Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 3rd Edition Gurung Test Bank
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Chapter One—Health Psychology: Setting the Stage MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Health psychologists are most likely to define health as: a. the absence of disease. b. spiritual balance. c. mental, physical, spiritual, and psychological well-being. d. a pulse rate of 120/50 and a heart rate of 55 beats per minute. ANS: C
REF: WHAT IS HEALTH?
2. Every day, each of our behaviors can influence our health. Given the many components of being healthy, health is best conceptualized as: a. one-dimensional c. a continuum b. absolute d. unstable ANS: C
REF: WHAT IS HEALTH?
3. The WHO (World Health Organization) defines health as: a. a state of physical and social well-being b. a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being c. eating and sleeping well, and taking time to relax d. a transitional life experience ANS: B
REF: WHAT IS HEALTH?
4. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Perceptions of how well-off your family is have been found to influence health. b. SES is related to morbidity, but not to mortality. c. SES is related to a higher occurrence of most chronic and infectious disorders. d. Neighborhood SES has been associated with poorer health practices. ANS: B
REF: CONTEXT AND LEVEL OF ANALYSIS
5. Culture is best defined as: a. a set of beliefs shared by a group b. race and ethnicity c. religion, family values, and race d. the values of our parents and family members ANS: A
REF: WHY IS CULTURE IMPORTANT?
6. Members of different cultures use different definitions of health, which in turn vary from place to place. This highlights the importance of studying the general concept of: a. religion c. geography b. context d. psychology ANS: B
REF: CONTEXT LEVEL OF ANALYSIS
7. Which of these circumstances is related to a higher occurrence of most chronic and infectious disorders?
a. sex b. socioeconomic status ANS: B
c. race d. ethnicity
REF: CONTEXT LEVEL OF ANALYSIS
8. The Greek physician best known for dissections and providing us with anatomy data was: a. Plato c. Hippocrates b. Galen d. Aginostophenes ANS: B
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
9. Which of the following is the primary focus of health psychology? a. health promotion and maintenance and preventing and treating illness b. understanding the etiology of health and illness c. revising the health care system d. finding the cure for disease like HIV and cancer ANS: A
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
10. _______ refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time. _____ a. Morbidity c. Epidemiology b. Mortality d. Etiology ANS: A
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
11. Which of the following is FAlSE?. a. Death rates of African Americans are significantly higher than those of Americans overall. b. American Indians have a suicide rate that is higher than the national average. c. Health care and disease incidence vary significantly across cultural groups. d. Most health disparities are caused by factors related to sex rather than cultural factors. ANS: D
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: SETTING THE STAGE: (INTRO)
12. In studying about cultural differences in health, we should remember that: a. in-group differences and between-group differences both occur. b. in-group differences are unlikely to occur because of shared belief systems.. c. racial differences outweigh all other cultural differences. d. most cultural differences are insignificant from a global level. ANS: A
REF: SOME IMPORTANT WARNINGS
13. The major approach used by health psychologists is the: a. biomedical model c. biosocial model b. psychosocial model d. biopsychosocial model ANS: D
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
14. Based on oral traditions and pictoral evidence from early civilizations,, history suggests that our ancestors considered the mind and body to: a. be one c. be connected b. be separate d. part of the spirit ANS: A
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
15. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has the following understanding of health: a. Eat and drink an equal amounts of hot and cold qualities.
b. the way you live your life should have more cold qualities because they include more vegetables. c. Have more yin than yang. d. Have more yang than yin. ANS: A
REF: CROSS-CULTURAL DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
16. The father of Western medicine is: a. Galen b. Socrates ANS: D
c. Plato d. Hippocrates
REF: : HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
17. The first psychologist to link illness with psychological causes is: a. Freud c. Alexander b. Dunbar d. Wundt ANS: A
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
18. Helen Dunbar and Franz Alexander were instrumental in establishing the earliest organization to study psychological determinants on health. It is called: a. Health Psychology c. Psychosomatic Medicine b. Society for Behavioral Medicine d. American Psychosomatic Association ANS: C
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
19. The study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of different disease is known as: a. epidemiology c. medical anthropology b. medical sociology d. biopsychometrics ANS: A
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
20. _______ are most likely to consider health and medical care within the context of cultural systems. a. Health psychologists c. Cultural anthropologists b. Medical anthropologists d. Cultural psychologists ANS: B
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY'S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
21. Health psychology is best described as an interdisciplinary subdiscipline of psychology primarily focused on: a. Studying the frequency, distribution, and causes of different diseases. b. promoting and maintain health and preventing and treating illness. c. discovering the biological causes of illness. d. the study of happiness and well-being. ANS: B
REF: WHAT IS HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY?
22. The multidisciplinary organization formed to focus on the influences of hehavior on health and well-being is: a. Health Psychology Association c. Psychosomatic Medicine b. Society of Behavioral Medicine d. American Psychological Association ANS: B
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY’S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
23. When we define our culture, our views of ourselves reside at different levels of conscious awareness. This is the definition for:
a. exposure to culture b. level of analysis ANS: B
REF: CONTEXT AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
24. The Purnell Model is a model of: a. stress and coping. b. adherence. ANS: D
c. cultural impact d. attitudes
c. behavior change. d. cultural competence.
REF: ADVANCING CULTURAL COMPETENCE
25. The best indicator of an individual’s health is the extent to which they: a. smoke tobacco. c. follow a structured religion. b. drink alcoholic beverages. d. follow general healthy behaviors. ANS: D
REF: WHAT IS HEALTH?
26. This Harvard psychologist wrote the first book in psychology. _________was also one of the earliest psychologists to write about spirituality, health, and psychology: a. Freud c. Wundt b. James d. Dunbar ANS: B
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY’S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
27. One of the strongest cultural determinants of health beliefs and behaviors (e. g. eating) is: a. sex c. gender b. ethnicity d. religion ANS: D
REF: WHY IS CULTURE IMPORTANT?
28. One of the most important aspects of culture is socioeconomic status (SES). SES is commonly measured by: a. family income, parental education and occupational status b. an individual’s age, sex, and family size c. age, income and place of residence d. social and economic skills, and level of education ANS: A
REF: CONTEXT AND LEVEL OF ANALYSIS
29. A(n) ____________ measures the strength of the relation between two variables. a. incidence rate c. retrospective study b. prevalence rate d. correlation coefficient ANS: D
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
30. Which is the strongest correlation listed? a. .34 b. .56 ANS: D
c. -.23 d. -.76
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
31. Experiments are powerful and help determine cause because the experimenter manipulates a variable between groups holding other factors constant. This manipulated variable is the:
a. independent variable b. dependent variable ANS: A
c. extraneous variable d. control variable
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
32. Sometimes we cannot manipulate some of the variables we are most interested in (e.g., having cancer). We use naturally occurring groups. This form of research is known as: a. correlational c. clinical trials b. quasi-experimental d. controlled trials ANS: B
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
33. Inactive substances similar to the experimental drugs given to test the power of expectations are called: a. controls c. placebos b. distracters d. dependent variables ANS: C
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
34. The proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time refers to: a. mortality c. prevalence rate b. morbidity d. incidence rate ANS: C
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
35. The frequency of new cases of a disease during a year is known as: a. mortality c. prevalence rate b. morbidity d. incidence rate ANS: D
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
36. Studies that follow a group of people for a number of years to determine whether certain variables predict disease are called: a. longitudinal c. retrospective b. prospective d. cross-sectional ANS: B
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
37. A 2012 study was conducted to examine the effect of an expressive writing intervention among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors. Participants were asked to write about their thoughts, feelings, coping efforts each week for three weeks to determine potential health benefits of this intervention. Health outcomes (fatigue, quality of life, and psychological adjustment) were assessed at baseline, 3, and 6 months after the intervention. It was found that expressive writing was associated with improvements in fatigue, quality of life, and psychological adjustment (posttraumatic stress, intrusive thoughts, and positive affect). Multiple “health outcomes” were measured, so there are multiple: a. Independent variables c. control variables b. dependent variables d. prospective variables. ANS: B
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
38. Studies where one group gets an experimental drug and another gets a placebo are called: a. randomized clinical trials c. quasi-experimental studies
b. correlational studies ANS: A
d. longitudinal studies
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
39. An experiment is being conducted to determine the effects of caffeine intake on student performance. One group is made to drink 5 cups of coffee, the other group drinks 1 cup of coffee. They then take the exam. The independent variable is ________. a. the amount of caffeine consumed. b. the group membership. c. how alert the students are during the exam. d. the students’ performance on the exam. ANS: A
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
40. This is one critical factor in a research study that can make previously insignificant changes significant: a. ethical use of participants c. researcher credibility b. funding sources d. increasing the sample size ANS: D
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
41. Researchers select individuals who are HIV positive, and those who are not HIV positive, and train both in a certain form of coping. After a year, their health and well-being are compared and measured. This design is most likely a(n): a. correlation c. retrospective b. experiment d. quasi-experiment ANS: D
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
42. When the three main biological units, enzymes, tissues, and excretory functions, are in harmonious condition and when the mind and senses are cheerful, this would best describe this medicine system: a. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) c. traditional Navajo medicine b. Western style medicine d. Ayurveda ANS: D
REF: CROSS-CULTURAL DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
43. Psychosomatic medicine studies: a. the advances of holistic medicine. b. behavioral medicine. ANS: D
c. sleep disorders. d. the influence of mind on health.
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY’S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
44. Rates of smoking go up as SES goes down. This is an example of: a. a positive correlation c. a partial correlation. b. a negative correlation d. multivariate analysis of variance. ANS: B
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
45. The analytical research question whether men or women have a higher occurrence of heart attacks is called: a. regression analysis c. absolute risk b. cross-sectional d. odds ratio ANS: D REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER 46. The “state in which disease is absent” is a common definition for: a. Ayurveda. c. curanderos.
b. Western medical circles. ANS: B
d. the biopsychosocial approach.
REF: WHAT IS HEALTH?
47. Which group of individuals ranked at the top for causes of death that included homicide, heart disease, diabetes and cancer? a. Latinos and Latinas c. Asians b. African Americans d. Caucasians ANS: B
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: SETTING THE STAGE (INTRO)
48. People of the __________faith make up the smallest percentage of Americans today. a. Jewish c. Protestant b. Catholic d. Muslim ANS: D
REF: FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES
49. _____________ refers to a person’s chance of developing a disease independent of any risk that other people may have a. Absolute risk c. The odds ratio b. Prospective risk. d. Logistic risk ANS: A
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
50. Regarding the culture of religion: of the 302 million Americans accounted for in the last United States census, the top three specified religions of those individuals, with the highest percentage listed first is: a. Christian, Jewish, Muslim c. Catholic, Protestant, Jewish b. Christian, Muslim, Jewish d. Christian, no affiliation, Jewish ANS: D
REF: FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES
TRUE/FALSE 1. The answer to “are you healthy” can vary according to how old you are, what your parents and friends think constitutes health, and what your religious or ethnic background is, and what a variety of other factors indicate about you. ANS: T
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: SETTING THE STAGE (INTRO)
2. African Americans (indicated as “blacks”) are at a higher risk for death from heart disease than Caucasians (indicated as “whites”). ANS: T
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: SETTING THE STAGE (INTRO)
3. Traditional Mexican American patients may go to a Western doctor to cure a biological problem but only curanderos, or healers, can be trusted to cure spiritual problems. ANS: T
REF: CROSS-CULTURAL DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
4. Ayurveda is an ancient Native American system of medicine that focuses on the body, the sense organs, the mind and the soul. ANS: F REF: CROSS-CULTURAL DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH 5. Native Americans draw distinctions between physical, spiritual, and social entities, and especially draw distinctions between religion and medicine.
ANS: F
REF: CROSS-CULTURAL DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
6. Leonardo Da Vinci, an Italian artist during the Renaissance, was able to draw detailed diagrams of the human body due, in part, to the encouragement of the Roman Catholic Church for scientists and artists of that era to perform dissections. This is one example of the spiritual/physical connectiveness of Health Psychology. ANS: F
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY’S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
7. Morbidity is defined as the number of deaths related to a specific cause. ANS: F
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY’S BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
8. Health psychology is different from other psychology fields in that is does not need to rely firmly on the scientific method. ANS: F
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
9. Regarding research and the change in statistics: all change in the data is statistically significant, and all statistically significant change is meaningful change. ANS: F
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
10. Because using naturally occurring groups is not a perfect experiment, such designs are referred to as quasi-experimental designs, and the independent variables are called subject variables. ANS: T
REF: A RESEARCH PRIMER
ESSAY 1. Define, compare and contrast Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda. ANS: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): ancient health belief that health is the balance of yin and yang, two complementary forces in the universe. Yin and yang are the two complementary forces in the universe (Kaptuchuk, 2000). Yin and yang are often translated into hot and cold, referring to qualities and not temperatures. To be healthy, what you eat and drink and the way you live your life should have equal amounts of hot qualities and cold qualities. Ayurveda: “Knowledge of Life,”an ancient system of medicine focuses on the body, the sense organs, the mind and the soul. Three main biological units, enzymes, tissues, and excretary functions, are in harmonious condition and when the mind and sense are cheerful”(Chopra & Doiphode, 2002; Kash, Junius, & Dash, 1997). Balancing hot and cold is another critical element.Compare: both ancient medicines, both are about balancing hot and cold elements, both are about the notion of basic elements.Contrast: TCM is about balance of yin and yang, and is ancient Chinese medicine. Ayurveda is about balance of mind, body and soul, and is ancient East Indian medicine. REF: CROSS-CUTLRUAL DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
2. Regarding the definition regarding culture: answer the social psychologist test question “Who am I?” Please include at least five different definitions of culture within your answer.
ANS: Answer should include five answers that can be included under these topics: ethnicity, race, religion, age, sex, family values, the region of the country, physical or psychological conditions (such as being deaf or hard of hearing, or having the condition of Cerebral Palsy for two examples), gender or sexual orientation, marital status, or other topics that you emphasis or teach in your class. REF: WHY IS CULTURE IMPORTANT? 3. How does socioeconomic status (SES) affect the health of individuals? ANS: Poverty and illness go together, often linked by factors such as access to health care and insurance. The cultural makeup of who is poor is changing. Disparity in poverty rates of European Americans and other ethnic groups have dropped 23% overall, and such changes can influence usage of health services and other health factors (Wollman, Yoder, Brumbabugh-Smith, & Haynes, 2007). Socioeconomic status is related to a higher occurrence of most chronic and infectious disorders and to higher rates of nearly all major causes of mortality and morbidity (Adler, Boyce, Chesney, Folkman, & Syme, 1993). The more money you have, the better your health. REF: CONTEXT AND LEVEL OF ANALYSIS 4. What is Health Psychology, in particular the subdivision of the American Psychological Association (APA Division 38), dedicated to? ANS: 1. Advancing the contributions of psychology to the understanding of health and illness through basic and clinical research.2. Encouraging the integration of biomedical information about health and illness with current psychological knowledge.3. Promoting education and services in the psychology of health and illness.4. Informing the psychological and biomedical community and the general public about the results of current research and service activities in this area (APA, 2001). REF: WHAT IS HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY? 5. Compare and contrast the beliefs and values of traditional Mexican American and most Native American tribes concerning health care. ANS: Mexican American: both natural biological causes and spiritual causes for illness (Trotter & Chavira, 1997). Mexican American patients may go to a Western doctor to cure a biological problem, only curanderos, or healers, can be trusted to cure spiritual problems. Beliefs include the balance of body types and energies.Many Native American tribes (especially the Navajo) strive to achieve a balance between human beings and the spiritual world (Alvord & Van Pelt, 2000). The trees, animals, earth and sky and the winds are all players in life. Beliefs include spiritual, mental and physical harmony, and harmony with nature. REF: CROSS-CULTURAL DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Chapter Two—Cultural Approaches to Health MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The use of red bracelets and the use of black dots on children’s foreheads are cultural practices explicitly designed to: a. enhance growth c. prevent sickness b. increase attractiveness d. ward off the evil eye ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL APPROACHES TO HEALTH (INTRO)
2. Some ancient beliefs often find their way into contemporary literature, such as the Harry Potter series. What part of the human body was believed to be the site of power and magic, and this same animal part used in a range of treatments? a. heart c. liver b. mind d. eyes ANS: D
REF: VARIETIES OF WORLD MEDICINE
3. Most Americans refer to any other medical approach for health and wellness besides the Western approach as: a. complementary and alternative medicine c. allopathy b. not appropriate for healthcare d. conventional medicine ANS: A
REF: WESTERN BIOMEDICINE
4. The belief that if an individual had a lot of blood, they would have a cheerful or sanguine personality stems from: a. Egyptian physicians such as Imhotep, the chief physician to Pharaoh Zozer b. Vesalius’s study of human anatomy c. Hippocrates’ humoral theory d. William Harvey, an English physician ANS: C
REF: WESTERN BIOMEDICINE
5. Each of the following directly contributed to our knowledge of human anatomy except: a. Fleming c. Leonardo Da Vinci b. Galen d. Andreas Vesalius ANS: A
REF: WESTERN BIOMEDICINE
6. Yin is defined by Traditional Chinese Medicine as being: a. Tao, the supreme source c. light, sun, hot, male b. darkness, moon, cold, female d. the later stage of life ANS: B
REF: TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
7. Chinese and Chinese Americans tend to choose this type of health care system: a. Western medicine b. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) c. Western medicine for acute problems, and TCM for chronic problems d. Qi, and Yin and Yang ANS: C
REF: TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
8. One folk remedy common to American Indian, Mexican American, and Traditional Chinese medicine is: a. plants c. saunas b. warm rocks d. prayer candles ANS: A REF: TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE, CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM, & AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE 9. The Ayurvedic physician uses the following methods to diagnose a disease: a. looks for abnormalities in the body, and smelling the patient. b. X-rays and laboratory workups c. smudging d. meridian theory ANS: A
REF: AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE
10. One of the most recent empirical validations of traditional East Indian medicine relates to the use of an herbal remedy (called forskolin, isolated from the Coleus forskohlii plant) for the treatment of: a. heart disease c. insomnia b. impotence d. obesity ANS: A
REF: AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE
11. Illness caused if a person’s energy field is weakened or disrupted is a common belief of: a. curanderismo c. vodoo b. shamanism d. Native American ANS: A
REF: CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM
12. Curanderos use three levels of treatment depending on the source of the illness: a. basic, moderate and complex c. mal de ojo, curar, parteras b. material, spiritual, and mental d. prayer, candles and herbal ointments ANS: B
REF: CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM
13. “Walking in beauty” refers to: a. the involvement of female shamans in ceremonies. b. the employment of Qi gong rather than aromatherapy as the best mode of healing. c. the use of herbal remedies to reduce the signs of aging. d. the worldview that everything in life is connected to everything else. ANS: D
REF: CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM
14. What cultural belief uses the concept of “Walking in Beauty”? a. Native American c. Hmong b. Mexican American d. Middle Eastern ANS: A
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
15. A medicine man holds lodges or “sweats” for different reasons, such as: a. a sweat may be dedicated to someone with cancer or another terminal illness b. to make individuals aware of the need to make health care changes c. to purify his mind before he spends time with a member of the tribe d. as a last resort during illness ANS: A
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
16. Who would most likely use “smudge” in their treatment? a. a clinical health psychologist from the U.S.. b. curanderos c. sangomas d. shamans ANS: D
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
17. Chiropractic medicine: a. enhances the flow of qi in the body b. small, highly diluted quantities of medicinal substances are given to cure symptoms c. uses laying on of hands, the healing force of the provider affects the patient’s recovery d. focuses on the relationship between body structure and function, and uses manipulative therapy as an integral treatment tool ANS: D REF: ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID? 18. ______________ refers to the belief that “like cures like,” meaning that small, highly diluted quantities of medicinal substances are given to cure symptoms. a. Naturopathic medicine c. Dietary supplements b. Homeopathic medicine d. Smudging ANS: B REF: ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID? 19. A method of healing developed in China at least 2,000 years ago. Procedures involve stimulation of anatomical points on the body by a variety of techniques. This healing technique is called: a. chiropractic c. qi gong b. massage d. acupuncture ANS: D REF: ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID? 20. The following are complementary and alternative medicines that originated from Asia: a. Reiki, Qi, gong, acupuncture b. electromagnetic fields, qi gong c. Ayurveda and chiropractic d. naturopathic medicine and medicine wheel ANS: A REF: ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?
