed to the West to take advantage of the cheap land.

B) People rushed to the West for economic opportunities, and cities sprang up quickly.

C) Easterners were anxious to replicate the cities they had left and built quickly.

D) Building materials were so cheap that it made sense to build an entire city instantly instead of letting it develop over time.

E) White settlers took over western settlements that had already been built by Native Americans.

Answer: B Page Ref: 558 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West 40. What was the significance of the Big Bonanza in 1873?

A) It made Henry Comstock the richest man in the world.

B) It was the largest wheat farm on the Great Plains.

C) It was discovered near Pike’s Peak in California.

D) It was the richest discovery in the history of mining.

E) It indirectly led to an uprising of Sioux Indians.

Answer: D Page Ref: 559 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West

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41. What was the cause of the great decrease in the number of Chinese immigrants in the late nineteenth century?

A) Chinese laborers were treated so poorly in the West that fewer immigrants wanted to come to the United States.

B) China severely restricted immigration to the United States beginning in the 1880s.

C) The Homestead Act did not apply to Chinese immigrants and thus there was no land available for them.

D) Many Chinese laborers found better work in Europe than in the United States.

E) The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspended immigration of Chinese laborers.

Answer: E Page Ref: 560 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West 42. What stimulated the western cattle industry?

A) court decisions that allowed livestock to be transported across state lines B) the discovery of precious metals that made money available for investment in ranching C) railroads and a population increase in the eastern United States D) a decline in the amount of beef imported to the United States E) dietary changes in the eastern United States Answer: C Page Ref: 560 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West 43. Ranching was changing in each of the following ways by the late 1800s EXCEPT ________.

A) ranchers were fencing off their lands and reducing the size of their herds B) ranchers were crossbreeding the longhorns with Hereford and Angus bulls C) ranches were getting larger D) some ranchers were abandoning cattle in favor of raising sheep E) ranchers were growing hay for winter fodder Answer: C Page Ref: 563 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West 44. What was the main cause of the increase in the number of farmers in the West after 1870?

A) the decline of ranching B) failed miners looking for new opportunities C) the American belief in economic opportunity in the West D) an increase in the birthrate of the western farmers E) advances in farming by irrigation Answer: C Page Ref: 564 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West

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45. How did barbed wire change the lives of farmers on the Great Plains?

A) It allowed farmers to establish the boundaries of their farms, which had not previously been possible.

B) It made it possible for farmers to leave their farms for extended periods of time.

C) It helped farmers get cattle to northern markets along the cattle trails.

D) It kept Native Americans away from their farms so that their land was protected.

E) It ended the era of vast open ranges.

Answer: E Page Ref: 564 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West 46. Which of these made bonanza farms possible?

A) the Homestead Act B) agricultural machinery C) the National Reclamation Act D) cattle drives E) irrigation Answer: B Page Ref: 566 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West 47. Why did Oliver H. Kelley first organize the Grange in 1867?

A) to provide social, cultural, and educational activities for farmers B) to allow farmers to have a say in government C) to organize farmers into a union for collective bargaining D) to keep peace between farmers and cattlemen in the West E) to provide collective insurance for farmers and their land Answer: A Page Ref: 566 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Bonanza West 48. What debate existed in the 1860s between whites in the East and West over what to do about Native Americans?

A) Easterners wanted a peaceful policy of assimilation, while those in the West who feared attacks, wanted a firmer control over Native Americans.

B) Easterners wanted Native Americans to be segregated on reservations, while those in the West wanted Native Americans to be assimilated into white society.

C) Easterners wanted Native Americans to move further west, while Westerners believed they should be allowed to stay where they were.

D) Easterners felt that until Native Americans were fully controlled, they could not have any rights, whereas Westerners wanted them to have equal rights.

E) Easterners felt that Native Americans should be allowed to live their traditional nomadic lifestyles, while Westerners wanted them to be assimilated into American culture.

Answer: A Page Ref: 547 Skill: Analytical Topic: Crushing the Native Americans

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49. What does the following quote from a historian mean regarding western migration? “The quest for something new would take place in the context of the very familiar.”

A) Families would only migrate to the West after they had sent an individual ahead who would report back to them.

B) People only migrated in family groups if they already had family established out West.

C) Families tended to travel back and forth between their old homes and their new homes until they felt entirely comfortable out West.

D) Most families who traveled west had experience with migration before and thus, the trip was not new to them.

E) People made every effort to keep their migration experience as familiar as possible, including traveling in family groups.

Answer: E Page Ref: 552 Skill: Analytical Topic: Settlement of the West 50. How do the views of “new Western historians” contrast with Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis about the westward migration?

A) Turner viewed the migration as a fluid back and forth between the East and West, but new historians point out that very few families who migrated west returned east.

B) Turner viewed the migration as a mix of cultures struggling to get along with Native Americans, but new historians point out that many Native Americans were helpful to the new settlers.

C) Turner saw the migration as a wave of white migrants who traveled west, but new historians look at it as a set of various groups moving in many directions and interacting with each other.

D) Turner saw the migration as a long process, but new historians have pointed out that the entire wave of migration was very concentrated and took place over a relatively short period of time.

E) Turner viewed the migration as a very negative experience for the travelers, but new historians point out that the experience was both positive and negative.

Answer: C Page Ref: 569 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: The Meaning of the West Essay 1. How did the environment of the Great Plains differ from that of the eastern United States? What problems did this pose for farmers?

Page Ref: 541–543; 558–568 Skill: Analytical Topic: Beyond the Frontier; The Bonanza West 2. What factors contributed to the defeat of the Plains Indians?

Page Ref: 543–551 Skill: Analytical Topic: Crushing the Native Americans 3. What government policies facilitated the settlement and development of the West?

Page Ref: 551–557 Skill: Analytical Topic: Settlement of the West

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4. Contrast life on the western frontier for the miner, the cattleman, and the farmer. What social and economic factors contributed to the lifestyle developed by each group?

Page Ref: 558–568 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Bonanza West

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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Multiple Choice 1. The most important advances in industrialization in the U.S. ________.

A) occurred during the last third of the nineteenth century B) were developed during the Civil War C) had developed in western Europe by 1900 D) had little effect on the American economy E) began in the first years of the twentieth century Answer: A Page Ref: 587 Skill: Factual Topic: An Industrial Empire 2. American industrial growth was concentrated in the ________.

A) Southwest B) Northeast C) Pacific D) Southeast E) Midwest Answer: B Page Ref: 575 Skill: Factual Topic: Industrial Development 3. The technical innovation of the nineteenth century with the widest impact was ________.

A) the Kodak camera B) the oil well C) the automobile D) the railroad E) the steam ship Answer: D Page Ref: 576 Skill: Factual Topic: An Empire on Rails 4. The development of a national railway system ________.

A) provided needed jobs for an overabundant labor supply B) had little effect on economic changes in the late nineteenth century C) led to an integrated national economic system D) had little help from the political system E) was not completed until the early twentieth century Answer: C Page Ref: 575 Skill: Factual Topic: Industrial Development

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5. Rapid rail construction after the Civil War was possible because ________.

A) there was little competition between the builders B) the rail companies managed their money and land wisely C) federal and state governments provided important incentives D) the western half of the nation was uninhabitable E) the South was eager to participate Answer: C Page Ref: 577 Skill: Factual Topic: An Empire on Rails 6. A major change in the railroad industry after the Civil War was the development of ________.

A) major railroad trunk lines B) competition between owners for local markets C) regional marketplaces D) international rail systems E) a greater number of small rail companies Answer: A Page Ref: 579 Skill: Factual Topic: An Empire on Rails 7. The two transcontinental railroad lines met at ________.

A) Sacramento, California B) Reno, Nevada C) Promontory, Utah D) Santa Fe, New Mexico E) Salt Lake City, Utah Answer: C Page Ref: 581 Skill: Factual Topic: An Empire on Rails 8. By 1894, American railroads ________.

A) had difficulty finding the capital to expand B) suffered from competition and overexpansion C) had consolidated into four major lines D) had eliminated competition E) were at the peak of their bargaining power Answer: B Page Ref: 580–582 Skill: Factual Topic: An Empire on Rails

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9. The most important figure in American finance was ________.

A) J. P. Morgan B) Andrew Carnegie C) Andrew Mellon D) Albert Fink E) E. F. Hutton Answer: A Page Ref: 582 Skill: Factual Topic: An Empire on Rails 10. After 1870, the measure of a nation’s industrial progress was determined by ________.

A) the production of steel B) the production of iron C) the number of railroad lines D) agricultural output E) per capita exports Answer: A Page Ref: 583 Skill: Factual Topic: An Industrial Empire 11. The company to become the first billion-dollar company was ________.

A) Thomson Steel Works B) Standard Oil C) Westinghouse D) U.S. Steel E) American Telephone and Telegraph Answer: D Page Ref: 585 Skill: Factual Topic: An Industrial Empire 12. The first modern trust was ________.

A) United States Steel B) the Northern Securities Company C) Standard Oil D) Carnegie Steel E) the Pennsylvania Railroad Answer: C Page Ref: 586 Skill: Factual Topic: An Industrial Empire

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13. The most important development in the communications system in late nineteenth-century America was the ________.

A) telephone B) post office C) telegraph D) radio E) transatlantic cable Answer: A Page Ref: 588 Skill: Factual Topic: An Industrial Empire 14. Which two were the most important developments of the late nineteenth century?

A) the typewriter and calculating machine B) the telephone and the light bulb C) factories and the sewing machine D) the telegraph and processed meat E) automobiles and the assembly line Answer: B Page Ref: 588–589 Skill: Factual Topic: An Industrial Empire 15. The greatest inventor of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America was ________.

A) Cyrus Field B) Thomas A. Edison C) Henry Bessemer D) J. P. Morgan E) Eli Whitney Answer: B Page Ref: 589–590 Skill: Factual Topic: An Industrial Empire 16. Which of the following individuals was NOT an innovator in retailing in the late nineteenth century?

A) R. H. Macy B) Cyrus Field C) John Wanamaker D) Richard W. Sears E) Alvah C. Roebuck Answer: B Page Ref: 591 Skill: Factual Topic: The Sellers

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17. The development of brand names, chain stores, and mail order houses ________.

A) drove the prices of goods upward B) confused consumers C) had little effect on the buying public D) created a gulf between consumer and producer E) provided convenience and standardization Answer: E Page Ref: 592 Skill: Factual Topic: The Sellers 18. Most working women ________.

A) were young and single B) were married with children C) were African American D) had many professional opportunities E) were widows or single mothers Answer: A Page Ref: 593 Skill: Factual Topic: The Wage Earners 19. In comparison to male workers, female workers in the late 1800s ________.

A) received equal pay for equal work B) moved into white collar jobs formerly monopolized by men C) reaped the rewards of the industrial system D) were respected as important income earners E) generally had female managers Answer: B Page Ref: 593 Skill: Factual Topic: The Wage Earners 20. Which of the following groups received the greatest rewards from industrialization?

A) white, native-born females B) foreign-born males C) African-American males D) white, native-born males E) skilled workers in all categories Answer: D Page Ref: 595 Skill: Factual Topic: The Wage Earners

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21. Why did the Knights of Labor fail?

A) A major defeat weakened the group.

B) It was unable to organize the workers.

C) It had no successful strikes.

D) It was unable to develop a set of objectives.

E) Terence Powderly was imprisoned.

Answer: A Page Ref: 596 Skill: Factual Topic: Culture of Work 22. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor ________.

A) believed workers would rise in stature B) organized skilled and unskilled workers C) emphasized economic goals for workers D) organized a majority of the workers E) hoped all workers could eventually become self-employed Answer: C Page Ref: 596–598 Skill: Factual Topic: Culture of Work 23. Concerning women workers, the American Federation of Labor ________.

A) enthusiastically supported their needs B) either ignored or opposed them as members C) brought important changes in the work place D) allowed them into leadership positions E) encouraged all producing women to join Answer: B Page Ref: 598 Skill: Factual Topic: Culture of Work 24. The principle of the “iron law of wages” stated that ________.

A) the welfare of the workers dictated wages B) supply and demand regulated wages C) all workers should be treated the same D) the quality of work should be determined by managers E) wages should remain unchanged as long as possible Answer: B Page Ref: 599 Skill: Factual Topic: Culture of Work

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25. What was the most important impact of the Haymarket Riot?

A) The eight-hour day became widely accepted.

B) The AFL folded.

C) Labor organizations became linked with anarchism.

D) The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed unanimously.

E) The labor movement ended.

Answer: C Page Ref: 600 Skill: Factual Topic: Culture of Work 26. What effect did the American government have on industrial growth?

A) It followed a policy of laissez-faire.

B) It closely regulated the pace of growth.

C) It provided incentives for growth.

D) It balanced agrarian and industrial demands.

E) It increased taxes on industry.

Answer: C Page Ref: 575 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Industrial Development 27. Which of the following was NOT a factor in American industrial development?

A) an abundance of natural resources B) a heavy influx of immigrants C) new technological innovations D) industrialization of the South after the Civil War E) an abundance of labor Answer: D Page Ref: 575 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Industrial Development 28. How were American railroads different from European railroads?

A) American railroads connected only major cities, whereas older European railroads connected small towns as well.

B) European railroads employed workers from the upper class, whereas American railroad workers were from the lowest class in society.

C) European railroads brought goods to places that could not be reached any other way, whereas American railroads could reach only metropolitan areas.

D) Trains on American railroads were not able to travel as far or as fast as European trains because the land on which they traveled was undeveloped.

E) European railroads were built between already existing towns, but American railroads often created the towns that they served.

Answer: E Page Ref: 576–577 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Empire on Rails

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29. Why didn’t early American railroads actually link different regions to each other?

A) They did not have enough steel to make the tracks very long.

B) They were only built to bring goods from one city to another.

C) They had different schedules and incompatible gauges.

D) They were only affordable to the richest passengers.

E) They were built with inferior equipment and were constantly breaking down.

Answer: C Page Ref: 579 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Empire on Rails 30. What is the significance of the adoption of a standard gauge for all railroads?

A) It allowed all rails to be built of steel instead of inferior quality metal.

B) It allowed trains to travel on all tracks, thus integrating the entire system.

C) It kept all trains running to coordinate their schedules.

D) It allowed tracks to be built on both government and private lands.

E) It kept the trains from derailing so often and so disastrously.

Answer: B Page Ref: 579 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Empire on Rails 31. Which of the following lists industrial developments in proper chronological order?

A) the completion of the first transcontinental railroad, formation of the first trust, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation B) the formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, formation of the first trust, completion of the first transcontinental railroad C) the formation of the first trust, completion of the first transcontinental railroad, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation D) the formation of the first trust, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, completion of the first transcontinental railroad E) the formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, completion of the first transcontinental railroad, the formation of the first trust Answer: A Page Ref: 580–583 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Empire on Rails; An Industrial Empire 32. Which of the following individuals is INCORRECTLY associated with the industry he helped to found?

A) Andrew Carnegie: steel B) J. P. Morgan: finance C) Henry Bessemer: railroads D) John Rockefeller: oil E) William Kelly: steel Answer: C Page Ref: 583 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Industrial Empire

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33. What was the reason for Andrew Carnegie’s success?

A) He inherited a large family fortune.

B) He understood how to organize steel industry management.

C) He shared profits with his workers.

D) He had no competition from other producers.

E) He had worked in the steel industry since childhood.

Answer: B Page Ref: 583–584 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Industrial Empire 34. What was the result of Andrew Carnegie’s sale of Carnegie Steel?

A) J. P. Morgan combined it with other steel companies into the U.S. Steel Corporation.

B) It led to the formation of the first American trust.

C) It inspired John D. Rockefeller to sell his Standard Oil Company.

D) It led to the building of the Brooklyn Bridge, the largest steel structure in the world.

E) Charles Schwab bought it and combined it with National Steel to form the largest steel company in the United States.

Answer: A Page Ref: 584 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Industrial Empire 35. Why did John D. Rockefeller reject competition among oil companies?

A) He believed that consolidation, not competition, created stronger companies.

B) He did not want to be forced to lower his prices to consumers.

C) He felt that other oil companies were inferior to his company.

D) He believed that competition would only weaken his own company.

E) He felt that his company needed to develop before it could compete with others.

Answer: A Page Ref: 584 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Industrial Empire 36. What was the consequence of the formation of the Standard Oil Trust?

A) The federal government passed legislation to stop further trusts from forming.

B) Other industries followed its lead and trusts became common in America.

C) John D. Rockefeller lost control of his company.

D) Other oil companies began to compete with Standard Oil over prices.

E) It became famous as the only trust ever formed in the United States.

Answer: B Page Ref: 586 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Industrial Empire

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37. What was one result of the proliferation of patents in the late nineteenth century?

A) The country got most of its technology from Europe.

B) The marketplace was oversaturated with goods.

C) Americans no longer imported most of their technology.

D) Few Americans participated in the economic changes.

E) Americans began to fear technology.

Answer: C Page Ref: 587 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Industrial Empire 38. What was the significance of American Telephone and Telegraph?

A) It was the first telephone company in the United States.

B) It was formed in order to boost competition between local phone companies.

C) For many years, AT&T was the only phone company in the United States.

D) It combined various telegraph and telephone companies into a single monopoly.

E) It was an example of a holding company.

Answer: E Page Ref: 587 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Industrial Empire 39. What was the significance of Thomas Edison’s laboratory at Menlo Park?

A) It was where Edison first invented the telegraph.

B) It was the first modern research laboratory.

C) It was where the telephone was finally perfected.

D) It was the site of the first power station in New York.

E) It was where Edison first sent a message over telephone wires.

Answer: B Page Ref: 590 Skill: Conceptual Topic: An Industrial Empire 40. Which was NOT a consequence of the advent of advertising and large-scale retailing?

A) Chain stores spread across the country.

B) The demand for goods increased.

C) A new type of consumption united much of the country in a homogenous culture.

D) Most consumers felt threatened by new industrial goods.

E) Americans became aware of needs they didn’t realize they had.

Answer: D Page Ref: 592 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Sellers

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41. What does it mean to say that some professions became “feminized” in the late 1800s?

A) Women were much better at certain jobs, such as nursing, and began to dominate those fields.

B) Men were no longer capable of doing certain jobs, since they were needed in industrial jobs, so women took their places.

C) Only married women were allowed to work at certain jobs since unmarried women would be leaving their jobs eventually to get married.

D) As more women took jobs in certain fields, men left them, and this lowered the status of these professions.

E) Many women began to get work as lawyers, doctors, and ministers, and Americans began to accept women in these kinds of work.

Answer: D Page Ref: 594 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Wage Earners 42. According to historian Stephan Thernstrom, what was the extent of American social mobility in the early industrial era?

A) almost none B) some, but not much C) substantial, but limited D) a great deal E) almost 100% Answer: C Page Ref: 595–596 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Culture of Work 43. Which of the following best describes the early American Federation of Labor?

A) an alliance of industrial unions that tried to change the economic system B) an alliance of industrial unions that tried to improve wages and working conditions C) an alliance of craft unions that tried to change the economic system D) an alliance of craft unions that tried to improve wages and working conditions E) an alliance of craft unions that gave its workers a political voice Answer: D Page Ref: 597 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Culture of Work 44. Which of the following best describes the Knights of Labor?

A) a union of workers aimed at uplifting, utopian reform B) a union of producers aimed only at improving wages and working conditions C) a federation of industrial unions aimed at making each man his own employer D) a federation of craft unions aimed only at improving wages and working conditions E) a union of producers determined to make each man his own employer Answer: A Page Ref: 597 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Culture of Work

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45. Why did Samuel Gompers oppose women in the American Federation of Labor?

A) He felt that women workers needed to be organized separately.

B) He believed that women should not work out of the home.

C) He feared that women would attempt to take leadership roles in the union.

D) He knew they could not afford the high initiation fees.

E) He said that women workers would lower the pay scales for men.

Answer: E Page Ref: 597–598 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Culture of Work 46. What was a result of the Haymarket Square riot?

A) It brought public sympathy to the plight of the workers.

B) It strengthened the national labor movement.

C) It weakened the national labor movement.

D) It forced government regulation of unions.

E) It ended labor strife in Chicago.

Answer: C Page Ref: 599 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Culture of Work 47. What was the result of the Homestead Strike?

A) It forced management to meet the workers’ demands.

B) It was resolved through negotiation and bargaining.

C) It had little interference from the government.

D) It brought national attention to the costs of industrialization.

E) It was peaceful compared to Haymarket.

Answer: D Page Ref: 601 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Culture of Work 48. What does it mean to say that Americans spoke a “common language of consumption” by the late nineteenth century?

A) People found that the only way they could become truly American was to buy goods made in America.

B) Americans were united in a common consumer culture, in which they all could buy the same kinds of goods.

C) English became the universal and official language of commerce.

D) Because of the new types of work in the United States, most Americans were becoming very wealthy and could afford consumer goods.

E) Only native-born Americans bought the new consumer goods, which broadened the gap between immigrants and nonimmigrants in the United States.

Answer: B Page Ref: 592 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Sellers

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49. Historian Herbert G. Gutman noted that industrialization transformed the “culture of work.” Which of the following best explains this?

A) Industrialization dramatically increased leisure time.

B) Workers eagerly adopted new technology because it made their work easier.

C) The new technology required difficult and even demeaning changes to work patterns.

D) Low pay led to frequent worker resistance, especially “sit-down” strikes.

E) Many workers were able to rise from the bottom to the top of the social classes.

Answer: C Page Ref: 595 Skill: Analytical Topic: Culture of Work 50. What was one negative effect of industrialization in the United States in the late nineteenth century?

A) People did not want to live in cities any longer.

B) Most immigrants were not allowed to work at the new industrial jobs.

C) Labor disputes led to the first labor unions.

D) There was a greater need for consumer goods than ever before.

E) There was now a growing disparity in income between the rich and poor.

Answer: E Page Ref: 601 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs Essay 1. What was the role of government in fostering economic growth in the late nineteenth century? What growth-related problems did businesses encounter? How did businesses cope with these problems?

Page Ref: 575 Skill: Analytical Topic: Industrial Development 2. What was the role of technology in economic growth in the late nineteenth century?

Page Ref: 583–591 Skill: Analytical Topic: An Industrial Empire 3. What was the cultural impact of advances in marketing?

Page Ref: 591–592 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Sellers 4. How did industrialization affect the working class? How did workers attempt to improve their lot? To what extent did they succeed?

Page Ref: 592–601 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Wage Earners; Culture of Work

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CHAPTER NINETEEN TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877–1900 Multiple Choice 1. The rise of cities and industry ________.

A) had little effect on American life B) provided opportunities for all Americans C) sustained the foundations of the pre-Civil War society D) caused changes in all segments of the American society E) was steady throughout the nineteenth century Answer: D Page Ref: 616 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 2. Building the new skyscrapers depended on ________.

A) concrete reinforced pilings B) electrical elevators C) automatic window cleaners D) indoor plumbing E) steel and glass Answer: E Page Ref: 608 Skill: Factual Topic: The Lure of the City 3. In 1894, the Immigration Restriction League demanded a literacy test for immigrants from ________.

A) China B) Ireland C) southern and eastern Europe D) Mexico E) northern Europe Answer: C Page Ref: 611 Skill: Factual Topic: The Lure of the City 4. As the “new immigrants” entered the American society, they ________.

A) were well prepared to make the adjustment B) clung to the customs of their native countries C) quickly assimilated into the society D) never were able to adjust to new living conditions E) gave up their native languages Answer: B Page Ref: 610 Skill: Factual Topic: The Lure of the City

245 .

5. The most famous political machine of the late nineteenth century was ________.

A) the Fifth Street Gang B) Tammany Hall C) the Irish Mafia D) the Lamar Circle E) the Coughlin Gang Answer: B Page Ref: 614 Skill: Factual Topic: The Lure of the City 6. Tenements were ________.

A) saloons where working-class men gathered to socialize B) urban apartment buildings that tended to be overcrowded C) neighborhood ghettos of unassimilated East European immigrants D) heavily developed industrial districts notorious for air and water pollution E) pool halls frequented by members of violent street gangs Answer: B Page Ref: 608 Skill: Factual Topic: The Lure of the City 7. In the Victorian code of morality, ________.

A) children were active participants in family life B) wives were to be acknowledged as equal partners to their husbands C) moral values were less important than economic values D) strict standards of behavior should be followed E) young women could go out without a chaperone Answer: D Page Ref: 617–619 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 8. If an American became ill in the 1870s, ________.

A) hospital insurance would cover the cost of the illness B) home care would be the common form of treatment C) there was little help from the medical profession D) recent medical discoveries would guarantee recovery E) he or she would probably die Answer: B Page Ref: 619 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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9. Most American churchgoers in the 1880s _________.

A) stopped attending services by 1900 B) believed the school was the center of life C) were church-attending Protestants D) had few private moral standards E) were Roman Catholic parishioners Answer: C Page Ref: 618 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 10. After the Civil War, ________.

A) there was little need for reform movements B) women were excluded from reform movements C) reform movements remained active in American life D) the national government was the major agent for change E) reformers focused exclusively on temperance Answer: C Page Ref: 616 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 11. The middle-class wives and children of the late nineteenth century ________.

A) found their status had remained unchanged B) became more isolated from the working world C) had a greater economic function D) tended to deteriorate under the impact of industrialization E) had more children Answer: B Page Ref: 618 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 12. The “new woman” of the 1880s and 1890s________.

A) won respect from the American society B) developed from the economic changes of the times C) quickly won political and civil rights D) was usually married, working out of choice E) still could not get a divorce Answer: B Page Ref: 622 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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13. In the late nineteenth century, ________.

A) few women entered the work force B) most women took advantage of economic changes C) few women challenged the system D) the role of women in the society was changing E) womanly “innocence” was never questioned Answer: D Page Ref: 620 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 14. In the 1880s and 1890s, the common-law doctrine of femme couverte ________.

A) was revised to adapt to the changes of the period B) provided women with freedom in their marriages C) brought women new political rights D) was strongly supported by women E) was central to the idea of the new woman Answer: A Page Ref: 622 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 15. A founder of the National American Woman Suffrage Association was ________.

A) Rheta Childe Dorr B) John H. Kellogg C) Susan B. Anthony D) Charlotte Gilman E) Rebecca Ablowitz Answer: C Page Ref: 622 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 16. Public schools in the 1870s and the 1880s ________.

A) placed greater value on educating females B) vigorously stressed discipline and routine C) ignored moral, religious education D) emphasized egalitarianism between students and teachers E) were considered better than factories by most students Answer: B Page Ref: 623 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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17. A major difference between northern and southern schools was that ________.

A) more students attended school in the South B) all southern states had compulsory school attendance laws C) fewer southern states had compulsory school attendance laws D) northern states provided segregated school systems E) southern schools provided better curricula Answer: C Page Ref: 624 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 18. A major change in the college curriculum of the late nineteenth century was to ________.

A) train students for the ministry B) emphasize classical curriculum C) have students follow a rigorous, prescribed curriculum D) stress the practical application of education E) eliminate electives from the curriculum Answer: D Page Ref: 624 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 19. Booker T. Washington ________.

A) believed African Americans should fight for equal rights B) had little hope for the future of African Americans in the American society C) believed that self-help was the best plan for African Americans D) emphasized the importance of higher education for African Americans E) founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Answer: C Page Ref: 627 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 20. W. E. B. Du Bois ________.

A) supported the views of Booker T. Washington B) advocated revolutionary tactics for African Americans C) founded the Tuskegee Institute D) believed educational advancement was the key to success E) was the author of the Atlanta Compromise Answer: D Page Ref: 627 Skill: Factual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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21. The Social Darwinists ________.

A) believed the laws of nature applied to society B) were active reformers in the late nineteenth century C) had an overwhelming influence on American society D) raised important questions about the ill effects of business trusts E) stressed society’s responsibility to aid the poor.

Answer: A Page Ref: 632 Skill: Factual Topic: The Stirrings of Reform 22. Which of these was the result of Jim Crow laws?

A) legal distinctions between black and white civil rights B) racial segregation across the South C) the repeal of the Fifteenth Amendment D) expanded higher education for blacks E) the closing Answer: B Page Ref: 628 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spread of Jim Crow 23. As a young lawyer, Clarence Darrow believed that ________.

A) aiding the poor was interfering with the evolutionary process B) capitalism must be overthrown C) without poverty there would be no crime D) capital punishment was essential to the maintenance of civil order E) a single tax on corporate profits would solve all social problems Answer: C Page Ref: 632 Skill: Factual Topic: The Stirrings of Reform 24. ________ wrote the book Looking Backward, which described a future of socialism in America.

A) Walter Rauschenbusch B) Edward Bellamy C) Richard Frick D) Jane Addams E) Henry George Answer: B Page Ref: 632 Skill: Factual Topic: The Stirrings of Reform

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25. Jane Addams was the founder of ________.

A) the South End House in Boston B) the Henry Street Settlement in New York C) Golden Home in San Francisco D) Hull House in Chicago E) the Neighborhood Guild in New York Answer: D Page Ref: 634 Skill: Factual Topic: The Stirrings of Reform 26. Which statement about late nineteenth-century immigrants is NOT true?

A) Most came seeking economic opportunities.

B) Most were highly skilled craftsmen.

C) Most were young males.

D) Most settled along the eastern seaboard.

E) Often they already knew someone in the United States.

Answer: B Page Ref: 609 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Lure of the City 27. Why was mainstream society troubled by the influx of new immigrants in the 1880s?

A) They feared that immigrants would try to assimilate into the American society.

B) They worried that the unskilled immigrants would lower factory standards.

C) They feared that the government would give immigrants equal rights.

D) They felt that immigrants would monopolize newly available western lands.

E) They worried that the new immigrants could not be assimilated.

Answer: E Page Ref: 610 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Lure of the City 28. How did immigrant families compare to native-born families in the late nineteenth century?

A) Immigrant families married earlier than native-born families, and as a result, had more children.

B) Immigrant families had fewer children than native-born families, mostly because they lived in cramped tenements that could not support large families.

C) Immigrant families tended to marry later and have more children than native-born families.

D) Immigrant families were usually headed by single women, whereas native-born Americans tended to have nuclear families.

E) Immigrant families married much earlier than native-born families, and also tended to die at much earlier ages.

Answer: C Page Ref: 612 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Lure of the City

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29. What was one consequence of the urban growth of the late nineteenth century?

A) urban renewal of neighborhoods B) growth of middle-class neighborhoods C) development of urban planning D) powerful city political machines E) construction of better housing Answer: D Page Ref: 614 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Lure of the City 30. Which of the following was NOT a reason that urban political machines stayed in power?

A) Municipal governments rarely provided public services such as water.

B) They understood how to use the political system for their own good.

C) They performed social services for immigrants.

D) There was little regard for the political system.

E) The cities needed the services they provided.

Answer: D Page Ref: 614–615 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Lure of the City 31. Which statement about American life in the late nineteenth century is NOT true?

A) Meals tended to be heavy and so did people.

B) Medical science was still hopelessly primitive.

C) Infant mortality declined between 1877 and 1900.

D) There were few hospitals and no hospital insurance.

E) Food prices were constantly getting lower.

Answer: B Page Ref: 617 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 32. Significant medical developments in Victorian America included all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) eradication of tuberculosis, typhoid, and diphtheria B) discovery that germs cause infection and disease C) relatively safe and painless surgery D) more antiseptic practices in childbirth E) development of vaccines to prevent diseases Answer: A Page Ref: 617 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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33. Why did reformers turn their attention to prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages in the nineteenth century?

A) They felt that high tariffs on alcohol were leading more people into poverty.

B) They felt that large producers of alcoholic beverages were driving smaller companies out of business.

C) They did not want Americans to import alcoholic beverages from other countries.

D) They believed that drunkenness was the cause of many social evils.

E) They were worried that people were buying harmful liquor because alcoholic beverages were not regulated.

Answer: D Page Ref: 618 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 34. What did the popularity of sports in the United States indicate?

A) the influence of European culture B) the increased amount of leisure time C) the breakdown of sexual barriers D) increased freedom for children E) the boredom of industrial workers Answer: B Page Ref: 619 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 35. What was the significance of the decline in fertility rates in America between 1800 and 1939?

A) It reflected the later marriage age among immigrant families.

B) It reflected a higher infant mortality rate due to primitive medical practices.

C) It reflected a conscious decision of many Americans to postpone or limit their families.

D) It showed that more Americans were remaining single rather than marrying and having children.

E) It showed that fewer Americans were dying of disease now that vaccines had come into popular use.

Answer: C Page Ref: 621 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 36. Which of the following authors argued that the American ideal of women’s “innocence” really meant their ignorance?

A) Charlotte Perkins Gilman in Women and Economics B) Edward Bliss Foote in Plain Home Talk of Love, Marriage, and Parentage C) Bessie and Marie Von Vorst in The Woman Who Toils D) Helen Campbell in Women Wage Earners E) Jane Addams in Twenty Years at Hull House Answer: A Page Ref: 622 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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37. What was a result of the Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson decision?

A) Segregation of schools and public transportation was deemed legal.

B) Integration of schools was to occur with deliberate speed.

C) Illiteracy among school-aged children would be eradicated.

D) De facto segregation could no longer occur.

E) Teachers at black schools were paid the same as their white counterparts.

Answer: A Page Ref: 624 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 38. Educational changes in the years 1877 to 1900 did NOT include ________.

A) a decrease in illiteracy B) “practical” courses in manual training and homemaking for older children C) development of the kindergarten D) compulsory school attendance in all states E) “separate but equal” schools for African Americans in the South Answer: D Page Ref: 624 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 39. Changes in higher education included all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) an increased number of colleges and universities B) the first separate graduate schools C) an increased emphasis on a classical curriculum D) more educational opportunities for women E) the new discipline of sociology was introduced Answer: C Page Ref: 624–625 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 40. How did the focus of higher education change between 1880s and 1900s?

A) Art and culture became an intrinsic part of education.

B) Agricultural training courses increased rapidly.

C) Standards for admission to universities fell.

D) Education for blacks and whites became more equal.

