Art and Science of Leadership, The, 6E Afsaneh Nahavandi Test Bank

Art and Science of Leadership, The, 6E By Afsaneh Nahavandi

Email: richard@qwconsultancy.com

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Chapter 1: Definition and Significance of Leadership Multiple Choice Questions 1. Various definitions of leadership include all but one of the following: a. influence process b. goal achievement c. group phenomenon d. control (d; Moderate; p. 3) 2. Which one of the following is not part of a general definition of leadership? a. exercise of control b. group c. influence d. hierarchy (a; Moderate; p. 3) 3. The definition of leadership has how many key elements? a. one b. two c. three d. four (c; Moderate; p. 4) 4. Lorraine Monroe, director of the School of Leadership Academy, considers which of the following to be key to leadership? a. setting goals b. articulating a vision c. taking care of followers d. addressing the needs of stakeholders (b; Moderate; p. 366) 5. Cintra Purtra, CEO of 3n (National Notification Network), believes that ___________ is the key to leadership. a. having passion b. inspiration c. goal setting d. control (a; Moderate; p. 4) 6. Which of the following factors is not part of the definitions of leadership effectiveness? a. achieving goals b. follower satisfaction c. implementation of change d. maintaining control (d; Moderate; p. 3)

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7. Chick-fil-A, the chicken fast food company, focuses on ________ as the key element in leadership effectiveness. a. employee empowerment b. goal achievement c. customer satisfaction d. increase in stock price (c; Moderate; p. 4) 8. According to Fred Luthans, effective managers focus on ________ while successful managers focus on ________. a. stakeholders; goal achievement b. employee satisfaction; quick promotions c. goal achievement; stock prices d. change management; employee satisfaction (b; Moderate; p.4) 9. According to Fred Luthans, effective managers are those who: a. take care of their own careers b. take care of their employees c. worry about all stakeholders d. maintain control through a crisis (b; Moderate; p. 4) 10. According to Fred Luthans, successful managers are those who: a. take care of their own careers b. take care of their employees c. worry about all stakeholders d. maintain control through a crisis (a; Moderate; p. 4) 11. Based on Fred Luthans’ research, what percentage of managers are both effective and successful? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. over 60% (a; Moderate; p. 4) 12. Which of the following statements is true about the definition of leadership effectiveness? a. Leadership effectiveness depends on the goals of the organization b. Leadership effectiveness must take into account the personality of the leader c. Leadership effectiveness is the same regardless of the organization d. Leadership effectiveness is always based on performance (a; Moderate; p. 4) 13. The case of the New York Times newspaper is an example of . a. the importance of stakeholders in defining effectiveness b. the role of national culture c. generational differences d. the complexity of defining effectiveness (d; Moderate; p. 5)

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14. Which one of the following factors is the key element of most definitions of leadership effectiveness? a. employee satisfaction b. stakeholder needs c. focus on outcome d. financial measures (c; Moderate; p. 5) 15. While _________ is an important aspect of leadership effectiveness, the key element is ___________. a. leader style; providing direction b. process; outcome c. goal achievement; stakeholder satisfaction d. empowerment; participation (b; Moderate; p. 5) 16. Which one of the following is not an element of the definition of leadership effectiveness? a. goal achievement b. smooth internal functioning c. external adaptability d. efficiency (d; Moderate; p. 5) 17. The three key elements of leadership effectiveness are: a. goal achievement, smooth internal processes, external adaptability b. follower satisfaction, leader control, empowerment c. goal achievement, stock prices, customer satisfaction d. flexibility, follower satisfaction, stakeholder satisfaction (a; Moderate; p. 5) 18. Comparable companies require salespersons to get 8 hours of training before a new store opens, however The Container Store requires salespersons to get hours of training. a. 12 b. 20 c. 100 d. 200 (d; Moderate; p. 6) 19. The Container Store is able to pay its associates how much more than their competitors? a. 10-30 percent b. 30-50 percent c. 50-100 percent d. 100-200 percent (c; Moderate; p. 6) 20. The Contain Store’s efforts to create a family-friendly environment have paid off. Whereas their competitors’ turn-over rate is approximately 90 percent, The Container Store’s turnover rate is only . a. 2 percent b. 10 percent c. 20 percent d. 50 percent (b; Moderate; p. 6) .

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21. Which is not a reason the text provides as to why leaders are needed? a. to keep groups orderly and focused b. to accomplish tasks c. to be romantic ideals d. to provide effective customer service (d; Moderate; p. 7) 22. Bob, a salesperson for ABC, Inc., relies heavily on his supervisor to provide annual goals and direction was well as to clarify activities for the upcoming year. Which reason for ‘why we need leaders’ best fits this situation? a. to keep groups orderly and focused b. to accomplish tasks c. to make sense of the world d. to be romantic ideals (b; Moderate; p. 7) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 23. Which one of the following is not one of the obstacles to effective leadership? a. uncertainty that creates pressure for quick responses b. vague definition of leadership c. rigid and short-term oriented organizations d. inaccessible academic research (b; Moderate; p. 8) 24. Sally was recently hired as president and CEO of AlphaSports, Inc, a regional chain of sporting goods stores. She has been hired to internalize the organization as well as expand market share. Many members of the organization are highly skeptical because the organization has never attempted anything like this in the past. Sally is experiencing which obstacle to effective leadership? a. the organization is rigid and unforgiving b. the organization is falling back on old ideas c. the organization is facing considerable uncertainty d. there is a lack of understanding in applying academic research findings (c; Moderate; p. 8) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 25. Jake was appointed president and CEO of XYZ, Inc. The board of directors wants him to lower expenses by laying off 50 percent of the front-line workers. Which reason does not likely explain why this recommendation will not likely work. a. They are relying on overly simplistic ideas. b. The organization is facing considerable uncertainty. c. They are looking only for short-term fixes. d. They are falling back on old ideas. (b; Moderate; p. 8) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 26. While managers focus on ________, leadership is aimed at ________. a. getting power; here and now b. getting followers motivated; sharing values c. stability; change d. personal relationships; political networks (c; Easy; p. 9 )

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27. Managers are , while leaders are . a. short-term oriented; long-term oriented b. long-term future oriented; short-term oriented c. interested in creating a culture based on values; interested in maintaining existing structure d. making use of personal power; making use of positional power (a; Moderate; p. 9) 28. Compared to managers, leaders do all of the following except a. focus on the future b. create culture based on shared values c. maintain existing structure d. create change (c; Moderate; p. 9)

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29. Compared to leaders, managers do all of the following except a. establish an emotional link with followers b. maintain status quo c. implement policies and procedures d. use position power (a; Moderate; p. 9)

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30. Leadership and management become more closely similar when considering the issue of a. effectiveness and competence b. national and organizational culture c. individual traits d. organizational performance (a; Moderate; p. 9)

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31. In addition to basic managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling, leaders are ascribed . a. procedural and external roles b. procedural and internal roles c. strategic and internal roles d. strategic and external roles (d; Moderate; p. 10) 32. Kip Tindell, founder of The Container Store, created a family-friendly work environment with higher wages and flexible shifts. He may be considered an effective leader because . a. he focused entirely on the present b. he created a culture on shared values c. he was interested in maintaining the status quo d. he only used position power to get things done (b; Moderate; p. 6) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 33. Which of the following is not one of the managerial roles proposed by Mintzberg? a. figurehead b. leader c. conflict manager d. resource allocator (c; Moderate; p. 10) .

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34. Henry Mintzberg identified a. 5 b. 7 c. 9 d. 10 (d; Moderate; p. 10)

executive roles for managerial activities.

35. According to research by Mintzberg, the job of a manager is characterized by . a. many cultural encounters b. a wide variety of tasks and many interruptions c. a series of well-defined activities that start with planning and end in controlling d. political activities that are essential to being effective (b; Moderate; p. 10) 36. Helgesen’s research about gender differences in management found that . a. women are better managers b. women preferred face-to-face communication c. women managers often have to focus on their job at the expense of personal life d. women are more isolated then men (b; Moderate; p. 10) 37. Helgesen called the “female” style of management ________. a. the web b. participative management c. interconnected management d. non-hierarchical charisma (a; Moderate; p. 11) 38. Helgesen’s research found that female managers only matched how many of Mintzberg’s categories of executive roles? a. one b. two c. four d. five (b; Moderate; p. 10) 39. The example of Starbucks gourmet coffee illustrates . a. the importance of social responsibility b. how founders can impact an organization c. the importance of quality in the mission of an organization d. how men and women both practice participative management (b; Moderate; p. 11) 40. If the founder of the organization is a workaholic and control oriented, the organization is likely to be characterized as: a. ‘the web’ whereby the manager is in the center of an interconnected circle b. fast-paced decision making and centralized c. decentralized and open d. participative and supportive (b; Moderate; p. 11) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) .

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41. Leaders are often role models for their followers. Recent research suggests that leaders must also pay attention to . a. sexual harassment and its negative impact b. the use of power c. how outsiders impact their followers d. their own emotional reactions (d; Moderate; p. 12) 42. Stepen Oesterle is a senior executive of Medtronics, an organization dedicated to promoting healthy lifestyles. Stepen runs marathons and maintains a personal healthy lifestyle. Which function of shaping an organizational culture best describes Stepen’s approach? a. creating an effective reward system b. being a role model c. hiring the right people d. creating an effective organizational strategy and structure (b; Moderate; p. 11) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 43. Tyler Winkler, senior vice president of sales for Secure Works, takes an approach whereby employees “make your numbers in three months or you’re out.” Through this process he measures employee performance, provides detailed feedback and training to improve sales. Which function of how leaders shape organizational culture best describes Tyler’s approach? a. role modeling b. creating an effective reward system c. hiring the right people d. creating an effective organizational strategy and structure (b; Moderate; p. 11-12) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 44. Bob Landouceur, La Salle high-school football coach wants his team members to get in touch with their emotions and develop ‘love’ for their teammates. Through this process he demonstrates great empathy for his players. Which function of how leaders shape organizational culture best describes Bob’s leadership style? a. role modeling b. creating an effective reward system c. hiring the right people d. creating an effective organizational strategy and structure (a; Moderate; p. 12) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 45. Leaders shape the culture of their organization through all but one of the following: a. role modeling b. the reward system c. establishing personal relationships with followers d. hiring decisions related to employees and other managers and leaders (c; Moderate; p. 12) 46. Determining span of control, reporting relationships, and degree of formalization and specialization are all elements of which function of how leaders shape organizational culture? a. developing strategies and structures b. influencing hiring decisions c. creating effective reward systems d. role modeling .

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(a; Moderate; p. 13) 47. The key argument against the impact of leadership centers around the idea that . a. most leaders are simply not effective b. social and environmental factors affect organizations more than leaders c. culture and organizational rigidity do not allow leaders to make their mark d. other managers impact organizations as much as leaders (b; Moderate; p. 14) 48. A commonly accepted position regarding the significance of leadership in organizations states: a. Leadership is a myth that plays an important role in followers’ perception. b. While leaders are important, environmental factors often impact the organization more. c. In most organizations, leaders have some, but not much, discretion to impact the organization. d. Leadership is one of many important factors in organizations. (d; Moderate; p. 315 49. The factors that are pushing for new roles for leaders include all but one of the following. a. push for quality b. use of teams c. changing hierarchies d. increased homogeneity (d; Moderate; p. 16) 50. In a results oriented organization that focuses on quality and teamwork, which level of organizational structure should assume primary responsibility? a. senior executives b. mid-level managers c. front line supervisors d. employees (d; Moderate; p. 16-17) 51. In traditional organizations, employees are primarily responsible for ________ while leaders are responsible for ________. a. production; planning b. planning; controlling c. preparing; implementing d. controlling; quality (a; Moderate; p. 17) 52. Changes in many organizations are causing leaders to rely more on ________ and less on ________. a. consideration; task b. vision; consideration c. facilitation; structuring d. planning; leading (c; Moderate; p. 17) 53. Which one of the following is not one of the key factors that the Hay Group has identified to be one of the key elements of an effective corporate culture? a. control b. teamwork .

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c. customer focus d. innovation (a; Moderate; p. 17 ) 54. Leaders such as Philip Diehl, director of the U.S. Mint, have made ________ one of their key activities. a. quality control b. providing a vision c. leading d. communicating (d; Moderate; p. 17) 55. Which are not some of the primary factors fueling change for organizations and their leadership? a. political changes b. ambiguity and uncertainty c. demographic changes d. globalization (b; Moderate; p. 18) 56. Which of the following are not some of the factors that are fueling the changes in leadership? a. increase in global competition b. political changes c. legal requirements d. demographic and social changes (c; Moderate; p. 18) 57. The increased cultural diversity in organizations is . a. causing most leaders to become ineffective b. causing changes in organizational practices c. creating considerable resentment among employees d. leading to conflict between leaders and followers (b; Moderate; p. 19) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 58. The fastest growing segment of the U.S. population is currently: a. African Americans b. Asian Americans c. Hispanics d. European (c; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 59. By 2016, what fraction of the United States population will be of a minority group? a. one fifth b. one forth c. one third d. one half (c; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 60. By 2025, Hispanics are estimated to be what percent of the United States population? a. 8% b. 21% c. 28% .

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d. 38% (b; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 61. By 2050, the Hispanic population in the United States is estimated to grow to what percent of the total population? a. 40% b. 30% c. 20% d. 10% (b; Moderate; p. 366) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 62. According to the text, which country has a high percentage of women in corporate boards?” a. United States b. Malaysia c. Venezuela d. Sweden (d; Moderate; p. 19) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 63. In the United States there is a ‘population hourglass’ whereby the largest percentage of the population is older baby boomers, the millennial generation is at the bottom and generation Xers are in the middle. The challenges arising from issues regarding the differences in these age groups represents which major factor fueling organizational change and their leaders? a. increased globalization b. employee expectations c. political changes d. demographic changes (d; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 64. Which generation comprises the largest population segment in the United States? a. Millennial generation b. Generation Xers c. Generation Y d. Baby boomers (d; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 65. The younger employees who are joining the workforce typically expect to a. become leaders very quickly b. have autonomy and participate in decisions c. be promoted slower than previous generations d. stay with the same company for over ten years (b; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

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66. Leaders such as John Grundhofer – aka Jack the Ripper – continue to remain in leadership positions, primarily because . a. they are effective b. organizations face short-term financial pressures c. they focus on stakeholders d. they are able to manage global cultures (b; Moderate; p. 21)

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67. Young employees entering the workforce are looking for fast promotions, challenging learning opportunities and work-life balance. This represents which category of factors fueling organizational change? a. increased globalization b. employee expectations c. political changes d. technological advances (b; Moderate; p. 21) 68. ________ is/are barrier(s) to changes in organizations and leaders. a. Lack of teams in upper management b. Open structures and ill-defined goals c. Global cultural changes d. The focus on team rewards (a; Moderate; p. 21) 69. The XYZ organization recruits leaders who are dominant and willing to take control over those who focus on team building. This is an example of . a. cultural insensitivity b. lingering images of traditional leadership c. organizational stupidity d. poor decision making (b; Moderate; p. 20-21) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 70. Which of the following factors is key to JetBlue’s flexibility? a. the airline’s growing size and importance in its industry b. the emphasis on teamwork c. a powerful leadership team d. a centralized organization where all employee can stay in touch (b; Moderate; p. 27) 71. Which one of the following is not one of the factors in JetBlue’s success? a. David Neeleman b. a decentralized structure c. JetBlue’s ability to copy other airlines d. constant communication with employees (c; Moderate; p. 27)

True/False Questions 72. There is one commonly accepted definition of leadership. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 2) 73. A leader is defined as a person who influences individuals and groups, helps them in establishing goals, and guides them towards achievement of those goals. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 3) .

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74. It is easy to define leadership. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 2) 75. Researchers agree that a leader is effective when the group performs its task. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 3) 76. The definition of leadership effectiveness often depends on the point of view of the person who is defining effectiveness. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 4) 77. For Barbara Waugh, personnel manager of Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, effectiveness is communication, collaboration, and innovation. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 4) 78. According to Fred Luthans, effective and successful managers engage in different types of activities. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 4) 79. Fred Luthans found that the majority of managers are both effective and successful. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 27) 80. Fred Luthans found that only 10% of managers are both effective and successful. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 4) 81. Based on Luthans’ research, in order for organizations to be effective they must reward effective managers and help them become successful. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 4) 82. The definition of leadership effectiveness depends on the organization and the context. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 4) 83. The common thread in many definitions of leadership effectiveness is the focus on outcomes. a. true .

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b. false (a; Moderate; p. 27) 84. Leaders are effective when their followers achieve their goals, can function well together, and can adapt to the changing demands from external forces. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 5) 85. Leadership is not a universal phenomenon, but rather culturally contingent. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 7) 86. The presence of leaders creates an unavoidable hierarchy and inequality. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 7) 87. Managing the inequality inherent in leader-follower relationships is essential in the leadership process. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 7) 88. The key to effective leadership is practice and learning from one’s mistakes. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 7) 89. The keys to being an effective leader are knowledge, experience, practice and learning from one’s mistakes. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p.7) 90. Becoming an effective leader requires experimentation and organizational support. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 8) 91. Most researchers agree that leadership and management are basically the same concept. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 9) 92. According to McGregor, managers tend to take a long-term perspective, whereas leaders take a shortterm perspective a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 9) .

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93. Leaders provide a vision for their followers, where as managers focus on routine issues. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 9) 94. According to Kotter, while leadership is an age-old concept, the idea of management was developed during the industrial revolution. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 9) 95. Effective managers often have to perform roles and functions attributed to leaders. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 9-10) 96. For organizations to function properly all managers can be replaced by leaders. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 9) 97. Research about the difference between male and female managers indicates that women are generally less effective leaders, but excellent managers. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 10) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 98. There is general agreement that there are fundamental differences between how men and women manage. a. True b. false (a; Moderate; p. 11) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 99. One of the primary roles of leaders is to create and maintain the culture of their organizations. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 11) 100.

The only means leaders have to influence their followers is through role modeling. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 11) 101.

Research has clearly established that leadership has a key impact on organizations. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 15) 102.

There is considerable debate among leadership scholars regarding whether leadership actually impacts organizations. a. true .

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b. false (a; Moderate; p. 15) Hiring decisions are an important aspect of how leaders can shape the organization’s culture. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 11-12) 103.

Recent research suggests that leaders must be able to manage their followers’ emotional states. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 12) 104.

105.

While the leader’s impact on the organization may not always be tangible, leadership is significant in providing a vision and direction for followers. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 15) 106.

In cultures where power is highly differentiated and centralized, managers rely on employees to offer solutions and answers to organizational challenges. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 16) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 107.

Leadership in traditional organizations continues to include a desire for control and power. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 16-17) 108.

The focus on quality forces organizations to expect leaders to be in charge and show dominance. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 18) Today’s leaders need to improve their structuring skills. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 17) 109.

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As the leader’s roles are changing, employees are increasingly expected to understand strategic and financial issues. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 17) 111.

Planning and organizing is increasingly being done by followers instead of leaders alone. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 17)

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112.

Because of many changes in organizations, leaders have to increasingly rely on structuring skills to be effective. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 17) 113.

Rick Sapio, CEO of Mutual.com, and Jeff Imelt, of GE, both focus on listening to their employees. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 17) 114.

The factors that are fueling leadership changes include legal pressures and requirements. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 18) 115.

The United States is one of the few countries that is experiencing increased diversity. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 19) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 116.

By 2025, Hispanics are estimated to outnumber African Americans in the United States. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 117.

Women hold about 50% of managerial and professional positions in the U.S. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 19) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 118.

Women currently hold 20 percent of all executive positions in the United States. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 19) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 119.

Sweden leads all countries in percentage of women who hold senior level executive positions. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 19) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 120.

By 2050, the average U.S. resident will be from a non-European background. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 121.

By 2050, the majority of new entrants in the U.S. labor force will be Hispanic. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) .

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122.

Although women are not well represented in executive positions around the world, they are holding a majority of board memberships. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 190) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 123.

Ted Childs of IBM considers diversity to be an essential part of the business. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 20) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 124.

Financial pressures often force organizations to select ruthless leaders. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 20) 125.

One of the obstacles to effective leadership is the extensive use of teams in upper management. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 21) 126.

Male images of leadership which include dominance and control are no longer used in most organizations. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 21) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 127.

Job satisfaction is higher in organizations with more bureaucracy and lower autonomy. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 21) Few organization take full advantage of their employees’ ideas and potential. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 21) 128.

Short Answer/ Essay Questions: 129

Cintra Purtra, CEO of 3n (National Notification Network) states having passion is key to leadership.

Explain what she means by that statement, why it is important, and give an example that demonstrates her belief.

(Moderate; p. 3) 130

Wendy Kopp, CEO and founder of Teach for America, considers teaching successfully to be leadership.

Create an argument supporting her argument including which leadership elements are and are not relevant to her argument.

(Moderate; p. 4)

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131

Explain what the author means by: Leadership and management become more closely similar when considering the issue of effectiveness and competence.

(Challenging; p. 9) 132

Helgensen found that women reported having ample time to themselves; time to read and reflect; and time to schedule meetings to share information with colleagues and subordinates. Conversely, men found themselves stressed; had little to no time to reflect or time for themselves. Does that mean women are better leaders and handle leadership positions better than men do? Explain.

(Easy; p. 11)

133

Explain what is meant by demographic trends in the United States including what is called the population hourglass.

(Easy; p. 20) 134

Explain why people like John Grundhofer, nicknamed “Jack the Ripper,” who specialized in implementing massive layoffs, continue to find their skills in high demand.

(Moderate; p. 21)

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Chapter 2: The Global and Cultural Contexts Multiple Choice Questions 1.

is the norms, customs, values, and assumptions that guide the behavior of a particular group of people. a. Culture b. Leadership c. Diversity d. Individualism (a; Easy; p. 29) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 2. Culture is important because: a. some cultures are more powerful than others b. culture guides people’s assumptions and behaviors c. culture can be changed to match the organization d. Leaders must learn to ignore culture (b; Moderate; p. 29) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 3. How many levels does culture have? a. two b. three c. four d. five (b; Easy; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 4. People in who live in the ‘Little Italy’ region of New York City have maintained traditions, norms and customs from generation to generation. This is an example of what level of culture? a. Global b. National c. Cultural Groups d. Organizational (c; Moderate; p. 32) 5.

refers to the variety of human structures, belief systems, and strategies for adapting to situations that exist within different groups. a. Masculinity b. Leadership c. Gender d. Diversity (d; Challenging; p. 31) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 6. Male traits of ___________ and __________ are often associated with leadership in many cultures. a. aggression; independence b. intelligence; goal orientation c. cognitive skills; ruthlessness d. individualism; competition (a; Moderate; p. 32) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

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7. The problems faced by the New York Times newspaper have been attributed to: a. Jason Blair’s unethical behavior b. the culture of the organization c. the lack of challenging performance expectations d. the national culture (b; Challenging; p. 32) 8. The leadership at the New York Times newspaper created culture that focused on a. the well being of employees b. attention to ethical standards c. careful promotion based on seniority d. performance at all costs (d; Challenging; p. 32) 9. David Peterson, CEO of North Highland created an organizational culture that: a. took into consideration the employees’ personal life b. separated personal and organizational goals c. allowed for excellent financial performance d. rewarded top financial performance (a; Challenging; p. 32) 10. The examples of North Highland and Lander International are similar in that in both cases: a. employees came first b. financial performance came first c. the leaders shaped the culture d. national culture influenced organizational culture (c; Challenging; p. 35) 11. David Peterson, CEO of North Highland, established a value of balancing work life and home life within the company. This is an example of which level of culture? a. Organizational b. Cultural Groups c. National d. Leadership (a; Challenging; p. 32) 12. The example of President Vincente Fox of Mexico stating: “I believe there are no mistakes” illustrates: a. his leadership style b. the influence of the Mexican culture on leadership c. the economic and political situation in Mexico d. the impact of organizational factors on leadership (b; Challenging; p. 32) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 13. National organizational heritage refers to: a. the wealth of each organization b. the culture of different organizations c. the management styles based on national cultures d. organizational events that shape national culture (c; Challenging; p. 32) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) .

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14. The High and Low Context model of culture was developed by: a. Hall b. Trompenaars c. Hosftede d. GLOBE (a; Challenging; p. 32) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 15. The High and Low Context model of culture addresses: a. different cultural values b. differences in communication styles c. differences in leadership patterns d. the organizational cultural context (b; Challenging; p. 32) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 16. Leaders in high-context cultures may interpret the low-context followers’ directness as . a. an indication of effective leadership b. a sign of a valuable employee c. a display of respect d. a lack of respect (d; Challenging; p. 33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 17. Which of the following cultures is NOT considered a low-context culture? a. Germans b. French c. North Americans d. Korean (d; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 18. Which of the following cultures is NOT considered a high-context culture? a. Japanese b. African American c. Korean d. Scandinavian (d; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 19. People from high context cultures typically: a. rely on non-verbal cues and situational factors to communicate b. rely on the written word and clearly stated statement to communicate c. value leaders who take care of people d. value leaders who focus on the task (a; Challenging; p. 32) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Communication) 20. People from low context cultures typically: a. rely on non-verbal cues and situational factors to communicate b. rely on the written word and clearly stated statement to communicate c. value leaders who take care of people d. value leaders who focus on the task (b; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Communication)

.

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21. The fact that the Vietnamese and Italians pay attention to a leader’s title and do not always rely on written contracts can be partially attributed to: a. the two cultures being relaxed b. the two cultures being people oriented c. the two cultures being high-context d. the two cultures being collectivist (c; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 22. A U.S. manager who is negotiating in China has difficulty getting his Chinese counterparts to agree to put the details of their new contract on paper. At the same time, the Chinese managers are frustrated at the U.S. manager’s insistence to clarify every detail. This conflict is can be partially attributed to: a. the U.S. superiority in business interactions b. the Chinese not trusting the U.S. manager c. the difference in how the two cultures use context d. the differences in the two countries political systems (c; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 23. A Mexican manager is upset at the fact that his German colleague jumps right into business without taking the time to get to know him and establish a relationship. The German manager is frustrated at how long it takes to get anything done and is pushing for quicker decision making. This cultural conflict can be partially explained by: a. the typical impatience of the Germans b. the Mexican’s longer time orientation c. the fact that Mexico is high context and Germany is low context d. the typical cultural differences between Western Europe and Latin America (c; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 24. Which of the following is NOT one of Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture? a. Uncertainty avoidance b. Individualism c. Time Orientation d. People Orientation (d; Challenging; p. 33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 25. Which of the items is one of Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture? a. Power distance b. Egalitarian c. High context d. Performance orientation (a; Challenging; p. 33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 26.

power distance indicates that employees would generally accept work assignments from their supervisors without question, whereas a power distance indicates that employees generally have about the same amount of power as their boss. a. High; high b. High; low c. Low; high d. Low; low (b; Challenging; p. 33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

.

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27. According to Hofstede’s research on the dimensions of culture, the United States is best described as_____. a. above average on power distance and masculinity. b. above average on power distance and below average on masculinity c. below average on power distance and above average on masculinity d. below average on both power distance and masculinity (c; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 28. Compared to the United States, Japanese culture tends to be . a. higher on power distance and uncertainty avoidance b. higher on power distance but lower on uncertainty avoidance c. lower on power distance but higher on uncertainty avoidance d. lower on both power distance and uncertainty avoidance (a; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 29. Leaders in high power distance cultures would be most characterized by: a. expecting feedback from employees b. relying on formal structures to accomplish tasks c. seeking notoriety for the organization d. focusing on team efforts (b; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 30. Leaders from individualistic cultures would best be characterized by a. engaging in team-oriented activities b. seeking recognition c. demonstrating high levels of participation behaviors d. employing supportive leader behaviors (b; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 31. Which one of the following is not one of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions? a. time orientation b. power distance c. uncertainty avoidance d. egalitarianism (d; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 32. Geert Hofstede developed his cultural values model based on surveys of: a. managers in the European Union b. IBM employees in 40 countries c. North American and Canadian managers d. Students in introductory psychology classes (b; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 33. Hofstede’s model includes how many cultural dimensions? a. two b. four c. five d. seven (c; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

.

.

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34. Power distance refers to: a. how much power managers have b. the extent to which people accept unequal power c. the power of the leaders to make changes without consulting followers d. how paternalistic and male dominated a society is (b; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 35. French employees typically do not expect to participate in decision making to the same extent as U.S. or Swedish employees. This may be partially because: a. France is a high power distance culture b. U.S. and Swedish employees are often better trained c. France is less collectivistic that the U.S. or Sweden d. the French are not comfortable with uncertainty (a; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 36. Tolerance of uncertainty refers to: a. how much uncertainty exists in the political system b. how quickly managers make decisions c. the extent to which employees rely on their manager for decision making d. how comfortable people are with ambiguity (d; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 37. When a culture is high in uncertainty avoidance, people are likely to: a. search for absolute truths b. expect their leaders to allow participation c. rely on their community for information d. have a short term orientation (a; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 38. Individualistic cultures tend to: a. expect people to conform to social norms before they become independent b. emphasize performance over social support c. focus on individual achievement d. value material goods (c; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 39. Although many companies in the U.S. have adopted team-based management that is very successful in Japan, U.S. managers and employees often have difficulty working in teams. This may be because: a. Japanese managers are generally superior in motivating their employees b. the U.S. employees are not comfortable with uncertainty c. the Japanese have lower power distance and are more egalitarian d. the U.S. employees are more individualistic (d; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 40. Based on Hofstede’s model, which of the following best describes the culture of the U.S.? a. The U.S. is an individualistic culture where people are long-term oriented, value achievement and are highly competitive. b. The U.S. culture places a high value on individuals and achievement and tends to be egalitarian and short-term orientated with low power distance. c. The U.S. is highly competitive, power oriented, and focused on improving social justice. d. The U.S. culture is high on context, power, achievement, and competitiveness. .