21. In 1998, Congress established the National Center for complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) to stimulate, develop, and support research on complementary and alternative medicines including: a. dance, music and art therapy c. prayer b. hypnosis d. all of the above ANS: D REF: ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID? 22. Many African cultures rely on traditional healers called: a. sangomas c. sadhus b. yogis d. curanderismos ANS: A
REF: ARICAN AMERICAN BELIEFS
23. Latino and Asian Indian mothers try to make sure that their children do not get the “evil eye” by: a. keeping a knife in the room or area where the baby sleeps.. b. Keeping a dead animal’s eye hidden in the house during pregnancy and for the first year of the child’s life. c. placing a large black dot on their child’s forehead.. d. holding them at all times until they turn one year of age. ANS: C
REF: INTRO
24. Practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine determined that there are as many: a. as 2000 acupuncture points on the human body b. 100 acupuncture points on the human body c. as 250 meridians d. acupuncture points as there are meridians. ANS: A
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS
25. One theory on why acupuncture works is: a. due to “mind over matter,” if the patient believes in the treatment it will work b. that the pain impulses are blocked from reaching the spinal cord or brain at various “gates” to these areas c. the pain from the prick of the needle diverts the patient’s thoughts about the actual pain d. that the impact of the needle stops that area from having the ability to recognize pain ANS: B
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
26. The World Health Organization in the late 1970s recognized that acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine can treat many ailments, including: a. cancer of the brain c. gout b. diabetes d. arteriosclerosis ANS: D
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
27. The National Institutes of Health declared in 1997 that acupuncture could be useful by itself or in combination with other therapies to treat: a. addiction and menstrual cramps c. macular degeneration b. pancreatic and brain cancer d. hearing impairments ANS: A
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
28. Studies have demonstrated that acupuncture may help in the rehabilitation of stroke patients, and: a. may help children with delayed growth to get back into the typical growth chart b. can reduce growth of bacteria in a staph infection c. can assist patients with spinal chord injuries to gain the ability to use limbs d. can relieve nausea in patients recovering from surgery ANS: D
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
29. Which of the following is FALSE regarding TCM? a. Acupuncture is a form of TCM b. Meridians are the passageways of qui and blood flow through the body. c. In TCM, a healthy individual has a balanced amount of yin and yang. d. TCM focuses on a cellular microscopic level of diagnosis. ANS: D
REF: TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
30. If you were flushed, have a fever, are constipated and have high blood pressure, a TCM practitioner would say: a. you do not have enough Tao. c. you have too much yang b. you need your gallbladder out d. your liver is not well ANS: C
REF: TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
31. The five elements that balance the internal organs of the body according to TCM are: a. heat, cold, rock, ice, fire c. coal, wood, fire, dirt, water b. earth, water, fire, wind, rock d. fire, water, wood, earth and metal ANS: D
REF: TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
32. If a provider is talking about Vata dosha, Pitta dosha, and Kapha dosha, she would be talking about components of this type of health care: a. Greek humors c. Japanese Reiki b. Hmong shamanism d. Ayurvedic medicine ANS: D
REF: AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE
33. If you as a patient are purging the body of toxins by vomiting, laxatives, enemas, nasal medication, and bloodletting, you are following this tradition. a. ancient Greek medicine c. modern holistic medicine b. Ayurvedic medicine d. Traditional Chinese Medicine ANS: B
REF: AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE
34. In Sub-Saharan Africa, there are four types of traditional healers who provide health care.The following is one of those types: a. blood-letters c. singers b. fire keepers d. faith healers ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL APPROACHES TO HEALTH (INTRO)
35. In Sub-Saharan Africa, diviners are typically: a. men b. herbalists ANS: C
c. women d. elders
REF: CULTURAL APPROACHES TO HEALTH (INTRO)
36. What was one of the first specimens observed under the lens of the electron microscope that was invented in 1932? a. blood c. viruses b. saliva d. sperm ANS: D
REF: WESTERN BIOMEDICINE
37. Who first described the circulation of blood and the functioning of the heart in 1628? a. William Harvey c. Leonardo da Vinci b. Antonius van Leeuwenhoek d. Wilhelm Roentgen ANS: A
REF: WESTERN BIOMEDICINE
38. The most commonly seen form(s) of Ayurvedic treatment in North America is: a. yoga c. Vata b. Panchakarma or “Five actions” d. Charaka Samhita ANS: B
REF: AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE
39. Which of the following is TRUE? a. There is no research on Mexican American folk healing practices. b. Latinos are considered a homogeneous group, meaning that they are similar to one another regardless of where they live. c. Curanderos do not believe that germs and other natural factors can cause illness. d. Healers (curanderismos) do not make appointments, do not have forms or fees, and you pay whatever you believe the healer deserves. ANS: D
REF: CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM
40. Native American medicine has four traditional practices that are common to most tribes. The following is an example of one of them: a. the use of herbal remedies.. c. using eggs and garlic for healing. b. the use of animals in healing d. the use of.the wind in healing. ANS: A
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
41. The lodge used for the “sweat” in Native American culture symbolizes: a. the heartbeat of Mother Earth b. the rocks which are elders c. the womb of Mother Earth d. the source of energy for the earth’s rotation. ANS: C
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
42. The healing ceremony that uses the medicine wheel, the sacred hoop, the sing, and lasts from two to nine days, occurs: a. among Latinos. b. in the Lakota and Navajo tribes c. those using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). d. among African Americans ANS: B
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
43. Voodoo is a legitimate religion in a number of areas of the world, including: a. Brazil, where it is called Candomble c. Philippines b. Puerto Rico, where it is called Gullah d. Guatemala ANS: A
REF: AFRICAN AMERICAN BELIEFS
44. What are the similarities between Hmong and Native American cultures? a. They both utilize shamans. b. The use of eggs and herbs in healing practices. c. They both use similar dietary requirements during healing ceremonies. d. There are no similarities. ANS: A
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
45. According to the most recent census data, the largest minority group in the United States is: a. Asian American c. Native American b. African American d. Latino ANS: D
REF: CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM
46. Which of the following is not something a curandero would do? a. charge the family a specific rate b. utilize material such as fruits, eggs, candles, herbs c. allow the patient to see a Western physician d. offer healing based on patient’s faith ANS: A
REF: CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM
TRUE/FALSE 1. Many Southeast Asian and Latino mothers place a black spot on their babies’ heads to ward away the “evil eye” that could cause their babies harm. ANS: T
REF: CULTURAL APPROACHES TO HEALTH (INTRO)
2. The chemical composition of some drugs, such as opioids, mirrors that of naturally occurring substances, such as opiates. ANS: T
REF: WESTERN BIOMEDICINE
3. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda share many similarities, including the notion of basic elements. ANS: T REF: TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE; AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE 4. Surveys of Mexican Americans show that highly assimilated Mexican Americans no longer follow traditional and indigenous practices. ANS: F
REF: CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM
5. During a Native American sweat lodge ceremony, a “firekeeper” heats rocks in a wood fire, and the rocks are called elders because the rocks of the earth are seen as ancient observers. ANS: T
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
6. Individuals in the sweat lodge experience hallucinations that connect to spirit guides or provide insight into personal conditions. The hallucinations are a result of a toxicity that occurs during this ceremony. ANS: F
REF: AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE
7. The practice of acupuncture in North America began in the 1920’s and later the Chinese started using this as a therapeutic treatment as well. ANS: F
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS
8. Orthomolecular therapies is a treatment in which patients eat substances such as magnesium, melatonin, and mega-doses of vitamins. ANS: T REF: ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID? 9. In the late 1970s, the World Health Organization recognized the ability of acupuncture and Traditional Chinese medicine to treat nearly four dozen common ailments, including the following: neuromusculoskeletal conditions, and emotional and psychological disorders. ANS: T
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS
10. Overall, CAM is used more by people from lower SES backgrounds who cannot afford traditional medicine and by men. ANS: F REF: ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID? ESSAY 1. One of the main elements of Western biomedicine is surgery. What do you know about the origin of surgery and some technological milestones in surgery? ANS: First practiced by early Egyptians and Peruvians some 6,000 years ago. First coronary bypass was performed in 1951, and the first heart transplant was performed in 1967. Surgery and drugs are the primary attempts to cure or treat illness in Western medicine. REF: WESTERN BIOMEDICINE
2. Curanderos, traditional Mexican American healers, use three levels of treatment depending on the source of the illness: material, spiritual, and mental (Trotter & Chavira, 1997). What are some of the techniques used in two of the following: the material, spiritual, and mental levels? ANS: Material: eggs, lemons, garlic, ribbons, religious symbols, crucifix, water, oils, and incense. These are used to either emit or absorb vibrating energy that repairs the energy field around a person. Ceremonies include prayers, ritual sweepings, or cleansing (Torres & Sawyer, 2005).Spiritual: curandero entering a trance, leaving his or her body, and playing the role of a medium. Mental level: using the power the healer has, such as using herbs as treatments. REF: CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM 3. How should the field of health psychology best use information about diverse approaches to health? ANS: The rituals and ceremonies used by diverse cultures reflect the values of those cultures. Health psychologists should understand that those who believe in them should not be ignored and ridiculed. A provider needs to be aware of a person’s beliefs in order to treat the person comprehensively. What people believe influences what they do to remedy the situation, and needs to be taken into consideration when receiving advice from a psychologist with a Western viewpoint on how to maintain health and prevent illness. REF: INTRO/VARIETIES OF WORLD MEDICINE 4. Name three complementary and alternative medicines, and give descriptions of their techniques and goals. ANS: No answer provided. REF: ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID? 5. What are two of the three theories discussed in our text on how acupuncture works? ANS: 1. Pain impulses are blocker from reaching the spinal cord or brain at various “gates” to these areas.2. Acupuncture stimulates the body to produce endorphins, which reduce pain. 3. Opioids may be released into the body during acupuncture treatment. REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
Chapter Three—Essential Physiology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The premise of health psychology is that the following is TRUE? a. The sense of hearing develops before birth. b. The percentage of low birth weight babies in the U.S. is lower than in any country. c. Research on the Mozart effect has consistently shown that babies who listen to Mozart have higher IQs than those who do not have this experience. d. Fetal exposure to teratogens is equally high among all ethnic groups. ANS: A
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
2. What is the memory part of the brain that helps you to remember the answer to this question? a. cerebral cortex c. the hippocampus b. the amygdala d. the cerebellum ANS: C
REF: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
3. The emotion of fear that comes over a patient who is afraid to go to the dentist originates from this section of the brain. a. the medulla c. the amygdala b. the hippocampus d. the cerebral cortex ANS: C
REF: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
4. _________ are at a high risk of infant mortality. a. Extreme preterm babies b. Babies born in Sweden c. Babies who were exposed to a virus prior to birth d. Babies weighing over 9 pounds. ANS: A
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
5. The embryo stage of a pregnancy begins at: a. the end of the second week b. the end of the fourth week ANS: A
c. the end of one month d. after 6 weeks
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
6. The embryo is called a fetus at the ____week of gestation. a. sixth c. eleventh b. ninth d. fourteenth ANS: B
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
7. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Only boys experience a growth spurt. b. Children and adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds mature physically at the same rates; there is no evidence for differences because humans all share a common ancestry. c. The more a baby is touched and stroked, the faster it develops. d. During puberty, Broca’s area triggers an increasing level of growth hormone in the body. ANS: C
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
8. _________ can cause developmental abnormalities in the developing embryo and fetus. a. Polyyps c. Teratogens b. Natural killer (NK) cells d. Cytotoxicity ANS: A
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
9. Miscarriage has strong psychological components. Couples can cope with this stressor better if: a. they are married for at least two years b. they keep it a secret so that people do not keep asking them how they are doing. c. they have strong social support from family and friends d. the woman was only in the first trimester. ANS: C
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
10. Of the following, mothers from which ethnic background rate the family as the most important source of support? a. Asian Americans c. African Americans b. European Americans d. Chinese Americans ANS: C
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
11. Growth and development of the newborn is driven by the secretions of the _______, and coordinated by the hypothalamus. a. adrenal gland c. thyroid gland b. pituitary gland d. corpus callosum ANS: B
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
12. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Boys mature slightly earlier than their female counterparts. b. The age of first menstruation is later today than it was a century ago. c. Today, the average age for first menstruation is about 12 years. d. Only boys experience a growth spurt. ANS: C
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
13. An example of why culture is important in early development is the finding that: a. African American children mature more quickly than European American children. b. African American children mature slower than European American children. c. African American children and European American children mature at the same rate d. Asian American children show some of the fastest rates of physical change ANS: A
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
14. During puberty, major physical changes are stimulated by the: a. hippocampus c. ovaries b. gonads d. pituitary gland ANS: D
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
15. Boys with lower levels of testosterone are more likely to: a. become gay or homosexual b. show behavioral problems such as rebelliousness c. be very easy-going and pleasant when socializing d. develop cancer later in life ANS: B
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
16. Schaie (1993), found in a longitudinal study that the majority of the participants in the study showed no significant decline in most mental abilities until the age of: a. 65 c. 81 b. 70 d. 92 ANS: C
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
17. The brain and spinal cord comprise the: a. peripheral nervous system b. the central nervous system ANS: B
c. the superior colliculus d. prosencephalon
REF: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
18. What section of the brain in a cross-section resembles a gray “X”? a. the cerebral cortex c. the spinal cord b. the occipital lobe d. the medulla ANS: C
REF: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
19. The somatic nervous system controls what part of the body? a. bone growth b. reflex muscles c. skeletal muscles and is under conscious control of these muscles d. heart muscles ANS: C
REF: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
20. The autonomic nervous system coordinates muscles: a. under conscious control. b. that are not under conscious control. c. that control the feelings associated with pain. d. only in the lower half of the body. ANS: B
REF: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
21. Which of the following is FALSE regarding diabetes?. a. An equal number of people have Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. b. Type 1 diabetes is seen at an early age. c. Type 2 diabetes is caused by a melatonin imbalance. d. Because of better medical care, today diabetes rates virtually the same across individuals of different ethnic backgrounds. ANS: A
REF: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
22. The difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is: a. type 1 is insulin dependent b. type 2 is insulin dependent c. Asian Americans tend to have only type 1 diabetes d. type 2 is seen at an early age ANS: A
REF: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
23. Though a bad diet is a direct risk factor for diabetes (Hu et al., 2001), research now suggests that this behavior is a major factor as well: a. not getting enough sleep b. smoking, especially heavy smoking c. not receiving enough sunlight d. using sugar substitutes on food and in drinks such as coffee ANS: B
REF: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
24. The heart is protected by: a. the pericardium. b. the arteries. ANS: A
c. the valves. d. the atria.
REF: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
25. Who is credited with giving us a complete understanding of the circulatory system? a. Erasistratus in 300 BC c. William Harvey in 1628 b. Galen in 150 BC d. none of the above ANS: C
REF: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
26. The circuit between the heart and the lungs is called: a. systemic circulation c. ischemia b. capillaries d. pulmonary circulation ANS: D
REF: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
27. Bariatric surgery is becoming more popular. The most common type of bariatric surgery is: a. removal of the stomach c. stapling of the stomach b. gastric bypass surgery d. lap-band ANS: B
REF: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
28. Colon cancer results from small clumps of cells called ___________ that turn cancerous. a. gallstones c. B cells b. polyps d. T cells ANS: B
REF: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
29. T-cells mature in this organ: a. thymus gland b. liver ANS: A
c. kidneys d. spleen
REF: THE PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNITY
30. The natural killer cells that circulate the body: a. are present in infants and children, but disappear by middle age b. engulf teratogens and viruses and devour them c. push infected cells through the body to the spleen d. inject diseased cells by injecting them with toxic chemicals ANS: D
REF: THE PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNITY
31. What is the purpose of the spleen? a. It is an organ whose many ducts clean the lymphatic system. b. Assists the kidneys in processing insulin. c. It is a ductless organ that filters blood. d. It is the primary storage area for lymphocytes. ANS: C
REF: THE PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNITY
32. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Bacteria and viruses can be transmitted to humans through the air. b. The sebum on our skin serves to prevent microorganisms from breaking the skin barrier or from growing on the skin. c. Bacteria and viruses can be transmitted to humans from an animal bite. d. The secretion of chemicals such as lysozyme instigates the swelling or inflammatory response and can also cause itching of the eyes. ANS: D
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
33. The main lines of entry for viruses and bacteria is: a. through skin and different openings of the body b. by having direct contact with the sebum. c. having a reduced immunosystem from not taking daily vitamins d. from being dropped by unhealthy T cells as they are being transported through the lymphatic system ANS: A
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
34. Barriers that do not rely on the cells of the immune system are referred to as: a. nonspecific immune defenses c. antigens b. key components d. nonimmunologic defenses ANS: D
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
35. If you fall and scratch up your elbow while gardening, your elbow will swell from an increase in blood flow to the area. This is a direct result of: a. acquired immunity. c. the inflammatory response. b. the phagocytosis response. d. the memory B cell response. ANS: D
REF: THEP ROCESS OF DEFENSE
36. If you have allergies, you are familiar with the action of the body secreting histamines, including itching of eyes, nose and throat. Your body may also respond with: a. fever c. elevated blood pressure b. elevated red blood cell count d. inflammation of the tonsils ANS: A
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
37. Another type of immunity that is a form of a specific immune response, and involves the activation of lymphocytes is: a. activated immunity. c. acquired immunity. b. the inflammatory response. d. reactivation immunity. ANS: C
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
38. Acquired immunity takes place in either the: a. spleen or the appendix b. blood or the cells ANS: B
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
39. Another example of acquired immunity is: a. the immunizations of babies b. eating blue cheese ANS: A
c. tonsils or the adenoids d. thymus or the pancreas
c. contracting HIV d. taking protein and vitamin supplements
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
40. If you have chickenpox as a child, what is the reason you are unlikely to get it again? a. You have extra macrophages from the previous chicken pox, and they will engulf this strain too. b. You have cell-mediated immunity c. You have circulating B memory cells for the chickenpox. d. none of the above ANS: C
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
41. A strong immune response is characterized by: a. strong organs that are healthy, such as the spleen. b. younger humans with less contact with varying illnesses. c. a low number of T cells d. great differentiation and proliferation. ANS: D
REF: THE PROCESS OF DEFENSE
42. Given what you know about the respiratory system, what can you do to maintain your health in this area? a. get your cytotoxicity measured c. increase your carbon dioxide level b. increase your aerobic respiration d. Increase your histamines. ANS: B
REF: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
43. What are some facts that are known about the respiratory system? a. Lung capacity is an important measure of cardiovascular fitness. b. Asthma is a curable respiratory condition. c. The alveoli are also known as the windpipe. d. The bronchioles end in little sacs known as lysozyme clusters. ANS: A
REF: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
44. Which of the following is true about asthma? a. The number of people diagnosed with asthma has stayed relatively constant over the last two decades. b. The death rates from asthma are higher for European Americans than for African Americasns. c. It is a chronic condition with no cure. d. Asian Americans have the highest incidence of asthma out of all of the ethnic groups in the USA. ANS: C
REF: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
45. This ethnic group recognizes different organs than Western medicine. This group will refer to the “Triple Burner.” a. East Indians c. Native Americans b. Chinese d. Mexican Americans ANS: B
REF: WHAT ABOUT CULTURE?
46. The “Wild Divine,”a video product that focuses on promoting self-care and wellness, was tested for its effectiveness as a relaxation technique (Roethel & Gurung, 2007). The results of this study is that the game actually resulted in both physiological and psychological changes. These changes were found to be: a. an increase in violence and anger in the user b. an increase in salivary cortisol c. decrease in depression and fatigue d. increase in psychological symptoms ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
47. The system(s) in the human body that is(are) responsible for metabolic activity are: a. immune system c. cardiac/pulmonary system b. digestive and renal systems d. nervous and endocrine systems ANS: B
REF: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
48. The endocrine hormone most related to the metabolism of food, especially glucose, is: a. oxytocin c. gastrin b. prolactin d. insulin ANS: D
REF: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
TRUE/FALSE 1. Preterm births are those who are born before 37 weeks of gestation. ANS: T
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
2. The average age of menopause is 65. ANS: F
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
3. Children grow in a continuous pattern with the same amount of growth every week until 2 years of age. ANS: F
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
4. The growth spurt for girls is almost two years before the growth spurt in boys. ANS: T
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
5. In 2003, the Women’s Health Initiative study indicated that hormone replacement therapy treatment should be halted due to the fact that women receiving the drug were found to have a higher risk for certain cancers. ANS: T
REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
6. The pituitary gland produces the hormone oxytocin. ANS: T
REF: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
7. The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries, and the vessels that carry blood to the heart are called veins. ANS: T
REF: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
8. A healthy person’s blood pressure should be less than 120/80 mm Hg.. ANS: T
REF: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
9. There is a risk of early death following bariatric surgery. ANS: T
REF: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
10. Instead of of focusing on physiology, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) focuses on symptoms displayed by the patient to arrive at a diagnosis. ANS: T
REF: WHAT ABOUT CULTURE?
ESSAY 1. The developing embryo and fetus are sensitive to several factors that can cause delays in development, birth defects, and/or miscarriage. What are three circumstances that can affect the development of the fetus? ANS: Answers can include: teratogensexposure to teratogens is higher for ethnic minority population; refrain from use of alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and other drugs and medication; the more stress the mother experiences, the more she risks delivery of a preterm of low birth weight baby; secondhand smoke from the father; stress from the father in form of emotional or physical abuse REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 2. What is one hypothesis for the change in the onset of menstruation? ANS: Answers can include: stress higher levels of environmental factors. Brumbauer (1997) found that after years of immigration, regardless of ethnicity, girls menstruate earlier in North America than in their countries of origin. REF: BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
3. Thomas is 23 years old. What age-related changes should Thomas experience between the ages of 25 and 65? ANS: Limited changes in physical development: hair thins and tends to turn gray, may experience a receding hairline, storage of body fat increases; the distribution of fat changes to increased waist-to-hip ratio, tendency to put on weight until mid 50s: start to lose weight and slowly lose height after approximately age 60, bones start to shrink, hearing and vision degrade first before other senses. REF: BIOLOGICAL CHANGES 4. What are the three main parts of the vertebrate brain? ANS: The hindbrain, or rhombencephalon, is located in the back of the brain and consists of the medulla, pons, and the cerebellum. Forebrain, or prosencephalon, is where thinking, consciousness, talking, eating and creating all occur. The spinal cord extends from the base of the skull to the tailbone. REF: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 5. Name three of the major glands in the endocrine system, and indicate the hormones that they secrete. ANS: Pituitary gland (oxytocin), pineal (melatonin), thyroid (thyroxine), parathyroid (parathyroid hormone), thymus (thymosins), pancreas (insulin), adrenal (cortisol and catecholamines), ovaries (estrogen), testes (androgens). REF: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Chapter Four—What Is Stress? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Lazarus (1966) added more psychological components to the process of stress. Lazarus indicated that stress: a. was the upsetting of the homeostasis. b. has psychosocial stress which reflects the subject’s inability to forestall or diminish perception recall and anticipation. c. a substantial imbalance between environmental demand and the response capability of the focal organism. d. is a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize. ANS: D
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
2. ________________ was the first to sketch the pattern of responses of the autonomic nervous system in response to stress and to map out the full level of physiological activation. a. Lazarus c. Taylor b. Folkman d. Cannon ANS: D
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
3. The earliest theory of stress suggests our current response is a remnant of our evolutionary past and was developed by: a. Walter Cannon c. Richard Lazarus b. Hans Seyle d. Rene Descartes ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
4. Historically, stressors were primarily acute. An example of an acute stressor would be: a. stubbing a toe c. living with rheumatoid arthritis b. taking a Health Psychology class d. living in an overpopulated community ANS: A
REF: WHAT IS STRESS?
5. The Hassles Scales indicates that the following circumstance ranks the highest on the list of major stressors: a. chronic car trouble c. jail term b. death of a close family member d. major personal injury ANS: B
REF: WHAT IS STRESS?
6. During the fight or flight response, epinephrine: a. increases heart rate and blood pressure. c. converts fat into energy. b. Increases the release of oxytocin. d. gets oxygen into the bloodstream. ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
7. According to Cannon’s fight or flight theory of stress, the _________system is activated. a. HPA c. GAS b. SAM d. SNS ANS: B
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
8. The main chemical(s) associated with the fight or flight response: a. are catecholamines c. is endorphin b. is cortisol d. is insulin ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
9. The theory that women developed additional stress responses aimed to protect, calm and quiet children, to remove them from harm’s way, and to marshal resources to help is called: a. fight-or-flight theory. c. The emotional social support theory. b. Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome. d. tend-and-befriend theory. ANS: D
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
10. Research supports that women with higher levels of oxytocin in their bodies: a. bond better with their babies. b. engaged in less affiliative and nurturing behaviors. c. decreases their relaxation. d. makes them spend less time with their friends to ensure an optimal coping response. ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
11. After a stressful day on the job, men respond by________ (Repetti & Wood, 1997). a. stopping by the bar for a drink b. hunting and fishing c. hanging out with friends d. wanting to be alone and often fight with their spouses and kids ANS: D
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
12. After having a stressful day at work, women____________(Repetti & Wood, 1997). a. want to spend more time with their kids and have more physical contact with them b. want to go shopping c. want to go work out in the gym d. want to be alone ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
13. According to Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) theory of stress, the_______system is activated. a. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) c. sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) b. sympathetic nervous d. catecholamine ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
14. According to Lazarus’s Cognitive appraisal model, in primary appraisal, people assess whether an event involves each of the following EXCEPT: a. fear c. threat b. harm d. challenge ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
15. During secondary appraisal in the Cognitive Appraisal Model, individuals ______. a. evaluate their resources for dealing with stress b. unconsciously recall other similar stressful events c. engage in the use of defense mechanisms d. experience resistance and then exhaustion ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
16. Lazarus suggests that we make two major types of appraisals when we face any potentially stressful event. During the primary appraisal we: a. base our opinion on a galvanic skin response b. ascertain whether the event is positive, negative or neutral. c. determine whether we think our coping skills are going to be effective in managing the stressor. d. experience low stress ANS: B
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
17. Research on nursing home residents found that by __________ they were significantly better off than those in the control group. a. denying of the problem so that one can maintain a sense of optimism. b. giving them control of various aspects of their day-to-day life. c. realizing that one has no control over the outcome and moving toward a stage of acceptance. d. giving them a monetary daily living allowance. ANS: B
REF: FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR APPRAISALS
18. During the first Gulf War, many individuals were hospitalized just for the trauma of not knowing whether the warheads contained chemical weapons or not. This is one example of one of the main dimensions of stress, called: a. centrality c. valence b. duration d. predictability ANS: D
REF: FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR APPRAISALS
19. Research was conducted where one group of residents in a nursing home were given the responsibility of caring for a plant, and another group did not receive a plant. After 6 months, the group with a plant to care for were significantly better off than the group without plants. This is an example of one of the main dimensions of stress, called: a. control c. predictability b. duration d. definition ANS: A
REF: FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR APPRAISALS
20. According to Brofrenbrenner (1977), work and home are examples of: a. microsystems c. role theory b. mesosystem d. reciprocity ANS: A
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
21. Bolger et al.(1989) first recognized and defined two specific types of stress contagion: a. microsystems and macrosystems c. spillover and crossover b. gender and race d. socioeconomic level, and regional location ANS: C
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
22. Sometimes a spouse may have a bad day at work and returns home to verbally abuse the family. This is referred to as: a. chronic stress c. spillover b. compensatory responding d. reciprocity ANS: C
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
23. One of the biggest stressors at work can be: a. multiple roles b. boredom ANS: D
c. poorly defined roles d. All of these are stressors
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESS
24. What environmental stress can lead to the reducing the learning capabilities of children in the classroom or home environments? a. airport noise b. poor use of colors in the decoration of the classroom c. small class size that leads to feelings of isolation. d. a phonics approach to teaching reading. ANS: A
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
25. Which of the following is an example of a techno-political stressor? a. Hurricane Katrina c. Role ambiguity at work. b. The Boston bombings. d. Background stressors at work. ANS: B
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
26. Which of the following is considered a short-term environmental stressor? a. background stressors c. techno-political stressors b. natural disaster stressors d. allostasis. ANS: B
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
27. The diathesis-stress model indicates that the diathesis is: a. vulnerable predispositions b. the lack of vulnerability for stress c. the reasons we are stressed d. the cause for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ANS: A REF: STRESS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: THE DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL 28. Culture may act as a stressor in the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology by: a. activating cultural folklore. b. the confusion that might occur from misunderstood communication. c. activating certain vulnerabilities and predispositions that may lead to the emergence of psychopathology. d. causing confusion when interpreting research data. ANS: C REF: STRESS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: THE DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
29. Beals et al. (2005) found that Native Americans living in the Northern Plains and the Southwest area of the United States had the most prevalent diagnosis for mental health issues such as: a. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder c. lower prevalence of depression b. higher prevalence of substance abuse d. all of the above ANS: D
REF: CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR
30. Data from the National Health Interview Survey indicated that ___________ were significantly more likely to report experiencing recent “serious psychological distress” and feelings of helplessness compared to other ethnic groups. a. African Americans c. African American women b. American Indians d. Latino American women ANS: B
REF: CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR
31. Whitbeck et al.(2002) found that a sample of Native Americans in the upper Midwest decreased the association between discrimination and depression if: a. the individuals participated in traditional practices such as powwows b. the individuals used their tribal language c. if the individuals lived in the urban areas d. both a and b ANS: D
REF: CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR
32. One example indicating that the effects of discrimination-related stress can have a stronger effect on men is that: a. Orthodox Jewish males indicate they are depressed if they reside in an urban location. b. elderly African American males have higher scores than females for race-related stress in the context of institutional racism and collective racism c. young Asian females have lower scores on depression in the Midwest than males. d. there is no difference of discrimination stress between men and women. ANS: B
REF: CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR
33. Research has shown that problems arise when we experience stress for a long time, but how long is too long? a. Six months c. Five years or more b. A year or more d. The answer depends on the individual. ANS: D
REF: CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS
34. Which of the following is FALSE?. a. PTSD is found only in the U.S. and Canada. b. Extended stress can destroy neurons in the hippocampus. c. Stress that is chronic can interfere with the immune system. d. Psychologists have argued that PTSD can occur even if the stressful event is not experienced directly. ANS: A
REF: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS
35. Gurung et al. (2004) found that chronic stress or burden and low socioeconomic status were significant predictors of changes in depression for: a. African American and Latina women c. European American women b. Latina women and Asian women d. Asian women ANS: A
REF: CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR
36. The Galvanic skin response is a tool that measures stress by: a. measuring perceived stress as a written survey b. measuring the heart rate of the patient c. measuring how our skin conducts electricity d. analyzing psychological measures ANS: C
REF: MEASURING STRESS
37. Researchers can test stress levels in blood samples from: a. the level of cortisol in blood, which decreases when we are stressed. b. the level of epinephrine which increases when we are stressed. c. noting the insulin levels. d. drawing several vials of blood, so this is not normally a route to choose to determine stress levels. ANS: B
REF: MEASURING STRESS
38. North Americans indicated in the 2007 APA poll that this is their top stressor: a. marital relationship c. relationships with children b. relationships with aging parents d. work ANS: D
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
39. For __________________Americans, deaths peaked on the fourth day of the month. a. Chinese and Japanese c. Hispanic and Mexican b. African d. American Indians ANS: A
REF: FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES
40. Freedman (1975) found that overcrowding causes negative moods for: a. only women. c. African Americans. b. both men and women. d. only men. ANS: D
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
41. Wars and acts of terrorism are examples of: a. techno-political stressors b. background stressors ANS: A
c. natural disaster stressors d. All of the above are correct.