E) Curricula increasingly focused on practical knowledge.

Answer: E Page Ref: 624–625 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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41. Which of the following places events in the correct chronological order?

A) Morrill Land Grant Act, Plessy v. Ferguson, establishment of Tuskegee Institute B) Plessy v. Ferguson, Morrill Land Grant Act, establishment of Tuskegee Institute C) Establishment of Tuskegee Institute, Morrill Land Grant Act, Plessy v. Ferguson D) Morrill Land Grant Act, establishment of Tuskegee Institute, Plessy v. Ferguson E) Plessy v. Ferguson, establishment of Tuskegee Institute, Morrill Land Grant Act Answer: D Page Ref: 624–626 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 42. Why did many whites support Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise?

A) because it rejected militancy and attacks on white dominance B) because it rejected the idea that blacks needed equal rights in the American society C) because it called for blacks to get a college education and to fight actively for their rights D) because it called for the integration of schools and an end to “separate but equal” E) because it promoted the idea of professional careers for blacks Answer: A Page Ref: 627 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 43. Which of these was true of the experience of African Americans in the period from about 1870 to 1890?

A) The end of the Civil War brought implementation of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.

B) Race riots occurred, but were confined to the South.

C) The works of writers such as Harriet Beecher Stowe continued to have a profound effect in the South.

D) Lynchings became a thing of the past E) They saw their civil rights and even their safety erode significantly.

Answer: E Page Ref: 628–630 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Spread of Jim Crow 44. What did Henry George propose as a solution to poverty in the modern society?

A) to let nature take its evolutionary course B) to replace all taxes with a “single tax” on land C) a socialist utopia in which the government owns the means of production D) to establish worker and farmer cooperatives to own the means of production E) to make churches the center of social reform instead of the government Answer: B Page Ref: 632 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Stirrings of Freedom

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45. What was the Social Gospel?

A) an organization that promoted reforms of the era, including temperance B) a musical group which worked on creating awareness about social evils C) a religious program carried out in Chicago state prisons D) a religious philosophy that addressed both spiritual and social concerns E) a nickname for the doctrines of the social Darwinists Answer: D Page Ref: 633 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Stirrings of Freedom 46. Why were many women part of the settlement house reform movement?

A) They believed that poverty was the worst problem in the society and must be prevented.

B) Men were not interested in urban poverty, and women were the only ones left to tackle the problem.

C) The women who helped start settlement houses could bring their children there, which made it easier for them.

D) It was one of the few places in the American society in which they could use their talents.

E) Women believed that education was the only way to eradicate poverty in the United States.

Answer: D Page Ref: 632–633 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Stirrings of Freedom 47. Why did some immigrants resist the settlement house movement?

A) They did not trust organizations that were headed by women.

B) They felt that settlement houses kept them segregated from the rest of the society.

C) They did not want their children educated by Americans.

D) They did not want other people to tell them how to live and act.

E) They believed that living in a settlement house would never get them out of poverty.

Answer: D Page Ref: 634 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Stirrings of Freedom 48. How did working-class families and middle-class families experience urbanization and industrialization differently?

A) Working-class families tended to have strong family ties as a result of their urban lives and work, whereas women and children in middle-class families tended not to participate in the work that men did.

B) Working-class families often did not spend much time together because everyone worked at different times, but middle-class families tended to work and socialize together.

C) In middle-class families only the men earned money, but in working-class families, some women did work out of the home.

D) In working-class families, more children lived with their parents into their twenties, whereas in middleclass families children tended to leave home as soon as they got work.

E) Working-class families tended to have fewer members of the household engaged in work, which is what kept them in a permanent state of poverty.

Answer: C Page Ref: 620–621 Skill: Analytical Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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49. How did the role of children in American society change in the late nineteenth century?

A) Children were valued more as people who could contribute to the family and not just as people to be left alone for many years.

B) Children were viewed less as “little adults” who should contribute to the family as soon as possible, and viewed more as young people who needed years to grow up.

C) People began to think of children as less in need of general education and more in need of vocational education tailored to the jobs they would eventually get.

D) Children were no longer thought of as “free help” and were instead paid for many of the chores they did at home.

E) People began to understand the necessity for children to learn important skills as apprentices and not just at home with their families.

Answer: B Page Ref: 623 Skill: Analytical Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 50. What does the following quote mean? “The United States was born in the country and moved to the city.”

A) The United States started out as a small country, but became extremely populated over time.

B) Most Americans were uncomfortable with living in large cities until the nineteenth century.

C) The size of the country grew exponentially larger once people started living in cities.

D) Most Americans preferred living in rural areas, but were forced to move to cities because that was where most jobs were located.

E) The United States began as a rural country and then became much more urban over time.

Answer: E Page Ref: 637 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: The Pluralistic Society Essay 1. How did technology affect patterns of urban life in late nineteenth-century America? Under what conditions did the urban poor live? Why did technology fail to help these people?

Page Ref: 606–615 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Lure of the City 2. Compare the role of the political machines and the social reformers in dealing with the new urban environment of the late nineteenth century. Which group seems to have been more successful?

Page Ref: 606–615; 630–637 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Lure of the City; The Stirrings of Reform 3. How did economic change and urbanization affect family life?

Page Ref: 616–628 Skill: Analytical Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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4. How did education change in the late nineteenth century? Explain the controversy over education for blacks. Why did new educational opportunities open up for women? What was the main goal of primary education? Why? Page Ref: 616–628 Skill: Analytical Topic: Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900

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CHAPTER TWENTY POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s Multiple Choice 1. Why were Americans fascinated by politics during the Gilded Age? A) Women and men were voting for the first time.

B) African Americans were able to use their newly won suffrage.

C) The quality of political candidates was excellent.

D) Most Americans saw it as a form of entertainment.

E) Cash incentives made people eager to vote.

Answer: D Page Ref: 643 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of Stalemate 2. Which of the following groups made up the bulk of the electorate until 1900?

A) white males B) white men and women C) white and black males D) white and Hispanic males E) white and Asian American males Answer: A Page Ref: 643 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of Stalemate 3. In the South, a “grandfather clause” waived the literacy requirement for voters whose ancestors had ________.

A) already passed a literacy test B) fought in the Civil War C) been white D) voted before 1867 E) a college degree Answer: D Page Ref: 643 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of Stalemate 4. Following the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, ________.

A) the executive office became weaker in relation to Congress B) the executive office asserted its authority C) the Supreme Court gained in power D) the Supreme Court became less influential E) power was equally divided between the president and Congress Answer: A Page Ref: 644 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of Stalemate

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5. Many early commissions in the 1870s were established to regulate the ________ industry.

A) agricultural B) textile C) railroad D) construction E) cattle Answer: C Page Ref: 644 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of Stalemate 6. The man who entered the White House after the disputed election of 1876 was ________.

A) Grover Cleveland B) William McKinley C) Rutherford B. Hayes D) Benjamin Harrison E) William Jennings Bryan Answer: C Page Ref: 645 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of Stalemate 7. During his first term in office, Grover Cleveland ________.

A) increased federal activities B) was committed to higher tariffs C) curtailed federal activities D) brought dishonor to the Democratic Party E) was reelected in a landslide in 1888 Answer: C Page Ref: 646 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of Stalemate 8. The Sherman Antitrust Act ________.

A) was vague and at the mercy of the courts B) had little effect on antitrust policy C) was only concerned with regulating railroads D) did not have criminal penalties for violators E) was used aggressively by the Justice Department Answer: A Page Ref: 648 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress

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9. Supporters of the free coinage of silver ________.

A) were convinced it would help the agrarian sectors B) were primarily found in the North and East C) wanted to draw power away from the federal government D) found little support for their views in Congress E) thought it would deflate the currency Answer: A Page Ref: 649 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress 10. Which was an organization of farmers that formed during the late 1880s?

A) the Colored Farmers’ Alliance B) the Northern Alliance C) the Western Alliance D) the Grange E) the Farm Workers’ Association Answer: A Page Ref: 652 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of the Populist Movement 11. The primary objective of the Alliance movement was to ________.

A) form a social organization for farmers B) organize and politicize the American farmer C) ensure equal distribution of wealth D) elect Democrats and Republicans who represented farmers E) protect farmers against greedy cattle ranchers Answer: B Page Ref: 651–652 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rise of the Populist Movement 12. The Populist candidate for president in 1892 was ________.

A) William Jennings Bryan B) James B. Weaver C) Mary E. Lease D) William McKinley E) Grover Cleveland Answer: B Page Ref: 659 Skill: Factual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression

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13. The Panic of 1893 ________.

A) was caused by a stock market sell-off B) was confined to a small group of investors C) had little effect on the national government D) brought quick, decisive action by the government E) caused banks to increase their number of loans Answer: A Page Ref: 655–659 Skill: Factual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 14. The individual who rocketed to national attention because of the Pullman strike was ________.

A) Jacob Coxey B) Theodore Dreiser C) Eugene V. Debs D) Henry Adams E) Thomas Watson Answer: C Page Ref: 657 Skill: Factual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 15. The president broke the Pullman strike on grounds that it ________.

A) had exposed the United States to foreign invasion B) had interfered with the collection of taxes C) had raised the possibility of open class warfare D) had obstructed the delivery of the mail E) had forced wealthy travelers to ride in ordinary passenger cars Answer: D Page Ref: 657 Skill: Factual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 16. The president of the United States during the depression that began in 1893 was ________.

A) Herbert Hoover B) Grover Cleveland C) Rutherford B. Hayes D) William McKinley E) Theodore Roosevelt Answer: B Page Ref: 657 Skill: Factual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression

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17. Which of the following was an unintended result of the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act? A) Democrats were confined to the North.

B) Democrats became the majority party.

C) It contracted the currency.

D) The rate of inflation rose.

E) Farm prices rose sharply.

Answer: C Page Ref: 659 Skill: Factual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 18. In the elections of 1894, ________.

A) Grover Cleveland had strong support for his policies B) few voters supported a strong, active government C) the Populist Party became a major political party D) the deadlock between the Republicans and Democrats ended E) Americans became more suspicious of government power Answer: D Page Ref: 660 Skill: Factual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 19. The election of 1894 was noteworthy because ________.

A) the Republicans became the majority party B) it swept Grover Cleveland out of office C) it brought about the end of the Populists D) it led to a massive defeat for the Democrats E) it was a triumph for proponents of silver Answer: A Page Ref: 660 Skill: Factual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 20. The greatest change in American literature during the late 1800s was the rise of ________.

A) poetry B) evolutionism C) realism D) romanticism E) impressionism Answer: C Page Ref: 662 Skill: Factual Topic: Changing Attitudes

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21. The writings of Mark Twain ________.

A) reflected the mood of romanticism in literature B) portrayed life in the tenements of the East C) focused exclusively on adventure and escapism D) included local dialects and regional stories E) never gained international prominence Answer: D Page Ref: 663 Skill: Factual Topic: Changing Attitudes 22. The dominant issue of the election of 1896 was ________.

A) monetary standards B) tariffs C) political patronage D) railroad regulation E) race relations Answer: A Page Ref: 664 Skill: Factual Topic: The Presidential Election of 1896 23. When the Democrats endorsed silver in 1896, the Populists ________.

A) disbanded and merged with the Democrats B) seconded the nomination of Bryan C) disbanded and merged with the Republicans D) seconded the nomination of McKinley E) nominated Watson for president Answer: B Page Ref: 666 Skill: Factual Topic: The Presidential Election of 1896 24. The two major presidential candidates of the 1896 election were ________.

A) William Howard Taft and William Jennings Bryan B) Thomas Reed and Grover Cleveland C) William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley D) Marcus A. Hanna and Thomas Watson E) Grover Cleveland and William Jennings Bryan Answer: C Page Ref: 666 Skill: Factual Topic: The Presidential Election of 1896

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25. How did the election of 1896 affect the Populists?

A) The party gained a congressional majority.

B) The party switched names to the Democratic party.

C) The party disappeared.

D) The party lost the election but remained a third party for decades.

E) The party remained powerful, due to the fact that it had won a majority of the popular vote.

Answer: C Page Ref: 667 Skill: Factual Topic: The Presidential Election of 1896 26. As president, William McKinley ________.

A) was an activist B) did not get along with Congress C) was perceived as a reactionary D) decreased federal power while in office E) maintained an isolated administration Answer: A Page Ref: 668 Skill: Factual Topic: The McKinley Administration 27. Which of the following was part of the Republican Party platform in the post-Civil War era?

A) lower tariffs B) free trade measures C) subsidies to railroads D) decentralized federal power E) the promotion of states’ rights Answer: C Page Ref: 644 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics of Stalemate 28. What were the opinions of Democrats and Republicans with regard to tariffs in the 1880s?

A) Republicans wanted to lower the tariff so that Americans could spend more, but Democrats wanted to keep the tariff to pay for infrastructure.

B) Both Democrats and Republicans wanted the tariff to be lowered, but Democrats wanted to lower it to cut taxes while Republicans wanted to lower it to boost business.

C) Democrats wanted to lower the tariff to trim taxes, but Republicans felt that lowering it undermined American business and industry.

D) Republicans wanted to lower the tariff to boost business, but Democrats felt that the tariff should remain as it was.

E) Democrats wanted to raise the tariff in order to fund public education, but Republicans wanted to lower the tariff in order to inspire consumer spending.

Answer: C Page Ref: 644–647 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics of Stalemate

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29. What was the result of the 1895 Supreme Court case involving the E. C. Knight Company?

A) The regulatory powers of the federal government were strengthened.

B) There was stronger regulation over manufacturing.

C) The ruling had little effect on national policy.

D) The Supreme Court strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act. E) Antitrust legislation was weakened.

Answer: E Page Ref: 647–649 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress 30. Why was the Republican-controlled Congress elected in 1890 notable?

A) It was unable to assert federal authority.

B) Its legislation shaped the future policy of the nation.

C) It was overwhelmingly reelected.

D) It gained the support of the Democrats.

E) It spent frugally in an effort to build up the Treasury.

Answer: B Page Ref: 647–649 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress 31. In 1890, the American electorate rejected ________.

A) Democratic legislative activism by crushing the party in the congressional elections B) Republican legislative activism by crushing the party in the congressional elections C) both major parties by electing many third-party, especially Populist candidates D) Republican passiveness by crushing the party in the congressional elections E) Democratic passiveness by crushing the party in the congressional elections Answer: B Page Ref: 647–649 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress 32. Why did the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance end?

A) A posse of white Southerners lynched fifteen strikers.

B) The price of cotton increased significantly.

C) Southern planters used strike breakers in the cotton fields.

D) The Farmers’ Alliance expelled all African Americans from the group.

E) African Americans were integrated into the Farmers’ Alliance.

Answer: A Page Ref: 653 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of the Populist Movement

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33. Which of these describe the Ocala Demands?

A) the political demands of the Farmers’ Alliance B) the Democratic platform in support of the gold standard C) William Jennings Bryan’s political platform D) the demands presented by those involved in the Pullman strike E) the platform of the Republican party in the 1890 elections Answer: A Page Ref: 652 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of the Populist Movement 34. What was one result of the election of 1892?

A) It brought mixed results for the Populists.

B) It provided the Populists with a regional platform.

C) It saw many voters switching to the Populist Party.

D) It had little effect on national issues.

E) It led to more than a million votes for Leonidas Polk.

Answer: A Page Ref: 654 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rise of the Populist Movement 35. In the Pullman strike of 1894, what did Grover Cleveland’s intervention accomplish?

A) It provided business an effective antilabor weapon to hinder unions.

B) It ensured the success of the strike.

C) It failed to end either the strike or the rioting.

D) It gave workers the protection of a court injunction.

E) It led to the creation of the Pullman Porters’ Union.

Answer: A Page Ref: 657–658 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 36. Why did Populists not gain as many seats in Congress as they had expected in the 1894 election?

A) In the South, Democrats used fraud and violence to keep people from voting for Populists.

B) In the Midwest, discontented voters tended to vote for Democrats and not Populists.

C) The unemployed, who supported the Populists, did not vote as widely as expected.

D) In the South, despite Populist support, more people ultimately voted Republican.

E) The Populist supporters in New England chose to vote Republican instead.

Answer: A Page Ref: 660 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Crisis of the Depression

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37. What was the significance of a 1901 study of working-class families?

A) It revealed that child labor had virtually ceased.

B) It showed that the number of working women had decreased.

C) It showed that about half of the principal breadwinners were out of work.

D) It revealed that children were attending school in record numbers.

E) It showed that fewer immigrants were in the working class.

Answer: C Page Ref: 661 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Changing Attitudes 38. During the 1890s, writers who rejected romanticism often wrote ________.

A) stories depicting everyday life in regional settings B) grand epic stories in which the hero always defeated the villain C) disparaging tales about ethnic groups, perpetuating anti-immigrant feelings D) political pamphlets championing their candidate E) allegorical stories that used many examples from the Bible Answer: A Page Ref: 663 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Changing Attitudes 39. Why did support for free silver coinage grow rapidly from 1894 to 1896?

A) because it seemed a simple, compelling answer to the economic crisis B) because workers joined farmers in support of silver coinage C) because Cleveland Democrats joined workers in support of silver coinage D) because the country was rapidly running out of gold reserves E) because silver would ensure there would be less money in circulation Answer: A Page Ref: 664 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Presidential Election of 1896 40. Why did the Populists nominate Tom Watson for vice president in the 1896 election?

A) because they felt him to be a stronger candidate than William Jennings Bryan B) because they wanted a Republican vice president to balance the Democratic ticket C) because Watson, unlike William Jennings Bryan, supported free coinage of silver D) because they felt that choosing Watson would ensure the survival of the Populist party E) because they endorsed a Democrat for president and wanted a Populist for vice president Answer: E Page Ref: 667 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Presidential Election of 1896

268 .

41. Which best describes the decision that shattered the Populist Party in 1896?

A) the endorsement of candidate William Jennings Bryan B) the admission of African Americans to the party’s ranks C) the nomination of James Weaver for the presidency D) the expulsion of all African American members E) the support of free coinage of silver Answer: A Page Ref: 666 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Presidential Election of 1896 42. President McKinley attempted to direct the Republicans toward ________.

A) inflation through increased currency B) economic growth with subsidies and tariffs C) the regulation and control of industry D) adopting the free coinage of silver E) decreasing the Treasury’s supply of gold Answer: C Page Ref: 668–670 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The McKinley Administration 43. Which of the following is NOT true of American politics in the 1870s and 1880s?

A) The Republicans dominated the Northeast.

B) The Democrats dominated the South.

C) National elections were usually decided in the swing states.

D) The influence of the Civil War generation had faded.

E) Nationally, the two parties were evenly balanced in strength.

Answer: D Page Ref: 643–644 Skill: Analytical Topic: Politics of Stalemate 44. What was the general difference between the Democrats and Republicans in the late 1800s?

A) Democrats felt that social reform was fundamental to the economic success of the nation, while Republicans felt that government regulation was more important.

B) Democrats felt that the public sector should stimulate the economy, while Republicans believed that was the role of the private sector.

C) Democrats favored government control in all industries, while Republicans wanted very little government regulation of business.

D) Democrats favored little federal government intervention, while Republicans felt that the federal government should promote economic and social reform.

E) Democrats believed that the federal government should take an active role in economic and social reform, while Republicans favored little government intervention.

Answer: D Page Ref: 644 Skill: Analytical Topic: Politics of Stalemate

269 .

45. Which of the following was NOT a complaint among farmers in the late nineteenth century?

A) the inability of farmers to organize to voice discontent B) the belief that railroad rates were rising C) the inability to control market prices D) the perception of a loss of status in society E) the burden of farm mortgages and crop surpluses Answer: A Page Ref: 650 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Rise of the Populist Movement 46. Which of these gave rise to the Populists?

A) the Panic of 1893 B) the battle of the standards C) the end of protective tariffs D) the labor movement E) the National Farmers’ Alliance Answer: E Page Ref: 650–654 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Rise of the Populist Movement 47. Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the depression of 1893?

A) It changed American ideas about government.

B) It created a bitter fight over currency.

C) It brought about an interest in activism around the country.

D) It led to the dominance of the Democratic Party.

E) It produced widespread business failures.

Answer: D Page Ref: 659 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 48. Which of the following lists events in the correct chronological order?

A) Republican policy to regulate industry; the Panic of 1893; Republican policy to promote industry B) Republican policy to promote industry; Republican policy to regulate industry; the Panic of 1893 C) Republican policy to promote industry; the Panic of 1893; Republican policy to regulate industry D) the Panic of 1893; Republican policy to promote industry; Republican policy to regulate industry E) Republican policy to regulate industry; Republican policy to promote industry; the Panic of 1893 Answer: C Page Ref: 668–670 Skill: Analytical Topic: The McKinley Administration

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49. Why was silver not just a political or economic issue but a social movement in the 1890s?

A) If you favored silver coinage, you identified with urbanization and industrialization.

B) Supporting the free coinage of silver meant rejecting all government intervention.

C) The unemployed tended to fight against the free and independent coinage of silver.

D) People who supported the free coinage of silver also supported other economic reforms.

E) Advocates of silver felt that it spoke for the downtrodden and the dispossessed.

Answer: E Page Ref: 665 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Presidential Election of 1896 50. What does the following quote mean? “In 1899, McKinley spoke of lowering tariff barriers in a world that technology had made smaller.”

A) Advances in technology had connected the United States to the rest of the world, so it made sense to lower taxes on goods to and from other countries.

B) The population of the United States had begun to decrease during the nineteenth century, so it made sense to lower taxes on goods from other countries.

C) Since the United States was so dependent on technology from other countries, it made sense to lower taxes on technological products from other nations.

D) Because taxes and tariffs had decreased by the end of the nineteenth century, the exchange of new ideas and technology between countries had begun to flow.

E) Until taxes on goods exported to other countries were increased, the rest of the world could not benefit from American technology.

Answer: A Page Ref: 670 Skill: Analytical Topic: The McKinley Administration Essay 1. What factors accounted for political party loyalty in the late nineteenth century? How was the sectional political balance related to high voter turnout in presidential elections?

Page Ref: 643–646 Skill: Analytical Topic: Politics of Stalemate 2. What issues led to the Populist movement? Why did the Populist Party fail to achieve major status as a political party?

Page Ref: 650–655; 664–668 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Rise of the Populist Movement; The Presidential Election of 1896 3. What were the political consequences of the depression of the mid-1890s?

Page Ref: 655–661 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Crisis of the Depression 4. What were the social consequences of the depression of the mid-1890s?

Page Ref: 661–664 Skill: Analytical Topic: Changing Attitudes 271 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE TOWARD EMPIRE Multiple Choice 1. Theodore Roosevelt resigned from his position as _________ to organize the Rough Riders.

A) vice president B) secretary of defense C) assistant secretary of defense D) secretary of the navy E) assistant secretary of the navy Answer: E Page Ref: 674 Skill: Factual Topic: Roosevelt and the Rough Riders 2. For many political and religious leaders, expansion ________.

A) meant the demise of the American system B) would threaten the purity of the Anglo-Saxon race C) would put the United States into direct conflict with European nations D) was necessary for sustained economic growth E) went against the ideals of Christianity and American democracy Answer: D Page Ref: 676 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward 3. Josiah Strong ________.

A) fostered the concept of the divine support for expansion B) believed that only missionary work should be done overseas C) had little regard for the theories of Charles Darwin D) hindered American expansion through his religious teachings E) thought foreign trade was unimportant to the United States Answer: A Page Ref: 679 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward 4. William Seward’s foreign policy included ________.

A) avoiding entangling foreign alliances B) concentrating on promoting trade and commerce C) alliances with major European powers D) the United States’ domination of the Americas E) a focus on Mexico, excluding Canada Answer: D Page Ref: 679 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward

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5. James G. Blaine’s greatest diplomatic success was ________.

A) the purchase of Alaska B) securing home rule for Canada C) settling the Alabama claims with Britain D) paving the way for the Pan-American Union E) averting a war with Britain over Venezuela Answer: D Page Ref: 680 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward 6. In response to the successful American revolt in Hawaii in 1893, Grover Cleveland ________.

A) immediately annexed the islands B) restored the queen to power C) apologized to the Hawaiian people D) refused to recognize the new government E) tried, but failed, to restore the queen to power Answer: E Page Ref: 681 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward 7. After 1890, the U.S. Navy’s building program ________.

A) was sharply curtailed to help balance the federal budget B) began to concentrate on fast, lightly armored commerce raiders C) began to emphasize static, coastal defenses over building ships D) shifted to the construction of a battleship navy with offensive power E) started using steel steamships instead of sailing vessels Answer: D Page Ref: 684 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward 8. According to the theories of Alfred Thayer Mahan, ________.

A) large armies would protect American interests around the globe B) American greatness would be recognized by its industrial output C) little would be gained from American expansion abroad D) a strong navy was an integral part of America’s wealth and power E) standing armies were dangerous and expensive Answer: D Page Ref: 684–685 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward

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9. One consequence of General Weyler’s policy in Cuba was ________.

A) the generation of public sympathy for the Cuban people among Americans B) a quick ending to the Cuban rebellion C) strong support for Spain from the American government D) an alliance between Cuban rebels and the American government E) the end of “reconcentration” as a policy Answer: A Page Ref: 686 Skill: Factual Topic: War with Spain 10. By late 1897, Spain was ________.

A) unwilling to meet any American demands B) backing off from its harsh policy in Cuba C) directing the polices of General Weyler D) determined to maintain control at all costs E) willing to free Cuba rather than go to war Answer: B Page Ref: 686 Skill: Factual Topic: War with Spain 11. At the outset of the Spanish-American War, ________.

A) there was little public support for the war in the United States B) the American military was well prepared to fight a war C) it was difficult to find the necessary volunteers for the American military D) the army signed up as many as a million volunteers E) the American army was 200,000 soldiers strong Answer: D Page Ref: 688 Skill: Factual Topic: War with Spain 12. During the Spanish-American War, African Americans in the military ________.

A) found segregation and discrimination similar to civilian life B) were treated as equals and given opportunities for advancement C) had little opportunity to distinguish themselves in battle D) were able to pressure the government for civil rights reforms E) were never allowed to assume command positions Answer: A Page Ref: 689–692 Skill: Factual Topic: War with Spain

274 .

13. The term “smoked Yankee” in the Spanish-American War referred to ________.

A) northern artillery units B) African-American infantry regiments C) guerrilla fighters in Cuba D) Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders E) members of integrated units Answer: B Page Ref: 691–692 Skill: Factual Topic: War with Spain 14. The actions of Commodore Dewey in the Philippines ________.

A) had little effect on the outcome of the war B) disproved Mahan’s theories regarding naval supremacy C) provided the United States with an unexpected prize of war D) showed the surprising strength of the Spanish fleet E) were undeniably illegal, even if effective Answer: C Page Ref: 692 Skill: Factual Topic: War with Spain 15. Which territory caused the most debate about the merits of the United States acquiring an empire?

A) Guam B) Hawaii C) Puerto Rico D) the Philippines E) the Dominican Republic Answer: D Page Ref: 695 Skill: Factual Topic: Acquisition of Empire 16. Which of the following individuals ultimately supported the annexation of the Philippines?

A) Jane Addams B) Andrew Carnegie C) William Jennings Bryan D) William McKinley E) Samuel Gompers Answer: D Page Ref: 695 Skill: Factual Topic: Acquisition of Empire

275 .

17. The Philippine-American War was ________.

A) a minor event for Americans B) more costly than the Spanish-American War C) fought in a traditional manner D) never completely resolved E) over even before the Spanish-American War Answer: B Page Ref: 696 Skill: Factual Topic: Acquisition of Empire 18. The leader of the Filipino resistance to U.S. occupation of the Philippines was ________.

A) Emilio Aguinaldo B) José Burgos C) William Howard Taft D) Ferdinand Marcos E) José Martí Answer: A Page Ref: 696 Skill: Factual Topic: Acquisition of Empire 19. Under the terms of the Taft Commission, the United States ________.

A) would control the Philippines in perpetuity B) gave the Filipinos complete independence C) provided funds but did not interfere with local government D) gave the army complete control of the Philippines E) guaranteed future independence for the Philippines Answer: E Page Ref: 698 Skill: Factual Topic: Acquisition of Empire 20. By 1900, China ________.

A) had succeeded in resisting European influence B) was the leading Asian power C) had become vulnerable to European imperialism D) had closed the door to the outside world E) welcomed U.S. intervention Answer: C Page Ref: 700 Skill: Factual Topic: Acquisition of Empire

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21. The Open Door policy ________.

A) claimed economic rights for the U.S. in China B) met with the approval of western Europe C) had little effect on American policy in the Far East D) provided the United States with a sphere of influence in China E) was publicly denounced in China Answer: A Page Ref: 700 Skill: Factual Topic: Acquisition of Empire 22. The Boxer Rebellion took place in ________.

A) the Philippines B) China C) Hawaii D) Cuba E) Puerto Rico Answer: B Page Ref: 700 Skill: Factual Topic: Acquisition of Empire 23. Which individual is incorrectly matched with the region of his greatest foreign policy achievement?

A) James G. Blaine: Latin America B) George Dewey: Russia C) William Seward: Alaska D) John Hay: China E) John W. Foster: Hawaii Answer: B Page Ref: 692 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward; War with Spain; Acquisition of Empire 24. How did the end of the Spanish-American War impact the influence of the United States on the world stage?

A) It gave the United States lands beyond its borders for the first time, making it an imperial power.

B) It marked the United States’ first major military victory against a world power and established America as an overseas empire.

C) It opened the Caribbean to the United States, giving it protectorates as with European countries.

D) It led to the annexation of Hawaii, giving the United States a stronghold in the Pacific and access to all of Asia.

E) It showed the rest of the world that the United States was militarily powerful and diplomatically weak, like most other world powers.

Answer: B Page Ref: 676 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

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25. Why was the American expansion of the 1890s different from earlier expansionist efforts?

A) It was intended for settlement.

B) It had primarily agricultural objectives.

C) It would create economic and military colonies overseas.

D) It would venture into uninhabited areas.

E) It was the result of war and invasion.

Answer: C Page Ref: 676 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 26. Why did some people in the 1890s, and even today, consider late nineteenth-century American foreign policy to be an “aberration”?

A) As a democratic republic founded on the idea of freedom, the United States had no right to deny independence to other countries by annexation.

B) The United States had never previously expanded its territory so rapidly.

C) The United States had once been a small country of just thirteen states, so expanding to new lands and creating new states was considered an aberration.

D) As a democratic republic founded on the idea of freedom, the United States had the obligation to seek the same rights for countries around the world.

E) As a former colony, the United States understood the challenges of gaining independence and could better assist new nations than Europe could.

Answer: A Page Ref: 676 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 27. How did the geography of the United States encourage isolationism among some Americans?

A) The United States was so close to Canada and Mexico, that expansion there seemed to make the most sense.

B) The United States was a relatively small country compared to Canada or Mexico, making it less willing to engage in armed conflicts over land.

C) The United States was protected on both sides by vast oceans that discouraged attack from Europe or Asia.

D) Natural barriers separated the U.S. from both Canada and Mexico.

E) The United States was beginning to prosper and look for new markets for its products, and workers for its factories.

Answer: C Page Ref: 677 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward

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28. How were religion and foreign policy related in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the United States?

A) Many U.S. foreign ministers were religious leaders, using their diplomatic posts for missionary access.

B) Many religious leaders believed that the United States was blessed with riches that should be shared with the world’s poor, making foreign policy mainly about charity.

C) Many religious leaders believed that the United States belonged to Christians, and they should be content and not seek more riches throughout the world.

D) Many religious leaders believed that Americans should bring Christianity to the rest of the world, so they advocated imperialist foreign policies.

E) Many religious leaders followed the “conversion by sword” example of Europe in the Middle Ages, so they advocated military coups.

Answer: D Page Ref: 677–678 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 29. Why did William Seward encourage the United States to buy Alaska?

A) He had surveyed Alaska’s rich resources.

B) He believed any new land was worth attaining.

C) It gave the United States access to Russia and Asia.

D) It gave the United States access to the Pacific Ocean.

E) He hoped the United States would annex Canada.

Answer: E Page Ref: 679 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 30. How did the United States and Great Britain avoid war over Venezuela?

A) The defeat of Spain in Cuba encouraged Great Britain to concede Venezuela to the United States.

B) Great Britain’s superior naval fleet, which was fully deployed off the coasts of Venezuela and Guiana, discouraged U.S. involvement.

C) Larger problems in Africa and Europe caused Britain to agree to negotiate with Venezuela.

D) The U.S. annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines convinced Great Britain to concede Venezuela.

E) The Venezuelan people successfully boycotted British and U.S. products, demonstrating their resolve for self-rule.

Answer: C Page Ref: 681 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 31. During the Cleveland administration, which nation did the United States replace as the major power in Latin America?

A) Germany B) Great Britain C) Venezuela D) Mexico E) Spain Answer: B Page Ref: 681 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 279 .

32. Why did American involvement in Hawaii increase in the 1890s?

A) There was intense pressure from American missionaries.

B) There was a fear of German influence in the region.

C) American business interests on the island forced the issue.

D) American traders were interested in Hawaii’s cotton crop.

E) Native Hawaiians appealed to the United States for help.

Answer: C Page Ref: 682 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 33. How did the provisional government of Hawaii respond to President Cleveland’s demand that the queen be restored to her throne?

A) They refused and instead declared Hawaii to be a U.S. state.

B) They refused and instead seceded from the United States.

C) They refused and instead declared Hawaii to be a republic.

D) They agreed and restored the queen to her throne.

E) They agreed but the queen no longer wanted to rule.

Answer: C Page Ref: 683 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 34. How were Admiral Mahan’s naval theories connected to industrialism?

A) He applied theories of industrialization to shipbuilding techniques to produce a large, new fleet of navy vessels.

B) He believed that industrialism created surplus products, creating a need for merchant ships to reach foreign markets and a navy to protect the merchants.

C) He saw that, throughout history, only nations with strong navies were able to compete in industrial societies.