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(b; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 41. Japanese culture is characterized with strong feelings toward group with clear rank and status differentiation as well as an obligation to obey authority. This is best described as which combination of Triandis characteristics of culture? a. individualistic and vertical b. individualistic and horizontal c. collectivistic and vertical d. collectivistic and horizontal (c; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 42. Harry Triandis proposes that the concept of uncertainty avoidance can be further refined by: a. adding the concept of time orientation to tolerance for uncertainty. b. looking at how uncertainty avoidance is different in vertical and horizontal cultures. c. introducing the concept of tight and loose cultures to uncertainty avoidance. d. combining context and individuality to explain uncertainty avoidance. (c; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 43. In Thailand, there is much tolerance for behaviors that are considered acceptable and violation of rules is often overlooked. This can partly be explained because: a. Thailand has a loose culture. b. Thailand is collectivistic. c. Thailand emphasizes consideration for individual rights d. Thailand is a low power distance culture. (a; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 44. Mehran has grown up in a culture where breaking rules and norms of behavior is considered to be serious. Her parents and teachers often reminded her that rules are to be obeyed and that she risked serious consequences if she did not conform. Based on this information, one could deduce that Mehran’s culture is: a. very harsh. b. high power distance. c. a tight culture. d. ascriptive and collectivistic. (c; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 45. The concept of individualism/collectivism can be further refined by considering: a. whether leaders have power and how they use power. b. how tight or loose the culture is. c. whether followers make decisions on their own. d. whether the culture focuses on hierarchy or equality. (d; Challenging; p. 39) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 46. _________ cultures focus on hierarchy; while _________ cultures focus on equality. a. Vertical; horizontal b. Tight; loose c. Ascriptive; prescriptive d. Collectivistic; individualistic (a; Challenging; p. 39) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 47. In vertical individualistic cultures: .

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a. all members of the groups are seen as equal. b. the individual is seen as unique and superior to others. c. individuals must sacrifice themselves for the group. d. the individual is unique but equal to others. (b; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 48. In horizontal individualist cultures: a. all members of the groups are seen as equal. b. the individual is seen as unique and superior to others. c. individuals must sacrifice themselves for the group. d. the individual is unique but equal to others. (d; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 49. In vertical collectivistic cultures: a. all members of the groups are seen as equal. b. the individual is seen as unique and superior to others. c. individuals must sacrifice themselves for the group. d. the individual is unique but equal to others. (c; Challenging; p. 39) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 50. Japan and Korea are examples of __________. a. loose cultures b. individualistic cultures c. vertical collectivistic cultures d. cultures that are comfortable with uncertainty (c; Challenging; p. 39) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 51. Vertical/horizontal dimension impacts leadership because: a. it deals with people b. it relates to how rules are used c. it focuses on how leaders use participation in their culture d. it affects views of hierarchy and equality (d; Challenging; p. 39) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 52.

are egalitarian and focus on taking care of individual needs. a. incubator cultures b. guided missiles c. family d. Eiffel Tower (a; Challenging; p. 35) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 53. Christie works in organization that focuses heavily and team interaction and job performance. Which of the Trompenaar’s cultures best describes her organization? a. incubator b. guided missile c. family d. Eiffel Tower (b; Challenging; p. 36) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 54. According to Trompenaar’s dimensions of culture, the Eiffel Tower organization focuses on: a. taking care of individual needs and individual growth .

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b. hierarchy and tasks c. taking care of families d. egalitarianism and performance orientation (b; Challenging; p. 36) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 55. An organization that defines their culture by having strong, powerful leaders that take care of the needs of individuals in the organization is best characterized as . a. incubator culture b. guided missile c. family d. Eiffel tower (c; Challenging; p. 40-41) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 56. Effective leaders in an organization with a family culture are best described as: a. demonstrating a team-orientation b. committee to individual achievement c. making use of formal authority to accomplish tasks d. uses limited participation behaviors (a; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 57. Leaders in organizations characterized as an incubator culture effectively demonstrate all of the following behaviors except? a. focusing on individual growth b. engaging in team-oriented behaviors c. removing obstacles and provides necessary resources d. demonstrating considerable expertise and competence (b; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 58. As opposed to Hofstede who considers general cultural dimensions and values, Trompenaars and his colleagues have developed model that: a. looks at power relationships inside of organizations b. focuses on how national culture affects corporate cultures c. allows managers to understand the motivation of their followers d. considers the communication context within organizations (b; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 59. The two dimensions used by Trompenaars to classify cross-cultural organizational cultures include: a. egalitarian-hierarchical and person-task b. tight-loose and vertical-horizontal c. proactive and reactive d. high context and low context (a; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 60. Which one of the following is not one of Trompenaars cross-cultural organizational cultures? a. incubator b. guided missile c. community d. Eiffel tower (c; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 61. According to Trompenaars, incubators are: .

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a. egalitarian and focused on taking care of individual needs. b. egalitarian and focused on the task. c. hierarchical and focused on taking care of people. d. hierarchical and driven to accomplish tasks. (a; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 62. Steve is searching for a new job. He recognizes that he is most comfortable in organizations that posses clear organizational structures, well defined roles and focus on ‘getting the job done.’ Which type of organization would be the best fit for Steve? a. Eiffel Tower b. guided missile c. incubator d. family (a; Challenging; p. 40-41) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 63. According to Trompenaars, guided missiles are: a. egalitarian and focused on taking care of individual needs. b. egalitarian and focused on the task. c. hierarchical and focused on taking care of people. d. hierarchical and driven to accomplish tasks. (b; Challenging; p. 41) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 64. Jerry is working in an organization where people are very relaxed and there are few rules and hierarchy. However, getting the task done is everyone’s primary concern. The cross-cultural organizational culture of Jerry’s company can be best classified as: a. guided missile b. individualistic and task oriented c. organic d. family style (a; Challenging; p. 41) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 65. Nigel has a new job and during orientation he is told that the organization treats employees as professionals and gives them considerable latitude. He is also told that leadership is based on competence and expertise. Based on this description, Nigel is most likely working for which type of organization? a. guided missile b. incubator c. Eiffel tower d. Family (b; Challenging; p. 41) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 66. The GLOBE project includes information about cross-cultural difference from how many cultures? a. close to 300 b. over 100 c. around 60 d. about 20 (c; Challenging; p. 36) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 67. Based on GLOBE findings the U.S. is among the highest on: a. power distance and tolerance ambiguity b. humane orientation and performance .

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c. gender egalitarianism and individuality d. assertiveness and performance (d; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 68. Which of the following is NOT one of the nine dimensions on the GLOBE study? a. Stability b. Power distance c. Uncertainty avoidance d. Performance orientation (a; Challenging; p. 41-42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 69. Based on the GLOBE study, Germany was found to be: a. High for both assertiveness and uncertainty avoidance b. High assertiveness and low uncertainty avoidance c. Low assertiveness and high uncertainty avoidance d. Low on both assertiveness and uncertainty avoidance (a; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 70. One of the contributions of the GLOBE research has been: a. more dimensions to explain culture b. identification of universal and culturally contingent leader behaviors c. the clarification of the dimensions presented by other researchers such as Hofstede and Trompenaars d. to recognize autonomy and assertiveness as key universal leadership styles (b; Challenging; p. 41-42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 71. Which country is likely to be described as having the greatest gender differentiation? a. Egypt b. United States c. Sweden d. Italy (a; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 72. The GLOBE study found which country to be the least focused on a future orientation? a. Singapore b. Russia c. United States d. Australia (b; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 73. Which best describes a county characterized with a high power distance? a. communication is typically directed only one way b. there is a free flow of communication between leaders and followers c. feedback is expected from followers d. individuals will rarely rely on nonverbal cues (a; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 74. The GLOBE study found which of the following leadership behaviors to be desirable across most cultures? a. autocratic leadership b. charismatic/values-based leadership .

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c. directive leadership d. achievement orientated (b; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 75.

is the degree to which a culture values fairness, generosity, caring and kindness. a. uncertainty avoidance b. in-group collectivism c. future orientation d. humane orientation (d; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 76. According to the GLOBE study, Institutional Collectivism refers to: a. The degree to which the culture values collective action and collective distribution of resources b. The degree to which the culture values task completion and excellence c. The degree to which the culture invests in the future rather than the present or past d. The degree to which the culture values fairness, generosity and kindness (a; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 77. Which set of countries like certainty more than others? a. Russia and Venezuela b. United States and Mexico c. China and Japan d. Denmark and Germany (d; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 78. Which set of countries like assertiveness more than the others? a. United States and Germany b. France and Philippines c. Japan and Kuwait d. Egypt and China (a; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 79.

can be described as having a high level of gender differentiation, whereas is described as having a low level of gender differentiation. a. United States; India b. Canada; South Korea c. Taiwan; China d. Egypt; Sweden (d; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 80. Which one of the following is not one of the GLOBE dimensions? a. collectivism b. assertiveness c. emotionality d. future orientation (c; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 81. The difference between Collectivism I and Collectivism II in the GLOBE cultural dimensions is related to: a. focus on people or social systems .

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b. the degree of assertiveness of the individual versus the group c. the degree to which performance is based on the group or the organization d. focus on social institutions or family and organizations (d; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 82. According to the GLOBE findings ___________ is generally valued in most cultures. a. team-based leadership b. directive leadership c. self-protective leadership d. active and assertive leadership (a; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 83. The GLOBE study found Americans and British highly value place importance on it. a. collectivism; low b. participation; high c. charisma; low d. high power distance; low (c; Challenging; p. 43) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

and Middle Easterners

84. Which of the following is not a recommendation for managing culture effectively in an organization? a. Understand the culture of your organization b. Recruit and hire employees only from organization’s national culture c. Build upon agreements d. Evaluate disagreements (b; Challenging; p. 43) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 85. In the United States in 2007, women held 40-50 percent of supervisory jobs, but only of corporate officer positions. a. 35 b. 25 c. 15 d. 5 (c; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

percent

86. A 2006 study indicated that of Fortune 500 companies’ CEO positions were held by women. a. 3.0 percent b. 4.5 percent c. 9.2 percent d. 15.4 percent (a; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 87. If current trends continue, only what percent of women will hold top leadership positions in the year 2016? a. 2.3 percent b. 6.0 percent c. 8.9 percent d. 12.5 percent (b; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

.

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88. The salary gap between men and women is evidence of the challenges women face. In 2006 study, compared to the top ten, highest paid, male CEOs made how much more than the top ten female counterparts? a. one to two times more b. two to three times more c. four to five times more d. ten times more (b; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 89. Eagly and Johnson found that women tend to use leadership style whereas men tended to use leadership style. a. masculine; feminine b. autocratic; transformational c. people-oriented; task focused d. task oriented; people oriented (c; Challenging; p. 41) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 90. According to Eagly and her colleagues in the 2003 study, what is the likely reason why female leaders are more transformational than male leaders? a. men are more supportive of their followers b. women are more task-oriented c. women are more directive d. women show more individual attention to followers (d; Challenging; p. 41) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) challenging 91. The invisible barrier and obstacles that prevent women from moving to the highest levels of the organization is called? a. glass elevator b. glass roof c. glass basement d. glass ceiling (d; Challenging; p. 43) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 92. Many professional women do take a break from work to start a family. Over women try to get back to work within two years. a. 50 b. 60 c. 70 d. 90 (d; Challenging; p. 43) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

percent of

93. Women who demonstrate masculine leadership styles are? a. more likely to be considered effective by men b. more likely to be evaluated poorly by men c. demonstrating what is expected of them by men d. more respected by both men and women (b; Challenging; p. 48) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 94. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 2009 report, 12,700 sexual harassment complaints were filed in 2009. How many were filed by men? a. 16 percent .

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b. 23 percent c. 35 percent d. 47 percent (a; Challenging; p. 44) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 95. The primary goal of multiculturalism is to? (p. 50) a. issue quotas and percentages b. build a culture of openness and inclusion c. create an organization of autocratic leadership d. establish barriers in hiring of women and minorities (b; Challenging; p. 50) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 96. A Gallup survey reported a link between diversity to what organizational outcome? (p. 50) a. increase in employee dissatisfaction b. increase in employee satisfaction c. increase in employee performance d. increase in employee stereotyping (b; Challenging; p. 50) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

True/False Questions 97. Culture is shared by members of a group. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 29) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 98. Culture consists of the commonly held values of a group of people. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 29) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 99. National culture is the set of values and beliefs shared by people within a nation. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 100.

Ethnic or group culture is the set of values and beliefs shared by cultures within a nation. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 31) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 101.

Organizational culture is the set of values and beliefs shared by members of an organization. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 35) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 102.

While traditional male traits are often associated with leadership, this is changing because of new organizational models. a. true b. false .

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(b; Challenging; p. 35) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 103.

Culture exists only at the national level. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 104.

Diversity refers to the variety of human structures, belief systems, and strategies for adapting to situations that exist within different groups. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 105.

Gender differences is an example of national culture. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 106.

People learn culture through both formal teaching and informal observation. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 35) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) Culture mostly affects people’s personal life, rather than leadership. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 35) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 107.

108.

Organizational culture influences leadership to a greater extent than national culture. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 35) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 109.

Diversity includes any characteristic that may differentiate one group from another. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 35) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 110.

Organizational culture is the set of norms, values and beliefs shared by members of a nation. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 35) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 111.

Leaders and organizational founders play a key role in the development of the culture of an organization. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 31) 112.

The leadership at the New York Times newspaper focused on creating a culture that balanced employee needs and well being with organizational performance goals. .

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a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 31) 113.

At the North Highland company and Lander International, leaders placed particular attention to employee needs. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 31) 114.

North Highland, Lander International, and Atlantic Group Furniture define the leadership effectiveness in the same manner. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 35) 115.

National organizational heritage refers to management styles based on national cultures. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 36) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 116.

High context cultures rely heavily on situational aspects such as nonverbal cues to understand the world around them. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 117.

The United States is generally considered a high-context culture. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 118.

Japanese, Chinese and Native American cultures are commonly considered low-context cultures. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 119.

The High and Low Context model of culture addresses differences in communication styles among different cultures. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 32-33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 120.

According the research conducted by Hofstede, Japanese culture has a higher level of power distance than the United States. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 121.

Compared to the United States, Japanese culture has a shorter-time orientation. a. true .

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b. false (b; Challenging; p. 33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) You can usually understand a country’s culture by using one of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 122.

123.

In high power distance cultures, there is a wider gap between the powerful and the powerless. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 124.

In individualistic cultures, people rely on their group for guidance. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 125.

The U.S. and Australia are among the most individualistic cultures in the world. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 126.

In Japan, while collectivism is very high and people place value on consensus, there is also high power distance. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) Triandis describes Sweden’s culture as being both individualistic and emphasizing equality. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 34) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 127.

128.

Collectivist and vertical cultures tend to consider all group members equal with little hierarchy. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 39) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 129.

Harry Triandis is the person who originally proposed the concept of uncertainty avoidance. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 39) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 130.

While Sweden and the U.S. are both individualistic cultures, in Sweden individuals are seen as unique and superior to others, while in the U.S., equality is the norm. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 33) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

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131.

According to Trompenaars, family type organizations are found most often in countries such as Greece, Singapore, and Japan. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 36) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 132.

Incubator cultures that focus on equality in organizations give considerable latitude and flexibility to their members. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 133.

The leader’s role in an incubator cross-cultural organizational culture is to be the undisputed head and take full responsibility for all that occurs. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 40) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 134.

The GLOBE cultural model uses nine dimensions to understand and explain culture. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 36) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 135.

All the dimensions proposed by the GLOBE model are new and different from those presented by other researchers. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 41-42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 136.

In assertive cultures individuals are direct and confrontational. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 36-37) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 137.

Future oriented cultures tend to take a long-term orientation that ties the present to the past and future. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 138.

The GLOBE study found some leader behaviors to be nearly universally desirable. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 38) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 139.

Achievement-oriented leadership was found to be widely desirable leadership behavior across most cultures according to the GLOBE study. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

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140.

There has actually been a decrease in the percentage of superintendent positions held by women between 1910 and 1990. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 41) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 141.

Women tend to show more autocratic leadership styles than men. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 142.

Female leaders demonstrate more transformational leadership characteristics than men. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 143.

Tom Peters believes that the success depends on the collaborative styles that women tend to use instead of the command and control style that male leaders have traditionally used. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 47) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 144.

Characteristics typically associated with female leadership styles are becoming less necessary. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 42) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 145.

Women who take a break from work when they start a family often try to get back to work within two years. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 43) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 146.

Women who display typically masculine leadership characteristics are well accepted by and evaluated highly by men. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 44) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 147.

Women always support other women getting leadership positions. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 49) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 148.

The recent changing views of what is considered effective leadership taking on more stereotypically feminine traits. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 49) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 149.

Men experience and report experiencing sexual harassment just as often as women. .

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a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 44) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) An organization’s leaders do not exert much influence to create an ethos of multiculturalism. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 50) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 150.

151.

A recent Gallup survey indicated there was no relationship between multiculturalism and overall employee satisfaction. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 50) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 152.

The primary goal of training and education in multiculturalism is to help people understand that quotas and percentages will help the organization become more culturally diverse. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 50-51) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 153.

Training and education can be an effective strategy for organizations to create an organizational culture of openness and inclusion. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 51) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 154.

Changing evaluation criteria to ‘softer data’ can be an effective strategy for creating a more multicultural organization. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 53) 155.

Traditional evaluation criteria emphasize stereotypically female characteristics. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 53) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

Short Answer/ Essay Questions: 156.

Atlanta-based consulting firm North Highland, established a “no-fly zone.” Explain what that means.

(Moderate; p. 31) 157.

Compare the organizational cultures of Lander International, Goldman Sachs, and the New York Times.

(Challenging; p. 31) 158.

Define Hofstede’s five dimensions that lends each national culture its distinctiveness and unique character. .

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(Easy; p. 33) 159.

Describe the management style, the “web,” used by Volunteer Board of America.

(Easy; p. 39) 160.

Explain what is meant by the statement that characteristics typically associated with the female leadership style are increasingly considered necessary, regardless of gender.

(Easy; p. 42) 161.

Discuss what Ed Zander, former CEO of Motorola, means by: “Business and diversity are one and the same. Business means diversity, and diversity means business” (Winters, 2007: 7).

(Moderate; p. 46) 162 Darla Moore, chief executive officer of the investment company Rainwater, Inc., and the first woman to have a business school named after her, argues that women’s worse sin is to think, “‘You should be a nice girl. You ought to fit in. You should find a female mentor.’ What a colossal waste of time” (Sellers, 1998: 92). She contends, “There are only glass ceilings and closed doors for those who allow such impediments” (Darla Moore Speech, 2007). Investigate the Internet and explain what Ms. Moore meant by those statements and relate what her leadership reputation at Rainwater is.

(Challenging; p. 46)

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Chapter 3: Early Theories: The Foundation of Modern Leadership Multiple Choice Questions 1. Prior to the industrial revolution, the study of leadership relied on: a. scientific studies b. intuition and description c. case analyses d. the trait approach to understand leaders (b; Moderate; p. 63) 2. The modern scientific study of leadership can be divided into three eras. These are: a. trait, behavior, contingency b. charismatic, visionary, exemplary c. case studies, research, theory building d. personality, event-based, complex analysis (a; Easy; p. 63) 3. The belief that leaders are born rather than made is part of which approach to leadership? a. scientific b. contingency c. case study d. trait (d; Moderate; p. 63) 4. Philosophers such as Thomas Carlyle, William James, and Galton believed that: a. followers are not important b. leaders and managers are different people c. innate qualities shape behavior and personality d. leaders are the result of their trait and their environment (c; Challenging; p. 63) 5. The trait approach to leadership suggests that: a. leaders have special innate qualities b. leadership traits are clearly visible c. traits are based on social class d. traits cannot be measured (a; Easy; p. 63) 6. Which of the following factors helped in the development of the trait approach to leadership? a. the need to find leaders during World War II b. the development of personality testing c. the use of behavioral surveys to measure traits d. access to military leaders (b; Moderate; p. 63)

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7. The results of the trait approach to leadership have established that: a. leaders are born not made b. followers and leaders have different personality traits c. few, if any traits define leaders d. being sociable and intelligent is a requirement for leadership (c; Moderate; p. 63) 8. Which of the following is not one of the traits typically associated with leadership? a. sociability b. thoughtfulness c. sense of humor d. originality (b; Moderate; p. 63) 9. The results of the trait approach to leadership indicate that: a. traits should not be used in leadership b. leadership cannot be studied outside of the situation or context c. some traits are excellent predictors of leadership effectiveness d. traits are unreliable and invalid measures (b; Challenging; p. 63) 10. Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the behavior approach to leadership? a. the need to find leaders during World War II b. the development of personality testing c. the use of behavioral surveys to measure traits d. access to military leaders (a; Moderate; p. 63) 11. Which one of the following is one of the benefits of the behavior approach to leadership? a. behaviors are more broadly defined than traits b. behaviors are stable and predictable c. behaviors can be measured and changed d. behaviors are more interesting than traits (c; Moderate; p. 64-65) 12. The behavior approach to leadership has several advantages. They include all but one of the following: a. behaviors can be observed more objectively than traits b. behaviors can be measured more precisely than traits c. behaviors can be taught, whereas traits are innate d. behaviors are richer and more complex than traits (d; Challenging; p. 64) 13. In the early work on leader behavior, Lewin and his associates relied on which of the following three leadership behaviors? a. charismatic, participative, directive b. accommodating, conflicting, compromising c. democratic, autocratic, laissez-faire d. structuring, consideration, instrumental (c; Moderate; p. 64) .

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14. The major shortcoming of Lewin’s early research on leader behavior was: a. it was not clear which behavior was most effective b. the behaviors were difficult to define clearly c. the researchers could not measure the leader behaviors consistently d. only task behavior was shown to improve performance (a; Moderate; p. 64) 15. Based on the early behavior research conducted by Lewin and his associates, managers who provide information but little guidance to their followers are likely to have: a. the best level of performance b. frustrated and disorganized groups c. highly empowered followers who can make their own decisions d. relaxed and cohesive groups (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (b; Moderate; p. 64) 16. Studies conducted at _____ are among the best-known behavioral approaches to leadership. a. Harvard University b. Ohio State University c. The Center for Creative Leadership d. The military (b; Moderate; p. 64) 17. The two primary leadership behaviors that are still in use are: a. laissez-faire and charismatic motivation b. autocratic and democratic c. visionary and practical d. consideration and initiation of structure (d; Easy; p. 64-65) 18. The ________ is one of the primary measures of leader behavior. a. Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire b. Behaviorally Anchored Scale c. Leader Behavior Scale d. Least Preferred Co-worker (a; Moderate; p. 64) 19. Terry is a manager who believes in treating employees as equals, is friendly and approachable, and puts the work group’s ideas into operation. Terry is using which leadership behavior? a. people management b. consideration c. motivation d. conflict resolution (b; Easy; p. 69) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

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20. Ragu makes sure that his work unit knows what is expected, schedules the work and sets deadlines, and assigns people to different tasks. Ragu is: a. being autocratic b. initiating structure c. preventing his employees from being independent d. a manager but not a leader (b; Easy; p. 65) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 21. If you are most concerned about employee satisfaction and loyalty you should demonstrate a. good leadership b. laissez-faire c. empowerment d. consideration (d; Easy; p. 69)

:

22. The contingency approach to understanding leadership started: a. in the 1960s b. during the scientific revolution c. during World War II d. when the trait approach failed to yield results (a; Moderate; p. 65) 23. The primary assumption of the contingency approach to leadership is: a. leadership depends on culture b. what works depends on the situation c. behavior of leaders is contingent on their personality d. leadership effectiveness is contingent on the role of followers (b; Moderate; p. 65) 24. Misha has been effective because he is able to use different behaviors in different situations to motivate his followers and accomplish the tasks. Misha is relying on which leadership approach? a. behavior approach b. contingency approach c. change approach d. individual approach (b; Moderate; p. 69) 25. The first researcher to implement the contingency approach and develop a leadership theory based on the approach was: a. Stogdill b. Fiedler c. House d. Vroom (b; Moderate; p. 65) 26. According to the Contingency Model: a. if the leader’s style matches the situation, the leader will be effective. b. if followers respect the leader, the leader will be effective. c. when the leader has power, he/she will be more effective. d. if the leader is trained and experienced, the group will be most effective. (a; Easy; p. 65) .

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27. The LPC stands for: a. Leader Personality Construct. b. Leader Personal Contingency. c. Least Preferred Coworker. d. Lower Performance Conditions. (c; Easy; p. 66) 28. When asked to evaluate a coworker she does not like working with, Tatiana has a very negative view of that person. She describes him as incompetent, cold, and untrustworthy. Based on this description, Tatiana is most likely: a. a low LPC b. a harsh person c. a high LPC d. a middle LPC (a; Easy; p. 66) 29. A low LPC leader draws self-esteem from: a. power. b. getting along with people. c. managing conflict. d. accomplishing tasks well. (d; Moderate; p. 66) 30. A high LPC leader draws self-esteem from: a. power. b. getting along with people. c. managing conflict. d. accomplishing tasks well. (b; Moderate; p. 66) 31. When Paul’s group fails, he tends to be harsh in judging his subordinates and tends to blame and punish them. Paul is most likely: a. a low LPC b. a harsh leader c. a high LPC d. a middle LPC (a; Easy; p. 70) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 32. When asked to evaluate a coworker she does not like working with, Nilanjan describe the person in generally positive terms, judging them to be loyal, sincere, and warm. Based on this description, Nilanjan is most likely: a. a low LPC b. a kind person c. a high LPC d. a middle LPC (c; Moderate; p. 66)

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33. Fiedler considers the LPC to be a _________ that people _________. a. stable characteristic; cannot change b. behavior; can learn to change c. skill; can be trained to do d. value; learn early in life (a; Challenging; p. 67) 34. ____________ is another term used to describe middle LPC individuals. a. Highly conforming b. Task-oriented c. Relationship-oriented d. Socio-independent (d; Challenging; p. 67) 35. According to Fiedler, there are several factors that describe the leadership situation. Which of the following is not part of situation? a. leader-member relations b. task structure c. follower maturity d. position power (c; Challenging; p. 72) 36. According to Fiedler, __________ is the most important factor in any leadership situation. a. leader-member relations b. task structure c. follower maturity d. position power (a; Moderate; p. 67) 37. According to Fiedler, the second most important factor in any leadership situation is _________. a. leader-member relations b. task structure c. follower maturity d. position power (b; Moderate; p. 72) 38. According to Fiedler, the least influential element of the leadership situation is_________. a. leader-member relation b. task structure c. follower maturity d. position power (d; Moderate; p. 67) 39. Nader is the manager a group of highly cohesive individuals whose primary job is to reconcile the budgets from other divisions. Based on Fiedler’s classification, Nader faces which kind of situation? a. Typical corporate management b. High situational control c. High managerial power d. Mid-level control (b; Easy; p. 68) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

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40. According to the Contingency Model, _________ will be effective in high and low situational control, while _________ will be effective in moderate situational control. a. task-motivated; relationship-motivated b. relationship-motivated; task-motivated c. middle LPC; low LPC d. high LPC; middle LPC (a; Moderate; p. 68) 41. According to the Contingency Model, task-motivated leaders will be most effective in which type of situation? a. high-control b. moderate control c. low control d. all situations (a; Moderate; p. 68) 42. According to the Contingency Model, relationship-motivated leaders will be most effective in which type of situation? a. high-control b. moderate control c. low control d. all situations (b; Easy; p. 73-74) 43. Anwar is a task-motivated leader who is in a high situational control environment. Based on Fiedler’s Contingency Model, he is likely to: a. be tense, overbearing, and over controlling. b. be confident, considerate, and focused on removing obstacles. c. be considerate, open to suggestions and concerned with resolving conflicts. d. Be directive, serious, and with little concern for others. (b; Moderate; p. 72-75) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 44. Sally is a relationship-motivated leader who is in a moderate situational control environment. Based on Fiedler’s Contingency Model, she is likely to: a. be tense, overbearing, and over controlling. b. be confident, considerate, and focused on removing obstacles. c. be considerate, open to suggestions and concerned with resolving conflicts. d. be directive, serious, and with little concern for others. (c; Easy; p. 72-75) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 45. Hiro is leading a group of volunteer that is facing considerable difficulty. The members do not get along, they are doing a task with no structure that no one quite knows how to do. All of Hiro’s efforts at building cohesion have been wasted and he is frustrated and has decided to leave his followers to fend for themselves. Based on this description, Hiro is most likely: a. a consultative leader b. a socio-independent leader c. a relationship-oriented leader d. a leader with task skills (c; Moderate; p. 72-75) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

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46. Your company is planning to use Fiedler’s Contingency Model to train its leaders and managers.