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
42. Stress can affect human physiology by: a. suppression of the immune system and neuronal damage b. decreasing blood pressure c. improving short-term memory d. causing nail and hair growth due to increase in sympathetic nervous system. ANS: A
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
43. From a practical standpoint, the activation of the HPA axis and the SAM is: a. obsolete and not needed by humans at this time b. important and critical to the survival of humans c. is needed to prepare our bodies for stressors, but decreases our ability to respond quickly due to constant wear and tear d. a chronic condition. ANS: B
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
44. The _____________ is the name given to the phenomenon in which the stress of an unlucky day may be strong enough to cause physiological damage. a. Barnum effect c. Baskerville effect b. mere exposure effect d. fundamental attribution error ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES
45. . The Baskerville effect is an example of: a. the tend-and-befriend model b. the stress contagion effect ANS: C
c. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. microaggressions
REF: FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES
46. When comparing major theories concerning stress, the following one has specific ideas about how oxytocin can generate an individual to respond to a stressor: a. Flight-or-fight c. General Adaptation Syndrome b. Cognitive appraisal d. Tend-and-Befriend ANS: D
REF: THEORIES OF STRESS
47. If Gina reacts to the stress of missing the bus on her way to work by first determining how important it is that she arrives at work on time, then examining her resources to see if she can cope with the stress of not going to work, she would be demonstrating the stress theory: a. Tend-and-Befriend c. Cognitive Appraisal b. General Adaptation Syndrome d. Fight-or-Flight ANS: C
REF: THEORIES OF STRESS
48. The stress of an unlucky day may be strong enough to cause physiological damage. This thought is demonstrated by: a. the superstition of Western culture with the number 13 b. the statistical increase of Chinese and Japanese Americans rate of death on the first day of the month, considered to be unlucky c. the allostasis effect. d. the finding that heart attacks increase in the winter ANS: A
REF: FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES
TRUE/FALSE 1. Canon (1929) viewed stress as the biological mobilization of the body for action, involving sympathetic activation and endocrine activity. ANS: T
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
2. In humans, breastfeeding mothers have been found to be calmer than those who do not breastfeed (Ulvas-Moberg, 1996). ANS: T
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
3. Most research measuring stress outside the laboratory would use a questionnaire checklist to assess individuals’ level of stress . ANS: T
REF: MEASURING STRESS
4. Recent research has shown that spraying oxytocin into someone’s nose via a nasal spray can improve how accurately they are at recognizing feelings in others. ANS: T
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
5. Brofrenbrenner (1977) and the ecological theory identified how the work domain can affect elements of the home domain, and vice versa, and is defined by different levels of systems. ANS: T
REF: DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS
6. In a longitudinal study of over 2,000 adults, it was found that the stress-responses to the 9/11 attacks predicted increased heart problems even three years after the attacks (Holman et al., 2008). ANS: T
REF: DIFFERENT VARIEITES OF STRESSORS
7. Most of the early major theories of stress, such as Seyle and Cannon, paid more attention to the psychological changes in the mind that accompany the experience of stress they physiological processes. ANS: F
REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS
8. Allostasis is the inability to achieve stability through change, and indicates the individual will have mental or physical consequences to not being able to change. ANS: F
REF: CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS
9. In one of the biggest reviews of the studies on PTSD, Ozer et al. (2003) found that psychological processes at the time of or around the trauma, not prior characteristics, are the strongest predictors of PTSD. ANS: T
REF: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
10. Recent research has shown that living in a harsh family environment leads to the modification of the children’s genes. Specifically, they show excessive immune responses and reduction in cortisol’s ability to properly regulate inflammatory responses. ANS: T
REF: STRESS AND GENES
ESSAY 1. According to the research discussed in the textbook, what are some ways that men and women might differ in how they respond to stress? ANS: Men follow fight-or-flight due to increase in testosterone. Men want to spend time by themselves and can pick fights with spouse and children. Women follow tend-and-befriend due to increase in oxytocin. Women want to tend to children when stressed, and have more physical contact with them. REF: MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS 2. There are six main dimensions of stress. Please list these dimensions, and give a short definition as to what they entail. ANS: Answer not provided. REF: FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR APPRAISALS 3. Culture influences both the appraisal of stress and the experience of stress. Different cultures have different expectations for various aspects of life, and these differences can make a high threat event look like a low threat event to another group. Write about what you know from reading the textbook about how culture can influence stress, and include personal examples or examples you have observed or read about to support your answers. ANS: Answers can include information about stress arising from differences between cultures regarding: family values, communication styles, health care expectations, gender roles, parenting styles, perceived support from family and friends, and how cultures interpret an event. REF: CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR 4. Psychologically speaking, work or occupational stress can arise from a number of factors. Nine factors are mentioned in your textbook. List three of these factors and write a short example for each one. ANS: 1. Cognitive overload: having too much to do. 2. Role conflict: being unsure of one’s job description. 3. Ambiguity: not knowing what one is supposed to be doing. 4. Discrimination: job ceilings that prevent one from rising in the ranks. 5. Not getting promoted, because of sexism, ageism, or other prejudices. 6. Poor social networks preventing outlets to process job stress. 7. Lack of control over what one is doing and when it is done. 8. Multiple roles that need to be balanced. 9. Not being challenged enough. REF: DIFFERENT VARIEITES OF STRESSORS
5. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder that is a possible consequence of a major stressful event. Please answer the following questions by offering insight and examples for each question. “Is it possible to have PTSD without experiencing the event directly?” and “How can culture affect PTSD?” ANS: Recently, psychologists have argued that PTSD can occur even if the even is not experience directly. Evidence surrounding 9/11 supports this perspective (Marshall et al.2007). Studies show that psychological processes at the time of or around the trauma, not prior characteristics are the strongest predictors of PTSD. Researchers are now expanding their thoughts that PTSD only occur for war, and talking about how sexual assault victims also can have PTSD. PTSD might result in some cultures, such as in Iraq, from the results from the day to day changes even more so than the actual traumatic event. REF: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Chapter Five—Coping and Social Support MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is FALSE regarding coping? a. It involves cognitive efforts to manage the outcomes of stress b. It involves behavioral efforts to manage the outcomes of stress c. It includes whatever individuals do to reestablish homeostatic balance. d. It is a one-time event that results in favorable outcomes. ANS: D
REF: WHAT IS COPING?
2. One of the most important reasons that studying coping is difficult is due to the fact that: a. stressors can be positive or negative b. there is severe cultural diversity in stress c. individual differences in people and stressors make it difficult to study d. there are too many subtypes of coping ANS: C
REF: WHAT IS COPING?
3. People who have high levels of social support often cope better than people with low levels of social support. In this case, social support can be said to be a(n): a. anti-stressor c. mediator b. coping mechanism d. moderator ANS: D
REF: MODERATORS VERSUS MEDIATORS
4. Most of the following variables can be mediators and moderators except for: a. happiness c. social support b. optimism d. age ANS: D
REF: MODERATORS VERSUS MEDIATORS
5. A _____ is the intervening process through which one variable has an effect on another variable. a. moderator c. control b. mediator d. buffer ANS: B
REF: MODERATORS VERSUS MEDIATORS
6. One of the most commonly studied mediators in health psychology is: a. sex c. health behaviors b. social support d. stress ANS: C
REF: MODERATORS VERSUS MEDIATORS
7. Our general predispositions to deal with stress are best described as: a. coping strategies c. coping genes b. coping styles d. avoidant coping ANS: B
REF: THE STRUCTURE OF COPING
8. If you have stress from a roommate who does not wash her own dishes, and you take the time to talk to her directly about your wish that she wash her own dishes, this type of coping style is called: a. emotion-focused coping . c. avoidant coping. b. approach coping. d. positive reinterpretation. ANS: B
REF: THE STRUCTURE OF COPING
9. Which of the following coping techniques is considered to be both problem-focused and emotion-focused? a. social support c. using religion b. using humor d. distraction ANS: A
REF: THE STRUCTURE OF COPING
10. Problem-focused coping is associated with more positive outcomes when the source of stress is ________. a. limited. c. flexible b. controllable. d. emotionally overwhelming. ANS: B
REF: THE STRUCTURE OF COPING
11. Each of the following is considered one of the “Big Five”factors in personality except: a. extraversion c. agreeableness b. neuroticism d. optimism ANS: D
REF: PERSONALITY AND COPING
12. If you are soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful, you are high on the Big Five personality trait of: a. optimism c. conscientiousness b. agreeableness d. neuroticism ANS: B
REF: PERSONALITY AND COPING
13. In contrast to early research on the Type A personality, current views hold that the most unhealthy component of the Type A profile is: a. being competitive c. being hostile b. showing a sense of time urgency d. being hardy ANS: C
REF: PERSONALITY AND COPING
14. An individual with Type A coronary-prone are found to be at a higher level of risk for: a. coronary heart disease. c. muscular-skeletal injuries b. diabetes. d. renal failure. ANS: A
REF: PERSONALITY AND COPING
15. _______ is the relatively stable tendency of an individual to believe one’s life is under one’s own control. a. Optimism c. Conscientiousness b. Hardiness d. Mastery ANS: D
REF: PERSONALITY AND COPING
16. People who enjoy challenges, have a high level of control, and are committed to their lives, are high in_______. a. optimism c. extraversion b. hardiness d. mastery ANS: B
REF: PERSONALITY AND COPING
17. Which of the following empirical statements is TRUE? a. Optimists tend to cope better with stress than pessimists. b. Optimists are more likely to use avoidant coping strategies than pessimists. c. Optimists tend not to practice healthy behaviors because they assume most outcomes will be positive. d. Optimism is correlated with better psychological health, but is not predictive of longevity. ANS: A
REF: PERSONALITY AND HEALTH
18. A student that has a high level of mastery believes: a. he is in control of the classroom environment b. he has the capability to succeed at whatever task is at hand. c. he does not have much control over his environment d. that he has a lot to learn this semester. ANS: B
REF: PERSONALITY AND HEALTH
19. Two of the most closely related personality concepts that both predict better coping are: a. conscientiousness and neuroticism c. mastery and optimism b. optimism and hardiness d. hardiness and resilience ANS: D
REF: PERSONALITY AND HEALTH
20. Which of the following is FALSE regarding resilience? a. Resilience has been studied with children, but not adults. b. Cultural factors have been shown to correlate with resilience. c. Resilience correlatates positively with hardiness. d. Resilience can be studied at the group level. ANS: A
REF: PERSONALITY AND COPING
21. The United States and European coping styles tend to follow: a. collectivist values. b. Individualistic values c. collectivistic values, emphasizing interdependence on others. d. Research has not examined cultural differences in coping because culture is too difficult to measure. ANS: B
REF: COPING AND CULTURE
22. For immigrants, the rate of psychiatric disorder may ______ with duration of time living in the United States. a. decrease b. stay the same c. improve and then decrease after five years. d. increase ANS: D
REF: COPING AND CULTURE
23. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Alameda County Study? a. It is a study of a single community in California. b. It is a cross-sectional study examining two age groups.. c. It found that men and women who were socially integrated lived longer than those who were not socially integrated. d. It was a 9-year epidemiological study. ANS: B
REF: SOCIAL SUPPORT
24. Regarding social support: a. Men give and receive more social support over their lives. b. Both men and woman give an equal amount of social support over their lifespan. c. Woman give and receive the most social support over their lifespan. d. Gender is not one of the predictors of social support. ANS: C
REF: SOCIAL SUPPORT
25. Married women are more likely to seek social support from: a. their husbands c. their same-sex friends b. members of their church d. their mothers ANS: C
REF: SOCIAL SUPPORT
26. Which of the following is FALSE regarding acculturation? a. Acculturation has been shown to affect physical health. b. Acculturation has been shown to affect mental health. c. Acculturation can have different affects on men than women. d. There have not been any significant benefits associated with acculturation. ANS: D
REF: COPING AND CULTURE
27. As Dan has grown older, he has adjusted his group of friends to include those who he feels he needs for emotional support, and others he needs for instrumental support, like helping him fix his bicycle. This is an example of: a. social convoy model c. familialism b. socioemotional selectivity theory d. received an perceived support ANS: A
REF: THEORIES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT
28. According to empirical data found by Gurung, Taylor & Seeman (2003), men are more likely to receive emotional support from: a. their children c. their same-sex friends b. their spouses d. their work team ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT
29. Higher social support is associated with higher infant birth weight among: a. foreign-born Latinas c. Latinas born in the United States b. European American woman d. African American women ANS: A
REF: CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT
30. The concept that as we age, we prune our social networks to maintain a desired emotional state depending on the amount of limited time we have in our lives is: a. familialism c. escape avoidance b. socioemotional selectivity theory d. distancing ANS: B
REF: THEORIES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT CHANGE
31. Data from large longitudinal studies such as the MacArthur Successful Aging Study showed that: a. social support increases with time b. only young people report receiving adequate support. c. social support decreases with time d. the quality of social support is similar across individuals regardless of psychological or cognitive function. ANS: A
REF: THEORIES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT CHANGE
32. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire: a. measures only problem-focused coping. b. measures how people generally cope with stress. c. measures only social support. d. measures both problem-and emotion-focused coping. ANS: D
REF: COMMON MEASURES OF COPING
33. Active coping, planning, restraint coping, and acceptance are all forms of coping assessed by: a. guided imagery. b. The Social Readjustment Reappraisal scale c. The Social Support questionnaire d. The COPE ANS: D
REF: COMMON MEASURES OF COPING
34. Hypnosis is one form of coping that is found in: a. Biofeedback. c. cognitive-behavioral approaches. b. the COPE. d. relaxation-based approaches. ANS: D
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
35. Mindfulness is a relaxation-based technique that: a. intentionally bringing one’s attention to internal and external experiences occurring at the present moment. b. has not been empirically demonstrated to result in increased immune activity. c. increases the breathing rate to distract the person from stressful thoughts.. d. focuses the mind on positive events from the past. ANS: A
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
36. Guided imagery and biofeedback are similar in that: a. they both utilize electronic monitoring devices b. they both need a therapist to assist you in your journey c. they both slow your pulse rate down d. you can observe your progress on a feedback machine ANS: C
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
37. If you have a fear of heights, this technique of classical conditioning is commonly used to help you to reduce this phobia: a. systemic desensitization c. cognitive-behavioral therapy b. psychoanalysis d. yoga ANS: A
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
38. Which of the following is NOT considered a relaxation-based approache to coping with stress? a. aromatherapy c. guided imagery b. disclosure in writing d. biofeedback ANS: B
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
39. Mai is utilizing a coping technique that asks her to focus on a specific thought, word image, or phrase. Which of the following coping technique might she be using? a. biofeedback c. guided imagery b. meditation d. all of the above ANS: D
REF: 171
40. CJ is utilizing a coping strategy that requires him to slow down his breathing and to clear his mind of stressful thoughts. CJ is probably utilizing the following coping strategy: a. Mindfulness meditation c. Stress-innoculation training b. expressive writing d. Rational-emotive therapy ANS: A
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
41. Sky is trying a new technique to help him to stay well. He writes in a journal about emotional issues, including relationships about others, his past, the present, the future, and his goals and plans. Research has shown that this cognitive-behavioral approach will likely: a. improve physical activity. b. increase levels of depression as a result of focusing on troubling, emotional issues. c. reduce levels of stress and negative mood d. lead to relaxation through the process of systemic desensitization ANS: C
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
42. An individual with body dysmorphic disorder, the condition where their body image perception is different than reality, can utilize this form of treatment to learn how to identify and change their irrational beliefs a. biofeedback c. guided imagery b. relaxation therapy d. rational-emotional therapy ANS: D
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
43. Which of the following is FALSE regarding systematic desensitization? a. You pair relaxation with the least stressful event in your anxiety hierarcy, and then move down the list until you can imagine your most stressful event and be relaxed. b. You start by confronting your worst fears by going to the source of your stress c. It is a form of classical conditioning. d. It is considered a relaxation-based approach to coping with stress. ANS: B
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
44. Carlos wants to set up a routine exercise schedule. From what you have learned about exercise and stress reduction, what could you tell Carlos about how exercise affects stress? a. Exercise must be completed for one hour each day in order for any benefits to be seen in stress studies. b. Individuals who follow an exercise routine have lower pulse and mean arterial pressure when put under stress. c. Individuals who exercise put themselves at risk of cardiovascular disease if they are also working under stressful conditions. d. Exercise does not affect stress, it only improves mood. ANS: B
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
45. When comparing the coping support systems among all cultural groups research indicates the following groups have the highest amount of support from other individuals within their cultural groups: a. Individuals with strong religious ties b. African American individuals who get the most support from their families, and women c. European American men d. athletes and college students ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT
TRUE/FALSE 1. Research indicates that the approach coping works better in the short term than the long term. ANS: T
REF: THE STRUCTURE OF COPIING
2. Avoidant, emotion-based coping may be beneficial in the short term because this coping style gives your body time to recover from the physiological responses to and the shock of the stressor. For example, if you are diagnosed with cancer, and you are so anxious you can not function, it may benefit you to be emotion-focused and to cope with your emotions first and then deal with the issue later. ANS: T 3. The critical aspect of the Type A personality style that predicts coronary artery disease is a sense of time urgency. ANS: F
REF: PPERSONALITY AND COPING
4. Secondary appraisals entail the person’s perception of their coping ability. ANS: T
REF: WHO COPES WELL?
5. Measures of social support all have in common the fact that they measure number of people in one’s social network. ANS: F
REF: SOCIAL SUPPORT
6. Mental health outcomes are worse for immigrants to the United States, as opposed to people from the same cultural group born in the United States who tend to have better mental health outcomes. ANS: F
REF: CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT
7. One acculturation-physical health link is: in general, recent immigrants are healthier then better-acculturated non-immigrants. ANS: T
REF: CULTURAL VARIABLES IN SOCIAL SUPPORT
8. If Josh has social support from his friends while he is recovering from cancer, epidemiological studies indicate that he will have a decrease in the risk for depression due to the fact he has social support. ANS: T
REF: SOCIAL SUPPORT
9. Biofeedback monitors your respiratory rate and your brain waves, and you use your mind to alter your respiratory rate. ANS: F
REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
10. Questionnaires used to measure coping assess how they generally cope with stress, but currently there are no measures to assess how one copes with a specific stressor. ANS: F
REF: COMMON MEASURES OF COPING
ESSAY 1. If you were researching coping, what type of questionnaire would you prefer to use: the COPE or the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ)? Explain your rationale. ANS: Answers will vary; some may argue that it is more accurate to examine how people cope with a specific stressor because each stressor invokes different strategies. Others might argue that it is better to assess coping in general because it is a more representative look at coping with a variety of stressors in multiple contexts. REF: COMMON MEASURES OF COPING 2. How do the personality characteristics hardiness and resilience assist people in moderating the effects of stress, and improving their ability to cope? ANS: Hardiness: strongly committed to their lives, enjoy challenges, and have a high level of control over their lives, resilience: able to bounce back even if challenged with a series of stressful events REF: PERSONALITY AND COPING 3. How would you describe your own coping mechanisms? Use the theories and vocabulary that from the textbook in your description. ANS: Key words: personality, Type A, optimism, masterycultural factors including childhood stressors, global coping, adaptive coping, maladaptive hardiness and resiliencecoping, and sociocultural support.collectivistic and individualisticacculturation. REF: STRUCTURE OF COPING/PERSONALITY AND COPING
4. Compare and contrast received support and perceived support. Give some examples of how these two types of support can affect the health outcome of an individual. ANS: Received support: the actual social support an individual was provided to him or herperceived support: the social support believed to be available to the same person. Received or perceived support can be instrumental (material), informational (advice), or emotional (people say they care for you). During pregnancy, social support from the baby’s father predicted less anxiety, but not a difference in a depressed mood. REF: SOCIAL SUPPORT 5. If you were a therapist working with a woman who wants to learn how to cope with stress in her life due to care-giving challenges, what kind of approaches would you introduce to her as options for her treatment? Discuss two approaches that you learned about in the textbook. ANS: Relaxation-based approaches, guided imagery, biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral approaches, exercise REF: KEYS TO COPING WITH STRESS
Chapter Six—Models of Behavior Change MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Healthy behaviors can be defined as behaviors that: a. make you feel good. c. maintain and enhance health. b. make you look more attractive. d. decrease stress. ANS: C
REF: WHAT ARE HEALTHY BEHAVIORS?