D) He believed that industrialization dehumanized people, so he encouraged the traditional manual labor of ship building and sailing.

E) He believed that industrialism was distracting Americans from important foreign affairs, so he developed a navy that would focus Americans outward.

Answer: B Page Ref: 684–685 Skill: Conceptual Topic: America Looks Outward 35. In their approaches to the Cuban rebellion against Spain, ________.

A) President Cleveland was neutral while President McKinley favored the insurgents B) President Cleveland wanted to intervene for the insurgents, but McKinley was neutral C) both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley wanted war with Spain D) both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley were totally neutral E) both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley opposed involvement with Spain or Cuba Answer: A Page Ref: 686 Skill: Factual Topic: War with Spain

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36. In what way did the outcome of the Spanish-American War fulfill Theodore Roosevelt’s hopes for the United States?

A) It gave the United States influence and eventually dominance in Latin America and Western Europe.

B) It made the United States a world power, on equal footing to European imperialist countries.

C) It gave the United States more foreign markets for their surplus of farm and factory products.

D) It gave the United States influence in the Caribbean, helped further the annexation of Hawaii, and was the impetus to create a powerful navy.

E) It freed Cuba, gave Americans something to consider other than material gain, and provided practice for the army and navy.

Answer: E Page Ref: 674–676, 688 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Roosevelt and the Rough Riders; War with Spain 37. What was one result of yellow journalism stories about Cuba in the 1890s?

A) Americans believed Cubans were conspiring to control the Caribbean and were, therefore, reluctant to go to war to help them gain independence.

B) Americans believed that Spain had a right to imperialist holdings in Cuba but that they should treat their colonies better.

C) Americans became enraged about Spain’s treatment of Cubans and the sinking of the Maine.

D) Cowardly journalists did not report Cuban atrocities for fear that the Spanish government would retaliate, hence the term “yellow journalism.”

E) Powerful Asian governments saw Cuba as the first step in a series of imperialist moves, so they sent journalists to the U.S. to spread rumors against intervention.

Answer: C Page Ref: 687 Skill: Conceptual Topic: War with Spain 38. What finally pushed President McKinley to ask for a declaration of war against Spain?

A) He was a weak and indecisive leader, who was forced into war.

B) The conflicting national interests of Spain and the United States left few alternatives.

C) He hoped that a war would bring him political power and the country territorial gains.

D) Spain was unwilling to accede to any of the demands of the United States.

E) The Cuban people appealed to him directly and asked for his help.

Answer: B Page Ref: 688–693 Skill: Conceptual Topic: War with Spain

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39. In what way was the Spanish-American War fought by small-town America?

A) Most of the volunteer soldiers who served in the armed forces were from rural America.

B) There were so many volunteers that each unit of soldiers was like a small town in size and function.

C) The navy and army found that men worked better if they knew someone in their unit, so they created a buddy system, pairing men from small towns.

D) Soldiers were organized into National Guard units by town, so they observed the customs and relationships of their hometowns.

E) All of America was involved in the war effort, making uniforms, saving metal, conserving food; the war was won by people back home in small towns.

Answer: D Page Ref: 690 Skill: Conceptual Topic: War with Spain 40. In what way was the experience of the Spanish-American War ironic for African-American soldiers?

A) Most of the people that African-American soldiers fought against in Cuba had the same African heritage.

B) African Americans were not permitted to fight in the Cuban conflict but were allowed to fight in the Philippines.

C) African Americans were not permitted to fight in Cuba and could only work as cooks, medics, and servants to white soldiers.

D) The United States was finally recognizing the freedom and humanity of African Americans, while invading Cuba.

E) The United States were fighting to give Cubans freedom, yet they denied many freedoms to African Americans.

Answer: E Page Ref: 686–693 Skill: Conceptual Topic: War with Spain 41. How did some American labor leaders respond to the idea of annexing the Philippines?

A) They were against it because they worried about losing jobs to cheap labor from the Philippines.

B) They were against it because they worried that Filipino workers would demand higher wages than Americans.

C) They were against it because they worried trade with the Philippines would increase import tariffs and raise taxes.

D) They were in favor of it because they wanted to increase union membership by recruiting Filipino workers.

E) They were in favor of it because they believed Filipinos would take the jobs that American workers did not want.

Answer: A Page Ref: 695 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Acquisition of Empire

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42. Why was Booker T. Washington opposed to the idea of annexing the Philippines?

A) Washington thought the United States should focus on domestic matters instead, such as the treatment of African Americans and American Indians.

B) Washington thought the Filipinos would resist the idea of converting to Christianity and believed that all Americans should be Christian.

C) Washington feared that Filipinos would migrate to the United States and work for lower wages, which would take jobs away from African Americans.

D) Washington warned that possessing a colony would increase the federal debt and lead to higher income taxes as a result.

E) Washington believed that having a colony was opposed to basic American ideals, such as independence and self-determination.

Answer: A Page Ref: 695 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Acquisition of Empire 43. How did the Boxer Rebellion affect U.S. foreign policy in China?

A) The United States realized that China would not cooperate with the Open Door policy and began to join the European nations in dividing up China.

B) The United States affirmed their Open Door policy and declared China’s independence from any foreign (European) rule.

C) The United States saw that China was determined to keep out foreign influence, so they withdrew to the Philippines, to avoid armed conflict.

D) The United States realized that anti-imperialists back home wanted them to withdraw from China, so they negotiated secretly.

E) The rebellion in Cuba turned the United States’ attention away from China and to the anti-imperialist demonstrations closer to home.

Answer: B Page Ref: 700 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Acquisition of Empire 44. Does U.S. foreign policy today more closely reflect the isolationist or the expansionist model?

A) Because the United States no longer participates in armed conflicts in other countries, it reflects the isolationist model.

B) Because the United States only participates in the world economically (not militarily or politically), it reflects the isolationist model.

C) Because the United States participates in affairs throughout the world for its own benefit, it reflects the expansionist model.

D) Because the United States only participates in the other countries’ struggles for freedom and not for any U.S. gain, it reflects the expansionist model.

E) Since the U.S. has exerted its influence through its buying power, it reflects the imperialist model.

Answer: C Page Ref: 676 Skill: Analytical Topic: America Looks Outward

283 .

45. Which of the following was NOT a factor in fostering a change in American foreign policy by 1890?

A) the census report of 1890 B) concern over lack of natural resources C) oversaturation of domestic markets D) the rise of evolution-inspired notions of racial superiority E) the perceived need for more foreign markets Answer: B Page Ref: 676–685 Skill: Analytical Topic: America Looks Outward 46. Which of the following was NOT a difficulty in annexing the Hawaiian Islands?

A) no clear motives for annexation B) the threat of Japanese intervention C) the opposition to annexing non-Anglo-Saxons D) the lack of political consensus for annexation in Washington E) the fear of the problems that colonial rule would bring Answer: A Page Ref: 676–685 Skill: Analytical Topic: America Looks Outward 47. Which of the following did NOT play any role leading up to the Spanish-American War? A) the de Lôme letter B) the annexation of Hawaii C) the sinking of the Maine D) the “reconcentration” policy E) the riots in Havana in January Answer: B Page Ref: 686–687 Skill: Analytical Topic: War with Spain 48. Which of the following was NOT an argument opposing the annexation of the Philippines?

A) The natives could not be Christianized.

B) Colonization violated the founding principles of the U.S. C) The Filipinos could never become Americans.

D) Cheap labor could be imported from the Philippines.

E) Trade could flourish without annexation.

Answer: A Page Ref: 676–694 Skill: Factual Topic: America Looks Outward; Acquisition of Empire

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49. U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East today most closely resembles the foreign policy of the 1890s regarding ________.

A) Venezuela––the United States nearly went to war with a European power over another country’s border dispute B) the Philippines—the United States used military power to protect a country’s independence and then had trouble withdrawing immediately C) Hawaii—the United States annexed a territory and then formed a state out of valuable foreign land D) Cuba—the United States used military power and defeated an imperial enemy in a short amount of time E) Alaska—the United States bought territory from other countries and eventually made it a state Answer: B Page Ref: 676; 689–693 Skill: Analytical Topic: America Looks Outward; War with Spain 50. What can be assumed about attitudes toward foreign policy given the status of the Republican Party in the early twentieth century?

A) The pro-isolationist Republicans were the most popular party, so it can be assumed that expansionists were in the minority.

B) The anti-imperialist Republicans were the most popular party, so it can be assumed that pro-imperialists were a minority.

C) The pro-isolationist Republicans were the most popular party, so it can be assumed that interventionists were in the minority.

D) The pro-expansionist Republicans were the most popular party, so it can be assumed that isolationists were in the minority.

E) The anti-imperialist Republicans were the most popular party, so it can be assumed that isolationists were also popular.

Answer: D Page Ref: 701 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spain Essay 1. What factors encouraged some Americans to favor imperialism in the late nineteenth century? How did these goals contradict the American tradition of isolationism?

Page Ref: 676–685 Skill: Analytical Topic: America Looks Outward 2. How did the Spanish-American War become a war of imperialism?

Page Ref: 685–693 Skill: Analytical Topic: War with Spain 3. What were the major objections to colonizing the Philippines after the Spanish-American War? Have any of the predictions of the treaty’s opponents come true?

Page Ref: 694–700 Skill: Analytical Topic: Acquisition of Empire

285 .

4. What postwar events in the Philippines and China revealed to America the realities of imperialism?

Page Ref: 694–700 Skill: Analytical Topic: Acquisition of Empire

286 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Multiple Choice 1. Lincoln Steffens did much of his research and writing about ________.

A) corruption in city government B) filth in meatpacking plants C) monopolies D) environmental conservation E) unhealthy working conditions Answer: A Page Ref: 705 Skill: Factual Topic: Muckrakers Call for Reform 2. The author of The Jungle was ________.

A) Booker T. Washington B) Upton Sinclair C) John D. Rockefeller D) Samuel Gompers E) Henry Ford Answer: B Page Ref: 705 Skill: Factual Topic: Muckrakers Call for Reform 3. The ________ set new standards for mass production in the early twentieth century.

A) Colt .45 revolver B) McCormick reaper C) Ford Model T D) General Electric oscillating fan E) phonograph Answer: C Page Ref: 707 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 4. What theory did Henry Ford use to derive his company’s enormous revenues?

A) sell cheap, low-quality goods B) sell goods made with old-fashioned methods of production C) sell goods made in low-volume, but of high-quality D) sell a large volume of goods with a small unit profit on each E) sell only high-priced, luxury goods Answer: D Page Ref: 708 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism

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5. Between 1898 and 1903, the American economy saw ________.

A) an decrease in the number of new, small businesses B) greater competition in all industries C) a wave of mergers and consolidations D) the outlawing of trusts E) meager business growth overall Answer: C Page Ref: 708–709 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 6. Who was the leading financier in the United States in the early 1900s?

A) Jane Addams B) Upton Sinclair C) J. P. Morgan D) Samuel Gompers E) Henry Ford Answer: C Page Ref: 709 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 7. In 1900, ________ founded the first industrial research laboratory.

A) Du Pont B) General Electric C) Standard Oil D) Eastman Kodak E) Westinghouse Answer: B Page Ref: 710 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 8. What did workers find when faced with changes in the new industrial system of mass production?

A) a safer working environment B) no chance to see the final product C) repetitive and boring work D) new workers without their skills E) few factory and unskilled jobs available Answer: C Page Ref: 711 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism

288 .

9. Which disaster forced state and national attention on working conditions in factories and stores?

A) Homestead mining strike B) Farmington fire C) Ludlow disaster D) Triangle Shirtwaist fire E) Hormel stampede Answer: D Page Ref: 724–726 Skill: Factual Topic: Conflict in the Workplace 10. Between 1900 and 1920, many women found ________.

A) jobs as medical professionals B) professional careers closed to them C) support for working after they married D) they earned pay equal to that of men E) that most jobs were available to a homemaker Answer: B Page Ref: 714–715 Skill: Factual Topic: Society’s Masses 11. Most working African Americans at the beginning of the twentieth century ________.

A) had a life substantially improved from their parents B) had the opportunity for a high quality education C) worked as poor Southern sharecroppers D) had little reason to protest their situation E) often banded together to start businesses Answer: C Page Ref: 715 Skill: Factual Topic: Society’s Masses 12. The Niagara Movement wanted to make what changes?

A) conserve more natural resources B) gain civil rights for African Americans C) limit the importation of Canadian goods D) stop migrant workers from Mexico E) extend voting rights to women Answer: B Page Ref: 716 Skill: Factual Topic: Society’s Masses

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13. The organization that led the fight for equal rights and education for blacks was the ________.

A) WCTCU B) NAACP C) Wobblies D) AFL E) AARP Answer: B Page Ref: 717 Skill: Factual Topic: Society’s Masses 14. What defined immigrants as “birds of passage”?

A) They remained in the United States.

B) They moved from region to region.

C) They took the train from their ship to a western farm.

D) They were detained, or “caged,” indefinitely where they arrived.

E) They did not stay permanently in the United States.

Answer: E Page Ref: 718 Skill: Factual Topic: Society’s Masses 15. In the first decades of the twentieth century, how did Mexican immigration to the United States change?

A) It did not, but held steady.

B) It increased dramatically.

C) Mostly women and children came.

D) It was encouraged by the U.S. government.

E) It rarely occurred.

Answer: B Page Ref: 719–720 Skill: Factual Topic: Society’s Masses 16. In the early 1900s, immigrants to the United States ________.

A) were generally welcomed and prospered quickly B) were easily assimilated into American society C) encountered considerable hostility from American nativists D) faced few problems adapting to their new environment E) prospered financially and socially in professional jobs Answer: C Page Ref: 719–720 Skill: Factual Topic: Society’s Masses

290 .

17. The American Federation of Labor, in the first decade of the twentieth century, ________.

A) became increasingly radical.

B) remained devoted to the interests of skilled craftsmen C) included more and more unskilled workers and women D) lost its place as the largest American union E) maintained a hostile stance towards corporations Answer: B Page Ref: 722 Skill: Factual Topic: Conflict in the Workplace 18. Which describes the Industrial Workers of the World?

A) the most radical American labor union B) similar to the American Federation of Labor C) a self-help group for immigrant workers D) an American business aimed at immigrants E) a lobbying group for immigrant businesses Answer: A Page Ref: 724–726 Skill: Factual Topic: Conflict in the Workplace 19. One thing some forward-thinking business leaders did because they were concerned about labor unrest was to ________.

A) initiate drug testing B) encourage union activism C) study applied psychology D) ignore the problem E) adopt a policy of limited force and coercion Answer: C Page Ref: 726 Skill: Factual Topic: Conflict in the Workplace 20. In terms of worker relations, what was Henry Ford known for?

A) being behind the times B) having little concern for his workers C) using trickery to get them to do what he wanted D) having little respect for workers’ abilities E) trying many innovations Answer: E Page Ref: 726–728 Skill: Factual Topic: Conflict in the Workplace

291 .

21. How had life changed for Americans by 1920?

A) Their quality of life had improved.

B) One-quarter had lost their jobs due to a depression.

C) Only the rich saw their quality of life improve.

D) They could not afford mass-produced goods.

E) Life remained no different than their parents’ life.

Answer: A Page Ref: 728 Skill: Factual Topic: A New Urban Culture 22. The violence found in ________ led to the establishment of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

A) hockey B) football C) lacrosse D) basketball E) baseball Answer: B Page Ref: 730 Skill: Factual Topic: A New Urban Culture 23. Which of these popular forms of entertainment drew on the immigrant experience?

A) jazz B) listening to records C) vaudeville D) ragtime E) moving pictures Answer: C Page Ref: 730–731 Skill: Factual Topic: A New Urban Culture 24. During the Progressive Era, the African-American experience heavily influenced _________.

A) popular music B) impressionist painting C) classical college curriculum D) where factories were built E) urban architecture Answer: A Page Ref: 731–732 Skill: Factual Topic: A New Urban Culture

292 .

25. The Ashcan School of artists ________.

A) turned against realistic portrayals of life B) tried to reflect the reality of urban life C) were abstract artists D) were influenced by European artists E) believed that “less is more” Answer: B Page Ref: 732 Skill: Factual Topic: A New Urban Culture 26. Magazines became popular and successful in the early 1900s partly because of which of these factors?

A) appealing pictures, new fiction, and muckraking journalism B) support for management’s rights, sensationalism, and new poetry C) new printing techniques using huge new printing presses D) yellow journalism and the appeal of local coverage E) a new national postal system that delivered the mail Answer: A Page Ref: 704–705 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Muckrakers Call for Reform 27. How did industrialism change as it moved into the twentieth century?

A) Technology replaced workers, making both skilled craftsmanship and unskilled laborers obsolete.

B) Mass production meant wealth and prosperity for most Americans, which affected the global economy.

C) Factories became cleaner, safer, and more effective, which increased production.

D) The invention of plastic revolutionized the production industry, making household and industrial products affordable.

E) Businesses grew larger and more automated, which affected both workers and production.

Answer: E Page Ref: 706–708 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 28. Henry Ford is often described as the inventor of the assembly line. In what way is this an inaccurate description?

A) Ford didn’t invent the assembly line himself; his managers and workers did.

B) Ford only improved upon the meatpacking industry’s use of the assembly line.

C) Because human workers worked on the line, it wasn’t really an assembly line.

D) Because machines were involved, it wasn’t really an assembly line.

E) The assembly line wasn’t used in the company until after Henry Ford’s death.

Answer: B Page Ref: 707 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism

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29. How did Ford’s Model T lead to better roads?

A) Ford built roads in every state so people could use his new cars.

B) Because urban centers were so crowded, many cities limited the number of cars that could travel through them.

C) When cars became popular, cities began building roads far outside their city limits.

D) In response to more cars on the road, the federal government required states to establish highway departments.

E) Automobile owners had to pay high taxes, which then went to build and improve the federal highway system.

Answer: D Page Ref: 707 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 30. The difference between a monopoly and an oligopoly includes ________.

A) whether or not a financier has a stake in a company B) how the factory purchases its raw materials C) how many companies control the market of a product D) how many products a company produces for sale E) whether the company has one or multiple factories Answer: C Page Ref: 708 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 31. Because of new methods of production in the first years of the twentieth century, workers ________.

A) felt almost part of the machinery, endangered and bored B) were more satisfied, which led to better safety and higher wages C) were made to work long hours for better pay and benefits D) were fired because automation eliminated low-skilled jobs E) felt their unique products were worth more than they were selling for Answer: A Page Ref: 708–711 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 32. How did management methods by Frederick W. Taylor’s affect workers?

A) Management kept workers happy by improving their working conditions, wages, and hours.

B) A new comfortable working environment increased worker satisfaction, loyalty, and production.

C) Workers were given the power to influence how production was carried out, which increased their willingness to work.

D) Workers had to meet specific work standards, which often led to higher pay for doing monotonous and dangerous jobs.

E) Workers were allowed to develop the best solutions to problems.

Answer: D Page Ref: 708–711 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism

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33. American businesses began paying attention to size, speed, organization and marketing because ________.

A) new laws required reforms to ensure worker safety and a safe work environment B) strikes were putting many companies out of business C) profitable companies needed to mass produce goods quickly using unskilled labor D) old factories had to be rebuilt to produce the goods demanded by consumers E) unskilled workers demanded a good working environment and higher pay Answer: C Page Ref: 710 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism 34. Which of these arrived in the 1910s, helping to end the isolation felt by farmers?

A) electrification of most rural areas B) rural free delivery and mail order businesses C) telephones in most areas of rural America D) radio programs E) commuter trains Answer: B Page Ref: 712 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Society’s Masses 35. How did irrigation create a rural class system in the West?

A) Native Americans owned water rights, so they became a wealthy, powerful class divided from white farmers.

B) Rich Europeans invested in companies that sold diverted water and owned land, while westerners became poor tenant farmers.

C) Irrigation created fertile land, which was sold to immigrants from southern and eastern Europe for small farms.

D) Irrigation made once undesirable Indian reservations desirable, so Native Americans were displaced and made to live as nomads.

E) Only the wealthy could afford to irrigate, creating a divide between landowners and workers.

Answer: E Page Ref: 713 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Society’s Masses 36. Why did more black women work than white women in the early 1900s?

A) Black women had traditionally worked for white women.

B) Many companies hired black women over white women.

C) Black families often needed two incomes to survive.

D) Reformers hired black workers when they were available.

E) Black women had more education than white women.

Answer: C Page Ref: 714 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Society’s Masses

295 .

37. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois did not agree on ________.

A) whether or not an industrial society was good for African Americans B) whether or not changes in rights should occur immediately or gradually C) using unions to promote racial equality D) supporting woman’s right to vote E) whether or not progressivism should include a racial agenda Answer: B Page Ref: 716 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Society’s Masses 38. The founding of the NAACP grew out of ________.

A) race riots and lynchings B) strikes at major industrial plants C) differences between white and black reformers D) political fighting over a civil rights amendment E) northern reaction to southern politics Answer: A Page Ref: 717 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Society’s Masses 39. Between 1915 and 1918, labor productivity dropped in the United States because ________.

A) the United States was involved in World War I B) markets in Europe were not buying products, so production was reduced C) unemployment caused demand and then production to decrease D) violent race riots stopped production E) horrible working conditions led to strikes and absenteeism Answer: E Page Ref: 722 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conflict in the Workplace 40. A major difference between the goals of the American Federation of Labor and the Industrial Workers of the World was ________.

A) whether to get better pay for their members B) a concentration on working conditions C) whether business owners should be allowed into the union D) whether to represent skilled workers or all workers E) working collaboratively with corporate leaders Answer: D Page Ref: 722–727 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conflict in the Workplace

296 .

41. What methods were often used by unions to achieve their goals?

A) lockouts and government troops to protect workers B) firing managers and using industrial psychology C) strikes, leading to negotiations D) buying out factory owners and boycotting products E) hiring other workers to take their place and striking Answer: C Page Ref: 722–727 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conflict in the Workplace 42. In the early 1900s, why did the middle class have a powerful effect on production?

A) Most immigrants were working in factories and made many consumer goods.

B) The growing middle-class had influence as consumers of mass-produced goods.

C) The working class and reformers were pushing for better conditions in factories.

D) The poor and rich classes were increasing their demand for mass produced goods.

E) The growing middle class needed jobs, so production increased to end unemployment.

Answer: B Page Ref: 730 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New Urban Culture 43. “Off-the-rack” clothes replaced what kind of clothing?

A) home-made clothes B) designer clothing C) working uniforms D) “ready-to-wear” clothes E) mail-order catalog clothes Answer: A Page Ref: 728 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New Urban Culture 44. Which of these was true for life expectancy in the U.S. in the period from 1900 to 1920?

A) Life expectancy rose for some groups, but fell for others.

B) Life expectancy rose for men, but not women.

C) Life expectancy fell across the board.

D) Life expectancy for the population as a whole remained static.

E) Across the board, life expectancy rose.

Answer: E Page Ref: 729 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New Urban Culture

297 .

45. In what way were the methods of Henry Ford and Edward L. Stratemeyer similar?

A) Both applied the assembly line to auto manufacturing.

B) Both turned out high-quality goods at high prices.

C) Neither would give in to labor demands.

D) Both used mass-production techniques.

E) Both transformed public transportation.

Answer: D Page Ref: 706–707, 731 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism; A New Urban Culture 46. How were the works of dancers, musicians, artists, and poets related in the early 1900s?

A) Many were experimenting with forms of ultra-realism.

B) Many broke sharply with convention.

C) Many were returning to classic forms from ancient Greece and Rome.

D) Many were trying to create an international arts movement.

E) Many were experimenting with technology to enhance their art form.

Answer: B Page Ref: 732 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New Urban Culture 47. In what sense did the Ashcan School reflect the work of muckrakers?

A) in the media they used B) in their methods C) in their subjects D) in their interest in the West E) in being predominantly women Answer: C Page Ref: 732 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New Urban Culture 48. The muckrakers and progressives disagreed on what to reform first and how to do it, but not on _______.

A) the need for reform B) the need for unions C) the rights of big business D) the role of immigrants in America E) the need for racial equality Answer: A Page Ref: 705 Skill: Analytical Topic: Muckrakers Call for Reform

298 .

49. How did mass production change life for Americans?

A) It created a split society of rich workers with skills and poor ones without skills.

B) It provided low wage jobs, so few Americans could buy the mass produced goods.

C) Unions had to control the conditions in all places where products were mass produced.

D) The government created regulations for every part of daily life and employment.

E) It provided jobs, income and mass-produced products that workers could afford.

Answer: E Page Ref: 728–730 Skill: Analytical Topic: A New Urban Culture 50. How did Mexican immigration in the early 1900s contribute to the change in the Southwest?

A) These immigrants were the first to put the Mexican imprint on Southwestern culture.

B) Many of these immigrants became the unskilled workers who built the Southwest’s irrigation, transportation and urban projects.

C) This new wave of Mexican immigrants displaced Native Americans from their lands.

D) Many of these immigrants were hired as skilled and professional workers in the Southwest’s new cities and factories.

E) The Mexican immigrants did not stay nor did they have a lasting contribution on the Southwest or its culture.

Answer: B Page Ref: 713–722 Skill: Analytical Topic: Society’s Masses Essay 1. How did industrialization change after 1900? How did it affect industrial workers?

Page Ref: 706–711; 712–721; 722–728 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Changing Face of Industrialism; Society’s Masses; Conflict in the Workplace 2. Trace the rise of labor unions. Identify their successes and failures.

Page Ref: 712–728 Skill: Analytical Topic: Society’s Masses; Conflict in the Workplace 3. Analyze the new urban culture that emerged after 1900 and how it changed the lives of urban Americans?

Page Ref: 728–732 Skill: Analytical Topic: A New Urban Culture

299 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF PROGRESSIVISM Multiple Choice 1. Who helped form the Progressive, or Bull Moose, Party?

A) William Howard Taft B) Theodore Roosevelt C) Woodrow Wilson D) Herbert Hoover E) William Jennings Bryan Answer: B Page Ref: 737 Skill: Factual Topic: The Republican Split 2. The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for _____.

A) women’s suffrage B) prohibition C) a federal income tax D) direct election of senators E) extending the franchise to eighteen-year-olds Answer: B Page Ref: 742 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 3. What was one problem that the woman suffrage movement continued to face after 1890?

A) uncertainty among leaders about pursuing reform B) disunity and disloyalty C) a lack of organization at the national level D) opposition from the progressive movement E) resistance from the Catholic Church Answer: E Page Ref: 742 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 4. The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for _____.

A) women’s suffrage B) prohibition C) a federal income tax D) direct election of senators E) extending the franchise to eighteen-year-olds Answer: A Page Ref: 745 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism

300 .

5. The most influential educator of the Progressive Era was _____.

A) Horace Mann B) Eugene V. Debs C) Robert M. La Follette D) John Dewey E) William James Answer: D Page Ref: 746 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 6. The most prominent American socialist during the Progressive Era was _____.

A) “Big Bill” Haywood B) Gifford Pinchot C) Eugene V. Debs D) Upton Sinclair E) Daniel DeLeon Answer: C Page Ref: 747 Skill: Factual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 7. Progressive reformers of the cities believed that ________ were needed to solve problems and enact real change.

A) experts B) bankers C) politicians D) scientists E) mayors Answer: A Page Ref: 748 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform in the Cities and States 8. To progressives, the commissions they championed offered a way to _____.

A) increase their political power B) reduce the power of reformers C) end the corrupt alliance between business and politics D) provide employment for their supporters E) elect regular citizens into political offices Answer: C Page Ref: 751 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform in the Cities and States

301 .

9. The most famous reform governor of the Progressive Era was _____.

A) Robert M. La Follette B) “Golden Rule” Jones C) Hiram Johnson D) Lincoln Steffens E) Richard Ely Answer: A Page Ref: 752 Skill: Factual Topic: Reform in the Cities and States 10. Theodore Roosevelt angered southerners by _____.

A) dining with Booker T. Washington at the White House B) stationing federal troops in southern states to supervise elections C) selecting African Americans for cabinet positions D) ordering the federal bureaucracy to be fully integrated E) making sure that black athletes were included in the 1908 U.S. Olympic team Answer: A Page Ref: 752 Skill: Factual Topic: The Republican Roosevelt 11. The Supreme Court’s decision in the Northern Securities case _____.

A) paved the way for several other antitrust actions B) had little effect on the problem of trusts overall C) was opposed by Roosevelt himself D) affected only the smaller American trusts E) was a unanimous decision Answer: A Page Ref: 754 Skill: Factual Topic: The Republican Roosevelt 12. During the great coal strike of 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt _____.

A) played no role at all in settling the dispute B) sympathized completely with the company owners C) turned his attention to the Pure Food and Drug Act instead D) brought the two sides to the White House to come to an agreement E) shut down the coal mines for two months Answer: D Page Ref: 754 Skill: Factual Topic: The Republican Roosevelt

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13. Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, led to passage of the _____.

A) Hepburn Act B) Mann-Elkins Act C) Meat Inspection Act D) Elkins Act E) Clayton Antitrust Act Answer: C Page Ref: 757 Skill: Factual Topic: Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height 14. Compared to Roosevelt, William Howard Taft _____.

A) was a reformer B) was pro-business C) was pro-union D) was a hard worker E) was a dynamic politician Answer: B Page Ref: 758–759 Skill: Factual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 15. Before becoming president, William Howard Taft’s greatest strength was _____.

A) as an administrator B) as a coalition-builder C) as an economic strategist D) as a political organizer E) as an orator Answer: A Page Ref: 759 Skill: Factual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 16. The Sixteenth Amendment _____.

A) established civil rights guidelines B) authorized the direct election of senators C) gave women the right to vote D) authorized an income tax E) enfranchised eighteen-year-olds Answer: D Page Ref: 762 Skill: Factual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft

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17. Dividing the Republican party early in William Howard Taft’s administration was _____.

A) the debate regarding the role of government in foreign policy B) the problem of banking regulation C) a decision concerning the need to lower tariffs D) the question of campaign strategy E) the split loyalty between Taft and Roosevelt supporters Answer: C Page Ref: 759 Skill: Factual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 18. President Taft alienated progressive Republicans by _____.

A) curbing the power of Speaker of the House, Joseph Cannon B) vetoing a tariff increase C) dismissing Richard Ballinger D) campaigning against them in the 1910 midterm elections E) working directly against them in elections Answer: E Page Ref: 761 Skill: Factual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 19. Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom called for _____.

A) the expansion of government B) less government regulation C) business competition and small government D) government restraint of competition E) overseas expansion Answer: C Page Ref: 764 Skill: Factual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 20. In 1912, Roosevelt’s New Nationalism _____.

A) demanded a stronger role for the executive office B) called for tighter immigration laws C) represented a repudiation of progressivism D) suggested that federal government could not be trusted E) was resolutely opposed to big business Answer: A Page Ref: 764 Skill: Factual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft

304 .

21. Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912 as a _____.

A) Republican B) Democrat C) Progressive D) Socialist E) Populist Answer: B Page Ref: 764 Skill: Factual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 22. The most important domestic law passed during Wilson’s administration was the _____.

A) Underwood Tariff B) Dingley Tariff C) Federal Reserve Act D) Pure Food and Drug Act E) Clayton Antitrust Act Answer: C Page Ref: 766 Skill: Factual Topic: Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom 23. Woodrow Wilson’s record on race relations _____.

A) elicited the support of African Americans B) disappointed many progressives C) won him support in the North D) demonstrated opposition to discrimination E) flew in the face of Roosevelt’s policies Answer: B Page Ref: 767 Skill: Factual Topic: Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom 24. In the final analysis, Wilson’s domestic programs indicated _____.

A) his exclusive belief in New Freedom ideas B) his outright opposition to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism C) a blending of the two competing doctrines of progressivism D) his failure as a progressive reformer E) his determination to please as many voters as possible Answer: C Page Ref: 765–768 Skill: Factual Topic: Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom

305 .

25. The “bully pulpit” reflected what use of presidential power?

A) Taft’s strong-arm tactics in fighting unions.

B) Wilson’s attacks on big business.

C) Taft’s use of the presidency to lead by moral example.

D) Roosevelt’s active use of presidential power to lead change.

E) Wilson’s disdain for the expansion of presidential power.

Answer: D Page Ref: 753 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Republicans Roosevelt 26. Why were many professionals attracted to the progressive movement?

A) They wanted to bar the lower classes from joining their professions.

B) They hoped to discourage women from entering the workforce.

C) They wanted to set educational requirements for their professions.

D) They were interested in asserting influence in the southern United States.

E) Many professionals were NOT attracted to the progressive movement.

Answer: C Page Ref: 740 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 27. How did the growing trend of national associations impact professionals in the early years of the 1900s?

A) Higher standards enforced by associations ensured that professionals met the minimum standards in their fields.

B) It became easier to become a professional; all one had to do was buy into an association.

C) Associations ensured that only aristocrats had access to proper education and training in many fields.

D) Associations helped restrict the lower classes from joining the burgeoning middle class in urban America.

E) Associations made it more difficult for professionals to devote their lives to helping people who were less fortunate.

Answer: A Page Ref: 740 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 28. How did social reform during the early 1900s differ from reforms of previous eras?

A) In previous eras, social reform was supported exclusively by the government; in the early 1900s, social reform was controlled by private charities.

B) In previous eras, social reform was supported exclusively by private charities; in the early 1900s, social reform was controlled by the government.

C) In previous eras, social reform was mixed with morality; in the early 1900s, it was free from moral overtones.

D) During previous eras, social reform had been more complex and interrelated; during the early 1900s, reformers saw problems as individualized and simplistic.

E) During previous eras, social reform had been more simplistic and directed at one particular problem; during the early 1900s, reformers saw problems as complex and interrelated.

Answer: E Page Ref: 738–740 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 306 .

29. What did some people in the business community find attractive about progressivism?

A) Nothing. The business community opposed all forms of progressivism.

B) Progressives and business owners wanted to clean up city governments and political contests.

C) Progressives believed in progress and efficiency, two industrial business values.

D) Progressives wanted to control corporate abuses, reform child labor laws, and ensure factory safety; these were industrial business values, too.