Based on the assumptions and finding of the theory, what will be the focus of the training? a. Teaching leaders the different decision styles they need to be effective in different situations. b. Getting leaders to be more sensitive to the needs of their followers so they can use them as resources when needed. c. Train leaders to remove obstacles on their followers’ path. d. Helping leader to be aware of their style and understand the situations they face. (d; Moderate; p. 71) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 47. John has just come back from a leadership training based on Fiedler’s Contingency Model. He has very much enjoyed the training and is planning to implement what he has learned. Which one of the following is John likely to do? a. He will focus on gaining more experience in the job that he is doing so that he can increase his sense of control. b. He will make sure that he has the power he needs to implement his decisions. c. He will focus on understanding and changing his leadership situation when he is out of match. d. He will empower his employees any chance he gets and include them in decision-making. (c; Moderate; p. 71) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 48. Which of the following is not one of the practical implications of the Contingency Model for managers? a. Leaders must understand their style and the situation. b. Leaders should focus on changing the situation. c. Leaders can compensate for task ambiguity by getting more training. d. Leaders can learn to change their style to fit different situations. (d; Easy; p. 71) 49. Which of the following principles is the basis for the Normative Decision Model? a. Empowerment is always effective. b. Western employees expect to participate in decision making. c. Groups are wasteful and inefficient. d. Employee motivation results from the leader removing obstacles. (c; Challenging; p. 72) 50. According to group dynamics research that is the basis for the Normative Decision Model: a. groups make better decisions. b. well trained groups make faster decisions than individuals. c. leaders get better results when they rely on groups. d. participation in decision-making leads to commitment. (d; Moderate; p. 72) 51. According to the Normative Decision Model, leaders should adjust their decision style depending on __________ and _____________. a. their personal style; the situation b. the followers’ maturity; goals of the organization c. the need for a quality decision; likelihood that employee will accept the decision d. the complexity of the task the group is doing; the degree to which the group agrees with the leader (c; Moderate; p. 72) .

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52. Which of the following is not one of decision styles used in the Normative Decision Model? a. Autocratic b. Individual c. Consultative d. Group (b; Easy; p. 72) 53. In the _________ decision style, the leader makes the decision alone, with or without information from the group. a. autocratic b. individual c. consultative d. group (a; Moderate; p. 77) 54. In the __________ decision style, the leader asks for information and ideas from the group members either individually or as group. a. autocratic b. individual c. consultative d. group (c; Moderate; p. 72) 55. In the _________ decision style, the leader exchanges ideas with followers who are equal partners in the decision process. a. autocratic b. individual c. consultative d. group (d; Easy; p. 72) 56. Which of the following is not one of the several contingency factors in the Normative Decision Model? a. Leader information b. Goal congruence c. Goal conflict d. Employee conflict (c; Challenging; p. 74) 57. When there is no quality requirement and employee commitment is not needed, the most appropriate leader decision style is: a. autocratic b. individual c. consultative d. group (a; Moderate; p. 74)

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58. Jade is new at her managerial position and does not have a lot of technical expertise. The quality of her team’s work is very important to the organization and the commitment of her employees is essential. Based on the Normative Decision Model, Jade should use __________ as her primary decision style. a. autocratic b. individual c. consultative d. group (d; Moderate; p. 74) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 59. When the employees’ commitment is essential, they generally agree with the goals of the organization, and the leader does not have enough information, the most appropriate decision style is: a. autocratic b. consultative c. delegation d. individual (b; Moderate; p. 75) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 60. The two weaknesses of the Normative Decision Making are: a. poorly define decision styles and poor application. b. it is too complex and it assumes leader can easily change styles. c. it has weak theoretical bases and the decision styles are poorly defined. d. a simplistic view of leadership and low validity of measures. (b; Easy; p. 75) 61. Carlos has decided to implement the principles of the Normative Decision Model to managing his team. In order to be successful, he must do all of the following, except: a. allow his followers to participate in all decisions. b. understand the situation and the decision style options. c. pay attention to followers’ needs. d. be aware of the followers’ level of commitment. (a; Easy; p. 80) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 62. The Path-Goal theory suggests that the role of the leader is to clear paths for followers allowing them to: a. fulfill their needs and reach goals b. function without their leader when necessary c. build a cohesive team d. have time to address interpersonal conflicts (a; Easy; p. 75) 63. Which motivation theory is one of the concepts included in Path-Goal Theory? a. Maslow’s need hierarchy b. Goal setting c. Expectancy theory d. ARG theory (c; Easy; p. 76)

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64. According the Path-Goal Theory, the leader must motivate followers by: a. strengthening the links among effort, performance, and outcomes b. encouraging them to do their best c. addressing each follower’s needs d. being both a supportive and a task-oriented leader who focuses on followers (a; Moderate; p. 76) 65. In Path-Goal theory, ____________ and ___________ determine which leadership behavior should be used. a. power/leader-follower relationships b. nature of the task/follower characteristics c. effort/performance d. group factors/organizational factors (b; Moderate; p. 76) 66. The major weakness of the Path-Goal Theory is: a. not enough research b. poor measures of leaders behavior c. unreliable hypotheses d. inability to measure motivation (a; Easy; p. 76) 67. Path-Goal makes a unique contribution to leadership theory by: a. including follower’s perception of the task. b. assuming that leaders can change their behavior. c. presenting the concept of in-group. d. by including culture in leadership. (a; Easy; p. 76) 68. Suzanna would like to improve her leadership effectiveness using Path-Goal theories of leadership.

She should: a. identify her in-group and out-group and how followers get in each group. b. make sure that she has enough power. c. understand her followers’ need for autonomy and their perception of the task. d. make sure she is comfortable with a variety of decision styles. (c; Moderate; p. 76) 69. Which of the following is not one of the categories of factors that reduce the impact of leadership? a. Follower characteristics b. Task characteristics c. Organizational characteristics d. Leader characteristics (d; Moderate; p. 78) 70. Employees are not likely to need their leader to provide structuring behavior if: a. they have information about the task through other means b. if they do not get along with the leader c. if the leader does not have enough power d. if the leader is not located in the same place as the employees (a; Easy; p. 78)

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71. Having a clear task that provides direct feedback to follower serves as a substitute for ___________. a. leader consideration behaviors b. organizational policies c. leader structuring behaviors d. leader’s lack of power (c; Moderate; p. 78) 72. A cohesive team can act as ________ for the leader’s _________ behavior. a. neutralizer; conflict resolution b. substitute; structuring c. substitute; team building d. neutralizer; consideration (b; Moderate; p. 78-79) 73. The Alpha team is located in a building that is far apart from the rest of the organization, including the team’s manager who is located over 100 miles away. The physical distance between the manager and followers acts as a __________ for leader ___________. a. substitute; consideration b. neutralizer; consideration c. neutralizer; responsibility d. substitute; lack of power (a; Challenging; p. 76-79) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 74. Ravi would like to use the substitute for leadership concepts to improve his leadership effectiveness.

Which of the following should he focus on? a. Increase the distance between himself and his followers. b. Decrease his power. c. Put in place rigid organizational policies. d. Increase his team’s cohesion. (d; Moderate; p. 79) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 75. The substitute for leadership model has increasing applications to many organizations as they: a. implement the use teams b. select leaders with certain traits c. teach leaders to be both considerate and provide structure d. move to other cultures (a; Easy; p. 79) 76. The implication of the leadership substitute model for leadership training is to: a. train the leader to empower followers. b. teach the leader to change situations. c. focus the leader on acquiring power d. help the leader manage relationships with followers (b; Moderate; p. 79) 77. The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model of leadership is based on the premise that: a. leadership is a relationship between leaders and each follower b. leadership is an exchange process c. leaders and followers must develop a relationship d. leadership is a group phenomenon (a; Easy; p. 80) .

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78. An earlier version of the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model was called: a. the Leader-Member Relationship model b. the vertical dyad linkage model c. the transactional leadership model d. the exchange relations model (b; Moderate; p. 80) 79. According to Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model, followers who are ___________ will have the leader’s trust and be expected to perform and grow. a. more intelligent b. in the in-group c. from the same culture d. who ingratiate themselves with the leader (b; Easy; p. 80) 80. Attributional theories focus on explaining: a. how we interpret the cause of behavior. b. how we attribute power to others. c. how we identify other people’s attributes. d. the attributes of leaders. (a; Easy; p. 83) 81. There are two reasons why understanding attribution may be helpful in leadership situations. These are: a. evaluations and promotions b. understanding internal and external causes of behavior c. determining the cause of errors and taking corrective action d. assessing performance and establishing rules (c; Moderate; p. 83) 82. One of the factors in the leader’s attribution about followers’ action is: a. the extent to which the follower’s action impacts the leader’s goal accomplishment b. the leader’s personality style c. the followers’ ability to set goals and stay on course d. the organizational politics (a; Moderate; p. 83) 83. Jiang Li has made a mistake in her work and has talked to her manager and apologized for her error.

She has always been a very good performer and done well at all of tasks that are assigned to her. Her mistake does not impact anyone in her team. Based on research on attribution and leadership, her manager is likely to: a. fire Jiang Li. b. blame Jiang Li for the mistake and hold her responsible. c. let Jiang Li off easy and assume it was an honest error. d. not do much; most managers know that employees can’t control everything.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (c; Moderate; p. 84)

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84. Sandy has made an error in her work that has caused the loss of an important client. Although she did not intend to do so, she got very defensive when her managers asked her what happened. Based on research on attribution and leadership, her manager is likely to: a. fire Sandy. b. blame Sandy for the mistake and hold her responsible. c. let Sandy off easy and assume the client was difficult. d. not do much; most managers know that employees can’t control everything.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (b; Moderate; p. 84) 85. Leaders can help reduce the potential for biases in their attributions about followers by doing which of the following? a. Relying on their intuition and experience. b. Using traits to evaluate followers. c. Awareness and recognition of biases. d. Distancing themselves from followers. (c; Moderate; p. 84) 86. According the LMX, the followers who have a high quality relationship with their leader are likely to do all but one of the following: a. perform well b. be satisfied with their job c. be carefully watched so that they make mistakes d. communicate often with their leader (c; Easy; p. 87) 87. Juan has had an excellent relationship with his boss who is grooming him to be his successor. In spite of good performance, Juan makes a serious mistake in one of his projects. According to LeaderMember Exchange (LMX), what is Juan’s boss most likely to do? a. be highly disappointed in Juan b. punish Juan very harshly c. take the blame for Juan’s mistake d. overlook Juan’s mistake (d; Moderate; p. 80) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 88. Viktor has a hard time getting along with his boss and cannot seem to get on the right projects to show off his skills, and demonstrate his potential and performance. Based on Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) This is most likely because: a. Viktor is from a different culture than his boss b. Viktor is not in his boss’s in-group c. Viktor does not have enough experience d. Viktor’s boss is a bad manager (b; Moderate; p. 88) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 89. Employees who do not have a high quality LMX are likely to experience one of the following. a. assignment to challenging tasks b. a lot of positive and negative communication from their leader c. limited interaction with the leader d. high performance expectations (c; Moderate; p. 80)

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90. Which of the following is not one of the outcomes of a high quality leader-member exchange? a. Little need for communication. b. High performance. c. High satisfaction. d. Better performance ratings for followers. (a; Moderate; p. 80) 91. Leaders form positive relationship with three types of followers. Which of the following is not one of the followers? a. those who are competent b. those they trust c. those who are willing to assume responsibility d. those who are similar to the leader (d; Easy; p. 88-89) 92. In the Middle-East, leaders are likely to pick their trusted followers based on __________, while in the U.S., _________ is likely to be a primary factor. a. friendship; similarity to the leader b. obedience team building ability c. obligation; contacts d. social class and birth; performance (d; Easy; p. 81) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 93. In ascriptive cultures such as the Middle East or France, a higher quality LMX depends primarily on: a. trust b. performance c. friendship d. work structure (a; Easy; p. 81) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 94. In the ____________ stage of relationship development between leaders and followers, the leader provides challenges and opportunities to perform and followers demonstrate loyalty to their leader. a. testing and assessment b. socialization c. development of trust d. creation of emotional bond (c; Easy; p. 81) 95. Which of the stages of the development of the LMX only exists for those followers who have a high quality relationship? a. assessment b. development of trust c. evaluation d. membership reconsideration (b; Moderate; p. 89)

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96. Disadvantages of developing individual exchanges between leaders and followers include: a. slow decision making b. favoritism c. inefficiencies d. poor performance (b; Moderate; p. 80-81) 97. Alan Canton, president of Adams-Blake Co. found that ___________ can become highly destructive: a. in-groups can turn into cliques and b. out-group members c. the leader setting up in and out-groups d. not having a positive LMX (a; Moderate; p. 83) 98. The benefits of having a cohesive in-group include all but one of the following. a. reducing unnecessary delays b. efficient decision making c. goal achievement d. creativity (d; Easy; p. 91) 99. Maggie Widerotter of Wink Communication battles the potential negative consequence of having ingroups by: a. going out of her way to meet people she does not know well b. not setting up in-groups at all c. delegating to all her employees equally d. including everyone in her in-group (a; Moderate; p. 84) 100.

The key issue in keeping in-groups productive is: a. the leader’s personality b. the followers’ personality c. how in-group members are selected d. the quality of the LMX (c; Moderate; p. 83) 101.

Terry has just learned about the LMX model and would like to make sure that her in-groups are productive and benefit followers and her organization. Which one of the following should she avoid? a. Pick members based on competence and contribution b. Keep membership fluid c. Avoid differentiated in-groups and out-groups d. Establish a group of competent followers and use them for all activities (d; Easy; p. 84) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

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True/False Questions 102.

Prior to the industrial revolution, interest in leadership relied on intuition and a description of existing practice. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 63) 103.

The argument that leaders are born not made suggests that innate qualities shape human personality and behavior. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 63) 104.

The development of personality testing helped in the development of the trait approach to leadership. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 67) 105.

Based on the results of the trait approach to leadership, there is evidence that leaders are born rather than made. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 63) 106.

Traits do not guarantee that a person will become a leader, let alone an effective leader. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 67) 107.

One of the benefits of the behavioral approach to leadership over the trait approach is that behaviors can be measured better than traits. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 64) 108.

Leadership traits are easily observed whereas behaviors are more difficult to see. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 64) 109.

The early research of Lewin and his associates about leadership behaviors clearly identified three different types of leadership behaviors. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 64)

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110.

Based on the early behavior research conducted by Lewin and his associates, managers who provide information but little guidance to their followers are likely to have frustrated and disorganized groups. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 68) 111.

Consideration behavior includes things such as looking out for the welfare of team members and making expectations clear. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 68) 112.

The BARS continues to be used as a measure of leadership behaviors. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 69) 113.

Consideration and initiation of structure are the two primary leadership behaviors. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 69) 114.

The research on leadership behavior has been able to identify clearly which leadership behaviors are most effective. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 64) 115.

Leader consideration is generally associated with follower satisfaction. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 64) 116.

The LBDQ is rarely used in current leadership research. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 64) 117.

The contingency approach to leadership was started in the 1960s. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 65) 118.

According to the contingency approach to leadership, we need to understand both the leader’s traits and the situation. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 65)

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119.

According the contingency approach, the situational factors are more important than the leaders’ style and behavior. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 70) 120.

Fred Fiedler was the first researcher who implemented the contingency approach. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 66) 121.

Fiedler proposed that leadership effectiveness is a function of the match between the leader’s style and the leadership situation. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 66) 122.

The LPC determines which behavior the leader should use. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 70) 123.

A low LPC person draws self-esteem from good interpersonal relations. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 70) 124.

A high LPC person draws self-esteem from accomplishing the task. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 66) 125.

The middle LPC individuals are the least effective leaders. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 66) 126.

According to Fiedler, situational control is made up of three factors. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 67) 127.

According to Fiedler’s Contingency Model, the quality of the relationship between the leader and followers is the most important element of the situation. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 67)

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128.

Good relationships with followers provide the leader with high control over a situation. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 68) 129.

If the leader has power, he/she does not have to worry about other aspects of the situation. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 68) 130.

According to the Contingency Model, relationship-motivated leaders are most effective in high control situations. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 68) 131.

According to the Contingency Model, in chaotic, low control situations, task-oriented leaders are effective. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 72-74) 132.

Both the Contingency Model and the Normative Decision Model recommend matching the leader and the situation. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 76) 133.

The Normative Decision Model proposes four general decision-making styles that are each effective in different types of situations. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 72) 134.

According to the Normative Decision Model, the consultative style of decision-making involves the leader allowing followers to make the decision. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 72) 135.

According to the Normative Decision Model, the autocratic decision style can involve either the leader making the decision without any information from followers, or the leader asking for information, but making the decision alone. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 72)

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136.

The two central contingency factors in the Normative Decision Model are quality of the decision and need for acceptance and commitment by followers. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 72) 137.

To decide what decision style to use, leaders using the Normative Decision Model have to work through a decision tree with eight contingency factors or questions. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 72) 138.

According to the Normative Decision Model, when the quality of the decision is not essential, the leader should use an autocratic decision style. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 72) 139.

According to the Normative Decision Model, when employees do not agree with each other, the leader should encourage them to debate and let them make the decision. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 72) 140.

According to the Normative Decision Model, the need for employee commitment is a primary determinant for using consultation as a decision style. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 79) 141.

The concept of power is at the core of the Path-Goal theory. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 75) 142.

According to Path-Goal theory, the leader must focus on satisfying employees by removing obstacles they face. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 76) 143.

One of the factors that Path-Goal theory recommends leaders pay attention to is their followers need for autonomy. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 76) 144.

Path-Goal has received strong research support. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 81) .

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145.

The attributional model of leadership considers how the leader decides what is causing his or her personal success. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 83) 146.

Attributions can be made to internal or external factors. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 83) 147.

Leaders tend to be harsher on employees and blame them for errors when the leader’s success depends on the employees’ good performance. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 83) The better an employee’s track record, the less likely s/he is to be blamed for and error. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 83) 148.

149.

Because they involve cognition, attributional processes are not affected by culture. a. true b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (b; Moderate; p. 83) 150.

The potential for bias and error greatly increases when people have to make attributions across cultures. a. true b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity (a; Moderate; p. 83) 151.

Attributions are always subject to bias. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 84) 152.

Two-way communication can help leaders avoid attributional biases. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 84 153.

Using judgments based on intuition and experience can help leaders avoid attributional biases in evaluating their followers. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 84) .

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154.

Research shows that leaders are essential in all situations. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 76-77) 155.

Professionals who have experience in their task often do not rely on their leader. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 76-77) 156.

Organizational rigidity can reduce the need for the leader to provide task structure. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 78) Followers’ lack of value for goals is a neutralizer for leadership. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 78) 157.

158.

A cohesive team can act as a substitute for leader consideration. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 78) 159.

Having factors that substitute for leadership is a negative situation. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 79) 160.

The substitute for leadership is the potential application self-managed teams. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 87) 161.

The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model suggests leaders develop two groups of followers; those in the in-group and those in the out-group. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 80) 162.

The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model suggests that leaders do not have the same relationship with all their followers. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 80)

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163.

High quality LMX relationship sometimes even extends to social networks outside of work. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 81) 164.

For followers who are not close to the leader, the formal job description often defines their activities. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 88) 165.

According to Leader Member Exchange (LMX), followers who are not close to the leader often rebel and improve their performance to prove their worth to the leader. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 88) 166.

The development of a relationship between leaders and followers typically takes place in three stages. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 81) 167.

In most cultures, leaders pick the followers they trust based on competence and performance. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 83) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 168.

In ascriptive cultures such as France, the quality of the LMX often depends on the followers’ performance. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 83) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 169.

The case of Michael Eisner and Michael Ovitz at Disney provides an example of the potential negative consequences of in-groups. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 83-84) 170.

To avoid the potential negative impact of in-groups, leaders must make a conscious effort to seek out all followers. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 84) 171.

Research indicates that people tend to become friends and be attracted to those who are unlike them. A leader’s inner circle is therefore likely to be very different than himself/herself. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 92) .

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172.

The advantages of in-groups that have members who are similar can be offset by lack of creativity and limited decision making. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 92) 173.

Leaders should find a competent group of followers and maintain them as part of their in-group for most of the tasks that they need performed. a. true b. false (b; Moderate; p. 84) 174.

Leaders should periodically evaluate the criteria for membership in their in-group. a. true b. false (a; Moderate; p. 84)

Short Answer/ Essay Questions: 175.

Explain the following statement that evidence suggests effective leadership requires both consideration and structuring behaviors.

(Moderate; p. 65) 176.

What is the primary assumption of the contingency view?

(Easy; p. 65) 177.

Explain how Fiedler’s least preferred coworker (LPC) scale can determine a leader’s style. ( Moderate; p. 65) 178.

What does the label of socio-independent mean, relative to the LPC scale?

(Easy; p. 65) 179.

Does the fact that there have been researchers who have voiced strong criticisms regarding the meaning and validity of the LPC scale mean this model is not valid? Defend your opinions.

(Challenging; p. 71) 180.

How does the belief of Marcus Buckingham, a well-known leadership consultant, that leaders should focus on developing their strengths rather than trying to compensate for their weaknesses, parallel the contingency theory?

(Challenging; p. 71) 181.

The most widely used Normative Decision Model is labeled “time efficient.” Explain what that means.

(Easy; p. 74) 182.

How does the flattening of an organization encourage consideration of leadership substitute?

(Moderate; p. 79)

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183.

Maggie Widerotter of Wink Communication makes a point of going on a “lion hunt.” Explain what that means. ( Moderate; p. 84)

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Chapter 4: Individual Traits and Differences Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following is not part of what makes an individual unique? a. heredity b. genes c. gender d. athletic ability (d; Easy; p. 101-103) 2. The interactionist view of individual differences suggests: a. the environment determines who we are b. genes are the most important factor in making people who they are c. heredity and the environment both influence individual differences d. culture is one of the key factor in determining how people behavior (c; Medium; p. 102) 3. Although female babies tend to develop language skills earlier than males, parents speak more to girls than boys and schools expect girls to be proficient in language. This is an example of: a. the interactionist approach b. sexism in our society c. typical problems boys face in their development d. the importance of parental influence (a; Medium; p. 102) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 4. The primary reason boys are more competitive and aggressive than girls is that: a. boys are genetically more aggressive b. boys watch more violent movies and play more video games c. typical male genetic traits are reinforced by society d. parents spend less time with boys than with girls (c; Easy; p. 1032) 5. Personality is best defined as: a. a person’s traits based on their genes b. a set of traits that make a person unique c. how people behave based on their values d. behaviors that make people different (b; Medium; p. 104) 6. Which of the following is not part of the definition of personality? a. personality is stable over an extended period of time b. personality is a set of traits c. personality determines what we do d. personality is influenced by genes and the environment (c; Medium; p. 103) 7. Jose believes in being honest in all situations. This is a reflection of Jose’s __________. a. values b. personal choice

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c. culture d. temperament (a; Easy; p. 103) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 8.

___________ are natural aptitudes, whereas __________ are acquired talents. a. Personality traits; behaviors b. Abilities; skills. c. Leadership skills; management skills d. Values; cultural tendencies (b; Easy; p. 103) 9. Abilities tend to be: a. stable over an extended period of time b. related to culture c. based on values d. related to leadership (a; Easy; p. 103) 10. Individual difference characteristics affect a person’s behavior most when: a. the situation provides clear guidelines b. the situation is loosely structured c. the person is strong willed d. the person is flexible (b; Easy; p. 104) 11. Christie is a lively, informal, and outgoing person who just started a new job. She quickly realizes that her new company is formal and very subdued. Christie adjusts her behavior and tones down her natural enthusiasm to adopt a more quiet style. This is an example of: a. weak personality b. conformity pressure c. responding to situational cues d. the impact of culture and socialization on new employees (c; Challenging; p. 103-104) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 12. When people are encouraged to behave outside their zone of comfort, they are likely to: a. learn and grow even though the behavior is threatening to them b. develop leadership skills c. become frustrated d. resist change and revert to the comfort zone at all costs (a; Medium; p. 104) 13. Which of the traits generally cannot be acquired through time and appropriate experience? a. knowledge of industry b. self-confidence c. intelligence d. honesty (c; Easy; p. 104-105) 14. Which one of the following influences a person’s value system? a. abilities b. skills Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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c. leadership d. culture (d; Medium; p. 105) 15. Which of the following have been found to be relatively universal values? a. Individuality and Individual dignity b. Personal achievement and performance c. Fairness and honesty d. Desire for recognition and rewards (c; Challenging; p. 106) 16. Japanese managers are likely to reward team effort over individual achievement. This is because: a. the Japanese culture values community b. individuals tend to perform less well in Japan c. the Japanese are less competitive d. individual achievement is only rewarded in special cases (a; Medium; p. 108-109) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 17. Which of the following cultures value the leader’s ability to conform to social order? a. the United States b. Germany c. Japan d. The Philippines (c; Medium; p. 108-109) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 18. One of your Navajo employees quits after you surprise him with having won the company’s most valuable employee performance award which is advertised on the company web site, newsletter, and local television. His quitting is likely to be due to: a. his shyness and personal reserve b. his culture’s emphasis not standing out c. the lack of individual recognition d. unknown factors that often influence a person’s behavior (b; Challenging; p. 108) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 19. Hard work, patriotism and frugality are values typically held by people in which of the following age groups? a. Those over 65 b. Those from 50 to 65 c. Those 35 to 50 d. Those 25 to 35 (a; Medium; p. 109) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 20. Non-conformity, idealism, and distrust of the establishment are values typically held by people in which of the following age groups? a. Those over 65 b. Those from 50 to 65 c. Those 35 to 50 d. Those 25 to 35 (b; Medium; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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21. Ambition, material comfort, and success are values typically held by people in which of the following age groups? a. Those over 65 b. Those from 50 to 65 c. Those 35 to 50 d. Those 25 to 35 (c; Easy; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 22. Enjoyment of life and desire for autonomy and flexibility are values typically held by people in which of the following age groups? a. Those over 65 b. Those from 50 to 65 c. Those 35 to 50 d. Those 25 to 35 (b; Easy; p. 110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 23. ____________ are often found to be close to their family. a. The Baby Boomers b. The Generation Xers c. The Yuppies d. The Millennials (Nexters) (d; Easy; p. 110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 24. Andy, who is in his early forties, cannot understand why Malcolm, his coworker is so distrustful of their manager and often defies her authority. Malcolm is likely to belong to which of the following generations? a. the Baby Boomers b. the Generation Xers c. the Yuppies d. the Millennials (a; Easy; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 25. Older generations in Western Europe and the U.S. tend to _____________ than younger generation. a. be more suspicious of authority b. have a stronger sense of cultural superiority c. be more independent d. be more tied to their parents and family members (b; Easy; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 26. A __________ view of ethics suggests that what is right or wrong depends on the situation. a. universalist b. contingency c. relativist d. cultural (c; Easy; p. 110-111) (AACSB: Ethical Reasoning) 27. United States laws forbid business people to bribe others even in cultures where bribery is expected or necessary. This approach to ethics reflects a ___________ view of ethics. a. universalist b. contingency c. relativist Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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d. cultural (a; Easy; p. 110) (AACSB: Ethical Reasoning) 28. Which of the following countries has been rated as the least corrupt by Transparency International? a. Paraguay b. Singapore c. The United States d. Canada (b; Medium; p. 111) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Ethical Reasoning) 29. Cross-cultural research about deception shows that: a. people in individualist cultures feel guilty about lying. b. people in collectivist cultures use more deception. c. deception is a universal concept. d. most people lie to protect themselves. (b; Easy; p. 111) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Ethical Reasoning) 30. What can a Western manager negotiating in Japan or Korea expect? a. Open and honest negotiation b. Cooperation based on the need for collective harmony c. Some deception followed by guilt (c; Medium; p. 111) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Ethical Reasoning) 31. Examples of people, such as movie producer Scott Rudin, show that _________ may be more important than __________. a. ability to relate to others; intelligence b. consideration for people; focus on the task c. cognitive ability; social skills d. cultural knowledge; task skills (a; Easy; p. 112) 32. _____________ is increasingly being suggested as being more important than ____________. a. Ability to relate to others; intelligence b. Consideration for people; focus on the task c. Cognitive ability; social skills d. Cultural knowledge; task skills. (a; Easy; p. 112) 33. You are selecting a team leader to head a new team that is likely to face considerable stress. Which of the following leaders would be most appropriate? a. a leader with above average intelligence b. a leader with moderate intelligence c. a leader with both high cognitive and social intelligence d. a leader selected by the team members (b; Challenging; p. 112) (AACSB: Reflective Reasoning) 34. Which of the following is not a component of emotional intelligence? a. self-awareness b. self-regulation c. sympathy Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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d. optimism (c; Medium; p. 113) 35. ___________ is the ability to read others and be able to put yourself in their place. a. self-monitoring b. empathy c. consideration d. social skills (b; Easy; p. 113) 36. Leaders who are high on ____________ are better able to guide their followers through challenging tasks because they can recognize perceptual patterns and coordinate group activities. a. self-monitoring b. empathy c. consideration d. social skills (b; Challenging; p. 112-113) 37. Emotional intelligence is important in leadership because: a. caring about others is important b. good self-presentation is key to leadership c. emotional intelligence has been found to be related to cultural sensitivity d. the ability to harmonize with others plays a key role in leadership (d; Medium; p. 112-113) 38. While addressing employees after 9/11, Ken Chenault the CEO of American Express, openly expressed his sorrow and embraced grief-stricken employees. His behavior is an example of: a. his ability to present the appropriate emotions when needed b. his high level of emotional intelligence c. his excellent self-presentation skills d. his leadership skills (b; Medium; p. 114) 39. _____________ and ______________ are often terms used to describe creativity. a. Divergent; lateral thinking b. Opportunistic; thrill seeking c. Bold; aggressive d. Strategic; forward looking (a; Challenging; p. 115) 40. In addition to coming up with new ideas, creative leaders must also have: a. consideration for others b. technical expertise c. strong task focus d. strong risk taking ability (b; Challenging; p. 115) 41. Which one of the following is one of the characteristics of creative people? a. high risk-taking b. leadership skills c. tolerance for ambiguity Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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d. being able to give up quickly (c; Easy; p. 115) 42. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of creative people? a. perseverance in the face of obstacle b. extremely high risk taking c. openness to new ideas d. ability to tolerate lack of structure (b; Challenging; p. 115) 43. Which one of the following is not one of the leadership skills? a. technical b. interpersonal c. conceptual d. organizational (d; Medium; p. 116) 44. Marta has just been appointed to a top level executive position in her company. Which of the following leadership skills is she most likely to need and use? a. technical b. interpersonal c. conceptual d. organizational (c; Medium; p. 116) 45. Most organizations provide skills training to their employees and leaders because: a. skills can be learned b. new skills can quickly be translated into behaviors c. skills are not influenced by culture d. the same set of skills can be applied in all situations (a; Medium; p. 116) 46. Understanding personality traits can help leaders because: a. traits often predict who will be an effective leader b. traits determine how people behave c. some traits are consistently associated with leadership d. traits are easier to learn than abilities or skills (c; Challenging; p. 117) 47. Which of the following is not part of the Big Five personality dimensions? a. conscientiousness b. emotional intelligence c. openness to experience d. agreeableness (b; Challenging; p. 117-118) 48. ________________ and ____________ are both part of the Big Five personality dimensions. a. Locus of control; need for control b. Cognitive; emotional intelligence c. Emotional stability; consideration for others d. Extraversion; openness to experience Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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(d; Medium; p. 117-118) 49. Which of the Big Five personality dimensions is most strongly correlated to job performance? a. conscientiousness b. emotional intelligence c. openness to experience d. agreeableness (a; Medium; p. 118) 50. _____________ is the Big Five personality dimension that is important in jobs such as management that require social interaction. a. Emotional intelligence b. Extraversion c. Openness to experience d. Agreeableness (b; Medium; p. 118) 51. The XYZ corporation is looking for (a) leader who can develop high job commitment and create high job satisfaction. According to recent research on the Big Five personality dimensions, which characteristics should they look for in that leader? a. high conscientiousness, openness to experience, moderate emotional stability, and high agreeableness b. high on emotional stability, extraversion, and agreeableness, and low on conscientiousness c. low on introversion, agreeableness, and emotional intelligence, and high on conscientiousness d. high on control and high on consideration (b; Challenging; p. 118) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 52. Locus of control is an indicator of: a. how much control a person needs b. how much control a person feels she/he has c. the control level of leaders d. control available in the situation (b; Challenging; p. 119) 53. People with ____________ believe that the events around them are the result of their actions. a. type A personality b. internal locus of control c. external locus of control d. type B personality (b; Challenging; p. 119) 54. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of people with internal locus of control when compared to those with external locus of control? a. Internals experience lower anxiety. b. Internals set hard goals. c. Internals conform more to authority d. Internals are more task-oriented.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (c; Challenging; p. 119)

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55. Todd Smith is the CEO of Widget Corp. He tends to select risky and innovative strategies for his company and is proactive in his planning. Based on this information, Todd is most likely: a. a good manager. b. a Type A who needs control. c. a person with internal locus of control. d. a high self-monitor.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (c; Challenging; p. 119) 56. Sally Colbert is very energetic, focuses on deadlines, is highly ambitious and likes working alone.