2. What three unhealthy behaviors account for 71% of 1 million preventable deaths per year? a. not wearing seat belts, burning candles in the home, unhealthy diet b. smoking, unhealthy diet, and lack of physical activity c. climbing ladders to the top rung, smoking and unhealthy diet d. driving vehicles too fast, unsafe use of firearms, unhealthy diet ANS: B
REF: WHAT ARE HEALTHY BEHAVIORS?
3. ________ attempt(s) to close the gap between what is known about optimal health practices and what is actually done. a. Interventions c. Health education b. Medical anthropology d. Intentions ANS: C
REF: WHAT ARE HEALTHY BEHAVIORS?
4. The field of _______________ existed before Health Psychology was a field of study in its own right. It stresses the relevance of political, economic, and social factors in health. a. medical anthropology c. epidemiology b. medical sociology d. health education ANS: D
REF: WHAT ARE HEALTHY BEHAVIORS?
5. The __________ will be used to measure the health of people in the U.S. between the years 2010 and 2020. a. Leading Health Indicators c. International Clinical Factors b. Critical Risk Factors d. Social Norms Measure ANS: A
REF: WHAT ARE HEALTHY BEHAVIORS?
6. One of the most important priorities of the Healthy People 2020 Program is to: a. decrease substance abuse c. increase oral health. b. target vision problems d. Increase access to health services. ANS: D
REF: WHAT DETERMINES HEALTHY BEHAVIORS
7. The ultimate goal of health psychological interventions is to decrease the number of deaths due to preventable diseases, delay the time of death, and a. decrease the cost of healthcare b. teach business owners how to provide health care plans that are of a good quality c. to increase the number of health care providers d. improve the quality of life. ANS: D
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
8. As a testament to the biological basis for some unhealthy behaviors, research has found evidence for a gene related to alcoholism. It is known as: a. serotinergic T1 c. leptin b. dopamine D2 d. Trisomony 21 ANS: B
REF: WHAT DETERMINES HEALTH BEHAVIORS?
9. The Big 5 personality traits are good indicators of a person’s likelihood to practice certain health behaviors. Girls who are higher in neuroticism, introversion, and disagreeableness: a. follow medical advice more than girls who are extroverts. b. perform more risky behaviors. c. are more likely to be health focused and therefore healthier. d. are more less likely to smoke than other personality types. ANS: B
REF: WHAT DETERMINES HEALTH BEHAVIORS?
10. Personality plays a big role in, people high in the trait of ________report more medical problems and more visit to the doctor. a. conscientiousness c. extraversion b. open to experience d. neuroticism ANS: D
REF: WHAT DETERMINES HEALTH BEHAVIORS?
11. One of the personality traits most often associated with more healthy behaviors is: a. conscientiousness c. neuroticism b. extraversion d. open to experience ANS: A
REF: WHAT DETERMINES HEALTH BEHAVIORS?
12. In order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the causes of health behaviors, it is best to: a. identify the genetic bases c. use the biopsychosocial approach b. understand a person’s economic situation d. Focus on personality factors. ANS: C
REF: WHAT DETERMINES HEALTH BEHAVIORS?
13. Which of the following is NOT a major component of the Health Belief Model? Belief in: a. susceptibility c. effectiveness b. consequences d. social norms ANS: D
REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
14. The Health Belief Model explains health behavior by: a. individuals will perform healthy behaviors in they believe they are susceptible to the health issue. b. Individuals will perform healthy behaviors is they believe that their behavior will be beneficial in reducing the severity of the health issue. c. individuals will perform healthy behaviors is the benefits outweigh its costs. d. All of the above are correct. ANS: D
REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
15. According to the health belief model, individuals will follow a positive health behavior if the behavior: a. outweighs its “costs”. c. makes them feel good. b. is something the person is familiar with. d. can be learned. ANS: A
REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
16. A critical aspect of the Health Belief Model was added after its initial conceptualization. This new component captures a person’s belief regarding his or her ability to successfully perform the behavior. It is know as: a. self concept c. self esteem b. self efficacy d. self fulfilling prophecy ANS: B
REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
17. If you believe that you can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome, you are demonstrating: a. determination theory c. intention b. self-efficacy d. effectiveness ANS: B
REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
18. A major part of a person’s belief in the effectiveness of changing a behavior is: a. how rewarding the result is c. the balance of rewards to punishment b. how punishing the result is d. the balance of barriers to costs ANS: D
REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
19. What aspect of the Health Belief Model is particularly useful in explaining cultural differences in health behaviors? a. perceived effectiveness c. belief of severity b. belief of susceptibility d. perceived barriers ANS: D
REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
20. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Peers exert a stronger influence on White and Latinos than among African Americans.. b. The Theory of Planned Behavior has been used in many settings around the world.. c. The relative contribution of the key components, especially the subjective norm factor, differs across ethnic groups in the U.S. d. The Theory of Planned Behavior was no longer used in published research after the 1950s. ANS: D
REF: THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
21. The theory of planned behavior focuses on a person’s: a. attitudes towards health c. beliefs about the behavior b. intentions d. SES ANS: B
REF: THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
22. According to the theory of planned behavior, it is not enough to just know a person’s perceptions of what the social norms are to predict if they will change their health behavior. You must also assess their: a. motivation to comply c. age and sex b. self efficacy d. perception of vulnerability ANS: A
REF: THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
23. What a participant thinks others think about a health behavior is called: a. plagiarism c. motivation to comply b. second guessing d. normative beliefs. ANS: D
REF: THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
24. The Transtherorectical Model (TTM) was developed to identify common themes across different intervention theories, and notes that: a. we come to a rapid conclusion when presented with health care decisions. b. we process through different stages as we think about, attempt to, and finally change any specific behavior. c. there is one single task that has to be completed when we want to change health care behavior. d. patients just do not like to change their behaviors. ANS: B
REF: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL
25. The best stage to use an anti-smoking message intervention is the: a. precontemplation stage c. preparation stage b. contemplation stage d. action stage ANS: C
REF: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL
26. People in this stage of the Transtheoretical avoid reading, thinking or talking about their unhealthy behaviors: a. precontemplation c. preparation b. contemplation d. action ANS: A
REF: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL
27. Jared is a fried fast food addict. He knows that behavior is not very healthy, but he does not intend to change. He is in theTranstheoretical model stage of: a. precontemplation c. preparation b. contemplation d. action ANS: A
REF: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL
28. Vernice’s doctor has informed her that she is severely overweight, and that she should change her eating habits. Vernice fully intends to comply, and intends to start changing behaviors in the next month or so. According to the Transtheoretical Model, Vernice is in the” a. precontemplation stage c. preparation stage b. contemplation stage d. action stage ANS: B
REF: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL
29. Relapsing, or falling back into performing unhealthy behaviors, is the biggest problem in the Transtheoretical Model stage of: a. termination c. action b. contemplation d. maintenance ANS: D
REF: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL
30. If a researcher wants to utilize a health behavior change theory that posits that health behaviors must be understood in the context of reciprocal determinism, in that characteristics of a person, one’s environment, and the behavior itself all interact to determine whether a behavior is formed, the researcher would use this theory: a. Precaution Adoption Process Model c. Health Action Process Approach b. Social Cognitive Theory d. Transtheoretical Model ANS: B
REF: COMPARING THE MODELS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
31. Schwarzer’s (1992) Health Action Process Approach has been found to be applicable to: a. assist older men with cardiovascular issues. b. reduce pregnancies in teens. c. help smokers in smoking cessation classes. d. a wide variety of health behaviors including exercise, breast self-exams, seat belt use, dieting and dental flossing. ANS: D
REF: COMPARING THE MODELS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
32. Which of the following major theories of behavior change proposes six stages? a. Health Belief Model c. Transtheoretical Model b. Theory of Planned Behavior d. Health Action Process Approach ANS: C
REF: COMPARING THE MODELS ANS THEIR LIMITATIONS
33. The biggest benefit to using a theory to base an intervention on is: a. the intervention will be respected by science. b. people will pay more attention to it. c. it will be easier to identify what worked if it succeeds. d. it is easier to get funding to carry out the intervention. ANS: C
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIOR: INTERVENTIONS
34. In the 1950’s, the most common advertisements to change behavior tried to: a. encourage people to join support groups. b. encourage people to read more about healthy behavior. c. scare the viewer to change. d. encourage people to go to their physician to learn how to change. ANS: C
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
35. The ________________ is one of the first theoretical approaches to studying why we behave the way we do. a. Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) b. Health Action Process Approach c. Health Belief Model d. Shotgun Model ANS: C
REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
36. When a health psychologist designs an intervention, she should keep in mind that: a. a great intervention has little or no dropouts b. if a participant does not attend all of the interventions, it will not hinder the assessment of the intervention c. unhealthy behaviors can return once the intervention/treatment has stopped. d. resources should not be devoted to preventing attrition even though it is expected to happen. ANS: C
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
37. Interventions should be appropriate for the risk group/risk factor. Some ideas to consider while considering the appropriateness of interventions for the group is: a. what type of language/vocabulary does the intended audience use? b. what type of images would your audience relate to when viewing the intervention? c. if you are targeting a specific group based on their sexual orientation, ethnic group or their age, consider what appeals to that target group. d. all of the above is correct ANS: D
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
38. Sam is conducting a health behavior intervention with 7 year olds concerning the dangers of huffing. What must he do to ensure that his intervention is ethical? a. Sam can exaggerate the dangers of huffing so he can install real concern in his participants. b. Sam can provide a lot of support for the children even though Sam knows it will not be there once the intervention is finished. c. Sam does not need to include control participants in intervention because they are not the point of the project. d. Sam must consider what will happen after the intervention is completed, will the behaviors go back to how they were before? ANS: D
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
39. What happens if an intervention takes a “shot gun” approach? a. The health psychologists are forcing participants to finish the intervention process. b. Large numbers of people are exposed to the intervention with the hope that those who need it are included in the exposed group. c. It is the most cost effective approach. d. The outcomes are more effective because the of the care taken to intervene at the appropriate level with the population most at risk. ANS: D
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
40. Rotheram-Borus and colleagues (2003) designed a successful intervention call Street Smart for runaway children. Street Smart provided these children with access to health care and condoms and delivered a 10-session skill-focused prevention program based on social learning theory. This intervention had a better success rate when: a. more sessions were conducted. b. when older children were instructed on the used of condoms. c. boys and girls were addressed in separate interventions. d. the information provided to the children was exaggerated to ensure they would follow the instructions. ANS: A
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORSL INTERVENTIONS
41. Although interventions are designed to change behavior and enhance health, sometimes this does not happen. In a classic example of this issue, Mann et al, 1997 evaluated an eating disorder program and found that: a. the students in the control group actually did better than those in the experimental group b. friends of students in the study got worse c. students in the experimental group got worse instead of better d. roommates of students in the experimental group did worse than the experimental students ANS: C
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
42. Fisher, et. al.(2007) reviewed culturally sensitive interventions aimed at narrowing racial disparities in health care. The conclusion of this research team is that: a. interventions that explicitly use culturally sensitive interventions show tremendous promise in reducing health disparities. b. more research needs to be completed to see if culturally sensitive interventions narrow racial disparities as the data is inconclusive. c. culturally sensitive interventions actually increase racial disparity. d. cultural specific interventions work for Latinos and African Americans, but not for other ethnic groups. ANS: A
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
43. Once health professionals design a smoking intervention that works on one campus: a. the same intervention should work well on another campus in the same state b. the same intervention should work well on the high school in the same town. c. the intervention will work exactly the same way with another group of students from the same campus. d. the intervention may not necessarily work in exactly the same way anywhere else. ANS: D
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
44. The main components/ideas for the Health Belief Model is: a. intention to change; attitudes toward action; subjective norms regarding action. b. person moves from being unaware of issue, to unengaged by issue, to deciding not to act, to planning to act but not yet acting, to maintenance. c. beliefs in threat and effectiveness o health change behaviors. d. six stages that a person must complete. ANS: C
REF: HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
45. What factors can predict relapse? a. the new behavior is not being maintained. b. the person is demoralized from not being able to change, and the behavior can actually be worse then before the intervention. c. participants do not have the cognitive and behavioral skills to maintain the behavior change. d. All of the above. ANS: D
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIOR: INTERVENTIONS
46. The main components/ideas for Precaution Adoption Process Model is: a. person moves from being unaware of an issue to unengaged by the issue, to deciding not to act, to planning to act but not yet acting, to acting, to maintenance. b. two main phases which includes: factors influencing intention to act. c. intention to change; attitudes toward action; subjective norms regarding action; self-efficacy. d. health behaviors must be understood in the context of reciprocal determinism. ANS: A
REF: ADDITIONAL THEORIES OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE
47. Social norming research has shown that college students often believe that those engaging in healthy behavior are: a. the majority. b. are going to change their behavior after they graduate from college. c. in the minority when, in fact, they are not. d. actually not being honest if they are engaging in healthy behavior or not. ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
48. Which of the following is FALSE? a. If one member of a relationship practices healthy behaviors, the other will be more likely to practice healthy behavior as well. b. Fear appeals are no longer used today as a method of behavior change. c. More intense interventions are more likely to result in greater risk reduction. d. The more the intervention is tailored to fit individuals at risk, the more likely it will work. ANS: B
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIOR: INTERVENTIONS
TRUE/FALSE 1. Health care behaviors are determined by biological, social and psychological behaviors. ANS: T
REF: WHAT DETERMINES HEALTH BEHAVIORS?
2. The definition of motivation to comply is the amount of perceived control that you have over your health outcome. ANS: F
REF: THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
3. Kyle is working on maintaining a healthy weight set for him of 155 lbs. Since he is actively exercising and watching his eating habits, Kyle is in the maintenance stage of the Transtheoretical Model. ANS: T
REF: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL
4. Theoretically informed health behavior change programs are more effective than those based on anecdotal evidence, but without a theoretical basis.. ANS: T
REF: CHANGING HEALTH BEHAVIORS
5. The American public had a say and provided input in developing the Health People 2020 program. ANS: T
REF: WHAT ARE HEALTHY BEHAVIORS
6. Social norming research has shown that people often believe that those engaging.in healthy behavior are in the minority when, in fact, they are not. ANS: T
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
7. Prevention programs for eating disorders attempt to simultaneously prevent new occurrences, and encourage students who already have symptoms to seek early treatment. This type of intervention uses both primary and secondary prevention, and can be at risk of having incompatible goals. ANS: T
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIOR: INTERVENTIONS
8. Some models of health behavior change are automatically culturally sensitive, but most theories are designed to apply to any cultural group. In order for an intervention to be culturally sensitive, one of the things psychologists should pay close attention to is the symbols and language used in the intervention. ANS: T
REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
9. All theories of health behavior change have at least six stages. ANS: F
REF: COMPARING THE MODELS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
10. Researcher consistently shows that teenagers and college students misperceive and overestimate their peers’ use of tobacco. ANS: T
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
ESSAY 1. Discuss a biological and psychological factor that determine health behaviors? ANS: Genes, physiology, age, gender, fitness, and weight. REF: WHAT DETERMINES HEALTH BEHAVIORS? 2. Regarding culture and the Health Belief Model, what are some specific beliefs held by cultural groups that can be seen as barriers in receiving health care? ANS: Latina women are less likely than others to see themselves as susceptible to breast cancer, but are less likely to see breast cancer as treatable. Latina women are more likely to have barriers in receiving healthcare in the later stages of pregnancy due to embarrassment with the physical examination, long waiting times for the doctor and poor patient-practitioner interactions. Korean American women seeking cervical cancer screenings report embarrassment as a barrier. Native American women were found to be reluctant to talk openly about their personal health. REF: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL 3. Discuss health care changes that you have personally accomplished or would like to accomplish in the future, and explain the stages of progression toward this goal using the Transtheoretical Model. ANS: Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action REF: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL 4. When health psychologists prepare an intervention for a health behavior change, what are the success strategies that are needed in order for the intervention to be effective? ANS: Answer not provided. REF: CHANGING BEHAVIORS: INTERVENTIONS
5. Define and discuss the Social Norms Approach as it relates to smoking and college students. ANS: Answer not provided. REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
Chapter Seven—Eating, Physical Activity, Smoking and Drinking MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is TRUE? a. As of 2011, there is a new pictorial that shows a plate of types of food people should eat. b. The newest pictorial of what we should eat is a pyramid. c. There are no guidelines available for different cultural groups. d. Research showed that the Food Guide Pyramid was easy to understand and was appealing because it never needed to be updated ANS: A
REF: EAT WELL
2. African Americans have higher rates of _________ than those from other ethnic backgrounds. a. Alzheimer’s disease c. breast cancer b. smoking d. hypertension ANS: D
REF: INTRO
3. Native Americans have higher rates of __________ than those from other ethnic backgrounds. a. congenital heart failure c. arthritis b. diabetes d. pancreatic cancer ANS: B
REF: INTRO
4. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) guidelines for healthy eating were first established in ___________. It consisted of five major food groups a. 1776 c. 1916 b. 1850 d. 2005 ANS: C
REF: EAT WE;;
5. The 2008 version of the nutritional guidelines for Americans, called MyPyramid, has key changes in: a. increasing protein such as eggs in your diet b. decreasing whole grains c. increasing physical activity d. adding more meat to the diet ANS: C
REF: EAT WELL
6. In 2008, a few years after it was introduced, MyPyramid released: a. a modified version for older adults. b. a separate picture for vegans and for vegitarians. c. diet ideas for those who wish to lose weight d. two stairways in its design to designate that we are always going up and down with our nutrition. ANS: A
REF: EAT WELL
7. According to Chinese and East Indian cultures, garlic, onions, most grains, alcohol, and oils are all: a. cold foods c. energy foods b. hot foods d. Qi foods ANS: B
REF: EAT WELL
8. The Chinese believe that pregnancy is a “cold” condition during which the expectant mother should: a. eat “cold” foods such as ice cream and cheese b. consume “hot” foods such as oils and expensive cuts of meat c. eat both “hot” and “cold” foods d. foods high in fat. ANS: B
REF: EAT WELL
9. Which of the following is an innate food preference? a. sour c. sweet b. bitter d. umami ANS: C
REF: EAT WELL
10. A body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9: a. is considered to be anorexic c. is considered to be overweight b. is considered to be the appropriate weight d. is considered to be morbidly obese ANS: C
REF: EAT WELL
11. This group of women are found to have higher body dissatisfaction then other groups of women: a. African Americans b. women of Asian decent, especially Korean c. Latinas d. European American ANS: D
REF: EAT WELL
12. Women who choose a larger body size as their ideal weight are: a. Chinese American c. European American b. Puerto Rican d. African American ANS: D
REF: EAT WELL
13. Pregnant women should expect to gain this much weight during pregnancy: a. 20 pounds c. 40-45 pounds b. 30-35 pounds d. 50 pounds ANS: B
REF: EAT WELL
14. As the number of overweight and obese people increases, the prevalence of problems such as _____ also increase. a. gallbladder disease c. high blood pressure b. heart disease d. All of these are true ANS: D
REF: EAT WELL
15. Women with body mass index of _____ showed the lowest mortality rates. a. 18-20 c. 22-25 b. 19-21 d. 25-30 ANS: B
REF: EAT WELL
16. Which of the following has been linked to obesity? a. ob gene c. smoking habits b. melatonin level d. high leptin levels ANS: A
REF: EAT WELL
17. Having more varieties of food present often leads to the consumption of more food. This phenomenon is referred to as: a. protein leptin theory c. hypersatiation b. sensory specific satiety d. “supersizing” ANS: B
REF: EAT WELL
18. The intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image and refusal to maintain normal weight are common symptoms/characteristics of: a. binge eating disorder c. bulimia nervosa b. anorexia nervosa d. somatoform disorder ANS: B
REF: EAT WELL
19. Which of the following statements about culture and eating disorders is FALSE? a. most body image research has focused on European Americans b. cultures vary in ideal body shape perceptions c. eating disorders are primarily a European-American problem d. research has found no difference between Asian and European American women ANS: C
REF: EAT WELL
20. Of the different cultural groups in North America, _____have been found to have higher rates of eating disorders than many of the others. a. European Americans c. African Americans b. Chinese Americans d. Latino Americans ANS: D
REF: EAT WELL
21. The recommendation for exercise for adults is: a. that they should accumulate 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of high-intensity activity per week. b. that they should do aerobic activity for one hour each day. c. that they should do the same amount of exercise per week as children and adolescents. d. that they should Zumba or some other form of weight bearing exercise for 30 minutes a day. ANS: A
REF: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
22. Volume of oxygen (VO2) a person uses during different tasks is a common measure of: a. aerobic fitness c. flexibility b. muscular power d. agility ANS: A
REF: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
23. Which of the following is the least active subgroup in American society? a. low socioeconomic (SES) men c. minority men b. adolescent males d. minority women ANS: D
REF: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
24. A growing number of studies support the idea that physical exercise is a lifestyle factor that might lead to increased: a. rates of aging because of wear and tear. b. anxiety as a result of social comparison, especially in health club settings. c. physical and mental health. d. routine health care exams. ANS: C
REF: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
25. Physical activity reduces _______ and increases ____________. a. anxiety; self-esteem c. illnesses; physician visits b. self-esteem; anxiety d. bulimia; positive social change for elderly ANS: A
REF: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
26. Which of the following is important in explaining why tobacco relapse rates are higher than drinking relapse rates? a. the taste of nicotine c. behavioral cueing b. social acceptance of nicotine d. costs of nicotine ANS: C
REF: SMOKING AND DRINKING
27. Smoking trends show that most age groups, except for the following, are reducing the amount of smoking: a. 14-18 c. 25-42 b. 18-24 d. 43-55 ANS: B
REF: TOBACCO USE
28. In 2010, the state with the highest rate of smoking is: a. Alaska c. Kentucky b. West Virginia d. Nevada ANS: C
REF: TOBACCO USE
29. The highest pronounced differences in smoking are racial and ethnic. The Centers for Disease Control (2012) reported that the group with the highest rates of smoking is: a. Native American c. Mexican American b. Asian American d. African American ANS: A
REF: TOBACCO USE
30. When unknowing smokers were given cigarettes that had lower levels of nicotine, they automatically: a. Took fewer puffs because it was not as pleasurable to them. b. quit smoking c. puffed longer d. started shaking because they were experiencing symptoms of withdrawal. ANS: C
REF: TOBACCO USE
31. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Fraternal twins have higher concordance rates for both alcohol use and misuse than monozygotic twins because the latter try to develop very different identities. b. There is no evidence of genetic predictors of alcoholism. c. The sex difference in alcohol abuse is least pronounced in people between the ages of 18-24. d. Alcohol misuse tends to run in families ANS: D
REF: DRINKING
32. Women who smoke and use oral contraceptives have an increased risk of: a. esophageal cancer c. ovarian cervical or uterine cancers b. breast cancer d. pancreatic cancer ANS: C
REF: TOBACCO USE
33. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Smoking correlates positively with impotence. b. Among women undergoing treatment for early breast cancer, those who smoke are more likely to die from the cancer than are nonsmoking women. c. Smoking has a synergistic effect on many health issues. d. There is no evidence that second hand smoke increases the risk of asthma; children with asthma have a genetic predisposition.. ANS: D
REF: TOBACCO USE
34. Alcohol abuse is: a. Defined as drinking five or more drinks in a row at least once during the previous two weeks. b. much higher in men than in women. c. higher in men than in women d. about the same in prevalence for men and women. ANS: C
REF: DRINKING
35. _________is the most common form of alcohol used. a. Wine c. Beer b. Hard liquor d. Champagne ANS: C
REF: DRINKING
36. Lower sensitivity to alcohol (not feeling shaky on their feet after drinking) can: a. help decrease the potential to be an alcoholic. b. lead a person to drink greater amounts. c. make an individual not want to bother to drink at all. d. drive addicts to utilize other forms of intoxicants. ANS: B
REF: DRINKING
37. People high in the personality traits of _____ are more at risk of becoming alcoholic. a. neuroticism and conscientiousness c. extraversion and optimism b. neuroticism and extraversion d. pessimism and self-esteem ANS: B
REF: DRINKING
38. The odds of smoking are greater for older women who: a. are widowed. c. earn more money. b. who do not live near family members. d. have less income and lower education. ANS: D
REF: TOBACCO USE
39. ________________is one of the most common consequences of drinking excessively for older drinkers. a. Pancreatic cancer c. The French paradox b. Liver disease d. Tinnitis ANS: B
REF: DRINKING
40. The French paradox refers to: a. the fact that the French have higher rates of heart disease than people in other Western countries such as the U.S. and Canada. b. the fact that the French are more likely to eat a Mediterranean diet, yet they have higher rates of heart disease than those in the U.S. c. the fact that most people in France have a diet high in fat, yet still have lower rates of heart disease. d. the fact that most people in France eat many more meals per day than people in the U.S., yet still have lower rates of heart disease. ANS: C
REF: DRINKING
41. A standard drink is: a. whatever fits in an 8 ounce glass. b. a 10 ounce serving of wine. ANS: C
c. a 12 ounce serving of beer. d. a 4 ounce serving of whiskey.