E) Progressives fought for women’s and African Americans’ rights, two things that would benefit industrial leaders.

Answer: C Page Ref: 740–742 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 30. How did the National American Woman Suffrage Association differ from prior organizations?

A) It unified two important suffrage associations.

B) It was marred by disunity and disorganization.

C) It had fewer members than earlier associations.

D) It was led by the militant activist Carrie Chapman Catt.

E) It focused on bringing about legislative change.

Answer: A Page Ref: 744 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 31. How did progressive attitudes affect the size of government?

A) Progressives believed that local government was ineffective in enacting social reforms, so municipal government decreased during the progressive era.

B) Progressives believed that the federal government could best conduct social reforms, so government grew during the progressive era.

C) Progressives believed that charities could best conduct social reforms, so government shrank during the progressive era.

D) Progressives believed that most voters were too uneducated to understand national issues, so they supported small state and local government only.

E) Progressives believed in the wisdom of the general masses, so state and local governments shrank while agencies run by non-politicians grew.

Answer: B Page Ref: 748 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform in the Cities and States 32. Why did voting decline during the progressive era?

A) Pessimism marked the progressive era, and people did not bother voting as a result.

B) Women made up most of the population and their disfranchisement affected turnout.

C) Voters focused on social reforms rather than on politics in the progressive era.

D) Most of the population was concerned with moral reform rather than political reform.

E) People relied on interest groups to bring about change, and did not feel a need to vote.

Answer: E Page Ref: 748 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform in the Cities and States

307 .

33. How did city governments become more like businesses during the early 1900s?

A) They became more corrupt, working for the wealthy and crushing the masses with unfair housing, tax, and employment laws.

B) They became more supportive of the masses, creating health, housing, and employment programs to help the poor.

C) They became balanced by competitive political parties and special interest groups, just as big businesses were balanced by unions versus management.

D) They created systems of managers supported by experts, stressing continuity, efficiency, and results.

E) They became embroiled in bureaucracy and regulations and could not function properly as a result.

Answer: D Page Ref: 749 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform in the Cities and States 34. Why did Theodore Roosevelt call Robert La Follette’s Wisconsin “the laboratory of democracy”?

A) Wisconsin focused on improving voter education and participation.

B) Wisconsin citizens voted to approve or reject all of La Follette’s ideas.

C) Wisconsin used research methods to implement progressive ideas.

D) Wisconsin removed nearly all corrupt officials at local and state level.

E) Wisconsin’s new voting practices became the model for all other states.

Answer: C Page Ref: 752 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reform in the Cities and States 35. In what way did Theodore Roosevelt embody the concept of pragmatism?

A) In breaking the trusts and large corporations, he demonstrated that he believed in natural laws instead of actions.

B) In deciding to run for a third term, he demonstrated a belief in the absolute truth of his right to the presidency.

C) He approached problems not by applying an ideology, but in an ad hoc manner.

D) In his conservation of wilderness in America, he demonstrated his belief in divine laws, meaning that God had given America the land to take care of.

E) In his unequal treatment of African Americans, he demonstrated the pragmatic ability to be “toughminded” in a world with no easy answers.

Answer: C Page Ref: 752–753 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Republican Roosevelt 36. In his negotiations to pass the Hepburn Act of 1906, what did Roosevelt reveal about his political strategy?

A) He capitalized on his popularity with the masses to coerce Congress to pass bills.

B) He used his military past to command awe and obedience to his will as President.

C) He employed yellow journalists and muckrakers to attack his opponents.

D) As a young and new president, he relied too heavily on experienced advisors.

E) He was skillful at political negotiations to achieve reform measures.

Answer: E Page Ref: 756 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height 308 .

37. How did consumers respond to Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle?

A) They avoided buying drugs from pharmacies.

B) They stayed away from certain fruits and vegetables.

C) They quickly cut back on meat.

D) They began to purchase more dairy products.

E) They learned how to read product labels.

Answer: C Page Ref: 756–757 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height 38. In what way can Theodore Roosevelt be considered one of the country’s first conservationist presidents?

A) He created 150 million acres in new forest preserves.

B) He loved animals and set aside many wilderness areas.

C) He believed in sequestering public land, so it would not be used.

D) He opposed the use of coal because it damaged the environment.

E) He was an avid hunter, but confined his big game pursuits to Africa.

Answer: A Page Ref: 758 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height 39. Which of these best describe the relationship between Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft?

A) Roosevelt and Taft worked closely together.

B) Roosevelt supported Taft’s nomination, but the two differed in both method and ideology.

C) Roosevelt did all he could to defeat the nomination of Taft.

D) Taft followed Roosevelt’s ideology, but not his methods.

E) Taft’s presidency represented a continuation of Roosevelt’s.

Answer: B Page Ref: 759 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 40. Why did disputes erupt among the Republican Party when Taft took office?

A) Taft began to side with progressive Republicans, emphasizing the differences between them and the Democrats.

B) Roosevelt’s forceful personality had concealed or managed the conflicts, but when he left office the conflicts reemerged.

C) Just before leaving office, Roosevelt had sown seeds of discontent with his conservation, labor, and education reforms.

D) Taft was an unlikable man who quickly created resentment from voters, even those who were his supporters.

E) Taft was so strong-willed and opinionated that he alienated even members of his own political party.

Answer: B Page Ref: 759–760 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft

309 .

41. In what way was Taft more of a conservationist than Roosevelt?

A) He opposed Pinchot’s sale of millions of acres of public land.

B) He opposed Ballinger’s sale of Alaskan land to coal companies.

C) He instituted the nation’s first recycling program.

D) He was a vegetarian and opposed to hunting animals.

E) He conserved more public land than his predecessor.

Answer: E Page Ref: 759–764 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 42. Which of these describe Roosevelt’s second term in office?

A) He used his mandate to enact a progressive agenda.

B) The closeness of the election weakened his presidency.

C) Struggles with Taft made his presidency difficult.

D) His second term in office was nearly identical to his first.

E) He moved from activism to coalition-building.

Answer: A Page Ref: 759–764 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 43. Why was the passage of Federal Reserve Act during Woodrow Wilson’s presidency considered to be crucial?

A) It instituted the first income tax, which still exists today.

B) It settled disputes among Democrats and Republicans.

C) It imposed necessary controls on banks, and still exists today.

D) It won him great public admiration, securing his second term.

E) It made the United States the richest country in the world.

Answer: C Page Ref: 766 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom 44. Which of these was NOT true of the Progressives?

A) They sought to eliminate large corporations and businesses.

B) They acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization.

C) They believed in the possibilities for progress and were hopeful about human nature.

D) They were confident that it was within their right to intervene in people’s lives.

E) They looked to government to implement the reforms they sought.

Answer: A Page Ref: 738 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism

310 .

45. The Socialist party of America was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) a membership that included people from a variety of backgrounds B) a leader able to unite the party C) a cohesive platform and effective organization D) an influence in rural areas in the South and the West E) an impact on mayoral elections in more than thirty cities Answer: C Page Ref: 747 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 46. Which of these best describe Roosevelt’s attitude towards African Americans?

A) He acted both extremely progressively and in a reactionary fashion.

B) He refused to commit himself on this issue.

C) His actions were consistent in being lukewarm.

D) His support for black civil rights grew during his second term in office.

E) He continually courted the support of progressives in this area.

Answer: A Page Ref: 752–755 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Republican Roosevelt 47. How did Theodore Roosevelt distinguish a “good” trust from a “bad” trust?

A) A “good” trust stayed within reasonable bounds, whereas a “bad” trust hurt the general welfare of society.

B) A “good” trust donated contributions to Roosevelt’s reelection campaign, whereas a “bad” trust did not.

C) A “good” trust was well-organized and efficient, whereas a “bad” trust was cumbersome and inefficient.

D) A “good” trust employed the masses (immigrants, women, the poor, African Americans), while a “bad” trust employed only white male workers.

E) A “good” trust developed products that contributed to society, while a “bad” trust was in the service industry.

Answer: A Page Ref: 753 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Republican Roosevelt 48. Which of the following individuals assumed the least progressive position regarding race relations in the early 1900s?

A) Theodore Roosevelt (second term) B) Woodrow Wilson (first term) C) William Taft D) Booker T. Washington E) W. E. B. Du Bois Answer: B Page Ref: 765 Skill: Analytical Topic: Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom

311 .

49. What is ironic about Wilson’s program in his second term in office?

A) It directly contradicted all of his New Freedom programs.

B) It was more about religion and morality than social change.

C) It helped more people than Taft’s and Roosevelt’s programs combined.

D) It was essentially made up of ideas first proposed by his rival, Theodore Roosevelt.

E) It was widely supported by the masses, but in the end served to hurt their interests.

Answer: D Page Ref: 765–769 Skill: Analytical Topic: Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom 50. Which of the following is the best characterization of the three presidents who held office in the early 1900s?

A) Roosevelt was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts.

B) Wilson was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts.

C) Although Roosevelt and Wilson were more progressive, all three worked to regulate business, conserve land, and institute social reforms.

D) Taft was the most progressive of the three: conserving more land, instituting more social reforms, and busting more trusts.

E) They all worked on similar conservative programs: bank regulation, tariffs, and income taxes.

Answer: C Page Ref: 752–769 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Republican Roosevelt; Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height; The Ordeal of William Howard Taft; Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom Essay 1. Identify the characteristics common to progressives, and give examples of each.

Page Ref: 738 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Spirit of Progressivism 2. How did progressive action at the city, state, and federal levels pave the way for the activist government of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries?

Page Ref: 747–752 Skill: Analytical Topic: Reform in the Cities and States 3. How did the progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson alter traditional concepts of presidential power?

Page Ref: 755–758; 765–769 Skill: Analytical Topic: Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height; Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom 4. To what extent did the progressive movement succeed? To what extent did it fail?

Page Ref: 736–770 Skill: Analytical Topic: Entire chapter 312 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR THE NATION AT WAR Multiple Choice 1. The German sinking of the ________ in 1915 cost 128 American lives and enraged the American public.

A) Sussex B) Arabic C) Nashville D) Lusitania E) Titanic Answer: D Page Ref: 775 Skill: Factual Topic: The Sinking of the Lusitania 2. In terms of foreign policy, Theodore Roosevelt _____.

A) did little to foster American aims B) reflected the influence of isolationism C) sought to prepare the country for its role as a world power D) worked to further isolate the United States from foreign affairs E) was supremely concerned with world peace Answer: C Page Ref: 777 Skill: Factual Topic: A New World Power 3. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty _____.

A) secured Colombia’s permission for the building of the Panama Canal B) gave the United States control of the canal zone in Panama C) transferred rights to the Panama Canal from France to the United States D) ended hostilities with Mexico in autumn, 1914 E) gave the United States control of the Philippines Answer: B Page Ref: 778 Skill: Factual Topic: A New World Power 4. The United States’ right to intervene in Latin America was stated in the _____.

A) Sussex Pledge B) Zimmermann Note C) Roosevelt Corollary D) Lodge Corollary E) Foster Testimony Answer: C Page Ref: 779 Skill: Factual Topic: A New World Power

313 .

5. In mediating the conflict between Russia and Japan, Roosevelt _____.

A) showed little interest in the final outcome B) sided with Russia, against Japan C) took a totally neutral stance D) recognized the increasing importance of Japan E) tried to play both sides against the other with disastrous results Answer: D Page Ref: 779–780 Skill: Factual Topic: A New World Power 6. In the 1905, Taft-Katsura Agreement, _____.

A) the United States and Japan agreed not to attack each other for at least 50 years B) the United States accepted a Japanese pledge not to invade the Philippines C) Japan agreed to limit emigration to the United States D) the United States and Japan agreed to a policy of mutual free trade E) the United States and Japan agreed to support Chinese independence Answer: B Page Ref: 779–780 Skill: Factual Topic: A New World Power 7. Taft’s policy of “dollar diplomacy” _____.

A) used economic means to increase American influence worldwide B) was primarily aimed at helping underdeveloped countries C) resulted in decreased U.S. influence in Latin America D) had little impact on American national security interests E) helped establish the prestige of the United States in Asia Answer: A Page Ref: 780 Skill: Factual Topic: A New World Power 8. In his approach to foreign affairs, Wilson could be described as _____.

A) a militarist B) a moralist C) an economist D) a global strategist E) a pacifist Answer: B Page Ref: 781 Skill: Factual Topic: Foreign Policy Under Wilson

314 .

9. Woodrow Wilson’s decision to invade Mexico in 1916 followed raids on border towns by _____.

A) Vittorio Zapata B) Pancho Villa C) Francisco Madero D) Victoriano Huerta E) Carlo Ponti Answer: B Page Ref: 783 Skill: Factual Topic: Foreign Policy Under Wilson 10. President Wilson’s first reaction when war broke out in Europe in 1914 was to _____.

A) declare support for the Allies B) condemn the actions of the German army C) praise the assassination of the Austrian archduke D) declare United States neutrality E) begin formation of a sizable navy Answer: D Page Ref: 784–787 Skill: Factual Topic: Toward War 11. At the beginning of World War I, Americans _____.

A) showed little interest in the conflict B) sided strongly with the British C) were eager to enter the conflict D) sided strongly with the Germans E) generally accepted neutrality Answer: E Page Ref: 784–787 Skill: Factual Topic: Toward War 12. At the beginning of World War I, Great Britain _____.

A) respected American neutrality B) made few attempts to influence American policy C) sought the military aid of the United States D) sought to restrict American trade with Germany E) briefly considered a negotiated surrender Answer: D Page Ref: 784–787 Skill: Factual Topic: Toward War

315 .

13. Compared with William Jennings Bryan, Robert Lansing _____.

A) was more idealistic B) favored the German side in the war C) urged a strong stand against the Germans D) had little experience in foreign affairs E) exemplified the philosophy “live and let live” Answer: C Page Ref: 787 Skill: Factual Topic: Toward War 14. After the Sussex incident of 1916, the Germans promised to _____.

A) lift their blockade of the Allies B) shoot on sight only ships of the enemy’s navy C) withdraw from Belgium D) attack all neutral vessels in their waters E) sink any ship carrying cargo to the Allies Answer: B Page Ref: 787 Skill: Factual Topic: Toward War 15. The Zimmermann Telegram _____.

A) announced Germany’s European war aims B) pledged Germany’s intention to end the war peacefully C) proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico D) had little effect on America’s move toward war E) was actually a piece of British war propaganda Answer: C Page Ref: 790 Skill: Factual Topic: Toward War 16. The leader of the American Expeditionary Force was _____.

A) Theodore Roosevelt B) John J. Pershing C) Alfred T. Mahan D) Douglas MacArthur E) Omar Bradley Answer: B Page Ref: 791 Skill: Factual Topic: Over There

316 .

17. The American Expeditionary Force _____.

A) was small and poorly equipped B) consisted largely of the existing U.S. Army C) was primarily a volunteer army D) was initially well prepared and trained for war E) was noted for its squads of elite commandos Answer: A Page Ref: 791 Skill: Factual Topic: Over There 18. The American contribution in World War I _____.

A) was minor when compared to that of the other Allies B) although relatively small, was vital to Allied success C) played a predominant role throughout the war D) was much greater than that of the other Allies E) came too late to be of any real assistance Answer: B Page Ref: 790–794 Skill: Factual Topic: Over There 19. How did Wilson ultimately organize the wartime economy?

A) He decentralized a variety of boards that had been tightly organized.

B) He appointed a number of economic advisors known as “czars.”

C) He established a series of highly centralized planning boards.

D) He raised taxes to fund the war effort, which angered the public.

E) He charged his cabinet with finding workable solutions.

Answer: C Page Ref: 796 Skill: Factual Topic: Over Here 20. To finance the war effort, the U.S. government relied primarily on _____.

A) higher income tax rates B) printing paper money for war debts C) sales of “Liberty Bonds” D) new discoveries of gold in Alaska E) loans from foreign governments Answer: C Page Ref: 796 Skill: Factual Topic: Over Here

317 .

21. Which of the following was NOT a function of the Fuel Administration during World War I? A) the introduction of daylight savings time B) the rationing of coal C) the coordination of shipping D) the creation of “gasless days” E) the allotment of oil Answer: C Page Ref: 797 Skill: Factual Topic: Over Here 22. How did the economic status of the United States change in the wake of World War I? A) When the war began, the United States was a creditor nation. When the war ended, the United States was a debtor nation.

B) When the war began, the United States was a debtor nation. When the war ended, the United States was a creditor nation.

C) When the war began, the United States was an investor nation. When the war ended, the United States was a lender nation.

D) When the war began, the United States was a lender nation. When the war ended, the United States was an investor nation.

E) The economic status of the United States changed only minimally in the wake of World War I and was nearly the same at the beginning and end of the war.

Answer: B Page Ref: 801 Skill: Factual Topic: Over Here 23. As a result of their participation in the war effort, African Americans _____.

A) faced even worse discrimination in the United States B) became more accepting of the conditions they faced C) found greater acceptance within American society D) were more and more inclined to fight discrimination E) often chose to remain in Europe after fighting overseas Answer: D Page Ref: 800 Skill: Factual Topic: Over Here 24. Wilson hurt his chances to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified _____.

A) through his failure to ask for the American people’s support B) because he was unwilling to compromise with opponents C) by working too closely with isolationist opponents D) because he did not work hard enough to convince opponents E) through his vague and hostile demands of his supporters Answer: B Page Ref: 802 Skill: Factual Topic: The Treaty of Versailles

318 .

25. One of Wilson’s major goals at the Paris Peace Conference was to _____.

A) punish Germany for starting the war B) compensate the Allies for their great losses C) found a League of Nations to enforce peace D) bring the new Russian government to the peace table E) collect awards and accolades from France Answer: C Page Ref: 801–803 Skill: Factual Topic: The Treaty of Versailles 26. How can Wilson’s reaction to the sinking of the Lusitania be best characterized?

A) conciliatory diplomacy B) forceful diplomacy C) pessimistic diplomacy D) moral pressure E) reactionary Answer: B Page Ref: 775 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Sinking of the Lusitania 27. How was the role of the United States in foreign affairs changing in the years immediately before the outbreak of World War I? A) The United States continued to grow as an international power.

B) The United States had become the most powerful country in the world.

C) The United States was no longer an imperialist power.

D) The United States was no longer a colonial power.

E) The United States first entered global affairs.

Answer: A Page Ref: 777 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New World Power 28. In what way was the construction of the Panama Canal as Roosevelt said, “the most important action in foreign affairs”?

A) It gave the United States control over international trade.

B) It made the United States the world’s most powerful country.

C) It kept the United States out of involvement in World War I. D) It solidified American influence in Latin America.

E) It gave the United States power over developments in Europe.

Answer: D Page Ref: 778 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New World Power

319 .

29. Why did Roosevelt announce the Roosevelt Corollary?

A) to gain power in the Pacific region B) to keep European powers out of Latin America C) to reshape the Monroe Doctrine completely D) to forgive Latin American national debts E) to gain access to Panama for canal construction Answer: B Page Ref: 778 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New World Power 30. Why was the signing of the Taft-Katsura Agreement strategically important for the United States?

A) It abandoned the Philippines to Japan but gained U.S. security in the Pacific.

B) It strengthened U.S. influence in China.

C) It gave the United States free rein in Japan.

D) It benefited U.S. trade with Japan.

E) It traded Korean independence for U.S. security in the Philippines.

Answer: E Page Ref: 779 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New World Power 31. What showed the weakness of Wilson’s “moral diplomacy”?

A) When a cabinet member was caught in a financial scandal, Wilson’s pride in his morality was tested.

B) The exorbitant costs of moral reforms, such as Prohibition, tested Wilson’s resolve to continue “purity” reforms.

C) The conflicts with Mexico and Germany demonstrated that U.S. morality would not keep militarism under control.

D) The Hawaiian and Philippine annexations demonstrated to the world that U.S. morality didn’t actually exist.

E) In his attitudes toward race relations, Wilson demonstrated that “morality” did not mean equality for African Americans.

Answer: C Page Ref: 781 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Foreign Policy Under Wilson 32. How was Wilson’s treatment of Mexico similar to Roosevelt’s treatment of Colombia?

A) Both men were condescending in their dealings with Latin American governments.

B) Both men demonstrated abhorrence for people of color in their dealings with Latin American governments.

C) Both men showed their inexperience with foreign affairs in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia.

D) Both men demonstrated their fear of European interference in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia.

E) Both men showed their respect and dependence on their neighbors in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia.

Answer: A Page Ref: 778–782 Skill: Conceptual Topic: A New World Power; Foreign Policy Under Wilson

320 .

33. Why did the nation’s progressive reformers oppose the United States’ involvement in World War I? A) They were naturally pessimistic and knew that the United States would lose.

B) They understood how financially costly the war would be for the nation.

C) They did not believe the reports sent over from Europe.

D) They opposed the Allied position because it was one of aggression.

E) They felt the war was pursued for financial and commercial reasons.

Answer: E Page Ref: 784 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Toward War 34. How did the Sussex Pledge affect U.S. involvement in World War I? A) It escalated U.S. involvement.

B) It postponed U.S. involvement.

C) It eliminated U.S. involvement.

D) It complicated U.S. involvement.

E) It intensified U.S. involvement.

Answer: B Page Ref: 787 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Toward War 35. How did the election of 1916 influence the nation’s involvement in World War I? A) By electing Roosevelt, Americans showed their determination to remain neutral in World War I, although this was a short-lived determination.

B) By electing Hughes, Americans showed their determination to remain neutral in World War I, although this was a short-lived determination.

C) By electing Wilson, Americans showed their determination to remain neutral in World War I, although this was a short-lived determination.

D) By electing Wilson, Americans showed their determination to enter World War I, whatever the costs.

E) By electing Roosevelt, Americans showed their determination to enter the war, whatever the costs.

Answer: C Page Ref: 788 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Toward War 36. How did economic factors affect the changing position of the United States from 1916 to 1917?

A) The United States was greatly weakened financially by World War I and saw entering the war as an economic necessity.

B) The United States grew rich from its neutrality during World War I and saw joining the war as a way of increasing wealth.

C) U-boat attacks increased commerce for the United States by eliminating the competition, so continued neutrality benefited the nation’s economy.

D) U-boat attacks prevented the United States from trading freely with Europe and required U.S. involvement.

E) U-boat attacks cost the German government millions of dollars, making them even more eager to draw the United States into the war.

Answer: D Page Ref: 787–788 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Toward War 321 .

37. How did U.S. neutrality in World War I finally come to an end?

A) Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico and sank five American ships in ten days.

B) Russia formed an alliance with Germany that threatened U.S. interests in the Pacific.

C) The Allied nations begged the United States to intervene on their behalf.

D) Japan attacked the Philippines and Hawaii, killing hundreds of American citizens.

E) Germany formed an alliance with Cuba, threatening war against the United States.

Answer: A Page Ref: 790 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Toward War 38. How did the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 change the course of the war?

A) Germany’s own people began to revolt, leading to a weakening of the Central Powers, giving the Allies an advantage.

B) The Polish people in Germany revolted, distracting German forces from fighting France and Britain and giving the Allies an advantage.

C) Socialists in the United States refused to help with the war effort, inhibiting U.S. involvement and prolonging the war.

D) Russia signed a treaty with Germany and dropped out of the war, which enabled Germany to concentrate on fighting in the West.

E) Russia renewed attacks on Germany from the East, which weakened the Central Powers on both fronts.

Answer: D Page Ref: 790 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Over There 39. How did a convoy system impact the course of the war?

A) It used Allied destroyers to escort merchant vessels across the ocean and cut shipping losses in half.

B) It was a system of maneuvers to transport supplies to the troops and keep the soldiers from going hungry.

C) It was a flight technique that made it possible for Allied planes to avoid detection and avoid drawing enemy fire.

D) It was a fighting technique that made it possible for troops to utilize poison gas, machine guns, and other weapons from one location to another.

E) It was a new system of troop transportation that integrated blacks and white units and allowed them to work together.

Answer: A Page Ref: 793 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Over There 40. Which of the following events led to the realization among the German high command that all hope was lost?

A) The Bolsheviks broke their treaty to rejoin the war and side with the Allies.

B) American troops cut the main railroad supply line for the German army in the West.

C) Congress declared that the United States was joining the war on the side of the Allies.

D) American troops began to use poison gas, hand grenades, and machine guns.

E) German troop ships were sunk by British and American navy vessels.

Answer: B Page Ref: 793–794 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Over There 322 .

41. What effect did U.S. involvement in the war have on American civil liberties?

A) The federal government instituted committees and Congress passed acts to ensure the safety and rights of war dissenters.

B) Women had more opportunities in war-related jobs, so their civil liberties increased, especially in voting rights.

C) African Americans had more opportunities in war-related jobs, so their civil liberties increased, encouraging integration.

D) Propaganda campaigns led to programs and congressional acts that interned German Americans in work camps, denying their civil liberties.

E) Propaganda campaigns and legislation made inroads for Americans’ civil liberties.

Answer: E Page Ref: 794–795 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Over Here 42. How was Eugene Debs affected by the passage of new laws during World War I? A) He was arrested for denouncing the war and sent to prison.

B) He gained the right to run for president as a member of the Socialist party.

C) He was sent to prison on the charge of conspiring with the Germans.

D) He was sent to an internment camp with other German American citizens.

E) He was granted the right to check mail for treasonous materials.

Answer: A Page Ref: 795 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Over Here 43. How did Wilson direct the United States’ involvement during the war?

A) He used much of his considerable personal fortune for propaganda.

B) He established agencies to focus factory, food, and fuel resources on the war effort.

C) He instituted and then increased personal and business income taxes.

D) He worked to increase trade with Asia, Africa, and Europe.

E) He established federal programs that rewarded participation in the war effort.

Answer: B Page Ref: 796–798 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Over Here 44. How were average Americans asked to participate in the war effort?

A) The men were drafted as soldiers, and the women were drafted either as nurses or factory workers.

B) They were asked to save scraps of metal, rubber, and cloth to be turned into machines and weapons for war.

C) They were asked to conserve gasoline, meat, and wheat; they were encouraged to plant gardens to supplement their needs.

D) They were asked to donate a tenth of their income to the war effort, earning the name the “war tithe.”

E) They were required to give a tenth of their income to the war effort, earning the name the “mandatory tithe.”

Answer: C Page Ref: 797 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Over Here

323 .

45. What was “labor peace,” and how did it affect the war?

A) “Labor peace” was workers agreeing not to strike so that they might work productively for the war effort.

B) “Labor peace” was the term associated with the mainly socialist union workers who were working for peace and against the war effort.

C) “Labor peace” meant workers striking peacefully, without resorting to violence or underhanded tactics.

D) “Labor peace” described the more peaceful factory environment that welcomed women and AfricanAmerican workers.

E) “Labor peace” was an alliance of government, business, and labor that benefited government and business interests.

Answer: E Page Ref: 798 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Over Here 46. Which of the following was one of the few of Wilson’s Fourteen Points to be implemented?

A) open diplomacy B) freedom of the seas C) removal of barriers to international trade D) military disarmament E) establishment of an independent Poland Answer: E Page Ref: 801 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Treaty of Versailles 47. All of the following characterize the route recommended by the Isthmian Canal Commission in 1899 EXCEPT that _____.

A) it followed natural waterways B) it was the shortest route through Panama C) it wandered through rough, swampy terrain D) it was about fifty miles in length E) it was supported by Roosevelt Answer: A Page Ref: 778 Skill: Analytical Topic: A New World Power 48. What trend did Roosevelt hope to break by passing the Roosevelt Corollary?

A) the election of socialist governments by Latin American countries, such as Cuba and Venezuela B) the growing power of Colombia and Venezuela C) the assertion of independence and new trade restrictions by Asian countries, such as China and Korea D) the default on European loans by Latin American countries, such as Venezuela and the Dominican Republic E) an increase in military power and corresponding influence of Asian countries, such as Japan and the Philippines Answer: D Page Ref: 779 Skill: Analytical Topic: A New World Power

324 .

49. How was Wilson’s practice of foreign affairs similar to his evolution over social reforms?

A) He tried to follow his predecessors’ policies and successfully did so throughout most of his presidency.

B) He tried to follow his predecessors’ policies but failed to do so throughout most of his presidency.

C) He tried to change his predecessors’ policies and ended up following most of them in the end.

D) He tried to change his predecessors’ policies and managed to do so throughout most of his presidency.

E) He went back and forth between supporting and then changing his predecessors’ policies.

Answer: C Page Ref: 781–782 Skill: Analytical Topic: Foreign Policy Under Wilson 50. Which of these best describes Wilson’s success in promoting the League of Nations?

A) The League was rejected both by Europe and by American voters.

B) Wilson’s plan was strongly supported in theory, but its terms were contested by Congress.

C) The plan never had any hope of gaining ratification.

D) The plan was supported internationally and ratified by Congress.

E) He was more successful abroad than domestically.

Answer: E Page Ref: 804–806 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Treaty of Versailles Essay 1. What actions marked America’s emergence as the major power in the Western Hemisphere by 1920?

Page Ref: 779–783 Skill: Analytical Topic: A New World Power; Foreign Policy Under Wilson 2. What concerns divided Americans in their attitudes towards neutrality and participation in World War I? Page Ref: 784–790 Skill: Analytical Topic: Toward War 3. How were civil liberties curtailed in the interest of national security during World War I? How do these actions compare with similar ones taken during the administrations of John Adams and Abraham Lincoln?

Page Ref: 794–801 Skill: Analytical Topic: Over Here 4. Summarize Wilson’s plan for ensuring world peace after World War I. In reality, to what extent would his plan have worked had it been fully implemented?

Page Ref: 801–806 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Treaty of Versailles

325 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE TRANSITION TO MODERN AMERICA Multiple Choice 1. The _____ helped usher in an age of leisure.

A) use of electricity B) use of cotton in textile manufacturing C) introduction of popular fiction D) increased use of domestic workers E) equal distribution of wealth Answer: A Page Ref: 813 Skill: Factual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 2. The key to the new affluence of the 1920s lay in _____.

A) new methods of business organization B) the discovery of new sources of raw materials C) better methods of financing business D) a more skilled work force E) new forms of technology Answer: E Page Ref: 812 Skill: Factual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 3. Crucial to the growth of the automobile industry in the 1920s was _____.

A) traditional financing options B) new and increased marketing C) the long life of the new automobile D) the rise of steam power E) greater disposable income Answer: B Page Ref: 812 Skill: Factual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 4. The revolution in consumer goods _____.

A) was offset by problems in other industries, such as the railroads B) epitomized the growth of all areas of the economy C) was a short-term factor in the American economy D) aided all other kinds of industry E) helped fuel growth in the railroad industry Answer: A Page Ref: 815 Skill: Factual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution

326 .

5. The area of greatest decline in the American economy in the 1920s was _____.

A) automobiles B) agriculture C) banking D) exports E) manufacturing Answer: B Page Ref: 815 Skill: Factual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 6. The 1920 census revealed that _____.

A) slightly more than half of the population lived in cities B) most people still resided in rural areas C) southern cities were experiencing a population boom D) a third of the population had migrated to the South E) African Americans were migrating from the North Answer: A Page Ref: 815 Skill: Factual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 7. Which of the following was NOT a popular sport that flourished in the 1920s?

A) boxing B) baseball C) college football D) golf E) soccer Answer: E Page Ref: 819 Skill: Factual Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age 8. The ________ exemplified the flowering of African-American culture in the 1920s.

A) growth of the NAACP B) flapper era C) Harlem Renaissance D) expatriate community E) “Garveyites” Answer: C Page Ref: 823 Skill: Factual Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age

327 .

9. During the Red Scare of 1919–1920, ________ led the attack on foreign-born radicals.

A) A. Mitchell Palmer B) Clarence Darrow C) Warren G. Harding D) Alexander Berkman E) William Jennings Bryan Answer: A Page Ref: 825 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 10. Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted of murder primarily because they were _____.

A) Russian immigrants B) foreign-born C) atheists D) former criminals E) African American Answer: B Page Ref: 827 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 11. Which one of the following was NOT a result of prohibition?

A) an increase in drinking in America B) an increase in crime in America C) the end of alcohol consumption in America D) an opposition to prohibition in cities E) a lucrative bootlegging business Answer: A Page Ref: 828 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 12. The rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan began in 1915 in the state of _____.

A) Texas B) Oregon C) Illinois D) Georgia E) Alabama Answer: D Page Ref: 828 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rural Counterattack

328 .

13. The Ku Klux Klan went into decline soon after _____.

A) Klan leaders were found to be involved in sexual and financial scandals B) the organization was unmasked as a secret communist conspiracy C) new federal laws made membership a crime in 1927 D) evangelist Billy Sunday denounced it in a widely-reprinted sermon E) it blocked a resolution of censure at the Democratic national convention Answer: A Page Ref: 829 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 14. The immigration legislation of the 1920s _____.

A) had no lasting effect B) was opposed by the large corporations C) encouraged immigration from underdeveloped countries D) was the most enduring achievement of the rural counterattack E) was quickly repealed in the 1930s Answer: D Page Ref: 829–830 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 15. Which group was exempted from the provisions of the National Origins Act of 1921?

A) Italians B) Russians C) Germans D) Mexicans E) Irish Answer: D Page Ref: 831 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 16. John Scopes was put on trial for _____.

A) sending package bombs during the Red Scare B) evading the draft during World War I C) shouting “fire” in a crowded theater D) teaching the theory of evolution in a Tennessee high school E) committing murder and a payroll robbery Answer: D Page Ref: 832 Skill: Factual Topic: The Rural Counterattack

329 .

17. Harding and his successors _____.

A) sought to continue the policies of Wilson B) wanted a return to traditional Republican policies C) advanced in new directions D) sought to maintain the status quo E) wanted to redefine “Republicanism” Answer: B Page Ref: 833 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 18. As Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover _____.

A) sought to limit government-business relations B) established a reputation in the area of transportation C) differed with the policies of Harding and Coolidge D) pushed for closer relations between government and business E) was completely unable to accomplish his goals Answer: D Page Ref: 833–835 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 19. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon pushed for _____.