Based on this information, Sally is most likely to be: a. a good manager. b. a Type A who needs control. c. a person with internal locus of control. d. a high self-monitor.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (b; Medium; p. 131) 57. _______________ is the underlying construct in Type A. a. The need for control b. How well people read their environment c. The need for power d. How people make decisions (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) (a; Challenging; p. 120) 58. Which one of the following is one of the defining characteristics of Type As? a. Relaxed approach to time b. Very cooperative c. Focus on one task at a time d. Hostility (d; Medium; p. 120-121) 59. Which of the following best describe Type As? a. Type As are strategic thinkers who are proactive. b. Type As try to do more in less time. c. Type As are willing to cut corners to achieve their goals. d. Type As are good at persuading others. (b; Medium; p. 120-121) 60. ____________ need an increasing amount of control while ____________ feel that they have control over their environment. a. Extroverts/high Machiavellians b. Low self-monitors/high self-monitors c. Type As/people with internal locus of control d. People who are sensing-feelers/those who are intuitive-thinkers (c; Challenging; p. 123) 61. _____________ is one of the major challenges Type A managers are likely to face. a. Worrying too much about time and deadlines b. Inability to delegate tasks Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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c. Setting goals that are not challenging d. Inability to plan (b; Medium; p. 123) 62. High self-monitors may have an advantage in leadership because: a. they are better planners b. they set challenging goals c. they are flexible d. they handle power well (c; Challenging; p. 124) 63. You are trying to select a leader to head a team that will be negotiating an international deal for your company. Which one of the following individual characteristics may be useful to you in making that decision? a. Locus of control b. Type A c. Self-monitoring d. Intelligence (c; Challenging; p. 124) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 64. __________ are cynical and manipulative, while ____________ are trusting and poor negotiators. a. High self-monitors; low self-monitors b. Type As; type Bs c. Internally controlled; externally controlled d. High machs; low machs (d; Medium; p. 125) 65. The high Machiavellian leader is likely to be _____________ but not necessarily ___________. a. considerate; task focused b. successful; effective c. good planners; good implementers d. task oriented; people oriented (b; Medium; p. 125) 66. People from Hong Kong and the People’s Republic of China tend to score higher on the Machiavellian scale. This may be related to: a. the higher power distance in the Chinese culture b. the higher level of collectivism c. the low-context culture (a; Challenging; p. 125) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 67. Which is not a characteristic of narcissism as described by the American Psychiatric Association? a. preoccupation with power and success b. ability to tolerate criticism c. sense of entitlement d. lack of empathy for others (b; Medium; p. 126) 68. In dealing with abusive bosses you should do all of the following except a. make sure your work is impeccable b. get defensive

.

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c. maintain a strong social network d. plan an exit strategy (b; Challenging; p. 127) 69. Which of the following is one of the primary reasons leaders fail? a. An authoritarian style b. Intimidation and arrogance c. Too much focus on people d. Financial focus (b; Challenging; p. 127) 70. In addition to a leader’s individual characteristics, which factor contributes to leadership failure? a. organizational climate and culture b. other leaders c. hiring practices d. national cultural values (a; Medium; p. 128)

True/False Questions 71. Traits alone do not define leaders. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 101) 72. The primary reason boys are more competitive and aggressive than girls is that typical male genetic traits are reinforced by society. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 103) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 73. The individual characteristic of values has the most influence on leadership. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 103) 74. The impact of personality on individual behavior tends to be limited to personal aspects of life. ( a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 103) 75. Values are principles that a person believes. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 103) 76. Honesty is the best policy is an example of a personality trait. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 103) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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77. You cannot train leaders to develop abilities, but you can train them to develop skills. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 103) 78. Individual characteristics influence behavior most when the situation is clearly structured. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 104) 79. When the situation provides strong cues as to how people are supposed to behave, their personality plays a lesser role. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 104) 80. Personality and other individual characteristics are the only factors that dictate how people behave. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 104) 81. Personality and other individual characteristics provide a range of behaviors that are comfortable for people. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 104) 82. Most people have difficulty acting outside the zone of comfort that is determined by their individual difference characteristics. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 104) 83. Most learning takes place when people behave according to their individual difference characteristics. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 104) 84. Behaving outside their zone of comfort is one way people can learn and grow. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 104) 85. Kirkpatrick and Locke asserted that traits alone are enough to make an effective leader. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 105) 86. Drive, if taken to the extreme, can be detrimental to effective leadership.

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a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 105-106) 87. Despite some changes, top executives in the United States and the rest of the world are still heterogeneous. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 107) 88. Factors such as age and gender influence a person’s value system. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 108) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 89. The primary influence on a person’s value system is personality traits. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 108) 90. Most cultures in the world value compassion and frugality. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 108) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 91. Individual dignity is valued mostly in Western cultures. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 108) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 92. Hard work, frugality and patriotism are values typically held by the generation raised by parents who went through the depression. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 109) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 93. Baby boomers typically value ambition and material comforts. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 94. Yuppies are often success-driven. a. True b. false (a; Medium; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 95. Generation Xers value autonomy and flexibility. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

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96. Those who belong to the Millennial generation tend to resent authority and are highly independent. a. True b. false (b; Medium; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 97. The Generation Xers and Millenials are similar to each other in that both tend to have little loyalty to their jobs and companies. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 109-110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 98. Generational value differences exist all over the world. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 109) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 99. Singapore has been rated as one of the most corrupt countries in the world. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 111) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 100.

Of the 180 industrialized countries measured by the Transparency International Index, the United States as the highest in integrity. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 111) 104

Of the 180 industrialized countries measured by the Transparency International Index, Afghanistan ranked higher in integrity than the United States. a. True b. False (b; Medium; p. 110) 101.

The relativist view of ethics suggests that what is right or wrong depends on the situation or culture. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 110) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Ethical Reasoning 102.

You take a universalist view of ethics when you believe that the same rules cannot apply to everyone. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 110) (AACSB: Ethical Reasoning) 103.

The Japanese and Koreans may use more deception, but they often experience considerable guilt. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 111) (AACSB: Ethical Reasoning)

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104.

Several sets of abilities are clearly linked to leadership. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 111) 105.

Intelligence is not clearly related to leadership. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 112) 106.

Intelligence is not clearly related to leadership but is related to perceptions of leadership. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 112) 107.

Research shows that a more intelligent leader is able to succeed regardless of the situation. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 112) 108.

The most important component of emotional intelligence is sympathy for others. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 113) 109.

Emotional intelligence is important because caring for others always pays off. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 113) 110.

Emotional intelligence is key to leadership because leadership requires working with others. a. true b. false (a; Medium; 113-114) 111.

The way a leader delivers a message is sometimes more important than the content of the message. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 114) 112.

Convergent thinking is another term often used to describe creativity. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 115) 113.

Creativity is the ability to develop new ideas or combine existing ones in novel ways. a. true b. false (a; Easy; p. 115)

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114.

People tend to become more creative when they are put under intense stress and pressure. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 115) 115.

According to Theresa Amabile, most people can be creative with experience and motivation. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 115) 116.

As leaders move up the organization, they rely less on technical skills and more on conceptual skills. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 116) 117.

Conceptual skills involve communication and conflict management. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 116) 118.

Once leaders learn new skills, they can quickly implement them in their organization. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 116) A leader’s personality influences his or her preference, style and behavior. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 117) 119.

120.

Over the years, researchers have identified five major personality dimensions. a. true b. false (a; Challenging; p. 118) 121.

Emotional stability is the Big Five personality dimension most strongly linked to job performance. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 117-118) 122.

The Big Five personality dimensions are strongly linked to leadership. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 117-118) 123.

Extroversion is a required dimension for successful leadership. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 117-118) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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124.

Extraversion is important for almost any job or position. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 117-118) 125.

Some degree of anxiety and worrying can be helpful for leaders. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 118) 126.

Locus of control is an indicator of how much a person feels s/he has control over the environment. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 119) 127.

Leaders with internal locus of control tend to be more ethical in their decision making. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 119) 128.

People with external locus of control are proactive and rebound well from stressful situations. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 119) 129.

Being a Type A can be helpful to managers because they are better able to delegate tasks. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 120-121) 130.

Type A managers are more successful than Type B managers. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 120-121) 131.

Several of the Type A characteristics are similar to the high energy and motivation that is considered to be important in leadership. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 120-121) 132.

Type A and locus of control are closely related. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 123) 133.

High self-monitors read and use environmental cues better than low self-monitors. a. true b. false Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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(a; Medium; p. 123-124) 134.

High self-monitors are particularly skilled at delegating tasks. a. true b. false (b; Challenging; p. 123-125) 135.

High self-monitors emerge as leaders more often than low self-monitors. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 124) 136.

Research shows that low self-monitors resolve conflict cooperatively. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 124) 137.

Because they are good at managing relationships, high machs tend to be the most effective leaders. a. true b. false (b; Easy; p. 125) 138.

High Machiavellians are likely to be successful but not effective. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 125) 139.

Research indicates that the Chinese score higher on the Mach scale and are more willing than many Westerners to use social power to accomplish their goals. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 125) (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 140.

Narcissistic individuals desire to have power and influence over others. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 126) 141.

Hitler and Stalin are well-known tyrants in history who exhibited strong narcissistic tendencies. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 126) 142.

Positive narcissistic leaders may use their self-confidence and influence to achieve organizational goals. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 126)

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143.

Research about why leaders fail indicates that the primary cause of failure is lack of technical expertise. a. true b. false (b; Medium; p. 127) 144.

Leaders who fail are most often rigid, isolated from others and uncaring. a. true b. false (a; Medium; p. 127)

Short Answer/ Essay Questions: 145.

Discuss the differences between the earlier approaches during the Trait Era and the more complex approach of recent approaches.

(Easy; p. 101) 146.

Define and differentiate between the individual differences characteristics of abilities, skills, and personality.

(Medium; p. 102-104) 147.

List and explain the universally accepted leadership characteristics that transcend cultures.

(Medium; p. 106-107) 148.

Define values and explain the differences in values between western countries and those located in the middle and Far East.

(Medium; p. 107-108; p. 110-111) 149.

Transparency International’s 2009 survey rated the United States 19 out of 180 when measuring least/most corrupt nations. Discuss your impressions, using textbook value concepts, about why the U.S. professes to be the most ethical country yet ranks behind countries like Denmark, Singapore, and Canada.

(Challenging; p. 110-111) 150.

Explain the research results that show a curvilinear relationship between intelligence and leadership.

Challenging; p. 112) 151.

Explain and give examples how a leader can positively use Niccolo Machiavelli’s philosophy, resulting in Mach Scores, to improve the organization in a constructive manner.

(Medium; p. 125) 152.

Rick Scott was a founder and CEO of Columbia Healthcare system until the FBI raided several of his Hospitals for Medicare fraud. He was subsequently fired by Darla Moore, Vice President of Rainwater, Inc., one of the largest private investment firms in America. Rainwater had substantial ownership in Columbia Healthcare. Moore was the first woman to be profiled on the cover of Fortune magazine in its 70-year history and was named to their list of the Top 50 Most Powerful Women in American Business. Nevertheless, Scott overcame the stigma of corruption and in November 2010 won the election as Governor of Florida. a. Research and explain what traits and characteristics Scott brings to his endeavors that allowed him to overcome the Columbia scandal and win the Florida election.

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b. From your research and explain (submit document specific research article urls) Scott’s value system that allowed him to overcome the stigma of corruption and go on to seek election for a political office.

(Challenging; Internet;) (ASCB: Reflective Thinking; Critical Thinking) 153.

The US professes a philosophy of high ethical behavior in business and government. How then is it that Bernard Madoff was able to turn his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme? He defrauded thousands of investors of almost $65 billion over a period of time that possibly began in the 1980s. In June 2009, Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison, the maximum allowed. a. Using the Big Five Personality Dimensions, explain Madolff’s personality relative to each of the dimensions. Document each with an example of each dimension. b. Using the concepts of Type A and Type B personality and that of Locus of Control, explain what aspects from those concepts were necessary over this same period of time to prevent or stop Madoff from continuing with his behaviors.

(Challenging; p. 117; p. 125; Internet) Critical Thinking)

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Chapter 5: Power and Leadership Multiple Choice Questions 1. _________ is the ability of one person to influence others. (p. 145) a. Influence b. Power* c. Authority d. Control 2. Power and influence differ in that: (p. 145) a. influence refers to changing the course of an action* b. influence implies effectiveness c. power is vested in a position d. influence is vested in a position 3.

___________ is power vested in a formal position. (p. 145 a. control power b. persuasion c. authority* d. influence

4. Which one of the following is one of the typical reactions to power? (p. 146) a. control b. compliance* c. counter control d. influence 5. Zingerman’s Community of Business (ZCoB) provides an example of: (p. 146) a. commitment* b. compliance c. control d. motivation 6. Kamal has send directives for his employees to complete a certain task. The employees eagerly undertake the task and complete it. The employees’ reaction is an example of: (p. 146) a. commitment* b. compliance c. control d. motivation (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 7. Paulette has set goals for all of her team members. She informs them of the goals; although several members think the goals are not reasonable, they go along with them. The team members’ reaction is an example of: (p. 146) a. commitment b. compliance* c. control d. lack of motivation (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

.

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8. Lee has made several written and oral requests for his employees to undertake a new project.

Although he has not received any feedback from his group, the task does not appear to be even started. This is an example of: (p. 146) a. counter control b. insubordination c. follower power d. resistance* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 9. The leader’s power increases when employees _________. (p. 147) a. are motivated b. comply with her decisions c. do not resist a decision d. are committed to her decisions* 10. Research about the effect of power distribution suggests that: (p. 147) a. centralized power allows organizations to perform well. b. concentrated power can be detrimental to performance.* c. leaders often give up power willingly. d. power sharing works well in most cultures.

11. Nigel is an Australian manager who is heading a division of his company in Mexico. He has tried, without much success, to get his employees to participate and make suggestions regarding how to organize the work activities. The Mexican employees’ reluctance to participate may be due to: (p.

148-149) a. the Mexican employees’ lack of experience. b. the high-context Mexican culture. c. the high power distance in Mexico.* d. Nigel’s incompetence.

(AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 12. The higher ________________ and the lower the _______________, the more likely it is that leaders will hold a high degree of power that they can use. (p. 149) a. power distance; tolerance for uncertainty* b. collectivism; power distance c. egalitarianism; task focus d. individualism; masculinity 13. In Japan and Indonesia people value: (p. 148) a. independence and freedom b. clear hierarchy and authority* c. creativity and innovation d. hard work and independence (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 14. Mexicans expect their leaders to: (p. 148-49) a. empower them b. be creative c. provide answers* d. give them independence .

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(AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 15. In __________ cultures, power bases are stable, and upward mobility is limited. (p. 1490 a. individualistic b. socialized c. vertical power d. high power distance* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 16. Researchers have identified ______ source of power related to individuals. (p. 149) a. two b. three c. four d. five* 17. Alan Greenspan, the chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve, uses __________ and ___________ as primary sources of power. (p. 149 a. reward; punishment b. coercive; reward c. informational; legitimate d. legitimate; expert* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 18. ____________ power is based on the formal position a person holds, while ___________ is based on friendship and respect. (p. 149) a. Legitimate; referent* b. Authority; politics c. Persuasive; negotiation d. Managerial; personal 19. Nicolo gets his employees to go along with him by threatening to fire or demote them. Nicolo is using which of the sources of individual power? (p. 149-150) a. Legitimate b. Authority c. Coercive* d. Expert (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 20. All managers have access to which source of individual power? (p. 149-151) a. legitimate* b. authority c. coercive d. expert 21. The power of celebrities to influence others is based on which source of individual power? It might be about (p. 151) a. legitimate b. referent* c. informational d. reward

.

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22. In order for leaders to get commitment from their followers, they should rely on which of the following two sources of power: (p. 151) a. legitimate and referent b. referent and expert* c. expert and reward d. reward and authority 23. Using _________ as a source of power will most likely lead to __________. (p. 151) a. coercive; compliance b. reward; commitment c. expert; compliance d. referent; commitment* 24. Individuals with _________ power can influence others because they are liked and respected. (p.151) a. legitimate b. referent* c. informational d. reward 25. Which one of the following is not one of the influence tactics? (p. 151) a. control* b. pressure c. exchange d. inspiration 26. If you are trying to influence your supervisor’s decision regarding a project, which would be the most appropriate influence tactic to use? (p. 151) a. pressure b. personal appeal c. consultation d. rational persuasion* 27. The personal appeal influence tactic is most appropriate to use with _____________. (p. 151) a. supervisors b. colleagues* c. subordinates d. all levels 28. ___________ is one of the influence tactics that rely on all sources of personal power. (p. 151) a. Pressure b. Personal appeal c. Consultation* d. Rational persuasion 29. In early stages of their career, which base of power should young leaders develop? (p. 152) a. legitimate through power building b. credibility through expertise* c. reward through access to resources d. coercion by demonstrating toughness 30. What challenges do managers in mid careers face regarding power? (p. 152) .

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a. b. c. d.

building credibility sharing power using power ethically* giving fair rewards

31. Regarding the use of power, managers in late career stages must: (p. 152) a. empower others b. build their network c. train their replacement d. let go of power* 32. ___________ sources of power are particularly important to teams. (p. 152) a. Personal b. Individual c. Legitimate d. Organizational* 33. The concept of ________________ suggests that teams gain power based on their ability to remove obstacles for others. (p. 153) a. strategic contingencies* b. shared power c. empowerment d. coalition building 34. Which of the following is not one of the organizational sources of power? (p. 152-153) a. centrality b. dependency c. substitutability d. organicity* 35. A team that helps others in the organization by providing a service that is key to goal accomplishment will gain power. This is an example of: (p. 152-154) a. centrality* b. organicity c. coping with uncertainty d. boundary spanning 36. Teams can gain power by reducing uncertainty for others in their organization. Which of the following is not one of the uncertainty reduction methods? (p. 153) a. gathering information b. prediction of upcoming changes c. prevent changes from affecting the organization d. preventing change from happening* 37. The CEO of a company believes that diversity is a very important and strategic issue. She creates a team to make diversity related recommendations and has the team report directly to her on a regular basis. The CEO is using which organizational source of power to assure that the team has power? (p.

154) a. centrality* b. organicity c. coping with uncertainty .

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d. boundary spanning (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 38. Team Alpha has developed considerable expertise and has a lot of departments that depend on it to get their job done. Team Alpha’ source of power is: (p 154) a. centrality b. lack of substitutability * c. coping with uncertainty d. legitimate rewards 39. A team leader focuses on assuring that his team members have the latest expertise not available elsewhere in the organization. He is using which organizational source of power to assure that his team has power? (p. 154) a. centrality b. organicity c. substitutability* d. coalition building 40. Which of the following is not one of the ways to help increase the power of teams so that they can be effective? (p. about 154) a. Keep the team away from difficult challenges* b. Make the team central to mission. c. Give the team meaningful tasks. d. Provide the team with access to decision makers.

41. Top executives have access to how many additional sources of power? (p. 155) a. two b. three c. four* d. five 42. The individual power source of “rewards” is equivalent to which source of top executive power? (p.

155) a. distribution of resources* b. control of decision criteria c. centrality d. access to all levels 43. Whether an organization is a traditional or informal structure, CEOs are strategically located for access to information and resources. This is an example of which of the executive sources of power? (p. 156) a. distribution of resources b. control of decision criteria c. centrality* d. access 44. A new executive who brings in his own team and puts people he trusts in key positions is using which source of executive power? (p. 156) a. distribution of resources b. control of decision criteria c. centrality .

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d. access* 45. Power corruption is primarily due to: (p. 156-157) a. corrupt leaders b. too much power without accountability* c. national culture d. board of directors 46. What was the attitude of the framers of the U.S. Constitution regarding power? (p. 157) a. power should not be concentrated* b. leaders should have enough power to do their job c. democracy is important d. power is essential to leadership 47. Causes of power corruption fall into two categories. These are: (p. 159) a. group related and traits b. individual leader and organizational factors* c. cultural elements and political factors d. legal and ethical factors (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 48. Why are evil managers who abuse their power often successful? (p. 158) a. They have loyal followers. b. They manage their supervisor well.* maybe change to work well with their supervisors c. Overall, they perform better than other managers. d. They surround themselves with highly competent followers.

49. Which one of the following is a sign of a destructive narcissistic manager? (p. 172) a. They work alone b. They don’t get promoted c. They take care of their followers d. They divide the world between friends and enemies* 50. The key organizational factor in abuse of power is: (p. 159) a. a decentralized structure b. the organizational culture* c. the leadership succession plan d. the training and development plan 51. Which one of the following is not an organizational factor that contributes to power corruption? (p.

159) a. Formal and closed communication. b. Focus on short-term goals. c. Performance-based hiring.* d. Centralized decision making.

52. Keesha’s employees rarely, if ever, disagree with her because they worry about her negative reactions and tantrums. This is an example of which of the factors in the corruption cycle? (p. 158-159) a. compliance* b. isolation c. lack of accountability .

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d. flattery (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 53. Because of their power, employee compliance, and isolation, leaders in the corruption cycle often: (p.

160) a. develop bad habits b. have the inability to make decisions c. worry about their constituents’ reactions d. get an inflated view of themselves* 54. All but one of the following is a reason why followers comply with their leaders even when they are wrong. (p. 158) a. desire to ingratiate themselves b. weakness and incompetence c. fear of reprisals d. lack of caring* 55. Employee compliance, flattery, and unwillingness to speak out contribute to a corrupt leader’s reliance on ___________. (p. 161) a. empowerment b. financial measures c. coercive methods* d. communication 56. Donald Carty of American Airlines and Richard Scrushy of HealthSouth are examples of CEOs who: (p. 160) a. became whistle blowers b. abused their powers* c. took action to correct ethical violations d. made serious strategic mistakes 57. Abusive and corrupt leaders intimidate their followers into silence and then consider the silence and lack of responsiveness as a sign of their followers’ incompetence, therefore asking them even less for input. This is an example of: (p. 160) a. self-actualization b. self-fulfilling prophecy* c. the corruption cycle d. narcissistic destruction 58. The isolation and flattery that contribute to the corruption cycle often cause leaders to: (p. 161) a. seek outside input b. rely more on board of director members c. learn to make good decisions alone d. think regular rules to not apply to them 59. The new CEO of American Airlines, Gerard Arprey is focusing on correcting the corruption that was the part of the administration of his predecessor by: (p. 163) a. rebuilding the company culture* b. centralizing decision making c. involving more outsiders in company activities d. putting in place a clear code of ethics .

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60. The underlying theme of empowerment is: (p. 164) a. delegating all power to employees b. sharing power with those who need it to perform their job* c. setting goals that everyone can achieve easily d. centralizing decision making in the team 61. Which of the following is not one of the reasons empowerment tends to be effective? (p.164) a. It tends to increase employees’ sense of self-efficacy. b. It allows employees to internalize goals and builds commitment. c. It provides the leader with delegation training.* d. It brings power where it is needed.

62. Which organizational factor contributes to empowerment? (p. 165) a. appropriate selection and training for leaders b. appropriate selection and training for employees c. setting high performance standards* d. removing bureaucratic barriers 63. Lin-may is eager to implement empowerment in her organization. She has encouraged her employees, expressed confidence in them, and given them responsibility. She has created a positive emotional atmosphere. What else must she do to make empowerment effective? (p. 165-167) a. lower the performance standards. b. create clear hierarchy for reporting c. reward employees openly and personally* d. use only teams for decision making (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 64. Which of the following is not one of the organizational factors in empowerment? (p. 165) a. appropriate selection and training of leaders b. removing bureaucratic barriers c. expressing confidence in employees* d. fair policies 65. Top leaders of the New organization have told their managers and employees that they want to implement empowerment. They have decentralized the structures and changed the reward structure.

After a few months, they see no change in the leaders’ or employees’ behaviors. Which organizational empowerment factor did they miss? (p. 165-167) a. They did not train leaders and employees.* b. They did not create a positive atmosphere. c. They did not walk the talk. d. They set low standards.

66. Ricardo Semler, CEO of Semco is an example of: (p. 166-167) a. how a corrupt leader can negatively impact an organization b. the importance of followers c. the importance training in successful empowerment* d. how teams can share power with their managers 67. The first step for an organization to start the empowerment process is to: (p. 165, 167) a. identify the potential blocks to empowerment* .

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b. train leaders c. train followers d. set up the right reward structure 68. Examples of use of empowerment in many organizations show that: (p. 164) a. empowerment is frustrating to many employees b. leaders are afraid to give up power c. empowerment can lead to increased motivation* d. followers are key to empowerment 69. The empirical research on empowerment has found: (p. 167) a. mixed results for the impact of empowerment* b. that empowerment is an effective and powerful tool c. empowerment works well across many cultures d. empowerment works best in collectivistic cultures 70. In the early part of his career Alan Greenspan relied on which source of power? (p. 149) a. legitimate b. reward c. expert* d. reward 71. Dennis Kozlowski used ________ as sources of power with employees and subordinates. (p. 161) a. legitimate and referent b. expert and referent c. referent and legitimate d. coercive and reward* True/False Questions 72. Power is a necessary component of leadership. (p. 144) a. true* b. false 73. Power is the ability to influence others effectively. (p. 145) a. true* b. false 74. Power and authority are synonymous. (p. 145) a. true b. false* 75. Power and influence are primarily the domain of formal leaders within organizations. (p. 145) a. true b. false* 76. The employees at Zingerman’s Community of Business (ZCoB) are an example of commitment. (p.

146) a. true* b. false

.

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77. Commitment, control, and resistance are the three typical reactions to power and influence. (p. 146) a. true b. false* 78. A large majority of today’s organizations rely on democratic practices to accomplish their goals. (p.

146) a. true b. false* 79. Research indicates that concentrated power can be detrimental to organizational performance. (p.