REF: DRINKING
42. Current empirical evidence on the effects of alcohol suggest that: a. Binge drinking can be healthy for some individuals. b. Alcohol reduces the risk of coronary heart disease by raising LDL cholesterol. c. There is no data showing that underage drinking retards brain cell growth. d. Moderate daily alcohol consumption can have positive health outcomes. ANS: D
REF: DRINKING
43. People who drink a glass of wine each day show a: a. lower mortality than those who drink spirits or beer. b. higher mortality than those who drink spirits or beer. c. higher risk of being alcoholic. d. higher risk of having cardiovascular problems. ANS: A
REF: DRINKING
44. Which of the following is FALSE regarding research on alcohol? a. Children of alcoholics are no more likely to drink than their counterparts whose parents are not alcoholics because they tend to fear the negative effects that they have seen growing up. b. Research has shown that the media and advertising play a part in getting people to start drinking. c. People whose friends drink are more likely to drink than those whose friends are nondrinkers. d. Just believing that it is normal to drink can make a person drink even if this perceived norm is inaccurate. ANS: A
REF: DRINKING
45. Recent research on the “Freshman Fifteen” found that: a. the majority of college students gain 15 pounds their freshman year. b. the majority of college students lose 15 pounds their freshman year because of the stress of this major life transition. c. an overall increase in weight during the first year of college occurred, but it was under five pounds in each of the studies. d. males, but not females, gained 15 pounds during their first year of college. ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
TRUE/FALSE 1. Latinos typically avoid hot foods during pregnancy because pregnancy is considered to be a “hot” condition, believing that this will prevent the infant from contracting a “hot” illness, such as a skin rash. ANS: T
REF: EAT WELL
2. Children growing up in families who eat together often develop healthier eating habits. ANS: T
REF: EAT WELL
3. The body mass index (BMI) is a accurate indicator of a person’s health for all cultural groups. ANS: F
REF: EAT WELL
4. Obesity occurs more commonly in women than men. ANS: T
REF: EAT WELL
5. If you have a body mass index (BMI) under 18, you can be at risk for health problems. ANS: T
REF: EAT WELL
6. If there are six different types of snack foods on the table, people will eat less than if there were only four different types were available. ANS: F
REF: EAT WELL
7. Adolescents with a bedroom television reported more television viewing time, less physical activity, poorer dietary habits, fewer family meals, and poorer school performance. ANS: T
REF: EAT WELL
8. The definition of a binge drinker is the same for men, and women.. ANS: F
REF: SMOKING AND DRINKING
9. There is no research linking personality characteristics to alcoholism. ANS: F
REF: SMOKING AND DRINKING
10. Food preferences develop at an early age, and are strongly influenced by the ways parents feed infants and children. ANS: T
REF: EAT WELL
ESSAY 1. What are some of the cultural beliefs held by diverse cultures concerning the types of food that should be consumed during pregnancy? ANS: Responses vary. REF: 219 2. Describe the characteristics of one eating disorder. Mention whether there are any ethnic differences in prevalence rates. ANS: Responses vary. REF: EAT WELL 3. Biological, psychological, and sociological factors influence whether people smoke. Choose two of these factors and discuss one research finding to support each theoretical perspective.. ANS: Responses vary. REF: SMOKING AND DRINKING 4. Discuss gender differences in drinking. ANS: Responses vary. REF: SMOKING AND DRINKING 5. What is the truth about the “freshman fifteen”? What has research found about the truth of this concept? ANS: Responses vary. REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
Chapter Eight—Factors Surrounding Illness MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The varying ways that individuals respond to physiological symptoms, monitor internal states, recognize symptoms, and utilize health care are all considered: a. illusory correlations c. proactive coping b. illness behaviors d. reactivity measures ANS: B
REF: CULTURE AND ILLNESS BEHAVIORS
2. The Commonsense Model (CSM) is based on the parallel processes of how we use _______to guide our behavior: a. thinking and feeling. c. Selective attention and filtering b. Short-term and long-term memory d. Past experiences ANS: A
REF: THE COMMONSENSE MODEL OF ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
3. Individuals that identify with this ethnic group are less likely to define short-term physical sensations as illnesses, and were more likely to consult physicians if it were easy to do, and if they felt a particularly high risk of illness: a. Latinos c. Mexican-Americans b. Asian-Americans d. African Americans ANS: D
REF: CULTURE AND ILLNESS BEHAVIORS
4. Age is a factor in identifying who will seek professional healthcare. One example is: a. older mothers are less likely to seek professional healthcare at the time of birth b. younger mothers are less likely to seek professional healthcare at the time of birth. c. women who experienced menopause reduce the times they seek professional healthcare d. Older urban women were less likely to seek professional health care than rural older women. ANS: B
REF: CULTURE AND ILLNESS BEHAVIORS
5. Evidence suggests that the underutilization of medical resources by Asian Americans is due to: a. under-referral by their health practitioners b. a basic misunderstanding of Western health care c. the lack of translators in Asian languages d. the misunderstanding of providers about the needs of Asian patients ANS: A
REF: CULTURE AND ILLNESS BEHAVIORS
6. Many sociopsychological processes help explain illness behaviors or their absence. If you do not think you are sick, you are likely to ignore symptoms of the sickness and only look for evidence that you are healthy. This is called: a. self-fulfilling prophecy c. confirmation bias b. selective attention d. impression management ANS: C
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
7. People who spend a lot of time in the sun or in tanning booths may know about the dangers of UV rays, but ignore them. Even if they start developing brown spots, a possible symptom of the early stages of skin cancer, they might tell themselves that they are more likely to freckle and will point to how good they feel as further evidence to support that they are not getting skin cancer. They would be using: a. selective bias c. self-fulfilling prophecy b. confirmation bias d. informational involvement ANS: B
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
8. Ray is someone who thinks he is always right. Because he has a confirmation bias, and only looks for evidence supporting his beliefs, he walks around thinking that he has been correct more times than he actually has. This is referred to as: a. self-fulfilling prophecy. c. simple attribution error. b. illusory correlation. d. impression management. ANS: B
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
9. Leanne has recently been getting stomachaches in the evening and explains the pain as being caused by the gluten in her diet.. This is an example of: a. making an attribution c. the self-fulfilling prophecy b. social sanctioning d. the confirmation bias ANS: A
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
10. Hmong Americans consider epilepsy to be: a. a biological disorder b. The first visible symptom of schizophrenia. c. the mark of a shaman. d. a cultural stigma of psychological disorder ANS: C
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
11. Very often we do not realize or recognize the true causes of our symptoms. If you have been very stressed, and start putting on weight because of it, you may first instead blame a new diet. The underlying psychological process is known as: a. confirmation bias c. misattribution b. the fundamental attribution error d. an acculturation error ANS: C
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
12. Snell (1967) found that African Americans who believed they have been “hexed” could be treated effectively by a psychiatrist using hypnosis, even when the psychiatrist did not believe in hexing. This is an example of: a. self-fulfilling prophecy c. shamanism b. misattribute d. illusory correlation ANS: A
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
13. Perhaps the most common individual factor that influences the recognition of symptoms and the seeking of treatment is: a. age c. religion/denomination b. personality d. ethnicity ANS: B
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
14. Individuals with which of the two personality traits below tend to report more symptoms of illness than others? a. optimism, extroversion c. anxious, neurotic b. Type A, outgoing d. extraversion, conscientious ANS: C
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
15. Tony monitors his symptoms to an extreme level, makes repeated trips to the doctor for the smallest symptom, and blows symptoms out of proportion. He is likely to be: a. a hypochondriac c. an agreeable personality b. an extrovert d. demonstrating self-efficacy ANS: A
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
16. A patient’s attitude to health care and the extent to which they want to be a part of their treatment is referred to as the level of: a. self-control c. behavioral involvement b. self-efficacy d. patient-practitioner coherence ANS: C
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
17. Patients vary in how much they want to know about their illness and the specifics of their treatments. This is called: a. self-efficacy c. behavioral involvement b. informational involvement d. patient-practitioner coherence ANS: B
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
18. In studies of recovery from surgery (e.g. coronary-bypass), results suggest that a high level of __________ was found to be predictive of a wide variety of positive health outcomes right after surgery although differences abate in the long run. a. self-control c. behavioral involvement b. informational involvement d. patient-practitioner coherence ANS: C
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
19. Some people are more sensitive to their health states than others.. They often feel greater discomfort because of their increased vigilance. They are high in: a. private body consciousness c. behavioral involvement b. Self-fulfilling prophecies d. self-regulation ANS: A
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
20. A major cultural difference in the reporting and perception of physical symptoms is that _____ are higher than ______. a. European Americans; African Americans c. women; men b. older adults; younger adults d. men; women ANS: C
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
21. There are many cultural reasons that explain why people do not recognize that they have symptoms of an illness. Often, a long time passes from a symptom occurrence to its being recognized as a problem. This can be harmful and is referred to as: a. appraisal delay c. utilization delay b. illness delay d. cultural delay. ANS: A
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
22. Many times people will know they have a problem (they noticed they have symptoms) but will not go to a doctor. This can make the problem difficult to treat and is called a(n): a. appraisal delay c. utilization delay b. illness delay d. cultural delay. ANS: B
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
23. Not having enough money is often a major reason for someone to not actually obtain medical health care even after they have made the decision to seek care. This would be considered: a. appraisal delay c. utilization delay b. illness delay d. cultural delay ANS: C
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
24. Joni is a college student with limited income. She has an infection in her piercing near her navel, and knows that she needs to get a prescription for an antibiotic, but she still has not made the appointment due to her lack of money to pay for the appointment. Joni is demonstrating: a. creative nonadherence c. utilization delay b. illness delay d. cultural delay ANS: C
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
25. Which of the following is NOT one of the five triggers (Zola, 1964) that increase the likelihood of a person seeking treatment? a. degree to which the symptoms frighten you b. the nature and quality of symptoms c. whether you have experienced the symptom before d. if the symptoms interfere with work or personal relationships. ANS: C
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
26. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Treatment seeking varies by ethnicity. b. European-Americans have been found to use lay-referral systems more than non-European Americans c. The nature and quality of symptoms serve as triggers to seek treatment. d. Women use health services at a significantly higher rate than do men.. ANS: B
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
27. It is becoming more common for employers to require that their employees visit a doctor to lose weight or to quit smoking. Employers also make employees get symptoms checked out. This form of trigger to seeking health care is called: a. social cooperation c. social interference b. social sanctioning d. social insurance ANS: B
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
28. Which of the following is most likely to use health services at the highest level? a. Mexican-American men c. infants b. European-American Men d. women ANS: D
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
29. One of the many cultural differences in health care relates to how many non-European Americans form close relationships with friends and family members of their ethnic group and use these groups before they use the medical system. These groups are: a. lay-referral systems c. social sanctioned groups b. cultural buffer systems d. social network systems ANS: A
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
30. Ulrich, Simons and Miles (2003) found that patient stress was lowest during blood draws when: a. television was played in the waiting rooms. b. classical or quiet music is played c. videotapes of nature scenes were playing d. newer magazines are available for patients to read ANS: C
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
31. Cultural diversity can affect some of the interpersonal relationships between staff. One example noted in the textbook is: a. East Indian male physicians treat European American patients with more respect than they treat patients from their own cultural background. b. Nurses of Asian or Latina backgrounds are sometimes reluctant to stand up to questionable behavior by European American doctors c. Male and female nurses are the only employees who do not have interpersonal relationship issues due to their relatively low status. d. There is no evidence of religion affecting decisions about health care, but it has been found to cause tensions between employees. ANS: B
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
32. The extent to which a patient’s behavior matches with his or her practitioner’s advice is referred to as: a. compliance c. utilization b. adherence d. conformity ANS: B
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
33. Recent work suggests that treatment adherence can be increased by: a. Increasing the complexity of the medical regimen so that patients pay closer attention to the practitioner’s recommendations. b. not charging the patient until the follow up appointments are completed c. having the physician pay closer attention to the patient after the diagnosis with more monitoring and follow-ups d. rapidly changing the patients daily routine ANS: C
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
34. Treatments that are associated with LOW levels of adherence include: a. treatments that are long term. b. treatments that are short term, because they forget to do them in their daily routine. c. treatments that do not change the patient’s daily routine. d. Treatments that are relatively simple; it is assumed that they probably will not be effective. ANS: A
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
35. Modi et al. (2008) found that preadolescents and adolescents who had better adherence: a. were more mature than their peers. b. listened to their peers. c. saw their providers several times during their treatment time. d. spent more of their treatment time supervised by their mothers. ANS: D
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
36. Steve did not finish his antibiotic prescription because he was feeling better, and he saved the remaining pills in case he would feel ill later in the season. This is an example of: a. creative nonadherence c. directive treatment b. an unintentional nonadherence d. passive aggressive noncompliance ANS: A
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
37. Women from this ethnicity background believe that a week or a month resting period (lying-in) is needed after the birth of their babies. This is the period of time the mother spends in bed to recover. a. Latina c. European American b. African American d. Asian American ANS: D
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
38. When doctors play a pivotal role in making decisions in the hospital because the patient is unable to do so (because of her medical condition), it is referred to as the _________ model of interaction. a. autonomous c. guidance-cooperation b. active-passive d. prescriptive ANS: B
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
39. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Treatment adherence can be increased by having the physician pay closer attention to the patient after diagnosis. b. The majority of research has shown that about 10-20% of patients do not fully adhere to their medical regimens. c. Adherence rates are higher for chronic rather than acute conditions. d. All patients begin their medical regimen with the full intention of adhering. ANS: A
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
40. If a patient is communicating to a provider about all but the most important piece of information, and the physician is supposed to supply that piece of information to make the whole message comprehensible, this is an example of: a. active-passive model c. individualistic communication b. mutual cooperation model d. collectivistic communication ANS: D
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
41. Which of the following by the medical professional is most likely to encourage good communication with his or her patient? a. Using medical jargon to specify the nature of the medical condition. b. Making the medical information very simple regardless of the educational background of the patient to be sure that they understand. c. Asking open-ended questions. d. Making small talk by asking questions such as, “How are you doing?” to reduce tension. ANS: C
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
42. The ______ form of patient-practitioner communication involves the patient doing the bulk of the talking and getting answers to their questions. a. mutual cooperative c. patient-focused b. active-passive d. consumerist ANS: D
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
43. Which of the following is FALSE regarding research to date? a. Some cultural groups are given less information and treated worse than other groups. b. There is evidence for differential treatment in medical settings based on the patient’s sex. c. There is no research evidence to show that practitioner stereotypes impact their behavior in clinical settings. d. Medical professionals have stereotypes about how people of certain ethnic groups express their pain. ANS: C
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
44. Each of the following is a characteristic of a patient that can contribute to poor communication with health care providers EXCEPT: a. anxiety c. language b. low SES d. a desire for shared decision making ANS: D
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
45. Social scientists have argued that individuals use stereotypes: a. as a shortcut to save cognitive energy. b. due to peer pressure. c. only when interacting with someone of a different ethnic background, but not when interacting with someone of a different sex. d. because people are poor observers. ANS: A
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
46. Cultural competence: a. plays a role in the quality of communicatin between doctors and patients. b. is a new construct that has not yet been measured in empirical studies. c. impacts how patients feel about their health care providers, but does not affect quality of care. d. refers to degree of acculturation of the health care provider. ANS: A
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
47. Spencer and Chen (2004) found that Chinese Americans who experience language-based discrimination: a. sought informal help-seeking from friends and relatives. b. caused the patients to seek higher educated providers. c. caused the patients to avoid all health care. d. caused the patients to self-medicate. ANS: A
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
TRUE/FALSE 1. Illness behavior is defined as the demonstration of behaviors associated with a mental illness. ANS: F
REF: CULTURE AND ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
2. The Commonsense Model of Illness Behavior takes culture into account when examining how people adapt to health threats. ANS: T
REF: THE COMMONSENSE MODEL OF ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
3. Personality traits such as optimism and self-esteem normally buffer us against stress and illness but may delay us from seeking treatment. ANS: T
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
4. In a college health care setting, the degree of match between student’s desired and actual level of involvement in their care was associated with lesser satisfaction (Campbell, Auerbach & Kiesler, 2007). ANS: F
REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS
5. Many heart attack patients do not immediately call 911 for assistance because they believe the pains they are experiencing may be due to other less serious problems, such as indigestion or the flu. ANS: T
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
6. Research has shown that playing daytime television in healthcare waiting rooms helps to decrease patient stress. ANS: F
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
7. Adherence rates vary according to the type of treatment prescribed and to the disease or illness a patient has. ANS: T
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
8. When patients start a new medication for a chronic illness, intentional nonadherers, compared to adherers, have lower perceptions of the necessity of their new medication and higher levels of concerns about taking it. ANS: T
REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT
9. Research has shown that patients’ perceptions of their health care providers’ cultural competency correlated with measures of trust, satisfaction, and discrimination. ANS: T
REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS
10. Children from Asian culture are frequently taken first to the eldest family female, then to a paterna, then to a curandera, then a pharmacia and then to a Western medical clinic for asthma.. ANS: T
REF: SEEKING TREATMENT
ESSAY 1. Explain how acculturation and ethnic identity can play an important part in the use of Western mental health and medical health services. ANS: Responses vary. REF: CULTURE AND ILLNESS BEHAVIORS 2. Describe two reasons why a person might delay seeking medical treatment in a clinical setting.. ANS: Responses vary. REF: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS/SEEKING TREATMENT 3. Explain how cultural diversity among health care staff can affect the care of patients. Please give three examples of cultural issues that can affect a patient’s care. ANS: Responses vary. REF: PATIENT-PRACTIONER INTERACTIONS 4. Explain two factors that can decrease adherence to medical treatment of a patient. ANS: Responses vary. REF: ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT 5. Describe some of the cultural clashes concerning the Lee family and their traditional Hmong beliefs concerning the illness of their daughter, and the Western doctor’s reaction to their daughter’s illness. What might have been done by the health care system to improve the outcome of the daughter’s care? ANS: Responses vary. REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
Chapter Nine—Pain MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Pain or nociception, can best be defined as the: a. activation of nerve fibers signaling tissue damage. b. activation of specific sensory areas of the brain. c. being hurt in body or spirit. d. experiencing severe physical or psychological discomfort . ANS: A
REF: KEY DEFINITIONS
2. Pain a. can be purely psychological in nature. b. that is most severe and leads people to go to the doctor is objective (e.g., involves tissue damage) rather than subjective. c. is not influenced by ethnicity, but only degree of acculturation.. d. Does not seem to be influenced by sex. ANS: A
REF: KEY DEFINITIONS
3. There are many cultural variations in the experience in pain. These differences are primarily due to: a. genetics c. socialization b. age d. tolerance. ANS: C
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
4. Cultural variations in pain are due to differences in socialization and expectations across different cultural groups. Two cultural factors that really stand out are: a. sexual orientation and age b. sex and ethnicity c. regional location and socioeconomic status d. ethnicity and age. ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
5. Expressing pain loudly is more acceptable within some ethnic groups than others. One explicit example of the cultural influences in pain experience is that: a. across all cultures studied, boys are taught to yell when hurt or in pain. b. Middle Eastern women are expected to scream during labor c. Japanese women are found to scream more during labor than Middle Eastern women d. older adults are more likely to not ask for help when in pain than younger adults. ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
6. There is evidence for sex differences at __________ level of the experience of pain. a. only the biological c. only the social b. only the psychological d. every ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
7. Which of the following cultural groups has been found to report the highest pain ratings and least tolerance for painful stimuli? a. children c. Asian American b. older adults d. women ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
8. ______ are more likely to report pain to a doctor and to experience more frequent episodes of pain (Muellersdorf & Soederback, 2000). a. children c. older women b. men d. women ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
9. In terms of types of pain, the only significant sex differences relate to: a. headaches, facial, and back pain c. chest, facial and stomach pain b. limb, cardio, and stomach pain d. back and external ANS: A
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
10. The bulk of clinical research done on ethnic differences in pain has compared: a. Asian Americans with African Americans b. Asian Americans with European Americans c. Latinos with European Americans d. African Americans with European Americans ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
11. The ethnic group, when compared to European Americans, that has been shown to have the highest sensitivity to pain is: a. Chinese Americans c. African Americans b. Hmong Americans d. Native Americans ANS: C
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
12. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Different studies have used different measures of pain, making it difficult to compare across studies. b. The samples in pain studies are often homogeneous and not chosen randomly. c. There has not been any research on the experience of pain among ethnic groups other than African Americans or European Americans d. A number of studies have failed to find significan cultural differences in pain perceptions. ANS: C
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
13. All of the following are important cultural factors influencing the perception of pain EXCEPT: a. genes c. language b. socioeconomic status (SES) d. acculturation ANS: A
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
14. The fastest growing ethnic group in North America is _____________ a. Latinos c. Asian Americans b. Alaskan Natives d. Jamaican Americans ANS: A
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
15. Which of the following is TRUE? a. There is no evidence for ethnic disparities in the treatment of pain, there are only ethnic disparities in the experience of pain. b. threshold for pain increases with age. c. Meta-analytic evidence shows that European-Americans have the lowest pain tolerance of all ethnic groups. d. No differences in pain perception have been reported when people of different geographical differences are compared.. ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
16. Pain experienced with disease, such as cancer, is classified as: a. acute c. chronic sensory b. chronic malignant d. acute malignant ANS: B
REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN
17. Pain experienced for months or even years is: a. chronic pain c. psychogenic pain b. acute pain d. somatic pain ANS: A
REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN
18. Purely psychological pain without a physiological basis is referred to as: a. nocioception c. psychogenic pain b. somatosensory d. acute malignant ANS: C
REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN
19. Pain that is purely physiological without significant psychological component is referred to as: a. neurogenic c. somatosensory b. psychogenic d. neuropathic ANS: D
REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN
20. There are many distinct processes critical to the process of experiencing pain. ___________takes place at the level of the receptors where chemical or thermal energy is converted into electrochemical nerve impulses.. a. transmission c. modulation b. transduction d. perception ANS: B
REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN
21. Sensory fibers that transmit signals from the receptors to the spinal cord are called: a. efferent fibers c. analgesic fibers b. afferent fibers d. P fibers ANS: B
REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN
22. The neural activity leading to the control of pain transmissions between the various parts of the brain is referred to as: a. transmission c. modulation b. transduction d. perception ANS: C
REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN
23. To get around language problems due to age of ethnic background, most hospitals also use _______ to accurately assess pain. a. interpreters c. sign language b. the patient’s family d. pictorial measures ANS: D
REF: MEASURING PAIN
24. _________________ is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in the experience of pain. a. L-dopa c. Seratonin b. Substance P d. Substance N ANS: B
REF: TYPOLOGIES AND BIOLOGY OF PAIN
25. One of the pain questionnaire measures of pain is the: a. Rosenberg Pain scale c. Turk Pain Report b. Melzack and Wall self diagnosis scale d. McGill Pain Questionnaire ANS: D
REF: MEASURING PAIN
26. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Beck Depression Inventory are psychological tests used to get a sense of a person’s pain. Patients who are likely to experience chronic pain are likely to score ____________. a. low in the MMPI subscales of hypochondriasis and depression b. high in MMPI subscales of depression and hysteria c. low in the MMPI subscale of hysteria d. low in the neurotic triad ANS: B
REF: MEASURING PAIN
27. One of the earliest models of pain suggested that there were unique receptors responding to unique stimuli. This theory was called the: a. Descartian hypothesis c. pattern theory b. specificity theory d. rational hypothesis ANS: B