A) increased government spending B) reduced government spending C) creation of an estate tax D) higher corporate taxes E) higher taxes for the rich Answer: B Page Ref: 834 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 20. The root of the problems that farmers faced in the 1920s was _____.

A) crop disease B) foreign competition C) high labor costs D) overproduction E) high tariff rates Answer: D Page Ref: 835 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of the 1920s

330 .

21. The Democratic candidate in the election of 1928 was _____.

A) Robert M. La Follette B) James Cox C) John W. Davis D) Al Smith E) William McAdoo Answer: D Page Ref: 836 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 22. An indicator of the future strength of the Democratic Party was _____.

A) its success in the presidential race of 1924 B) the shift of urban voters to the party C) an increase in the number of rural Democrats D) the unpopularity of Republican presidents E) a large number of women voters Answer: B Page Ref: 836 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 23. Beneath the surface, the two candidates in the election of 1928 _____.

A) were strikingly similar B) were radically different C) were somewhat alike D) had little in common E) despised each other Answer: A Page Ref: 836–837 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 24. What was the significance of Ford’s Highland Park plant in the transition to modern America?

A) It was the first factory to open in the United States.

B) It marked the maturity of mass production in the United States.

C) This plant produced crucial military equipment for World War I. D) It was the place in which organized labor first emerged.

E) Women laborers were employed here for the first time.

Answer: B Page Ref: 811 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Wheels for the Millions

331 .

25. How did the advent of mass production change the lives of many Americans in the early twentieth century?

A) Americans attained the highest standard of living in the world.

B) There was an increase in racial harmony among U.S. workers.

C) Unemployment rates plummeted due to the mechanization of production.

D) The farmers of rural America benefited due to increased demand for produce.

E) Poverty went into decline due to the availability of cheap goods.

Answer: A Page Ref: 812 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 26. What was one of the negative consequences of the consumer goods economy?

A) Mass production resulted in the depletion of crucial natural resources.

B) Labor disputes disrupted the production process and damaged economic growth.

C) The quality of the goods that were produced was substandard.

D) Growth was limited to the auto industry.

E) Traditional industries declined.

Answer: E Page Ref: 815–816 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 27. What was the effect of uniformity and standardization on the lives of average Americans?

A) It led to an increase in the average salary of the American worker.

B) Women were now able to leave their households to enter the work force.

C) It led to the homogenization of consumer goods and the blurring of regional distinctiveness.

D) It resulted in economic stability that persisted throughout the next two decades.

E) Countless new brands emerged as different regions produced their own goods.

Answer: C Page Ref: 815 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 28. Which of these did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s?

A) agriculture B) department stores C) the automotive industry D) the chemical industry E) the entertainment industry Answer: A Page Ref: 815–816 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution

332 .

29. Where and why did the major demographic shift of the 1920s take place?

A) There was a mass movement of people from the cities to the suburbs.

B) There was a mass movement of people from the rural countryside to cities.

C) The development of mechanization in agricultural production drew populations from urban centers to more rural areas.

D) People moved in large numbers from urban areas to rural areas.

E) Population shifted from the South to the North.

Answer: B Page Ref: 816 Skill: Conceptual Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age 30. How did the emergence of urban culture affect the lives of women?

A) The emergence of urban culture led to a spike in the numbers of working women.

B) Women found their leisure time greatly increased.

C) Salaries of female workers began to climb during this period.

D) Women grew more assertive and concentrated on individual self-expression.

E) More women than men were able to attain academic degrees.

Answer: D Page Ref: 818 Skill: Conceptual Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age 31. How were families affected by the changes sweeping American society in the 1920s?

A) Generally, childhood and adolescence became shorter periods because families needed to send children to work at a younger age.

B) Fewer married women took jobs outside of the home as traditional values were restored across the country.

C) The “youth movement” of the 1920s championed traditional family values, such as respect for one’s parents.

D) Church attendance in urban areas decreased due to a drop in population and in the construction of houses of worship in the countryside.

E) The average American family decreased in size due to the availability of more effective birth control methods.

Answer: E Page Ref: 818 Skill: Conceptual Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age 32. How did attitudes toward sex and marriage change during the Roaring Twenties?

A) Victorian attitudes towards sex and marriage reemerged to sway American society throughout the 1920s.

B) There was minimal change in attitudes toward sex and marriage at this time in American history.

C) Divorce rates remained low as conservative values continued to dominate urban American society.

D) People freely flouted Victorian sexual mores and behavior and more than half of all marriages ended in divorce.

E) There was greater tolerance in attitudes toward sex, which was no longer a taboo subject, along with a higher incidence of divorce.

Answer: E Page Ref: 819–821 Skill: Conceptual Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age 333 .

33. In what way can Jazz Age activities be seen as an effect of the economic growth of this period?

A) The boom in consumer goods resulted in people turning away from sports and entertainment to spend their leisure time shopping.

B) The rise in industry led to the construction of the first local transit systems, which made it easier for Americans to attend cultural events.

C) Increased standards of living provided the middle class with disposable income to spend on an increasing variety of diversions.

D) The uniformity and austerity of mass production was reflected in the era’s culture, which became more straitlaced and buttoned down.

E) Business leaders and laborers became preoccupied with making money, which left little time for leisure activities or other diversions.

Answer: C Page Ref: 816 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution 34. How did authors Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald differ?

A) Hemingway lived as an expatriate in Europe, while Fitzgerald remained at home in the United States.

B) Hemingway belonged to the Lost Generation, while Fitzgerald was part of the Harlem Renaissance.

C) Hemingway’s style included bittersweet prose, while Fitzgerald favored a sparse, clean approach.

D) Hemingway wrote about a lack of human concern, while Fitzgerald wrote about the quest for personal honor.

E) Hemingway was known for his glittery lifestyle on Long Island, while Fitzgerald became renowned for stalking lions in Africa.

Answer: A Page Ref: 821 Skill: Conceptual Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age 35. What did the Red Scare reveal about the darker side of American society?

A) There was a deep undercurrent of intolerance and bigotry in American society.

B) Americans were more interested in economic growth than in personal liberties.

C) Racism emerged as a new phenomenon in the America of the 1920s.

D) Americans were willing to tolerate immigrants if they stayed out of political life.

E) There was a general indifference toward issues of race, ethnicity, and national identity.

Answer: A Page Ref: 825 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 36. Which group in American society greatly benefited from the passage of prohibition?

A) The upper middle class greatly benefited because they were exempt from this law.

B) Bootleggers who controlled the illegal production and sale of alcohol greatly benefited.

C) People in rural areas who championed this “noble experiment” greatly benefited.

D) Churches greatly benefited due to the role they played in counseling alcoholics.

E) Government leaders who passed the law greatly benefited from public appreciation.

Answer: B Page Ref: 827 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rural Counterattack

334 .

37. Why did the Ku Klux Klan experience a rebirth during the early part of the 1920s?

A) The Klan was the chief producer and purveyor of illegal liquor during prohibition.

B) The perception of eroding traditional values led many to adopt the Klan’s extremism.

C) The growth of the Klan was an indicator of a rise in the standard of living.

D) The Klan broadened its constituency to Catholics, which attracted new members.

E) The Klan employed violent methods to force people to join their membership.

Answer: B Page Ref: 829–830 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 38. Why did nativism grow in the 1920s?

A) There was a great deal of postwar resentment toward Europeans.

B) Americans tended to favor immigration from “native” Latin America.

C) Most European immigrants were socialists or communists.

D) Influential Americans feared the purity of the race was threatened.

E) Many Americans had a racist bias against Europeans.

Answer: D Page Ref: 831 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 39. What did the Scopes trial reveal about religious tensions during the 1920s?

A) It displayed the divide between science and fundamentalism.

B) It demonstrated a suspicion of the Roman Catholic Church.

C) It was a pivotal moment in the heated debate over abortion.

D) It highlighted differences between Christianity and Judaism.

E) It alienated those who believed in the separation of church and state.

Answer: A Page Ref: 832 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Rural Counterattack 40. What was the intent of the Republican Party’s push for “normalcy”?

A) The return to normalcy indicated Republican reservations about mass production and other broad economic changes.

B) “Normalcy” aimed to raise income taxes for all classes of American citizens.

C) This term indicated that Republicans wanted to reverse the cultural transformation sweeping American society.

D) Republicans sought to shrink government intervention in all aspects of the economy as part of the planned return to normalcy.

E) Reacting to the reforms of progressive presidents, such as Woodrow Wilson and Teddy Roosevelt, Republicans sought stability and security.

Answer: E Page Ref: 834 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics of the 1920s

335 .

41. How did Republican policies affect the wealthiest Americans?

A) Overall, the wealthiest Americans paid a higher percentage of their income in taxes.

B) Wealthy Americans faced new kinds of taxes, such as the estate tax.

C) Wealthy Americans saw their income taxes reduced significantly.

D) The wealthiest Americans became the hardest hit during the Great Depression.

E) The wealthiest Americans experienced a difficult relationship with the government.

Answer: C Page Ref: 834 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 42. Why did Hoover have greater appeal than Smith in the election of 1928?

A) As a big-city politician, Hoover appealed to the immigrant population that was larger than the “nativist” population.

B) As a Protestant and someone who stood for traditional American values, Hoover appealed to a larger majority of Americans.

C) Hoover was a self-made man who embodied the American belief in freedom of opportunity and upward mobility.

D) Hoover had fought valiantly during World War I, whereas Smith was known to be a “draft dodger.”

E) Prior to the presidential race of 1928, Smith had never been involved in politics and had little experience.

Answer: B Page Ref: 835–836 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 43. What was the pivotal role of religion in the 1928 election?

A) Most Americans voted for Hoover as the Protestant candidate.

B) Most Americans were Catholic immigrants and identified with Smith.

C) The Ku Klux Klan helped elect Hoover because he was Protestant.

D) The Roman Catholic Church ordered its faithful to vote for Al Smith.

E) Religiously active Protestants refused to participate in this election.

Answer: A Page Ref: 835 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics of the 1920s 44. Which of the following was NOT true of the American economy during the 1920s?

A) Uniformity and standardization prevailed.

B) The spread of automobiles stimulated other industries.

C) Advertising became a major industry.

D) Mass production became the hallmark of industry.

E) Farmers experienced unprecedented prosperity.

Answer: E Page Ref: 815 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution

336 .

45. Each of the following facts about women in the 1920s is true EXCEPT _____.

A) most women workers had low-paying jobs B) the number of women doctors decreased C) women earned nearly one-third of all graduate degrees D) women activists worked to introduce an Equal Rights Amendment E) there was a substantial permanent gain in the number of working women Answer: E Page Ref: 817 Skill: Analytical Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age 46. Which of the following was NOT a way that the Red Scare influenced American society?

A) Fears of radical elements within American society led to a restriction of civil liberties as authorities sought to contain the perceived threat.

B) There was an increased sense of fear as radicals committed violent acts such as the bombing of Attorney General Palmer’s home in 1919.

C) The negative response to the Red Scare contributed to a rise in membership of the Communist Party across the United States.

D) The Red Scare led to heightened antagonism toward foreigners and the widespread deportation of certain groups of immigrants.

E) In certain cases, such as the Sacco and Vanzetti murder trial, the justice system was compromised and justice did not prevail.

Answer: C Page Ref: 825 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Rural Counterattack 47. Which issue from the 1920s continues to factor heavily in politics today?

A) open immigration versus restrictive legislation B) segregation versus integration C) communism versus conservatism D) prohibition versus alcohol distribution E) the theory of evolution versus a belief in creationism Answer: A Page Ref: 831 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Rural Counterattack 48. What did Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover all have in common?

A) All three politicians were presidents from the Democratic Party.

B) All three politicians were born and raised in America’s largest cities.

C) All three politicians were conservatives who epitomized traditional values.

D) All three politicians pushed a reform agenda while serving in office.

E) All three politicians supported small business owners and labor unions.

Answer: C Page Ref: 833–834 Skill: Analytical Topic: Politics of the 1920s

337 .

49. Which political tensions began in the 1920s and still exist today?

A) tensions between Protestants and Catholics B) tensions between Republicans and Democrats C) tensions between “wets” and “drys” D) tensions between traditional conservatives and neo-conservatives E) tensions between male and female politicians Answer: B Page Ref: 832 Skill: Analytical Topic: Politics of the 1920s 50. Which of the following is the best characterization of the United States in the decade following World War I? A) The United States suffered an economic decline that left millions out of work and lasted until the next world war.

B) The United States was devastated emotionally by the war and spent the 1920s rebuilding its confidence and command.

C) The United States emerged from the war as one of the powerful nations of the world, and spent the 1920s economically and politically solidifying that dominance.

D) The United States was disillusioned by the conflict and spent the 1920s completely isolated and removed from the international stage.

E) The United States continued to be divided by ethnicity with German and Russian Americans on one side and English and French Americans on the other.

Answer: C Page Ref: 810–838 Skill: Analytical Topic: Entire chapter Essay 1. How did mass production, marketing, and popular culture begin to homogenize regional and local subcultures during the 1920s?

Page Ref: 811–824 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution; City Life in the Jazz Age 2. What factors account for the “rural counterattack” of the 1920s? What forms did it take? What was its most significant success?

Page Ref: 824–832 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Rural Counterattack 3. What events marked the interaction between political and cultural developments related in the 1920s?

Page Ref: 816–837 Skill: Analytical Topic: City Life in the Jazz Age; The Rural Counterattack; Politics of the 1920s

338 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE NEW DEAL Multiple Choice 1. The most striking characteristic of the stock market in 1929 was _______.

A) the obsession with speculation among investors B) the downward trend of major stocks early in the year C) the government’s desire to carefully regulate the market D) the heavy involvement of the majority of wage-earning Americans E) the steady advancement through the decade Answer: A Page Ref: 843 Skill: Factual Topic: The Great Depression 2. By 1932, what percentage of American workers were unemployed?

A) 10% B) 12% C) 25% D) 33% E) 50% Answer: C Page Ref: 844 Skill: Factual Topic: The Great Depression 3. The social and economic effects of the Depression _______.

A) affected only the wealthier classes B) hit the middle class especially hard C) lasted only a few months at the end of 1929 D) were suffered only by the lower classes E) came to light only gradually Answer: B Page Ref: 845 Skill: Factual Topic: The Great Depression 4. Hoover believed that unemployment relief _______.

A) was justified by previous government policies B) would bring about dangerous inflation C) could promote domestic unrest D) should come from private charities E) would be a sign of weakness Answer: D Page Ref: 847 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression

339 .

5. Hoover’s response to the Great Depression could best be described as _______.

A) restrained and cautious B) innovative and adaptive C) humanitarian and pragmatic D) socialist and radical E) aggressive and rapid Answer: A Page Ref: 847 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression 6. Roosevelt’s Hundred Days banking legislation aimed to _______.

A) remedy a banking crisis B) decrease government regulation of U.S. banks C) allow the government to take over the banking system D) give bankers a place in his government E) merge smaller banks with larger ones Answer: A Page Ref: 851 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression 7. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was designed to _______.

A) help support continued control of electrical power by private companies B) bring modernization and jobs to desolate areas of the upper rural South C) alienate troublesome conservationists in his administration D) test the authority of the Supreme Court E) win votes in a largely Republican area of the country Answer: B Page Ref: 852 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression 8. The National Recovery Administration sought to promote economic recovery by _______.

A) reducing corporate taxes B) restoring competition C) experimenting with national economic planning D) implementing classical economic theory E) eliminating all taxes Answer: C Page Ref: 852 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression

340 .

9. Which New Deal program did the Supreme Court declare unconstitutional?

A) Commodity Credit Corporation B) Civilian Conservation Corps C) National Recovery Administration D) Tennessee Valley Authority E) Civil Works Administration Answer: C Page Ref: 852 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression 10. Which of the following was a New Deal program that worked to bring about farm recovery?

A) the Federal Farm Board B) the Agricultural Adjustment Administration C) the Tennessee Valley Authority D) the National Recovery Administration E) the Civilian Conservation Corps Answer: B Page Ref: 853 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression 11. Franklin D. Roosevelt and his advisers believed that _______ production would raise prices for farmers.

A) reducing B) increasing C) redistributing D) expropriating E) monitoring Answer: A Page Ref: 852–853 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression 12. Young men were hired to clear land, plant trees, and build bridges and fish ponds by the _______.

A) Tennessee Valley Authority B) National Recovery Administration C) Public Works Administration D) Works Progress Administration E) Civilian Conservation Corps Answer: E Page Ref: 854 Skill: Factual Topic: Fighting the Depression

341 .

13. By 1935, Roosevelt’s severest critics were those _______.

A) who were members of the Supreme Court B) accusing him of being a socialist C) demanding more radical reforms D) accusing him of ignoring foreign interests E) scolding him for not helping African Americans Answer: C Page Ref: 856 Skill: Factual Topic: Roosevelt and Reform 14. Francis Townsend advocated that the federal government pay $200 each month to _______.

A) all Americans over the age of 60 B) dispossessed farmers C) veterans of World War I D) widows with two or more children E) unemployed urban workers Answer: A Page Ref: 856 Skill: Factual Topic: Roosevelt and Reform 15. Which of the following was advocated by Father Charles Coughlin?

A) the Social Security Act B) the National Union for Social Justice C) the Civilian Conservation Corps D) the Federal Theatre Project E) the “Share the Wealth” movement Answer: B Page Ref: 856 Skill: Factual Topic: Roosevelt and Reform 16. The National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act _______.

A) guaranteed that all workers would be paid a minimum wage B) granted workers the right to organize and collectively bargain C) gave management the right to forbid the “closed shop” D) gave the president the power to end strikes E) did not help workers who were not already unionized Answer: B Page Ref: 859 Skill: Factual Topic: Roosevelt and Reform

342 .

17. The industrial union movement of the 1930s _______.

A) sought to organize skilled workers in particular trades B) had long been championed by the American Federation of Labor C) was led by William Green D) grew greatly in the 1930s E) had been thriving for years before the Great Depression Answer: D Page Ref: 860–864 Skill: Factual Topic: Impact of the New Deal 18. The sit-down strike _______.

A) was first used against General Motors in 1936 B) was used only by the United Auto Workers C) proved ineffective against major corporations D) was first used against the Ford Motor Company E) was a time-tested technique from strikes in the 1920s Answer: A Page Ref: 862 Skill: Factual Topic: Impact of the New Deal 19. The individual most responsible for promoting African-American rights during the New Deal was _______.

A) Franklin D. Roosevelt B) John Collier C) Harry Hopkins D) Harold Ickes E) Huey Long Answer: C Page Ref: 863 Skill: Factual Topic: Impact of the New Deal 20. Local authorities rounded up ________ to deport them and reduce the welfare rolls.

A) African Americans B) Mexican immigrants C) Asian immigrants D) Native Americans E) European Americans Answer: B Page Ref: 863 Skill: Factual Topic: Impact of the New Deal

343 .

21. Despite the New Deal, ________ remained the country’s most impoverished citizens.

A) African Americans B) Asian Americans C) Native Americans D) Mexican Americans E) “Okies” and “Arkies” Answer: C Page Ref: 864 Skill: Factual Topic: Impact of the New Deal 22. Roosevelt’s “court packing” proposal was _______.

A) a non-starter that never got off the ground B) curtailed due to opposition from Republicans C) effectively blocked by Democratic opposition D) implemented partially and resulted in three appointments E) successful at limiting the power of the Supreme Court Answer: C Page Ref: 867 Skill: Factual Topic: End of the New Deal 23. Why did farmers during the Great Depression resort to such extreme measures as dumping fresh milk into the streets?

A) Like many other Americans during the Great Depression, dairy farmers fell victim to despair and lost their hope in the future.

B) The shipping industry had been so devastated by the Great Depression that farmers had no way to get their produce to market.

C) Farmers hoped to increase demand and drive up prices for their products by decreasing the available supply.

D) Due to widespread poverty among the American population, hardly anyone could afford to buy milk.

E) The government had instituted milk rationing which resulted in the overproduction of milk by dairy farmers.

Answer: C Page Ref: 842–844 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Great Depression

344 .

24. How did the consumer-goods revolution contribute to the great crash of 1929?

A) The production of durable goods, which did not need to be replaced, outpaced demand and led to widescale layoffs.

B) Mass-produced consumer goods were of such poor quality that people eventually stopped purchasing them and the industry began to falter.

C) The consumer goods revolution had contributed to a lack of confidence in the strength of the American economic system.

D) The consumer goods revolution led to an increase in home construction that eventually crashed due to overproduction.

E) The beneficiaries of the consumer goods revolution did not invest their money in the stock exchange.

Answer: A Page Ref: 842–844 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Great Depression 25. How did Americans respond to the bull market climate on the eve of the great crash in 1929?

A) A general sense of caution about the ability of the market to continue to yield such fantastic dividends caused the market to falter.

B) Average Americans tended not to invest in the market themselves, instead relying on professional stockbrokers to invest their savings.

C) Many Americans looked to the government for guidance on how to invest in such a rapidly growing market.

D) Wild optimism about the continued growth of the stock market led Americans to engage in speculative investing practices.

E) Wary about the danger of “get rich quick” schemes, many Americans carefully guarded their life savings.

Answer: D Page Ref: 844 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Great Depression 26. How did the Great Depression affect Americans psychologically?

A) The loss of savings and employment led most Americans to renounce capitalism and turn to socialism.

B) Unemployment and poverty undermined people’s sense of self-worth and caused many to despair.

C) Most men either committed suicide or abandoned their families because they could not provide for them.

D) Americans in the middle and upper classes had more emotional resources and fared better than poor people.

E) Hunger and poverty made Americans unable to think properly and make good decisions, leading to divorce and crime.

Answer: B Page Ref: 845–846 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Great Depression

345 .

27. What effect did the Great Depression have on immigration to the United States?

A) The rate of immigration to the United States remained constant during the Great Depression.

B) More immigrants came to the United States at this time due to the availability of low-skill, hard-labor jobs.

C) Progressives urged that legislation be passed to restrict immigration and make it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens.

D) Conservatives supported immigration reform since immigrants tended to take jobs that Americans were too proud to take.

E) The Great Depression effectively reversed the flow of immigration across the Rio Grande, deporting hundreds of thousands of immigrants.

Answer: E Page Ref: 845 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Great Depression 28. How did Roosevelt go about winning the Democratic nomination in 1932?

A) He set the populists and urban reformers in opposition to each other.

B) He called for an end to traditional beliefs and conservative policies.

C) He backed the platform of the segregationists against the reformers.

D) He appealed to both the traditionalists and the new urban elements within the party.

E) He relied heavily on minority voters.

Answer: D Page Ref: 850 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting the Depression 29. Which of FDR’s actions ended the immediate financial crisis of the 1930s?

A) FDR established the Tennessee Valley Authority and created thousands of new jobs.

B) FDR’s Works Progress Administration spent nearly $5 billion on emergency relief.

C) FDR worked with powerful European nations to advance American agricultural trade.

D) Using a calm and fatherly tone, FDR soothed the public’s fears during fireside chats.

E) FDR gave government aid to the large banks, restoring confidence in the banking system.

Answer: E Page Ref: 851 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting the Depression 30. How did agencies created during the Hundred Days affect the Great Depression?

A) They attempted to relieve the suffering of Americans by giving government-subsidized loans at very low rates.

B) Agencies such as the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Civilian Conservation Corps succeeded in getting most of the unemployed back to work.

C) Their main effect was to end economic stagnation by getting many people back to work on government projects.

D) They strengthened all the failing banks of the country, restoring Americans’ confidence in banking.

E) They did little to affect the Great Depression, but they were perceived to be effective by the public.

Answer: C Page Ref: 851–852 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting the Depression

346 .

31. What ultimately caused the National Recovery Administration to fail?

A) It did not address business owners’ goals of stabilizing production and raising prices.

B) It compelled all companies to join, regardless of whether they wanted to or not.

C) In the final analysis, very few industries decided to enroll in the NRA. D) Its rules favored large corporations over small businesses and laborers.

E) It did not attempt to address labor leaders’ goals of establishing a minimum wage.

Answer: D Page Ref: 852 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting the Depression 32. How did the farm recovery program work to fix the agricultural industry?

A) It favored small farming operations over large industrial ones.

B) It convinced farmers to stop destroying their livestock and crops.

C) It found new international markets for surplus American crops.

D) It set production limits for leading crops and paid farmers subsidies.

E) It increased demand by giving away surplus food to the starving poor.

Answer: D Page Ref: 853 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting the Depression 33. Why was the New Deal criticized during the early years of the Great Depression?

A) Many felt that Roosevelt’s programs were not aggressive enough in helping those truly in need.

B) Some felt that its programs favored minorities and immigrants, leaving white middle class Americans without aid.

C) Policies of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration were criticized for hampering agricultural production and leading to food shortages.

D) Critics disagreed with the New Deal’s attempts to institute national health insurance and relief for the unemployed.

E) Roosevelt and his policies were criticized for not reaching out to bankers, business leaders, and others in the world of finance.

Answer: A Page Ref: 856–857 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Roosevelt and Reform

347 .

34. How did Huey Long’s “Share the Wealth” movement reflect on the federal government’s efforts to address the Great Depression?

A) The fact that Americans were swayed by Huey Long’s flamboyant style suggested that they had become disillusioned with FDR’s leadership.

B) The “Share the Wealth” movement complemented the New Deal’s programs, which similarly sought to increase the standard of living of all Americans.

C) The “Share the Wealth” movement suggested that a large number of people felt that more should be done for those in trouble.

D) Rising frustration with the slow pace of recovery resulted in a grassroots revival of fundamentalist Christianity.

E) The emergence of viable third-party candidates suggested that neither Democrats nor Republicans were capable of ending the Great Depression.

Answer: C Page Ref: 857 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Roosevelt and Reform 35. What was the primary motivation for the passage of the Social Security Act? A) It was motivated by a belief that people ought to take responsibility for their economic decisions and situations.

B) It was motivated by a desire to fend off Republican challenges to Democratic policies and to ensure that FDR would be reelected.

C) It was motivated by a belief that wealth should be distributed equally among all American citizens and across all social classes.

D) It was motivated by a concern that radical elements within American society would gain power if discontent among the poor and dispossessed was not remedied.

E) It was motivated by a sense of duty to ensure that all American citizens, especially the elderly, handicapped, and unemployed, were adequately protected.

Answer: E Page Ref: 857 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Roosevelt and Reform 36. How did the New Deal affect American industrial workers?

A) It provided them with jobs, regardless of race or gender.

B) It provided the means for them to organize and bargain for benefits.

C) It allowed skilled workers to unionize, but left unskilled workers unrepresented.

D) It left them at the mercy of businesses that were supported by the government.

E) It squeezed out women and minorities to give jobs to white male workers.

Answer: B Page Ref: 860–864 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Impact of the New Deal

348 .

37. How were women and African Americans in the automobile and steel industries affected by the organization of labor in the 1930s?

A) They were given a higher percentage of jobs because the government recognized that both groups had been traditionally undervalued.

B) Their wages increased to equal that of white men because the government recognized that they had been traditionally underpaid.

C) They were granted education and agricultural incentives to remove them from the workforce and reduce competition for white men.

D) They filled largely unskilled jobs and were able to join unions along with skilled laborers due to the passage of new legislation.

E) They did not benefit from the organization of labor and were shut out of almost all unions and trade associations.

Answer: D Page Ref: 860 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Impact of the New Deal 38. Most African Americans shifted political affiliation from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party in response to _______.

A) FDR designing the TVA and NRA specifically to benefit African Americans.

B) FDR appointing African Americans to high-ranking government positions.

C) FDR ensuring that African Americans received the same wages as white workers.

D) FDR using the New Deal to create legislation to end segregation in the South.

E) FDR providing employment and job security to most African Americans.

Answer: B Page Ref: 863 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Impact of the New Deal 39. What was one major impact of the New Deal on party politics?

A) It restored the U.S. economy to its original preeminence in the world.

B) It united Democrats and Republicans as no other crisis had before or since.

C) It sought to create a coalition by reaching out to ethnic voters.

D) It changed the political affiliations for most rural and urban voters.

E) It created a unified Democratic party of rural southerners and urban westerners.

Answer: C Page Ref: 866 Skill: Conceptual Topic: End of the New Deal 40. What is one reason why the election of 1936 was noteworthy?

A) It restored Republicans to power after years of Democratic rule.

B) It was the first time a third-party candidate received a sizable number of votes.

C) It marked the creation of a new, powerful political coalition.

D) It affected the political affiliation of most rural and small town voters.

E) It solidified a Democratic party of rural southerners and urban westerners.

Answer: C Page Ref: 866 Skill: Conceptual Topic: End of the New Deal

349 .

41. Why did FDR attempt to “pack” the Supreme Court?

A) He knew opposing the Supreme Court would unite his disparate Democratic Party.

B) He knew opposing the Supreme Court would win him bipartisan support.

C) He saw the Supreme Court’s interference with the New Deal as unconstitutional.

D) He wanted to remove the final and most powerful threat to his New Deal programs.

E) He wanted to create a Democratic Supreme Court to ensure his legacy.

Answer: D Page Ref: 867 Skill: Conceptual Topic: End of the New Deal 42. How did the creation of reform programs during the New Deal eventually lead to its demise?

A) The programs actually did very little to change the U.S. economic situation.

B) The programs required massive government spending and could not be sustained.

C) The programs were dismissed by Republicans who took control of Congress.

D) The programs were unpopular with the general public who began to speak out.

E) The programs were too progressive and could not outlast political changes.

Answer: B Page Ref: 868 Skill: Conceptual Topic: End of the New Deal 43. How did FDR’s attitude toward budget deficits impact the success of the New Deal?

A) He drew from the country’s reserves and could not rescue the economy.

B) He did not see the importance of deficits, which could have helped the economy.

C) He raised the deficits, which inhibited his ability to save the economy.

D) He sought a balanced budget when he should have increased spending.

E) He spent too much and nearly bankrupted the United States.

Answer: D Page Ref: 868 Skill: Conceptual Topic: End of the New Deal 44. How might FDR’s personal background have prepared him to meet the challenges of the Great Depression?

A) Since he was from a privileged background, he did not personally suffer financial hardship, which left him free to address the country’s crisis.

B) His service as assistant secretary of the Navy under Woodrow Wilson prepared him to balance foreign and domestic affairs during the Great Depression.

C) His relationship to Theodore Roosevelt helped him become a conservationist and a powerful Republican leader.

D) His bout with polio gave him personal experience of suffering and made him more sensitive to the downtrodden of society.

E) His Ivy League education helped him understand the needs of wealthy American businessmen during the Great Depression.

Answer: D Page Ref: 849 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Fighting the Depression

350 .

45. Which of these explains the failure of the National Recovery Administration?

A) Labor and management were unable to really work together.

B) Its programs failed to help farmers.

C) Few banks were actually saved by the program.

D) The Supreme Court struck the program down at the height of its success.

E) The limits put on competition drove prices disastrously low.

Answer: A Page Ref: 852 Skill: Analytical Topic: Fighting the Depression 46. Which of the following was NOT a way that the Great Depression benefited the Democrats?

A) Their handling of the Depression was universally popular, giving the Democrats control of Congress for a two-year period.

B) The Democrats were given the mandate to address the crisis and had almost unanimous support early on.

C) FDR and Democratic lawmakers passed landmark legislation, such as the Social Security Act. D) The Republicans had been unable to prevent the Depression, and as a result the Democrats returned to power.

E) Initially, Democrats enjoyed party cohesion that helped push through New Deal programs.

Answer: A Page Ref: 847–860 Skill: Analytical Topic: Fighting the Depression; Roosevelt and Reform 47. Working women in the 1930s faced all of the following EXCEPT _______.

A) discriminatory hiring and firing practices B) an unemployment rate higher than 20 percent for a decade C) lower wages sanctioned by government regulations D) lack of a minimum wage for maids and waitresses E) lack of appointments for women in high-ranking positions Answer: E Page Ref: 860–863 Skill: Analytical Topic: Impact of the New Deal 48. In his second term, Roosevelt was stung by all of the following EXCEPT _______.

A) strained relations with Congress in the wake of his “court packing” scheme B) the defeat of minimum wage and maximum hour legislation C) a serious economic relapse known as the “Roosevelt recession” D) a Republican resurgence during the 1938 midterm elections E) the emergence of a conservative congressional coalition Answer: B Page Ref: 866–867 Skill: Analytical Topic: End of the New Deal

351 .

49. Which of the following adjectives best describes economic recovery in the wake of the New Deal?

A) fast and steep B) well-paced and continuous C) slow and halting D) slow but steady E) fast but halting Answer: C Page Ref: 868 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Evaluation of the New Deal 50. What was the most significant long-range effect of the New Deal on American society?

A) After the New Deal, Americans tended to resist large-scale governmental programs that sought directly to control aspects of economic and social life.

B) The economic initiatives and programs instituted by FDR’s administration during the New Deal have continued to strengthen the U.S. economy to this day.

C) Since the New Deal, a tight coalition between southern Democrats and conservative Republicans has continued to oppose presidential policies.

D) The immigration policies established during the New Deal continue to set quotas, insulating Americanborn workers from foreign-born competition.

E) Certain key programs, such as Social Security, have become an integral part of American life, providing essential benefits to millions of Americans today.

Answer: E Page Ref: 868–871 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Evaluation of the New Deal Essay 1. Analyze the causes of the Great Depression. What role did the stock market crash play?

Page Ref: 842–846 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Great Depression 2. What made Franklin Roosevelt better equipped than Herbert Hoover to handle the crisis of the Great Depression?

Page Ref: 847–855 Skill: Analytical Topic: Fighting the Depression 3. How did the Roosevelt administration deal with crises in banking, manufacturing, and agriculture? In which area did it have the most success? In which did it have the least success? Why? Page Ref: 847–855 Skill: Analytical Topic: Fighting the Depression 4. How did the New Deal affect organized labor throughout the decade of the 1930s?

Page Ref: 856–865 Skill: Analytical Topic: Roosevelt and Reform; Impact of the New Deal

352 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921–1945 Multiple Choice 1. How did U.S. exports in 1929 compare to exports in 1914?

A) They were halved.

B) They had tripled.

C) They had remained stagnant.

D) They had increased tenfold.

E) They had increased marginally.

Answer: B Page Ref: 876 Skill: Factual Topic: Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry 2. The nations that comprised the Axis Powers in World War II were _______.

A) Germany, France, and Spain B) Germany, China, and the Soviet Union C) Germany, Italy, and Japan D) Britain, France, and the United States E) the Soviet Union, China, and the United States Answer: C Page Ref: 880 Skill: Factual Topic: Isolationism 3. The weakness of the League of Nations was revealed when it did nothing after Italy invaded _______.

A) Ethiopia B) Libya C) Egypt D) Spain E) Greece Answer: A Page Ref: 880 Skill: Factual Topic: Isolationism 4. In the 1930s, support for pacifism was particularly strong among _______.

A) college students B) high-ranking businessmen C) labor unions D) the elderly E) the lower classes Answer: A Page Ref: 881 Skill: Factual Topic: Isolationism

353 .

5. What did the Nye Committee investigate?

A) war crimes committed during World War I B) possible German spies in the United States C) American munitions dealers D) liberal antiwar activists E) American communists Answer: C Page Ref: 881 Skill: Factual Topic: Isolationism 6. What did the first neutrality act, passed in 1935, prohibit?

A) adding new troops to the U.S. armed forces B) sending troops to aid allies at war C) traveling outside of U.S. borders D) selling arms to nations at war E) covering foreign wars in the news Answer: D Page Ref: 881 Skill: Factual Topic: Isolationism 7. British and French leaders met with Hitler in Munich in 1938 to discuss his demand for _______.

A) the Rhineland B) Austria C) the Polish Corridor D) the Sudetenland E) Alsace and Lorraine Answer: D Page Ref: 883 Skill: Factual Topic: Isolationism 8. Hitler started World War II by invading ________ on September 1, 1939.

A) Austria B) Poland C) France D) Czechoslovakia E) Switzerland Answer: B Page Ref: 883 Skill: Factual Topic: Isolationism

354 .

9. Roosevelt’s Lend-Lease policy _______.

A) ensured British access to American war supplies B) placed restrictions on materials that were shipped to Britain C) encountered no opposition from the Senate D) was strongly supported by American isolationists E) was approved by Congress but never implemented Answer: A Page Ref: 886 Skill: Factual Topic: The Road to War 10. In October 1941, German U-boats sank the _______.

A) Liberty B) Mayaguez C) Reuben James D) Lusitania E) Jefferson Answer: C Page Ref: 886 Skill: Factual Topic: The Road to War 11. When the United States and the Dutch East Indies banned trade with Japan, the Japanese lost their source of _______, which eventually led them to attack the United States.

A) oil B) flour C) steel D) rubber E) ammunition Answer: A Page Ref: 887 Skill: Factual Topic: The Road to War 12. What event brought the United States into World War II? A) the Italian attack on Austria B) the German occupation of France C) the first mass executions of Jews D) the Japanese invasion of China E) the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor Answer: E Page Ref: 887 Skill: Factual Topic: The Road to War

355 .

13. What was the greatest single advantage that the United States and its allies had during World War II? A) The Allies began military confrontations with the Axis powers immediately, before they could gain much ground in Europe or Asia.

B) The Allies were genuinely willing to work together to defeat their enemies, whereas the Axis powers fought separate wars.

C) The Germans and the Japanese made slow progress in conquering more lands in Europe and the Pacific.

D) All of the Axis powers suffered from ineffective leadership and poor strategizing, which was a stark contrast to the Allies.

E) The Allies had such an overwhelming number of ground troops that Axis resistance was highly ineffective.

Answer: B Page Ref: 890 Skill: Factual Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis 14. During World War II, the closest ally of the United States was _______.

A) the Soviet Union B) Canada C) France D) Great Britain E) China Answer: D Page Ref: 890 Skill: Factual Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis 15. United States troops first went into combat against German troops in _______.

A) Italy B) France C) Greece D) Poland E) Africa Answer: E Page Ref: 891 Skill: Factual Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis 16. The turning point of the Pacific war was the American victory at the battle of _______, which gave the United States control of the Central Pacific.

A) Coral Sea B) Guadalcanal C) Midway D) Iwo Jima E) Leyte Gulf Answer: C Page Ref: 892–893 Skill: Factual Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis

356 .

17. Which of the following statements best describes the migration of the American population during World War II? A) Rural areas lost many residents while coastal areas grew in population.

B) People moved from urban to rural areas to help grow food to support the troops.

C) Coastal areas lost population as millions moved into America’s heartland.

D) The South and West lost population as millions moved to states in the Northeast.

E) The United States lost a number of citizens as millions fled to Canada.

Answer: A Page Ref: 893–895 Skill: Factual Topic: The Home Front 18. What was the role of the Office of Economic Stabilization?

A) It provided lucrative contracts for urgently needed goods.

B) It rationed scarce goods, such as sugar and canned foods.

C) It settled disputes between different federal agencies.

D) It withheld income tax from workers’ wages.

E) It provided federal incentives to the manufacturing industry.

Answer: C Page Ref: 893–895 Skill: Factual Topic: The Home Front 19. The Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) was a federal agency designed to protect _______.

A) children from abusive working conditions B) workers in wartime industries from harsh conditions C) women from discrimination in the workplace D) minorities from prejudice in war industries E) the elderly from discrimination in the workplace Answer: D Page Ref: 897 Skill: Factual Topic: The Home Front 20. During World War II, which group was placed in relocation camps in the United States?

A) Italian Americans B) German Americans C) Japanese Americans D) Russian Americans E) Jewish Americans Answer: C Page Ref: 898 Skill: Factual Topic: The Home Front

357 .

21. The term “D-Day” refers to which of the following dates?

A) the day President Roosevelt died B) the day Hitler committed suicide C) the day the Allies invaded Nazi-occupied Europe D) the day the Germans invaded France E) the day the Germans surrendered to the Allies Answer: C Page Ref: 901 Skill: Factual Topic: Victory 22. When American troops entered Germany, they were shocked to discover _______.

A) the lack of damage to German infrastructure B) the presence of American expatriate communities C) the destruction committed by Russian troops D) the establishment of a third front E) the conditions inside concentration camps Answer: E Page Ref: 904 Skill: Factual Topic: Victory 23. The Soviet Union experienced a diplomatic triumph when Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in 1945 at the _______.

A) Munich Convention B) Yalta Conference C) Casablanca Meeting D) Paris Talk E) London Symposium Answer: B Page Ref: 903 Skill: Factual Topic: Victory 24. What was the Manhattan Project?

A) a plan for ground troops to take Tokyo and end the war B) a government program to deal with criminals of war C) an elite team of secret agents that nearly assassinated Hitler D) a diplomatic project to negotiate a Japanese surrender E) a top-secret program that developed the atom bomb Answer: E Page Ref: 904 Skill: Factual Topic: Victory

358 .

25. The United States dropped its first atom bomb on the city of _______ on August 6, 1945.

A) Osaka B) Nagasaki C) Tokyo D) Hiroshima E) Fukushima Answer: D Page Ref: 905 Skill: Factual Topic: Victory 26. Why did the U.S. back off from its interventionist policy in Latin America in the 1920s and after?

A) A pan-American alliance made intervention unnecessary.

B) The threat of European involvement in the region disappeared.

C) The depression shifted attention away from foreign affairs.

D) The Roosevelt Corollary made intervention unnecessary.

E) A coalition of Latin American countries used the threat of force to keep the U.S. out.

Answer: B Page Ref: 877 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry 27. What did the League of Nations do after the Italian invasion of Ethiopia?

A) It protected the southern half of the country from Mussolini’s army.

B) It halted Mussolini’s forces just before they crossed the Ethiopian border.

C) It authorized billions of dollars in aid for the Ethiopians.

D) It made halfhearted and unsuccessful efforts to stop Mussolini.

E) It recognized Italy’s authority and new government in Ethiopia.

Answer: D Page Ref: 880 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Isolationism 28. Which of the following was a consequence of the Nye Committee’s findings?

A) Congress passed the neutrality acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937.

B) Secretary of State Kellogg signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

C) The R.O.T.C. was temporarily disbanded on college campuses.

D) The pacifist movement in America dwindled significantly.

E) Congress banned the sale of guns inside the United States.

Answer: A Page Ref: 881 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Isolationism

359 .

29. How did Great Britain and France respond to initial German aggression in 1938?

A) by immediately threatening war B) by allying with the Soviet Union C) by seizing German territory D) by attempting to appease Hitler E) by blockading German ports Answer: D Page Ref: 882–883 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Isolationism 30. With the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, President Roosevelt _______.

A) immediately declared war on Germany B) immediately loaned war supplies to Britain and France C) declared American neutrality D) warned Germany not to invade France E) made a secret pact with the Russians Answer: C Page Ref: 883 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Isolationism 31. Why were Americans worried about Hitler’s attacks against Great Britain in particular?

A) The United States had an alliance with Great Britain that could force the nation into war.

B) Many Americans had British ancestors or ties to businesses in Great Britain.

C) Many Americans still had family members living in Great Britain.

D) If Hitler took Great Britain, he would have access to an atomic bomb.

E) If Hitler invaded Great Britain, he could use the British navy to attack the Americas.

Answer: E Page Ref: 884 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Road to War 32. How did FDR help Great Britain after France fell to the Nazis?

A) He placed a total embargo on all trade to Nazi Germany and any countries allied with Hitler.

B) He traded destroyers in exchange for the rights to build bases on British possessions in the Western Hemisphere.

C) He negotiated an agreement with Hitler in exchange for American neutrality in the war.

D) He supplied Great Britain with two hundred fighter planes and fifty military advisors.

E) He brought the United States into World War II on the side of the Allied nations.

Answer: B Page Ref: 885 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Road to War

360 .

33. Which statement best describes Hitler’s orders to his submarine commanders in the Atlantic?

A) Hitler ordered them not to fire on American vessels to avoid drawing the United States into the war.

B) Hitler ordered them not to fire on American vessels because German U-boats were inferior to U.S. submarines.

C) Hitler ordered them to fire on American vessels because he wanted to draw the United States into the war.

D) Hitler ordered them not to fire on American vessels because he knew the Americans were considering an alliance with Germany.

E) Hitler ordered them to fire on American vessels because they were supplying the navy of Great Britain.

Answer: A Page Ref: 885-886 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Road to War 34. How did President Roosevelt attempt to halt Japanese aggression between 1940 and 1941?

A) by applying economic pressure on Japan through a trade embargo B) by waging an undeclared war against Japanese naval forces in the Pacific C) by signing mutual defense pacts with other Asian nations D) by securing legislation allowing the United States to send troops to China E) by using an executive order to send troops to fight on Japanese soil Answer: A Page Ref: 885–886 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Road to War 35. Why were the Chinese displeased with the Allies’ initial strategy?

A) The Allies refused to include Chinese troops in the European theater of war.

B) The Allies refused to provide any war supplies to China.

C) The Allies took over the fight against Japan, leaving no place for China.

D) The Allies wanted to focus on defeating Germany first, rather than Japan.

E) The Allies refused to declare war against Japan immediately.

Answer: D Page Ref: 890 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis 36. Which of the following best characterizes U.S.-Soviet relations during the war?

A) especially close and trusting B) especially hostile, almost to the point of warfare C) strained by significant ideological differences D) hurt by the United States’ refusal to recognize the Soviet Union E) significantly influenced by Roosevelt’s personal dislike of Stalin Answer: C Page Ref: 891 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis

361 .

37. What did the Soviet Union look forward to after its victory in World War II? A) creating communist regimes in eastern Europe B) establishing trade routes with Britain and the United States C) improving its relationship with the United States D) establishing a communist government in Russia E) receiving monetary compensation from the United Nations Answer: A Page Ref: 892 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis 38. What did the United States look forward to after its victory in World War II? A) controlling post-war governments in Germany and Italy B) breaking up the Soviet Union C) seizing German resources D) controlling western Europe E) dominance in the Pacific Answer: E Page Ref: 892 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis 39. Which of the following statements describes a social problem during World War II? A) Couples had fewer children, which meant a surplus of teachers and daycare centers.

B) There was insufficient housing for workers in cities with wartime industries.

C) Fewer couples were getting married due to the uncertainties of wartime.

D) Middle-aged, married women were edged out of the workforce by single women.

E) California’s economy almost collapsed because it lacked wartime industries.

Answer: B Page Ref: 893–895 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Home Front 40. Why did A. Philip Randolph threaten a massive march on Washington in 1941?

A) to end racial discrimination in the defense industry B) to bring the United States into World War II C) to support U.S. neutrality D) to end discrimination in federal aid programs E) to allow women to work in wartime industries Answer: A Page Ref: 897 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Home Front

362 .

41. What led to riots in both Los Angeles and Detroit in 1943?

A) food shortages B) abusive labor conditions C) racial tensions D) strong antiwar sentiments E) layoffs in wartime industries Answer: C Page Ref: 898 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Home Front 42. Why was the Battle of the Bulge an important battle during World War II? A) It was the battle that drew the United States into the war.

B) It was Hitler’s first loss in the war, showing the world that he could be beaten.

C) It was the first time the Allies gained significant ground in Europe.

D) The Allies won the battle and immediately ended the war.

E) The engagement exhausted Hitler’s reserves and fatally weakened his army.

Answer: E Page Ref: 901 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Victory 43. How did the contribution of the Soviet Union in Europe during the war compare to the American contribution?

A) It was significantly smaller.

B) It was somewhat smaller.

C) It was about the same.

D) It was significantly larger.

E) It was impossible to determine.

Answer: D Page Ref: 902–903 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Victory 44. How did Americans feel about collective security toward the end of World War II? A) They were eager to make new attempts at collective security.

B) They acknowledged that collective security was useful, but remained reluctant.

C) They still thought that isolationism was preferable to collective security.

D) They realized that collective security was ineffective, but it kept their alliances in place.

E) They vowed never to make another attempt at collective security.

Answer: A Page Ref: 903 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Victory

363 .

45. Which approach did the U.S. military favor when Japan’s defeat was deemed inevitable?

A) negotiating a peace treaty to avoid further loss of life B) modifying the unconditional surrender formula C) an all-out, full-scale invasion of Japan D) destroying Japan with a series of atom bombs E) creating a second front in the Philippines Answer: C Page Ref: 905 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Victory 46. What was President Truman’s primary motive for using atomic weapons against Japan?

A) to impress the Soviet Union B) to kill as many Japanese as possible C) to justify a secret government project D) to completely destroy Japan E) to end the war as quickly as possible Answer: E Page Ref: 906 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Victory 47. Which factors most contributed to American isolationism in the 1930s?

A) the Great Depression and fear of the costs of war B) the Great Depression and the Catholic Church C) the Kellogg-Briand Pact and anti-Semitism D) the Kellogg-Briand Pact and a lack of resources E) a lack of resources and a religious revival Answer: A Page Ref: 881 Skill: Analytical Topic: Isolationism 48. Which of these slowly pushed popular sentiment in the U.S. to favor entering the war?

A) assaults on Poland B) the battle of Britain C) the invasion of Ethiopia D) the Soviet entry into the war E) the fall of France Answer: B Page Ref: 885 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Road to War

364 .

49. America’s use of the atomic bomb to defeat Japan resulted in all of the following EXCEPT _______.

A) a tightening of the U.S.-Soviet alliance B) a decisive end to the war C) the death of thousands D) the postwar arms race E) an unconditional surrender Answer: A Page Ref: 906 Skill: Analytical Topic: Victory 50. Which of the following best describes the state of the nation in the wake of World War II? A) The United States was drastically weaker than it had been before the war.

B) The United States was slightly weaker than it had been before the war.

C) The United States had about the same amount of power as it had before the war.

D) The United States was slightly more powerful than it had been before the war.

E) The United States had become the most powerful country in the world.

Answer: E Page Ref: 906 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: The Transforming Power of War Essay 1. What factors account for the rise of American isolationism between the wars? How did neutrality legislation work to the advantage of aggressive dictators?

Page Ref: 879–883 Skill: Analytical Topic: Isolationism 2. How did events in the early years of the war affect American public opinion? What were the most important factors in changing opinion?

Page Ref: 883–889 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Road to War 3. Describe the Allies’ overall strategy in World War II, in either the European theater or the Pacific theater, and include one or two key battles.

Page Ref: 889–893, 901–906 Skill: Analytical Topic: Turning the Tide Against the Axis; Victory 4. In terms of the economy, labor force, and internal migrations, how did World War II transform America?

Page Ref: 893–900 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Home Front

365 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR Multiple Choice 1. The conference at Potsdam in July of 1945 ended on a note of _______.

A) harmony B) discord C) uncertainty D) confusion E) regret Answer: A Page Ref: 910 Skill: Factual Topic: The Potsdam Summit 2. The fundamental disagreement between the United States and the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Cold War was over _______.

A) who would control postwar Europe B) who would control postwar Asia C) which country had contributed more to the Allied victory D) whether Truman or Stalin would lead postwar alliances E) whether collective security was possible in the postwar world Answer: A Page Ref: 911 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Begins 3. To what does the term “Iron Curtain” refer?

A) the border between North and South Korea B) the military operation in which the United States dropped the atom bomb on Japan C) the railroad system that was restored in Europe after World War II ended D) the separation between Soviet-dominated Europe and Western Europe E) the seemingly insurmountable class divide in postwar Western Europe Answer: D Page Ref: 911 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Begins 4. Which country came under Soviet control after World War II? A) France B) Norway C) Hungary D) the Philippines E) Switzerland Answer: C Page Ref: 912 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Begins

366 .

5. The disarmament plan that the Truman administration proposed to the United Nations after World War II was called _______.

A) the Potsdam Summit B) the Baruch Plan C) the Manhattan Project D) the Cold War Treaty E) containment Answer: B Page Ref: 914 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Begins 6. George Kennan’s “containment” policy proposed _______.

A) a long-term neutrality for the United States with respect to European affairs B) a series of aggressive maneuvers against the Soviet Union C) efforts to stop the expansion of communism and Russian control D) a return to pre-war isolationist policies E) a coup to replace communism with democracy in Europe and Asia Answer: C Page Ref: 916 Skill: Factual Topic: Containment 7. In 1946 and 1947, conflict in __________ caused the Truman administration to worry about the spread of communism around the globe.

A) Egypt and Iran B) Sweden and Norway C) Belgium and France D) Vietnam and Japan E) Greece and Turkey Answer: E Page Ref: 917 Skill: Factual Topic: Containment 8. The Truman Doctrine stated that American policy would be to _______.

A) remain isolated from European and Asian affairs B) take a more active part in rebuilding the war-ravaged Soviet economy C) use military force to defend China against Soviet aggression D) support any nation resisting armed minorities or aggression from a foreign power E) help create democratic governments in the emerging nations of Africa Answer: D Page Ref: 917 Skill: Factual Topic: Containment

367 .

9. The Marshall Plan proposed _______.

A) infusing massive amounts of American capital into Western Europe B) bolstering the German army to prevent the spread of communism C) an international effort to stop postwar global inflation D) that all nations should immediately destroy their atomic weapons E) dividing Germany into several areas of military occupation Answer: A Page Ref: 917–918 Skill: Factual Topic: Containment 10. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) _______.

A) gave the Soviet Union more leeway in spreading communism in Europe B) confirmed that the Soviet Union would halt its expansion in Europe and Asia C) assured European countries that the United States would help defend them D) committed the United States to an isolationist policy in the future E) gave the United States the right to import goods tariff-free from Western Europe Answer: C Page Ref: 918 Skill: Factual Topic: Containment 11. What was the Berlin airlift?

A) a state-of-the-art transportation system designed to revive the postwar German economy B) a top secret method of transporting American spies into and out of the Soviet Union C) a military operation to bring supplies to troops and civilians in Soviet-controlled Berlin D) the first plane capable of dropping a hydrogen bomb anywhere in the world E) a mission to bomb Berlin after the Soviet Union cut off the city from American forces Answer: C Page Ref: 919 Skill: Factual Topic: Containment 12. The National Security Act (1947) established the _______.

A) U.S. embassy in Moscow B) Navy SEALs C) Air Force D) Department of Homeland Security E) three federal defense agencies Answer: E Page Ref: 920 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Expands

368 .

13. As a result of military reforms during the Cold War, the __________ became the dominant branch of the American armed forces.

A) Navy B) Army C) Air Force D) Marines E) National Guard Answer: C Page Ref: 921 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Expands 14. After the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, Truman appointed a committee to explore the possibility of _______.

A) using biological weapons B) building a hydrogen bomb C) improving stealth planes D) experimenting on “supersoldiers” E) sabotaging the Soviet weapons arsenal Answer: B Page Ref: 921 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Expands 15. The defense policy statement known as NSC-68 _______.

A) proposed to cut funding from the American military B) advocated a massive expansion of the American military C) allocated funds to Western Europe to combat communism D) prohibited the development of the hydrogen bomb E) emphasized the need to rely on diplomacy to deal with the Soviets Answer: B Page Ref: 922 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Expands 16. Where did the United States and the Soviet Union face their first Cold War confrontation?

A) China B) Japan C) Vietnam D) Korea E) Cambodia Answer: D Page Ref: 924 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Expands

369 .

17. What erroneous advice did General MacArthur give President Truman during the Korean War? A) MacArthur advised Truman to authorize an invasion of North Korea.

B) MacArthur advised Truman to retreat from the 38th parallel to avoid a possible Chinese counterattack.

C) MacArthur advised withdrawing troops from Korea altogether because he thought that China and the Soviet Union would obliterate U.S. forces.

D) MacArthur advised Truman to use diplomacy to negotiate peace because he thought military efforts would be ineffective.

E) MacArthur advised Truman to drop an atom bomb on Seoul.

Answer: A Page Ref: 925 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War Expands 18. As president, Truman tried to _______.

A) win reelection in 1948 with the worst smear campaign in U.S. history B) block the Congressional vote to end wartime controls C) convert the entire Democratic Party into Dixiecrats D) abolish New Deal programs that upset conservatives E) perpetuate New Deal legislation begun under Roosevelt Answer: E Page Ref: 926 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War at Home 19. The Taft-Hartley Act was a 1947 bill that outlawed _______.

A) some labor union activities B) the formation of labor unions C) racial discrimination in hiring practices D) gender discrimination in hiring practices E) many child labor practices Answer: A Page Ref: 927 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War at Home 20. The most famous disclosure of espionage activities in the U.S. government in the late 1940s involved the case of _______.

A) Alger Hiss B) Dean Acheson C) George C. Marshall D) Thomas E. Dewey E) Henry A. Wallace Answer: A Page Ref: 930 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War at Home

370 .

21. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg _______.

A) helped the CIA break a Soviet spy ring in the United States B) were executed for passing American atomic secrets to the Soviet Union C) were responsible for exposing Alger Hiss as a communist D) admitted to being responsible for heinous war crimes during the Korean War E) were American spies who shared valuable information about the Soviet Union Answer: B Page Ref: 930 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War at Home 22. Joseph McCarthy led the crusade against alleged __________ in American government during the 1950s.

A) embezzlers B) interventionists C) communists D) racists E) isolationists Answer: C Page Ref: 930–932 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War at Home 23. What was Eisenhower’s campaign pledge that helped seal the election?

A) to bolster the economy with thousands of new jobs B) to support labor unions in their fight for fair employment laws C) to invade Russia and destroy the communist regime D) to stop the creation of weapons of mass destruction E) to bring the Korean War to an end Answer: E Page Ref: 933 Skill: Factual Topic: The Cold War at Home 24. In 1954, Indochina was divided at the 17th parallel, creating _______.

A) North and South Korea B) Cambodia C) North and South Vietnam D) Indonesia E) Cambodia and Vietnam Answer: C Page Ref: 936 Skill: Factual Topic: Eisenhower Wages the Cold War

371 .

25. In 1954, Secretary of State Dulles signed a security treaty to agree to defend _______ from Chinese forces.

A) Vietnam B) South Korea C) Thailand D) Indochina E) Formosa Answer: E Page Ref: 937 Skill: Factual Topic: Eisenhower Wages the Cold War 26. How did the Allies decide to divide reparations in postwar Germany?

A) The Soviet Union would take all the war reparations from Germany.

B) The United States would take all the war reparations from Germany.

C) Each country would take reparations from its own occupation zone.

D) The countries would divide reparations from all of Germany.

E) No country would take war reparations from Germany.

Answer: C Page Ref: 910 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Potsdam Summit 27. The Soviet Union first learned of the American atomic bomb _______.

A) from President Roosevelt during the Yalta Conference B) from President Truman at the Potsdam Conference C) when Truman invited Stalin to see a film of a test D) through the use of espionage E) when the first one was dropped on Hiroshima Answer: D Page Ref: 911–914 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Begins 28. What effect would the Baruch Plan have had on America?

A) It would have given the United States a monopoly on atomic weapons.

B) It would have neutralized America’s military advantage.

C) It would have returned the United States to isolationist foreign policies.

D) It would have had a catastrophic effect on the American military.

E) It would have greatly decreased American power overseas.

Answer: A Page Ref: 914 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Begins

372 .

29. How did the Soviet Union approach disarmament discussions after World War II? A) with a plan to gradually reduce the number of weapons of mass destruction B) with a plan to give atomic bombs to all the countries in the United Nations C) with a plan to destroy all existing atomic bombs and ban the production of new ones D) with a plan to have the United States serve as an international peacekeeping force E) with a plan to give the Soviet Union possession of the world’s only atomic weapon Answer: C Page Ref: 914 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Begins 30. What was the biggest factor in placing the United States on a collision course with the Soviet Union?

A) the American commitment to stopping the spread of communism B) the American commitment to spreading Christianity around the globe C) the American commitment to improving international trade D) the Soviet commitment to improving international trade E) the Soviet commitment to spreading Catholicism around the globe Answer: A Page Ref: 916 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Containment 31. Why were people in Italy and France voting for communist parties in 1947?

A) They were drawn to the irresistibly charismatic communist leaders.

B) They felt discontent due to economic problems and food shortages.

C) They were responding to pressure and threats from the Soviet Union.

D) They wanted to defy the American anti-communist attitude.

E) There were few other organized political parties in postwar Europe.

Answer: B Page Ref: 916 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Containment 32. What effect did the Marshall Plan have?

A) It had very little effect because it was not carried out effectively.

B) It inspired the Soviet Union to continue to expand its communist empire.

C) It succeeded in forcing the Soviet Union to stop expanding its communist empire.

D) It failed to revive the sagging postwar economies of Western Europe.

E) It sparked a successful financial recovery in Western Europe.

Answer: E Page Ref: 917 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Containment

373 .

33. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed due to _______.

A) Western powers’ fears of Soviet military aggression B) European fears of American military aggression C) American fears of Chinese military aggression D) Soviet fears of Chinese military aggression E) Soviet fears of American military aggression Answer: A Page Ref: 918 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Containment 34. What effect did the formation of NATO have on the Cold War? A) It changed the Cold War into a full-scale military confrontation.

B) It intensified Russian fears of the West and escalated the Cold War. C) It had minimal or no effect on the Cold War. D) It decreased Russian fears and eased Cold War tensions.

E) It dissolved U.S.-Soviet tensions and ended the Cold War. Answer: B Page Ref: 918 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Containment 35. In order to test the resolve of his American, British, and French opponents, in 1948 Stalin _______.

A) tested his first atomic bomb B) invaded China C) invaded France D) initiated a blockade of Berlin E) began shooting down American planes Answer: D Page Ref: 919 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Containment 36. The passage of the National Security Act in 1947 _______.

A) indicated America’s desire to decrease its military strength B) coordinated and unified America’s military establishment C) served only to further divide the Defense Department D) weakened the intelligence-gathering capabilities of the United States E) added unnecessary bureaucracy to matters of defense Answer: B Page Ref: 920 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Expands

374 .

37. The defense policy known as NSC-68 was based on the premise that _______.

A) isolationism should continue to be a major part of American foreign policy B) appeasement of aggressive foreign powers should continue to be a part of foreign policy C) the Soviet Union wanted to take over the world and was a threat to the United States D) military spending was out of control and needed to be curbed immediately E) the United States was so powerful that it did not need to worry about foreign threats Answer: C Page Ref: 922 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Expands 38. In the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists _______.

A) lost support due to runaway inflation and corruption among Nationalist leaders B) lost support due to the violence of the Nationalists’ repression of the Chinese C) gained support because the Chinese middle class was finally flourishing D) gained support because of Chiang’s pledge to end government corruption E) faded as a factor in the Chinese political world Answer: A Page Ref: 922 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Expands 39. How did the United States react to the 1950 Sino-Soviet treaty?

A) It congratulated Stalin and Mao on their treaty and offered to join their new alliance.

B) It openly threatened Stalin with war if he contributed to the spread of communism in Asia.

C) It warned the Soviet Union to stay out of East Asian politics.

D) To maintain its alliance with China, the U.S. sought to make peace with the new regime.

E) It refused to recognize the new Chinese regime and focused on Japan as its main ally in Asia.

Answer: E Page Ref: 923 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Expands 40. After General MacArthur’s victory at Inchon, Korea, Truman _______.

A) ordered UN troops to cross the Yellow Sea and attack China B) ordered UN troops not to advance beyond the 38th parallel C) withdrew UN troops from Korea because he had made his point to Stalin D) shifted his military goal to unifying Korea E) declared the Korean War over with a UN victory Answer: D Page Ref: 925 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Expands

375 .

41. The most significant result of the Korean War was that it _______.

A) vindicated the United States in the eyes of the world B) succeeded in unifying Korea for thirty years C) brought about massive American rearmament D) reinforced Truman’s popularity with the American people E) inhibited the further expansion of communism Answer: C Page Ref: 925 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War Expands 42. Truman’s prospects in the 1948 election looked _______.

A) very promising because he had successfully kept inflation down after World War II B) promising because he unified Democrats and even some GOP leaders in his support C) promising because he remained wildly popular with the public throughout his term D) bleak because Democratic support had been split among several candidates E) bleak because he lacked the funds to travel the country and garner support Answer: D Page Ref: 927–928 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War at Home 43. Actions in which area helped Truman win the 1948 election?

A) the Cold War B) labor issues C) civil rights D) his handling of the Korean War E) New Deal reforms Answer: A Page Ref: 928 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War at Home 44. Why did Truman establish a loyalty program in 1947?

A) to interrogate citizens suspected of being political activists B) to investigate government employees who were potential Communists C) to investigate accusations of cowardice and treason in the military D) to reward veterans of the Korean War for bravery and valor E) to appoint campaign contributors to positions of power Answer: B Page Ref: 928 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War at Home

376 .

45. How did Joseph McCarthy develop power over his fellow senators?

A) He physically threatened them.

B) He blackmailed them.

C) He instilled fear in them.

D) He bribed them with campaign contributions.

E) He was wildly popular with the public.

Answer: C Page Ref: 932 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War at Home 46. How did President Eisenhower deal with Joseph McCarthy?

A) He asked McCarthy to investigate military officers.

B) He ordered McCarthy to focus on celebrities, not government employees.

C) He openly attacked McCarthy and quickly ended his career.

D) He gave McCarthy his unconditional support.

E) He waited for McCarthy’s zeal to be his own undoing.

Answer: E Page Ref: 933 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War at Home 47. What was one effect of McCarthyism?

A) a political and cultural conformity that discouraged dissent B) outspoken support for freedom of speech C) an intellectual revolution that encouraged new ideas D) a drop in literacy rates among American youth E) a wider appreciation of diversity in the United States Answer: A Page Ref: 934 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Cold War at Home 48. Which of the following was NOT a reason why Congress voted to implement the Marshall Plan?

A) to strengthen the U.S. military and win the arms race B) in reaction to a coup in Czechoslovakia C) to stop the spread of communism across Europe D) to improve the economy in Western Europe E) in response to the perceived Soviet threat Answer: A Page Ref: 917 Skill: Analytical Topic: Containment

377 .

49. How did U.S. intervention in China differ from its intervention in Korea?

A) The United States could only respond with diplomacy in the Chinese conflict, but gave supplies and funds to North Korea.

B) The United States responded with all-out war in China, but refused to get involved in the Korean conflict.

C) The United States extracted itself from the conflict when civil war broke out in China but sent troops to aid South Korea.

D) The United States sent troops to China when civil war broke out, but only sent money to South Korea when the violence began.

E) The United States intervened with diplomatic efforts and supplies in North Korea, but did not intervene in any way in China’s civil war.

Answer: C Page Ref: 925 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Cold War Expands 50. Which statement best describes the transition from war to peace in America after World War II? A) The transition caused inflation and labor unrest.

B) The transition was an exceptionally smooth one.

C) The transition solved the wartime economic problems.

D) The transition was a period of contentment for the American people.

E) The transition gave Democrats an advantage over Republicans.

Answer: A Page Ref: 927 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Cold War at Home Essay 1. How did the origins of the Cold War reflect different American and Soviet traditions, as well as their different needs and interests in Europe after World War II? Page Ref: 909–914 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Potsdam Summit; The Cold War Begins 2. What was the policy of “containment”? Who were its leading proponents, and how did they implement this policy between 1947 and 1950?

Page Ref: 914–920 Skill: Analytical Topic: Containment 3. How did the Cold War bring about reforms in the United States military and intelligence establishments in the 1940s and 1950s?

Page Ref: 920–926 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Cold War Expands 4. Why did Americans become concerned about the loyalty of government officials in the late 1940s? Why was Senator Joseph McCarthy so popular with the public? What brought about his downfall?

Page Ref: 926–934 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Cold War at Home 378 .

CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE AFFLUENCE AND ANXIETY Multiple Choice 1. Who invented the concept of the mass construction of suburban homes?

A) William Levitt B) Thurgood Marshall C) Joseph McCarthy D) Norman Vincent Peale E) Reginald Rose Answer: A Page Ref: 944–945 Skill: Factual Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs 2. What group was rigidly excluded from all three Levittowns?