147) a. true* b. false 80. The more equal the power distance in a Western culture organization, the higher the performance of the organization. (p. 148) a. true* b. false 81. The Chinese, Japanese, and Indonesians are all collectivistic cultures where employees are comfortable sharing power with their leader. (p. 148) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 82. The French and Germans expect their bosses to provide answers to their questions. (p. 148) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 83. Legitimate power is based on the position in the organization while expert power relies on the individual. (p.149-150) a. true* b. false 84. Referent power is based on a person’s ability to get access to information. (p. 149-151) a. true b. false* 85. Personal sources of power are likely to disappear when a manager loses his/her position in the organization. (p. 150) a. true b. false* 86. Alan Greenspan relies primarily on his expertise to influence others. (p. 150) a. true* b. false 87. The most likely reactions to using reward and coercion as source of power are compliance and resistance. (p. 150-151) a. true* .

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b. false 88. When leaders rely on their expertise to influence followers, they are likely to simply comply rather than be committed to the leader’s decision. (p. 150-151) a. true b. false* 89. Followers react to all sources of power the same way. (p. 150) a. true b. false* 90. Consultation and coalition building are two influence tactics that use all sources of power. (p. 151) a. true* b. false 91. In order to increase commitment, one of the most effective methods of persuasion is coalition building. (p. 151) a. true b. false* 92. It is most appropriate to use exchange as an influence tactic with subordinates and colleagues. (p.

150-151) a. true* b. false 93. To influence supervisors, rational persuasion is the most appropriate influence tactic. (p. 151) a. true* b. false 94. Because most of us are skilled at a few influence tactics, each person should stick with the tactics she/he is most comfortable with. (p. 152) a. true b. false* 95. Young leaders in early stages of their career should focus on building their power through demonstrating their expertise and competence. (p. 152) a. true* b. false 96. Leaders in the middle of their career must focus on how to give up power to others. (p. 152) a. true b. false* 97. The concept of strategic contingencies suggests that teams must address the needs of strategic stakeholders outside the organization. (p. 153) a. true b. false* 98. Teams acquire power in organizations by addressing strategic contingencies. (p. 153) a. true* b. false

.

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99. Teams increase their power as they are able to remove obstacles for others in the organization. (p.

153) a. true* b. false 100.

By staying away from difficult challenges, teams can gain power. (p. 154) a. true b. false*

101.

Top executives have and primarily use the same sources of power as individuals and teams. (p.

155) a. true b. false* 102.

One of the sources of power for executives is the ability to control the criteria by which decisions are made. (p. 155) a. true* b. false 103.

The change in personnel in government after elections is an example of need for access as a source of executive power. (p. 156) a. true* b. false 104.

Most organizations provide their top executives with a lot of power without much accountability. (p. 156) a. true* b. false 105.

Organizations have many checks and balances in place to limit the power of their top level leaders. (p. 156) a. true b. false* 106.

One of the benefits of power is that it increases the distance between leaders and followers. (p.

171) a. true b. false* 107.

Both individual and organizational factors contribute to corruption that is caused by too much power. (p158) a. true* b. false 108.

Managers who abuse power often have an inflated view of themselves. (p. 158) a. true* b. false

109.

Managers who abuse power perform well because they surround themselves with highly competent followers. (p. 158) a. true .

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b. false* 110.

The most important organizational factor that contributes to power abuse is the culture. (p. 159) a. true* b. false

111.

Fear of reprisals or weakness are factors that cause employees to comply with corrupt leaders. (p.

160) a. true* b. false 112.

Follower compliance contributes to power corruption by increasing the leaders’ inflated view of themselves. (p. 159) a. true* b. false 113.

The flattery that many followers use to express their views to their leaders is a helpful tool to building good relations between them. (p. 160) a. true b. false* 114.

Donald Carty of American Airlines had developed a separate sense of morality. (p. 160) a. true* b. false

115.

Richard Scrushy of HealthSouth instituted effective ways to battle corruption. (p. 160-161) a. true b. false*

116.

The most common and serious consequence of power corruption is poor decision making. (p.

161) a. true* b. false 117.

Separating followers and leaders can help reduce power corruption. (p. 161) a. true b. false*

118.

Because corrupt leaders intimidate followers who refuse to speak out and contribute to decision making, the leaders are often forced to use group decision making. (p. 162) a. true b. false* 119.

Because XYZ corporation has reduced its employees’ dependence on managers for feedback and rewards, it is likely to see an increase in corruption of employees. (p. 162) a. true b. false* 120.

The closer leaders are to day-to-day activities, the more likely they are to abuse their power. (p.

162-163) a. true .

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b. false* 121.

Followers who do not depend on their leader are less likely to contribute to the corruption cycle. (p. 163) a. true* b. false 122.

The most effective way to prevent power corruption is to address the organizational culture and structure. (p. 163) a. true* b. false 123.

The new CEO of American Airlines, Gerard Arprey’s prime focus on correcting the corruption caused by his predecessor was by putting in place a clear code of ethics. (p. 163) a. true b. false* 124.

Empowerment involves pushing decision making and implementation to the lowest possible level. (p. 164) a. true* b. false 125.

Leaders who want to implement empowerment should set high performance standards and expect followers to meet those standards. (p. 165) a. true* b. false 126.

One of the reasons empowerment can be effective is that it can enhance employees’ belief in their abilities and provide them with a sense of control and accomplishment. (p. 165) a. true* b. false 127.

The most important organizational factor in empowerment is decentralizing the structure. (p.

165) a. true* b. false 128.

Organizations that implement empowerment often have to lower their performance standards. (p.

165) a. true b. false* 129.

Changing HR practices and training are essential to the success of empowerment in organizations. (p. 165-167) a. true* b. false 130.

Semco provides employees with freedom and empowerment and sets high performance expectations. (p. 166) a. true* b. false .

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131.

Semco and its CEO Ricardo Semler provide an example of how empowerment can work with little training but good intentions. (p. 166) a. true b. false* 132.

Although there is not strong research support, many organizations believe that empowerment leads to higher employee motivation. (p. 167) a. true* b. false 133.

Considerable research about empowerment shows its positive impact on organizations. (p. 167) a. true b. false*

Short Answer/ Essay Questions 134.

Explain how Zingerman’s Community of Business, a delicatessen business is considered a highly successful human resource training company. Look the company up on the internet and fully explain the question.

(Challenging; p. 146-147) 135.

Explain the apparent contradiction of the less a leader uses her power the more she has.

(Moderate; p. 147) 136.

Alan Greenspan was considered one of the most powerful executives in the United States and had an impressive 96% approval rating among CEOs. Why then did his policies contribute to the worst economic collapse since the Great Depression of 1929 and why wasn’t Greenspan challenged?

(Challenging; p. 149-151; Internet) 137.

Explain why many leaders begin to think of themselves above the rules that apply to the average person and how that contributes to abuse of power. Why is it then that the business world continues to support staggering salaries and benefits for business executives?

(Moderate; p. 156-159, p. 161) 138.

Using the chapter concepts, outline what is necessary to lessen the power of businesses top leaders and successfully have it subsumed by employees.

(Moderate; p. 161-163) 139.

If empowerment is one of the proscribed best traits to develop for a successful organization, how is it that the American people empowered Congress to make effective decisions yet the vast majority of the public think Congress is not fulfilling that responsibility? Can any structural change be accomplished or is the American public destined to this degree of effective/ineffective decision making?

(Challenging; p. 163-166) 140.

Discuss what you think are the most needed improvements in many businesses to ameliorate power abuse.

(Challenging; p. 165-167)

.

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Chapter 6: New Models for Leadership: Neo-Charisma, Inspiration, and the Relationship with Followers Multiple Choice Questions 1. The modern approach to charismatic leadership is primarily associated with which of the following researchers? (p. 181) a. Bass and House* b. Stogdill and Fiedler c. Kirkpatrick and Locke d. Vroom and Yetton 2. Which of the following is one of the advantages of the charismatic approach to leadership over the contingency approaches? (p. 180) a. They focus on middle level managers. b. They show the importance of the task. c. They highlight the importance of the emotional links.* d. They allow us to measure traits more accurately.

3. Theories of charismatic leadership are closely related to which of the other models of leadership? (p.

181) a. contingency models b. resource utilization models c. exchange and relationship development models* d. behavior models 4. The word charisma has Greek origins and means: (p. 182) a. leadership b. a divine gift* c. power and inspiration d. talented 5. Which one of the following is not one of the required elements of charismatic leadership? (p. 182) a. Characteristics of the leader b. Characteristics of followers c. The situation d. The organization* 6. Charismatic leaders and their followers: (p. 182) a. have a complex exchange relationship. b. are often very similar to each other. c. tend to be distant from each other. d. share an intense emotional bond.* 7. Which one of the following is not one of the characteristics of charismatic leaders? (p. 182-183) a. High self-confidence b. Strong conviction about ideas c. High energy and enthusiasm d. High task focus*

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8. Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King are both examples of charismatic leaders. They both demonstrated: (p. 1825-183) a. little self-doubt about their direction and action.* b. the ability to allow followers to participate in decision making. c. the ability to organize tasks. d. excellent delegation skills.

9. The charismatic leader’s __________ motivates followers and creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. (p.

183) a. communication skills b. task focus c. high level of energy d. high self-confidence* 10. The charismatic leader’s __________ helps define and frame their vision and the mission of the group and the organization. (p. 183) a. communication skill* b. task focus c. high level of energy d. high self-confidence 11. Nelson Mandella, Mahatma Gandhi, and Aung San Suu Kyi were all imprisoned for their beliefs.

Their imprisonment is an example of how charismatic leaders: (p. 182-184) a. express themselves. b. show their commitment. c. are role models.* d. believe in what they do.

12. Hatin Tyabji of Bytemobile, Inc. considers _________ to be the first principle of leadership. (p. 198) move down to higher number space a. charisma b. enthusiasm c. passion d. authenticity* 13. Dan Cathy, president and COO of Chick-fill-A, is passionate about customer service. He tells his customers that he works in customer service. Cathy's behavior is an example of how charismatic leaders: (p. 185) a. express themselves. b. show their commitment. c. are role models.* d. believe in what they do.

14. John F. Kennedy carefully built the myth of Camelot around his family. Steve Case, the founder of American Online, lunches on turkey sandwiches and Sun Chips. These are examples of how charismatic leaders: (p. 185) a. communicate. b. show their passion. c. express their confidence. d. manage their image.*

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15. Researchers suggest that by offering an appealing vision of the future, charismatic leaders are able to: (p. 186) a. impress their followers. b. change how followers perceive what needs to be done.* c. convince followers. d. recruit good followers.

16. Followers will only follow a charismatic leader if: (p. 186) a. they believe change is needed.* b. they are motivated. c. they have clear rewards waiting for them. d. they are confident.

17. As leaders perform well and demonstrate competence and loyalty to the group, and develop a bond with followers, they are allowed to move the group in new directions. This process is called: (p. 186) a. transformational leadership. b. charismatic leadership. c. idiosyncracy credit.* d. conformity and deviance.

18. Charismatic leaders are more likely to emerge: (p. 186) a. in collectivistic culture. b. in formal organizations. c. when followers are loyal. d. in times of crisis.* 19. When there is a perceived need for change, charismatic leaders are often successful by: (p. 187) a. using fear to motivate their followers. b. articulating a new vision.* c. establishing clear rewards. d. promoting cooperation.

20. The internal organizational conditions that facilitate the emergence of charismatic leadership include all but one of the following: (p. 187) a. early or late stages of the organizational life cycle. b. complex and ambiguous tasks. c. flexible and organic structures. d. ascriptive cultures.* 21. ____________ are ideal situations for the emergence of charismatic leadership. (p. 187) a. Well-established organizations b. Complex and ambiguous tasks.* c. Eiffel tower cultures. d. Ascriptive cultures.

22. In which type of cultures are charismatic leaders more likely to emerge? (p. 188) a. In horizontal collectivistic cultures that are egalitarian. b. In high power distance cultures where followers are used to strengthen leadership. c. In cultures that have a tradition of prophetic salvation.* d. In cultures that are more emotional and value interpersonal relationships.

(AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) .

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23. In Confucian cultures such as Japan and China, charismatic leaders emerge based on: (p. 188) a. an intense emotional bond with followers. b. religious fervor. c. assertiveness and direct communication. d. image of competence and moral courage.* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 24. Communication with followers is universally valued as a positive leadership characteristic. However, in ___________ leaders are effective when they communicate non-aggressively and softly, while in ___________ effective leaders are bold and assertive. (p. 188) a. China; India* b. Mexico; U.S. c. Iran; Brazil d. Vietnam; Cambodia (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 25. Although ____________ is an important component of leadership in the U.S., it is generally not valued in many other cultures. (p. 188) a. team building b. risk-taking* c. decisiveness d. intelligence (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 26. Which characteristic is not a culturally-contingent aspect of charismatic leadership? (p. 188) a. risk taking b. how much the leader is seen as an equal c. enthusiasm d. being dynamic* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 27. Charismatic leadership has the potential for abuse because: (p. 189, 190) a. charismatic leaders are often unethical. b. power tends to corrupt leaders. c. of the emotional bond with followers.* d. follower are often weak.

28. The primary difference between ethical and unethical charismatic leaders is that: (p. 189) a. unethical charismatic leaders abuse their followers. b. unethical charismatic leaders focus on their own goals.* c. unethical charismatic leaders do not provide a vision. d. Unethical charismatic leaders set unrealistic goals.

29. Based on research by Howell, unethical charismatic leaders are also called __________, while ethical charismatic leaders are also called __________. (p. 190) a. devious; direct b. ineffective; effective c. immoral; moral d. personalized; socialized*

.

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30. Which of the following is not one of the potential liabilities of charismatic leaders? (p. 190) a. They often fail to manage details. b. They don’t develop their successors. c. They fail to reach their goals.* d. They creative disruptive in-group and out-groups.

31. Research on charismatic leadership indicates that: (p. 191) a. it has the potential for both negative and positive impact on an organization.* b. it tends to address many of the problems today’s organizations face. c. it is a good training tool for leadership. d. it is appropriate in Western cultures as the primary leadership tool to improve organizational performance.

32. Research on charismatic leadership indicates that: (p. 191) a. it is difficult to measure b. it does not have a lot of reliability c. it is a power and undeniable part of leadership in Western cultures* d. it does not apply to non-Western cultures (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 33. Transformational leadership addresses which of the following questions? (p. 191) a. Who is a better leader? b. How do leaders use their resources ethically? c. What roles do followers play in transforming the leader? d. How do leaders create and sustain change?* 34. ___________ and __________ are both different types of transactional leadership. (p. 192) a. Follower maturity; power b. Individualized attention; charisma c. Contingent reward; management by exception* d. Intellectual stimulation; inspiration 35. The contingency models such as Path-Goal all focus on ___________. (p. 191) a. how leaders use their resources b. the transaction between leaders and followers* c. the relationship between leaders and followers d. the role followers play in leadership effectiveness (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 36. While the contingency models are effective and can help leaders become more effective, they fail to explain: (p. 192) a. why leaders fail b. how to train leaders c. how to create change* d. why followers lose motivation (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

.

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37. The concept of contingent reward is part of which theory of leadership? (p. 192) a. Contingency Model b. Normative Decision c. Substitutes for leadership d. Transactional leadership* 38. The case of the Rocky Flats nuclear site in Colorado provides an example of successful use of ____________. Employees were given specific performance goals and generous rewards when they reach those goals. (p. 192) a. contingent reward* b. leader member exchange c. leader authoritarian decision making d. management by exception 39. Management by exception (MBE) involves: (p. 192) a. little interaction between leaders and followers, except when things go wrong.* b. the leader leaving followers alone and empowering employees to make decisions. c. providing direction only in challenging situations rather than on a routine basis. d. managing exceptional followers only.

40. Contingent reward can have positive impact on followers and performance; however, ___________ often leads to frustration and dissatisfaction. (p. 192) a. transactional leadership b. management by exception* c. the leader’s task focus d. transformational leadership 41. Transformational leadership concepts were proposed: (p. 191) a. to implement Japanese management methods in Western countries. b. to address the need to revitalize organizations.* c. as a replacement for transactional leadership theories. d. to address the challenges of cultural differences.

42. According to the textbook, how many factors are part of transformational leadership? (p. 193) a. Two b. Three* c. Four d. Five 43. Transformational leadership factors include all but one of the following. (p. 193) a. charisma and inspiration b. intellectual stimulation c. individual consideration d. internal clarification* 44. The ____________ factor of transformational leadership develops followers’ trust, overcomes their resistance to change and makes it possible for them to consider and undertake change. (p. 193) a. Charisma and inspiration* b. Intellectual stimulation c. Individual consideration d. Internal clarification .

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45. The ___________ factor of transformational leadership empowers followers and challenges them to come up with novel solutions. (p. 194) a. Charisma and inspiration b. Intellectual stimulation* c. Individual consideration d. Internal clarification 46. The __________ factor of transformational leadership motivates followers and encourages them to perform better. (p. 194) a. charisma and inspiration b. intellectual stimulation c. individual consideration* d. internal clarification 47. Transformational leadership behaviors address which of the elements of the definition of leadership? (p. 194 a. external adaptation* b. internal functioning c. follower satisfaction d. goal achievement 48. Research examining gender and transformational leadership found women to demonstrate different tendencies than men. Which was not one of these tendencies? (p. 195) a. cooperation b. assertiveness* c. expressiveness d. concern for others (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 49. Which dimension of culture was found to be most receptive to transformational leadership? (p. 195) a. high power distance b. low uncertainty avoidance c. collectivist* d. individualistic (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 50. Additional research is needed to further develop the transformational leadership theory. Areas that need particular attention include all the following except: (p. 195) a. in the measurement of transformational leadership behaviors. b. regarding how to teach leaders the various transformational behaviors. c. the relationship of transformational leadership to other personality traits. d. the basic propositions of the model.* 51. Antonio has been through a training to become a transformational leader. He has learned to provide a vision and project confidence. Based on that training, what else should he do? (p. 195) a. Create clear reporting structures. b. Motivate employees using rewards and punishment. c. Treat everyone equally and fairly. d. Establish a personal relationship with followers.* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

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52. Sir Richard Branson, founder of the Virgin Group believes that ____________ is at the heart of good leadership. (p.196) a. controlling operations b. establishing a clear vision and communicating well c. encouraging people and hearing their input* d. assuring succession for his company 53. Chris Lowney applies the teachings of St. Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, and asserts that effective leadership requires which set of values? (p. 198) a. love, hope, humility and faith b. self-awareness, ingenuity, love, and heroism* c. charisma, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration d. body, mind, heart and spirit 54.

focuses on how leaders and followers tap into their basic values to transform organizations by creating a vision based on deeply held values related to making a difference. (p. 197) a. Charismatic leadership b. Spirituality* c. Authentic leadership d. Transformational leadership (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 55. Values-based leadership is closely related to a. path-goal; charismatic b. charismatic; authentic c. contingency; transformational d. transformational; authentic* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

and

leadership. (p. 198)

56. Bill George, former CEO of Medtronics, believes leadership should provide the moral compass for organizations which can have a long-lasting impact on followers. Which leadership approach best describes Bill’s perspective? (p. 198) a. charismatic leadership b. path-goal theory c. transactional leadership d. authentic leadership* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 57. George (2003) developed a framework of authentic leadership. Which is not a characteristic of this model? (p. 198-199) a. understanding their own purpose b. display narcissistic tendencies* c. practice solid values d. demonstrate self-discipline 58. George’s framework of authentic leadership is comprised of a. two b. three c. four d. five*

.

components. (p. 198-199)

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59. Howard Schullz, cofounder and CEO of Starbucks, created an organization based on what matters most to him. As a child his family struggled without health benefits after his father lost his job.

Howard created a culture that takes care of their employees with one of the most comprehensive health care benefits’ plan of any corporation. This example best represents which leadership approach? (p. 199 a. path goal leadership b. authentic leadership* c. charismatic leadership d. transactional leadership (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 60. The roots of authentic leadership can be traced as far back as a. Bass and Avolio b. Rogers and Maslow* c. House and Fielder d. Kirkpatrick and Locke

. (p. 199)

61. Avolio and Gardner’s definition of authentic leadership included dimensions. (p. 199-200) a. two b. three c. four* d. five 62. Trusting one’s emotions, motives, complexities, abilities and potential inner conflicts refers to which component of authentic leadership? (p. 200) a. self-awareness* b. unbiased processing c. behaviors motivated by personal convictions d. transparency 63.

refers to the ability to consider, within reasonable limits, multiple perspectives and inputs in a balanced manner. (p. 200) a. self-awareness b. unbiased processing* c. behaviors motivated by personal convictions d. transparency

64. The ability to disclose and share information about self appropriately refers to which component of authentic leadership? (p. 200) a. self-awareness b. unbiased processing c. behaviors motivated by personal convictions d. transparency* 65. Authentic leaders win over followers by . (p. 202) a. making effective use of rational persuasion b. using arguments and rhetoric c. the strength of their belief* d. developing coalitions and social networks

.

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66. Mark has recently been appointed to mediate an interpersonal conflict at work. He came highly recommended for the role because he has an exceptional talent in listening to and understanding many different points of view. Which dimension of authentic leadership is Mark particularly skilled? (p.

199) a. self-awareness b. balanced perception* c. value-based behavior d. relational transparency (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 67. ABC Corporation has instituted a mentorship program whereby Rita has been assigned to mentor Sally. During a recent conversation Sally explains that she has struggled building relationships with her coworkers because she has difficulty opening up to others. Which aspect of authentic leadership best describes this situation? (p. 200) a. self-awareness b. balanced perception c. value-based behavior d. relational transparency* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 68. Nigel is enrolled in a three-week intensive seminar entitled, Leadership and Personal Development.

The workshop challenged him to reflect deeply on his personal values. Upon completing the seminar he told a co-worker ‘I now know who I am.’ Nigel’s comment best represents which dimension of authentic leadership? (p. 200) a. self-awareness* b. balanced perception c. value-based behavior d. relational transparency (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 69. Steve has recently made several racial and other insensitive remarks to several coworkers. Brenda, a coworker and personal friend, confronts Steve about the comments despite fear of potential retribution of their friendship. Brenda is motivated by which dimension of authentic leadership? (p.

199) a. self-awareness b. balanced perception c. value-based behavior* d. relational transparency (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

True/False Questions 70. The concept of charisma was first proposed by Max Weber. (p. 181) a. true* b. false 71. Charismatic leadership theories are closely related to contingency models of leadership. (p. 181) a. true b. false*

.

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72. The research on charismatic leadership has revived the interest in leadership. (p. 181) a. true* b. false 73. Although charismatic leadership theories have revived the interest in leadership, they do not have much to add to the contingency views of leadership. (p. 181) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 74. Charismatic and transformational leadership highlight the importance of middle level managers. (p.

181) a. true b. false* 75. Charismatic leaders have a strong emotional effect on their followers. (p. 182) a. true* b. false 76. Charisma in Greek means, special leader (p. 182) a. true b. false* 77. The leader’s personality and traits are the only necessary elements of charismatic leadership. (p. 182) a. true b. false* 78. Steve Case, founder of America Online, shows the high self-confidence typical of charismatic leaders. (p. 183) a. true* b. false 79. Gandhi and Nelson Mandella’s imprisonment are example of how charismatic leaders role model the behaviors they expect of their followers. (p. 182-183) a. true* b. false 80. Charismatic leaders often manage the impression they make by manipulating symbols. (p. 183-184) a. true* b. false 81. Publicly admitting self-doubt is one factor that endears charismatic leaders with their followers. (p.

183-184) a. true b. false* 82. Followers are as critical as the leaders in creating charismatic leadership. (p. 185) a. true* b. false

.

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83. Because followers of charismatic leaders are loyal to their leader, they do not have high performance expectations. (p. 185-186) a. true b. false* 84. Charismatic leaders are given credit that they use to deviate from the group norm and move the group to a new direction. (p. 187) a. true* b. false 85. Charismatic leadership is more likely to happen in times of crisis. (p. 187) a. true* b. false 86. Charismatic leaders often achieve their status without being formally designated. (p. 186) a. true* b. false 87. Charismatic leadership is more likely to emerge when an organization is stable and in need of change. (p. 187) a. true b. false* 88. Charismatic leaders emerge in situations where rewards can be clearly tied to performance. (p. 187) a. true b. false* 89. Cultures within the Judeo-Christian tradition with beliefs in a savior make the emergence of charismatic leadership more likely. (p. 187) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 90. Because of its culture, China has seen the rise of many charismatic leaders. (p. 188) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 91. GLOBE researchers have found that although charismatic leadership exists in most cultures, the term has different meanings in different cultures. (p. 188) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 92. GLOBE studies indicate that enthusiasm is a universal aspect of leadership. (p. 188) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

.

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93. Some cultures tolerate and even value ruthlessness in leaders. (p. 189) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 94. Integrity and trustworthiness are universally valued traits in leaders. (p.189) a. true* b. false 95. According to GLOBE research findings, a leader’s ability to clearly, directly and assertively communicate his or her vision is valued in most cultures. (p. 188) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 96. Unethical charismatic leaders focus on their personal goals rather than on organizational goals. (p.

189-190) a. true* b. false 97. Personalized charismatic leaders work for the personal welfare of their followers. (p. 189) a. true b. false* 98. Charismatic leadership has become a central concept in much of recent leadership theory. (p190) a. true* b. false 99. Charismatic leadership is essential for organizational effectiveness and success. (p. 191) a. true b. false* 100.

Researchers have found ways to train leaders to become charismatic. (p. 191) a. true b. false*

101.

Charismatic leadership is one of the elements of transactional leadership. (p. 191) a. true b. false*

102.

Transactional leadership theories explain how leaders and followers agree to reach goals. (p.

191-192) a. true* b. false 103.

The use of contingent rewards is a part of most leadership theories. (p. 192) a. true* b. false

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104.

All leaders should be trained to use contingent rewards and apply it to managing their followers. (p. 192) a. true* b. false 105.

Management by exception is an effective method of managing professional employees. (p. 192) a. true b. false*

106.

In both laissez faire and management by exception, the leader only interacts with followers to correct or punish. (p. 192) a. true* b. false 107.

Transformational leadership concepts were proposed to address the need to revitalize organizations. (p. 193) a. true* b. false 108.

Intellectual stimulation allows the leader to encourage followers to pursue new ideas. (p. 193) a. true* b. false

109.

Individual consideration is what motivates followers to carry through major changes in organizations. (p. 193-194) a. true* b. false 110.

Charisma and inspiration encourage followers to come up with new ideas. (p. 194) a. true b. false*

111.

Intellectual stimulation, charisma, and individual consideration are all necessary components of transformational leadership. (p. 194) a. true* b. false 112.

Transactional leadership behaviors allow for external adaptability while transformational leadership behaviors maintain internal health. (p. 194) a. true b. false* 113.

Transformational leadership concepts are extensively researched and tested. (p. 194) a. true* b. false

114.

Some research suggests that individualistic cultures may be more receptive to transformational leadership than collectivistic cultures. (p. 194) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) .

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115.

Transformational leadership tends to be inaccurately proposed as a cure-all to organizational problems. (p. 195) a. true* b. false 116.

Transformational leaders typically set high expectations and create a supportive environment. (p.

196) a. true* b. false 117.

Leaders who want to implement transformational leadership concepts in their organizations must provide a vision and establish personal relationships with followers. (p. 196) a. true* b. false 118.

Sir Richard Branson, CEO of the Virgin group has been successful by using many of the negative aspects of transformational leadership (p. 196) a. true b. false* 119.

Workplace spirituality recognizes that people often have a meaningful inner life that influences their beliefs and actions. (p. 197) a. true* b. false 120.

Research findings imply there is no connection between values-based leadership practices and leadership effectiveness. (p. 197) a. true b. false* 121.

Howard Schullz, cofounder and CEO of Starbucks, is a poor example of an authentic leader. (p.

199) a. true b. false* 122.

Authentic leadership has gained in popularity in part due to the positive psychology movement. (p. 200-201) a. true* b. false 123.

Authentic leaders have clearly defined values, but find it difficult to demonstrate behaviors consistent with those values. (p. 198-199) a. true b. false* 124.

Authentic leadership is a well-defined leadership theory with substantial research support. (p.

200) a. true b. false*

.

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125.

Charisma is an essential component of authentic leadership. (p. 200) a. true b. false*

126.

Value-based leadership, spiritual leadership and authentic leadership are generally considered more cognitive-based than emotional-based aspects of leadership. (p. 201-202) a. true b. false* 127.

From a practical view, value-based and authentic leadership have little relevance or appeal to leaders. (p. 202) a. true b. false*

Short Answer/ Essay Questions 128.

Since Max Weber introduced the concept of charisma in the early 1920s, why is charisma included in the group of new leadership concepts, Neocharismatic Leadership?

(Easy; p. 181) 129.

The neocharismatic and inspirational approaches provide several advantages over other views of leadership, one of which is a focus on leaders at top levels. Explain your opinion of why the focus is only on top level leaders and not middle level leaders also.

(Moderate; p. 181) 130.

Elaborate on the three elements necessary for the development of charismatic leadership and give a real world example of each.

(Easy; p. 182) 131.

Explain what is meant by the statement that charismatic leaders use active impression management with their followers to support their image. Provide and elaborate on one example.

(Moderate; p.184) 132.

Why is charismatic leadership considered a double-edged sword that requires careful monitoring to avert abuse? Provide examples.

(Easy; p.191) 133.

Explain the chapter concepts that contributed to transactional leadership successfully motivating remaining employees to decontaminate and tear down the infamous Rocky Flats nuclear site in Colorado.