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
28. Different patterns of stimulations causing different types of pain is the definition of: a. specificity concept c. pain-prone personality b. pattern theory d. somatic pain ANS: B
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
29. All of the following are theories of pain combining the psychological and physiological mechanisms EXCEPT: a. pain-prone personality theory c. diathesis-stress model b. cognitive-behavioral models d. gate control theory ANS: A
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
30. The pain-prone personality was thought to predispose a person to experience persistent pain. Although there is little empirical support for this theory, it did account for how pain itself can produce changes in personality. According to this theory the pain prone person tends to: a. have a career that is more physical in nature. b. be more sedentary in nature. c. tends to deny emotional and interpersonal problems. d. have a family history of anxiety disorders. ANS: C
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
31. Predisposing factors, such as a reduced threshold of nociception, precipitating stimuli, such as an injury, and maintaining processes, such as the expectation that the pain will persist, are all important in explaining pain. This describes: a. gate control theory of pain c. specificity of pain concept b. the pattern theory d. the diathesis-stress model ANS: D
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
32. The researchers credited with gate control theory are: a. Turk and Pagos c. Von Frey and Schneider b. Melzack and Wall d. Meichenbaum and Genest ANS: B
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
33. One of the novel features of gate control theory is the presence of a(n) _________ that modulates the experience of pain at the level of the spinal cord. a. neurochemical c. hormone b. interneuron d. trigger gland ANS: B
REF: 291
MSC: WWW
34. Which of the following is NOT a critical component of the gate control theory of pain? a. A fibers c. C fibers b. B fibers d. interneurons ANS: B
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
35. If you feel a sharp pain in a certain spot and try to scratch or itch around it to reduce the pain, the resulting relief is due to you activating the: a. large A fibers to shut the gate c. C fibers to close the gate b. C fibers to open the gate d. A fibers to open the gate ANS: A
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
36. This transcutenaeous electrical nerve stimulation has been found to produce relief for a variety of diverse pains: a. efferent pathways c. electrostimulation therapy b. counterirritation d. electro shock therapy ANS: B
REF: 292
MSC: *
37. Stimulation-produced analgesia is accomplished by: a. taking pain medication. c. specific exercise. b. electrically stimulating the brain. d. laser surgery. ANS: B
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
38. Studies that provide participants with simulating natural environments found that: a. they do not affect the pain control of patients. b. they were not as affected as utilizing hypnosis. c. participants who watched a blank screen were able to control pain as much as participants who watched simulated natural environments. d. they do affect the pain control of patients. ANS: D
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
39. If patients play videogames, how does this affect their pain? a. It lowers experiences of pain and discomfort. b. It lowers experiences of pain and discomfort in teens only. c. It increased experiences of pain and discomfort. d. It does not affect the brain regarding the experiences of pain and discomfort. ANS: A
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
40. What psychological states can increase the levels of pain experienced? a. anger or happiness c. jealousy or fear b. sadness or anger d. anxiety or fear ANS: D
REF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN
41. Tanya has flipped her canoe and lost the large fish she just caught. She has cut her hand, but does not notice due to: a. the possibility that her optimistic state influenced the transmission of pain b. the fact she has not noticed the cut c. she has not appraised her wound is severe d. All of the above are true. ANS: D
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
42. If it takes a lot of stimulation for us to perceive that something is painful, we are said to have a high ________ level. a. tolerance c. sensory b. threshold d. habitation ANS: B
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
43. If Sophie is able to bear the pain while her tooth is being drilled without the use of Novocain, she may have a high _________ of pain. a. tolerance c. denial b. experience d. threshold ANS: A
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
44. Activities such as prolonged physical activity and even meditation have been shown to release _____ into our system, which are accompanied by pain relief. a. substance O c. serotonin b. opioids d. cortisol ANS: B
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
45. There are some clear cultural differences in who is given opioids. This ethnic group is the least likely to receive an opioid for pain: a. European American c. Asian American b. African American d. Latin American ANS: C
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
46. Stress-induced analgesia can be described by this example: a. runner’s high b. stress fracture in foot from running c. stress experienced by air traffic controllers d. fibromyalgia ANS: A
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
47. Studies have indicated that acupuncture works because of: a. the increase in serotonin b. placebo effect and the production of endorphins c. needles decreasing the stimulation of large nerve fibers d. the decrease in endorphins in the brain ANS: B
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
48. Some pain that benefits from vibration and light massage include: a. swollen, sprained ankles c. neck and back pains. b. burns d. fractures ANS: C
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
49. Cognitive biases can often amplify the experience of pain. Each of the following cognitive processes are related to more pain EXCEPT: a. catastrophizing c. stable attributions b. learned helplessness d. distraction ANS: D
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
50. One of the unique aspects of self-management programs for dealing with chronic pain is the greater focus on: a. the patient’s role c. hypnosis b. medication d. the health care system ANS: A
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
TRUE/FALSE 1. Nociception is often accompanied by cognitive, behavioral and affective states. ANS: T
REF: KEY DEFINITIONS
2. When patients carry electronic diaries such as iPads and report on their pain during different parts of the day, this type of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) relies less on patient memory than using a standard pain questionnaire at one point in time.. ANS: T
REF: MEASURING PAIN
3. In one large community sample study, Non-Latino African Americans and Latin Americans had a higher risk for severe pain compared with non-Latino European Americans (Reyes-Gibby et al., 2007). ANS: T
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
4. Pain tends to decrease in frequency as we age. ANS: F
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
5. The McGill Pain Questionnaire is one of a number of validated pain questionnaires used in assessing pain. It consists of three main dimensions,- sensory, affective and evaluative,- with each tapping into different aspects of pain. ANS: T
REF: MEASURING PAIN
6. Physiological measures such as electroencephalography, electromyography (EMG) and skin conductance are the most widely and most accepted methods to assess pain,. ANS: F
REF: MEASURING PAIN
7. Biopsychological theories of pain propose that some individuals may have physiological predispositions to pain that interact with psychological factors to cause pain. ANS: T
REF: THEORIES OF PAIN
8. Beecher (1955) compared World War II soldiers’ experiences of pain on the battlefield with the pain experienced by civilians. He found that for injuries of similar severity, approximately 80% of the civilians requested painkillers and only 33% of the soldiers requested pain killers. The stress of battle, and possibly the realization that their injuries meant the soldiers were returning home, seems to lessen the soldiers’ pain. ANS: T
REF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN
9. One example of classical conditioned pain is Toby assuming he will have pain when he goes to the dentist, due to his previous experience of having his tooth drilled for a filling. ANS: T
REF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN
10. Chinese acupuncture can be used to treat pain, but it has been shown to result in more negative side effects of many medications. ANS: F
REF: PAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
ESSAY 1. Describe and discuss differences in pain between males and females. ANS: Responses vary. REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
2. How do members of different ethnic groups give very different meanings to the experience of pain? ANS: Responses vary. REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 3. Hospitals have a variety of simple ways to assess pain that can be used across cultures. Describe one was to measure pain and explain why you would this measure over another type of pain measure ? ANS: Responses vary. REF: MEASURING PAIN 4. Name and describe one theory of pain mentioned in your text.. ANS: Responses vary. REF: THEORIES OF PAIN 5. Beecher (1955) compared World War II soldiers’ experiences of pain in the battlefield with the pain experienced by civilians. What were the results of this study? ANS: Responses vary. REF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN
Chapter Ten—Chronic Illness, Terminal Illness, and Death MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A chronic disease that often begins very early in life is: a. cancer c. arthritis b. asthma d. coronary heart disease ANS: B
REF: INTRODUCTION
2. Jim has Alzheimer’s disease, an illness that becomes worse over time. This type of illness is best described as: a. remitting c. acute b. progressive d. primary aging ANS: B
REF: INTRODUCTION
3. Which of the following is TRUE?. a. Women born in 1900 lived on average 48.3 years. b. There are no longer differences in life expectancy between African Americans and European Americans in the U.S. c. Today, viruses and bacteria are causes of the major causes of death. d. Today, men live longer than women. ANS: A
REF: PREVALENCE RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS
4. The increase in life expectancy is primarily due to: a. improvements in medicine. c. fewer pathogens. b. stronger genetic backgrounds of patients. d. improved family dynamics. ANS: A
REF: PREVALENCE RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS
5. One of the major causes of death in the U.S. today is: a. lower respiratory disease. c. neuropathy. b. asthma. d. tuberculosis. ANS: A
REF: PREVALENCE RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS
6. The most prevalent chronic disease is also the nation’s primary cause of death. That illness is _________. a. coronary heart disease c. diabetes b. cancer d. pneumonia ANS: A
REF: PREVALENCE RATES OF CHRONIC ILLNESS
7. The most commonly used measure of how someone is coping with a chronic illness is a measure of his or her quality of life (QOL). This measure is best made by the: a. primary care physician c. physical therapist b. consulting physician d. patient ANS: D
REF: COPING WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS
8. Sue was just diagnosed with breast cancer, however, she sees this illness as a challenge that she will be able to overcome. This is an example of a(n) __________that will likely correlate with a higher quality of life than if she saw it as a threat that will mean her life is over. a. form of denial c. primary appraisal. b. secondary appraisal d. tertiary appraisal ANS: C
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
9. When Bill learns he has diabetes, he feels fortunate to have a good social support network and he knows they will be helpful as he copes with all the changes in lifestyle that will be required to manage this disease. His belief that he has the resources to cope effectively is his: a. primary appraisal b. secondary appraisal c. example of denial d. example of negotiating interpersonal adjustments. ANS: B
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
10. _________________is one of the psychological reactions first felt the moment a person is informed that he or she has a chronic illness. a. Depression c. Hostility b. Denial d. Bargaining ANS: B
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
11. A common psychological reaction to a test result confirming a chronic illness is anxiety. Anxiety: a. is usually lowest when awaiting invasive medical procedures because the patient is relieved to know that the problem will be fixed. b. is usually a long-term reaction that is more common in men than women. c. is much more rare today than in past generations because of the increases in medical technology. d. interferes with healthy functioning by causing the person to cope poorly and delay the recognition and reporting of symptoms. ANS: D
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
12. The most common reaction to a chronic illness tends to be depression. Unlike anxiety, depression tends to: a. increase adherence rates. c. be more of a long-term reaction. b. decrease as pain and disability increase. d. be found only in men. ANS: C
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
13. The most common reaction to a chronic illness is: a. denial c. bargaining. b. depression d. fear ANS: B
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
14. Not knowing the course of one’s chronic illness or having enough information to cope is likely to increase _______ in a patient. a. denial c. anxiety b. depression d. optimism ANS: C
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
15. In a demonstration of the power of personality traits, Carver et al. (1993) showed that women with breast cancer who were high in _____ used more active coping, faced the disease, and had less distress. a. agreeableness c. optimism b. openness to experience d. extraversion ANS: C
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
16. In studies of women with breast cancer, it appears that women who coped better made comparisons to others less fortunate than themselves. This is known as: a. compensatory thinking. c. upward social comparison. b. denial. d. downward social comparison. ANS: D
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
17. Research has shown that: a. all families become more protective when their child has a chronic illness, regardless of thei child’s age. b. when the chronic illness is serious, such as cancer, members of all ethnic groups tend to cope similarly. c. Individuals from nuclear families cope better with their child’s chronic illness than those from blended families. d. the environment in which a person lives can make a disease worse or help control it. ANS: D
REF: CULTURE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS
18. The notion that quality of life is a subjective experience assumes that a. patients may provide the most valid assessments of their quality of life. b. psychosocial and economic factors must be considered instead of measures of physiological functioning. c. reliable and valid measures will never be developed. d. quality of life is independent of changes in chronic illness and its treatment. ANS: A
REF: COPING WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS
19. African Americans with chronic illness have: a. the same outcomes as European Americans in the United States. b. poorer outcomes than European Americans in the United States. c. better outcomes than European Americans in the United States. d. better outcomes than any other ethnic group in the United States. ANS: B
REF: CULTURE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS
20. Culver et al. (2004) tested for differences in coping responses in middle-class African Americans, Latinos, and European American women with early-stage breast cancer. They found only two differences in coping. Compared with European American women, the other two groups used this type of coping more: a. meditation c. mental imaging b. humor-based d. religion-based ANS: D
REF: CULTURE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS
21. In many folk and traditional medical systems, a greater emphasis is also placed on _______, which can increase patient satisfaction and adherence to treatment. a. prescribing medications and ointments c. the biological origins of disease b. communication d. using herbs ANS: B
REF: CULTURE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS
22. Motivational interviewing is a directive, patient-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by: a. dictating to patients on what they must do to get better. b. helping patients to understand their psyche. c. helping patients to explore and resolve ambivalence. d. helping patients to vent their frustrations with their chronic illness. ANS: C
REF: INTERVENTIONS
23. Research on social support has shown that: a. European Americans are more reluctant to explicitly ask for support from others than are Asians and Asian Americans. b. it correlates with positive adjustment to acute illness, but not chronic illnesses. c. support groups are beneficial for all patients with a chronic illness. d. too much support can be detrimental. ANS: D
REF: INTERVENTIONS
24. In a study comparing the effects of an informational-based educational group to an emotion-focused peer discussion group among women with breast cancer, Helgeson et al. (2000) warned that: a. those who thought they really do not need it benefit the most. b. support is only helpful if people believe it will help. c. getting support if you already have it can be harmful. d. not providing enough support can hurt more than providing none at all. ANS: C
REF: INTERVENTIONS
25. In a medical setting, informed consent procedures: a. occur when the patients are made aware of their conditions and treatments that are available. b. occur when the family is informed of the patient’s condition. c. occur when the staff are informed of how to care for the patient. d. occur when clergy are automatically informed that a patient is hospitalized. ANS: A
REF: INTERVENTIONS
26. Traditional Latinos tend to be very religious. Latinos that use passive coping tend to: a. have great psychological well-being. b. have greater pain and worse adjustment. c. tend to use curanderismo and Western medicine. d. heal more quickly than those who used religious coping . ANS: B
REF: THE ROLE OF RELIGION
27. Different religions deal with death differently. Muslims, or followers of Islam, believe: a. that last rights need to be performed on a dying person. b. a dying person must do penance. c. the body must not be washed at time of death. d. the seriously ill may not die at home. ANS: B
REF: THE ROLE OF RELIGION
28. The Buddhist beliefs of death does NOT include: a. as long as there is fear of death, life is not being lived to its fullest. b. drinking and dancing at the funeral in a celebration of the recently departed’s life. c. pain is unavoidable, but attitudes and behavior influence suffering. d. contemplating death can free us from fear, change the way we live and our attitude towards life. ANS: B
REF: THE ROLE OF RELIGION
29. The leading cause of infant deaths in the United States is: a. birth defects c. choking on objects b. SIDS d. car accidents ANS: A
REF: DEATH
30. What ethnic group that tends to have a higher level of stress during pregnancy and has the name for labor as “sorrow” and “pain”? a. Hindi c. Mexican American b. Chinese d. African American ANS: C
REF: DEATH
31. According to Horwitz, et al. (1998), mothers with high levels of stress, who worked more than 15 hours a week outside of the home, and who had negative attitudes toward medical care providers, were: a. more likely to have their child vaccinated. b. more likely to have children with serious injuries. c. more likely to have an infant die to SIDS. d. more likely to have a child with a chronic illness. ANS: B
REF: DEATH
32. Which of the following is the best predictors of adolescent mortality? a. age of the mother at pregnancy. b. getting a driver’s license at the age of 16. c. substance abuse. d. if the adolescent had been born prematurely. ANS: C
REF: DEATh
33. The top three killers of adults are: a. smoking, alcohol abuse and automobile accidents b. strokes, alcohol and cancer c. coronary heart disease, cancer and stroke d. heart attacks, accidents and alcohol abuse ANS: C
REF: DEATH
34. Patients with cancer or CHD: a. are often prescribed high doses of morphine, which the delivery might be under the patient’s own control b. patients are almost never given control of their own pain medication. c. who have been prescribed pain medication only experience memory problems if they had dementia before taking the medication. d. are rarely prescribed morphine because most insurance companies do not allow it. ANS: A
REF: DEATH
35. As a culture, talking about death is commonly taboo among: a. Buddhists c. Native Americans b. Roman Catholics d. Latinos ANS: C
REF: DEATH
36. _____________ is the termination of life by a lethal injection of a drug by a physician. a. Euthanasia c. Self-suicide b. Mercy killing d. palliative suicide ANS: A
REF: DEATH
37. When a physician supplies a lethal drug but does not actually administer it, this is called: a. withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. c. euthanasia b. assisted suicide d. mercy killing ANS: B
REF: DEATH
38. The first state to legalize euthanasia was: a. Illinois b. Oregon ANS: B
c. California d. Euthanasia is not legal in any state.
REF: DEATH
39. A form of treatment aimed at alleviating symptoms without necessarily affecting the cause is: a. euthanasia c. patient centered care b. palliative care d. life support ANS: B
REF: DEATH
40. To make the end of life easier and prevent cases such as that of Florida woman Terry Schiavo, who was in a persistent vegetative state for 15 years, individuals are urged to: a. seek legal counsel b. create a living will c. contact hospice care as soon as a person goes to the hospital. d. arrange for palliative care ANS: B
REF: DEATH
41. Which of the following stages is NOT included in Kubler-Ross’s model of adapting to terminal illness? a. anger c. fear b. denial d. acceptance ANS: C
REF: DEATH
42. The Kubler-Ross stages of death has the one constant feature that most people will experience: a. all 5 stages in order c. acceptance b. least three of the five stages d. depression before death ANS: D
REF: DEATH
43. Important cultural differences exist in how: a. the dead are treated. b. patients cope with death. ANS: D
c. caregivers cope with death. d. all of the above are true
REF: DEATH
44. According to Depaola, et al.(2003), this ethnic group reports higher levels of death anxiety than European Americans. a. Native Americans c. African Americans b. Filipino Americans d. Puerto Ricans ANS: C
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN DEATH AND DYING
45. The burning of sage and other herbs is part of many religious ceremonies for this group of individuals, and it is also used to prepare the soul of the dying person for the afterlife. a. Hindi c. Muslims b. Native Americans d. Hmong ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN DEATH AND DYING
46. Which of the following is NOT the custom of families who are Muslim and experiencing the death of a family member? a. They need to turn the body to face Mecca after the person has died b. They must have someone sitting close by to read the Koran to the person who is dying c. They must close the body’s mouth and eyes and cover the face after the individual has died d. They must sing to the person as they are dying ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN DEATH AND DYING
47. Stroebe, Stroebe and Schut (2001) reported that women express their emotions more than men during the grieving process, and: a. they found evidence that working through grief helps them to recover faster b. they found no evidence that working through grief helps them to recover faster c. they found that men suffer less health consequences than women d. they found that widows are more distressed and depressed than widowers ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN DEATH AND DYING
TRUE/FALSE 1. Many people with chronic illnesses report unexpectedly high quality of life. ANS: T
REF: COPING WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS
2. By comparing themselves with women who were better off than they were, breast cancer patients were able to cope better and enhance their self-esteem ANS: F
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
3. Today, most measures of quality of life are completed by the patient’s physician. ANS: F
REF: COPING WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS
4. Research suggests that family members are often key decision makers for end-of-life decisions regardless of patients’ prior preferences concerning end-of-life care. ANS: T
REF: Death
5. Elders that fall have a drop in optimism, and recovery from falling can be enhanced by bolstering optimism. ANS: T
REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
6. At the present, there is no clear evidence suggesting that gay or single parent families are unhealthy for children (Patterson, et al., 2002). ANS: T
REF: CULTURE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS
7. Women with more social support have more positive adjustment to chronic illnesses, but this relation does not hold for men. ANS: F
REF: CULTURE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS
8. Kubler-Ross’s stage theory has been criticized because she only used cross-sectional data and did not follow people as they got closer to death. ANS: T
REF: DEATH
9. Experiments comparing hospices to hospitals are hard to do and unethical. ANS: T
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS
10. Hospices do not attempt to cure the patient or prolong life, but one study did find that the mean survival was longer for hospice patients than non-hospice patients. ANS: T
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS
ESSAY 1. What are some of the biological and psychological issues that occur for individuals who are learning to adjust to living with chronic illness? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT 2. Describe two psychological responses to chronic illness,. ANS: Responses will vary. REF: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPONENTS OF ADJUSTMENT
3. How does religion play a role in coping with chronic illnesses? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: CULTURE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS 4. Social support is the sociocultural factor that has garnered the most research attention. How does social support influence adjustment to chronic illnesses? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: CULTURE AND CHRONIC ILLNESS 5. How do cultural variations affect the process of death and dying? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN DEATH AND DYING
Chapter Eleven—Psychoneuroimmunology and HIV MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. PNI researchers study interactions among: a. the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the digestive system.. b. the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system. c. the nervous system, the reproductive system, and the immune system. d. the reticular activating system and the endocrine system. ANS: B
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
2. A clear example of the connection between the mind and body, especially between psychology and immune functioning, is that: a. only real emotional experiences lead to immune changes b. any emotional experience, even faked, leads to immune changes c. only faked emotional experiences lead to immune changes d. an individual with a stressed immune system can not change their immunity ANS: B
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
3. A woman with lupus was given a shot of a strong drug. At the same time, she was exposed to the scent of rose perfume and the taste of cod liver oil. After a few pairings of these three (drug, oil, scent) her body had a physiological response to the rose scent even without the full dose of the strong drug. This is an example of: a. conditioned immunity. c. psychoneuroimmunological reactivity. b. positive reinforcement. d. compensatory responding. ANS: A
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
4. One of the most influential psychosocial influences on the immune system is: a. culture c. genetics b. temperament d. stress ANS: D
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
5. The work of Sheldon Cohen and colleagues has provided strong evidence for the link between psychology and physiology. The key finding in his studies is that the volunteers injected with a cold virus: a. are more likely to get sick if they are stressed. b. are less likely to get sick if they are stressed. c. are more likely to get sick only if they have a history of hypochondriasis. d. are less likely to get stressed. ANS: A
REF: PSYCHNEUROIMMUNOLOGY
6. Stress is accompanied by all of the following EXCEPT: a. T cell suicide killing c. redistribution of lymphocytes b. suppressed immunity d. increases in circulating lymphocytes ANS: D
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
7. Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of study of a researcher in the area of PNI? a. How income influences happiness. b. Whether the length of time it takes for wounds to heal is correlated with the level of stress the person experiencs. c. Whether cognitive functioning and health are correlated. d. Whether physical fatigue affects adherence. ANS: B
REF: PYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
8. Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disorder? a. Graves’ disease c. lupus b. MS d. Huntington’s Disease ANS: D
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
9. What does the acronym AIDS stand for? a. Active Immunity Defense Syndrome b. Acquired Immunity Defense Syndrome ANS: D
c. Autonomic Immune Defense System d. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
REF: HIV AND AIDS
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. HIV and AIDS refer to the same phenomenon. b. A person can have AIDS without being HIV positive c. A person who is HIV negative has developed AIDS d. A person can be HIV positive without having AIDS ANS: D
REF: HIV AND AIDS
11. From 1982-1983, AIDS was considered to be a gay disease. In 1983, it was reported that: a. children also had AIDS b. transfusion recipients also had AIDS c. AIDS could be passed on heterosexually from men to women d. All of the above are true. ANS: D
REF: HIV AND AIDS
12. __________________ is more heavily affected by HIV and AIDS than any other region in the world. a. Latin America c. Western Canada b. Africa d. Asia ANS: B
REF: HIV AND AIDS
13. The most common ways of passing HIV are by: a. dirty toilet seats and direct blood contact b. unprotected sexual contact and direct blood contact c. kissing and direct blood contact d. giving blood and receiving blood ANS: B
REF: HIV AND AIDS
14. In 2008, the CDC rolled out a new way to measure the incidence of HIV. The Serological Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS) is different in that it: a. determines which positive HIV tests represents new HIV infections b. is a national a data survey that collects HIV diagnosis data c. can cure the disease for those who have a less aggressive form of the virus. d. tests and matches serums that can be used specifically for the treatment of HIV ANS: A
REF: HIV AND AIDS
15. One of the major physiological symptoms of AIDS is: a. a T cell count of 200 or less. c. a T cell count of 600-1000. b. a higher than normal sex drive. d. The sudden development of hemophilia. ANS: A