A) the middle class B) the working class C) African Americans D) Protestants E) Catholics Answer: C Page Ref: 945 Skill: Factual Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs 3. The most significant social trend in postwar America was _______.

A) the decline of the nuclear family B) a decrease in the birth rate C) a decline in family size D) the emergence of the drug culture E) the flight to the suburbs Answer: E Page Ref: 945 Skill: Factual Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs 4. The term “baby boom” refers to a significant increase in _______.

A) the infant survival rate in America B) the American birth rate C) the amount of money spent on babies D) the popularity of adopting children E) the rise in teenage pregnancies Answer: B Page Ref: 945 Skill: Factual Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs

379 .

5. By 1960, America’s gross national product was ________ the 1940 gross national product.

A) less than half B) about ten percent less than C) about the same as D) about fifty percent higher than E) more than double Answer: E Page Ref: 947 Skill: Factual Topic: The Postwar Boom 6. Which section of the country benefited the most from the economic boom of the 1950s?

A) the Hawaiian Islands B) the Great Lakes region C) the Midwest region D) the Sunbelt states E) the New England area Answer: D Page Ref: 947 Skill: Factual Topic: The Postwar Boom 7. Which of the following was critical to life in the suburbs?

A) jobs close to the home sites B) efficient public transportation C) the automobile D) American school systems E) air conditioning Answer: C Page Ref: 947 Skill: Factual Topic: The Postwar Boom 8. What was Dr. Benjamin Spock’s bestselling book about?

A) infant and child care B) public education C) Cold War politics D) dating and marriage E) space travel Answer: A Page Ref: 949 Skill: Factual Topic: The Postwar Boom

380 .

9. What was the dominant social theme of 1950s America?

A) individualism B) free love C) philanthropy D) consumerism E) political activism Answer: D Page Ref: 949 Skill: Factual Topic: The Good Life?

10. An immediate problem for rapidly growing suburban communities was providing adequate _______.

A) water supplies B) schools C) waste disposal D) law enforcement E) mass transit Answer: B Page Ref: 950 Skill: Factual Topic: The Good Life?

11. What kind of programming became popular after television advertisers abandoned dramas?

A) documentaries B) cooking shows C) quiz shows D) talk shows E) reality television Answer: C Page Ref: 950 Skill: Factual Topic: The Good Life?

12. What was the focus of the bestselling book The Lonely Crowd?

A) life in suburbia B) love and romance C) Cold War politics D) manufacturing work E) life in the cities Answer: A Page Ref: 951 Skill: Factual Topic: The Good Life?

381 .

13. Who were the “beats” of the 1950s?

A) jazz musicians who experimented with folk music B) a light rock group on a popular variety show C) writers and poets who rebelled against materialistic values D) a motorcycle gang whose members included Jack Kerouac and James Dean E) a group of talented screenplay writers in the early days of television Answer: C Page Ref: 952 Skill: Factual Topic: The Good Life?

14. Which of the following adjectives best describes Eisenhower’s administration?

A) moderation B) neoconservative C) liberal D) progressive E) reformist Answer: A Page Ref: 955 Skill: Factual Topic: Farewell to Reform 15. The first president to attack racial discrimination seriously was _______.

A) Harry Truman B) Franklin Roosevelt C) Theodore Roosevelt D) John F. Kennedy E) Herbert Hoover Answer: A Page Ref: 957 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 16. By 1960, the most racially integrated institution in American society was _______.

A) the public high school system B) the private university system C) corporate America D) the armed forces E) Protestant churches Answer: D Page Ref: 959 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights

382 .

17. Which institution was the first focus of the NAACP’s efforts to end segregation?

A) kindergartens B) elementary schools C) middle schools D) high schools E) universities Answer: E Page Ref: 959 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 18. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled that school segregation _______.

A) was acceptable as long as the schools were actually equal B) could not be banned as long as local voters supported it C) violated the Fourteenth Amendment by creating feelings of inferiority D) was necessary in order to foster a strong sense of racial identity E) was protected by the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution Answer: C Page Ref: 959 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 19. By 1960, what percentage of African-American children in the Deep South attended schools with white students?

A) less than 1% B) 10% C) 25% D) 45% E) more than 50% Answer: A Page Ref: 960 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 20. Whose action sparked the Montgomery bus boycott?

A) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) Ella Baker C) Rosa Parks D) Thurgood Marshall E) Orval Faubus Answer: C Page Ref: 961–962 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights

383 .

21. Who led the Montgomery bus boycott?

A) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) Ella Baker C) Rosa Parks D) Thurgood Marshall E) Bayard Rustin Answer: A Page Ref: 962 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 22. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s philosophy advocated _______.

A) immigration to Africa rather than trying to gain rights in the United States B) acceptance of discrimination until the courts brought about changes C) the use of violence to get the nation’s attention for his cause D) the use of any means necessary, including dirty tricks, to gain equality E) the use of nonviolent, passive resistance to unjust laws Answer: E Page Ref: 962 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 23. Martin Luther King, Jr. founded the _______ to obtain civil rights for African Americans.

A) Black Panthers B) Fair Employment Practices Committee C) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People D) Southern Christian Leadership Conference E) Urban League Answer: D Page Ref: 962 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 24. Where did the “sit-in” movement begin?

A) Montgomery, Alabama B) Little Rock, Arkansas C) Washington, D.C. D) Topeka, Kansas E) Greensboro, North Carolina Answer: E Page Ref: 964 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights

384 .

25. Why was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee founded?

A) to run the Montgomery bus boycott B) to stage peaceful civil rights protests C) to provide research for military court cases D) to ferret out communists on college campuses E) to lead the fight against desegregation Answer: B Page Ref: 964 Skill: Factual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 26. The 1950s in America were characterized by _______.

A) a lower standard of living B) migration from the suburbs to urban areas C) unprecedented restraint on consumerism D) a new affluence and a thriving economy E) economic recession and inflation Answer: D Page Ref: 944–946 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs 27. Why did some people criticize American suburban life?

A) They accused suburban families of snobbery since only the wealthy could live there.

B) They thought the houses were built with substandard materials and craftsmanship.

C) They disliked the conformity and uniformity of suburban life.

D) They were afraid that a mass exodus to the suburbs would harm urban economies.

E) They worried about the pollution generated by suburban automobile commuters.

Answer: C Page Ref: 944–946 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs 28. The economic abundance of the 1950s _______.

A) benefited all geographic regions of the country almost equally B) virtually erased unemployment throughout the United States C) did not benefit the steel industry and agriculture as much as other industries D) had very little effect on the American public outside of the upper class E) led to a surprising racial equality Answer: C Page Ref: 946–947 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Postwar Boom

385 .

29. Which of the following statements best describes typical Americans who were born in the 1930s?

A) As children, they experienced boom times; as young adults, they lived through hard times.

B) As children, they lived through hard times; as young adults, they experienced boom times.

C) As children, they witnessed the rise of cities; as young adults, they saw the decline of cities.

D) As children, they witnessed the rise of cars; as young adults, they saw cars replaced by mass transit.

E) As children, they lived through war; as young adults their country was at peace for decades.

Answer: B Page Ref: 948 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Postwar Boom 30. The new American suburbs of the 1950s were NOT _______ diverse.

A) economically B) socially C) professionally D) racially E) ethnically Answer: D Page Ref: 948–949 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Postwar Boom 31. What was a drawback of suburban life for the family?

A) Many families were torn apart by pressure to conform to suburban expectations.

B) Many young families had to share their homes with extended family members.

C) Many parents were too focused on earning money to make time for family bonding.

D) Many mothers and wives remained locked into stereotypical gender roles.

E) Many children received little attention from their hard-working parents.

Answer: D Page Ref: 948–949 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Postwar Boom 32. People’s attitude toward organized religion in the 1950s was _______.

A) positive and religious affiliation boomed B) negative and churches lost large numbers of members C) indifferent and it was seen as less important than in the past D) indifferent as people focused more on spirituality than organized religion E) indifferent as lives became too hectic to include religious services Answer: A Page Ref: 950 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Good Life?

386 .

33. The government increased federal funding for science education in 1957 in response to _______.

A) the cultural shift from religion to science B) the public interest in electronic gadgets C) the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik D) the criticism of “progressive” education E) the economic competition from Japan Answer: C Page Ref: 950 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Good Life?

34. The Truman administration failed to establish the Fair Employment Practices Commission because _______.

A) Truman himself secretly worked to defeat its passage B) most people were against the idea of wives working C) it was seen as a criticism of consumer culture D) Southern politicians managed to block the legislation E) the public thought the program was a socialist plot Answer: D Page Ref: 954 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Farewell to Reform 35. In the 1950s, Americans experienced a contradiction in _______.

A) their apparent obsession with technology but reluctance to embrace television B) their growing commitment to organized religion while having less time for church activities C) moving to the suburbs yet longing for the excitement and opportunities found in cities D) saying they feared another depression but refusing to spend money to bolster the economy E) denouncing the Soviet Union for human rights violations while supporting segregation Answer: E Page Ref: 957 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 36. During the Truman administration, _______.

A) voting discrimination against African Americans came to an end B) public schools were desegregated in many states C) an order for desegregation of the armed forces was issued D) Congress established a permanent civil rights commission E) the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department was weakened Answer: C Page Ref: 959 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights

387 .

37. As a result of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, _______.

A) segregation in the South ended almost immediately B) the slow process of integrating schools began C) the civil rights movement ended quietly D) African-American students were fully accepted by white teachers E) African Americans could finally be teachers in the South Answer: B Page Ref: 959 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 38. Why did more than a hundred senators and congressmen sign the Southern Manifesto?

A) They were declaring an intention to secede from the Union again.

B) They were expressing concern about the lack of a balanced federal budget.

C) They were declaring an intention to hunt down communists working in government.

D) They were asking Eisenhower to show his support for the bus boycott.

E) They were protesting the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling.

Answer: E Page Ref: 959 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 39. How did the Deep South respond to court-ordered desegregation?

A) by taking action to end discrimination in schools B) with grudging acceptance of the decisions C) with apathy and passive acceptance D) with massive and widespread resistance E) with violence and threats to once again secede from the Union Answer: D Page Ref: 959–960 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 40. President Eisenhower’s approach to desegregation was to _______.

A) actively fight to stop the process B) work behind the scenes to stop the effort C) misunderstand the importance of the issue D) remain passive while also using his power to enforce federal law E) publicly and consistently support desegregation in the South Answer: D Page Ref: 960 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights

388 .

41. Why did Eisenhower send federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957?

A) to ensure that black students could attend a desegregated school B) to quell a violent race riot resulting from the integration of the military C) to investigate a planned terrorist attack from the Soviet Union D) to protect a top secret chemical weapon on its way to Washington E) to arrest hundreds of African-American activists and supporters Answer: A Page Ref: 960 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 42. What was the driving force for social change that gained civil rights for African Americans?

A) landmark court cases B) presidential intervention C) laws passed by Congress D) the religious revival of the times E) African-American activism Answer: E Page Ref: 961–962 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 43. Why was Rosa Parks arrested in 1955?

A) She instigated a race riot stemming from the desegregation of schools.

B) She defied a court order by refusing to allow black students in her classroom.

C) She refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man.

D) She assaulted a white man who had insulted her on a city bus.

E) She was suspected of being a communist or communist sympathizer.

Answer: C Page Ref: 962 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 44. The Montgomery bus boycott _______.

A) moved Martin Luther King, Jr. away from his philosophy of passive resistance B) sparked an outburst of violence against blacks all over the South C) led to the emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr. as a civil rights leader D) failed to change Montgomery’s strict segregation laws E) ended when President Eisenhower sent in troops to stop the boycott Answer: C Page Ref: 962 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights

389 .

45. What was the initial goal of the Montgomery bus boycott?

A) to challenge the constitutionality of segregated seating B) to create a first-come, first-served seating arrangement on buses C) to challenge the racial discrimination in the hiring of bus drivers D) to establish equal bus fares for white and black passengers E) to create more bus routes in African-American neighborhoods Answer: B Page Ref: 962–963 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 46. Which event prompted a massive wave of “sit-ins” across the country?

A) African Americans went on a hunger strike after being refused service at a diner.

B) An African-American soldier refused to stand and salute an abusive white officer.

C) A white restaurant owner assaulted a black customer when she sat in a white area.

D) Four college students refused to leave a lunch counter after they were denied service.

E) Three African-American women would not get off a bus after being asked to move.

Answer: D Page Ref: 964 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights 47. What effect did memories of the Great Depression have on Americans in the 1950s?

A) Many Americans became almost desperately obsessed with gathering material goods.

B) Many Americans hoarded their money and refrained from purchasing expensive items.

C) Many Americans continued to petition the government for relief programs.

D) Many Americans donated money to charities rather than engaging in consumerism.

E) Many Americans were mistrustful of banks, which damaged the economy.

Answer: A Page Ref: 945–946 Skill: Analytical Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs 48. Which of the following was NOT an important stimulus to American economic growth in the late 1940s and early 1950s?

A) government relief aid B) pent-up demand for consumer goods C) heavy government spending during the Cold War D) $37 billion in American savings E) government spending during the Korean War Answer: A Page Ref: 946 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Postwar Boom

390 .

49. What effect did postwar life have on women in American society?

A) Women tended to marry later, so they had more time to pursue careers outside the home.

B) Couples tended to have fewer children, so the focus of many women shifted from child-rearing to professional careers.

C) Many suburban households included extended family members, so mothers had enough help to more easily pursue professional careers.

D) Many women who had joined the workforce during the war returned to the home to assume the more traditional roles of wife and mother.

E) Women were expected to maintain their wartime jobs while also meeting social expectations of the “perfect” wife and mother.

Answer: D Page Ref: 949–950 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Postwar Boom 50. How did political activism for civil rights change from the 1950s to the early 1960s?

A) Direct, peaceful confrontation replaced reliance on court action.

B) Reliance on court action replaced direct, peaceful confrontation.

C) Reliance on court action replaced violent means of forcing social change.

D) Violent means of forcing social change replaced direct, peaceful confrontation.

E) Direct, peaceful confrontation replaced violent means of forcing social change.

Answer: A Page Ref: 962 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights Essay 1. Analyze and describe the development of the U.S. economy between 1945 and 1960.

Page Ref: 944–949 Skill: Analytical Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs; The Postwar Boom 2. Describe American culture in the 1950s. Evaluate the extent to which 1950s society was influenced by the experiences of the 1930s and 1940s.

Page Ref: 944–953 Skill: Analytical Topic: Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs; The Postwar Boom; The Good Life?

3. Compare and contrast the Truman and Eisenhower presidencies and examine their different approaches to reform.

Page Ref: 953–964 Skill: Analytical Topic: Farewell to Reform; The Struggle over Civil Rights 4. Describe the beginnings of the civil rights movement, including the influence of the NAACP and African American activists, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. Page Ref: 957–964 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Struggle over Civil Rights

391 .

CHAPTER THIRTY THE TURBULENT SIXTIES Multiple Choice 1. What was one major factor that helped Kennedy defeat Nixon in the 1960 presidential election?

A) Kennedy’s performance in the first televised presidential debate B) Nixon’s poor performance in a presidential radio debate C) Kennedy’s extensive political experience compared with Nixon’s D) Kennedy’s warm relationship with the Eisenhower administration E) The nation was familiar with Kennedy, but Nixon was a newcomer to politics Answer: A Page Ref: 968 Skill: Factual Topic: Kennedy versus Nixon: The First Televised Presidential Candidate Debate 2. John F. Kennedy’s domestic program was known as the ________.

A) Great Society B) New Deal C) Fair Deal D) New Frontier E) Camelot Era Answer: D Page Ref: 969 Skill: Factual Topic: Kennedy versus Nixon: The First Televised Presidential Candidate Debate 3. What was Kennedy’s top priority when he assumed the office of the presidency?

A) civil rights B) foreign policy C) health care D) poverty E) the economy Answer: B Page Ref: 971 Skill: Factual Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War 4. What did President Kennedy do to help South Vietnam in 1961?

A) He praised its government but took no action.

B) He sent money and advisers.

C) He sent combat troops.

D) He threatened North Vietnam.

E) He badgered Europe into sending aid.

Answer: B Page Ref: 971 Skill: Factual Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War

392 .

5. Kennedy’s failed 1961 covert operation to overthrow Cuba’s Fidel Castro was ________.

A) the Monroe Affair B) the Cuban Missile Crisis C) the Bay of Pigs invasion D) Operation Castro E) the Havana Project Answer: C Page Ref: 971 Skill: Factual Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War 6. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation that came very close to being a nuclear conflict between which two nations?

A) Cuba and China B) Cuba and the Dominican Republic C) the United States and China D) the United States and Russia E) Russia and Cuba Answer: D Page Ref: 975 Skill: Factual Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War 7. Which African-American individual was appointed to a prominent post in the federal government during the Kennedy administration?

A) A. Philip Randolph B) Thurgood Marshall C) Martin Luther King, Jr. D) Malcolm X E) Stokely Carmichael Answer: B Page Ref: 982 Skill: Factual Topic: The New Frontier at Home 8. What was the 1961 “freedom ride”?

A) a march on Washington in which participants rode bicycles B) a sit-in during which thousands of college students experimented with drugs C) a protest in which college students blocked the routes of segregated buses and trains D) a protest in which thousands of people crossed the United States on motorcycles E) a protest that tested the desegregation laws on interstate transportation Answer: E Page Ref: 983 Skill: Factual Topic: The New Frontier at Home

393 .

9. Who put the most pressure on Kennedy to openly support racial justice?

A) A. Philip Randolph B) Thurgood Marshall C) Martin Luther King, Jr. D) Malcolm X E) Stokely Carmichael Answer: C Page Ref: 984 Skill: Factual Topic: The New Frontier at Home 10. What was one of Lyndon Johnson’s greatest assets in the White House?

A) his knowledge of the legislative process B) his acclaimed public speaking skills C) his polish and sophistication D) his excellent relationship with the media E) his unassuming presence that led others to underestimate him Answer: A Page Ref: 986–987 Skill: Factual Topic: “Let Us Continue” 11. When Johnson became president after the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, he focused first on ________.

A) ending the Cold War B) passing JFK’s tax and civil rights bills C) escalating the war in Vietnam D) boosting the military E) bolstering international relationships Answer: B Page Ref: 986 Skill: Factual Topic: “Let Us Continue” 12. Senator Barry Goldwater pushed for ________ during the presidential election of 1964.

A) establishing peace with the Soviet Union B) making further advances in civil rights C) increasing the size of the federal government D) providing more aid to the unemployed E) ending the welfare state in America Answer: E Page Ref: 989 Skill: Factual Topic: “Let Us Continue”

394 .

13. Lyndon Johnson’s reform program was called the ________.

A) Fair Deal B) New Frontier C) Great Society D) Great Future E) Morning in America Answer: C Page Ref: 989 Skill: Factual Topic: “Let Us Continue” 14. In his health care program, President Lyndon Johnson secured ________.

A) free health care for all Americans B) the Medicare program for the elderly C) more rights for private insurance companies D) a restriction on health benefits for welfare recipients E) a free prescription drug program Answer: B Page Ref: 990 Skill: Factual Topic: “Let Us Continue” 15. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson sent American soldiers to ________ in order to prevent a communist takeover there.

A) Cuba B) Argentina C) the Dominican Republic D) Lebanon E) Madagascar Answer: C Page Ref: 992 Skill: Factual Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War 16. In Vietnam, American military strategists counted heavily on ________.

A) enthusiasm for the war among the public to generate recruits B) superior American firepower, especially air strikes C) superior American counterinsurgency tactics D) the overwhelming number of American troops E) the overwhelming support from the Vietnamese people Answer: B Page Ref: 993–996 Skill: Factual Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War

395 .

17. The most prominent student protest organization of the 1960s was the ________.

A) Students of America B) Students for a Democratic Society C) Yippie Movement D) Southern Christian Leadership Conference E) Young Republicans Answer: B Page Ref: 998 Skill: Factual Topic: Years of Turmoil 18. What was the main issue that American college students protested during the sixties?

A) the election of Richard Nixon B) the Vietnam War C) Lyndon Johnson’s education policies D) the civil rights movement E) tax increases for the middle class Answer: B Page Ref: 998 Skill: Factual Topic: Years of Turmoil 19. In the spring of 1968, students seized five buildings at ________ for eight days before police regained control.

A) Arizona State University B) Duke University C) the University of California at Berkeley D) Harvard University E) Columbia University Answer: E Page Ref: 1000 Skill: Factual Topic: Years of Turmoil 20. What was the touchstone of the new counterculture of the sixties?

A) journalism B) photography C) painting D) TV programs E) music Answer: E Page Ref: 1000 Skill: Factual Topic: Years of Turmoil

396 .

21. Who advocated “black power” as the new leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in the 1960s?

A) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) A. Phillip Randolph C) Stokely Carmichael D) Thurgood Marshall E) Robert Weaver Answer: C Page Ref: 1001 Skill: Factual Topic: Years of Turmoil 22. During the 1960s and 1970s, César Chávez ________.

A) led a communist takeover of Nicaragua B) organized a Chicano political movement known as La Raza Unida C) organized California grape and lettuce workers to strike for higher wages D) was the first Hispanic player to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame E) campaigned for bilingual education programs in public schools in California and Texas Answer: C Page Ref: 1002 Skill: Factual Topic: Years of Turmoil 23. Who wrote the 1963 book The Feminine Mystique?

A) Jacqueline Kennedy B) Rosa Parks C) Ella Baker D) Betty Friedan E) Coretta Scott King Answer: D Page Ref: 1004 Skill: Factual Topic: Years of Turmoil 24. The turning point of the Vietnam War, which convinced U.S. leaders that the war would end in a stalemate, was the ________.

A) Tet offensive B) Gulf of Tonkin affair C) Battle of Pleiku D) Battle of Haiphong E) massacre at My Lai Answer: A Page Ref: 1005 Skill: Factual Topic: The Return of Richard Nixon

397 .

25. Which 1968 presidential candidate cut deeply into Hubert Humphrey’s base by running on the American Independent Party ticket?

A) Eugene McCarthy B) William Westmoreland C) Timothy Leary D) George C. Wallace E) Huey Newton Answer: D Page Ref: 1008 Skill: Factual Topic: The Return of Richard Nixon 26. How did Kennedy secure the African-American vote in the 1960 presidential election?

A) He promised to defend African nations from communism.

B) He promised to appoint an African American as his running mate.

C) He supported the release of Martin Luther King, Jr. from jail.

D) He publicly criticized southern Democrats who supported segregation.

E) He was a close personal friend of Stokely Carmichael.

Answer: C Page Ref: 970 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Kennedy versus Nixon: The First Televised Presidential Candidate Debate 27. Why did the United States become involved in the conflict between North and South Vietnam in 1961?

A) to stop the spread of communism from North Vietnam to South Vietnam B) to gain control of valuable natural resources in South Vietnam C) to honor obligations to Russia from the treaty ending World War II D) to retaliate for North Vietnam’s involvement in the Bay of Pigs operation E) to stop South Vietnam’s bloody takeover of North Vietnam Answer: A Page Ref: 973 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War 28. Why did Kennedy authorize a covert mission in which more than a thousand Cuban exiles invaded Cuba?

A) to check the island for nuclear weapons B) to topple the regime of Fidel Castro C) to gather information about Castro’s relationship with Khrushchev D) to steal classified documents related to the conflict in Vietnam E) to spark an anticommunist movement among the Cuban people Answer: B Page Ref: 973 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War

398 .

29. How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved?

A) Cuba removed its nuclear missiles in exchange for America’s promise not to attack the Soviet Union.

B) America removed its nuclear missiles from Cuba in exchange for Russian promises not to aid North Vietnam.

C) America removed its nuclear missiles from Cuba in exchange for Russia’s promise not to invade Cuba.

D) Russia removed its nuclear missiles from Cuba in exchange for America’s promise not to invade North Vietnam.

E) Russia removed its nuclear missiles from Cuba in exchange for America’s promise not to invade Cuba.

Answer: E Page Ref: 975–976 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War 30. John F. Kennedy gave civil rights legislation lukewarm support because he ________.

A) feared the possibility of alienating southern Democrats B) did not think the country was ready to consider it C) did not want to encourage militant African-American leaders D) thought it was unnecessary and should be left to the states E) thought there was little a president could do to combat racism Answer: A Page Ref: 981 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The New Frontier at Home 31. What finally caused Kennedy to support racial justice openly?

A) Kennedy visited segregated schools in the South.

B) Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech.

C) Kennedy wanted a united country to fight the war in Vietnam.

D) Authorities attacked child protesters in Birmingham, Alabama.

E) The Democratic Party threatened to withdraw support if he didn’t speak out.

Answer: D Page Ref: 984 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The New Frontier at Home 32. Which was one major difference between John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson?

A) Kennedy was more committed to a reform agenda than was Johnson.

B) Johnson was considered more stylish than Kennedy.

C) Kennedy was better at manipulating Congress than Johnson.

D) Johnson was more popular with the media than Kennedy.

E) Kennedy was a more polished public speaker than Johnson.

Answer: E Page Ref: 986–987 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Let Us Continue”

399 .

33. When President Johnson convinced Congress to pass Kennedy’s proposed tax cut in 1964, the result was ________.

A) huge budget deficits B) a sustained economic boom C) protests from welfare recipients D) a major recession E) cutbacks in certain social services Answer: B Page Ref: 987 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Let Us Continue” 34. Which statement about Johnson’s war on poverty is correct?

A) It was a failure; the poverty level actually rose while the program was in effect.

B) It was barely passed by Congress and was never actually implemented.

C) It lacked effective funding and, in the end, helped only about 80,000 people.

D) It emphasized self-help and brought almost ten million people out of poverty.

E) It gave money directly to the poor and nearly solved the nation’s poverty problem.

Answer: D Page Ref: 988 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Let Us Continue” 35. Which statement about the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is correct?

A) It was strongly opposed by northern Republicans in the House and Senate.

B) It won President Johnson the public adulation he craved.

C) It reduced President Johnson’s popularity across the nation.

D) It had little effect on the voting practices of southern African Americans.

E) It led to a dramatic increase in African-American voting registration in the South.

Answer: E Page Ref: 990 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “Let Us Continue” 36. The foreign policy of Lyndon Johnson ________.

A) was dramatically different from that of John Kennedy B) was simply a continuation of Kennedy’s policies C) indicated his strong opposition to the Cold War D) indicated his acceptance of existing communist states E) was isolationist and aloof by nature Answer: B Page Ref: 992 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War

400 .

37. What caused the Gulf of Tonkin affair?

A) American covert operations in Vietnam led North Vietnam to attack a U.S. ship.

B) American intervention in Cuba led Castro to urge the North Vietnamese to attack U.S. ships.

C) American hostility caused Khrushchev to ask the North Vietnamese to attack U.S. ships.

D) Russian hostility to North Vietnam caused Khrushchev to seize North Vietnamese ships.

E) North Vietnam attacked South Vietnamese ships carrying resources to the United States.

Answer: A Page Ref: 993 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War 38. In part, Lyndon Johnson wanted the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to demonstrate the American commitment to ________.

A) making Vietnam an American colony B) remaining neutral in Vietnam C) defending South Vietnam D) invading North Vietnam E) cooperating with Russia in the Vietnam conflict Answer: C Page Ref: 993–994 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War 39. The American bombing of North Vietnam in 1965 resulted in which of the following?

A) It proved an effective strategy, limiting North Vietnam’s participation in the war.

B) It destroyed North Vietnam’s major port facilities at Haiphong.

C) It greatly impeded communist supply lines to North Vietnam.

D) It garnered approval from the international community.

E) It was largely ineffective and did not stop the North Vietnamese.

Answer: E Page Ref: 994–995 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War 40. Lyndon Johnson must bear great responsibility for the American problems in the Vietnam War because he ________.

A) failed to confront the American people with the stark reality of the war B) was the first leader to commit American resources to fighting communists in Vietnam C) was not fully committed to containment and strayed from Kennedy’s foreign policy D) was more committed to the containment policy than his predecessors had been E) took funding away from the war effort to prop up his Great Society programs Answer: A Page Ref: 996 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War

401 .

41. Lyndon Johnson’s political downfall resulted primarily from ________.

A) his Latin American policy B) his handling of the Vietnam War C) the failure of his Great Society D) his refusal to be a cold warrior E) his advocacy of welfare programs Answer: B Page Ref: 992 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War 42. How did African-American activism change toward the late 1960s?

A) It cooled off after African Americans achieved all of their goals.

B) It became even more committed to nonviolent resistance to racism.

C) It became more militant and shifted focus from social goals to economic goals.

D) It focused less on protest in the streets and more on progress through the courts.

E) It focused less on domestic social change and more on international social change.

Answer: C Page Ref: 997–1002 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Years of Turmoil 43. What is one reason why Congress passed the Ethnic Heritage Studies Act of 1972?

A) to promote the idea of diversity as a positive force B) to give employers the opportunity to learn about workers from different ethnic groups C) to provide for the inclusion of different ethnic groups as mascots for team sports D) to educate people in the agricultural industry about the plight of farm workers E) to add questions about ethnic heritage and history to voter literacy tests Answer: A Page Ref: 1002 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Years of Turmoil 44. Which statement best describes the social change that American women experienced from the 1920s to the 1960s?

A) In the 1960s, the media no longer portrayed and highlighted stereotypical gender roles as it had during the 1920s.

B) In the 1960s, there were actually fewer women enrolled in college and professional schools than there had been in the 1920s.

C) In the 1960s, there were many more women working in the medical and legal professions than there had been in the 1920s.

D) In the 1960s, women were no longer relegated to stereotypical occupations, as they had been in the 1920s.

E) In the 1960s, women were no longer expected to maintain the household and raise children, as they had been in the 1920s.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1004 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Years of Turmoil

402 .

45. Nixon’s election signaled a public reaction against the ________.

A) failure of the Democratic Party to bring about social reform B) efforts to bring peace in Vietnam C) successes of the civil rights movement D) economic failures of the last Democratic president E) liberal impulse to enact social reform Answer: E Page Ref: 1009 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: The End of an Era 46. What effect did the Vietnam War have on future U.S. foreign policy?

A) It caused America to pursue a more active containment policy.

B) It caused America to abandon its policy of containment.

C) It caused America to return to an isolationist policy abroad.

D) It caused America to refuse to cooperate with Asian nations for a decade.

E) It embarrassed America into abandoning international efforts for a decade.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1009 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: The End of an Era 47. Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A) the end of the U.S.-Soviet arms race B) the Soviet-American telephone hotline C) an increase in Kennedy’s popularity among the public D) a new maturity in Kennedy’s foreign policy E) a belief among some that a hard-line policy was justified Answer: A Page Ref: 975–976 Skill: Analytical Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War 48. What is one reason why the Gulf of Tonkin affair was such a costly victory for Johnson?

A) Johnson became ill during the Gulf of Tonkin affair and never fully recovered his health.

B) The Gulf of Tonkin affair caused thousands of deaths, which soured America’s reputation.

C) The Gulf of Tonkin affair led Congress to reduce Johnson’s ability to use force in Vietnam.

D) Johnson became vulnerable to the charge of deliberately misleading Congress.

E) Johnson had to underfund his domestic social programs to finance the operation.

Answer: D Page Ref: 993–994 Skill: Analytical Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War

403 .

49. What were Johnson’s feelings about committing the United States to the war in Vietnam?

A) He worried about the consequences of either withdrawal or invasion so he committed to a large-scale but limited military intervention.

B) He worried about the consequences of being too cautious so he committed the American military to an all-out invasion of North Vietnam.

C) He was worried about the consequences of a U.S. troop presence so he withdrew troops to Taiwan and Japan while he reconsidered his options.

D) He worried about the spread of communism so he committed American troops to two fronts: in Vietnam and in China.

E) He was worried about domestic unrest in the United States, so he decided he could not commit more than 10,000 troops to the effort.

Answer: A Page Ref: 994–996 Skill: Analytical Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War 50. How did African-American activism affect social change for other ethnic groups?

A) Other ethnic groups were unimpressed with the strategies of African-American activists and tried to enact social change in other ways.

B) Other ethnic groups had little success in making social change since the country was weary of protests for racial justice.

C) Other ethnic groups were inspired greatly by African-American activism and launched their own protests for social change.

D) Other ethnic groups were afraid to protest after seeing the violence African-American activists endured from authorities.

E) Other ethnic groups were resentful of successes in the civil rights movement because the social changes of the 1960s affected only African Americans.

Answer: C Page Ref: 1002 Skill: Analytical Topic: Years of Turmoil Essay 1. Analyze President Kennedy’s approach to the Cold War. How and why did he intensify it?

Page Ref: 970–978 Skill: Analytical Topic: Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War 2. What successes did the civil rights movement achieve during the Johnson administration? How do they relate to the radicalism of the civil rights movement in the late 1960s?

Page Ref: 986–991, 997–1005 Skill: Analytical Topic: “Let Us Continue”; Years of Turmoil 3. Analyze President Johnson’s strategy in the Vietnam War. Why did it lead to American defeat?

Page Ref: 992–997, 1005–1008 Skill: Analytical Topic: Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War; The Return of Richard Nixon

404 .

CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE THE RISE OF A NEW CONSERVATISM, 1969–1988 Multiple Choice 1. What was the Moral Majority?

A) an international peacekeeping group B) a group of moderates who denounced Nixon C) a liberal group of political activists D) a group of civil rights activists E) a religious fundamentalist group Answer: E Page Ref: 1013 Skill: Factual Topic: Reagan and America’s Shift to the Right 2. What was the main focus of the Nixon presidency?

A) foreign policy B) civil rights C) economics D) education E) the armed forces Answer: A Page Ref: 1015 Skill: Factual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 3. Who served as Nixon’s national security advisor?

A) Warren Burger B) G. Gordon Liddy C) Henry Kissinger D) William Rehnquist E) John Mitchell Answer: C Page Ref: 1016 Skill: Factual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 4. Nixon’s program to improve relations with the Soviet Union was known as ________.

A) containment B) détente C) perestroika D) démarche E) entente Answer: B Page Ref: 1016 Skill: Factual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon

405 .