(Challenging; p. 192) 134.

Discuss what is meant by “spirituality” when discussing value-based leadership.

(Moderate; p. 197) 135.

Positive organizational behavior emphasizes individual strengths to include “psychological capital.” What is meant by that concept?

(Challenging; p. 201)

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Chapter 7: Other Leadership Perspectives: Upper Echelon and Leadership of Nonprofits Multiple Choice Questions 1. The difference between micro and macro level leadership is in the _________ and ___________. (p.

213) a. definition; process b. level; scope* c. type; focus d. performance level; definition 2. In micro leadership, the leader focuses on __________ factors, while macro leaders focus on ___________ issues. (p. 213) a. internal; external* b. people; task c. financial; performance d. team; department 3. Which of the following is not considered to be part of the upper echelon leadership of an organization? (p. 215) a. president b. chief operating officers c. top management team d. top department leader* 4. The job of upper echelon leaders requires an equal focus on: (p. 215) a. internal/external* b. people/task c. financial/performance d. teams/departments 5. Micro leaders are typically evaluated as effective based on typically evaluated based on . (p. 215) a. stock prices; employee satisfaction b. motivation; absenteeism c. stakeholder satisfaction; employee satisfaction d. productivity; financial measures*

, whereas upper echelon leaders are

6. How many strategic forces are in the domain of strategic leadership? (p. 215) a. two b. four c. six* d. eight 7. Which one of the following is not one of the strategic forces that impact organizations? (p. 216) a. culture b. environment c. technology d. management* .

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8. Structure is best defined as: (p. 216) a. the way human resources are organized.* b. the process by which inputs are transformed into outputs. c. common set of beliefs. d. the internal factors that affect an organization.

9.

includes all of the outside forces that potentially affect the organization. (p. 216, 218) a. Environment* b. Structure c. Technology d. Strategy

10. The Jagged Edge Mountain Gear company provides an example of: (p. 216) a. the role of strategic planning. b. the key role of the CEO. c. the importance of the fit among strategic factors.* d. the link between upper level leadership and strategy.

11. When do upper echelon leaders have a primary responsibility to formulate strategy for an organization? (p. 217) a. When an organization is looking for strategic redirection.* b. When a successful strategy is in place. c. When the environment is uncertain. d. When stakeholders have power to make decisions that impact the organization.

12. Two general sets of factors moderate the power and discretion of executives. These include: (p. 218) a. employees and other managers. b. environmental factors and stakeholders. c. external factors and organizational factors.* d. leadership factors and market issues.

13. Which is not an external environmental factor that moderates the power of leaders? (p. 218) a. environmental uncertainty b. market growth c. industry type d. organizational culture* 14. The ___________ the organization, the __________ the power and discretion of its top leader. (p.

219) a. more complex; less b. more diverse; more c. smaller; more* d. more uncertain; less 15. A sense of crisis sets the stage for: (p. 219) a. poor performance. b. emergence of charismatic CEOs.* c. a decrease in CEO discretion. d. stakeholders to exercise more power.

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16. Anthony has just become the CEO of a company that has been around for over 100 years and has been steadily declining. As Anthony takes on his new job, he finds that he has considerable power and influence to make decisions and implement them. Anthony’s discretion is an example of: (p.

219) a. the typical powers of CEOs b. the increase of CEO discretion in times of crisis.* c. how older companies still have traditional power structures. d. the effectiveness of the fit between CEO characteristics and organizational factors.

17. In successful companies, the well established culture and procedures often _______________. (p.

218) a. reduce the impact of teams b. provide increased discretion to the leader c. increase the power of the leader d. act as substitutes for the CEO* 18. As organizations grow and mature, the leader’s influence is often replaced with: (p. 219) a. the influence of teams. b. the power of middle management. c. the presence of a strong culture.* d. individual decision making.

19. Mickey Drexler, former CEO of the Gap, had considerable power and discretion while he was with the company because: (p. 219) a. he is an effective CEO. b. he was well-liked by his employees. c. the company board of directors was weak and ineffective. d. the company was new and in need of revival.* 20. The _____________, the less the power and discretion of the CEO. (p. 220) a. less uncertainty in the environment b. stronger the TMT* c. younger the organization d. more cohesive the organization 21. The cases of Carl Vogel, former CEO of Charter Communication, is an example of: (p. 220) a. the role culture in CEOs’ behavior and decisions. b. the impact of a powerful board of directors.* c. the negative effect of a poor economy on CEO performance. d. the negative impact of arrogance on CEOs 22. As a general rule, the power and discretion of the CEO increase when: (p. 220) a. the TMT members are similar to the leader.* b. the CEO has considerable international experience. c. the company goes public d. a board of directors is put in place to help the CEO

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23. The XYZ organization is headed by the 60 year old Roger Smith who has been with the company for 25 years and CEO for the past 5 years. XYZ has performed well under his leadership. Based on research about upper echelon leaders, which of the following is most likely to happen? (p. 221) a. Roger will continue performing well by changing course as the need for change arises. b. Roger’s performance is likely to go down, since most CEOs are not effective beyond 5 years. c. Roger is likely to engage in international venture because most people in his generation have international experience. d. Roger is likely to lead XYZ the same way he has been for the past 5 years, without making major changes.* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 24. Leaders with typically emphasis research and development and tend to be more innovative than leaders with . (p. 222) a. high Machiavellianism; low Machiavellianism b. an internal locus of control; an external locus of control* c. high self-monitoring; low self-monitoring d. a type B personality; a type A personality 25. Entrepreneurship, openness to change, transformational leadership, and futuricity are all part of which characteristic of upper echelon leaders? (p. 222) a. external orientation b. individualism c. challenge seeking* d. risk-taking 26. How open a leader is to change and how willing he/she is to take risks is most important and relevant: (p. 222) a. in small organizations. b. during the formulation of strategy.* c. in times of crisis when high-risk decisions often pay off. d. in certain environments.

27. Tolerance for diversity, extent of centralization, degree of employee participation, and organicity are all part of which characteristic of upper echelon leaders? (p. 222) a. internal orientation b. collectivism c. need for control* d. risk-aversion 28. The CEO of the WC organization, Anna Lopez, has created a decentralized organization, encourages participation and diversity of opinion, and has put in place few uniform policies and procedures.

Based on this information, Anna is most likely: (p. 223) a. an internally focused CEO b. a collectivist leader c. a CEO with low need for control* d. a leader who likes risk-taking (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

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29. Mickey Drexler, former CEO of the Gap, and Jeffrey Katzenberg, CEO of DreamWorks Animation SKG, are both examples of: (p. 224) a. arrogant leaders who can’t work with others. b. creative CEOs who are open to change. c. CEOs of large companies that failed because of their leadership. d. CEOs who have a high need for control.* 30. Zhen does not like change much and empowers his employees to make their own decisions. Which strategic leadership type is he? (p. 226-227) a. High-control innovator b. Participative innovator c. Status quo guardian d. Process manager* 31. Maleeni enjoys new situations and likes taking risks and believes that leaders should delegate decision making to the lowest possible level. Which strategic leadership type is she? (p. 226) a. High-control innovator b. Participative innovator* c. Status quo guardian d. Process manager 32. Stephen has always enjoyed new challenges and feels most comfortable when he has a tight control of his employees. Which strategic leadership type is he? (p. 224) a. High-control innovator* b. Participative innovator c. Status quo guardian d. Product manager 33. Ashley is most comfortable when she is fully in charge of her group and likes to keep things as they are. Which strategic leadership type is she? (p. 224) a. High-control innovator b. Participative innovator c. Status quo guardian* d. Process manager 34. Mickey Drexler of J. Crew is an example of a (p. 224) a. High-control innovator* b. Participative innovator c. Status quo guardian d. Process manager 35. Janie and Victor Tsao, founders of Linksys, are examples of: (p. 224) a. High-control innovators b. Participative innovators c. Status quo guardians* d. Process managers

.

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36. Which one of the strategic leaders implements the latest high-technology innovations in his/her organization, builds a strong dominant culture, and hires managers who are similar to him/her? (p.

224, 231) a. High-control innovator* b. Participative innovator c. Status quo guardian d. Process manager 37. Which one of the strategic leaders tries to protect the organization from the impact of outside forces, encourages a fluid culture, and emphasizes efficiency? (p. 227) a. High-control innovator b. Participative innovator c. Status quo guardian d. Process manager* 38. Which one of the strategic leaders will focus on efficiency and protecting the organization from change and build a centralized and homogeneous organization? (p. 224) a. High-control innovator b. Participative innovator c. Status quo guardian* d. Process manager 39. Which of the strategic leaders will open his/her organization to the outside, engage in high risk strategies, and empower employees to make decisions? (p. 226) a. High-control innovator b. Participative innovator* c. Status quo guardian d. Process manager 40. Jon Brock, CEO of InBev, represents which type of strategic leader? (p. 227) a. High-control innovator b. Participative innovator c. Status quo guardian d. Process manager* 41. Ricardo Semler, CEO of Semco, is an example of which type of strategic leader? (p. 226) a. High-control innovator b. Participative innovator* c. Status quo guardian d. Process manager 42. Culturally endorsed leadership theories (CLTs) were proposed by __________. (p. 227) a. GLOBE researchers* b. Hofstede c. Trompenaars d. Hall

.

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43. According to the culturally endorsed leadership theories, which cultures most value leaders who are inspirational and provide a vision? (p. 228) a. Middle Easterners and Southern Europeans b. Latin Americans and Nordic Europeans* c. Eastern Asians and Africans d. Southwestern Asians and Germans (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 44. As a manager who practices participation and empowerment, your style of leadership is likely to be most appreciated by: (p. 228) a. Eastern Europeans b. Middle Easterners c. Nordic Europeans* d. Asians (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 45. Which of the following terms best represent the typical characteristics of French upper management, or “cadre”? (p. 228) a. participative, creative, and highly technical b. stubbornness, control, and practical application c. empowerment, focus on efficiency and flexible d. intellectual brilliance, excellent communication and analytical skills* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 46. The common thread among many female executives is: (p. 229) a. the fear of failure b. employee empowerment* c. lack of international experience d. strong financial skills (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 47. Which of the following is not one of the processes leaders use to influence their organizations. (p.

231) a. direct decisions b. laissez-faire* c. selection of other leaders d. role modeling 48. Which is not one of the primary methods top echelon leaders use to affect their organizations? (p.

231) a. direct decisions b. allocation of resources c. setting norms d. assessing employees skills*

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49. Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon.com, decided to focus his organization on staying on top of technological developments. This is an example of how CEOs affect their organization through: (p.

230) a. allocation of resources* b. selection of other leaders c. role modeling d. technology management 50. Ming Tsao rarely openly comments on or criticizes his managers and employees’ actions. Instead, he carefully selects those he believes have potential, invites them to attend meetings and social events, and allows them to spend more time with him. Ming’s behavior is an example of which processes by which upper echelon leaders influence their organization? (p. 231) a. direct decisions b. role modeling c. informal reward system* d. promotions (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 51. In the examples provided in your book, Feargal Quinn, the CEO of the Irish supermarket chain Superquinn, James Rogers of Duke Energy, and Bob Moffat, head of IBM’s personal computers, all rely on ___________ to influence their employees and organizations. (p. 231) a. direct decisions b. role modeling* c. informal reward system d. promotions (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 52. In 2008, the average executive compensation package for large U.S. companies was: (p. 232) a. under $4 million b. between $4 and 8 million c. between $8 and 12 million d. over $12 million* 53. In 2005, the average CEO salary was a. 251 b. 542 c. 821* d. 1193

times the salary of a minimum wage worker. (p. 232)

54. What do Patricia Woertz, James McNemey of Boeing, and Ray Gilmartin of Merck have in common? (p. 232) a. They are all CEOs of profitable companies. b. They all got considerable pay increases while their companies performed poorly.* c. They all have been accused of ethical violations regarding corporate governance. d. They were all fired for poor performance.

55. Which of the following is not a factor in determining a CEO’s compensation? (p. 232) a. Company size b. Competition within the industry c. Internationalization d. Company performance* .

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56. One argument in support of the high executive packages is that: (p. 233) a. higher pay leads to higher performance b. the high salaries are needed to prevent CEOs from abusing their power c. CEO jobs are demanding and unstable* d. U.S. CEOs are among the best in the world 57. Which is not a distinguishing characteristic of nonprofit organizations? (p. 234) a. operate without profit b. public service mission c. governed by paid board of directors* d. funded through contributions 58. Which is not a nonprofit organization? (p. 234) a. Stanford University b. Proctor and Gamble* c. Planned Parenthood d. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 59. The public-good mission of nonprofits, along with voluntary participation of many contributors requires leaders to engage in a style. (p. 236) a. directive b. collaborative* c. authoritative d. task-oriented 60. According to the Bridgespan Group’s 2006 study, there are organizations compared to 20 years ago. (p. 237) a. two times b. three times* c. five times d. ten times

the number of nonprofit

61. Prior to the year 2000, Procter and Gamble had a reputation for: (p. 262-263) a. encouraging employee creativity and non-conformity. b. providing clear guidelines for everything employees did.* c. poor products and low innovation. d. external promotions that discouraged long time employees.

62. A.G. Lafley, current CEO of Procter and Gamble, is credited with the company’s revival and high performance. Lafley’s style is best described as: (p. 262-263) a. quiet and determined team builder.* b. energetic and loud change master. c. inspirational and charismatic. d. focus on financial performance.

63. How does Lafley regard power? (p. 262-263) a. Power is not necessary for performance. b. Power must be shared with all employees. c. Building a power base starts with expertise and must be backed up with force if necessary. d. Power is determined by influence rather than control.* .

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True/False Questions 64. CEOs have considerable impact on the direction and strategy of organizations. (p. 213) a. true* b. false 65. The definition of leadership is different at different levels of leadership. (p. 213) a. true b. false* 66. The difference between micro and macro leadership is in the nature of the process. (p. 213) a. true b. false* 67. There is usually one person who is the top leader of an organization. (p. 215) a. true b. false* 68. Dealing with external constituents is central to the function of upper echelon leaders. (p. 215) a. true* b. false 69. Both micro and macro leaders are effective when they reach their goal. (p. 215) a. true* b. false 70. There are four strategic forces that are the domain of strategic management (p. 216) a. true b. false* 71. The environment is the most important of the strategic forces. (p. 216) a. true b. false* 72. Technology is the process by which inputs are transformed into outputs. (p. 216) a. true* b. false 73. The environment is made up of all the factors outside an organization that have the potential to affect it. (p. 216) a. true* b. false 74. The structure of an organization refers to how leadership is organized. (p. 216) a. true b. false* 75. The Jagged Edge Mountain Gear company provides an example of a company where strategic forces are not in balance and do not fit one another. (p. 216) a. true b. false* .

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76. Strategic leaders must balance the various strategic forces and create a fit among them. (p. 216) a. true* b. false 77. Upper echelon leaders often formulate, but do not implement strategy. (p. 217) a. true b. false* 78. Upper echelon leaders often have unlimited power and influence in all aspects of decision making in their organizations. (p. 217) a. true b. false* 79. The leader’s role becomes more prominent when an organization faces an uncertain environment. (p.

218) a. true* b. false 80. Because mergers often create a sense of crisis and lead to internal chaos, employees rely less on their leaders. (p. 218-219) a. true b. false* 81. CEOs of very large organizations have considerably more impact on their organizations. (p. 219) a. true b. false* 82. CEOs often have stronger impact in young organizations. (p. 219) a. true* b. false 83. A.G. Lafley, CEO of Procter and Gamble, successfully turned his company around by changing the culture and focusing on the long-term good of the company. (p. 219) a. true* b. false 84. Powerful boards or TMTs are often needed to provide balance to the growing power of CEOs. (p.

221) a. true* b. false 85. The task-relationship dimensions used in micro level leadership have strong applications to upper level leadership. (p. 221) a. true b. false* 86. Research indicates that CEOs who have external locus of control tend to be more externally oriented and more innovative in their strategic choices. (p. 222) a. true b. false* .

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87. CEOs who are risk-takers and open to change perform better than those who are not. (p. 224) a. true b. false* 88. Monica Luechtefeld, e-commerce chief of Office Depot, is an example of a challenge seeker. (p. 222) a. true* b. false 89. CEOs who encourage diverse opinions and put into place few rules often perform better than those who tightly control their organizations. (p. 224) a. true b. false* 90. CEOs who control their organizations tightly are often successful in implementing various projects such as increasing diversity. (p. 224) a. true* b. false 91. Mickey Drexler of J.Crew and A.G. Lafley of P&G both are high control leaders. (p. 224) a. true b. false* 92. A high-control innovator has a high need for control and seeks challenges. (p. 224) a. true* b. false 93. A status-quo guardian seeks challenges and needs high control. (p. 224) a. true b. false* 94. A participative innovator delegates control inside his/her organization and is a risk-taker. (p. 226) a. true* b. false 95. A process manager delegates control inside the organization and is a risk-taker. (p. 226) a. true b. false* 96. Jamie and Victor Tsao, founders of Linksys, are participative innovators. (p. 224—226) a. true b. false* 97. Mickey Drexler, former CEO of the Gap, is an example of a status quo guardian. (p. 224) a. true b. false* 98. High-control innovators will seek innovative strategies that stay close to their current businesses. (p.

224) a. true* b. false .

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99. Status-quo guardians will protect their organizations from the outside and hire people who are similar to them. (p. 224) a. true* b. false 100.

Participative innovators are open to new strategies and decentralize decision making. (p. 226) a. true* b. false

101.

Process managers avoid risk and centralize decision making. (p. 226) a. true b. false*

102.

Jon Brock, CEO of InBev, represents a process manager. (p. 227) a. true* b. false

103.

Ricardo Semler, CEO of Semco, is an example of a participative innovator. (p. 226) a. true* b. false

104.

The type of strategic leader that will be effective depends on various organizational factors. (p.229) a. true* b. false 105.

The more participative strategic leaders who encourage participation and empowerment are usually better and more effective CEOs. (p.227) a. true b. false* 106.

Cross-cultural research shows different patterns of leadership based on culture, but those differences do not apply to upper echelon leadership. (p. 227) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 107.

CLTs suggest that Anglo and Latin American value leaders who have visions are more inspirational more than Middle Easterners. (p. 227-228) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 108.

The French upper echelon leaders are generally more open to change and non-hierarchical than leaders at other levels of French organizations. (p. 228) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 109.

The French upper management tends to have considerable power and authority. (p.228) .

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a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 110.

Some research suggests that upper echelon female leaders tend to have a lower need for control than their male counterparts. (p. 229) a. true* b. false 111.

Female upper echelon leaders, such as Meg Whitman, CEO of eBay, often focus less on power acquisitions than their male counterparts. (p. 229) a. true* b. false 112.

One of the most powerful ways upper echelon leaders influence others is through direct decisions regarding vision, mission, strategy, and structure. (p. 229) a. true* b. false 113.

One of the ways Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon.com, influences the direction of his organization is by deciding where resources will go. (p. 230) a. true* b. false 114.

CEOs often control the formal, but not the informal, reward system of their organizations. (p.

231) a. true b. false* 115.

Role modeling is often an ineffective way for CEOs to try to influence the behavior of others in their organizations. (p. 231) a. true b. false* 116.

The CEO salaries of large U.S. companies have consistently at least twice as high as CEOs in other industrialized countries. (p. 232) a. true* b. false 117.

Data on executive salaries and firm performance shows a clear relationship between the two. (p.

232) a. true b. false* 118.

Many poorly performing upper echelon leaders continue to keep their jobs in spite of poor performance. (p. 232-233) a. true* b. false 119.

The more global a company, the higher the compensation of its CEO. (p. 233) a. true* .

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b. false 120.

In almost all cases, poorly performing CEOs are eventually fired because of their lack of performance. (p. 233) a. true b. false* 121.

Many CEOs are simply not held accountable for their poor performance or even unethical behavior. (p. 233) a. true* b. false 122.

Nonprofit organizations do not have distinguishing characteristics from other for-profit organizations. (p. 234) a. true b. false* 123.

Nonprofit organizations are largely based on principles of altruism and self-sacrifice. (p. 235) a. true* b. false

124.

There is typically a surplus of adequately qualified leaders willing to move into positions with nonprofit organizations. (p. 236) a. true b. false* 125.

Effective leadership in nonprofit organizations requires empowerment. (p. 236) a. true* b. false

126.

A.G. Lafley is an example of the typical power U.S. executives hold and how they use it. (p.

231) a. true b. false*

Short Answer/ Essay Questions 127.

Discuss the differences between micro and macro leadership.

(Easy; p. 215) 128.

Explain the concept of top management team (TMT) and what dynamics influence its composition.

(Easy; p. 215, 220) 129.

List and explain the six strategic forces impacting senior leadership style.

(Moderate; p. 215-216) 130.

What is meant by the statement: “… as an organization matures the leader’s influence is replaced by a strong culture? “ Give examples.

(Moderate; p. 219) .

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131.

Explain how diversity on the governing board has both good and bad consequences.

(Moderate; p. 220) 132.

Does the increasing pressure toward empowerment mean that empowering employees is a more desirable style of leadership? Explain.

(Moderate; p. 224) 133.

Explain the differences between the participative innovator and the status quo guardian.

(Easy; p. 226) 134.

Explain the positive and negative aspects of the French “cadre.”

(Easy; p. 228) 135.

Discuss what variables contributed to the dramatic increase between CEO salaries in the U.S. and the average American worker, between the years of 1978 and 2005. Explain your opinion of whether that trend and difference is good or bad for America.

(Challenging; p. 232; Internet) 136.

How is it that CEOs can do a poor leadership job with their company and still keep their jobs and receive substantial salary increases?

(Moderate; p. 233-234)

.

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Chapter 8: Participative Management and Leading Teams Multiple Choice Questions 1. The concept of employee participation is party of many management and leadership theories. Which one of the following does not include the concept of participation? (p. 248-249) a. Theory X and Theory Y b. Leader behavior research c. Contingency models d. Trait approach* 2. Ford Motor Co. is an example of a company that: (p. 249) a. has moved fully towards team-based management b. combines teams with more traditional structures* c. continues to be successful without using teams d. has found the use of teams highly challenging 3. Research indicates that organizations can reap many benefits from employee participation and involvement. Which of the following is not one of the typical programs used in today’s organizations? (p. 250) a. group decision making b. teams c. social audits* d. profit sharing 4. Space X company provides an example of a company that: (p. 249) a. has moved fully towards team-based management b. combines teams with more traditional structures* c. continues to be successful without using teams d. has found the use of teams highly challenging 5. Which is not a method of employee participation? (p. 250) a. stock-option plans b. empowerment c. use of teams d. humane orientation* 6. Royal Philips Electronics is counting on _________ to ________. (p. 250) a. management; implement teams b. employees; convince management about use of teams c. teams; revive the company* d. top leadership; move towards teams 7. Gerard Kleisterlee, CEO of Royal Philips, gathered people who wanted to make a contribution to the organization, regardless of rank. What process best describes this example? (p. 250) a. employee participation* b. self-managed teams c. delegation d. empowerment

.

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8. Genencor International started its employee participation program: (p. 250) a. when they built a new headquarters* b. after the leadership team took a trip to Japan c. after they hired a new CEO d. as a routine part of doing business 9. _________ and __________ are two of the criteria managers should use to determine when to involve employees in decision making. (p. 251) a. Culture; cost b. Efficiency; effectiveness c. Leader style; financial issues d. Task complexity; time* 10. Participation may be undesirable in all of the following situations except when a. follower commitment is not necessary b. the tasks are complex and quality is important* c. time is of the essence d. interaction between leader and followers is restricted

. (p. 251)

11. Nelson has been a successful manager for over 30 years. He has considerable expertise and makes most of the decisions by himself. He supervises over 200 people who are spread-out across 20 states.

Using employee participation may be a challenge for Nelson because of: (p. 251) a. time and complexity of the task. b. the leader’s style and the geographic dispersion.* c. follower commitment and readiness. d. environmental factors and culture.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 12. Which is not a criterion for the use of participation programs? (p. 251-252) a. when the organizational culture is supportive b. when interaction between leader and followers is restricted by the task* c. when follower commitment is needed d. when the task complexity and quality is important 13. Li Wei is under pressure to make a quick decision on a project with which she has considerable expertise and experience. Her team is inexperienced and generally supportive, and she needs the members’ strong commitment to implement her decision. In this situation, Li Wei should: (p. 251252) a. make the decision by herself. b. allow for employee participation.* c. seek more information. d. delegate the decision to the group.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 14. The case of Kiwi Airlines is an example of: (p. 252) a. successful participation. b. a leader not being ready for participation. c. lack of employee training in participation. d. too much participation by employees.*

.

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15. Which of the following cultural values can affect employee participation in decision making? (p. 252) a. collectivism* b. tolerance for ambiguity c. ascription d. time orientation 16. The more __________ a culture, the less likely it is that employees will participate in decision making. (p. 252) a. collectivist b. ascriptive c. power oriented* d. flexible 17. Which cultural values will least likely support employee participation and empowerment? (p. 252) a. high power distance* b. collectivist c. humane orientation d. high time (future) orientation (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 18. ___________ combined with ___________ often create a challenge in implementing participation and teams in countries such as the U.S. and Australia. (p. 253) a. High power distance/competitiveness b. High performance orientation/short time orientation c. High individualism/low power distance* d. Low context/high tolerance for ambiguity (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 19. In spite of cultural and other differences, one of the keys to successful implementation of teams is: (p.

253) a. followers’ involvement b. organizational policies c. slow implementation d. leader’s belief in participation* 20. Which of the following is one of the goals of delegation? (p. 253-554) a. help the leader with excessive workload* b. share power with employees c. empower employees d. increase the leader’s power 21. Which one of the following is not one of the benefits of delegation? (p. 254) a. develop followers b. increase follower involvement in the task c. increase follower motivation d. increase leader’s power*

.

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22. John has found that delegating tasks allows him to manage his own workload and stress. What other potential benefit does delegation offer John? (p. 254) a. enrich the job of his followers* b. create a more cohesive team c. save his followers’ time d. increase leader’s power (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 23. Delegation affects employees in all of the following ways except a. increasing their satisfaction b. increasing their motivation c. increasing organizational commitment d. increasing their desire to leave the organization* (d; Easy; p. 254)

. (p. 254)

24. It is important for managers to understand the difference between _________ and __________. (p.

255) a. development; enrichment b. teams; group c. leadership; leadership substitutes d. delegation; dumping* 25. Alberto is an over-worked manager who is trying to reduce his workload. He decides to assign all the tasks that he does not like and take a long time to his subordinates. What is Alberto doing? (p. 255) a. delegating his tasks wisely b. dumping on his subordinates* c. developing his subordinates d. reducing his workload while training his subordinates in good management practice (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 26. Shane wants to delegate a task to one of his followers. What guidelines should he follow? (p. 255) a. Delegate the task and leave the employee alone to finish it. b. Monitor to make sure he can pull back if employee makes a mistake. c. Clarify the goals and expectation, and monitor the employee.* d. Delegate the task, but make sure he keeps the authority to do it.

27. Leaders should generally not delegate which type of tasks or decisions? (p. 255) a. Strategic decisions b. Personnel decisions* c. Manufacturing tasks d. Quality control

.

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28. Selena has a new project for a key client that she needs to delegate to one of her employees. This is a complex and important project. Which of the following employees should she pick? (p. 256) a. James who is competent, but not motivated, so that she can motivate him. b. Tanya who has performed poorly in many different instances, so that she can give her a chance to improve. c. Beverly who is new and does not have much experience or expertise, so that she can see how she performs. d. Ken who is competent and eager, but has recently failed at a task, so that she can give him a chance to recover.* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 29. Not delegating tasks may be valid and acceptable ______________, but not effective ____________. (p. 256) a. in the short-term; when the leader takes a long-term view.* b. for leaders who are Type As; most other leaders. c. for leaders who have expertise; for less experienced leaders. d. in complex situations; for simple tasks.

30. Which one of the following is not one of the typical excuses managers use for not delegating? (p.

256) a. My followers are not ready b. I can do the job quicker myself c. The organization does not allow it* d. My followers do not have enough skills 31. Antonio is a highly stressed supervisor who is feeling overwhelmed with the amount of work he is required to accomplish. His primary reason for not delegating to his employees is because ‘his followers are not ready.’ Which argument is the strongest rationale to justify that he should indeed delegate more responsibility? (p. 256) a. The leader’s job is to get followers prepared to take on new tasks.* b. Only a few tasks cannot be delegated. c. Encouraging experimentation and tolerating mistakes are essential to learning and development. d. Doing busy work is not an appropriate use of a leader’s time.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 32. Chantelle has been supervising employees for three years. She is feeling that she cannot continue all of the responsibilities required of her. Chantelle’s rationale for not delegating more responsibilities is because she does not want ‘her own manager to think she is not working hard.’ Which argument is the strongest rationale to justify that he should indeed delegate more responsibility? (p. 256) a. The leader’s job is to get followers prepared to take on new tasks. b. Only a few tasks cannot be delegated. c. Encouraging experimentation and tolerating mistakes are essential to learning and development. d. Doing busy work is not an appropriate use of a leader’s time.* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

.