REF: HIV AND AIDS
16. Currently, the average time between HIV infection and the appearance of the first signs of AIDS is: a. 5-10 months c. 3-5 years b. 1-2 years d. 8-11 years ANS: D
REF: HIV AND AIDS
17. One of the best treatments available for HIV is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). One of the most commonly used components of HAART is: a. ACT c. CD4 cells b. AZT d. Aricept ANS: B
REF: HIV AND AIDS
18. HIV is a(n): a. RNA virus that secretes an enzyme that injects its own RNA into DNA inside the cells that it infects b. condition with low numbers of CD8 cells and higher than average numbers of CD4 cells c. virus that has two stages d. condition where the patient always experiences “flu-like” symptoms ANS: A
REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
19. Some people newly infected with HIV report: a. sudden thinning of hair. b. Hyperactivity similar to a feeling of mania. c. flu-like symptoms. d. mucls tremmors similar to Parkinson’s symptoms. ANS: C
REF: PSYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
20. Classification as HIV/symptomatic requires the presence of at least one of the following symptoms in the last 6 months: a. diarrhea 1 to 6 times per week or more b. chronic headache 1 to 4 times per week or more c. stomach upset 5 to 6 times per week or more. d. chronic fatigue ANS: A
REF: PSYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
21. Opportunistic infections occur: a. only in individuals with HIV b. only in individuals with AIDS c. when an immune system damage is more severe d. in people with normal immune systems ANS: C
REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
22. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Depression is more prevalent in men with HIV than among women with HIV. b. Psychological factors can shorten the time one lives with AIDS. c. AIDS patients often experience better outcomes when they are pessimistic than when they are optimistic because they are more likely to face their illness directly. d. No research on HIV/AIDS has examined the impact of social support on psychological and physical outcomes because most people who are infected with the virus lose their social support networks. ANS: B
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
23. An example of a psychosocial resource that has been consistently associated with good psychological and physical outcomes for patients with HIV infection is: a. being low on openness to experience because these individuals are less likely to engage in risky behavior.. b. optimism, c. associating primarily with family, and limiting visits from co-workers. d. being an introvert. ANS: B
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
24. In general, patients with HIV infection who rely more on _______ and who seek support tend to have a higher quality of life and experience less negative affect. a. avoidant coping c. emotional coping b. approach coping d. openness coping ANS: B
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
25. Research tells us that specific personality characteristics significantly related to slower disease progression were: a. low extroverts and low openness b. lower achievement striving and disengaged personalities c. assertiveness, positive emotions and extraversion d. None of the above are true. ANS: C
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
26. When comparing all research concerning whether or not AIDS patients who deny the reality of being HIV positive experience a more rapid development of symptoms, we learn: a. all these studies support that HIV positive men who denied their diagnosis actually survive longer than those who accept their fate b. all of these studies support that HIV positive men who denied their diagnosis actually experience a more rapid development of symptoms c. all of these studies agree that initially the men who denied their diagnosis had fewer symptoms, but they increased as they became more accepting of their diagnosis d. all of these studies clearly demonstrate the need to better understand this topic as there is evidence that some men have an increase in symptoms, and others have a decrease in symptoms ANS: D
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
27. Which cultural group is especially at risk and account for an increasing percentage of new cases of HIV infection? a. European American gay males c. African American gay males b. women with higher SES d. low-income women of color ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
28. Which of the following sexual intercourse behavior is more likely to infect someone with HIV? a. female to female transmission b. female to male transmission c. male to female transmission d. All of these are statistically equal in HIV transmission. ANS: C
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
29. The most common ethnic group to be diagnosed with AIDS in American is: a. Chinese American c. Native American b. African American d. Mexican American ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
30. Which of the following is TRUE regarding yoga? a. There is no empirical research to show the effectiveness of yoga as a treatment for chronic illness. b. Jnana yoga is the most common form of yoga in North America. c. Yoga derived from Hinduism and Buddhism. d. Yoga originated in California. ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
31. ______________ is a precancerous condition that is seen as small thickened white patches, usually inside the mouth or vulva. a. Graves’ disease c. Kaposi’s sarcoma b. Hairy leukoplakia d. HAART ANS: B
REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
32. The peak age for heroin users in treatment has increased 10 years for African Americans while: a. declining over 10 years for European Americans b. increasing 20 years for European Americans c. Young adult African Americans no longer use heroine d. declining over 10 years by Mexican Americans ANS: A
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
33. The extent in which people engage in sexual activities with sexual partners from other sexual networks is known as _______ and is a central influence on AIDS transmission. a. miscegenation c. sexual mixing b. the contact hypothesis d. transgroup sexuality ANS: C
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
34. Regarding sexual mixing, these two groups report the heaviest mixing: a. African American females, European American males b. Latino males, and European American females c. African American males, and European females d. Latino males and females ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
35. Most research on the prevalence of HIV and AIDS is conducted using: a. African American men in the research c. European American men in the research b. African American women in the research d. Latinas in the research ANS: C
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
36. This health behavior model has been designed specifically for HIV patients: a. Health Belief Model c. Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills b. Theory of Planned Behavior d. Transtheoretical model ANS: C
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS RELATED TO HIV/AIDS
37. Women are more likely to practice safer sex in: a. long-term relationships c. the Midwest b. casual sexual relationships d. the Northeast ANS: B
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS RELATED TO HIV/AIDS
38. A factor that has been found to influence the use of condoms, which reduce the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease, is: a. concurrent alcohol use. b. the price of the condoms. c. whether their parents are recent immigrants. d. perception of popularity ANS: A
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS RELATED TO HIV/AIDS
39. Which of the following individuals is LEAST LIKELY to be informed about AIDS? a. Tom, a gay man. b. Lakisha, a single, inner-city woman. c. Marissa, a lesbian woman who lives in the suburbs with her partner. d. John, a doctoral student in his late 30s. ANS: B
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS RELATED TO HIV/AIDS
40. When individuals are informed of a positive HIV test, there is typically a drop in immune functioning. This intervention is found to help lessen the drop in the immune functioning: a. watching comedies on television c. pleasure reading b. participating in church activities d. aerobic exercise training ANS: D
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS RELATED TO HIV/AIDS
41. Two interventions that tend to help lessen the drop in immune functioning that normally accompanies being informed of a positive HIV test are: a. aerobic exercise training, and cognitive behavioral stress management b. psychoanalysis and cognitive retraining c. biofeedback and imaging d. routine medical visits and medication ANS: A
REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS RELATED TO HIV/AIDS
42. One alternative medical treatment borrowed from a non-Western culture is increasing in popularity among AIDS patients and works on a biopsychosocial level. This is: a. sweat lodges c. tai chi b. acupressure d. yoga ANS: D
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
43. The most common type of yoga in the United States is called hatha yoga, which emphasizes: a. purification c. diet b. relaxation d. All of the these are aspects of hatha yoga ANS: D
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
44. Traditional yoga has eight parts, which consist of four practices and four experiences that one should strive for. One of the practices involve: a. downward dog b. absolute devotion and meditation c. attitude toward the world (abstinence, truthfulness, and chastity) d. empathy and understanding towards others ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
45. Yoga has offered similar successes in the treatment of other chronic illnesses including: a. significant improvement in measures of fatigue for patients with multiple sclerosis b. decrease of pill rolling motion of individuals with Parkinson’s disease c. the reduction of swelling of joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis d. the decrease of pain for individuals with dental pain ANS: A
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
46. Some yoga poses are thought to activate the hormonal system of the body. One gland that plays a role in the immune system, and is stimulated by yoga, is: a. the adrenal gland c. the thymus gland b. the pituitary gland d. renal gland ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
TRUE/FALSE 1. The immune system is strongly influenced by the nervous system and correspondingly by our minds and thinking. ANS: T
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLIGY
2. Research on first-time parachuters showed that acute stress may cause a sudden increase in the immune system. Specifically, the researchers found that their immune response increased just after they jumped off the plane. ANS: T
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
3. Women are morely likely than men to be infected with HIV via heterosexual sex. ANS: T
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
4. Blood contains the highest concentration of the HIV virus,. ANS: T
REF: HIV/AIDS
5. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions defines someone as having AIDS if he or she meets one or both of these conditions: has had at least one of 21 AIDS-defining opportunistic infections; has had a CD4 cell count (T-cell count) of 200 cells or less. ANS: T
REF: HIV/AIDS
6. The most recent data show that the number of AIDS-related deaths has declined.. ANS: T
REF: HIV/AIDS
7. In a 5-year study of HIV-positive patients, Theorell et al. (1995) found that participants who had more emotional support and reported better social networks showed significantly lesser declines in their T-cell counts over the course of the study. ANS: T
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS
8. In North America, European American gay males have the highest risk of contracting HIV than individuals in another cultural group. ANS: F 9. Compared to women, gay men infected HIV tend to be more economically advantaged, better educated and often have no dependents.. ANS: T
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS
10. Evidence of a stress-immune link can be traced back to the work of Freud. ANS: F
REF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
ESSAY 1. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: HIV AND AIDS 2. Discuss two personality variables that have been associated with HIV/AIDS development and/or progression. ANS: Responses will vary. REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS 3. How do psychological factors such as coping style influence the progression of AIDS? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIV/AIDS 4. Describe two research findings that examined women and HIV?AIDS. ANS: Responses will vary. REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN AIDS 5. Given the fatal course of HIV infection, what psychological factors could explain why people would still continue to engage in unsafe sexual practices/drug use? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS RELATING TO HIV/AIDS
Chapter Twelve—Culture and Cancer MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Cancer is the _____ cause of death in America. a. leading c. third leading b. second leading d. fourth leading ANS: B
REF: PREVALENCE OF CANCER
2. Which of the following regarding cancer is TRUE? a. It is a group of diseases. b. It is a disease with higher mortality rates among European Americans compared to African Americans. c. The incidence rates for all cancers combined has increased from 1900 through 2004. d. The different types of cancers have remarkably similar incidence and mortality rates.. ANS: D
REF: WHAT IS CANCER?
3. The relative risk of death from cancer compared with that for European American men and women was higher for: a. Latino women b. both African American women and Asian men c. both Latino and Native American men d. Mexican American women ANS: C
REF: 372
4. Cancer is best defined as: a. an illness caused by the presence of a malignant tumor b. a mutated cell c. a cell with retarded growth d. a cell with accelerated growth ANS: A 5. Cancer works by: a. destroying cell RNA b. destroying cell DNA c. inhibiting secretion of neurochemicals d. accelerating the secretion of neurochemicals ANS: B
REF: WHAT IS CANCER?
6. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Not all cells with abnormal cell growth are cancerous. b. leukemia is a type of cancer that involves tumors in the breast. c. Tumors that are cancerous are referred to as benign. d. Gerontology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of cancer. ANS: A
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
7. Cancer-causing substances are referred to as: a. carcinogens b. malignancies ANS: A
c. mutations d. neoplasms
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
8. Benign tumors: a. are formed in high numbers in cases of leukemia b. almost always metastasize to other parts of the body c. are usually life threatening. d. are non are not cancerous. ANS: D
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
9. A characteristic feature of cancer cells is that they _____ or spread. a. collate c. radiate b. metastasize d. exfoliate ANS: B
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
10. The most common sites for cancer are: a. lungs, breast, and prostrate gland b. bone, kidney and liver ANS: A
c. brain, liver and spleen d. stomach, esophagus, larynx
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
11. The cancer type that starts in the surface layers of the body or the epithelial cells are: a. sarcomas c. lymphomas b. carcinomas d. leukemias ANS: B
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
12. Cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage are: a. lymphomas c. sarcomas b. carcinomas d. leukemias ANS: C
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
13. Cancers found in the blood and bone marrow are: a. lymphomas c. sarcomas b. carcinomas d. leukemias ANS: D
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
14. Cancer of the lymphatic system that is found in a single site, or found at several sites, is called: a. Hodgkin’s disease c. sarcoma b. lymphomas d. carcinomas ANS: B
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
15. The severity of cancer is determined by a multifactor assessment of stage, most commonly the: a. Cancer Scoring Grid b. TNM system c. American Cancer Society system (ACSS) d. Hodgkin’s assessment ANS: B
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
16. Each of the following are components of the multifactor assessment of cancer severity EXCEPT: a. size of tumor b. How far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes c. Whether the cancer has a genetic component. d. whether it has spread ANS: C
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
17. Regarding the TNM, generally, the lower the number: a. the less the cancer has spread b. the more the cancer has spread c. the sooner remission can occur d. indicates a more serious, widespread cancer ANS: A
REF: TYPES OF CANCER
18. One of the main statistics used to study the prevalence of cancer and cultural differences therein is: a. morbidity c. metastasis b. incidence d. Spearman’s R ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER
19. ______ have the highest general cancer incidence rates and mortality rates of any population in the United States. a. Asian Americans c. European Americans b. African Americans d. Latinos ANS: B
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER
20. _______ have the highest mortality rates as compared to incidence rates (if this group gets cancer, more are likely to die from it). a. Asian Americans c. European Americans b. African Americans d. Native Americans ANS: D
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER
21. Which of the following facts about cancer incidence is accurate? a. Men have a higher incidence of cancer in general than women. b. More men are likely to die of colon cancer than they are to die of lung cancer. c. Women and men have equivalent rates of cancer d. Breast cancer kills more women than lung cancer ANS: A
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER
22. The most common sites for female cancer for women of most ethnic groups are the: a. breasts, lungs, colon and rectum. c. ovaries, breasts and cervix. b. breasts, pancreas and liver. d. lungs, liver and thyroid. ANS: A
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER
23. A higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in European American women and women of: a. Asian descent c. higher socioeconomic status b. African American descent d. lower socioeconomic status ANS: C
REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER
24. The cultural group that is the least knowledgeable about cancer is: a. high socioeconomic status c. low socioeconomic status b. women d. young adults ANS: C REF: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CANCER 25. ________ believe that cancer is punishment for one’s actions or that of a family member and that one must wear the pain to protect other members of one’s communities. a. African Americans c. Native Americans b. Laotians d. Latinos ANS: C REF: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CANCER 26. The belief that someone with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die is referred to as: a. defeatism c. superstition b. pessimism d. fatalism ANS: D REF: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CANCER 27. The single most dangerous health behavior is context of cancer is: a. smoking c. not exercising b. drinking alcohol d. eating nonnutrtitious foods ANS: A
REF: DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN CANCER
28. Development differences are important in the study of cancer because: a. children develop higher rates of cancer than young adults. b. children develop more severe types of cancer than older individuals. c. cancer develops early although it is primarily diagnosed in older adults d. smoking usually begins in the college years and it is correlated with lung cancer. ANS: C
REF: DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN CANCER
29. Which one of the following females is most at risk for getting cancer? a. Marika, who began to menstruate late. b. Carmine, who is considered “on time” because she began to menstruate at about the same time as her friends. c. Tara, who began to menstruate early. d. Sarah, an adolescent who complains of severe menstrual cramps.. ANS: C
REF: DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN CANCER
30. Some general symptoms of cancer include _______, but do not necessarily mean that the person has cancer. a. increased appetite, hair loss, and sleeplessness b. increase in weight, eating more, and increased desire to sleep c. changes in the skin, weight loss, and fatigue d. dry, itchy skin, and hair loss, and weight gain ANS: C
REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CANCER
31. If Richard has blood clots develop on the veins of the legs, he may have: a. lung cancer c. liver cancer b. pancreatic cancer d. espophageal cancer ANS: B
REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CANCER
32. The Type C personality (also known as the cancer-prone personality) was described as: a. very similar to the Type A personality. c. cautious and conscientious. b. cooperative and unassertive. d. hostile. ANS: B
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CANCER
33. Whicn of the following is TRUE regarding research on social support? a. There has not been any research in this area because it is too difficult to measure social support. b. Only one type of social support has been studied in the research examining its link with cancer. c. Social support has been defined differently across studies, making comparisons difficult. d. Social support has been proven to cause cancer. ANS: C
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CANCER
34. The link for psychological factors and cancer may be different for men and women. One difference that has been found in the Gallo et al. (2000) study in Baltimore is: a. that men with anxiety disorders have a higher rate of cancer than women with the same disorders b. that men with depression have a higher rate of cancer than women with depression c. that men with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is at a higher rate of cancer than women d. that women with depression have a higher rate of cancer than men with the same disorder ANS: D
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CANCER
35. Stress has a direct effect on the activity of ______ which are critical in the body’s fight against cancer. a. macrophages c. red blood corpuscles b. natural killer cells d. electrolytes ANS: B
REF: CANCER, STRESS, AND IMMUNITY
36. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Those who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates. b. Pessimism predicts better psychological adjustment for a variety of cancers. c. Depression has been linked to cancer progression. d. Low levels of social support have been linked to cancer progression. ANS: B
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CANCER
37. One of the major reasons accounting for the sex differences in deaths due to lung cancer is that: a. women do not smoke as much as men b. men are more physically active than women c. women have smaller lungs d. men use less benefit finding as a way to cope with stress. ANS: A
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CANCER
38. Eating too much ______ is one of the critical dietary risk factors for cancer. a. fiber c. fat b. protein d. carbohydrates ANS: C
REF: DIET
39. Although a clear answer is still not available, eating more ______ may help prevent cancer. a. fruits and vegetables c. cheese b. red meat d. protein ANS: A
REF: DIET
40. Cancers such as breast, colon, endometrial, pancreatic, and gallbladder cancers have been linked to: a. A Mediterranean diet b. obesity c. individuals who have lost over 20 pounds in one year d. individuals with a lower body mass index ANS: B
REF: DIET
41. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Cancer cells continue to grow and divide. b. Cancer cells outlive normal cells and continue to form new, abnormal cells. c. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired. d. Cancer cells that show abnormal growth are referred to as NK cells. ANS: D
REF: WHAT IS CANCER?
42. Exercise during the younger years of life can reduce the risk of _________ cancer in women. a. bone c. breast and endometrial cancer b. ovarian and cervical d. lung ANS: C
REF: PYSICAL ACTIVITY
43. Physical activity in the younger years can reduce ______ cancer for men. a. prostrate and testicular c. bone and prostrate b. colon d. liver ANS: B
REF: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
44. The oldest and most direct way to treat cancer is by using: a. dietary changes and physical activity c. chemotherapy b. surgery d. radiation therapy ANS: B
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
45. Operating to remove a small amount of tissue to test for malignancy is called ______surgery. a. preventative c. curative b. diagnostic d. palliative ANS: B
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
46. Using medications to disable cancer growth is referred to as: a. noninvasive therapy c. radiation therapy b. chemotherapy d. allopathy ANS: B
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
47. The type of therapy that passes ions through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms causing cell death or genetic changes in the cancerous cells is known as: a. chemotherapy c. radiation therapy b. electrochemical therapy d. immunotherapy ANS: C
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
48. The biggest factor predicting low screening rates is: a. religion c. socioeconomic status b. ethnicity d. race ANS: C
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
TRUE/FALSE 1. Non-European American ethnic groups report higher levels of incorrect knowledge about screening and cancer in general. ANS: T
REF: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN SCREENING
2. Tanning booths are carcinogenic. ANS: T
REF: SUN EXPOSURE
3. In the United States, there are only two types of treatments for cancer: chemotherapy and radiation. ANS: F
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
4. Asian American and Latinas tend to not go in to be screened for cancers of the reproductive organs. ANS: T
REF: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN SCREENING
5. The perception that breast or cervical cancer are caused by dirt or poor hygiene is a belief held by Vietnamese, Chinese, and Latino Americans. ANS: T REF: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CANCER 6. Mammograms have a 100% accuracy rate. In other words, false positives do not occur.. ANS: F
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
7. Research has shown that the psychological reactions to cancer experienced by adults may be different from those of children. ANS: T
REF: DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN CANCER
8. Research into the Type C personality have clearly indicated that this type of personality plays a large role in cancer etiology, and can be used as a tool to predict the risk of cancer. ANS: F
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CANCER
9. Personality has very little influence on the incidence of cancer, but has more positive links to cancer progression. ANS: T
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CANCER
10. According to The Health Belief Model , the extent to which you see yourself as being susceptible to cancer and the extent to which you believe cancer to have severe consquequences are two of the concepts that are addressed. ANS: T
REF: BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS
ESSAY 1. Describe two of the four terms: Carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias. ANS: Responses will vary. REF: WHAT IS CANCER? 2. When diagnosed with cancer, men and women have different incidences and mortality. Discuss some of these differences? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: PREVALENCE OF CANCER 3. What are some of the beliefs that some traditional Native Americans have about cancer? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CANCER 4. Choose one study that examined the link between a psychological factor and cancer incidence. Discuss the main findings. ANS: Responses will vary. REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN CANCER 5. Describe one treatment to fight cancer. Would there be any side effects to consider? Discuss. ANS: Responses will vary. REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
Chapter Thirteen—Culture and Cardiovascular Disease MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The __________ was the first to establish a relationship between levels of cholesterol and high blood pressure and their affect on heart disease risk.. a. Alameda county study c. Illinois WISEWOMAN. b. Berkeley Growth Study d. Framingham heart study ANS: D
REF: PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
2. One major source of information of the course and development of heart disease is the: a. Alameda County Study c. Berkeley Study b. Framingham Study d. MacArthur Study ANS: B
REF: PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
3. Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart and the circulatory system. The ethnic group(s) with the lowest rate of cardiovascular disease is: a. European Americans c. Asian or Pacific Islanders b. African Americans d. Latinos ANS: C REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 4. Hamner & Wilder (2008) used the Coronary Heart Disease Knowledge Test to measure knowledge of cardiovascular disease in rural Alabama women. Which of the following were they most likely aware of as risk factors for CVD?: a. obesity c. oral contraceptive use b. regional location, altitude d. personality ANS: A REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 5. What ethnic group has the lowest numbers of deaths due to CVD? a. Asian American c. African American b. Native American d. White, not Hispanic or Latino ANS: A REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 6. High blood pressure is positively correlated to dark skin color. This is most likely due to: a. the amount of melanin c. unique coping skills with anger b. societal discrimination d. biological differences in heart wall ANS: B REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
7. Accelerated blood pressure due to time constraints is less common in cultures: a. that follow a fluid time orientation b. that follow a fixed time orientation c. that are individualistic such as those in the U.S. compared to the Maori of New Zealand d. Such as Caucasians in North America. ANS: A REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 8. The accumulation of fatty substances in the blood vessels is called: a. arteriosclerosis c. thrombosis b. atherosclerosis d. cholesterol ANS: B REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 9. In the 2008 cross-sectional Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation, African American women had the highest median C-reactive protein levels. This means that: a. they were in risk of chronic heart disease. b. they had a reduced risk of chronic heart disease. c. they had genetic predisposition for a hormone that inhibits heart attacks. d. these individuals.react negatively to foods such as calcium. ANS: A REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 10. Alexandra believes that the outcome of life is in the hands of God. This belief is part of the: a. collectivist culture c. control culture b. individualistic culture d. constraint culture ANS: D REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 11. Individuals in these cultures may have higher levels of anxiety and stress and correspondingly have more risk for heart problems. a. constraint cultures c. affect cultures b. control cultures d. collectivist cultures ANS: B REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 12. Japan has this type of culture: a. neutral culture b. affect culture
c. constraint culture d. individualistic culture.