5. The SALT treaties involved ________.

A) the American withdrawal from Vietnam B) reduction of U.S. and Soviet offensive ballistic missiles C) removal of Soviet nuclear weapons from Cuba D) preventing outright war in the Middle East E) the collapse of the former Soviet Union Answer: B Page Ref: 1016 Skill: Factual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 6. The operatives who staged the break-in at a Washington office complex in 1972 were known as the ________.

A) “officers” B) “robbers” C) “plumbers” D) “clean-up crew” E) “bunglers” Answer: C Page Ref: 1018 Skill: Factual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 7. The greatest economic challenge faced by the Nixon administration involved ________.

A) the reduction of government spending B) a dramatic increase in international oil prices C) the bankruptcy of the Federal Reserve System D) the crisis in American farming E) rampant unemployment Answer: B Page Ref: 1022 Skill: Factual Topic: The Economy of Stagflation 8. While the United States was home to only 6 percent of the world’s population, it was responsible for ________ of the world’s energy consumption.

A) 9 percent B) 22 percent C) 40 percent D) 75 percent E) 90 percent Answer: C Page Ref: 1022 Skill: Factual Topic: The Economy of Stagflation

406 .

9. The international oil organization most responsible for raising petroleum prices in the 1970s was ________.

A) ACT UP B) OPEC C) SALT D) SDI E) ERA Answer: B Page Ref: 1021 Skill: Factual Topic: The Economy of Stagflation 10. Who was the first woman to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court?

A) Ruth Bader Ginsburg B) Sandra Day O’Connor C) Eleanor Smeal D) Elena Kagan E) Bridget Maher Answer: B Page Ref: 1027 Skill: Factual Topic: Private Lives, Public Issues 11. The most encouraging economic development for women in the late twentieth century was that ________.

A) women’s wages largely closed the gap with men’s wages B) women made great progress in entering male-dominated professions C) the number of female business owners increased greatly D) the number of women serving on corporate boards grew rapidly E) the Equal Rights Amendment was ratified in 1982 Answer: C Page Ref: 1028 Skill: Factual Topic: Private Lives, Public Issues 12. The court decision in Roe v. Wade guaranteed a woman’s right to ________.

A) attend traditionally all-male schools B) run for public office C) serve in the military D) earn equal pay for equal work E) obtain an abortion Answer: E Page Ref: 1028 Skill: Factual Topic: Private Lives, Public Issues

407 .

13. The birth of the gay liberation movement was ________.

A) the Outing B) the founding of ACT UP C) the Stonewall Riots D) the founding of the Gay Activist Alliance E) the founding of the Gay Liberation Front Answer: C Page Ref: 1029 Skill: Factual Topic: Private Lives, Public Issues 14. The first person to become president without being elected president or vice president was ________.

A) Gerald R. Ford B) Richard Nixon C) Jimmy Carter D) George H. W. Bush E) Lyndon Johnson Answer: A Page Ref: 1033 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate 15. Which executive order did President Ford give to the CIA in 1975?

A) He ordered the CIA to focus on domestic rather than international intelligence operations.

B) He ordered the CIA to limit their surveillance to hostile nations.

C) He ordered the CIA to do whatever was necessary to topple Castro.

D) He outlawed assassinations as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy.

E) He outlawed covert surveillance as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy.

Answer: D Page Ref: 1034 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate 16. The Camp David accords provided a framework for peace negotiations between ________.

A) the United States and the Soviet Union B) North Vietnam and South Vietnam C) Iran and the United States D) Israel and Egypt E) the Soviet Union and China Answer: D Page Ref: 1036 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate

408 .

17. In 1979, rebels in _________ took U.S. diplomats hostage.

A) Afghanistan B) Iran C) Iraq D) Israel E) Pakistan Answer: B Page Ref: 1037 Skill: Factual Topic: Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate 18. Which group overwhelmingly supported Carter in the 1980 presidential election?

A) African Americans B) blue-collar workers C) Jewish voters D) voters in the Sunbelt states E) voters in the South Answer: A Page Ref: 1039 Skill: Factual Topic: The Reagan Revolution 19. What do supply-side economists believe?

A) that the economy will recover without changing tax structures B) that tax cuts will always hurt the national economy C) that tax cuts will lead to an economic boom D) that certain tax increases will lead to an economic boom E) that tax increases are needed to keep the deficit in check Answer: C Page Ref: 1041 Skill: Factual Topic: The Reagan Revolution 20. President Reagan’s tax compromise with Congress called for an income tax cut of ________.

A) 10 percent for three consecutive years B) 15 percent over two years C) 5 percent the first year and 10 percent the second and third years D) 20 percent over two years E) 5 percent each year for four years Answer: C Page Ref: 1042 Skill: Factual Topic: The Reagan Revolution

409 .

21. The antimissile system based on the use of lasers and particle beams to destroy incoming missiles from outer space was called ________.

A) IED B) SALT I C) SALT II D) SDI E) VIPER Answer: D Page Ref: 1044 Skill: Factual Topic: Reagan and the World 22. The goal of the Boland Amendment was to ________.

A) prohibit American military aid to overthrow the Nicaraguan government B) prohibit the sale of weapons to Iran under any circumstances C) make it illegal for the United States to interfere in any foreign war without voter approval D) allow covert operations in Central America to stop the spread of communism E) allow the Reagan administration to send troops to topple communist regimes Answer: A Page Ref: 1045 Skill: Factual Topic: Reagan and the World 23. The Iran-Contra affair was ________.

A) a covert operation through which the Reagan administration planned to topple the Iranian government B) a diplomatic disaster in which Iranian and Nicaraguan leaders were deeply insulted by one of Reagan’s speeches C) a foreign policy crisis in which Reagan sent combat troops to both Iran and Nicaragua in order to keep the peace D) a crisis between Iran and Nicaragua regarding an antimissile system that nearly resulted in nuclear war E) a scandal in which the government planned to sell weapons to Iran in order to finance exiles fighting in Nicaragua Answer: E Page Ref: 1046 Skill: Factual Topic: Reagan and the World 24. With the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, both the Soviet Union and the United States agreed to ________.

A) destroy their entire stockpile of intermediate-range missiles B) remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles in Europe C) prevent developing nations from having access to intermediate-range missiles D) limit their weapons arsenals to intermediate-range rather than long-range missiles E) work together to create the world’s first intermediate-range missile Answer: B Page Ref: 1048 Skill: Factual Topic: Reagan and the World

410 .

25. Which statement best characterizes Reagan’s two terms as the governor of California?

A) He bullied the legislature to implement his conservative policies.

B) He lacked natural abilities as a political leader.

C) He was flexible and did not try to force all of his conservative policies.

D) He led the state further and further to the left through his reforms.

E) He ignored taxes and education to focus on immigration issues.

Answer: C Page Ref: 1013 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reagan and America’s Shift to the Right 26. What is one conservative criticism of liberals?

A) Liberals are too willing to sacrifice high standards to achieve social equality.

B) Liberals are too tough on communist dictatorships in other countries.

C) Liberals are too focused on what is right about America rather than what needs to be fixed.

D) Liberals ignore the social inequalities faced by ethnic minorities and women.

E) Liberals are focused on reducing government spending and social services.

Answer: A Page Ref: 1013 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reagan and America’s Shift to the Right 27. Why did the Nixon administration decide to resume relations with China?

A) China had cautiously inquired about resuming normal diplomatic relations.

B) The United States believed it would force better relations with the Soviet Union.

C) The United States wanted to thwart the growing economic power of Japan.

D) The United States wanted to patch up relationships with Asian nations after the Vietnam War. E) The suffering U.S. economy forced Nixon to make an economic arrangement with China.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1015–1017 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 28. What was most important about the SALT I agreements?

A) They revealed the extent of the secret Soviet nuclear-weapon stockpiling.

B) They demonstrated that the United States would not compromise on its weapons program.

C) They demonstrated that the Soviet Union would not compromise on its weapons program.

D) They were a symbolic first step in a peaceful resolution of U.S.-Soviet tensions.

E) They were critical in exacerbating the stresses and tensions of the Cold War. Answer: D Page Ref: 1017 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon

411 .

29. What inspired the infamous protests at Kent State during which four students were killed?

A) the bombing of Hanoi B) the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. C) the U.S. invasion of Cambodia D) the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam E) the end of military draft deferments Answer: C Page Ref: 1017 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 30. Which of the following best describes the Watergate Scandal?

A) President Nixon’s 1972 affair with a young intern from the Republican National Committee B) President Nixon’s involvement in ordering an attack on unarmed civilians in Vietnam C) President Nixon’s attempts to cover up sources of campaign funding in the 1972 election D) President Nixon’s attempts to hide his involvement in a break-in at the Democrats’ headquarters E) President Nixon’s attempts to bribe the North Vietnamese to agree to end the Vietnam War Answer: D Page Ref: 1018 Skill: Factual Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 31. Why did Saudi Arabia cut off oil shipments to the United States in 1973?

A) Saudi Arabia wanted to force U.S. intervention in the October War. B) Saudi Arabia feared Soviet retaliation if it supplied the United States with oil.

C) President Carter was refusing to pay full price for Saudi oil shipments.

D) The United States had become involved in the conflict in Nicaragua.

E) The United States had sent emergency aid to Israel during the October War. Answer: E Page Ref: 1021 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Economy of Stagflation 32. The most serious consequence of the 1970s oil shocks for America was ________.

A) the collapse of several Arab states that were friendly to the United States B) the loss of international respect for Americans C) the decline of the automobile culture in the United States D) the beginning of the mass exodus from American suburbs E) the rampant inflation they fueled in the larger economy Answer: E Page Ref: 1022 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Economy of Stagflation

412 .

33. How did the American family unit change after 1970?

A) The divorce rate sharply increased.

B) The birth rate steadily declined.

C) The number of births to women over age 30 increased.

D) The number of single-parent households was cut in half.

E) Many more fathers started staying home to raise children.

Answer: C Page Ref: 1027 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Private Lives, Public Issues 34. Why did some working class women oppose the Equal Rights Amendment?

A) They worried about losing the protections of state laws designed to help women.

B) They worried that their bosses would fire them if they openly supported it.

C) They thought it helped middle-class women but ignored working class women.

D) They feared that it would lead to the drafting of women into the military.

E) They mistrusted the National Organization for Women, which sponsored it.

Answer: A Page Ref: 1028 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Private Lives, Public Issues 35. How did President Clinton change the experience of gays and lesbians in the military?

A) He launched an investigation to root out and prosecute homosexuals in the military.

B) He instigated a ban on homosexuals in the military.

C) He established the “Don’t ask, don’t tell” military policy.

D) He pressured the military to accept a small number of openly gay recruits.

E) He forced the military to accept homosexuals in every branch of the service.

Answer: C Page Ref: 1029 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Private Lives, Public Issues 36. President Gerald Ford’s brief “honeymoon” with the American public ended when he ________.

A) confessed to taking steroids during his college football days at Michigan B) suppressed declassified files pertaining to the Kennedy assassination C) proposed normalizing relations with Castro’s Cuba D) granted disgraced President Richard Nixon a full pardon E) appointed liberal Republican Nelson Rockefeller as his vice president Answer: D Page Ref: 1034 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate

413 .

37. How did Carter try to redeem his presidency in what became known as his “national malaise” speech?

A) He tried to blame the Soviet Union for ruining his presidency.

B) He tried to pin responsibility on the public’s lack of confidence.

C) He offered to donate a million dollars to popular American charities.

D) He tried to demonstrate that he understood the common man.

E) He showed clips from a propaganda film to sway public opinion.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1036 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate 38. Why did militants seize the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979?

A) The Carter administration had threatened war if the oil embargo wasn’t lifted immediately.

B) The Carter administration had seized insurgents the week before and refused to release them.

C) The Carter administration refused to end American involvement in Nicaragua.

D) President Carter publicly denounced their Ayatollah’s revolution.

E) Carter had allowed the exiled shah to seek medical treatment in the United States.

Answer: E Page Ref: 1037 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate 39. What was one reason why Reagan won the 1980 presidential election?

A) He made large inroads among the African-American community.

B) He carried every state east of the Mississippi.

C) He benefited from the growing political power of the Sunbelt region.

D) He won the majority of votes among Jewish voters.

E) He led in every single southern state.

Answer: C Page Ref: 1040 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Reagan Revolution 40. Why did Reagan fire air traffic controllers in the summer of 1981?

A) in retaliation for their lack of support during the 1980 election B) in response to a record number of accidents at airport around the nation C) in response to a strike by the air traffic controllers’ union D) to prevent the formation of an air traffic controllers’ union E) to forestall a wage increase that would threaten the balanced budget Answer: C Page Ref: 1042 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Reagan Revolution

414 .

41. A central tenet of Reagan’s approach to foreign policy at the beginning of his presidency was the belief that ________.

A) the Palestine Liberation Organization represented a serious threat to the United States B) trading arms for hostages was an effective way to negotiate quietly with terrorists C) the Middle East needed United States intervention to achieve freedom D) the Soviet Union was a deadly enemy that threatened the United States E) Israel could not be trusted to honor its agreements Answer: D Page Ref: 1044 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reagan and the World 42. What did the United States do in the early 1980s that caused the Soviet Union to break off disarmament negotiations in Geneva?

A) It revealed plans to develop the Strategic Defense Initiative.

B) It placed missiles in Great Britain and Germany.

C) It sent American troops into Afghanistan.

D) It opened up diplomatic relations with China.

E) It forcibly broke the Saudi Arabian oil embargo.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1044 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reagan and the World 43. How did Reagan’s approach to the conflict in Nicaragua differ from Carter’s?

A) Carter refused to get involved; Reagan sent economic aid to the Sandinista government.

B) Carter deployed ground troops to Nicaragua; Reagan implemented an airstrike strategy.

C) Carter favored an airstrike strategy in Nicaragua; Reagan deployed ground troops instead.

D) Carter sent troops to Nicaragua; Reagan gave economic aid to the Sandinista government.

E) Carter gave economic aid to the Sandinista government; Reagan cut off that economic aid.

Answer: E Page Ref: 1045 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reagan and the World 44. Why did Congress refuse Reagan’s request for money and authority for further intervention in Nicaragua?

A) They believed the Nicaraguan conflict was not a threat to the United States.

B) They wanted to block as many of Reagan’s foreign policy initiatives as possible.

C) They feared repeating the mistakes of the Vietnam War. D) They feared angering the public in an election year.

E) There were no funds available due to expanding deficits.

Answer: C Page Ref: 1045 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reagan and the World

415 .

45. What was one reason why the United States gave encouragement to Israel during the invasion of southern Lebanon?

A) The Reagan administration hoped that the invasion would destroy the PLO. B) The Reagan administration hoped that the invasion would lead to the release of hostages.

C) The Reagan administration hoped that the invasion would force Lebanon to honor a treaty.

D) The Reagan administration hoped that the invasion would sever Soviet-Lebanese relations.

E) The Reagan administration hoped that the invasion would redraw borders in the Middle East.

Answer: A Page Ref: 1046 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reagan and the World 46. What influenced President Reagan’s interaction with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev?

A) The Soviet Union was becoming an economic power that the United States could not isolate.

B) The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and escalated the arms race.

C) Mikhail Gorbachev was interested in making peace with the United States.

D) Mikhail Gorbachev was committed to blocking American interests abroad.

E) The Soviet Union had fallen into chaos and a resulting civil war.

Answer: C Page Ref: 1048 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Reagan and the World 47. Which component was NOT part of Nixon’s plan to end the war in Vietnam?

A) a gradual withdrawal of American troops B) training South Vietnamese forces to take over C) renewed bombing of North Vietnam D) increased military spending E) taking a hard line in negotiations with Hanoi Answer: D Page Ref: 1017 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 48. How did the Watergate Scandal compare to previous presidential scandals?

A) Unlike previous scandals, Watergate was about lust rather than money.

B) Unlike previous scandals, Watergate was about power rather than money.

C) Unlike previous scandals, Watergate was about money rather than power.

D) Like previous scandals, Watergate was covered up and never revealed to the public.

E) Like previous scandals, Watergate demonstrated the inefficacy of journalism.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1018 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon

416 .

49. How was the Watergate Scandal similar to the Iran-Contra affair?

A) They both were excused due to significant progress in U.S.-Soviet relations.

B) They both restored the public’s faith in federal government.

C) They both brought the United States to the brink of nuclear war.

D) They both involved major errors in international diplomacy.

E) They both involved illegal actions that tarnished a president’s reputation.

Answer: E Page Ref: 1046, 1020 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon; Reagan and the World 50. How did Reagan challenge the liberal premises of the New Deal?

A) Reagan asserted that the federal aid programs established under the New Deal had actually worsened the Great Depression.

B) Reagan abolished all federal aid programs, leaving it entirely up to individual states to provide social services.

C) Reagan expanded the New Deal programs, demonstrating that they had not been extensive enough or helpful enough.

D) Reagan asserted that the private sector should solve America’s problems rather than the federal government.

E) Reagan wanted the federal government to take a more active role in helping America than it had during the New Deal.

Answer: D Page Ref: 1048 Skill: Analytical Topic: Conclusion: Challenging the New Deal Essay 1. How was Nixon’s Cold War strategy different from that of Kennedy and Johnson?

Page Ref: 1014–1020 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon 2. How did economic factors complicate the presidencies of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter?

Page Ref: 1021–1025, 1033–1039 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Economy of Stagflation; Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate 3. How did the status of women and gays change during the 1970s and 1980s?

Page Ref: 1026–1033 Skill: Analytical Topic: Private Lives, Public Issues 4. How was Reagan’s foreign policy different from Nixon’s? Whose was more successful?

Page Ref: 1014–1020, 1039–1043 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Tempting of Richard Nixon; Reagan and the World

417 .

CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 1989–2009 Multiple Choice 1. What was the first crisis of the post-Cold War era?

A) the United States invaded Iraq B) al Qaeda attacked New York City C) Iraq invaded Kuwait D) the East German government collapsed E) Russia invaded Afghanistan Answer: C Page Ref: 1053 Skill: Factual Topic: “This Will Not Stand”: Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era 2. The primary focus of George H. W. Bush’s presidency was ________.

A) healthcare reform B) reducing taxes C) gay rights D) education E) foreign affairs Answer: E Page Ref: 1054 Skill: Factual Topic: The First President Bush 3. What was only significant piece of social legislation enacted in the first Bush administration?

A) Economic Opportunity Act B) National Health Insurance Act C) Social Security Privatization Act D) Americans with Disabilities Act E) Equal Rights Amendment Answer: D Page Ref: 1055 Skill: Factual Topic: The First President Bush 4. What campaign pledge did President George H. W. Bush have to break in 1990?

A) not to cooperate with Russian leader Gorbachev B) not to lead America into war C) not to raise taxes D) to end the Cold War E) to prohibit discrimination against the disabled Answer: C Page Ref: 1056 Skill: Factual Topic: The First President Bush

418 .

5. In 1989, popular demonstrations calling for democratic reform were violently suppressed in _______.

A) China B) Egypt C) Czechoslovakia D) Chile E) Russia Answer: A Page Ref: 1056 Skill: Factual Topic: The First President Bush 6. The person most responsible for the liberation of Eastern Europe from repressive governments was ________.

A) Mikhail Gorbachev B) George H. W. Bush C) Saddam Hussein D) Boris Yeltsin E) Bill Clinton Answer: A Page Ref: 1057 Skill: Factual Topic: The First President Bush 7. Operation ________ was the U.S. and allied military campaign against Iraq in 1991.

A) Against Terror B) Desert Storm C) Afghanistan D) Defeat Saddam E) Liberate Kuwait Answer: B Page Ref: 1059 Skill: Factual Topic: The First President Bush 8. The area of the United States that experienced dramatic growth from the 1970s to the 1990s was the ________.

A) Pacific Northwest B) Great Lakes region C) Northeast coast D) Midwest E) Sunbelt Answer: E Page Ref: 1060 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Faces of America

419 .

9. The nation’s largest ethnic minority by 2002 was ________.

A) Asian Americans B) African Americans C) Hispanics D) women E) Chinese Americans Answer: C Page Ref: 1062 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Faces of America 10. The event that revealed to the nation that poverty in America was not color-blind was ________.

A) the 2000 presidential election B) the Oklahoma City bombing C) Hurricane Katrina D) the War on Terror E) Operation Desert Storm Answer: C Page Ref: 1065 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Faces of America 11. Where do the largest single group of Asian Americans come from?

A) Cambodia B) China C) Laos D) Thailand E) Vietnam Answer: B Page Ref: 1066 Skill: Factual Topic: The Changing Faces of America 12. NAFTA is ________.

A) the first lending institution to need a government bailout in 2008 B) the most common weapon of mass destruction found in Iraq C) an arms treaty between the United States and Russia D) a free trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada E) an international organization helping nations move from communism to democracy Answer: D Page Ref: 1070 Skill: Factual Topic: The New Democrats

420 .

13. The Contract with America did NOT include ________.

A) universal health care coverage B) a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution C) term limits for members of Congress D) a line-item veto for the president E) a middle-class tax cut Answer: A Page Ref: 1070 Skill: Factual Topic: The New Democrats 14. For which of the following was Bill Clinton impeached by the Senate?

A) perjury and obstruction of justice B) making unwelcome sexual advances to Paula Jones C) having an affair with Monica Lewinsky D) selling missile technology to China for campaign contributions E) being involved in a crooked real estate scheme in Arkansas Answer: A Page Ref: 1072 Skill: Factual Topic: The New Democrats 15. Which of these countries was given most-favored nation status in 2000, in spite of its poor human rights record?

A) Egypt B) Turkey C) China D) Russia E) Mexico Answer: C Page Ref: 1074 Skill: Factual Topic: Clinton and the World 16. After George W. Bush was elected president, his first order of business was ________.

A) to expand the Americans with Disabilities Act B) to strengthen environmental protections C) to quell unrest in the Middle East D) to create major healthcare reform E) to institute a large tax cut Answer: E Page Ref: 1079 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans Ascendant

421 .

17. “No Child Left Behind” required ________.

A) billions of dollars be sent to anti-poverty efforts around the world B) state testing to evaluate student performance in reading and math C) resources go to low-income families to increase graduation rates D) mandatory preschool and kindergarten for all American children E) a reformed foster care system that would prevent all child abuse Answer: B Page Ref: 1080 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 18. The overthrow of the Taliban regime in ________ was the first move in the war on terror.

A) Iraq B) Iran C) Pakistan D) Afghanistan E) Saudi Arabia Answer: D Page Ref: 1081–1083 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 19. The countries which comprised President George W. Bush’s “axis of evil” in 2002 were ________.

A) Afghanistan, Russia, and North Korea B) China, Cuba, and Russia C) Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan D) Iraq, Afghanistan, and Russia E) Iraq, Iran, and North Korea Answer: E Page Ref: 1084 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 20. The George W. Bush administration initiated a new global strategy after the terrorist attacks on the United States, and its critics called this policy ________.

A) unilateralism B) bipolarism C) containment D) détente E) isolationism Answer: A Page Ref: 1084 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans Ascendant

422 .

21. In 2002, the Bush administration insisted Iraq was hiding ________.

A) terrorists B) weapons of mass destruction C) stolen U.S. documents D) American diplomats E) religious leaders Answer: B Page Ref: 1084 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 22. The central issue of the 2004 presidential election was ________.

A) the war in Iraq B) the Cold War C) the economy D) family values E) the war on drugs Answer: A Page Ref: 1085 Skill: Factual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 23. Over the years, affirmative action policies were passed to ________.

A) secure the power of each branch of government B) allow the president to reinstitute the military draft C) limit the terms of those elected to governmental positions D) ensure greater participation by minorities E) give more decision-making power to the people Answer: D Page Ref: 1088 Skill: Factual Topic: Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials 24. What issue became especially controversial after Chief Justice William Rehnquist died and Associate Justice Sandra Day O’Connor retired?

A) medical insurance B) immigration C) abortion D) government bailouts E) loans made after disasters Answer: C Page Ref: 1089 Skill: Factual Topic: Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials

423 .

25. After Iraq invaded Kuwait, the George H. W. Bush administration felt pressured because ________.

A) Kuwait had been on the other side of the Cold War B) Iraq used U.S. intelligence for its attack on Kuwait C) they feared their actions had inadvertently caused the crisis D) Saddam Hussein’s regime was very repressive E) The U.S. was the sole remaining superpower following the Cold War Answer: E Page Ref: 1053 Skill: Conceptual Topic: “This Will Not Stand”: Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era 26. Why was George H. W. Bush’s plan to bring down the federal budget deficit unsuccessful?

A) His plan was never palatable to Congress.

B) His plan coincided with the beginning of a recession.

C) His plan included new taxes but no spending cuts.

D) His plan included spending cuts but no new taxes.

E) His plan did not include new taxes or spending cuts.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1055 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The First President Bush 27. George H. W. Bush responded to the 1989 repression of protestors in Tiananmen Square by ________.

A) threatening to send troops to protect the protestors B) severing all diplomatic ties with the Chinese government C) not reacting publicly, but secretly aiding Chinese resistance groups D) denouncing the violence but secretly maintaining a working relationship with China E) being personally outraged but doing nothing in response Answer: D Page Ref: 1056 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The First President Bush 28. One positive for people living American urban centers is that they ________.

A) had more education than people in rural areas B) made less money than people in rural areas C) enjoyed a lower crime rate than people in rural areas D) were just as likely to graduate from college as people in rural areas E) had a lower cost of living than people in rural areas Answer: A Page Ref: 1062 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Faces of America

424 .

29. What did immigrants from the four major Hispanic groups have in common?

A) They tended to be relatively wealthy.

B) They tended to have few children.

C) They tended to be relatively young.

D) They tended to have very high college graduation rates.

E) They tended to live primarily in rural areas.

Answer: C Page Ref: 1062 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Faces of America 30. In 1986, Congress responded to concerns about the economic effects of undocumented workers when it ________.

A) tripled the size of the border patrol B) built a wall across the Canadian border C) doubled the funds for border enforcement D) repealed privacy laws to find undocumented workers E) penalized employers who hired undocumented workers Answer: E Page Ref: 1064 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Faces of America 31. How did life improve for African Americans over the last few decades of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century?

A) The average income for African-American families increased to match that of white families.

B) The average educational level of African Americans increased.

C) The incarceration level of African Americans dropped below the national average.

D) The poverty rate among African Americans dropped below the national average.

E) Homicide was no longer the leading cause of death among young black males.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1065 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Faces of America 32. In 1991, the ________ caused a riot in South Central Los Angeles in which 53 people were killed.

A) government’s response to the failure of banks B) court’s acquittal of the police officers who beat Rodney King C) government’s failure to respond to the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina D) American invasion of Iraq and capture of Saddam Hussein E) end of the Cold War and fall of the Berlin Wall Answer: B Page Ref: 1065 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Changing Faces of America

425 .

33. How did the Democratic Party change its tactics in the early 1990s and regain the White House?

A) It became more liberal in order to differentiate itself from the Independent Party.

B) It became more moderate and began tailoring programs to the middle class.

C) It stopped focusing on the middle class and instead sought upper class support.

D) It abandoned the traditional Democratic goals such as healthcare reform.

E) It strengthened its focus on the importance of big government.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1068 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The New Democrats 34. When Kenneth Starr released his report outlining possible impeachment charges against Clinton, the American public ________.

A) became even angrier with Clinton for his indiscretions and deceits B) ignored Starr’s report C) wanted all information about presidential affairs reported in the news D) supported Starr for his thorough investigation and reporting of the President’s indiscretions E) condemned Starr for revealing on the news such graphic and intimate details of sexual practices Answer: E Page Ref: 1072 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The New Democrats 35. Which of these led to unrest in the Balkans?

A) the breakup of Yugoslavia B) the intervention of an aggressive Austria C) a surprise Soviet invasion D) the end of the Cold War E) Turkey’s continued intervention Answer: A Page Ref: 1075 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Clinton and the World 36. The division in America revealed the 2000 presidential election was between ________.

A) the urban coastal states that voted for Bush and rural southern states that voted for Gore B) the poor who voted for Bush and the middle class who voted for Gore C) the rich who voted for Gore and the poor who voted for Bush D) the liberals who voted for Bush and the conservatives who voted for Gore E) people in suburbia who voted for Bush and rural Americans who voted for Gore Answer: C Page Ref: 1079 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans Ascendant

426 .

37. How was George W. Bush’s economic policy different from Clinton’s?

A) Clinton favored investing in education, while Bush favored investing in environmental reforms.

B) Clinton favored reducing government spending, while Bush favored increasing government spending.

C) Clinton favored tax reduction, while Bush favored eliminating the deficit.

D) Clinton favored eliminating the deficit, while Bush favored tax reduction.

E) Clinton favored tax reduction, while Bush favored cutting spending.

Answer: D Page Ref: 1080 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 38. What effect did the September 11, 2001, attacks have on the U.S. economy?

A) little effect B) devastated the airline industry C) destroyed the oil industry D) created an economic boom E) improved the international tourism industry Answer: B Page Ref: 1080 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 39. American foreign policy changed after the 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States by ________.

A) returning to an isolationist foreign policy B) returning to a containment foreign policy C) taking on the role of global police officer D) ending its alliances with Europe and Asia E) continuing only humanitarian missions Answer: C Page Ref: 1084 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 40. Bush’s 2003 decision to go to war in Iraq initially seemed ________.

A) unwise because the U.S. military was consistently defeated by Hussein’s forces B) necessary because Saddam Hussein was the mastermind of the September 11 terrorist attacks C) wise because the military quickly succeeded in taking Baghdad D) wise because he had intelligence that Saddam Hussein was planning a terrorist attack on the U.S. E) unwise because UN inspectors found weapons of mass destruction in Baghdad Answer: C Page Ref: 1085 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans Ascendant

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41. How is the 2004 presidential election best described?

A) unusual because no public debates were allowed due to security concerns B) similar to other recent presidential elections C) unique because repeated recounts had to be made D) harmonious because everyone was united against terrorism E) especially bitter and spiteful as each party blamed and criticized the other Answer: E Page Ref: 1085–1086 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Republicans Ascendant 42. How did the dismal economy affect the 2008 presidential race?

A) It helped Obama gain ground during the campaign.

B) It decreased Obama’s overall popularity.

C) It decreased both Obama and McCain’s popularity.

D) It caused resentment against the Democratic Party.

E) It did not have any effect on the 2008 presidential election.

Answer: A Page Ref: 1087 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials 43. The issue that gays and lesbians have been pressing in the individual states is ________.

A) equal access to education B) comparable medical insurance C) equality in the military D) equal marital rights E) personal privacy Answer: D Page Ref: 1090 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials 44. Science education in the schools became controversial in the early twenty-first century, in part because of ________.

A) protests against university genetics programs that researched eugenics B) protests against psychology classes teaching that homosexuality was a mental illness C) demands to bring global warming into the science curriculum D) demands for more federal funds to support and expand science education E) demands to teach intelligent design instead of evolution Answer: E Page Ref: 1090 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials

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45. The age of the American population relates to the economy because ________.

A) more older Americans need healthcare and receive social security B) the increasing number of young workers in service jobs adds money to Social Security C) children are volunteering to pay more taxes to support retired Americans D) with fewer elderly people, funding for programs in healthcare can be reduced E) older Americans are spending more on travel and consumer goods Answer: A Page Ref: 1090–1091 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials 46. Americans feel vulnerable because ________.

A) migration out of the U.S. has hit an all-time high B) they feel the world is not listening to them C) international and domestic problems continue to challenge them D) the U.S. has the least troubled economy in the world E) Americans are wildly optimistic about the future Answer: C Page Ref: 1091 Skill: Conceptual Topic: Conclusion: The End of the American Future—or Not? 47. How did the end of the Cold War play into Saddam Hussein’s decision to invade Kuwait?

A) He thought the world would be too busy controlling Eastern European countries to object.

B) The Soviet Union was no longer a superpower that could influence him.

C) He had captured weapons from Eastern European countries when the Soviet Union left.

D) The government of Kuwait no longer received aid from the Soviet Union.

E) He wanted to force the United States to take a stand against Russia.

Answer: B Page Ref: 1053 Skill: Analytical Topic: “This Will Not Stand”: Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era 48. How did Ralph Nader’s candidacy in the 2000 presidential election affect the race?

A) Gore moved further to the left, leaving more room for Bush among independents.

B) Gore moved further to the right, alienating a large portion of his voter base.

C) Bush moved further to the right, leaving more room for Gore among independents.

D) Bush moved further to the left, taking a large portion of Gore’s voter base.

E) Both Gore and Bush moved further to the right, attracting independent voters.

Answer: A Page Ref: 1078 Skill: Analytical Topic: Republicans Ascendant

429 .

49. Which of these was the worst domestic problem facing President Obama at the time of his election?

A) a series of urban riots B) the disputed election C) economic recession D) drought throughout the Midwest E) bank failures Answer: C Page Ref: 1087 Skill: Analytical Topic: Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials 50. Americans responded to the first two years of the Obama presidency by ________.

A) consolidating support behind environmental policies to slow the rise of the oceans B) increasing Democratic power in Congress in the “blue wave” election of 2010 C) demanding a dramatic increase in their income taxes to fund new government programs D) handing Obama a crushing, historic rebuke in the 2010 mid-term elections E) forming violent Tea Party militias that staged takeover attempts across the nation Answer: D Page Ref: 1087–1088 Skill: Factual Topic: Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials Essay 1. Explain how changing immigration patterns during the 1970s and 1980s are affecting the United States.

Page Ref: 1060–1068 Skill: Analytical Topic: The Changing Faces of America 2. Describe the various aspects of the war on terror and how they have been controversial? Why? Page Ref: 1077–1086 Skill: Analytical Topic: Republicans Ascendant 3. Discuss the factors that affected America’s attitude about the future in the first decade of the twenty-first century.

Page Ref: 1077–1092 Skill: Analytical Topic: Republicans Ascendant; Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials; Conclusion: The End of the American Future—or Not?

430 .