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33. Dawne supervises six employees who have all recently joined the organization within the past three months. Dawne is feeling overworked because she believes her ‘subordinates do not have the necessary skills and knowledge.’ Which argument is the strongest rationale to justify that she should indeed delegate more responsibility? (p. 256) a. The leader’s job is to get followers prepared to take on new tasks. b. The leader’s responsibility is to train followers and prepare them for new challenges.* c. Encouraging experimentation and tolerating mistakes are essential to learning and development. d. Doing busy work is not an appropriate use of a leader’s time.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 34. Which underlying factor may be a contributing factor to leader’s inability to delegate? (p. 257) a. follower’s personality b. leader’s personality* c. organizational policies d. organizational culture 35. _________ are more likely to find it difficult to delegate task to their followers. (p. 257) a. Experienced managers b. Relationship-orientated leaders c. Leaders who have trouble developing positive LMX d. Type A leaders* 36. Rackspace, a web hosting company, achieves its exceptional customer service by: (p. 258) a. training its leaders and managers b. relying on self-managed teams* c. delegating tasks to the best employees d. building a relationship between leaders and followers 37. How many factors distinguish teams from groups? (p. 259) a. two b. three c. four d. five* 38. Which one of the following distinguishes teams from groups? (p. 259) a. Team members are accountable to a manager. b. Team members share leadership.* c. Team members have frequent conflict. d. Team members accomplish their goals.

39. Teams have all the following characteristics, except: (p. 259) a. members share a common goal. b. members trust one another. c. members are accountable to a manager.* d. the team achieves synergy.

.

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40. As compared to group where leadership is ________, in teams, leadership is ________. (p. 259) a. temporary; permanent b. assigned; shared* c. required; unnecessary d. primary; secondary 41. In teams, members often share ________. (p. 262) a. a culture* b. norms c. history d. personal experiences 42. The XYZ team manages its own work, has members with different expertise, shares leadership, and has power to implement its own decisions while it coordinates activities with other teams. Based on this description, the XYZ team is: (p. 261-262) a. an effective team b. an advanced team c. a self-managed team* d. a self-leadership team (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 43. Which one of the following is not one of the characteristics of self-managed teams? (p. 262) a. power to manage their work b. members with different expertise c. absence of outside manager d. ability to determine their work without consulting with others* 44. Self-managed teams use leadership based on: (p. 259-260) a. cooperation b. consideration c. shared responsibility d. facilitation* 45. Which of the following is not one of the factors that contribute to the success of teams? (p. 251, 260261) a. careful selection of team members b. commitment to a team goal c. complex tasks d. competition* 46. ___________ is one of the key factors in effective teams. (p. 260) a. Building trust* b. A good leader c. Clear rules d. A goal handed down from upper management 47. Which is not an aspect of building trust within self-managed work teams? (p. 259) a. open conflict* b. rewarding cooperation c. competence and hard work d. mutual respect .

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48. Robert wants to increase the trust among his team members. What should he do? (p. 267) a. Create friendly competition among the members. b. Set up formal communication mechanisms. c. Reward cooperation.* d. Assign a formal leader.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 49. Using a sports team model in management, all of the following are key elements of creating effective work teams except? (p. 261) a. taking time to practice b. keeping membership stable c. encouraging cooperation and competition d. reviewing performance, but ignoring mistakes* 50. Teams require specialized training. Which one of the following is not the type of specialized training that may help teams? (p. 267) a. team building b. coordination training c. assertiveness training d. leadership training* 51. Stefania is the leader of a self-managed work team. During a recent team meeting she challenged members to express themselves appropriately when making requests and providing feedback. This approach is best known as . (p. 267) a. a cross training session b. a team building activity c. coordination training d. assertiveness training* 52. Curt was recently appointed as team leader of an inter-departmental self-managed team. He recently facilitated a team meeting whereby he helped all team members to understand one another’s tasks.

His effort can be best categorized as . (p. 267) a. a cross training session* b. a team building activity c. coordination training d. assertiveness training 53. XYZ Corporation recently created a new project team to investigate the feasibility of introducing a new line of products. Nigel was appointed leader of the team and during the first meeting he lead the team through a series of activities intended to clarify goals and member roles as well as create norms for acceptable interaction. This approach is best known as . (p. 261) a. a cross training session b. a team building activity* c. coordination training d. assertiveness training

.

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54.

is intended to teach team members to monitor, assess and correct their behavior in the team. (p. 267) a. b. c. d.

Self-guided correction* Cross training Coordination training Assertiveness training

55. Self-guided correction is one of the skills that effective teams need. It means (p. 267) a. team members monitor and correct their own behavior* b. the team is able to correct mistakes of other teams c. the leader guides the members in correcting mistakes d. the organization guides the members to self-correct their behavior 56. Self-leaders are individuals who: (p. 261) a. are visionary. b. encourage followers to lead themselves.* c. establish clear exchange relationships that allow followers to reach their goals. d. provide clear and consistent rewards to their followers.

57. Heroic leaders , whereas self-leaders . (p. 261-262) a. provide answers; encourage independent thinking* b. encourage independent thinking; provide answers c. ask questions; protect and save subordinates d. encourage creativity; support conformity 58. Isabelle wants to become a self-leader. She has learned to set her own goals. What else can she do? (p. 261) a. Develop a positive and motivating thought pattern.* b. Find a mentor to guide her. c. Make sure the organization rewards her for her effort. d. Provide a vision for others.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 59. Self-leadership is similar to which of the other theories of leadership? (p. 262) a. Fiedler’s Contingency Model b. the LMX model c. the substitutes for leadership* d. Situational leadership (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 60. Self-leaders _________ instead of ___________. (p. 262) a. keep information; sharing information b. make sure everyone is on board; letting employees develop their own goals c. provide a vision; letting the team set goals d. encourage creativity; conformity* 61. Which one of the following is not one of the strategies for the development of self-leaders? (p. 264) a. listen more; talk less b. ask questions; don’t provide answers c. share information; don’t hoard information d. be decisive; don’t consult too much* .

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62. The leadership traits identified by IBM to revive the company include which of the following? (p.

262) a. being a visionary b. developing people and enabling growth* c. being able to take charge d. having both task and people skills 63. Which term is most often used when describing the role of leaders in teams? (p .262) a. facilitator* b. visionary c. self-leader d. team member 64. Which one of the following is not one of the roles of leaders in a team environment? (p .266-267) a. obtaining resources for the team b. helping team set boundaries c. setting goals for the team* d. assessing the team’s ability 65. All of the following are roles for leaders in a team environment except? (p. 263) a. obtaining necessary training b. continuing to do real work c. helping the team develop an implementation plan d. setting norms for the team* 66. The use of teams in the U.S. was triggered by: (p .258, 264) a. globalization. b. the growth of the Chinese economy. c. failure of the U.S. management methods. d. the successful use of teams in Japan.* 67. Instead of team-based management, Australian researchers have proposed the concept of ____________ to involve individuals in teams in Western cultures. (p .264) a. collaborative individualism* b. self-leadership c. participation d. transformational leadership 68. For teams to work in Western cultures, researchers suggest that individuals should ___________ and __________. (p .264) a. become collectivist; build consensus b. build trust; empower the team c. be cooperative; focus on the individual* d. focus on task; care about people (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

.

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True/False Questions 69. Most modern leadership and management theories address employee participation. (p. 248) a. true* b. false 70. Participation is on a continuum from traditional organizational to team-based organizations. (p. 249) a. true* b. false 71. The concept of participation is a relatively new idea in leadership and management. (p. 248) a. true b. false* 72. Most organizations use a combination of traditional structures and teams. (p. 249) a. true* b. false 73. Companies either use teams or they don’t. (p. 249) a. true b. false* 74. Space X and Ford Motor Co. are two companies that have moved toward completely team-based structures. (p. 249) a. true b. false* 75. Employee participation and involvement has clear benefits for organizations. (p. 250, 251) a. true* b. false 76. Genencor International managers believe that employee participation programs often cost too much. (p. 250) a. true b. false* 77. Participation often provides solutions to most business problems. (p. 251) a. true b. false* 78. Royal Philips Electronics has made cross-boundary teams part of its revival strategy. (p. 250) a. true* b. false 79. Participation should be used when the task is complex, there is no time pressure, the organization is ready, and employee commitment is needed. (p. 251) a. true* b. false

.

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80. Participation can only succeed if both leaders and followers are committed to it. (p. 251) a. true* b. false 81. In order for participation to be successfully implemented, it is important that followers be committed to its implementation. However, leadership commitment is less essential. (p. 251) a. true b. false* 82. Kiwi airlines provides an example of successful participation. (p. 252) a. true b. false* 83. Cultural values impact expectations for participation. (p. 252) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 84. Because of collectivism, Mexican employees often expect to participate in decision making. (p. 253) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 85. Although the Japanese culture is high on power distance, the country has a tradition of employee participation in decision making. (p. 252-253) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 86. Because the French are argumentative, they expect their leaders to involve them in decision making. (p. 253) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 87. In the U.S, low power distance facilitates participation. (p. 253) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 88. Culture determines which aspects of teams are expected and rewarded. (p. 253) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 89. Delegation and participation are the same concept. (p. 253-254) a. true b. false*

.

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90. Delegation can be a useful tool in employee training and development. (p. 254) a. true* b. false 91. Leaders should delegate the tasks that they do not like and do not want to do. (p. 255) a. true b. false* 92. Once they train their followers well, it is appropriate for leaders to delegate all tasks including personnel related decisions. (p. 255) a. true b. false* 93. Once leaders have a sub-group of followers they know and can trust, they should delegate tasks to that subgroup. (p. 255-256) a. true b. false* 94. Leaders should delegate both a task and the authority to complete it. (p. 255) a. true* b. false 95. In order to build employee autonomy, once they delegate a task, leaders should leave their followers alone until the task is completed. (p. 255) a. true b. false* 96. Leaders should closely monitor employees after they delegate a task and make sure that they pull back the task if the employee makes a mistake. (p. 255-256) a. true b. false* 97. Leaders should not delegate if they can do the task themselves more quickly. (p. 256) a. true b. false* 98. Even if followers do not fully have the skills they need, the leader should delegate tasks to them to train them. (p. 256) a. true* b. false 99. One of the primary reasons leaders fail to delegate is that they feel their followers are not ready. (p.

256) a. true* b. false 100.

Because followers’ mistakes often are blamed on the manager, manager should avoid delegating tasks that they think their followers are not ready to do. (p. 256) a. true b. false*

.

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101.

An underlying factor that may prevent managers from delegating is the personality traits of their followers. (p. 257) a. true b. false* 102.

Teams create a formal structure through which participation in decision making can be achieved. (p. 258) a. true* b. false 103.

Teams are easy to implement in most organizations. (p. 258-259) a. true b. false*

104.

Teams go beyond accomplishing goals to achieving synergy. (p. 259) a. true* b. false

105.

Rackspace, the web hosting company, relies on teams to achieve exceptional customer service. (p. 258) a. true* b. false 106.

Team members often perform because of their exceptional commitment to their leader. (p. 259) a. true b. false*

107.

Teams often have assigned leaders whereas groups share leadership. (p. 259) a. true b. false*

108.

Groups have shared norms; teams have a shared culture. (p. 259) a. true* b. false

109.

The primary role of team leaders is to set goals and make decisions regarding how to implement them. (p. 259) a. true b. false* 110.

Self-managed teams are different from other teams in that they share leaders and are not accountable to an outside manager. (p. 260) a. true* b. false 111.

Self-managed teams do not need to coordinate their activities and decisions with others in the organization. (p. 260) a. true b. false*

.

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112.

Having members with similar skills is essential to effective self-managed teams. (p. 260) a. true b. false*

113.

To be effective, teams must have enough power and authority to accomplish its task and implement its ideas. (p. 260) a. true* b. false 114.

Building effective teams is relatively quick once you pick the right members (p. 260) a. true b. false*

115.

To make teams effective, members only need to receive the same training as everyone else in the organization. (p. 260) a. true b. false* 116.

Each team member must be trained only in his/her own area, so that she/he can provide the expertise to the team. (p. 260). a. true b. false* 117.

In self-guided correction, team members monitor and correct their own behavior. (p. 261) a. true* b. false

118.

Self-leadership is the process of leading people to lead themselves. (p. 261) a. true* b. false

119.

Self-leadership relies on receiving feedback and rewards from others outside of the team. a. true b. false*

120.

Self-leaders set up substitutes that reduce their followers’ dependence on the leader. (p. 261-262) a. true* b. false

121.

Self-leaders must learn to encourage follower conformity. (p. 261) a. true b. false*

122.

Self-leaders must ask questions rather than provide answers. (p .261) a. true* b. false

123.

IBM’s new leadership believes that the company’s success depends on leaders who can take charge. (p. 262) a. true b. false* .

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124.

Teams are making leaders obsolete. (p. 262-263) a. true b. false*

125.

New roles for leaders in teams include continuing to do actual work. (p. 263) a. true* b. false

126.

Team leaders must be able to direct the team forcefully, when the team is confused. (p. 263-264) a. true* b. false

127.

Team-based Japanese style management is successfully implemented in the U.S. (p. 264) a. true b. false*

Short Answer/ Essay Questions 128.

What is the significance of the comment of “the only constant is change?”

(Easy; p. 247) 129.

Explain what is meant by most organizations are operating with a combination of teams and traditional hierarchical structures.

(Easy; p. 247) 130.

Discuss why Robert Iverson, former chairman of Kiwi Airlines, commented that: “…One of the stupidest things I ever did was call everybody owners…”

(Moderate; p. 252) 131.

Discuss what is meant by vertical individualism as relates to the United States and how does that compare to other countries discussed?

(Moderate; p. 253) 132.

Identify the single criterion for successful implementation of teams and discuss why that is correct or not.

(Easy; p. 253) 133.

List and define the potential benefits of delegation.

(Easy; p. 254) 134.

Discuss why one of the major complaints of subordinates regarding delegation is the issue of dumping.

(Easy; p. 255) 135.

Explain the differences between group and team leadership.

(Easy; p. 258) 136.

Explain the distinguishing characteristics of a team.

(Moderate; p. 259)

.

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137.

Why do some sources describe teams as passé and that the focus needs to shift to individual contributions? Discuss.

(Easy; p. 264) 138.

Explain the characteristics of groupthink and discuss whether it is a problem or benefit as applied to team performance.

(Moderate; p. 265)

.

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Chapter 9: Leading Change Multiple Choice Questions 1. Change is often perceived by employees as all of the following except? (p. 279) a. painful b. resisted c. difficult to implement d. embraced* 2.

and a. b. c. d.

are two major categories of forces that drive organizational change. (p. 279) Internal; external* Autocratic; democratic Demographic; technological Economic; political

3. In the United States demographic diversity related to ethnic groups is causing organizations to consider new ways of addressing customers’ needs. This is an example of what force for change? (p.

279) a. external* b. new leadership c. low satisfaction d. internal force (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 4. Because many more women were working outside the home, CEO Andrea Jung of Avon changed the organization’s marketing and distribution strategies. The driving force for this change is best described as? (p. 279) a. demographic and social* b. conflict c. internal forces d. technological (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 5. Jet Blue was one of the first airlines to install reinforced doors to their planes’ cockpits in response to the terrorist attacks of 2001. This is an example of what type of force for change? (p. 279-280) a. technological b. economic and political* c. industry d. low performance 6. The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations) faces a gap between actual and desired performance. This is an example of force for change. (p. 281) a. an internal* b. an economic and political c. a demographic d. an external (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 7.

is one of the most common driving forces for change. (p. 281)

.

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a. b. c. d.

Cultural and social Industry Performance gap* New mission

8. ABC hospital creates a new service which then causes XYZ hospital to create a similar service. This suggests that XYZ experienced a(n) force for change that caused a(n) change. (p. 281) a. external; internal* b. autocratic; democratic c. demographic; technological d. economic; political (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 9. In

cultures, organizational change can be perceived as a threat. (p. 281) a. low tolerance for ambiguity* b. high tolerance for ambiguity c. high power distance d. masculine (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 10. Which of the following countries posses ‘risk adverse’ cultures and therefore are more reluctant to accept change? (p. 281) a. Greece* b. Sweden c. Canada d. United States (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 11.

is change that occurs when leaders or followers make a conscious effort to changes in response to a specific pressure or problem. (p. 282-283) a. Planned* b. Unplanned c. Revolutionary d. Evolutionary

12.

is change that occurs randomly and suddenly without the specific intention of addressing a problem. (p. 283) a. Planned b. Unplanned* c. Revolutionary d. Evolutionary

13.

is change that is the result of specific and conscious actions by leaders or followers to change the organization. (p. 281) a. Unplanned b. Convergent* c. Evolutionary d. Revolutionary

14.

is change that is rapid and dramatic. (p. 281) a. Planned .

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b. Unplanned c. Revolutionary* d. Evolutionary 15. 3M implemented the Six Sigma, a process that relies on precision, consistency and repetition, which transformed the organization’s culture. Which type of change best represents the 3M transformation? (p. 281, 283) a. unplanned b. evolutionary c. revolutionary* d. incremental (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 16. When facing unplanned and revolutionary change, central. (p. 283) a. democratic; country club manager b. relationship-orientation; task-orientation c. authentic; authoritarian d. charismatic; transformational* 17. Kurt Lewin’s model of change included both a. planned; unplanned b. drive; resist* c. internal; external d. revolutionary; evolutionary 18. Kurt Lewin’s framework included a. two b. three* c. four d. five

and

and

leadership may become more

forces of change. (p. 283)

stages for change. (p. 283)

19. Preparing people in understanding the need for change describes the model for change. (p. 283-284) a. unfreezing* b. changing c. refreezing d. transforming 20.

stage of Kurt Lewin’s

refers to the process of providing support to assure the change becomes permanent. (p. 283) a. Unfreezing b. Changing c. Refreezing* d. Transforming

21. Director Robert Mueller of the FBI was dedicated to communicating the need for changing the culture and mission by explaining the FBI must ‘chart a new course’ and ‘establish a new mission and priorities.’ This illustrates Lewin’s stage of change. (p. 284) a. unfreezing* b. refreezing c. transforming .

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d. change (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 22. Most organizations focus too much attention to the attention to the stage of change. (p. 284) a. unfreezing; change b. freezing; change c. unfreezing; freezing d. change; freezing*

stage of change, while they pay too little

23. According to John Kotter, leaders involved in organizational change must: (p. 284) a. move forward with change regardless of follower commitment b. celebrate early success* c. change the organization despite employee resistance d. maintain momentum with the change and celebrate only when it is fully accomplished 24. The leader’s role in the first stage of change is to: (p. 284-285) a. coach, train and implement reward systems b. emphasize importance of change and correct course when needed c. help followers realize the need for change* d. move forward with change regardless of follower participation or commitment 25. In the second of Lewin’s model of change, the leader’s role is to: (p. 284) a. coach, train and implement reward systems b. emphasize importance of change and correct course when needed* c. help followers realize the need for change d. move forward with change regardless of follower participation or commitment 26. In the last stage of change the leader’s role is to: (p. 284) a. coach, train and implement reward systems* b. emphasize importance of change and correct course when needed c. help followers realize the need for change d. move forward with change regardless of follower participation or commitment 27. Which is not one of the four key characteristics of Lewin’s model for change? (p. 285) a. recognizing the need for change b. there will rarely be resistance to change* c. focus on people as the source for learning and change d. need to support new behaviors and allow them to take hold 28. Chantelle helped guide her organization through the process by creating regular meetings with employees to discuss progress of the change initiatives and to reflect upon challenges and obstacles in an effort to adapt more effectively to the change effort. This best illustrates which characteristic of Lewin’s change model? (p. 285) a. recognizing the need for change b. resistance to change is inevitable c. focus on people as the source for learning and change* d. need to support new behaviors and allow them to take hold (AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

.

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29. Early in the change process, Nigel developed relationships with key organizational members who likely would voice dissent and opposition for his change initiatives. His goal was to reduce the potential strength of the opposition and perhaps secure their support. This example best illustrates which characteristic of Lewin’s change model? (p. 285) a. recognizing the need for change b. resistance to change is inevitable* c. focus on people as the source for learning and change d. need to support new behaviors and allow them to take hold (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 30. The process of planned change includes a. three b. four c. five d. six*

steps. (p. 286)

31. Organizational members identify a gap between current and desired performance. This illustrates which stage of the planned change process? (p. 285) a. recognize the need for change* b. development of change ideas c. implementation d. allocation of resources (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 32. Many municipalities systematically gather input from the public about projects such as parks, freeways, or other developments. Which stage of the planned change process best describes this example? (p. 285) a. recognize the need for change b. development of change ideas* c. implementation d. allocation of resources (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 33. The 286)

and a. b. c. d.

steps of the planned change process mirror Lewin’s change phase. (p. 285-

recognition of need; adoption of ideas recognition of need; implementation adoption of ideas; evaluation adoption of ideas; implementation*

34. Director Mueller of the FBI shifted budgetary funds from fighting crime to counter-intelligence in order to support the new direction. This example best illustrates which step in the planned change process? (p. 286) a. recognition of need b. development of ideas c. allocation of resources* d. evaluation (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 35. Organizational members ask questions such as: Did the performance gap narrow or close? Are various constituencies, including employees, more satisfied? Which step in the planned change .

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process is the organization likely experiencing? Which stage of the planned change process are organizational members experiencing? (p. 286) a. recognition of need b. implementation c. allocation of resources d. evaluation* 36. Toyota took over the General Motors plan in Fremont, California. They were able to reduce defects, cut absenteeism, and cut costs. Which of the following reasons was not attributed to why change was successful in this example? (p. 286) a. command-and-control worked effectively* b. effective bottom-up approach c. full top management support d. workers came up with ideas 37. Whereas change helps leaders chart the course for change, and unpredictable. (p. 286) a. evolutionary; revolutionary b. unplanned; convergent c. planned; unplanned* d. frame-breaking; convergent

change is frequently sudden

38. Which is not a likely cause of unplanned change? (p. 286) a. economic changes b. competitor introduces a new product c. unions go on strike d. creation of a new mission* 39. Leaders can manage unplanned change by taking all of the following steps except 287) a. embracing hierarchy and supporting structures* b. infusing moderate amounts of unpredictability into decisions c. staying on the offensive and being proactive d. experiment often with new methods and processes

. (p. 286-

40. All of the following are general causes that explain resistance to change except: (p. 287) a. national culture factors* b. organizational factors c. group factors d. individual factors 41. The primary organizational cause for resistance is due to . (p. 287) a. group norms b. fear of unknown c. previous experiences d. inertia* 42. Ford has a rigid hierarchical pecking order that discourages sharing ideas and well-established leadership-training practices. Which cause of organizational resistance to change does this illustrate? (p. 287) a. lack of rewards b. poor timing .

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c. culture* d. group cohesion (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 43. Which is not an individual factor causing resistance to change? (p. 288) a. fear of unknown b. fear of failure c. previous experiences d. poor timing* 44. People who have and are more comfortable with change and more likely to adapt it. (p.

288) a. an internal locus of control; high self-monitors* b. an external locus of control; high openness to experiences c. low openness to experiences; internal locus of control d. are low openness to experiences; low self-monitors (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 45. Individuals from cultures tend to be more comfortable with organizational change. (p. 288) a. collectivist b. low power distance c. low tolerance for ambiguity d. high tolerance for ambiguity* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 46. Persons who have faced a job loss or have been through other painful organizational changes in the past are examples of which category of individual cause for resistance to change? (p. 288) a. fear of failure b. fear of unknown c. previous experiences* d. poor timing 47.

48.

relies on fear, threats and punishment to push through resistance. (p. 289) a. Coercion* b. Facilitation and support c. Participation and involvement d. Manipulation and cooptation refers to providing information and training through a variety of means including: face-to-face, newsletters, training sessions and announcements. (p. 289) a. Education and communication* b. Participation and involvement c. Facilitation and Support d. Manipulation and cooptation

49. The text identifies all of the following except change. (p. 289) a. Education and communication b. Negotiation and agreement c. Coercion d. Change the situation*

as potential solutions to overcome resistance to

.

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50. Antonio has been through a training to become a visionary leader. He has learned to provide a vision and instill confidence in employees. Based on that training, what else should he do? (p. 290) a. Create clear reporting structures. b. Motivate employees using rewards and punishment. c. Clearly define and assign tasks. d. Create an environment on teamwork and cooperation.* 51. To be effective, change-oriented, and visionary leaders must: (p. 290) a. develop teamwork and share responsibility.* b. make sure that followers follow the leader’s vision. c. set a clear course and stick with it. d. delegate tasks rather than empower followers.

52. Researcher Noel Tichy recommends that leaders communicate their vision through story telling. He suggests that leaders need to develop three types of stories about: (p. 290) a. their own background, their values, and their goals. b. who they are, who the group is, and where the group is going.* c. the history of the organization, the nature of the competition, and the goal. d. the culture of the group, the nature of the industry, and their vision.

53. Kouzes and Posner believe that all but one of the following are essential in motivating and inspiring followers. (p. 291-292) a. setting clear standards b. being around followers c. telling stories d. getting followers to adopt the leader’s vision* 54. Which one of the following is not an element of a clear vision? (p. 291) a. Clear and understandable b. Easy to achieve* c. Idealistic d. Appeals to emotions

55. Amy has just finished reading Kouzes and Posner’s book on what followers want and has learned about the practices of exemplary leaders. Based on those researchers’ ideas, which of the following is Amy likely to focus on: (p. 291) a. challenging existing ideas and encouraging followers to experiment.* b. overcoming resistance to change and stimulating followers intellectually. c. cultivating dramatic symbols and developing obedience and loyalty. d. express high self-confidence and build her image.

(AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 56. Researchers Kouzes and Posner propose that in order to truly motivate followers, leaders must do all but one of the following: (p. 291) a. expect the best from followers. b. personalize recognition of followers. c. keep rules and standards fuzzy.* -- seem too easy; change to? Vague and flexible? d. celebrate success together and often. .

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57. Practices of exemplary leadership include: (p. 291) a. holding information as to not confuse followers b. creating a shared vision* c. assuring that past practices stay in place to provide a sense of continuity d. encouraging competition to motivate followers 58. The major contribution of change-oriented and visionary leadership approaches is: (p. 292) a. They are well researched. b. They provide easy ways to measure effectiveness. c. They apply well across cultures. d. They address interesting and visible aspects of leadership.* 59. The primary shortcoming of the change-oriented and visionary leadership approaches is that: (p. 292) a. They have little empirical support by research.* b. They are hard to understand. c. They have little practical value. d. They apply only to Western cultures.

60. Jeff Immelt, CEO at General Electric, changed the culture of the organization by teaching employees team skills and evaluating on those skills. Those who showed the best potential and performance were promoted to lead others. This process is best represented by which of Kouzes and Posner’s leadership skills? (p. 293) a. creating a shared vision b. enabling followers through collaboration and empowerment* c. role modeling d. encouraging the heart (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 61.

is the ability to link or combine ideas in novel ways (p. 294) a. Creativity* b. Homogeneity c. Authentic leadership d. Visionary leadership

62. _____________ and ______________ are often terms used to describe creativity. (p. 294) a. Opportunistic; thrill seeking b. Bold; aggressive c. Divergent; lateral thinking* d. Strategic; forward looking 63. Which leadership style often impedes the creative process and open exchange of ideas? (p. 294) a. autocratic leadership* b. authentic leadership c. democratic leadership d. transformational leadership 64. All of the following processes are recommended for leaders to help their followers be more creative except: (p. 294) a. flexible structure b. questioning attitude .

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c. tolerating mistakes d. cooptation* 65.

requires individuals to consider a problem by taking different positions and perspectives. (p.

294) a. b. c. d.

Cooperative exploration* Brainstorming Brainsailing Improvisation

66. Antonio admitted to his supervisor, Brenda, that a research project he was coordinating was botched due to administrative oversight. Brenda responded by asking “what are you going to do differently next time?” Brenda’s approach is best described as: (p. 294) a. a flexible structure b. a tolerance for mistakes* c. a shared vision d. encouragement of the heart (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 67. Which is not one of the key elements of a learning organization? (p. 296) a. shared vision b. mental modes c. system thinking d. frame-breaking* 68. Understanding the inter-relations and the invisible and visible bonds that connect people inside and outside the organization is commonly referred to as: (p. 296) a. shared vision b. system thinking* c. personal mastery d. mental models 69.

describes the process of continually clarifying and developing personal visions and goals, and expanding skills sets and levels of proficiency. (p. 296) a. Shared vision b. System thinking c. Personal mastery* d. Mental models

70. All of the following are considered organizational learning disabilities except: (p. 296) a. isolated jobs b. emphasis on events c. illusion of taking charge d. skilled competence* 71. Organizations that rely too heavily on people with highly developed but narrow expertise who are celebrated and expected to provide answers experience: (p. 296) a. isolated jobs b. emphasis on events c. blaming others d. skilled incompetence* .

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72. Leaders can take numerous steps to build an open and supportive culture for ongoing organizational learning. Which action is not included in the recommendations? (p. 297) a. reliance on ‘tried and true’ ideas* b. time for learning c. appropriate leadership d. local solutions 73. The textbook identifies all of the following as the roles for leadership changing organizational culture except: (p. 298) a. communicate priorities b. role model c. allocate resources and rewards d. be directive* 74. Lui We, president and CEO of XYZ Inc, has just held an inspiring, all-company meeting whereby she outlined a vision and specific issues to achieve the vision. This example is best described as which role of the leader in changing organizational culture? (p. 298) a. involve people b. communicate priorities* c. role model d. allocate resources and rewards (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 75. Jodi Thompson and Cali Ressler created Best-Buy’s Results-Only Work Environment (ROWE) because they paid attention to the results of a 2001 survey. That survey indicated widespread employee dissatisfaction and a perception of inability to balance work and life. This process is best described as which element of a learning organization? (p.296) a. shared vision* b. system thinking c. mental models d. personal mastery 76. Jodi Thompson and Cali Ressler believed that the typical flex-time solutions did not provide much benefit or flexibility and that the only solution was a radical change. This example best illustrates which characteristic of a learning organization? (p. 296) a. shared vision b. system thinking c. mental models* d. personal mastery

True/False Questions 77. Effectiveness and survival of most organizations depends on the ability to successfully adapt to change. (p. 279) a. true* b. false 78. Organizational change is rarely resisted by organizational members. (p. 279) a. true b. false* .

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79. Many organizational leaders are generally satisfied with how well their organizations can innovate and adapt to change. (p. 279) a. true b. false* 80. Internal forces for change closely follow external forces. (p. 280) a. true* b. false 81. Japanese business leaders rarely see change as a threat and therefore organizations readily adapt to changes. (p. 281) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 82. Sweden and Canada are risk averse countries where governments centralize planning to help support business leaders reduce uncertainty and ambiguity. (p. 281) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 83. Past-oriented cultures, where time is linear, are likely to react fairly quickly to change. (p. 282) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 84. Short-term orientation leads to a state of constant change that many U.S. organizations are experiencing. (p. 282) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 85. Change that is sudden and drastic is less likely to cause stress and panic. (p. 282) a. true b. false* 86. Frame-breaking change is that which is rapid and dramatic. (p. 282) a. true* b. false 87. Planned and unplanned change may happen either gradually or rapidly, leading to a dramatic impact on the organization (p. 282) a. true* b. false 88. When facing unplanned and revolutionary change, charismatic and transformational leadership may become more central. (p. 283) a. true* b. false

.

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89. When the forces that resist change are larger than the forces that drive change, leaders can overcome inertia and implement changes. (p. 283) a. true b. false* 90. It is important to employees to know what is not changing. (p. 284) a. true* b. false 91. Unfreezing is likely to be easier when forces for change are strong and organizational leaders are aware of them. (p. 284) a. true* b. false 92. Most organizations focus too much attention on the refreezing stage of change. (p. 284) a. true b. false* 93. Constant change that is not allowed to take hold is likely to be effective. (p. 284) a. true b. false* 94. Resistance to change is inevitable and therefore must be addressed. (p. 285) a. true* b. false 95. Any process that encourages participation and input from those who are affected most by the change is likely to ease the implementation process. (p. 285) a. true* b. false 96. Leaders have to either allocate new resources or shift current resources to help implement change and ‘freeze’ the change. (p. 286) a. true* b. false 97. Bottom-up change is rarely met with resistance from organizational leaders. (p. 286) a. true b. false* 98. The bottom-up approach to organizational change creates more involvement and participation. (p.

286) a. true* b. false 99. Unplanned change falls in the domain of crisis management. (p. 286) a. true* b. false 100.

Change is one of the main causes of stress in our lives. (p. 287) a. true* .

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b. false 101.

People adjust to large-scale changes much like adapting to minor changes. (p. 287) a. true b. false*

102.

People are often able to adjust to large-scale changes in life and work without much need for support. (p. 287) a. true b. false* 103.

Group norms can be substantial barriers to change. (p. 288) a. true* b. false

104.

The challenge faced by Ford Motor Company as it tried to reinvent itself, are examples of inertia and the power or organizational culture. (p. 287) a. true* b. false 105.

Individual factors rarely play a role in explaining why people often resist change. (p. 287) a. true b. false*

106.

There are three general categories of causes to change resistance: organizational, group, and individual causes. (p. 287) a. true* b. false 107.

A person’s culture may play a factor in the individual’s resistance to change. (p. 288) a. true* b. false

108.

Two of the key themes that tie together several change oriented theories are the importance of vision and empowerment. (p. 290) a. true* b. false 109.

The disadvantage of using manipulation in dealing with people’s resistance to change is that it is time-consuming and carries a risk of inappropriate change being implemented. (p. 289) a. true b. false* 110.

Coercion can be used to deal with resistance to change when there is no time and nothing else works. (p. 289) a. true* b. false 111.

Facilitation and support are effective for dealing with resistance when there can be winners and losers. (p. 292) a. true .

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b. false* 112.

Researcher Noel Tichy recommends that leaders communicate their vision through telling three types of stories about themselves, the group, and the group’s direction. (p. 290) a. true* b. false 113.

Practices of exemplary leadership include creating a shared vision and role modeling. (p. 291) a. true* b. false

114.

Andrea Jung of Avon and A.G. Lafley of P&G do not rely on personal stories, but keep their message simple and repetitive to assure that their followers hear it and understand it as a priority. (p.

291) a. true* b. false 115.

Encouraging the heart emphasizes the importance of motivation, reward and recognition. (p. 291) a. true* b. false

116.

Rob Waldron was successful as CEO of Jumpstart by developing his own vision and assuring that followers adopted that vision. (p. 292) a. true b. false* 117.

Change-oriented and visionary leadership concepts have received considerable research support. (p. 292) a. true b. false* 118.

One of the major contributions of visionary leadership concepts is the emphasis on passion and credibility. (p. 292) a. true* b. false 119.

Creativity is also known as vertical thinking. (p.294) a. true b. false*

120.

Lateral thinking involves creation of something spontaneously and extemporaneously without specific preparation. (p. 294) a. true b. false* 121.

Using improvisation is often considered ‘winging’ a solution. (p. 295) a. true b. false*

122.

Learning organizations are organizations in which people continually expand their capacity to create. (p. 295) .

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a. true* b. false 123.

Charismatic, transformational, authentic and visionary leadership can all be used to create a shared vision within a learning organization. (p. 295) a. true* b. false 124.

3M implemented the Six Sigma process that focuses on specific events rather than system-wide causes of problems. This is a positive example of a learning organization. (p. 297) a. true b. false* 125.

Herman Miller, the office furniture maker, works with clients to develop distinctive solutions to their unique problems. This is a good example of a learning organization. (p. 297) a. true* b. false 126.

Getting followers to understand and accept change takes communication, repetition, and clarification. (p. 298) a. true* b. false 127.

Change needs to be supported from the top of the organization, not the bottom. (p. 318) a. true b. false*

Short Answer/ Essay Questions 128.

P.282 Explain the difference between the U.S. and Japan relative to the role of governmental organizations such as the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in managing business change.

(Challenging; p. 282) 129.

P.282 discuss frame-breaking as relates to types of change.

(Easy; p. 282) 130.

P 286 Explain the difference in effectiveness between top-down change and bottom-up change.

(Easy; p. 286) 131.

P.287 Explain why infusing a moderate amount of uncertainty, unpredictability, and spontaneity into decisions is recommended to help prevent complacency when dealing with unplanned change.

(Moderate; p. 287) 132.

P.290 List and explain the themes that emerge in the visionary leadership essential to change.

(Essay; p. 290) 133.

P.290 When leading change, successful leaders emphasize teamwork. How is that different from the development of shared responsibility?

(Moderate; p. 290) .

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134.

P.291 Kouzes and Posner talk about “encouraging the heart.” Explain what that means.

(Easy; p. 291) 135.

P.293 Jack Welch ex CEO of GE, who is considered a management guru had a loud, domineering and impatient leadership style. His successor Jeff Immelt “…is quiet, self-confident, and has a good dose of people skills.” How can both be considered to be the best in the business?

(Challenging; p. 293) 136.

P.294 Explain the concept of “cooperative exploration.”

(Moderate; p. 294) 137.

P.296 Discuss the concept of a “learning organization” according to Peter Senge.

(Challenging; p. 296)

.

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Chapter 10: Developing Leaders Multiple Choice Questions 1. A large majority of U.S. companies with over 10,000 employees spend over development each year. (p. 308) a. $200,000 b. $500,000 c. $750,000* d. $1,000,000

on leadership

2. All are essential questions to be considered in creating leadership development programs except: (p.

308) a. How do people learn? b. How do you influence others for personal gain?* c. What are the key elements of developing leaders? d. What are the best methods for creating long-term behavioral change?

3.

is an ongoing, dynamic, long-term change or evolution that occurs because of various learning experiences. (p. 308) a. Development* b. Training c. Education d. Curriculum

4.

is defined as the ‘expansion of a person’s capacity to be effective in leadership roles and processes.’ (p. 308) a. Leader education b. Leader training c. Leadership seminar d. Leader development*

5. Whereas is the expansion of a person’s capacity to be effective in leadership roles, on an organization’s capacity to get the work done through its many leaders. (p. 308) a. leadership development; leader development b. leader development; leadership development* c. leadership education; leader development d. leader education; leadership training

focuses

6. Managerial, leader, leadership and executive development differ in terms of their focus on the . (p. 308) a. the person or organization; level or rank in the organization b. blue or white collar; degree of customization c. the person or team; level or rank in the organization d. the person or organization; degree of customization*

and

7. Managerial and supervisory development primarily focuses on: (p. 308) a. conducting performance appraisals b. taking care of employees* c. recruitment and hiring processes

.

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d. coordinating employee disciplinary procedures 8.

is individually focused, taking a more holistic approach to increase self-awareness and provide skills. (p. 308) a. Executive development b. Leader development* c. Leadership Development d. Supervisory and managerial development

9.

focuses on education and teaching participants the skills to effectively conduct the day-to-day activities of the individual’s role in the organization. (p. 308) a. Executive development b. Leader development c. Leadership Development d. Supervisory and managerial development*

10.

targets developing leadership for the organization and frequently highly individualized in nature. (p. 308) a. Executive development* b. Leader development c. Leadership Development d. Supervisory and managerial development

11.

involves a relatively permanent increase or change in behavior, knowledge, or skill that comes about because of some experience. (p. 308) a. Education b. Development c. Learning* d. Training

12. Whereas a. b. c. d.

addresses the content of the change, learning; development* development; learning education; learning development; education

addresses the process. (p. 309)

13. A willingness to learn requires both: (p. 309) a. motivation and readiness* b. motivation and education c. readiness and education d. readiness and development 14. After several years of making service calls, Ravi’s performance consistently has been below average.

He is not responsive to customers’ needs. Comments from customers indicate Ravi is uninterested in his work. Nigel, Ravi’s supervisor, approaches him to participate in a newly created leader development program offered by the organization. Ravi’s not enthusiastic about participating in the program. Which aspect of the core of learning best describes Ravi? (p. 309) a. inability to learn b. ineffective organizational culture c. insufficient development experiences (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) .

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15. All of the following elements make up the core of learning except: (p. 309,311) a. willingness to learn b. ability to learn c. organizational culture d. basic knowledge* 16. Rachel has recently been promoted to ‘team leader’ in the production department. Part of her job is to build models of the mechanical parts her team will use during the next shift. She is frustrated by her below-standard performance. She has asked for help and has observed others doing the task, but still she is slowing down production. This example reflects: (p. 309) a. lack of a willingness to learn b. inability to learn* c. ineffective organizational culture d. insufficient development experiences (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 17. Whechien was recently hired as a floor manager of a local home garden center. During his first month as manager, he participated in 80 hours of orientation training to become familiar with the policies and procedures of the organization. Which element of the core of learning best represents this example? (p. 311) a. willingness to learn b. ability to learn c. effective informal support d. sufficient development experiences* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 18. Southwest Airlines focuses on developing leadership in others and provides opportunities to learn from mistakes. When an employee makes a mistake, supervisors may commonly ask the question; “What will you do differently next time?” Which core element of learning best represented Southwest Airlines? (p. 311) a. willingness to learn b. ability to learn c. supportive organizational culture* d. sufficient development experiences (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 19.

refers to leader development programs that focus on information about content of leadership and fundamental concepts such as communication, feedback and contingent rewards. (p. 311) a. Basic knowledge* b. Personal growth c. Skill development d. Creativity

20.

programs focus on self-awareness and understanding of strengths and weakness as well as getting in touch with personal values. (p. 312) a. Basic knowledge b. Personal growth* c. Skill development d. Creativity

.

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21.

focuses on the application of knowledge which included topics such as planning, goal setting, and monitoring. (p. 312) a. Basic knowledge b. Personal growth c. Skill development* d. Creativity

22.

development programs focus on expanding abilities to think in novel and innovative ways. (p.

312) a. b. c. d.

Basic knowledge Personal growth Skill development Creativity*

23. All of the following are criteria for effective leader development programs except: (p. 313) a. assessment b. job advancement* c. individual awareness d. feedback and follow-up 24.

provide(s) participants with information about their strengths, weaknesses and information about where they stand in regards to the goals of the leadership program. (p. 313) a. assessment* b. opportunity for practice c. feedback and follow-up d. support from the organization

25. Agilent spends considerable resources gauging its top 100 leaders through a comprehensive program whereby leaders are evaluated on business results, capabilities, and potential. Which criteria for effective leader training is best represented in this example? (p. 313) a. assessment* b. opportunity for practice c. motivation d. job advancement

26. When using the criteria for leader training, participants must be alerted to the need for change and specific areas they should address so that they are ready to change. (p. 313) a. assessment b. individual awareness* c. opportunity for practice d. challenging experience 27. Being assigned a new task or job rotation are both examples of which criterion for leader training programs? (p. 313-314) a. Assessment b. Individual awareness c. Challenging experiences* d. Job advancement

.

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28. Anne Mulcahy, CEO of Xerox, believes that her ability to handle criticism has been essential to her success. The criteria Anne might likely use as a measure for effective leader training program is: (p.

314) a. Assessment b. Individual awareness c. Challenging experiences d. Feedback and follow-up* (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 29. Which criteria for effective development relate to the culture of the organization? (p. 314) a. fit and integration* b. assessment c. opportunity for practice d. feedback 30. L’Oreal’s CEO, Jean-Paul Agon, recommends students “to choose a job that is really exciting, a job that makes them want to get up from their beds every morning and feel happy about going to work.”

If Jean-Paul created a leader development program, based on this comment, which criteria would he likely use? (p. 314) a. assessment b. opportunity for practice c. fit* d. feedback (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 31. Goldman Sach University’s managing director Carol Pledger recommends linking any training program to the organization’s strategy and the individuals’ jobs. This is an example of: (p. 314) a. assessment b. integration* c. individual awareness d. feedback (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 32. Leader development programs that provide parallel learning environments and address different learning styles offer: (p. 315) a. a combination of tools and methods* b. appropriate assessment and follow-up c. clearly stated objectives d. integrated assessment 33. All of the following are guidelines for self-awareness training except: (p. 315) a. clarifying one’s values b. support from the organization* c. seeking new experiences d. seeking feedback 34.

refers to the process of personal reflection and getting feedback from others. (p. 315) a. Values clarification b. Assessment c. Learning d. Double-loop learning* .

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35. Which personality trait is most likely related to one’s ability to seek and accept feedback? (p. 315316) a. external locus of control b. openness to experience* c. emotional stability d. high machs 36. Self-awareness is a limited method for leader development because it only provides leaders with: (p.

316) a. rich developmental experience b. individual awareness* c. opportunity for practice d. support from the organization 37. Coaching is a strong method for leader development because it provides leaders with all of the following opportunities except: (p. 316) a. opportunity for practice b. feedback on new learning c. fit and integration d. rich developmental experience* 38. Developmental experiences can be achieved in all of the following ways except: (p. 314) a. international experience b. working with a difficult employee c. rotating to a similar job* d. working with a new project team that is unfamiliar 39. The U.S. Army uses a method for leader and leadership development known as: (p. 317) a. Be, Do, Know b. Know, Do, Be c. Be, Know, Do* d. Know, Be, Do 40. refers to the component of the U.S. Army’s leadership development model that focuses on selfawareness through clarification of core values such as loyalty, duty, respect, and personal courage. (p.

317) a. Do b. Know c. Be* d. Try 41. The component of the U.S. Army model of leadership development that focuses on knowledge and skills in specific content areas such as technical and interpersonal skills is know as: (p. 317) a. Do b. Know* c. Be d. Try 42.

satisfies nearly all criteria for effective development. (p. 316) a. Coaching b. Experience* .

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c. Mentoring d. Self-awareness 43. The only potential weakness for real experience in leader development criteria is , which can be easily built in through formal programs or use of existing organizational performance tools. (p. 318) a. individual awareness b. feedback on new learning c. opportunity for practice d. assessment* 44. Sally, vice president of human resources, wants to create a development program that will have the greatest likelihood for success in developing necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities among the organization’s newly hired managers. If she selected one type of method for leader development that meets the most criteria for these effective programs, which should she select? (p. 318) a. experience* b. coaching c. feedback intensive programs d. outdoor challenges 45. Whereas involves providing individualized and constructive feedback on someone’s performance while focusing on future improvement, provides individualized attention with a feedback and future orientation, but tends to be less task specific. (p. 318) a. mentoring; coaching b. a feedback intensive program; mentoring c. coaching; mentoring* d. a feedback intensive program; coaching 46. Coaching programs are most often used in: (p. 319) a. executive development programs* b. self-development programs c. supervisor training programs d. leader development programs 47. Coaching programs often include all of the following methods for leader development except: (p.

319) a. opportunity for practice b. feedback on new learning c. individual awareness d. rich developmental experience* 48. The primary difference in the methods often used for coaching and mentoring programs is that mentoring usually does not include: (p. 320-321) a. assessment b. opportunity for practice* c. support from the organization d. individual awareness 49. Which of the following are not guidelines for establishing productive mentor relationships? (p. 320) a. find many mentors instead of looking for one person b. find mentors from senior levels only* c. informal relationships to provide causal support .

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d. add mentors as roles and responsibilities change 50. 360 degree feedback activities are typically part of: (p. 321) a. coaching relationships b. feedback intensive programs* c. developmental experiences d. self-awareness programs 51. All are factors that contribute to the success of 360 degree feedback programs except: (p. 321) a. organizational buy-in b. confidentiality c. focus on behaviors d. combined feedback from groups* 52. 360 degree feedback typically includes assessment of the leader from all except: (p. 321) a. self b. followers c. peers d. family members* 53. The rich data provided from multiple sources is ideally suited for providing leaders with: (p. 321) a. meaningful experiences b. opportunity for practice c. support from organization d. increased awareness* 54. Antonio is interested in creating a leader development program that will give participants a meaningful opportunity to practice their leadership skills in a real life setting. Which method of leader development should he select? (p. 319) a. self-awareness b. outdoor challenges c. coaching* d. feedback-intensive programs (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 55. Which method of leader development is least likely to be associated with ‘support from the organization’ and ‘fit and integration’? (p. 318) a. self-awareness* b. experience c. coaching and mentoring d. feedback intensive programs 56. The primary goal of classroom education is to: (p. 322) a. transfer knowledge* b. assess leaders’ strengths and weaknesses c. identify development needs d. provide opportunities for practice 57. In 2005, U.S. corporations spent an estimated a. $20 million b. $200 million

on tuition assistance programs. (p. 321)

.

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c. $20 billion* d. $200 billion 58. Ingersoll-Rand, the global industrial manufacturing company, recently created a partnership with Indiana University to offer a customized MBA program for its executives. The likely method of leader development is: (p. 322) a. feedback intensive program b. classroom education* c. outdoor challenges d. coaching and mentoring 59. Classroom education often includes all of the following except: (p. 322 a. case studies b. role playing c. simulations d. multimethod feedback* 60. If the culture values , then leader development should focus opportunities on all employees. (p.

325) a. egalitarianism* b. high power distance c. action-orientation d. high communication context (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 61. Providing feedback to leaders in high power distance cultures such as uncomfortable, improper, and perhaps even career threatening. (p. 325) a. Denmark b. Saudi Arabia* c. the United States d. Israel (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity)

, would be

62. Cultures that value , can focus the content of leader development and training on practical matters and hands-on training. (p. 325) a. action-orientation* b. high communication context c. tolerance for ambiguity d. high power distance (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 63. Because the United States has , it is appropriate to create leader development programs with a high degree of exposure to new and challenging situations. (p. 324-325) a. tolerance for ambiguity* b. action-orientation c. high communication context d. low power distance (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 64. Ravi implemented an outdoor challenge leader development program designed to provide participants with a new and exciting opportunity to expand their comfort zones and engage in challenging .

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situations. Unfortunately, the event was not successful because he did not account for the culture of the participants. Which cultural value best explains why the event was not successful? (p. 324-325) a. high context communication b. high collectivism c. tolerance for ambiguity* d. low power distance (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 65. Mohammed created a feedback intensive program whereby followers offered detailed information about leaders’ strengths and limitations. This feedback process deeply offended the leaders believing their careers were being threatened. Which cultural value did Mohammed most likely not consider as he created the program? (p. 324-325) a. action-orientation b. high power distance* c. individualism d. high context communication (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) (AACSB: Reflective Thinking) 66. e following is not identified in the textbook as a potential solution to the challenges that women and members of underrepresented groups face in leader development? (p. 326) a. single-identity programs b. developmental relationships c. supportive networks d. feedback intensive programs* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 67. Taken as a whole, there are how many factors that can support leader development? (p. 328) a. two b. three* c. four d. five 68. Effective leader development programs require all of the following factors except: (p. 328) a. individual commitment to growth b. organizational commitment and resources c. fit between person and organization d. opportunities for practice* 69. All of the following are recommendations for individuals to develop their own leader abilities informally except: (p. 328) a. openness to experience b. seek feedback c. classroom experiences* d. observe others around True/False Questions 70. One of the fundamental premises of this textbook is that leaders are born and not made. (p. 308) a. true b. false*

.

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71. Leadership scholars widely agree that leaders can improve and develop their leadership skills. (p.

308) a. true* b. false 72. ‘How people learn’ is an important consideration for individuals creating leader development activities. (p. 308) a. true* b. false 73. Leader development focuses on an organization’s capability to get the work done through its many leaders. (p. 308) a. true b. false* 74. Leadership development focuses on the individual development, whereas leader development focuses on organizational capabilities. (p. 308 a. true b. false* 75. Managerial, leader, leadership and executive development differ in terms of their focus on the person or organization. (p. 308) a. true* b. false 76. Leader development may be either generic or customized. (p. 308) a. true* b. false 77. For individuals to learn, they must first become supported and sustained to result in the adoptions and use of new behaviors. (p. 309) a. true b. false* 78. Lasting change requires patience and persistence. (p. 309) a. true* b. false 79. Few leader development programs focus on self-awareness and personal growth. (p. 309) a. true b. false* 80. Learning addresses the process whereas development focuses on the content of the change. (p. 309) a. true b. false* 81. Traditional intelligence refers to social and interpersonal skills. (p. 309-311) a. true b. false*

.

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82. Communicating clearly, motivating followers, coaching them in their development, and learning are complex skills required to lead well. (p. 311-312) a. true* b. false 83. Learning requires consistent practice and persistence. (p. 312) a. true* b. false 84. Tolerance of mistakes can be an important aspect of an organizational culture that supports learning. (p. 312) a. true* b. false 85. Personal growth and self-awareness are included in most development programs. (p. 312) a. true* b. false 86. Skill development programs typically help leaders understand personal strengths and weaknesses as well as get in touch with personal values, dreams and aspirations. (p. 312) a. true b. false* 87. Satisfying more of the criteria for the leadership program does not make the program richer or more likely to lead to long-term change and learning. (p.313) a. true b. false* 88. Assessment data can increase individual awareness. (p. 313) a. true* b. false 89. Participants of leader development programs must be aware of the need for change and specific areas they should address so they are ready to change. (p. 313) a. true* b. false 90. Leader training programs that employ the challenging experience criterion challenge participants to step outside their comfort zones and push them to experiment with skills, behavior, and approaches. (p. 313 a. true* b. false 91. People generally learn and perform best when they love what they do and have a passion for their work. (p. 314) a. true* b. false 92. Leader development programs can forego several criteria for effective training and still likely achieve long-term benefits. (p. 314) a. true .

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b. false* 93. Using a combination of tools and methods addresses different styles that reinforce one another. (p.

315) a. true* b. false 94. Assessment and follow-up are important features that measure change and support new learning. (p.

315) a. true* b. false 95. Being able to seek and accept information about oneself may depend on one’s personality traits. (p.

316) a. true* b. false 96. Self-awareness is the cornerstone of any development program and is sufficient for getting the leader to be willing to change and learn. (p. 316) a. true b. false* 97. Coaching is a strong method for leader development, but it rarely provides participants with rich developmental experiences. (p. 318) a. true b. false* 98. If self-awareness is the cornerstone of development, then experience, or developmental experience, is its core. (p. 316) a. true* b. false 99. Experience in actually leading others is the least effective way to develop leaders. (p. 316) a. true b. false* 100.

Having on the job experience is essential to leadership in almost all organizations. (p. 316) a. true* b. false

101.

Real experience satisfies almost all criteria for effective development. (p. 317) a. true* b. false

102.

Whereas coaching can be informal, mentoring tends to have a more structured and formal nature. (p. 318) a. true b. false* 103.

Coaching and mentoring are part of developmental relationships that can help leaders improve and grow personally and professionally. (p. 318) .

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a. true* b. false 104.

Coaching can address problems in a real-life setting, but is not a good opportunity for providing feedback. (p. 318-319) a. true b. false* 105.

Informal and formal mentoring is a powerful leader development tool and can lead to life-long supportive relationships. (p. 320) a. true* b. false 106.

One approach to mentoring is to consider learning from those who are poor rather than good role models. (p. 320) a. true* b. false 107.

Some research and anecdotal accounts suggest that formal mentoring is less effective than informal mentoring. (p. 320) a. true* b. false 108.

The primary goal of feedback-intensive programs is to assess leaders’ strengths and weakness and to identify development needs. (p. 321) a. true* b. false 109.

Assessment for feedback intensive programs includes a combination of interviews, aptitude tests, and personality tests, but does not include role plays, simulations or experiential exercises. (p. 321) a. true b. false* 110.

The formal, official and objective nature of multisource feedback-intensive programs enhances possible discomfort leaders experience and therefore is a good opportunity for growth and development. (p. 321) a. true b. false* 111.

Feedback increases awareness and therefore provides leaders with the means of changing behaviors. (p. 322) a. true b. false* 112.

Maintaining anonymity of the raters and confidentiality in the process is essential for effective 360 degree feedback programs. (p. 322) a. true* b. false 113.

Classroom experiences typically offer only lecture and discussion opportunities. (p. 322) a. true b. false* .

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114.

Classroom education is an efficient way to convey information and knowledge to groups of people. (p. 322) a. true* b. false 115.

Sports in general, whether individual or team, can be a good source of learning self-management, self-discipline, and teamwork. (p. 323) a. true* b. false 116.

In addition to being exhilarating and entertaining, the long-term impact of an outdoor challenge is well documented. (p. 323) a. true b. false* 117.

Culture impacts expectations of the learning context, the role of the facilitator and what methods they prefer. (p. 323) a. true* b. false 118.

Compared to the United States, many Middle Eastern participants would feel more comfortable engaging the facilitator in discussion. (p. 323) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 119.

Within the United States, leader development tends to focus on conceptual and holistic understanding as well as theoretical development. (p. 325) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 120.

In high power distance cultures development opportunities are made available to as many people as possible and leaders may not feel comfortable about being singled out. (p. 325 a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 121.

Western cultures typically focus on developing their employees for the long term and therefore focus on long term results. (p. 325) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 122.

The most effective development methods that are used extensively in the United States rely on intensive feedback and developmental relationships. (p. 325) a. true* b. false

.

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123.

In Thailand, hearing about weaknesses and mistakes directly would be highly inappropriate. The person would be embarrassed and perceive damage to his/her ability to lead. (p. 325) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 124.

Women and minorities often face challenges in leader development because assessment and comparison methods are based on norms that may not be culturally appropriate. (p. 326) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 125.

All groups have the same training and development needs regardless of gender. (p. 326) a. true b. false* (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 126.

Lack of connection with powerful and significant mentors is a key reason for differences in advancement of men and women. (p. 326) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 127.

Women tend to outperform male counterparts on the results of 360 degree feedback. (p. 326) a. true* b. false (AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity) 128.

Research indicates outward-bound experiences increase both team cohesion and leader effectiveness. (p. 326) a. true b. false* Short Answer/ Essay Questions 129.

Distinguish between and explain leader development and leadership development.

(Easy; p. 308) 130.

Discuss the differences between learning and development.

(Easy; p. 309) 131.

List and explain the elements that make up the core of learning.

(Easy; p. 309) 132.

Define and explain the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of development training programs.

(Moderate; p. 313) 133.

Explain what is meant by “double-loop learning.”

(Easy; p. 315) .

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134.

IBM CEO Samuel Palmisano says that his company provides mobility assignments to thousands of employees for three to six months. 3M CEO George Buckley has refocused his company’s leadership training program to allow senior employees to stay in one job long enough to learn…and for their failures to visit them. Which alternative is more beneficial to leader development, in your opinion and defend your position.

(Challenging; p. 316) 135.

Discuss the similarities and differences between coaching and mentoring.

(Easy; p. 318) 136.

What is an “anitmentor” and how effective is an antimentor as a source of development? Defend your opinions.

(Moderate; p. 319) 137.

Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks created a unique culture that is defined with his statement of “We’re not in the business of filling bellies. We’re in the business of filling souls.” What does he mean by that statement and how did he develop employees to be committed to that philosophy?

(Challenging; p. 323) 138.

Some research indicates that training programs have traditionally been developed with the white and male majority of organizational leaders in mind. Given that factor how effectively can those programs be applied for women and other minorities? Explain your opinions and provide real world examples to support your positions.

(Moderate; p. 326)

.