ANS: A REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
13. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Heart disease has been studied more extensively in men than in women. b. Low birth weight is associated with increased rates of CVD. c. Studies of women have shown that heart disease patients experience a significantly larger number of negative life changes compared to healthy counterparts. d. Only older women with high levels of social support seem to reap the protective cardiovascular effects from these networks. ANS: D
REF: DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
14. Hardening of the arteries is the condition in which the arteries lose their elasticity and are more susceptible to blockages from clots or plaques. The term for this condition is called: a. arteriosclerosis c. Alzheimer’s Disease b. artherosclerosis d. dyslipidemia. ANS: A REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 15. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is also known as: a. HDL c. triglycerides b. LDL d. dyslipidemia ANS: A REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 16. The increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes is due, in part, to: a. the increase in sugar in the bloodstream thus increasing the density of the blood b. irregularities in fat storage and metabolism c. the lower triglycerides and lower HDL levels among most Type 2 diabetics. d. the electrolyte balance is off, causing cardiomyopathy ANS: B REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 17. Which of the following is FALSE regarding cardiovascular reactivity? a. Cardiovascular reactivity varies greatly between individuals. b. Cardiovascular reactivity has been measured in a lab setting. c. It showed the same relation to measures of past discrimination across members of different ethnic groups. d. It refers to the changes in heart rate and blood pressure in response to stress. ANS: C REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 18. Changes in heart rate and blood pressure in response to stress is referred to as: a. a coronary episode c. cardiovascular reactivity b. cardiovascular response d. cardiovascular metabolism ANS: C REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
19. Laboratory studies measuring participants’ cardiovascular reactivity to different stressors have found that _____ show higher blood pressure responses and epinephrine responses to tasks compared with European Americans. a. Asian Americans c. Native Americans b. Latinos d. African Americans ANS: D REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 20. One psychological factor that has NOT been intrinsically tied to the incidence and progression of cardiovascular diseases is: a. openness to new experiences c. depression b. anger d. social support ANS: A REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 21. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the link between personality and cardiovascular disease? a. Those with Type B personality are at a higher risk for a heart attack than those with Type A personality. b. Hostility is the personality factor that most strongly predicts having a heart attack. c. Having a sense of time urgency puts people at equal risk for a heart attack as being angry. d. Being competitive puts individuals as equal risk for a heart attack as being hostile. ANS: B REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 22. ________ is a substance in most plants that is know to have antioxidant properties and seems to play a role in the risk for atherosclerosis. a. Carotenoid c. Soy b. LDL d. C-reactive protein ANS: A REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 23. One explanation that there is a relation between hostility and increased risk of cardiovascular disease is: a. that hostility increases carotenoid levels. c. that hostility increases beta carotene. b. that hostility decreases carotenoid levels.. d. that hostility lowers LDL in the blood.. ANS: B REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 24. If Gwenn is a survivor of a heart attack, she is depressed, and therefore is at risk of: a. increased mortality in the 6-month period after the first heart attack b. only non-fatal heart attacks in the future. c. having a reduction in her LDL levels d. Nothing;, being depressed does not indicate that she is at risk of anything ANS: A REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
25. Carlos had a heart attack this past year. If Carlos were not married, he would be more likely to die: a. during the first heart attack b. during a second heart attack c. over a 5-year period if he did not have a close confidant d. only if he were a drinker of alcoholic beverages ANS: C REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 26. In a study with Swedish participants, the researchers found: a. that men with high social participation, but not the women were more likely to have second heart attacks. b. that individuals with low social participation were more than twice as likely to have another heart attack than those with high social participation c. that individuals with high social participation were more than twice as likely to have another heart attack than those with low social participation d. women with high social participation had the highest rates of heart attacks because of the burdens associated with providing social support. ANS: B REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 27. Studies found that higher rates of cardiovascular disease were seen in men who were British civil servants in the Whitehall part of London: a. who worked in higher administrative positions b. who worked in clerical positions c. and worked in the lower employment grade d. and who were barristers (attorneys). ANS: C REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 28. In a study of ethnically diverse populations, two health behaviors influenced by social support that may have the result of reducing cardiovascular disease are: a. exercise and wine intake b. eating broccoli and blueberries c. watching comedy shows and going to the movies. d. increased rest and relaxation ANS: A REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 29. Simon is stressed about a fender bender car accident at a busy intersection. His physiological core response to the stress is that his blood pressure is raised due to: a. an increase in his blood sugar b. catecholamines and cortisol, which pump into the bloodstream and increase blood flow c. reduced metabolization of food that was eaten prior to the accident d. the parasympathetic system has decreased his metabolism ANS: B REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
30. Correlational research has shown that : a. watching a stressful soccer game increases the risk of an acute cardiovascular event. b. men, but not women, who experience job stress are at more risk for cardiovascular disease.. c. catastrophic events, such as earthquakes have not been related to increases in heart attacks because they are natural disasters rather than man-made disasters. d. Job status does not seem to play a role in the link between job stress and the risk of cardiovascular disease. ANS: A REF: watching a stressful soccer game more than ______ the risk of an acute cardiovascular event. 31. Which of the following does NOT have an association with the incidence of cardiovascular disease: a. stress at work b. environmental stress caused by low socioeconomic status c. interpersonal relationships d. dating. ANS: D REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 32. Bette has arteriosclerosis. She has to deliver a very difficult presentation in the morning. This stressor: a. has no potential to trigger any heart problems b. has the potential to trigger a heart problem c. would trigger a heart problem if she had arteriosclerosis but not arteriosclerosis d. would only affect men with arteriosclerosis. ANS: B
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF WORK
33. What country has a term for “death from overwork”? a. Sweden c. Japan b. Lithuania d. London ANS: C
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF WORK
34. Orth-Gomer et al. (2000) followed women for an average of 5 years after hospitalization for cardiac diseases. They found: a. stressful marital relationships may affect these women’s prognosis. b. living alone without a partner had a more negative effect on their prognosis than living with a marital partner. c. their partners reported more stress then the women d. an increase in divorce following hospitalization. ANS: A
REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF WORK
35. Research on tobacco use has found that: a. Smoking bans did not reduce how many people smoked and did not reduce death rates due to CVD. b. when people quit smoking their C-reactive protein levels also drop. c. the link between CVD and smoking is the same across cultures. d. The risk of CVD is about the same for smokers as for nonsmokers. ANS: B
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
36. Quitting smoking has a number of benefits. In the context of cardiovascular disease, results from a large sample longitudinal study (Doll et al., 2004) suggests that: a. quitting is better for men who are 60 or above b. quitting is good regardless of age. c. quitting is only effective for young men d. quitting is most effective if men stop drinking alcoholic drinks as well ANS: B
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
37. Japan and China both have relatively high rates of smoking, but cardiovascular mortality and morbidity are not proportionally as high. The reason for this may be due to: a. a lower rate of other unhealthy behaviors b. these smokers do not inhale c. these smokers stay away from secondary smoke d. the cigarettes have different chemicals in them than other countries ANS: A
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
38. Studies have shown that diets comprised of the following reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a. dairy, processed meat, biscuits c. pasta, rice, vegetables b. fruit, vegetables, whole-grain bread d. fries, processed meat, white bread ANS: B
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
39. Plaques that clog arteries and put one at risk for cardiovascular disease are composed of: a. protein c. C-reactive protein b. fiber d. cholesterol ANS: D
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
40. The best diet to keep cardiovascular disease at bay appears to be the: a. Atkins diet c. Indo-Mediterranean diet b. South Beach diet d. banana diet ANS: C
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
41. A somewhat paradoxical health behavior that has been linked with lowering the risk for cardiovascular disease is moderate: a. sun exposure c. fruit consumption b. alcohol consumption d. smoking ANS: B
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
42. The most common recommended form of exercise is cardiovascular training, especially: a. Zumba and yoga c. tennis and golf b. golf and judo d. walking and increasing movement ANS: D
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
43. Another name for reduced blood flow is: a. heart attack b. coronary bypass surgery ANS: C
c. ischemia d. cardiovascular disease
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
44. A patient in a cardiac rehabilitation program will most likely: a. focus only on changes in eating because those are the easiest behaviors to modify. b. learn to reduce salt intake and change other aspects of their lifestyle to make them more healthy. c. learn to avoid the use of aspirin. d. Be advised to decrease their physical activity to reduce the chances of a future heart attack. ANS: B
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
45. There are two main forms of invasive surgery to deal with blockages: a. angioplasty and cardiac bypass surgery b. angioplasty and liposuction c. cardiac bypass surgery and bariatric surgery d. heart transplant and cardiac bypass surgery ANS: A
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
46. Cardiac bypass surgery: a. puts a stent in the heart to redirect blood flow b. a thin flexible tube is inserted through an artery c. takes a blood vessel from elsewhere in the body, and use it to redirect blood flow around a severely blocked artery d. consists of a surgical procedure where the blocked artery is cleaned out by laser surgery ANS: C
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
47. Ornish et al . (1998) worked with a control group and an intensive lifestyle change group. The intensive lifestyle change group was given a vegetarian diet, with minimal egg and dairy products, caffeine and alcohol beverages were not allowed, and they also had other lifestyle changes. Compared to the control group, the intensive lifestyle group: a. did not have any noted improvements in coronary arteriosclerosis because the program only lasted 2 months. b. showed similar physical damage in terms of atherosclerosis and blocked arteries, but felt better and were more motivated to make future changes. c. had better cardiac health one year later and even more improvement five years from the start of the original study. d. had an increase in artery blockages, but showed a reduction of cardiac events. ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS
TRUE/FALSE 1. Deaths from cardiovascular disease have dropped in some European countries, yet heart problems and those related to the circulatory system are still the leading causes of death not only in North America, but also all around the world (WHO, 2008). ANS: T
REF: PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
2. Women experience more strokes than men. ANS: F
REF: PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
3. The higher risk for heart attacks shown by South Asians is attributed in part to a higher prevalence of diabetes. ANS: T REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 4. Ben-Shlomo, Naqvi, & Baker (2008) found that South Asians do not use ambulances as often as European Americans when experiencing heart emergencies. ANS: T REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 5. Two cultural dimensions besides ethnicity can influence cardiovascular disease. One is the control versus restraint dimension, and the other is the level of emotionality. ANS: T REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 6. Research has shown that there are differences in how doctors treat patients with chest pain according to their cultural background. ANS: T REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 7. The Indo-Mediterranean diet is one of the protective factors of culture: people in and from the southern part of Europe who follow it show lower incidence of CVD.. ANS: T
REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
8. Diabetics are at a very low risk of coronary disease. ANS: F REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARIDOVASCULAR DISEASE 9. Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death among diabetics.. ANS: T
REF: PHYSIOLOGIC CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
10. There is only one form of invasive surgery that can deal with blockages in the heart: cardiac bypass surgery. ANS: F
REF: TREATMENT OPTIONS
ESSAY 1. How can cultural variations affect the incidence of cardiovascular disease? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
2. How can relationships be both a risk for cardiovascular disease and a buffer against developing it? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 3. What physiological factors predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 4. What is the relationship between stress and increased cardiovascular disease? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 5. How does diet play a role in cardiovascular disease? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Chapter Fourteen—The Future of Health Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Act 251, a law passed in ____________ defined the term “medical psychologist” in a new way. a. New York City c. Virgina b. Florida d. Louisiana ANS: D
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
2. Although a relatively new area of psychology, Health Psychology, as a division of the American Psychological Association, has been around for about: a. 10 years c. 30 years b. 50 years d. 100 years ANS: C
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
3. One of the major roadblocks to a greater study of culture in health is: a. the lack of validated assessment in different languages b. stereotypes and prejudice against other cultures c. no recognition of the importance of culture d. that there have been many articles examining both culture and health, but they are published in journals across a wide range of disciplines and often not integrated.. ANS: A
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
4. Under act 251, passed in 2009, a medical psychologist.is currently defined as a psychologist who is trained in ____________ and who uses medical methods to treat mental health conditions. a. medical anthropology c. medical school b. psychoneuroimmunology d. psychopharmacology ANS: D
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
5. Which of the following is TRUE regarding ACT 251? a. Under Act 251, prescribing psychologists are to be regulated by the state medical board rather than the state psychology board. b. The term “medical psychologist” can no longer be used. c. Under Act 251, prescribing psychologists are no longer regulated. d. A “medical psychologist” must have an M.D. degree to use this title.. ANS: A
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
6. In many health psychology studies, ethnicity is treated as a(n) _____ variable, thereby downplaying its importance. a. moderator c. independent b. mediator d. control ANS: D
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
7. In recent research by Gurung et al., (2004), social support to cope with depression is significant for this group of women: a. Asian American c. African American b. Native American d. European American ANS: C
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
8. Dr. Maren Scott is a _______________, therefore, she can prescribe medications. a. medical psychologist. c. health psychologist b. biopsychologist d. clinical psychologist ANS: A
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
9. North America today looks very different from the North American of even 20 years ago. The population is becoming ethnically diverse and: a. older b. younger c. has an age gap, with more younger and more older individuals d. has a larger population of middle age adults than other age groups ANS: A
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
10. Each of the following is an example of health disparities in the United States EXCEPT: a. infant death rates among African Americans when compared to European Americans b. rate of death for heart disease of African Americans as compared to European Americans c. men dying at a younger age than women. d. tuberculosis rates are higher in minority ethnic groups as compared to European Americans ANS: C
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
11. Which of the following is TRUE? a. In the field of Health Psychology, all three components of the biopsychosocial model are equally represented in the published research. b. Some psychologists think that the use of non-evidence based treatment is unethical. c. There are no evidence-based medical treatment guidelines that adopt a biopsychosocial treatment model. d. Most researchers in health psychology today have abandoned the multidimensional approach because its complexity means that evidence-based research is unlikely to be published. ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
12. If a person who wanted to quit smoking called a quit line for help, this would be an example of: a. behavioral telehealth. b. continuing education. c. the requirement to have a medical doctor for evidence-based treatment to deliver health services that are not face-to-face. d. continuing professional development. ANS: A
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
13. Who are the largest consumers of health care? a. Latinos c. infants and adolescents b. older adults d. Asian Americans ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
14. Evidence-based practice refers to: a. the requirement that clinicians provide evidence to insurance companies that the problem they are treating has both psychological and biological causes. b. employing only those treatments or interventions that have been shown to be effective. c. the requirement that clinicians provide evidence that they have been practicing their clinical skills for the required hours before having their own clients without supervision. d. the requirement by HIPPA that all clinicians must provide evidence of having the required degree in their particular state to practice as a health psychologist. ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
15. Which of the following is TRUE?. a. Once there is evidence-based research on the effectiveness of a treatment for adults, it will be effective with adolescents as long as they are of the same ethnic background and socioeconomic status. b. Although in the past women lived longer than men, this pattern has been reversed in the past decade. c. Increased longevity affects men and women differently when it comes to their health. d. In later life, women are more likely to be experiencing life-threatening diseases rather than chronic illnesses. ANS: C
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
16. For cancer and coronary heart disease, _____ is one of the biggest predictors of incidence. a. weight c. age b. gender d. ethnicity ANS: C
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
17. The biopsychosocial model: a. has been around since the early 1930’s. b. is the main health psychological approach. c. is gaining in popularity, but has not been supported by research. d. is now more accepted in the medical community than the biomedical model; this is shown by the finding that the majority of publications in the top medical journals use the term “biopsychosocial” in their abstracts. ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
18. If a researcher collects physiological, self-report, and sociological data, the researcher is: a. conducting a longitudinal study. c. conducting a cross-sectional study. b. taking a multidimensional approach d. is taking a meta-analytic approach. ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
19. Research has shown that: a. adolescents and young adults use the Internet for health information, but parents are unlikely to do so when their children show signs of illness because they prefer immediate contact with a doctor. b. There are ethnic differences in terms of perception of how the Internet affects patient-practitioner relationships. c. most people who used the Internet for health information report that they are highly dissatisfied with this information. d. the number of adults who have ever looked online for health information has decreased since the late ‘90’s because of the burgeoning number of websites that provide inaccurate or misleading information. ANS: B
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
20. For older adults, the unique needs and problems that they live with may include: a. decreases in physical mobility c. increases in pain b. decreases in cognitive ability d. all of the above ANS: D
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
21. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Only those with a Ph.D. can be the first author on a paper in the flagship journal, Health Psychology. b. In addition to empirical articles, the flagship journal, Health Psychology, also includes evidence-based treatment review articles. c. Basic research, not applied research, is published in the flagship journal, Health Psychology. d. The journal, Health Psychology, has been criticized for inviting only physicians, rather than practicing clinical psychologists, to write commentaries on published review articles. ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
22. Research on interventions has shown that. a. interventions that target specific groups, such as the elderly, women, and minority groups are considered too specialized and will not likely be utilized in the future. b. determinants of health behaviors include individual level processes as well as processes at the family societal level. c. the effectiveness of psychological interventions is still weak, especially compared to medical interventions. d. cultural level differences are minimal beyond the distinction between collectivist and individualist cutlures. ANS: B
REF: INTERVENTIONS
23. The biopsychosocial model has served as a guiding principle and has fueled dramatic advances in health psychological research since the: a. 1940s c. 1960s b. 1950s d. 1970s ANS: D
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
24. Given the specific training needed to be well-versed with the different components of the biopsychosocial model, the future of health psychology will rely on: a. better funding for graduate schools programs that are more specialized. b. training health psychologists in medical schools rather than in psychology graduate programs. c. multidimensional collaborations. d. more focus on statistics and less on cultural competence.. ANS: C
REF: ENHANCED TRAINING
25. The _________________ literally owns the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for all professions, meaning they wield enormous power because this is how all health professionals bill for their services. a. American Psychological Association c. American Psychiatric Association b. National Institutes of Health d. American Medical Association. ANS: D
REF: RELATED DEVELOPMENTS
26. Collaborative research and _____________ both fine-tune the biopsychosocial model. a. medical technology c. psychological theories b. multidimensional approaches d. social scientists ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
27. When you combine biological, psychological, and societal research methods, you automatically talk about: a. the same levels of measurement and research methods b. different levels of measurement and different research methods c. the same types of statistical analysis d. that only one health behavior can influences the incidence or progression of the disease. ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
28. A certain ethnic group may have biological, psychological and social components for a certain disease. Examining B-cells and T-cells would qualify as: a. a biological component b. a psychological component c. a social component d. both a psychological and social component ANS: A
REF: INTERVENTIONS
29. Health psychologists must work with different researchers with different areas of expertise to collaborate on research because: a. most health psychologists are not trained in statistical analysis. b. one individual is rarely trained in all the necessary areas. c. there are no methodological and technological innovations available for health psychologists, so they must borrow from other groups. d. it is a new field, and they do not have enough experts to lead an all encompassing research team. ANS: B
REF: ENHANCED TRAINING
30. A new innovation in health psychology is the use of new forms of delivery of services. One such area is: a. meta-analysis. c. intercultural consultation. b. behavioral telehealth. d. multimodal contact. ANS: B
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
31. A challenge for health psychologists to face is the increasing role of _____ in health education. a. the Internet c. iPhones b. iPods d. Bluetooth ANS: A
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
32. The use of behavioral telehealth is different from conventional health care in that: a. there is an increase in face-to-face contact with a health care provider b. there is no research evaluating the effectiveness of telehealth methods. c. there may be no or little face-to-face contact with a healthcare provider d. it can not be used for remote locations. ANS: C
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
33. Telehealth: a. has not been shown to be effective with older adults. b. has been found to be helpful in aiding patients to make complex treatment decisions. c. is such a new innovation that there are not yet published data on its effectiveness. d. is considered unethical for patients dealing with serious chronic illnesses. ANS: B
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
34. The ethnic group that use the Internet for health information the most is: a. non-Latino European Americans c. American Indians b. Latinas d. Puerto Ricans ANS: A
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
35. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), that took place in 2003, includes regulations that allow patients to: a. get their records from their medical provider at no cost b. examine their computerized medical records to correct mistakes and seek action against misuse of their records c. close their records so no providers within the network can look at them d. not have to pay for treatment from providers who did not meet their standards.. ANS: B
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
36. The Latin root of the term ________________ means “teacher.” a. doctor c. professor b. philosopher d. psychologist ANS: A
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
37. An advance in medical science that has direct implications for the work of health psychologists is: a. HIPAA regulations c. improved robotic cardiac surgery b. access to genetic tests d. laser (bloodless) surgery ANS: B
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
38. Testing for genetic risk for a chronic illness has what implications? a. It may be anxiety provoking. b. Men and women will not embrace this technology equally.. c. Most people will not change their behavior anyway, so it will be wasting resources. d. Everyone will want to have the testing done. ANS: A
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
39. Which of the following is FALSE a. The health and behavior assessment and intervention codes (H& B CPT codes), apply to psychological services that address behavioral, social, and psychophysiological conditions in the treatment or management of patients diagnosed with physical health problems. b. The American Medical Association (AMA) can decide at any time to delete certain health and behavior codes (H & B codes) and this can affect reimbursement for services. c. Health psychologists use all the same billing codes that physicians use. d. All Medicare carriers now reimburse psychologists for services under the health and behavior codes. ANS: C
REF: RELATED DEVELOPMENTS
40. The __________________ network exists to make the results of clinical trials easy to find and utilized. a. Longitudinal b. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Manual c. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) trials d. National Electronic Clinical Trials and Research (NECTAR) ANS: D
REF: RELATED DEVELOPMENTS
41. Nicassio et al. (2004), suggest that one of the key barriers preventing interventions from reaching clinical populations is: a. a limited use of basic research c. lack of funding b. stereotyping and prejudice d. lack of public acceptance ANS: A
REF: INTERVENTIONS
42. Key barriers that prevent interventions from reaching the clinical populations for whom they have been designed do NOT include: a. researchers not always understanding the clinical applicability of their basic research b. researchers not being able to locate populations that are willing to be involved in the interventions. c. a reluctance of clinicians to accept the value of basic research-driven interventions. d. various institutional-level constraints such as lack of time, training, or funding. ANS: B
REF: INTERVENTIONS
43. Training of health psychologists and therapists needs to be enhanced in these areas: a. cultural competency and awareness of the lifespan issues b. understanding empirical research and more familiarity using sites such as WebMD c. understanding a second language, and psycholinguistics d. psychopharmacoloty and the medical model. ANS: A
REF: ENHANCED TRAINING
44. Dr. Nicole Anderson teaches psychology courses at a university, sees clients one day a week, and does research on the impact of exercise training on older adults. Which of the following is FALSE? a. She has a doctoral degree in clinical psychology. b. She has a master’s degree in social psychology and completed postdoctoral training in health psychology. c. Before she earned her degree, she completed a one-year internship. d. The doctoral program she attended was in clinical psychology and had a health psychology track. ANS: C
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
45. Careers in health psychology include: a. academic or a medical center b. governmental agencies ANS: A
c. rehabilitation centers d. All of the these
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
TRUE/FALSE 1. All health psychologists with a Ph.D. can prescribe medication.. ANS: F
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
2. Health psychologists can work in academic settings, but they are not able to work in health care settings because they do not have a medical degree (MD).. ANS: F
REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS
3. The term “medical psychologist” was introduced in the 1950’s and has only recently become widely accepted. ANS: F
REF: ONGOING AND CURRENT CONTROVERSIES
4. In a recent study by Gurung, et al. (2004), found that ethnicity of African American women did not significantly relate to depression, but rather the depression was due to socioeconomic status-related stressors. ANS: T
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
5. In a recent research by Gurung et al, (2004), optimism was found to not be a significant predictor of change in depression for African American women, but was found to be a factor of significant change for the Latina sample. ANS: T
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
6. African Americans are the largest consumers of health care.. ANS: F
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
7. There is still a considerable amount of ambiguity surrounding the use of race and ethnicity in health research. ANS: T
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
8. If a member of a Native American tribe reported the effectiveness of an herbal treatment to a health psychologist, this would be considered Evidence-Based Behavioral Medicine. ANS: F
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
9. Two new national evidence-based medical treatment guidelines, the Official Disability Guidelines (ODG), and the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) recommend, and sometimes require, that psychological evaluations for patients who need spinal surgery or who have chronic pain. ANS: T
REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
10. Behavioral telehealth allows the patients to have face-to-face treatment with their provider. ANS: F
REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
ESSAY 1. If you were a researcher conducting a study on the use of various coping strategies among adolescents and young adults living on a Native American reservation, what would be some issues that you would need to consider? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE/ENHANCED TRAINING 2. Even though there is a strong need for academic curricula to be culturally diverse, why has there not been enough cultural research? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 3. Describe the types of work responsibilities of two different health psychologists who work in settings that are very different from one another. Include in your response what training they may have received and where they got this training. ANS: Responses will vary. REF: FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS 4. How do developmental issues in the human lifespan affect health? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 5. How do new technical innovations such as behavioral telehealth and Internet sites help someone who needs health care information? How effective are these technical innovations? ANS: Responses will vary. REF: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS