Personality Theories A Global View 1st Edition Shiraev Test Bank by Ace Test Banks

Personality Theories A Global View 1st Edition Shiraev Test Bank

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Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 1: Introducing Personality Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Personality is defined as A. a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual. B. a set of distinguishable displays or patterns of behavior and experience. C. enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. D. a consistent set of beliefs about the world. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Identifying Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual is called A. traits. B. personality. C. organization. D. determinism. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What are distinct and stable patterns of behavior and experience? A. types B. self-enhancement C. traits D. values Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Identifying Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Which of the following is a reason that personality is important for psychological practice? A. it helps make predictions regarding a person’s behavior B. it exits in all living things C. it helps identify peripheral traits in all individuals D. it connects a person’s behaviors to each other Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Principles Explaining Personality Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 5. What is meant in stating that personality is a concept that indicates that an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior originate from within a person? A. Personality is organized by its central traits. B. Personality tend to be wide ranging. C. There is consistency in one’s personality. D. Personality is a cause of one’s behavior. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Three Principles Explaining Personality Difficulty Level: Hard 6. The more central traits are A. predictions about the person’s behavior will be more difficult to do. B. the better the traits describe the essence of the individual’s personality. C. the less number of peripheral traits there are. D. the more behavior is a product of the situational norm. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Principles Explaining Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The concept of central and peripheral traits suggest that personality A. is more stable than types. B. is the cause to behavior. C. is organized. D. has few secondary features. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Principles Explaining Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What are peripheral traits? A. they are the core or more salient characteristics in a person B. they are the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that originate from within a person C. they are characteristics that are in most people most of the time D. they are other, secondary, less essential characteristics in a person Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Three Principles Explaining Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 9. What are central traits? A. they are other, secondary, less essential characteristics in a person B. they are the core or more salient characteristics in a person C. they are characteristics that are in most people most of the time D. they are the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that originate from within a person Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Three Principles Explaining Personality Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 10. Peter likes initiating a conversation in a group on some occasions but not all the time. This behavior suggest that Peter’s trait of friendliness is a ______ trait. A. central B. peripheral C. consistent D. causal Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Hard 11. ______ refers to a kind or category of elements or features sharing similar characteristics or qualities. A. Central traits B. Peripheral traits C. Pessimism D. Type Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Which of the following shows “pessimism” as a peripheral trait? A. The person displays persistent sadness. B. The person is resistant to new experiences C. The person is distrustful of others. D. The person is self-disciplined. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Medium 13. ______ refers to a persistent, broad-spectrum belief in and anticipation of undesirable, negative, or damaging outcomes. A. Self-enhancement B. Optimism C. Pessimism D. Organization Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The character Ebenezer Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol" shows that personality is A. persistent. B. organized. C. stable and evolving. D. typical. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality is Stable and Evolving Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Judgments about normal and abnormal traits of a person vary across A. circumstances and time. B. circumstances, generations, and cultures. C. stability and consistency. D. situational norms. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Can Be Viewed as “Normal” and “Abnormal” Difficulty Level: Easy 16. What is the tendency to deem our self as superior to peers? A. self-enhancement B. openness to experiences C. cynicism D. sensitivity to honor Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Knowledge 17. What are enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture? A. tolerance B. central traits C. peripheral traits D. personality disorders Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Can Be Viewed as “Normal” and “Abnormal” Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Personality traits that tend to be more specific are ______. A. central B. peripheral C. stable D. persistent Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Moderation Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Mark who is from North America describes himself as ambitious, intelligent, and industrious. The traits Mark used to describe himself are traits relevant to A. collectivism. B. individualism. C. Consistency. D. stability.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Hard 20. Ana has a natural curiosity about the world. Personality psychologists would describe this characteristic of hers to be A. cutting edge. B. a type. C. peripheral. D. central. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Hard 21. The general discussion about biological and social factors that affect human development, behavior, and experience is known as the ______. A. mind–body interaction. B. scarcity mindset. C. nature-nurture. D. self-enhancement. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Is Rooted in Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Easy 22. ______ who believe that they will get healthier tend to achieve more positive results than ______. A. Optimists, pessimists B. Self-enhancers, narcissists C. Pessimists, narcissists D. High self-esteemers, optimists Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Refers to Body and Mind Difficulty Level: Medium 23. ______ is a reaction to a shortage of resources. A. Determinism B. Optimism C. Scarcity mindset D. Knowledge Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Easy 24. According to the scarcity mindset, children from wealthier families tend to see coins as ______ than they actually are.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. larger in value B. smaller in value C. accurately D. nonvaluable Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Hard 25. The view that psychological phenomena are causally determined by preceding event or by some identifiable factor is called ______. A. fatalism B. scarcity mindset C. values D. determinism Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Easy 26. According to the scarcity mindset, people who are chronically lonely tend to A. be better interpreters of other people’s emotions. B. be worse in judging other people. C. be concerned about how others perceive them. D. be very logical. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The scarcity mindset demonstrates that A. personality is fixed and set. B. personality is adaptable to changing circumstances. C. personality is situation-specific. D. personality is a product of nature. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Hard 28. The view that humans are not in control of their lives because something or somebody else predetermines or programs them is called ______. A. determinism B. narcissism C. pessimism D. fatalism Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Easy 29. ______ encourages personality psychologists to study factors that influence personality and its various features. A. Fatalism B. Scarcity mindset C. Determinism D. Values Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Medium 30. One challenge about determinism is A. there are too many unknown factors affecting people’s behaviors. B. it will be nearly impossible to predict how personality develops in the future. C. humans are not in control of their lives. D. many factors that control personality are not related to each other. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Hard 31. The view that individuals generally are in control of our plans, actions, responses, minds, and personality features is called A. fatalism. B. determinism. C. character. D. self-determination. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Psychologists tend to avoid ______ and instead state that people are generally in control of their actions and plans. A. self-determinism B. determinism C. fatalism D. optimism Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a narcissistic individual? A. has the excessive belief in one’s own superiority B. persistently craves for attention C. is emotionally connected with other people D. is more prevalent today than it has ever been in human history Ans: C

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaching Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Tom relishes having the perks of being in a country club and makes a point of mentioning it to his new acquaintances. Tom embodies ______. A. fatalism B. self-determinism C. self-esteem D. narcissism Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Approaching Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 35. What is knowledge? A. It is information that has a purpose or use. B. It is information that is accurate. C. It is based on one’s sets of values. D. It is a consistent set of values. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Approaching Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Knowledge about shyness was based on earlier studies that indicated it was a complex reflex to the present studies that show that it is a dynamic combination of psychological and hereditary factors. Thus, the study of shyness demonstrates that knowledge is ______. A. fixed B. evolving C. inconsistent D. variable Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Approaching Personality Difficulty Level: Hard 37. Information that has a purpose or use is called ______. A. values B. theory C. knowledge D. beliefs Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaching Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Knowledge accumulated through research and systematic empirical observations is called ______. A. popular B. scientific

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. essential D. tested Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 39. What is based on science or systematic, empirical observations, measurement, and evaluation of facts? A. values B. popular beliefs C. determinism D. scientific knowledge Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Scientific knowledge is rooted in ______. A. measurement B. values C. scientific method D. emotions Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 41. An aspect of scientific knowledge is that the relevance of the information A. is continually changing with time. B. is fixed and invariable. C. is not representative of views of the world. D. is always true. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 42. Descartes’ theory about emotion was replaced by the James–Lange theory and was then later replaced by the Cannon-Bard theory and then was changed to the theory of emotions as learned reflexes. This change about theories of emotions demonstrates A. the establishment of rules. B. assumptions held about a phenomenon. C. organizing principles or ideas. D. changes in scientific knowledge. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 43. The theory of emotions as stated in the Cannon-Bard theory was replaced by the behavioral view that ______. A. emotions are fixed B. emotions are learned reflexes C. emotions are unconditional responses D. emotions are variable Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 44. The most accessible type of knowledge is ______. A. scientific knowledge B. values C. popular beliefs D. legal knowledge Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Janice thinks that short people compensate for their short height by being ambitious. Janice expressed A. a popular belief. B. a stereotype. C. a value. D. an opinion. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Observations and assumptions that represent a form of “everyday psychology” created by the people and for the people are referred to as ______. A. scientific knowledge B. value C. legal knowledge D. popular belief Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Many popular beliefs are accurate. What does this mean? A. Popular beliefs may be based on already existing facts or scientific research. B. Popular beliefs are opinions strongly held in belief by perceivers. C. Popular beliefs are contained in most theories of personality. D. Popular beliefs are never contradictory. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 48. Popular beliefs are shared by several people. However, they A. cannot be tested in an empirical study. B. can be validated with other opinions. C. are specific to the culture. D. can be ignored, accepted, or rejected. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 49. A popular belief about why some people are rich and others are poor is that A. majority of people believe the cause is beyond people’s control. B. majority of people believe the cause is due to an individual’s lack of effort. C. it is equally due to both circumstances beyond one’s control and also due to one’s lack of effort. D. it is due to the lack of opportunities to advance in society. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 50. What is a type of knowledge related to personality and designed for mass consumption, and it reaches peoples primarily through the media? A. scientific knowledge B. values C. pop psychology D. legal knowledge Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 51. What are values? A. information that is simple and often times sensational B. stable perceptions about the individual’s place and his or her role in the world C. knowledge encapsulated in the law and detailed in rules and principles D. information gathered through the scientific methods Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Topics of good versus evil, purpose of life, and right and wrong are some examples of ______. A. pop psychology B. religion C. attitude D. values Ans: D

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 53. ______ is one of the most powerful sources of values. A. Determinism B. Philosophy C. Religion D. Frugality Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Which nation has the highest number of atheists? A. Great Britain B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 55. What emerges in official, legal prescriptions by authorities? A. law B. values C. legal knowledge D. scientific knowledge Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 56. The term “Lunatic” is a label that places individuals in categories. What produces these labels? A. scientific knowledge B. legal knowledge C. self-enhancement D. determinism Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 57. Legal knowledge provides guidelines about an individual’s A. social status. B. self-perception. C. psychological health. D. religion.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 58. The book called “The Mirror Effect” illustrates that A. all four types of knowledge are deeply interconnected in personality. B. mental illness as described in the book includes personality disorders. C. narcissism is expressed in one’s behaviors. D. even tabloid stories can provide clues to personality. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 59. What occurs with the breaking of something complex into smaller parts to understand their essential features and relations? A. determinism B. scientific inquiry C. analysis D. values Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Knowledge and Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 60. What is a comprehensive, scientific explanation about what personality is, how it develops, and how it functions? A. values B. legal knowledge C. analysis D. theory Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Knowledge and Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 61. Which of the following is not an aspect of theories? A. Theories are based on scientific knowledge. B. Theories are a powerful tool in the study of personality. C. Theories provide an explanation for a particular observation. D. Theories cannot explain new facts. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Knowledge and Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 62. What can explains facts and provide new hypotheses? A. knowledge B. theory C. values

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. beliefs Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Knowledge and Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 63. What brings together scholars that share similar views on a particular scientific approach, subjects, or method? A. theories B. personality perspectives C. academic traditions D. organizational functions Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Theories and Academic Traditions Difficulty Level: Easy 64. What is the first function of academic traditions? A. organizational function B. consolidation of knowledge C. protection D. control of information Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Theories and Academic Traditions Difficulty Level: Easy 65. Several scholars working on the same problem or using the same theoretical approach can work more efficiently than can individual scholars working separately. This is the ______ function of academic traditions. A. organizational function B. consolidation of knowledge C. protection D. control of information Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Theories and Academic Traditions Difficulty Level: Medium 66. Scientists exchange their ideas and discuss their research with one another. This is the ______ function of academic traditions. A. consolidation of knowledge B. protection C. control of information D. organizational function Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality Theories and Academic Traditions Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 67. What is the deliberate practice of selecting and disseminating what is deemed “appropriate” knowledge and restricting knowledge that is deemed inappropriate? A. application B. consolidation C. censorship D. evaluation Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Theories and Academic Traditions Difficulty Level: Medium 68. What is an applied setting in which clinical professionals use an individual’s unique personality characteristics to choose the most effective treatments? A. conflict analysis B. personalized medicine C. reeducation D. interpersonal perspective Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Areas of Application Difficulty Level: Hard 69. Personality psychology aids forensic and security fields by A. assist in identifying suspects. B. assess performance evaluation. C. improve intervention techniques. D. provide valuable knowledge of treatment. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Areas of Application Difficulty Level: Medium 70. Identifying personality traits of hackers could be the area of A. clinical psychology. B. business. C. forensic field. D. cybersecurity. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Areas of Application Difficulty Level: Medium 71. Personality psychology helps to create new procedures and methods to help people recover from abuse and to discontinue harmful behavioral patterns in which application field? A. organization development B. personalized medicine C. clinical and counseling psychology D. forensic field

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Areas of Application Difficulty Level: Medium 72. What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is on one’s goals in life can be self-oriented? A. the individual context B. the interpersonal context C. the global context D. the minority context Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Steps in Applying Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 73. What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is on relating with others. A. the individual context. B. the interpersonal context. C. the global context. D. the minority context. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Steps in Applying Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 74. What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is to improve the lives of people? A. the individual context B. the interpersonal context C. the global context D. the minority context Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Steps in Applying Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 75. Applying scientific knowledge directly to social issues is focusing on A. the individual context. B. the interpersonal context. C. the global context. D. the minority context. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Steps in Applying Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 76. Learning one’s strengths and weaknesses through the lens of personality psychology refers to

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. the individual context. B. the interpersonal context. C. the global context. D. the minority context. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Steps in Applying Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 77. Which of the following is not an area of application of personality psychology? A. the global context B. the individual context C. the interpersonal context D. the minority context Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Steps in Applying Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 78. Knowledge about specific factors of individual decision-making in health-related issues falls under which area of application in personality psychology? A. the global context B. the individual context C. the interpersonal context D. the minority context Ans: A Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Areas of Application Difficulty Level: Medium 79. “I want to make a difference in this world as a person” would be a statement reflecting which area of application of knowledge in personality psychology? A. the global context B. the individual context C. the minority context D. the interpersonal context Ans: D Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Interpersonal Context Difficulty Level: Hard 80. Applying scientific knowledge directly to social issues is called A. intervention. B. progressivism. C. policy making. D. social orientation. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Global Context

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Judgments about normal and abnormal traits of a person vary across circumstances, generations, and cultures. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Can Be Viewed as “Normal” and “Abnormal” Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Theory can explain facts and provide new hypotheses. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Knowledge and Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Personality is defined as a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Approaching Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Values fluctuate and are unstable aspects of personality. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 5. A theory transforms facts into logical constructions. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Knowledge and Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Scientific knowledge is accumulated through systematic and empirical research, measurement, and evaluation of facts. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Science is always a work in progress. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 8. Popular beliefs are difficult to access. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The four types of knowledge are not interconnected. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Popular beliefs are never inaccurate or wrong. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Most narcissists are driven to become celebrities. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaching Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Specific personality features are called central traits. Ans: F Learning Objective 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Features Can be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Legal knowledge only agrees with popular beliefs. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The deliberate practice of selecting and disseminating what is deemed “appropriate” knowledge and restricting knowledge that is deemed inappropriate is called censorship. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Theories and Academic Traditions Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Personality is stable and evolving. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Personality Features Can be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank 1. ______ consists of relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Ans: Personality Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Explaining the Definition and Asking Questions Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ is defined as a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual. Ans: Personality Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: page 4 Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ refers to a kind or category of elements or features sharing similar characteristics or qualities. Ans: Types Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: page 9 Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ refers to a persistent, broad-spectrum belief in and anticipation of undesirable, negative, or damaging outcomes. Ans: Pessimism Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Features Can be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ traits are wide-ranging and present in various degrees in most people most of the time. Ans: Central Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The general discussion about biological and social factors that affect human development, behavior, and experience is known as ______. Ans: nature-nurture debate Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality is Rooted in Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The concept of central and peripheral traits suggest that personality is ______. Ans: organized Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Principles Explaining Personality

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Applying scientific knowledge directly to social issues is called ______. Ans: progressivism Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehend Answer Location: Personality Features Can be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The view that humans are not in control of their lives because something or somebody else predetermines or programs them is called ______. Ans: Fatalism Learning Objective: 1-1: Define personality and explain the personality concept in psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality is Active and Reactive Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Scientific knowledge is rooted in ______. Ans: scientific method Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. List the central and peripheral traits contained by Ebenezer Scrooge in “A Christmas Carol” study. Ans: Central—stingy, grumpy old man, selfish, cold. Peripheral—impolite, lacks empathy, unhelpful. Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality is Stable and Evolving Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Explain what is meant by the statement that personality has consistency and stability. Ans: Consistency in personality suggest that an individual’s observable qualities and characteristics can lead to predictions about a person’s future behavior. Stability in personality is also related to consistency and allows predictions to be made about a person’s behavior. Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Three Principles Explaining Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Discuss the differences between central traits and peripheral traits. Give examples of each. Ans: Central traits are wide-ranging and present in various degrees in most people most of the time. An example is openness to experience. Peripheral traits tend to be more specific and also tend to appear in specific individual; or cultural circumstances. An example can be pessimism. Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain the nature-nurture debate and its relation to personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: Discussion about the biological (nature) and social (nurture) factors that affect the development of the person, including personality. It is accepted today that it’s both that influence development of a whole human being. Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality Is Rooted in Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Hard 5. How is the knowledge contained in personality psychology applied in business? Ans: Personality psychology provides knowledge about skills assessment, performance evaluation, creative potentials. Learning Objective: 1-3: Identify ways to apply knowledge about personality psychology in specific professional settings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Areas of Application Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Compare scientific knowledge from popular beliefs. Ans: Scientific knowledge is accumulated through research and systematic evaluation. Popular beliefs are everyday assumptions about psychological phenomena and behavior. Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 7. How are values different from popular beliefs? Ans: Values are deep-seated beliefs while popular beliefs are grounded on unwavering principles. An example is in the area of religion. Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Scientific Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Present a few of the applications of personality. Ans: In education, scientific knowledge to improve teaching effectiveness. In business, personality research covers skills assessment and performance evaluation. Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Areas of Application Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Discuss how academic traditions foster research in personality. Ans: Academic traditions create favorable conditions for particular research to occur and this helps the development of scientific knowledge. It also helps to support a theory. Learning Objective: 1-2: Describe the four major types of knowledge relevant to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality Theories and Academic Traditions Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 2: Scientific Foundations Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What were the marshmallow experiments? A. a series of studies about how soft objects are perceived B. a series of studies examining delay of gratification among children C. a series of studies investigating perception of fairness D. a series of studies about conditioning principles Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Studies showed that those who can delay gratification as children turn to adults who A. had better grades, made more money, and showed greater psychological well-being. B. had lower grades, made less money, and showed poor psychological well-being. C. had mediocre grades, made adequate money, and showed deficient psychological well-being. D. had average grades, made adequate money, and showed poor psychological well-being. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Which of the following is a part of the brain that has been found to be associated with impulse control? A. parietal lobe B. ventral striatum C. temporal lobe D. hippocampus Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Emma experienced economic hardships more than Lourdes. According to the research about impulse gratification, who of the two would more likely be more impulsive? A. Emma B. Lourdes C. both Emma and Lourdes D. there is no relationship between impulse gratification and economic hardships Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1 Explain the Role of the Scientific Method In Studying Personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 5. Which of the following uses careful research procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence? A. natural science B. basic science C. socials science D. scientific method Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What uses careful research procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence? A. social science B. natural science C. scientific method D. basic science Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The source of knowledge that is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomenon is called A. basic science. B. social science. C. natural science. D. humanities. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Natural science has two key branches. One is biological science which is often called ______. A. humanities B. life science C. geological science D. evolutionary science Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Which of the following is one of the two branches of naturals science? A. evolutionary science B. humanities C. social science D. physical science Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 10. What is the scientific study of the nervous system? A. physical science B. neuroscience C. evolutionary science D. social science Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Neuroscience is the scientific study of what part of the body? A. nervous system B. visual system C. hippocampus D. ventral stratum Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Sean’s research involves investigating genetic transmissions in animals. Sean is in the field of A. evolutionary science. B. social science. C. sociology. D. genetics. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundations to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 13. What field of science examines the brain mechanisms that support the individual’s mental functions and subsequent behaviors? A. social science B. evolutionary science C. cognitive neuroscience D. genetics Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What is the transformation of heritable traits of species and humans over successive generations? A. neuroscience B. basic science C. social science D. evolution Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Eddie examines gender biases in religious rituals. Eddie is more likely a(n) A. philosopher. B. sociologist. C. anthropologist. D. humanities. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundations to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 16. What is a set of beliefs, behaviors, and symbols that are shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next? A. humanities B. culture C. philosophy D. sociology Ans : B Learning Objective: 2-1: –Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 17. What is sometimes called the “love of wisdom”? A. philosophy B. art C. humanism D. behavioral economics Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Beliefs, practices, and prescriptions relevant to the supernatural and the relationships between the individual and the supernatural are called ______. A. philosophy B. knowledge C. religion D. art Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Personality psychology is also rooted in what tradition in science that emphasizes the subjective side of the individual? A. religion B. genetics C. clinical

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. humanism Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Shakespeare in England wrote literary characters that millions of people continue to study today. His works cover the ______ tradition in which the subjective side of the individual is emphasized. A. humanistic B. behavioral C. philosophical D. sociological Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Medium 21. What refers to how certain traits in living organisms are handed down from parents to offsprings? A. genetics B. inheritance C. gene D. temperament Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Influences on the Study of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What is the study of heredity through genetic transmission and genetic variations. A. genetics B. behavioral learning C. neuroscience D. evolutionary psychology Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Influences on the Study of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 23. In the 20th century, science turned to ______ to explain hereditary processes and patterns. A. genetics B. classical learning C. molecular biology D. temperament Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Influences on the Study of Personality Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 24. What is a segment or a portion of the DNA that contains the codes as biological information about how to build new protein structures? A. neuron B. traits C. molecules D. gene Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Influences on the Study of Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 25. What can help explain many variations in personality traits and behaviors, including similarities and differences among individuals? A. genetic factors B. environment C. neuroscience D. evolutionary psychology Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Some Personality Features are Inherited Difficulty Level: Medium 26. A child’s activity, emotionality, and sociability are components of ______. A. emotions B. cognitions and beliefs C. neuroscience D. temperament Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Some Personality Features are Inherited Difficulty Level: Easy 27. What are the three foundations of personality? A. genes, environment, behaviors B. activity, emotionality, and sociability C. genetic factors, activity, slumber D. traits, emotions, behaviors Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Some Personality Features are Inherited Difficulty Level: Medium 28. What determines which genes are activated? A. traits B. emotionality C. environment D. cognitions Ans: C

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Some Personality Features are Inherited Difficulty Level: Medium 29. What is one of the three areas in neuroscience that contribute to the understanding of personality? A. clinical pathology B. genetics C. inheritance D. behavioral learning Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Using which method, clinical observations of a patient’s abnormal symptoms are compared with reliable data of brain pathology? A. neurotransmission B. electrophysiological measures C. computerized tomography D. clinical-pathological method Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Which method allows scientists to study the dynamic aspects of brain activity under changing functional conditions? A. the EEG B. the computerized tomography C. magnetic resonance imaging D. functional neuroimaging Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Hard 32. Which is an almond shaped part of the brain and is also for processing emotions? A. frontal lobes B. hypothalamus C. parietal lobe D. amygdala Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brain Activities are Associated with Specific Behaviors Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 33. Which part of brain is associated with decision-making behaviors? A. amygdala B. frontal lobes C. hypothalamus D. hippocampus Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brain Activities are Associated with Specific Behaviors Difficulty Level: Medium 34. What are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission between two cells and are associated with psychological functions such as depression and anxiety? A. genes B. neurotransmitters C. brain imaging D. cortisol Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brain Activities are Associated with Specific Behaviors Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Which of the following has the most cortical neurons of any species on Earth? A. chimpanzees B. dolphins C. parrots and crows D. humans Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Nervous System Interacts with the Environment Difficulty Level: Medium 36. What is the transformation in the heritable traits of species over successive generations? A. neuroscience B. literature C. evolutionary psychology D. collectiveness Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evolutionary Science Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The biggest lion in the den was aggressing to the other relatively smaller in size lions. That big lion must be the ______ male. A. alpha B. beta C. smart D. hungry Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Evolutionary Factors Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Infants show an early tendency to be wary of plants and certain animals. This makes good sense from which perspective? A. sociological B. humanistic C. cultural D. evolutionary Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Evolutionary Factors Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Men’s evolutionary strategies involve A. seeking and selecting partners who have reliable resources B. have a variety of partners and try to multiply the number of offsprings C. seek one committed partner D. date a girlfriend who cheated them with another man Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundations to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evolutionary Factors Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Evolutionary theories also attempt to explain stable patterns of social behavior. What is one of these patterns? A. need for assimilation B. need for cognition C. social anxiety D. self-confidence Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 41. The need for differentiation from others is opposite of what need? A. need for cognition B. need for esteem C. need for immersion D. need for stability Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 42. Which need could lead to prejudice and intolerance? A. need for cognition B. need for inclusion C. need for stability D. need for efficacy Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Social Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Evolutionary theories suggest that altruism should be biologically useful for what purpose? A. to act on behalf of one’s family or community B. to decrease greediness C. to make it easier to rob others of their resources D. to promote collective goodwill Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Social Behavior Difficulty Level: Hard 44. Which science suggest that individuals transform themselves into dynamic beings who interact with their environment? A. neuroscience B. evolutionary science C. social sciences D. philosophy Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 45. People who live in places with harsh climates tend to A. develop immune systems that protect them from disease. B. face greater risks and so develop traits that help them tackle these challenges. C. tend to be protective. D. are attracted to the physical unattractive. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Social Sciences Difficulty Level: Hard 46. Social scientists suggest that particular personality features develop in historic conditions. For example, farmers who grew rice before mechanization of agriculture tend to A. engage in cooperative instead of competitive behavior. B. Adjust to the mechanization of agriculture faster. C. grow rice faster if the social situation had ideal conditions. D. displayed competitive behavior. Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 51. What is enlightenment? A. it is the view of validating knowledge and education based on science and reason rather than on religious dogmas. B. it refers to the spiritual, nonphysical side of the human experience C. it is the universal law to follow each other D. it refers to philosophical creativity and imagination Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Philosophy Difficulty Level: Easy 52. David Hume described four personality types. The Epicurean type A. regards philosophical devotion. B. is the critical thinker. C. is a person of action and virtue. D. displays elegance and seeks pleasure. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Philosophy Difficulty Level: Easy 53. David Hume described four personality types. The Stoic type A. regards philosophical devotion. B. is a person of action and virtue. C. displays elegance and seeks pleasure. D. is the critical thinker. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Philosophy Difficulty Level: Easy 54. In philosophies, the vertical hierarchical typologies A. contain loose clusters of types of personality assembled by the philosopher’s creative imagination. B. types are placed in rank order to indicate strength, purity, skills, or other features of the individual. C. emphasize that the it is important to be educated to be an efficient member of society. D. contain a rich source of knowledge about the individual’s inner world, behavior, and personality. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Philosophy Difficulty Level: Medium 55. What is transcendental? A. a view of validating knowledge and education B. loose clusters of personality types C. the spiritual, nonphysical side of human experience D. the propensity to learn and reason Ans: C

58. How are religious teachings also related to personality? A. they dictate rules of appropriate behavior that can be applied to every situation B. they suggest the norms of the situation C. they urge the development of certain desirable personality traits D. they teach how to be enlightened Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns from Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Hard 59. What is one of the two interconnected types of action that religious teachings introduce? A. individual engagement B. wealth and greed C. asceticism D. mediation Ans: A Learning Objective: Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns from Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

60. Religious prescriptions of engagement and disengagement can lead to A. disappointment and hopelessness. B. apathy. C. altruism. D. moral behavior and happiness. Ans: D Learning Objective: Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns from Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Hard 61. What is the belief in the existence of realities beyond rational reflection or scientific scrutiny but accessible by feelings? A. action B. mysticism C. harmony D. engagement Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns from Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Easy 62. If a religious prescription for behaving is to pursue a simple life, that would be an example of what? A. action and engagement B. mysticism C. inaction and disengagement D. happiness Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns from Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Medium 63. Two interconnected types of action are associated with religious teachings. Which of the following below is NOT one of them? A. harmony B. action C. engagement D. inaction Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns from Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Medium 64. How does art help us in our study of personality? A. Art portrays what should be desirable personality traits. B. Art shows the characteristics contained in every single trait that exists. C. Art falsely shows how we are like the fictitious characters of fiction stories.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. Art is often a window into the artist’s mind and personality. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Arts Difficulty Level: Hard 65. Which of the following is an example of literary works impacting on scientists who have contributed to personality psychology? A. books about religious facts B. self-help books C. tragedies by Sophocles and Shakespeare D. scientific books Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Affecting an Individual’s Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 66. A way to improve oneself is through A. punishing oneself for not trying hard B. improve one’s decision-making skills C. practice expressing positive emotions D. compartmentalize parts of one’s life Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Improve Yourself Difficulty Level: Medium 67. What is a system of beliefs and practices that facilitate the transformation of the body and consciousness? A. happiness B. religions C. exercise D. Yoga Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Know Yourself Difficulty Level: Easy 68. What is a therapeutic procedure that is based on the scientific premise that the human mind is capable of changing itself through behavior? A. nativism B. positive psychotherapy C. behavioral learning D. social procedure Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Strive for Happiness Difficulty Level: Easy 69. Which of the following individual features refer to daily habits? A. height, weight, body shape B. friends and family C. income, living conditions D. brush teeth, take shower Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Improve Yourself Difficulty Level: Easy 70. Which of the following individual features refer to personal relationships? A. describing friends and relatives B. describing things one does regularly C. describing one’s social status D. describing satisfaction with one’s state of health Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Improve Yourself Difficulty Level: Easy 71. According to Veenhoven, happiness is built on which of the three factors? A. harmony, tasks, closure B. positive emotion, engagement, and meaning C. satisfaction, health, hygiene D. goodness, mentality, religiosity Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Strive for Happiness Difficulty Level: Medium 72. What is one of the three factors Veenhoven stated builds happiness? A. health B. engagement C. spirituality D. kindness Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Strive for Happiness Difficulty Level: Medium 73. Self-improvement starts with what factor? A. knowledge B. health C. self-knowledge D. meaning

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Strive for Happiness Difficulty Level: Medium 74. What is a therapeutic practice that is based on the scientific premise that the human mind is capable of changing itself through behavior? A. philosophy B. positive psychotherapy C. behavioral intervention therapy D. self-knowledge Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Strive for Happiness Difficulty Level: Easy 75. What involves using mental shortcuts or heuristics that reduce complex and time-consuming tasks of describing and analyzing into more simple, manageable, practical, and efficient labeling strategies? A. positive psychotherapy B. progressivism C. categorization D. positive psychotherapy Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundations to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Help people understand the sources of their problems Difficulty Level: Easy 76. What is a strategy of using mental shortcuts called? A. cognitive shortcut B. cognitive load C. progressivism D. representative heuristic Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundations to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Help people understand the sources of their problems Difficulty Level: Easy 77. Todd thinks that Andy is gay because Andy behaves like a typical member of that social group called gays. What is Todd engaging in? A. heuristic thinking B. progressivism C. logical decision making steps D. explanation Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Help people understand the sources of their problems Difficulty Level: Medium 78. What is a general way of thinking and a social movement based on the deep belief that human beings and their society can be improved through social reform, education, and opportunity available to all people? A. categorization B. heuristics C. progressivism D. positive psychotherapy Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Help people understand the sources of their problems Difficulty Level: Easy 79. How is progressivism applied to personality psychology? A. It is a way to categorize personality traits. B. It is an opportunity to apply scientific knowledge to social issues. C. It provides some mental heuristics to use for understanding personality traits. D. It focuses on emotional aspects of personality. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Help people understand the sources of their problems Difficulty Level: Hard 80. Progressivism emphasizes the importance of applied psychological knowledge to what three areas? A. health care, education, and social services B. science, religion, philosophy C. theory, data, findings D. economics, business, trade Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Applying Knowledge to the World Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False 1. Impulse control is determined by biology alone. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The scientific method uses careful research procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Personality psychology constantly receives new empirical data from life sciences. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Without science, personality psychology would certainly lose the power of the scientific method. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Medium 5. An individual’s personality features do not develop in a complex and constant interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Some Personality Features are Inherited Difficulty Level: Medium 6. An individual’s personality features, including traits, subsequent behaviors, and psychological experiences are not influenced by genetic factors. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Some Personality Features are Inherited Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Electrophysiology is a discipline in neuroscience. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Easy 8. A mental function is more than a combination of billions of neurons firing. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Nervous System Interacts with the Environment Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Friendliness as a behavioral feature is correlated with physical appearance. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The social context of an individual’s behavior does not affect the expression of traits. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Sciences Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Poverty is linked to a shorter life span and poorer health. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Enlightenment refers to the spiritual, nonphysical side of human experience. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Philosophy Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Religious values are a rich source of knowledge about the individual’s inner world, behavior, and personality. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundations to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns From Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Religious teachings do not prescribe particular behaviors and urge the development of certain personality traits such as kindness, humility, and self-control. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns From Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Self-improvement starts with self-knowledge. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Strive for Happiness Difficulty Level: Medium

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Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 1. Research shows that ______ can significantly affect impulse gratification. Ans: economic problems Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. ______ uses careful research procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence. Ans: Scientific method Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomenon. Ans: Natural Science Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ and biological science are two key branches of natural science. Ans: Physical science Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Neuroscience is the scientific study of ______. Ans: nervous system Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ is a set of beliefs, behaviors, and symbols that are shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next Ans: Culture Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ is a belief in the existence of realities beyond rational reflection or scientific scrutiny but accessible by feelings. Ans: Mysticism Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Psychology Learns From Studying Religion Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ is a therapeutic practice that is based on the scientific premise that the human mind is capable of changing itself through behavior. Ans: positive psychotherapy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Strive for Happiness Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ is a strategy of a mental shortcut. Ans: representative heuristic Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Help people understand the sources of their problems Difficulty Level: Easy 10. _____ is a general way of thinking and a social movement based on the deep belief that human beings and their society can be improved through social reform, education, and opportunity available to all people. Ans: Progressivism Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundation to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Help people understand the sources of their problems Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Explain the difference between a scientific theory and an assumption in personality? Ans: A theory is scientific if and only if it is falsifiable—it is testable to show it is correct or wrong. Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Discuss how humanism and philosophy contribute to the scientific study of personality. Ans: Humanism emphasizes the subjective side of the individual and encourages openness and sharing of skills and experience. Philosophy embraces critical thinking and reasoning. Learning Objective: 2-1: Identify the scientific foundation as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Science and the Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Medium 3. How do genes influence personality? Name several ways. Ans: Genes affect our life expectancy, affect the predisposition to psychological illness, triggers intellectual abilities and disabilities, affect the stability of traits during development, and contribute to physiological variations among large groups. Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Some Personality Features are Inherited Difficulty Level: Hard 4. How do brain imaging studies contribute to the understanding of personality? Ans: It allows examining individuals’ brain that are normal and dysfunctional. It also helps study those with brain damage so we can see how personality is affected by damage to parts of the brain.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What are ways in which neuroscience is relevant to personality psychology? Ans: 1. Identifiable brain structures that contribute to behavioral, cognitive, and emotional functions of the individual and his or her personality traits. 2.brain centers do not operate separately and are influenced by activities in other parts of the brain. 3. Understand human physiology in its continuing interaction with the environment. Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Discuss some of the assumptions of evolutionary science that are most suited for the study of personality. Ans: 1. Personality features have useful and adaptive function in the individual interacting with the physical and social world. 2. Natural selection principles can explain similarities and differences in personality traits between groups of people. 3. Can understand personality not only through evolutionary science but also through genetics, physiological mechanisms, and specific social situations Learning Objective: 2-2: Describe the foundations, focusing on science, social science, and the humanities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Evolutionary Science Difficulty Level: Hard 7. What are the three assumptions personality psychology hold regarding individuals in their social environment? Ans: 1. Quantity and quality of resources available to the individual and the quality of surrounding physical and social conditions all affect the individual’s personality. 2. Specific interactions of the individual with the environment affect that person’s specific traits which develop as a result of these interactions. 3. Individual differences and group differences can be explained to a significant degree, by the variations in their social environments. Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundations to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Social Sciences Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Discuss some of the ways in which one can know his or her own individual features. Ans: 1. Physical features involve height, weight, body shape, and so on, 2. health issues or concerns, 3. social status like income, standard of living, education, 4. personal relationship concerns involving family, friends, and other people who one is close to, and 5. daily habits such as things done everyday. Learning Objective: 2-3: Apply these foundations to propose particular traditions and domains in the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Improve Yourself Difficulty Level: Medium 9. How is progressivism related to personality psychology? Ans: Progressivism is a way to apply scientific knowledge to social issues. It emphasizes the importance of applied psychological knowledge in health care, education, and social services.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 3: Research Methods Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What research method compares many people or subjects to a certain average, standard, or norm? A. nomothetic B. idiographic C. T-data D. interviews Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What research method focuses on comparisons and generalizations? A. idiographic B. interviews C. surveys D. nomothetic Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What research method in personality psychology focuses on characteristics in which individuals may be similar to one another? A. idiographic B. nomothetic C. laboratory observation D. correlation Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What research approach is person-centered and focuses on many characteristics integrated in a unique person? A. nomothetic B. idiographic C. laboratory D. projective methods Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What research approach refers to specific features within an individual and uses various assessments and measurements? A. observation B. laboratory C. idiographic

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. nomothetic Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Which statement below is correct about nomothetic and idiographic research strategies? A. Results are always the same in both types of research methods. B. Most psychologists today acknowledge the importance of both research strategies. C. None of these approaches capture the whole personality of a person. D. It is difficult to focus only on an individual’s behavior. Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 7. What is L-data? A. A subjective assessment of biographical data. B. A description of behavior in a laboratory. C. An individual’s expressions of his views of various real or hypothetical scenarios. D. A list of answers in response to questions asked to the person Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 8. An individual’s resume consists of a list of that person’s educational background and working history. What research method is the resume an example of? A. T-data B. B-data C. Q-data D. L-data Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What is a subjective assessment of biographical data? A. T-data B. Q-data C. L-data D. B-data Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 10. What kind of data is it when one is filling out a survey that assesses one’s food preferences? A. Q-data B. T-data C. L-data D. B-data Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality Research Methods

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Medium 11. What type of data is it when one fills out a self-report in which he expresses his views on a real or hypothetical situation or issue? A. L-data B. Q-data C. T-data D. B-data Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 12. What type of data includes descriptions of people’s behavior in standardized experimental situations? A. Q-data B. L-data C. T-data D. B-data Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which of the following is data originating from an experimental situation? A. T-data B. Q-data C. L- data D. S-data Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What is the acquisition of information about identifiable variables from a primary source? A. correlation B. interviews C. observation D. holistic Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 15. What type of observation involves bringing participants in to a room and having them perform certain tasks? A. naturalistic B. laboratory based C. longitudinal D. unstructured Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Observation Difficulty Level: Easy 16. What is an unstructured observation? A. The researcher plays the role of an observer and describes various manifestations involving an individual under observation.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. The researcher identifies which behaviors to observe and often require observer ratings of these features. C. The researcher examines diaries, written notes, e-mails, and other posted messages. D. The researcher uses open-ended items in a questionnaire. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Observation Difficulty Level: Medium 17. What are structured observations? A. The researcher examines diaries, written notes, e-mails, and other posted messages. B. The researcher uses open-ended items in a questionnaire. C. The researcher plays the role of an observer and describes various manifestations involving an individual under observation. D. The researcher identifies which behaviors to observe and often require observer ratings of these features. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Observation Difficulty Level: Medium 18. What is one way to control for biased and inaccurate data derived from observations? A. collect comparable data by running an experiment B. make an exhaustive list of behaviors to observe C. use multiple observers to make observations of the individual under study D. discuss with an experimenter whatever comes to mind Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Observation Difficulty Level: Hard 19. What is the most common way of personality assessment? A. using the laboratory based experiments B. using questionnaires, diaries, or written reports C. interviewing individuals D. examining a person’s personal belongings Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Self-Reports Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Dichotomous questions in a questionnaire involve A. questions with five choices with responses ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. B. questions that need to interpreted before responding. C. questions that are responded to by writing a long essay. D. questions that have only two choices to respond to, for example, "yes" or "no." Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-Reports Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Which of the following below is an example of a questionnaire item that consist of a statement for a person to respond to? A. “On a scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much so), to what degree do you like ice cream?” B. “What is your routine every morning?” C. “Do you acknowledge your own mistakes?”

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. “What personality traits do you possess?” Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Self-Reports Difficulty Level: Hard 22. What is the tendency of respondents to give answers that are supposed to be received favorably by others? A. self-serving bias B. attribution error C. social desirability bias D. content bias Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-Reports Difficulty Level: Medium 23. What is the tendency to assess one’s own features or behaviors as better than or more advanced than those of the “average” person? A. social desirability bias B. self-serving bias C. holistic perspective D. content bias Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-Reports Difficulty Level: Easy 24. What are the conditions selected and controlled by the experimenter in an experiment? A. Control condition B. Dependent variables C. Independent variables D. Design Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Easy 25. What are the outcomes expected to take place under the influence of the independent variable? A. extraneous variables B. dependent variables C. confounding variables D. control condition Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Easy 26. What kind of research method is used when a researcher controls the independent variable in a study? A. structured observation B. experiment C. questionnaire study D. naturalistic observation Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Easy 27. What is a research method that systematically organizes and summarizes both the manifest and latent content of communication? A. content analysis B. experimentation C. unstructured observation D. projective method Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Which of the following below is the first step in conducting a content analysis? A. identify coding categories B. categorize and interpret categories C. make a list of questions to ask D. vary the conditions of the independent variable Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Which of the following below is the second step in conducting a content analysis? A. vary the conditions of the independent variable B. categorize and interpret categories C. make a list of questions to ask D. identify coding categories Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Medium 30. In a content analysis, interpreting what was actually said or written is what part of the content of communication? A. manifest B. latent C. peripheral D. projective Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Medium 31. In a content analysis, interpreting the meaning of what was said or written is what part of the content of communication? A. peripheral B. manifest C. latent D. projective Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 32. Dr. Fern transcribes and codes common themes in conversations between two individuals to investigate how one’s personality is exhibited in social interaction. Dr. Fern is using what type of research procedure or method? A. experiment B. path analysis C. projective test D. content analysis Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Content Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 33. According to Weber’s content analysis, proverbs in the Chinese language illustrate A. an individual’s cautious behavior. B. an individual’s sensation-seeking behavior. C. an individual’s need for belonging. D. an individual’s mental state. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Content Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard 34. What are the research methods called that require respondents to perform certain tasks and the results of which are expected to reveal meanings typically concealed from direct observation? A. experiment B. projective tests C. objective tests D. content analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 35. The tasks of interpreting pictures, drawing sketches, and completing stories or sentences are representative of what type of research method in personality psychology? A. objective tests B. projective tests C. correlational analysis D. B-data Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 36. What is the advantage of using projective tests as opposed to using traditional questionnaires? A. Projective tests have reliability and validity issues than traditional questionnaires. B. Projective tests are relatively inexpensive to administer than traditional questionnaires. C. In traditional questionnaires, direct question may encourage the respondents to give socially desirable answers, but in projective tests, respondents’ responses may reflect emotions or motivations they would be unwilling to reveal. D. Coding projective tests are more accurate than in traditional questionnaires. Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 37. If a personality psychologist wants to know if a respondent often engages in violent thoughts, the psychologist could get honest responses from the respondent by using A. objective tests. B. questionnaires. C. online surveys. D. projective tests. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Hard 38. What is a personality test that involves the evaluation of a subject’s response to ambiguous stimuli like an inkblot? A. Rorschah’s inkblot test B. Eysenck’s inkblot personality scale C. Stimulus Completion test D. Personality scales Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Using self-reports, observations, experiments, and biographical data make up what kind of research method? A. meta-analysis B. holistic method C. projective methods D. objective methods Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Mixed and Holistic Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 40. What research method refers to the study of systems with multiple interconnected elements? A. projective tests B. content analysis C. experiment D. holistic methods Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: : Mixed and Holistic Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 41. The advantage of holistic methods of investigation is that A. it attempts to combine different scientific methods. B . it is a nonscientific way of examining phenomenon. C. it requires mastery of types of research methods. D. it is shorter and faster with data collection. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Mixed and Holistic Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Another advantage of holistic methods of investigation is that A. it produces a comprehensive set of data that can be analyzed on different levels. B. it is a nonscientific way of investigation and do not require thorough procedures to collect data.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. it requires mastery of types of research methods. D. it is shorter and faster with data collection. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Mixed and Holistic Methods Difficulty Level: Hard 43. After identifying the problem, what is the first step in preparing for your research? A. find out which variables are stated in past research B. find out if anyone has done any research on this topic or problem before C. define the variables to be used in the study D. figure out how many subjects you need to run the study Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reviewing Your Sources Difficulty Level: Medium 44. One of the goals for conducting the research is to identify what you want to achieve as a result. Which one below describes wanting to discover something previously unknown? A. finding out which personality traits are supposed to be the most common in successful, stable, and happy interethnic marriages B. explaining that couples in the most successful interethnic marriages resolve a minor problem through dialogue C. explaining the situations that lead to marital stability D. predict that those in maritally successful and stable interethnic marriages practice tolerance of their partner Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Describing Your Goals Difficulty Level: Hard 45. Which of the following below is the second step to preparing and conducting research? A. choosing a sample B. formulating hypothesis C. reviewing your sources D. describing your goals Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do We Prepare and Conduct Research? Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Which of the following is the third step to preparing and conducting research? A. describing your goals B. formulating hypothesis C. choosing a sample D. reviewing your sources Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do We Prepare and Conduct Research? Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Which of the following is the first step to preparing and conducting research? A. formulating hypothesis B. describing your goals C. choosing a sample D. reviewing your sources

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do We Prepare and Conduct Research? Difficulty Level: Easy 48. What are the three goals for conducting research? A. to discover, to implement, and to predict B. to describe, to explain, and to control C. to calculate, to formulate, and to choose a sample D. to discover, to explain, and to predict Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do We Prepare and Conduct Research? Difficulty Level: Medium 49. What are expectations or proposed explanations for something that you study called? A. sampling B. predictions C. hypotheses D. descriptions Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formulating Hypotheses Difficulty Level: Easy 50. What is called the assumption that a research hypothesis should be disprovable which means that someone should have an opportunity to test it and as a result, reject it or support it? A. parsimony B. falsifiability C. representativeness D. testable Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Formulating Hypotheses Difficulty Level: Medium 51. Dr. Fillman found in her research that the most successful interethnic marriages tend to resolve a minor problem by engaging in a dialogue so as to prevent the problem grow bigger and lead to a more serious problem. Dr. Fillman’s goal for her research was to ______. A. predict B. formulate further hypotheses C. explain D. describe Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Formulating Hypotheses Difficulty Level: Medium 52. Jill proposed that there were gender and personality differences in choosing computer science as a major. In order to find support or reject this, Jill must test this by ______. A. formulating testable and falsifiable hypotheses B. choose an equal number of men and women for her sample C. predicting the outcome D. explain how this could work Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Formulating Hypotheses Difficulty Level: Medium 53. The characteristics of a(n) ______ should accurately reflect the characteristics of the population. A. equal sample size B. previous study C. representative sample D. hypothesis Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Formulating Hypotheses Difficulty Level: Medium 54. What is a part of a larger group so that by studying it, the researcher can generalize the results to that larger group. A. sample B. proportion C. majority D. quota Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formulating Hypotheses Difficulty Level: Easy 55. What indicates the extent to which the sample is different from the population it represents? A. marginal error B. cell means C. sampling error D. random sample Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Choosing a Sample Difficulty Level: Easy 56. To lower the sampling error in a study, what should be done when conducting research? A. clarify definitions of variables being used in the study B. make sure to run a large sample C. conduct a thorough review of sources and references D. use qualitative research Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Choosing a Sample Difficulty Level: Hard 57. When variables are difficult to measure, what specific method of research is preferred? A. quantitative B. qualitative C. nonparametric D. parametric Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Choosing Specific Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 58. Which of the following is an example of a qualitative method? A. experiment

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. correlation C. assessment D. biographical research Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Choosing Specific Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 59. Dr. Newby investigates how children express their emotions through their drawings. Dr. Newby is using what kind of research method? A. experiment B. correlational C. qualitative D. quantitative Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Choosing Specific Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 60. What is the systematic investigation of behavioral or psychological phenomena by means of statistical or mathematical data and various computational techniques called? A. qualitative B. quantitative C. sampling data D. personality questionnaires Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Choosing Specific Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 61. What is one important issue in evaluating personality assessment instruments? A. How many items are in the assessment instrument. B. Whether there are reversed items in the assessment instrument. C. How the items in the assessment instrument are phrased. D. How the assessment instrument is scored. Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Being Aware of Biases Difficulty Level: Medium 62. Ann used a specific assessment instrument to measure the trait of authoritarianism. She noted that some of the items directly asked if the respondent is prejudicial toward minority groups. She is worried at this type of phrasing because respondents are more likely to respond out of ______. A. social desirability B. anxiety C. embarrassment D. pride Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Being Aware of Biases Difficulty Level: Medium 63. To measure inconsistency or deception in individuals’ answers on personality questionnaires, ______ are used. A. reversed items B. correction scales

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. factual items D. application questions Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Being Aware of Biases Difficulty Level: Medium 64. What is the extent to which a particular method gives consistent results called? A. validity B. sampling error C. reliability D. convergence Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Easy 65. A measure that is obtained by administering the same test twice over a certain period to the same person or group is called ______. A. convergent reliability B. face validity C. parallel forms reliability D. test–retest reliability Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Giving two or several versions of the test to the same person or the same group is called ______. A. interrater reliability B. parallel forms reliability C. construct validity D. convergent validity Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Easy 67. What is the degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure called? A. reliability B. convergence C. validity D. nominal scaling Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Easy 68. The company has applicants fill out a number of assessment questionnaires in order to have an idea of how each applicant will perform three months from now on the job. What kind of validity is this method assessing? A. external validity B. construct validity C. convergent validity D. predictive validity Ans: D

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Medium 69. What kind of validity is used to ensure that the assessment instrument assesses what it is intended to measure according to a theory? A. construct validity B. external validity C. predictive validity D. convergent validity Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Easy 70. What type of measurement scale is primarily used for identification purposes? A. ordinal B. ratio C. nominal D. interval Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Analyzing Your Data Difficulty Level: Easy 71. An item in a questionnaire asks “what do you value the most in other people?” This item taps into what type of measurement scale? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Analyzing Your Data Difficulty Level: Medium 72. “What is your college classification?” is an item using what type of measurement scaling? A. ratio B. ordinal C. interval D. nominal Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Analyzing Your Data Difficulty Level: Medium 73. What is the type of measurement scale that possesses an identifiable “zero” value? A. ratio B. nominal C. ordinal D. interval Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Analyzing Your Data Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 74. The sign in a correlation coefficient indicates ______. A. that the two or three variables are related to each other B. that a third variable is affecting the current correlational direction C. that the variables are either positive or negatively related D. that the magnitude of the relationship between the variables is significant Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Easy 75. What does it mean if variables are negatively correlated? A. As one variable goes up, the other variable goes up too. B. As one variable goes up, then the other variable goes down. C. As one variable goes down, the other variable also goes down. D. The variables are not significantly correlated. Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Correlation Difficulty Level: Medium 76. What is a method to deal with large numbers of observed variables that are thought to reflect a smaller number of underlying variables? A. meta analysis B. correlation C. factor analysis D. measurement scaling Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Factor Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 77. What is an active and systematic strategy for understanding knowledge on the basis of sound reasoning and evidence? A. critical thinking B. meta analysis C. scientific knowledge D. post hoc thinking Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-3: Identify ways to apply critical thinking skills in conducting research about personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Apply Critical Thinking to Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 78. What is rooted in procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence based on facts? A. meta analysis B. critical thinking C. scientific knowledge D. causality Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-3: Identify ways to apply critical thinking skills in conducting research about personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Distinguish Facts From Opinions Difficulty Level: Medium 79. What refers to the mistaken logic that because Event B follows Event A, the B must have been caused by A?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. meta analysis B. post hoc error C. post hoc analysis D. pretesting phase Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-3: Identify ways to apply critical thinking skills in conducting research about personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Distinguish Facts From Opinions Difficulty Level: Medium 80. ______ are variables that may be divided into two mutually exclusive categories while ______ consist of a theoretically infinite number of points lying between two polar opposites. A. Continuous; dichotomous B. Dichotomous; continuous C. Facts; opinions D. Scientific knowledge; correlational analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-3: Identify ways to apply critical thinking skills in conducting research about personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recognize Continuous and Dichotomous Variables Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Research methods in personality psychology is a “one-size-fits-all” standard that every psychologist must follow. Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 2. L-data is a subjective assessment of biographical data. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The data resulting from filling out a survey assessing one’s food preferences is called T-data. Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Observation can produce inaccurate and biased data. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Observation Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Independent variables are outcomes expected to take place in an experiment. Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 6. Content analysis involves analyzing the content of experimental manipulations. Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Content Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Responses to tasks contained in projective tests tend to be more honest than those responses to a questionnaire. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Holistic methods are a nonscientific method of investigation in personality psychology. Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Mixed and Holistic Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Hypotheses should be testable and falsifiable. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formulating Hypotheses Difficulty Level: Easy 10. A sample for a study doesn’t have to represent the population. Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formulating Hypotheses Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Qualitative research involves measurement and statistical procedures. Ans: F Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Choosing Specific Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The smaller the sample, the larger the sampling error. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Choosing a Sample Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Quantitative methods involve statistical or mathematical techniques. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Choosing Specific Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Test–retest reliability is a measure that is obtained by administering the same test twice over a certain period to the same person or group. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 15. Convergent validity is the extent to which a method yields the results obtained by other methods when they measure the same phenomenon. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Medium

Fill in the Blank 1. ______ uses the same method to compare people of subjects to a certain average, standard, or norm. Ans: Nomothetic Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ approach is a person-centered and focuses on many characteristics integrated in a unique person? Ans: Idiographic Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ include descriptions of people’s behavior in standardized experimental situations. Ans: T-data Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 4. In a(n) ______, the researcher plays the role of an observer and describes various manifestations involving an individual under observation. Ans: unstructured observation Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Observation Difficulty Level: Medium 5. ______ is the tendency of respondents to give answers that are supposed to be received favorably by others. Ans: Social desirability bias Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-Reports Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ are the outcomes expected to take place under the influence of the independent variable. Ans: Dependent variables Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ is interpreting the meaning of what was said or written in the content of communication. Ans: Latent analysis Learning Objective: 3-1:Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ require respondents to perform certain tasks and the results of which are expected to reveal meanings typically concealed from direct observation.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: Projective tests Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ refers to the study of systems with multiple interconnected elements. Ans: Holistic Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ are expectations or proposed explanations for something that you study. Ans: Hypotheses Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do We Prepare and Conduct Research? Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. List and describe the types of data collected for personality psychological research. Ans: T-data involves descriptions of individuals’ in a standardized experimental situation; L-data involves biographical data of the individual such as birth certificate, diplomas, and medical records; Q-data involves self-reported behaviors written in questionnaires. Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Personality Research Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the most common form of personality assessment. Ans: It is the questionnaire. It is commonly administered through pencil and paper, but nowadays it is computerized. The items in the questionnaire can have dichotomous questions whereby the answer is a choice between two options, for example, “yes” or “no.” The terms can also be in a format that the response scale consist of five options, e.g., from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Learning Objective: 3-1: Describe the primary research methods used in personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Self-Reports Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Describe what important variables are used in an experiment. Ans: The independent variable is varied to create the conditions in the experiment. The dependent variable is the outcome expected to take place and is therefore measured on terms of its change. Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experiments Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Compare the use of questionnaires from those of projective tests. Ans: Questionnaire have close or open-ended items, can be administered to large number of people, relatively easy to code. Projective tests involve a stimulus presented to the respondent and whose responses are analyzed for underlying themes. Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Projective Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Discuss the goals of describing research in personality psychology. Ans: To discover something new or previously unknown; to explain how various elements of reality work; and to predict whether something will happen or if it will be a consequence of something. Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: How We Prepare and Conduct Research? Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Compare qualitative from quantitative research methods. Ans: Qualitative methods do not involve measurement or statistical procedures. Quantitative methods on the other hand involve statistical or mathematical data and various computational techniques. Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Choosing Specific Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Explain the differences between validity and reliability. State the different kinds of reliability and validity. Ans: Validity is the degree to which a measurement measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is the extent to which a particular method gives consistent results. The different types of validity are construct validity, convergent validity, external validity, and predictive validity. The different types of reliability are test–retest reliability, parallel forms reliability, and interrater reliability. Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Checking Reliability and Validity Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Explain what is meant by “correlation without causation”? Ans: Correlation without causation indicates that the correlational relationships between variables do not necessarily mean that one causes the other variable, or that there is a causal relationship between the variables. Learning Objective: 3-2: List the steps involved in preparing and conducting research. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Choosing Specific Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Explain how scientific knowledge can be based on facts and not on opinions. Ans: Scientific knowledge is rooted in procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence based on facts. Distinguishing facts from opinion can be complicated. But separating facts from opinions can make one’s analysis more accurate. Learning Objective: 3-3: Identify ways to apply critical thinking skills in conducting research about personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Distinguish Facts From Opinions Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 4: The Psychoanalytic Tradition Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The term referring to the psychological views and the psychotherapeutic methods developed by Freud and his followers is A. analytical psychology. B. psychoanalysis. C. archetypes. D. psychobiography. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Founder Difficulty Level: Medium 2. In Jung’s view, ______ is the process of fulfilling an individual’s potential by integrating opposites into a harmonious whole and by getting away from the aimlessness of life. A. individuation B. thanatos C. extraversion D. introversion Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Principles of Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The ______ refers to the psychological processes not available for direct rational scrutiny but may guide individual experiences and behaviors. A. conscious B. id C. unconscious D. ego Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy 4. According to psychoanalysis, which component of the psyche must compromise between the id and the environment? A. ego B. eros C. superego D. libido Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 5. When a person attaches his or her own psychological energy back to the self it is known as A. extraversion.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. introversion. C. genius. D. individuation. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Types Difficulty Level: Easy 6. According to Freud, a demand that an innate need be immediately satisfied is referred to as the A. reality principle. B. social interest. C. analysand. D. pleasure principle. Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Talkativeness, positive emotions, and the need to seek external sources of stimulation are characteristic of A. extraversion. B. introversion. C. genius. D. individuation. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Types Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The understanding of the demands of the environment and the adaptation of behavior to these demands is involved in the A. reality principle. B. social interest. C. analysand. D. pleasure principle. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 9. According to Jung, the content of the collective unconscious that consists of images of the primordial character are known as A. eros. B. thanatos. C. archetypes. D. analysand. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 10. According to psychoanalysis, ______ refers to a repressed innate tendency leading to destruction. A. analysand

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. death wish C. individuation D. degeneration Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Instinctual Drives Are Repressed Difficulty Level: Medium 11. An impersonal layer in the human psyche that is different from the individual unconscious as well as inherited and shared with other members of the species is called the A. collective unconscious. B. analysand. C. collective conscious. D. Thanatos. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 12. In psychoanalysis, the component of the psyche that contains inborn biological drives to seek immediate indulgence of impulses is known as the A. ego. B. Superego. C. eros. D. id. Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Jung called his views ______,to distinguish them from Freud’s. A. psychoanalysis B. analytical psychology C. transpersonal psychology D. psychobiography Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 14. An individual engaging in psychoanalysis may be referred to as a(n) A. eros. B. genius. C. analysand. D. thanatos. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Religion as an Analysand Difficulty Level: Medium 15. In Adler’s view, a technique for dealing with one’s inadequacies and inferiorities and for gaining social status was known as the A. style of life. B. Analysand. C. eros. D. thanatos.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Interest Difficulty Level: Easy 16. According to Adler, a vast range of physical problems leading to psychological obstructions may be understood as A. archetypes. B. organ inferiority. C. analysand. D. thanatos. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Organ Inferiority Difficulty Level: Hard 17. The desire to be connected with other people and to adapt positively to the perceived social environment is known as A. superego. B. individuation. C. thanatos. D. social interest. Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Interest Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Adler asserted that ______ referred to endeavors to overcome the distress and negative experiences caused by feelings of inferiority. A. organ inferiority B. analysand C. compensation D. thanatos Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Organ Inferiority Difficulty Level: Hard 19. Coined in the 1800s, ______ refers to the generational regress in physical and psychological traits. A. introversion B. regression C. individuation D. degeneration Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Hard 20. According to Adler, an individual who attains success and happiness overcoming prior inferiority problems may be referred to as a A. genius. B. analysand. C. eros. D. thanatos. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Hard 21. The type of individual who overcomes the old inferiority problems and achieves success and happiness, according to Adler, is called the A. eros. B. thanatos. C. genius. D. analysand. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Adler asserted that an individual who expressed an aspiration to connect to others and adjust to the social environment in a positive manner expressed A. thanatos. B. extraversion. C. a social interest. D. introversion. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Interest Difficulty Level: Hard 23. In Adler’s view, attempts to overcome the discomfort and negative experiences caused by a person’s feelings of inferiority are known as A. compensation. B. triumph. c. genius. D. degeneration. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Organ Inferiority Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Jung used the term ______ to refer to his views in order to distinguish himself from Freud. A. psychoanalysis B. analytical psychology C. transpersonal psychology D. psychobiography Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 25. According to your text, which of the following is NOT one of the three principles or imperatives psychoanalysts have modified their research and practical work to pursue? A. use theoretical Freudian views to develop experimental procedures B. use clinical data to generate testable hypotheses C. test hypotheses by scientific methods D. look outside the discipline to exchange data with other fields of psychology Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Helping Others: Therapy Difficulty Level: Hard 26. Jung refers to the inherited and shared impersonal layer of the human psyche as the A. archetypes. B. collective unconscious. C. analysand. D. superego. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Which of the following is NOT one of the four interacting physiological systems that are affected by spiritual factors examined in transpersonal psychology? A. the brain B. the endocrine system C. the immune system D. the blood Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Helping Others: Therapy Difficulty Level: Hard 28. The archetype, ______, is said to be similar to Freud’s id. A. shadow B. analysand C. persona D. anima Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 29. An individual who finds themselves struggling with overeating, drinking, and excessive talking behavior might be said to be fixated on which of the following developmental stages according to Freud? A. anal stage B. oral stage C. latency stage D. genital stage Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 30. According to Jung, a symbolic mass used to fool others into believing the individual wearing it is playing a specific social role is called a A. shadow. B. analysand. C. persona. D. anima. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Hard 31. An individual fixating on which of the following stages of development, would express a preoccupation with rules, orderliness, and delayed gratification later in life? A. anal stage B. oral stage C. latency stage D. genital stage Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 32. In Jung’s theory, ______ symbolizes the feminine potentials of a man and his unconscious expectations of women. A. shadow B. animus C. analysand D. anima Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 33. Paul has grown up to be indecisive and he tends to lack initiative, Freud might say he is fixated on which stage of development? A. phallic stage B. oral stage C. latency stage D. genital stage Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Spontaneous circular drawings also referred to as the archetype of wholeness is called the A. analysand. B. animus. C. mandala. D. anima. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 35. Roxie has grown up to be submissive and strongly dependent upon men, Freud might say she is fixated on which of the following developmental stages? A. anal stage B. oral stage C. latency stage D. phallic stage Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 36. In Jung’s theory, a desire to search for external sources of stimulation accompanied by positive emotions is characteristic of A. neuroticism. B. introversion. C. degeneration. D. extraversion. Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Types Difficulty Level: Easy 37. All of the following are components of the human psyche as developed by Freud except A. id. B. eros. C. ego. D. superego. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy 38. In Jung’s theory, the attachment of one’s psychological energy back to the self is characteristic of A. neuroticism. B. Introversion. C. degeneration. D. extraversion. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Types Difficulty Level: Hard 39. All of the following are one of the four ways to deal with reality according to Jung except A. repression. B. thinking. C. feeling. D. sensation. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychological Types Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Sigmund Freud’s psychological views and psychotherapeutic processes are often referred to as A. analytical psychology. B. transpersonal psychology. C. psychoanalysis. D. psychobiography. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Founder Difficulty Level: Easy 41. All of the following are one of Jung’s archetypes as mentioned in your text except A. persona. B. shadow.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. mandala. D. eros. Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 42. The reality principle assists with guiding the ______ component of the psyche, according to Freud. A. ego B. id C. superego D. eros Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Hard 43. All of the following are one of the three general outcomes of an individual’s compensatory efforts, according to Adler except A. genius. B. degeneration. C. neurosis. D. compensation. Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Easy 44. In psychoanalysis, the energy derived from sexual desires or drives is referred to as the A. id. B. ego. C. libido. D. superego. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Instinctual Drives Are Repressed Difficulty Level: Easy 45. According to Adler’s views, each of the following are considered one of the three major and interconnected social ties appearing in social interest except A. interpersonal. B. occupation. C. society. d. love. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Social Interest Difficulty Level: Medium 46. In psychoanalysis, ______ is an individual’s tendencies striving toward the integration of living substances, also known as the life drive. A. eros B. thanatos C. analysand D. ego Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Instinctual Drives Are Repressed Difficulty Level: Hard 47. Each of the following are one of the avenues by which Jung’s archetypes may present themselves except A. dreams. B. visions. C. fantasies. D. delusions. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 48. According to Freud, an individual who is striving for destruction, humiliation, or pain may be expressing A. eros. B. thanatos. C. analysand. d. ego. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Instinctual Drives Are Repressed Difficulty Level: Hard 49. Each of the following are aspects of life an individual striving toward superiority aims for except A. control. B. security. C. degeneration. D. conquest. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Individual Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Consistent with Freud’s views, the ______ searches for instant fulfillment of its impulses. A. id B. ego C. superego D. eros Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Easy 51. Which of the following was NOT one of the major theoretical views discussed in the chapter? A. infantile conflict of a sexual nature B. an individual’s innate nature to repress any conflicting experiences in adult life C. an individual’s unconscious effort to compensate for deficiency and inferiority D. dreams and their links with ancient myths and cultural artifacts Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Summarizing Freud, Adler, and Jung Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 52. Freud’s idea of the ______ is characterized by a moral guide influencing thoughts and actions. A. eros B. id C. ego D.superego Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Medium 53. Which of the following is not one of the goals of Jung’s therapy? A. teach patients how to learn about their neurosis B. balance restoration C. compensation D. individuation Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Principles of Therapy Difficulty Level: Hard 54. According to Freud, if an infant fixates on nursing it is fixating on the ______ stage of development. A. phallic B. oral C. anal D. latency Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Which of the following are NOT one of the four ways to deal with reality according to Jung? A. repression B. thinking C. feeling D. sensation Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Psychological Types Difficulty Level: Easy 56. A fixation on the ______ stage may lead to obsessive tendencies later in life. A. phallic B. oral C. anal D. latency Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 57. Which of the following is NOT one of Jung’s archetypes as mentioned in your text? A. persona B. shadow C. mandala D. eros Ans: D

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 58. Penis envy in childhood leading to submissive behavior later in life is characteristic of a female fixating on the ______ stage. A. phallic B. oral C. anal D. latency Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 59. Which of the following is NOT one of the avenues by which Jung’s archetypes may present themselves? A. dreams B. visions C. fantasies D. delusions Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 60. The ______ developmental stage occurs until puberty and is characterized by a combination of responses from previous stages. A. phallic B. oral C. anal D. latency Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 61. Which of the following is NOT one the aspects of life an individual striving toward superiority aims for? A. control B. security C. degeneration D. conquest Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Individual Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 62. The final developmental stage, known as the ______ stage, occurs into adulthood forming the ego. A. phallic B. genital C. anal D. latency Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Easy 63. According to Adler’s views, which of the following is NOT one of the three major and interconnected social ties appearing in social interest? A. interpersonal B. occupation C. society D. love Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Interest Difficulty Level: Medium 64. During psychoanalysis, the psychoanalyst works with clients who may also be referred to as ______, according to your text. A. thanatos B. archetypes C. analysand D. eros Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Religion as an Analysand Difficulty Level: Medium 65. Which of the following is NOT one of the three general outcomes of an individual’s compensatory efforts, according to Adler? A. genius B. degeneration C. neurosis D. compensation Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Easy 66. A physical ailment leading to any number of psychological barriers may be referred to as A. organ inferiority. B. analysand. C. thanatos. D. eros. Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Organ Inferiority Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Which of the following is NOT one of the developmental stages, according to Freud? A. oral B. latent C. phallic D. eros Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 68. Feelings of inferiority may lead to ______ or behaviors aiming to alleviate the discomfort associated with such feelings.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. analysand B. compensation C. archetypes D. individuation Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Organ Inferiority Difficulty Level: Easy 69. Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the human psyche developed by Freud? A. id B. eros C. ego D. superego Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy 70. In Adler’s view, success and happiness despite prior issues with inferiority are characteristic of the A. analysand. B. eros. C. genius. D. thanatos. Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Medium 71. Often called a death instinct or death drive, a(n) ______ is the repressed instinctual tendency that leads toward destruction. A. death wish B. analysand C. genius D. eros Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Instinctual Drives are Repressed Difficulty Level: Easy 72. Adler used the term, _______, to refer to those individuals who expressed a regression in physical and psychological traits. A. analysand B. thanatos C. individuation D. degeneration Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Medium 73. According to Freud, ______ means striving for destruction, humiliation, pain, and death. A. analysand B. eros C. thanatos D. archetypes

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Instinctual Drives Are Repressed Difficulty Level: Hard 74. A ______ of life is a tool for coping with the inferiority and inadequacy an individual may experience. A. analysand B. style C. eros D. individuation Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Interest Difficulty Level: Medium 75. The ______, in psychoanalysis, is the component of the psyche that contains inborn biological drives and seeks immediate gratification of impulses. A. id B. eros C. ego D. superego Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Medium 76. Adler asserts that striving toward ______ refers to an individual’s strong efforts to obtain control and security in their lives while also improving it. A. control B. degeneration C. superiority D. thanatos Ans: C Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Individual Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 77. In psychoanalysis, the component of the psyche that is guided by the reality principle and makes compromises between the id and the environment is known as the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. eros. Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Medium 78. People’s ancestral experiences leading to images of the premordial character are known as ______, according to Jung. A. eros B. archetypes C. thanatos D. analysand Ans: B Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 79. In psychoanalysis, the moral guide that passes on imperatives regarding appropriate or inappropriate actions and thoughts is known as the A. eros. B. id . C. ego. D. superego. Ans: D Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Medium 80. A focus on spiritual and transcendent stats of consciousness are characteristic of ______. A. transpersonal psychology B. psychoanalysis C. analytical psychology D. psychobiography Ans: A Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: comprehension Answer Location: Helping Others: Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. According to Freud, a demand that an innate need be immediately satisfied is referred to as the pleasure principle. Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Talkativeness, positive emotions, and the need to seek external sources of stimulation are characteristic of introversion. Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Types Difficulty Level: Easy 3. According to psychoanalysis, a death wish refers to a repressed innate tendency leading to destruction. Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Instinctual Drives Are Repressed Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Compensation is one of the three general outcomes of an individual’s compensatory efforts, according to Adler. Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 5. During psychoanalysis, the psychoanalyst works with clients who may also be referred to as an analysand, according to your text. Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Religion as an Analysand Difficulty Level: Medium 6. According to Adler’s views, interpersonal ties are one of the three major and interconnected social ties appearing in social interest. Ans: F Learning Objective:4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Interest Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The final developmental stage, known as the genital stage, occurs into adulthood forming the ego. Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Degeneration is one the aspects of life an individual striving toward superiority aims for. Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Individual Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 9. The latency developmental stage occurs until puberty and is characterized by a combination of responses from previous stages. Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 10. According to Jung, the content of the collective unconscious that consists of images of the primordial character are known as analysand. Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 11. The understanding of the demands of the environment and the adaptation of behavior to these demands is involved in the reality principle. Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Consistent with Freud’s views, the superego searches for instant fulfillment of its impulses. Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Freud’s idea of the superego is characterized by a moral guide influencing thoughts and actions. Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Compensation is considered one of the goals of Jung’s therapy. Ans: F Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Principles of Therapy Difficulty Level: Hard 15. According to Freud, if an infant fixates on nursing it is fixating on the oral stage of development. Ans: T Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank 1. Jung coined the term ______ to describe the inherited and shared impersonal layer of the human psyche. Ans: collective unconscious Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______, the archetype, is said to be similar to Freud’s id. Ans: Shadow Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Someone who finds themselves struggling with drinking and excessive talking behavior might be said to be fixated on the ______ stage of development. Ans: oral Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 4. A symbolic mass used to fool others into believing the individual wearing it is playing a specific social role is called a ______, according to Jung. Ans: persona Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 5. An individual fixating on the ______ stage of development, would express a preoccupation with rules, orderliness, and delayed gratification later in life. Ans: anal Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 6. ______ symbolizes the feminine potentials of a man and his unconscious expectations of women, according to Jung’s theory. Ans: Anima Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Harrison has grown up to be indecisive and he tends to lack initiative, Freud might say he is fixated on the ______ stage of development. Ans: phallic Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify ways to apply the key principles of the psychoanalytic tradition to individual experience and behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Hard 8. The spontaneous circular drawings also referred to as the archetype of wholeness are called ______. Ans: mandala Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Analytical Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 9. According to Jung, a desire to seek external sources of stimulation accompanied by positive emotions is characteristic of ______. Ans: extraversion Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychological Types Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ is the term used to describe Sigmund Freud’s psychological views and psychotherapeutic processes. Ans: psychoanalysis Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Founder Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. What are the components of the human psyche as developed by Sigmund Freud and what does each do for the individual? Ans: The id seeks immediate gratification of its impulses. The ego is guided by the reality principle and makes compromises between the id and the environment. The superego is the moral guide. Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What events, according to Freud, lead up the development of the superego? Ans: As infants, children see their parents as objects of love and aggression. Almost immediately, the children find that many of their emotional attachments are inappropriate, and they transfer the feelings into themselves. The children learn how to act like their parents. Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 3. Freud wished to help others better understand society and culture. In doing, what were his two major goals? Ans: Freud wished to search for the societal sources of psychological conflicts within individuals. He also attempted to apply the main principles of psychoanalysis to history and the social sciences. Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Difficulty Level: Hard 4. What were some of the differences between Freud and Adler’s views? Ans: Adler emphasized the importance of the relationships among siblings, not between the parents and the child, as Freud did. Adler also questioned sexuality as the most dominant force in human life and one of the central points of Freud’s psychoanalysis. Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Alfred Adler’s Views Difficulty Level: Easy 5. According to Alfred Adler, why was the Cinderella story so popular for so long? Ans: The fairy tale remained popular because it was an example of a powerful childish expectation of a better outcome, a form of personal liberation from humiliation and pain caused by Cinderella’s stepmother. Learning Objective: 4-2: Summarize the key theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Degeneration, Neurosis, Genius Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What were the three goals of Jung’s therapy? Ans: Jung wished to teach patients how to learn about their neurosis. He wanted to see balance restoration. Finally, Jung hoped for individuation. Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 7. How were Freud’s, Adler’s, and Jung’s views different from one another? Ans: Freud paid attention to infantile conflicts of a sexual nature. Adler focused on an individual’s unconscious effort to compensate for deficiency and inferiority. Jung turned to dreams and suggested that their links with ancient myths and cultural artifacts. Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Summarizing Freud, Adler, and Jung Difficulty Level: Easy 8. What physiological systems are affected by spiritual factors according to transpersonal psychology? Ans: The brain, the endocrine system, the peripheral nervous system, and the immune system may all be affected by spiritual factors according to transpersonal psychology. Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Helping Others: Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What is psychobiography and what purpose does it serve? Ans: Psychobiography is a genre of historical biography based on psychoanalysis. Political psychologists apply psychoanalysis to explain violence and terrorism. Learning Objective: 4-1: Identify the founders and historical contexts of the psychoanalytic tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying to History and Politics Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 5: The New Wave in the Psychoanalytic Tradition Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. When did the first influential wave of psychoanalysis occur? A. at the first half of the 20th century B. at the latter part of the 20th century C. currently, in the early part of the 21st century D. in the 1990s. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Society Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What was one of the purposes for the use of psychoanalytic clinics that emerged in the 1900s? A. to investigate mental illness patterns in the United States B. to train professionals interested in psychoanalysis C. to compete with behavioral therapies D. to work together with behaviorists Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Professional Applications Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Psychoanalysis generated money through which one of the following ways? A. selling T-shirts and coffee cups with the psychoanalytic logo on the merchandise B. charging the use of facilities that housed psychoanalytic clinics C. charging a fee for psychoanalytic lectures D. psychoanalysts would write in magazines Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Professional Applications Difficulty Level: Medium 4. How appealing was psychoanalysis in the early 1920s? A. Psychoanalytic clinics were always crowded with clients. B. Criminologists were turning to psychoanalysis to understand the personality of criminals. C. Magazines titled “Psychoanalysis” were sold. D. Behaviorists were becoming unpopular. Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Popular Appeal Difficulty Level: Medium 5. How did fiction writers like Dostoevsky and Zweig incorporate psychoanalytic themes in their work? A. They sold their work to clients seeking psychoanalytic therapy. B. They wrote propaganda that reflected psychoanalytic themes. C. Their work reflected conflict-ridden, intimate behavior and motivations from the main characters. D. They criticized psychoanalytic themes in their work. Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud’s views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Professional Applications Difficulty Level: Hard 6. What ideology did not fit into the psychoanalytic theme of the power of unconscious processes? A. capitalism B. communism C. Nazism D. theology Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Ideology Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Who called psychoanalysis a "Jewish science"? A. capitalists B. communists C. socialists D. Nazis Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Ideology Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which country officially banned psychoanalysis as a theory and as a treatment method? A. United States B. France C. Soviet Union D. Germany Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Ideology Difficulty Level: Hard 9. What new field focused on how the ego interacts with the social environment? A. ego psychology B. liberal psychology C. Erickson’s theory D. inferiority complex Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theoretical Expansions: Ego Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 10. What concept did ego psychology introduce as a legitimate area of study? A. self B. motivations C. consciousness D. rationality Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theoretical Expansions: Ego Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 11. At what age did Anna Freud started reading her father’s works? A. 11-years-old B. 15-years-old C. 16-years-old D. 25-years-old Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson’s stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Developing special skills in order to understand children’s problems and symptoms was voiced by whom? A. Anna Freud B. Sigmund Freud C. Alfred Adler D. Erik Erikson Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Easy 13. What are the specific unconscious structures that enable individuals to avoid awareness of unpleasant, anxiety-arousing issues? A. consciousness B. identity crisis C. defense mechanisms D. unconscious Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Easy 14. According to Anna Freud, the function of the ego is to do what? A. to work for a compromise between the id and superego. B. to protect the person from anxiety, shame, guilt, and other anxiety-arousing issues. C. to bring to the conscious level the anxieties that the individual is experiencing so that he or she can deal with these issues. D. to renounce the utility of rationality. Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Not remembering, thinking, or talking about a traumatic incident that happened to oneself a long time ago represents what kind of defense mechanism? A. denial B. isolation C. repression D. projection Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Every time Alex gets nervous, she ends up sucking her thumb and feels better. Alex is using which defense mechanism? A. self-harm B. sublimation C. projection D. regression Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 17. What defense mechanism involves bringing external events or other people’s experiences and behaviors to one’s own mental processes and actions? A. introjection B. projection C. compensation D. undoing Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 18. George hates his supervisor at work. When he is home, he yells at his children. This behavior exemplifies which defense mechanism? A. reaction formation B. displacement C. repression D. projection Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Trey has been caught several times in his past for watching girls change clothes. As an adult, Trey has managed to have a successful career as a photographer for Playboy magazine. What defense mechanism is this an example of? A. rationalization B. introjection C. sublimation D. reaction formation Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Katie who dislikes other mothers acts kindly towards them. This is an example of what type of defense mechanism? A. isolation B. projection

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. regression D. reaction formation Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 21. According to Erik Erikson, what part of personality faces age-related developmental changes? A. id B. ego C. superego D. defenses Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 22. According to Erik Erikson, what is a healthy adaptation? A. It is a positive, healthy outcome of a conflict in a developmental stage. B. It is the developmental stage one is currently going through. C. It is the required solution for an identity crisis. D. It is the last developmental stage in Erikson’s theory. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 23. What is the inner state of tension due to a person’s inability to see and accept one’s self with confidence and certainty? A. neurosis B. guilt C. identity crisis D. pathology Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy 24. What is the conflict between the developing ego and the changing world called? A. guilt B. basic anxiety C. neurosis D. identity crisis Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Which personality psychologist emphasized the importance of continuing experiences and adjustments in an individual’s life? A. Anna Freud

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. Erik Erikson C. Karen Horney D. Harry Stack Sullivan Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 26. What is the conflict involved in the first stage of Erikson’s theory? A. intimacy versus isolation B. industry versus inferiority C. initiative versus guilt D. basic trust versus mistrust Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy 27. What is the positive outcome called for Erikson’s industry versus inferiority stage of development? A. hope B. competence C. fidelity D. will Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 28. According to Erikson, during adolescence, one goes through what kind of conflict? A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. industry versus inferiority C. ego identity and role confusion D. generativity versus stagnation Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 29. What is the positive outcome for Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation? A. care B. wisdom C. love D. fidelity Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 30. At the age of 3–5-years-old, Erikson stated that the ego is involved in which of the following conflict? A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. initiative versus guilt

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. industry versus inferiority D. basic trust versus mistrust Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Hard 31. Stan resolved the conflict between ego identity and role confusion. According to Erikson, what has Stan achieved? A. fidelity B. competence C. purpose D. will Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Kevin feels very isolated and has trouble making friends. According to Erikson, if Kevin does not resolve this conflict, what will he not be able to achieve? A. wisdom B. care C. fidelity D. purpose Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Hard 33. According to Erikson’s analysis of Mohandas Gandhi, what was a perfect condition to develop a healthy ego? A. self-concept B. sense of purpose C. need to belong D. nonviolence Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Hard 34. According to Erikson, how many virtues are there? A. 5 B. 9 C. 2 D. 8 Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 35. According to Erikson, a healthy personality is one who possesses

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. the eight virtues that represent the positive outcomes of each stage of development. B. the five virtues that represent each of the stages in Freudian’s developmental stages. C. the virtues that helps one focus on the here and now. D. the identities one has adopted since birth. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Hard 36. According to Erickson, what is the goal of psychotherapy? A. to assist the person from being fixated at a certain stage of development B. to encourage the growth of whatever virtue or virtues the person is missing C. to lead to the development of certain lifestyles D. to face basic anxieties Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Hard 37. People’s identity is likely to undergo changes as they experience social transition in their lives. Who said this? A. Anna Freud B. Erik Erikson C. Karen Horney D. Harry Stack Sullivan Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Hard 38. Which of the following is not one of the virtues according to Erikson? A. hope B. purpose C. competence D. patience Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Who recognized the power of unconscious conflicts and their roots in infancy and childhood? A. Anna Freud B. Erik Erikson C. Karen Horney D. Erich Fromm Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy 40. What Freudian view did Karen Horney reject?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. that the main source of female unconscious conflicts is the woman’s sense of inferiority B. that there are only five stages of personality development C. that the id is only after instant gratification D. that successful resolution of the developmental stages sets up the person’s adult personality Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 41. According to Karen Horney, why should men feel inferior to women? A. because men have a greater magnitude of neurosis than women B. because women resolve the crisis in the developmental stages faster than men C. because men, unlike women, have the inability to bear children D. because men cannot resolve the basic anxieties they experience during childhood Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 42. What is neurosis according to Karen Horney? A. It is the lack of coping strategies to handle daily stressors. B. It is a general maladjustment between an individual and a traumatic event or development. C. It is the inability to resolve the developmental crisis in every stage of development and produce a positive outcome. D. It is the sexual tension characteristic of developmental stages. Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 43. What describes Horney’s concept of an individual’s feelings of loneliness and hopelessness? A. sexuality B. masochism C. basic anxiety D. inferiority complex Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy 44. What is an individual’s emotional response to intimidating situations, according to Horney? A. fear B. envy C. sadness D. counterhostility Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Which of the following is not a basic need in Horney’s theory?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. affection B. power C. achievement D. love Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Elia had just broken up with her boyfriend of 1 year. She is heartbroken and feels lonely. According to Horney, which of the following would be considered a healthy solution to her circumstance? A. seek new acquaintances B. experience depression C. seek activities to do D. aggress towards others Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Who introduced the concept of “significant other”? A. Karen Horney B. Erik Erikson C. Erich Fromm D. Harry Stack Sullivan Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Which of the following enrich psychoanalysis by focusing on interpersonal relationships? A. Erik Erikson B. Harry Stack Sullivan C. Helen Deutsch D. Erich Fromm Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 49. What did Sullivan agree with Anna Freud about? A. the concept of defenses in reducing anxieties B. the developmental stages of growth during the childhood years C. the concept of personal unconsciousness D. the impact of loneliness in a person’s personality Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 50. What is the “bad-me”?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. A child’s awareness of an aspect of self that brings materialistic rewards. B. A child’s awareness of self as disapproved by adults. C. A child’s awareness of certain features about self he or she does not want to be considered as part of their life. D. A child’s awareness of neurosis and how he or she handles it. Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 51. Which one is the center for the development of later anxiety, according to Sullivan? A. not-me B. bad-me C. good-me D. whole-me Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy 52. What is the “good-me”? A. A child’s awareness of an aspect of self that brings rewards from parents or other adults. B. A child’s awareness of certain features about self he or she does not want to be considered as part of their life. C. A child’s awareness of neurosis and how he or she handles it. D. A child’s awareness of self as disapproved by adults. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy 53. Which of the psychologists listed below believed that children perceive their bodies as a collection of poorly coordinated pieces? A. Karen Horney B. Harry Stack Sullivan C. Jacques Lacan D. Helen Deutsch Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Complex Identity Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Who proposed that significant others have a hand in the formation of one’s identity? A. Harry Stack Sullivan B. Jacques Lacan C. Helen Deutsch D Erik Erikson Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Complex Identity

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Easy 55. According to Jacques Lacan, what leads to the formation of anxiety? A. when the child feels he has mastery of his body but realizes the power the parents have over him B. when significant others fail to provide feedback to the child about himself C. when a child is aware of self as disapproved by adults D. when one’s life is dictated by others. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Complex Identity Difficulty Level: Medium 56. Who was known for her two-volume book titled “The Psychology of Women”? A. Anna Freud B. Karen Horney C. Erica Fromm D. Helen Deutsch Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychology of Women Difficulty Level: Medium 57. How did Helen Deutsch describe women’s ego? A. Women’s ego is steadfast and resistant to trauma. B. Women’s ego is affected by the unconscious desire to overcome psychological deficiencies associated with their realization that they are to be a wife and mother. C. Women’s ego conforms in order to avoid anxiety. D. Women’s ego inflicts pain. Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychology of Women Difficulty Level: Medium 58. Which of the following books did Erich Fromm write? A. The Psychology of Women B. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense C. Escape from Freedom D. Neurobiology Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality and Politics Difficulty Level: Medium 59. What is a complex pattern of behavior and thoughts based on the individual’s faithful acceptance of the power of authority, order, and subordination? A. masochism B. self-enslavement C. authoritarian personality D. not-me Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Personality and Politics Difficulty Level: Easy 60. Who believed that capitalism forces people to embrace consumerism and makes them long for material success? A. Erich Fromm B. Harry Stack Sullivan C. Helen Deutsch D. Erik Erikson Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality and Politics Difficulty Level: Easy 61. What personality trait is related to mystical thinking and prejudice against particular individuals and social groups? A. masochism B. neurotic personality C. authoritarian personality D. ego defensive personality Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality and Politics Difficulty Level: Easy 62. This personality trait is associated with a punitive parenting style. Which one is it from the list below? A. masochism B. authoritarian personality C. ego defensive personality D. neurotic personality Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality and Politics Difficulty Level: Easy 63. The new wave of psychoanalysis offered what kind of therapy? A. One that addresses a patient’s psychological problems and treats them. B. One that focuses on the fixations and unresolved conflicts during childhood years. C. One that helps identify the defense mechanisms that prevent the successful resolution of conflicts. D. One that identifies one’s self-concept and related weaknesses to oneself. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Contributions of the New Wave’s Psychoanalysts Difficulty Level: Medium 64. The new wave of psychoanalysis, besides looking into the individual’s life, includes what other factor in its understanding of the person’s personality? A. culture and society B. dreams C. written journals and other archival documents D. sexuality Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Contributions of the New Wave’s Psychoanalysts Difficulty Level: Medium 65. What is scientific determinism? A. Mental events are determined by past events. B. Behavior is caused by factors beyond our understanding. C. Gradual self-understanding is difficult to achieve. D. Scientific methods are the only ways to understand development of the self. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Contributions of the New Wave’s Psychoanalysts Difficulty Level: Easy 66. What is the major goal of the new wave of psychoanalysis as a therapeutic method? A. to identify the symptoms of an individuals’ biologically based pathology B. to treat psychopathology with a series of newly developed forms of therapies C. to restore lost balance or reduce the suffering caused by inner conflicts D. to unlearn the reward and punishing factors associated with one’s behaviors Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Contributions of the New Wave’s Psychoanalysts Difficulty Level: Medium 67. What is the field of study that examines psychological factors in politics as well as an individual’s political behavior? A. political science B. political psychology C. scientific determinism D. psychoanalysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Political Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 68. Who contributed to the development of the Thematic Apperception Test? A. Erich Fromm B. Erik Erikson C. Henry Murray D. Harry Stack Sullivan Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Testing Difficulty Level: Medium 69. What is the main idea behind the TAT? A. The test taker responds by drawing a similar picture. B. The test taker identifies the theme in the picture. C. The test taker predicts what happens next in the picture. D. The test taker’s story interpretation of the picture reflects specific psychological needs. Ans: D

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Testing Difficulty Level: Medium 70. Stories or interpretations projected onto an objective stimulus like a picture are called what? A. figures B. themas C. pointers D. schemas Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Testing Difficulty Level: Easy 71. What discipline links psychoanalysis and the neurosciences? A. neuropsychoanalysis B. psychoanalytic neurobiology C. biological psychology D. psychoanalytic neurospectrum Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Contributing to Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Easy 72. Narcissistic tendencies are related to what part of the lobes? A. temporal B. right parietal C. left parietal D. frontal Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Contributing to Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Hard 73. Patients who have disrupted cognitive processes and diminished ability to tolerate powerful negative emotions have damage to what lobe of the brain? A. right frontal lobe B. left parietal lobe C. right parietal lobe D. left temporal lobe Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Contributing to Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Medium 74. Studies have shown that specific damages to what part of the brain show excessive attention to words that refer to paralysis despite the patients denying that they are themselves disabled? A. parietal lobe B. cortex C. limbic system D. hippocampus

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: B Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Contributing to Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Hard 75. Studies have shown that unusual investigative searching behavior by mice occurred after stimulation of what part of the brain? A. hypothalamus B. cortex C. midbrain D. cerebellum Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Contributing to Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Hard 76. The textbook reported that application of psychoanalysis to individual behavior has even extended to A. studies about sexuality as playing a minimal role in causing mental disorders. B. studies about catharsis as an effective method of releasing anger. C. studies about eating behavior as shown in stimulation of the hypothalamus. D. studies about unconsciousness residing in some parts of the brain. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: On Sexuality Difficulty Level: Hard 77. Who founded psychodrama? A. Anna Freud B. Henry Murray C. Jacques Lacan D. Jacob Moreno Ans: D Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: On Psychodrama Difficulty Level: Easy 78. What is the method that requires participants to explore their own internal conflicts through acting out their emotions in front of one another, not through a private discussion with a therapist, called? A. psychoanalysis B. neuropsychoanalysis C. psychodrama D. needs therapy Ans: C Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: On Psychodrama Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Which of the following below is one advantage for using psychodrama? A. It releases negative emotions. B. It is cheaper in cost. C. It is in line with the benefits of group therapy.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. It is less stuffy than a private discussion with a therapist. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: On Psychodrama Difficulty Level: Medium 80. Which of the following below describes the atmosphere afforded by using psychodrama? A. It is stimulating and permissive. B. It is structured like a private session with a therapist. C. It has to be in an open area. D. It takes place for a long time interval. Ans: A Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: On Psychodrama Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Psychoanalysis was applicable to all areas of human behavior and not just mental illness. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Professional Applications Difficulty Level: Medium 2. One of the ways psychoanalysis generated money was through selling books, journals, and magazines. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Professional Applications Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Psychoanalysis was criticized for exploiting clients’ money. Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Professional Applications Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Psychoanalysis was translated into several languages. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Ideology Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Psychoanalysts were under attack by Nazism. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Ideology Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Ego psychology was applicable not only to therapy but also to learning, education, and psychological testing. Ans: T

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Expansions: Ego Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 7. According to Anna Freud, to deal with anxieties, one must produce a rational response to a situation or conflict. Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Love is the positive outcome for Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation. Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Industry versus inferiority is the developmental stage for adolescence, according to Erikson. Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy 10. According to Erikson, an individual’s identity is likely not concluded in adolescence. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Karen Horney considered neurosis a more common, widespread phenomenon among individuals than most psychologists believed. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 12. One of Horney’s basic needs in her list is companionship. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Harry Stack Sullivan’s theory about loneliness is similar in theory to that of Anna Freud’s. Ans: F Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 14. Helen Deutsch believed that women have to overcome unconscious tendencies such as selfenslavement. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Complex Identity Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Authoritarians developed their traits from their childhood experiences. Ans: T Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality and Politics Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank 1. In the ______ in the 1920s, psychoanalysis was viewed as revealing the flaws of capitalism. Ans: Soviet Union Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Ideology Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Anna Freud was a(n) ______. Ans: ego psychologist Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theoretical Expansions: Ego Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ are the specific unconscious structures that enable individuals to avoid awareness of unpleasant, anxiety-arousing issues? Ans: Defense mechanisms Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ is a defense mechanism in which the person overcomes or takes back threatening thoughts or actions by engaging in behavior or thinking that new ideas or deeds are supposed to “undo” the threatening actions and thoughts. Ans: Undoing Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Medium 5. ______ is a positive, healthy outcome of a conflict in a developmental stage. Ans: Healthy adaptation Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 6. ______ is the positive outcome for generativity versus stagnation. Ans: Care

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The ______ is a child’s awareness of certain features about self he or she does not want to be considered as part of their life. Ans: not-me Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ maintained that people develop their psychological traits during adolescence and even later during adulthood. Ans: Sullivan Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ is a complex pattern of behavior and thoughts based on the individual’s faithful acceptance of the power of authority, order, and subordination. Ans: Authoritarian personality Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personality and Politics Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ also emphasize on unconscious processes regulating an individual’s experience, action, and personality. Ans: New wave of psychoanalysis Learning Objective: 5-3: Discuss the theoretical expansions that moved away from the Freudian concept of libido. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Contributions of the New Wave’s Psychoanalysts Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. In what ways was psychoanalysis a trendy phenomenon or a popular ideology in the early 20th century? Ans: Psychoanalytic clinics were set up and used. Books, magazines, and other literary works incorporated psychoanalytic themes. Training was available for psychoanalysis for those who wanted. Criminologists turned to psychoanalysis to understand criminals and criminal behavior. It was applied in areas of education and other spheres. It was translated into different languages. Learning Objective: 5-1: Compare Freud's views with those of the new wave psychoanalysts. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Society Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Discuss the significant contributions by Anna Freud. Ans: She founded a child therapy clinic, was a dedicated teacher, successful therapist. She emphasized that children cannot explain their problems as efficiently as adults. So she voiced that one has to learn special skills to help children understand and interpret their problems. She wrote the book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. She developed the concept of defense mechanisms and the many defense mechanisms individuals engages in.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Works of Anna Freud Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Explain the process of healthy adaptation in Erikson’s developmental stages. Ans: An individual passes through the developmental stages. At each stage, the ego faces age-related changes resulting in conflict. The ego can weaken or strengthen depending on the adaptation capacity. If there is a healthy adaptation, then a positive outcome occurs. If the crisis is not resolved, the ego loses strength and results in poor adaptation. Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Discuss what Karen Horney believed neurosis to be. Ans: She considered it as a more widespread, common phenomenon among individuals. It is a general maladjustment between an individual and a traumatic event or development. She argued that individuals pursue basic needs and satisfy them. When they are not satisfied, individuals develop coping strategies. These coping strategies are to move forward to satisfy them, to shift away from them, or to defy them. Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Individual’s Basic Anxiety Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Explain the differences between bad-me, good-me, and not-me. Ans: Not-me refers to the early awareness of certain features the child does not want to consider as part of his or her experience. Good-me refers to an early awareness of an aspect of self that brings rewards from parents and other adults. Bad-me refers to an early awareness of self as disapproved by adults. Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Describe Helen Deutsch’s concept of a woman’s ego. Ans: A woman’s ego is affected by the unconscious desire to overcome psychological deficiencies associated with their realization as young girls that their destiny is a wife and mother. Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychology of Women Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Discuss the connection between psychoanalysis and Judaism. Ans: Some say that psychoanalysis is a movement rooted in Jewish identity. It is a development that occurred rapidly with the political and social liberation of the European Jews. However, it has been cautioned not to think of psychoanalysis as simply an expression of Judaism. Learning Objective: 5-2: Summarize the key findings of ego psychology, including Erikson's stages of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychoanalysis and Judaism Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What are the basic views of the new wave of psychoanalysis? Ans: (1) Focus on unconscious processes regulating an individual’s experience, action, and personality; (2) stress the role of childhood and its impact on personality; (3) offer a therapeutic method that addresses the psychological problem and treats them; and (4) focus also on society and culture and their influence eon personality development.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 6: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What is Behaviorism? A. a diverse interdisciplinary tradition that focuses on observable behavior B. a branch of psychology centered around the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness C. a tradition that emphasizes an understanding of the mental processes behind behavior through means such as introspection D. a branch of psychology that analyzes change in personality over the lifespan Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Who was the pioneer ethnographer of Native American culture who argued that animals possess reason, creativity, and moral judgement? A. B. F. Skinner B. Lewis Henry Morgan C. George J. Romanes D. William McDougall Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Who was the British psychologist who published Animal Intelligence in which he argued that sophisticated emotional dilemmas regulate animal behavior? A. Lewis Henry Morgan B. Edward Thorndike C. George J. Romanes D. Gustave Le Bon Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is the instinct as defined by supporters of anthropomorphism? A. a personal decision B. a conditioned response C. a learned behavior D. an inherent pattern or complex behavior Ans: D

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Who was the French psychologist who believed that aggressiveness as an individual trait initially emerges in a large crowd? A. Gustave Le Bon B. B. F. Skinner C. Vladimir Bekhterev D. Ivan Pavlov Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Who was the French psychologist who believed that our entire learning process is imitation, and that we build our individual psychological qualities when we copy others? A. Gustave Le Bon B. Gabriel Tarde C. Edward Thorndike D. Julian Rotter Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Who was the English scholar who argued that human behavior could be traced to initial animal instincts such as parenting? A. B. F. Skinner B. Julian Rotter C. William McDougall D. Gabriel Tarde Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Easy 8. What was the hypothesis offered by comparative psychologists in regard to habit formation? A. habits are inherently detrimental behaviors B. habits are formed through social modeling C. habits are a result of unhealthy coping mechanisms D. habits are a result of favorable conditions stimulating one type of behavior and unfavorable conditions suppressing this behavior Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Learning Laws

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Who was the American scholar who introduced a new method of studying habit formation that involved placing animals inside a “puzzle box?” A. Edward Thorndike B. William McDougall C. Julian Rotter D. Vladimir Bekhterev Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Learning Laws Difficulty Level: Easy 10. What is the principle that in order to understand complex phenomena, a scientist should seek the simplest solution? A. convergence B. parsimony C. habituation D. deindividuation Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Understanding Personality by Studying Animal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Who pioneered behavioral research into personality and argued that animals and humans should be subject to essentially similar laws? A. psychoanalytic psychologists B. cognitive psychologists C. comparative psychologists D. developmental psychologists Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Understanding Personality by Studying Animal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 12. What is the weakening of awareness of self, often experienced when part of a group? A. depersonalization B. intuition C. self-efficacy D. deindividuation Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Social lnstincts Difficulty Level: Easy 13. What is the process by which new behaviors become automatic? A. habit formation B. behavioral adaptation

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. deindividuation D. habituation Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Learning Laws Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What are Pavlov’s two categories of reflexes? A. explicit and implicit B. conditioned and unconditioned C. intentional and unintentional D. trained and learned Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conditioned Reflexes Difficulty Level: Easy 15. What is our belief in our own ability to manage our lives and to exercise control over events that effect our lives? A. self-control B. self-esteem C. self-efficacy D. self-awareness Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 16. What process refers to the act of abandoning a bad habit or decreasing a fearful reaction? A. deindividuation B. inhibition C. depletion D. extinction Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 17. What is a method of dealing with emotional problems containing three phases: self-monitoring, selfevaluation, and self-reinforcement? A. dialectical behavioral therapy B. self-reflection therapy C. cognitive behavioral therapy D. self-control therapy Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 18. ______ is when inhibition in one part of the brain excites other parts of the brain. A. Induction B. Excitation C. Inhibition D. Conversion Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conditioned Reflexes Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The ______ is a concept that describes the dynamic of learning a habit and indicates the connection between learning and time it takes to learn. A. learning gap B. learning curve C. learning ratio D. learning quotient Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Learning Laws Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Thorndike’s ______ are what he saw as the most essential principles on which learning is based. A. Theories of Learning B. Rules of habit formation C. Laws of learning D. Fundamentals of learning Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Learning Laws Difficulty Level: Easy 21. ______ was a Russian psychologist who promoted the idea that science must study the individual from a multidisciplinary perspective with reflexology at the center. A. Julian Rotter B. Ivan Pavlov C. William McDougall D. Vladimir Bekhterev Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reflexology and Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Pavlov believed the ______ of the nervous system to be a reflection of the functional ability of the neurons to maintain the state of activation or excitement without developing self-protecting inhibition. A. strength

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. balance C. endurance D. agility Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Personality and the Nervous System Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Pavlov believed the ______ of the nervous system referred to the equilibrium between excitement and inhibition within the nervous system. A. strength B. balance C. agility D. endurance Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Personality and the Nervous System Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Pavlov believed the ______ of the nervous system referred to the quickness of the activation of excitement or quickness of change between inhibition and excitement. A. balance B. strength C. agility D. endurance Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Personality and the Nervous System Difficulty Level: Easy 25. ______ is the capacity for new habit formation or change of old habits. Pg. 179 A. Self-efficacy B. Deindividuation C. Retention D. Plasticity Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Watson: Studying and Applying Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy 26. ______ is the ability of individuals to keep their habits ready to be used in a new situation. A. Retention B. Plasticity C. Self-efficacy D. Habit formation Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Watson: Studying and Applying Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy 27. ______ was seen by Watson to be the cause of mental illness. A. An imbalance in the nervous system B. A habit disturbance C. An unhealthy coping mechanism D. A chemical imbalance Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Habit Disturbances: Abnormal Behavior and Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Edwin Holt introduced the concept that a ______ is the reaction that has something to do with the way an animal or human interprets the situation. A. interpretive response B. involuntary response C. molar response D. voluntary response Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Behavior From Different Angles Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Edward Tolman was a(n) ______, who’s research involved the idea of purpose or a goal. A. animal behaviorist B. cognitive psychologist C. comparative psychologist D. purposive or operational behaviorist Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Behavior from Different Angles Difficulty Level: Easy 30. In Tolman’s system, a ______ results from the internal processing by which individuals code, store, recall, and decode information about particular elements of their experience. A. cognitive map B. social web C. mental category D. habit Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying Behavior from Different Angles Difficulty Level: Easy 31. In Skinner’s system, ______ is based on using activities to produce effects. A. self-control therapy B. operant conditioning C. habit formation

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. cognitive training Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Optimistic Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy 32. In Skinner’s system, ______ are conditions involving different rates and times of reinforcement. A. conditioned stimuli B. negative reinforcements C. schedules of reinforcement D. positive reinforcements Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Optimistic Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy 33. The ______ was designed by B. F. Skinner to form good habits in babies. A. schedules of reinforcement B. puzzle box C. skinner’s box D. aircrib Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: comprehension Answer Location: From Animals to Humans Difficulty Level: Easy 34. ______ was Skinner’s biggest publishing hit in which he applied behaviorism to explain the modern individual. A. Beyond Freedom and Dignity B. Walden Two C. Animal Intelligence D. Social Learning and Personality Development Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Engineering Difficulty Level: Easy 35. ______ was a novel written by Skinner in which he took Thoreau’s argument for a simple lifestyle a step further by adding the concept of positive reinforcement. A. Social Learning and Personality Development B. Walden Two C. Beyond Freedom and Dignity D. Animal Intelligence Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Engineering Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

36. ______ states that among other things, learning does not necessarily need reinforcement and conditioning and can in fact come from other sources. A. Operant conditioning B. Reflexology C. Social learning theory D. Habit disturbance theory Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Psychologist ______ focused on the inner factor of expected outcome and how that regulates human behavior. A. William McDougall B. Gustave Le Bon C. B. F. Skinner D. Julian Rotter Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 38. A person’s ______ is the individual tendency to explain events as influenced by somewhat controllable, internal, relatively permanent characteristics such as skill or preparedness. A. internal locus of control B. external locus of control C. self-efficacy D. retention Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 39. A person’s ______ is an individual tendency to explain events as influenced by uncontrollable external factors such as powerful others or luck. A. internal locus of control B. eternal locus of control C. plasticity D. self-efficacy Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 40. ______ offers the suggestion that individuals influence their environment and vice versa. A. Deindividuation B. Operant conditioning C. Reciprocal determinism D. Habit disturbance

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Which of the following least fits the views of a behaviorist? A. Personality is something that occurs between behavior and the environment. B. An individual’s development, actions, complex behavior, and traits are all based on the underlying learning processes C. Habits are formed through repeated conditioning D. Individual personality is the result of social learning Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 42. Which of the following is NOT an example of anthropomorphism? A. Describing a dog as tired B. Describing a cat as introverted C. Describing a bird as friendly D. Describing a mouse as shy Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Hard 43. Which of the following statements would contemporary research on animal emotion and sensation be least likely to support? A. Animals feel the sensations of pain and fatigue B. Animals experience deep moral conflicts C. Animals are subject to essentially the same laws as humans D. Animals display emotions through muscle movements Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Hard 44. Which of the following statements would Vladimir Bekhterev most likely disagree with? A. Reflexology can explain practically all aspects of human behavior B. Transformations of energy in the brain and nervous system account for human personality C. Individual differences in personality are due to different social influences D. Emotions are an accumulation of nervous energy in the cerebral cortex Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Reflexology and Personality Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

45. Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response? A. someone yawning when tired B. removing one’s hand quickly when touching something hot C. someone jumping at a loud noise D. a dog drooling when hearing a bell that is usually rung before food is presented Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Conditioned Reflexes Difficulty Level: Hard 46. Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned response? A. a person jumps at a loud noise B. a dog drools when hearing a bell that is usually rung before food is presented C. a child fears white animals after being exposed to a loud noise paired with a white mouse D. a person feels hunger at the sight of red and yellow stripes similar to those on food wrappers Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Conditioned Reflexes Difficulty Level: Hard 47. Which of the following statements would John Watson most likely disagree with? A. Behavior is a set of responses to a specific signals. B. Behavior is all social imitation. C. Behavioral responses become useful and thus retained. D. Some simple reactions develop into complex acts. Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Watson: Studying and Applying Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Hard 48. Which of the following statements is most closely describing someone with an internal locus of control? A. someone who attributes a low test score to inadequate teaching B. someone who attributes a low test score to a bad testing environment C. someone who attributes a low test score to lack of preparation D. someone who attributes a low test score to bad luck Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 49. Which of the following statements is most closely describing someone with an external locus of control? A. someone who attributes bad grades to lack of skill B. someone who attributes bad grades to lack of preparation C. someone who attributes bad grades to lack of personal effort D. someone who attributes bad grades to lack of effort from teachers Ans: D

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 50. Which of the following experimental designs would B.F. Skinner be least likely to implement? A. measuring reaction times during a test of auditory recognition B. measuring salivary levels of dogs after ringing a bell that has been paired with food C. recording pigeon behavior after repeated positive reinforcement in the form of food D. measuring Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Optimistic Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner Difficulty Level: Hard 51. Which of the following is an example of the social learning perspective? A. Behavior is simply a consequence of reward and punishment. B. All behavior is a form of imitation of others. C. Behavior and personality is created through conditioning. D. Personality is the interaction between behavior and the environment. Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 52. Behaviorists such as Bandura have found that building up ______ is instrumental in overcoming posttraumatic symptoms. A. self-control B. learning ability C. self-efficacy D. plasticity Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Coping With Traumatic Events Difficulty Level: Medium 53. Which of the following statements is NOT an example of deindividuation? A. Someone doing something they would normally not because they’re in a crowd. B. Someone losing their feeling of individuality in a crowd. C. Someone who is normally reserved becoming loud and talkative to match the energy of the crowd they’re in. D. Someone who is normally socially anxious becoming increasingly so in a crowd. Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Hard 54. According to Julian Rotter, which of the following individuals would likely be least effected by the opinions and viewpoints of others?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. Someone who practices their hobbies because they get pleasure from the hobbies themselves. B. Someone who practices their hobbies because they want to earn money from it. C. Someone who practices their hobbies to impress someone else. D. Someone who practices their hobbies to gain attention from others. Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 55. Which of the following statements is an example of operant conditioning? A. conditioning a dog to drool at the sound of a bell by pairing it with food B. teaching a child to behave by rewarding them when they are good and punishing them when they misbehave C. conditioning a person to become hungry at the sight of red and yellow by using red and yellow striped food wrappers D. a person who becomes ill from clams gaining an aversion to them Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Optimistic Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner Difficulty Level: Hard 56. Which of the following experiments is least likely to be recreated again today? A. Skinner’s experiment examining pigeon’s behavioral responses to schedules of reinforcement B. Ivan Pavlov’s experiment examining dog’s salivary responses C. John Watson’s experiment examining operational conditioning on a 9-month-old child D. Edward Thorndike’s puzzle box experiments examining cat learning patterns Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Habit Formation Difficulty Level: Hard 57. Which of the following is NOT one of the contributions of Behaviorism to the study of personality? A. knowledge about universal learning principles B. knowledge about different conditions in which learning takes place C. knowledge about habit formation D. knowledge about cognitive processes Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 58. Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributed to Behaviorism’s rapid development? A. a shift toward an emphasis on cognition B. the success of animal psychology C. the accomplishments of physiology D. development of new research methods Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Hard 59. All of the following were major influences on the interdisciplinary tradition of Behaviorism except… A. experiment psychology B. cognitive psychology C. animal psychology D. physiology Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 60. Which of the following is NOT a special condition that must be present for acquisition of a conditioned reflex? A. specific situation in which the reflex is formed B. underlying unconditioned reflex C. positive and negative reinforcement according to the conditioned response D. an unconditioned stimulus to pair with unconditioned reflex Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Conditioned Reflexes Difficulty Level: Hard 61. Which of the following is NOT one of Watson’s views on behavior? A. Behavior is a set of responses to specific signals. B. Behavioral responses becomes useful and thus retained. C. Some simple reactions develop into complex acts. D. Behavior is social imitation. Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Watson: Studying and Applying Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Hard 62. ______ is a Canadian born psychologist who conducted the Bobo doll experiment and published the influential book Social Learning and Personality Development. A. Albert Bandura B. B. F. Skinner C. William McDougall D. Julian Rotter Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 63. The Bobo doll experiment showed that children exposed to direct and indirect violence were significantly more likely to express ______. A. Empathy B. Aggression

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. Kindness D. Confusion Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 64. Bandura referred to his research as ______ to emphasize the importance of cognitive processes in social learning. A. social learning theory B. social behavioral theory C. social cognitive theory D. cognitive theory Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 65. ______ is the incredibly rich and diverse interdisciplinary tradition that focuses on observable behavior. A. Theory of habit formation B. Social learning theory C. Cognitive psychology D. Behaviorism Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Knowledge about ______ and the different conditions in which learning takes place is a key contribution of behaviorism to the study of personality. A. universal learning principles B. cognitive processes C. memory and attention D. sensation and perception Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 67. The teachings of ______ and La Mettrie, both from France, portrayed human and animal behavior as reflexes and in mechanical terms. A. Comte B. Descartes C. Voltair D. Sartre Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 68. Instead of describing self-observed feelings, behaviorists turned their attention to learned reactions, ______, and reaction times. A. Movements B. Emotions C. Reflexes D. Memories Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 69. Critics predictably describe behaviorism as reductionist and ______. A. nonscientific B. unreasonable C. confusing D. simplistic Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Behaviorism Accomplished and What It Missed Difficulty Level: Easy 70. According to the _______, behavioral training program, every worker’s movement must be regulated, every single operation should be effective, and every movement should be useful. A. Taylorism B. Skinnerism C. McDougallism D. Watsonism Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying the Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 71. ______ studies the effects of individual factors such as reasoning and emotional stability and group factors such as tradition and group pressure on individual economic decisions. A. Habit formation B. Behavioral economics C. Behavioral learning D. Economic analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Behavioral Economics Difficulty Level: Medium 72. Abhijit Banerjee and Ester Duflo conducted research that demonstrated that many people remain poor because they do not have the necessary _________ to climb out of poverty. A. motivation and determination B. willpower and effort C. habits and skills

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. intelligence Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Behavioral Economics Difficulty Level: Medium 73. Economist Sam Peltzman showed how risk compensation works: people tend to act more _____today if they feel that they are safer than yesterday. A. safely B. conservatively C. cautiously D. dangerously Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Behavioral Economics Difficulty Level: Easy 74. Behavioral distraction techniques, such as blocking negative thoughts, are sometimes used in behavioral therapy to help individuals avoid _______. A. ruminations B. negative influences C. habit formation D. unhealthy coping mechanisms Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 75. To utilize principles of social learning, a teacher might try using the technique of _______ instead of just explaining things to their students. A. passive observation B. guided participation C. active observation D. student-led participation Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Education Difficulty Level: Hard 76. By encouraging students to adopt the position of ______, teachers can improve their student’s retention and their learning outcomes. A. passive listeners B. active listeners C. active observers D. passive observers Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Education Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 77. In addition to becoming less assertive, attentive, and careful, members of a group also tend to become ________ of one another. A. less understanding B. less accepting C. more critical D. less critical Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Medium 78. Which of the following is NOT one of the three functions Pavlov used to describe nervous system dynamics in individual personality types? A. stamina B. strength C. balance D. agility Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Personality and the Nervous System Difficulty Level: Hard 79. A comparative psychologist would be least likely to agree with which of the following statements? A. Animals express emotions through muscular movements B. Animals struggle with complex moral predicaments C. The basic mechanisms of learning should be similar in animals and humans D. The simplest explanations should be used to explain complex phenomena Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Hard 80. Which of the following describes social learning theory as applied to teaching? A. students take notes from a lecture B. students take notes from a power point C. students assume the role of active observers through guided participation D. students take notes from a power point and a lecture Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Education Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Behaviorists often employ the use of introspection to analyze human personality. Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Referring to a cat as introverted is an example of anthropomorphism. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Easy 3. A dog drooling at the sight of food is a conditioned response. Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Conditioned Responses Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Self-efficacy is our belief in our own ability to manage our lives and to exercise control over events that effect our lives. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Contemporary research on animal emotion and sensation would likely support the claim that animals experience deep moral conflicts. Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Comparative psychologists believe that animals and humans should be subject to essentially similar laws. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Watson’s experiment examining conditioning on 9-month-old babies could easily be recreated today. Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Habit Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 8. A person’s internal locus of control is the individual tendency to explain events as influenced by somewhat controllable, internal, relatively permanent characteristics such as skill or preparedness. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 9. By encouraging students to adopt the position of passive observer teachers can improve their student’s retention and learning outcomes. Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain why early comparative psychologists linked animal and human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education Difficulty Level: Medium 10. In addition to becoming less assertive, attentive, and careful, members of a group also tend to become less critical of one another. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Beyond Freedom and Dignity was a novel written by Skinner in which he took Thoreau’s argument for a simple lifestyle a step further by adding the concept of positive reinforcement. Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Engineering Difficulty Level: Easy 12. In Tolman’s system, a cognitive map results from the internal processing by which individuals code, store, recall, and decode information about particular elements of their experience. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Studying Behavior From Different Angles Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Pavlov believed the balance of the nervous system to be a reflection of the functional ability of the neurons to maintain the state of activation or excitement without developing self-protecting inhibition. Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Types of Personality and the Nervous System Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Thorndike’s laws of learning are what he saw as the most essential principles on which learning is based. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Learning Laws Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 15. Induction is when inhibition in one part of the brain excites other parts of the brain. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conditioned Reflexes Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank) 1. Behaviorism is ______ Ans: an interdisciplinary tradition that focuses on observable behavior. Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ was the pioneer ethnographer of Native American culture who argued that animals possess reason, creativity, and moral judgement. Ans: Lewis Henry Morgan Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Anthropomorphism Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ is the weakening of awareness of self, often experienced when part of a group. Ans: Deindividuation Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ is our belief in our own ability to manage our lives and to exercise control over events that effect our lives. Ans: Self-efficacy Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ pioneered behavioral research into personality and argued that animals and humans should be subject to essentially similar laws. Ans: Comparative psychologists Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding Personality by Studying Animal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ refers to the act of abandoning a bad habit or decreasing a fearful reaction. Ans: Extinction Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ is the principle that in order to understand complex phenomena, a scientist should seek the simplest solution. Ans: Parsimony Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding Personality by Studying Animal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ was the English scholar who argued that human behavior could be traced to initial animal instincts such as parenting. Ans: William McDougall Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theories of Social Instincts Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ was the American scholar who introduced a new method of studying habit formation that involved playing animals inside a “puzzle box.” Ans: Edward Thorndike Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Learning Laws Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ is a method of dealing with emotional problems containing three phases: self-monitoring, selfevaluation, and self-reinforcement. Ans: Self-control therapy Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Describe Edward Thorndike’s unique method to study habit formation. Ans: Put animals in “puzzle boxes;” timed how long it took them to escape, and how long it took them to learn the route over time. Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Learning Laws Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Describe the difference between a conditioned and an unconditioned reflex. Ans: conditioned: a reflex that is not naturally occurring; has to be learned unconditioned: naturally occurring without learning or conditioning. Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Conditioned Reflexes Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe Ivan Pavlov’s experiment using dogs to analyze reflexes. Ans: using a dog’s natural unconditioned reflex of salivating at the sight of food, Pavlov used an unconditioned stimulus (ringing a bell) and paired it with food to created a conditioned response in the dog of salivating at the sound of the bell without the food. Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Conditioned Reflexes Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe Watson’s experiment on a 9-month-old baby to study the development of conditioned responses. Ans: Watson used a loud noise paired with different animals and toys to condition fear in the baby when they were later exposed to the animal or toy without the loud noise. Ethically questionable; not likely to be recreated in contemporary research Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Habit Formation Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe the extra step that Edward Tolman added to the traditional stimulus-response model. Ans: instead of just stimulus – response, Tolman added “O” which stood for measurable processes or variables within an organism. These variables include heredity, quality of previous training, features of stimuli, age, and drive. Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Studying Behavior From Different Angles Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Describe B. F. Skinner’s method of examining behavioral reinforcement and operant conditioning. Ans: “skinner box” in which animal was contained, able to press a level that rewards them with food. Skinner analyzed their behavior in response to positive reinforcement (receiving food) Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Optimistic Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Describe the difference between an external and internal locus of control. Ans: internal locus of control: A person’s individual tendency to explain events as influenced by somewhat controllable, internal, relatively permanent characteristics such as skill or preparedness external locus of control: A person’s individual tendency to explain events as influenced by uncontrollable external factors such as powerful others or luck Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Describe Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment testing social learning. Ans: Bandura exposed children to adults modeling different types of behavior on the Bobo dolls; found children to be much more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior toward the doll when violent behavior had been modelled by the adult. Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the principles of reflexology and conditioned reflexes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Social Learning Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Describe the three phases of self-control therapy. Ans: self-monitoring: monitor behavior, self-evaluation: set goals based on observed behavior, selfreinforcement: create self-administered reinforcement program based on goals. Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the behavioral learning tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 7: The Trait Tradition Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What approach in psychology focuses on measuring distinguishable and stable patterns of behavior and experience? A. psychoanalytic B. trait C. developmental D. behavioral Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Why are traits different from states? A. Traits are stable, or relatively unchanging over time. B. Traits are constantly changing. C. Traits never change. D. Traits are not measurable. Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Why are traits measured on a continuum? A. because a single trait is not on a spectrum B. because there are many traits C. because most individuals either have a trait or don’t D. because most individuals will express some level of the trait Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: medium 4. What makes a good taxonomy when it comes to structuring personality? A. A strong foundation in the understanding of biological processes B. The structure should follow a pyramid C. Different definitions for the same trait D. Reliability, so other researchers are able to commonly describe certain traits Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Which parts of the body did Greek philosophers believe were related to personality ? A. head, shoulders, knees and toes B. heart, liver, brain C. eyes, nose, ears D. genitals Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ancient Philosophies Difficulty Level: Easy 6. According to Hinduism which combination of traits encompass “the dreamer”? A. faith and affection B. depression and anxiety C. knowledge and obedience D. love and hate Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ancient Philosophies Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ believed that the moon could negatively influence a person’s behavior. A. Astronomist B. Physicist C. Astrologists D. Astronauts Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ancient Philosophies Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Why did Hartly’s early theories of personality resonate with modern theories of personality? A. he used factor analysis to break down traits B. he described traits as relatively stable and unique characters C. he believed language had lots to do with personality D. his research into introversion and extroversion were empirically relevant Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Why did Wilhelm Wundt believe that people who spoke German were likely to be more organized, orderly, and responsible compare to those who didn’t? A. German is relatively loose in terms of positioning words. B. German requires discipline, precision and order. C. German is uptight.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. There are more syllables in words when it comes to German words. Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Why were psychologist moving from observational methods to more empirical methods in describing personality traits? A. Observational methods are easier to quantify. B. Observational methods offer more objective measurements. C. Empirical methods offer more consistent measurements. D. Empirical methods offer more inconsistent measurements. Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 11. What were Cattell’s early assessments of performance designed to do? A. potential of students B. job employment C. graduation rates D. astrological signs Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 12. According to Allport why are “character” and “personality” different entities? A. Character and personality fall into different categories when factor analysis is used. B. Character and personality are not different entities. C. Character is not related to moral and societal prescriptions, but instead is about the objective self. D. Personality is not related to moral and societal prescriptions, but instead is about the objective self. Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gordon Allport Difficulty Level: Medium 13. What is a genotype in terms of trait personality? A. genetic make up of personality B. genetic makeup of a cell C. individual forces that influence personality D. environmental forces that influence personality Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gordon Allport Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

14. Why did Allport use several research assistants in identifying and classifying personality trait? A. Observational data are better for trait psychology. B. In order to decrease subjectivity and increase consistency. C. In order to increase subjectivity and decrease consistency. D. One objective view is better than many conflicting views. Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gordon Allport Difficulty Level: Medium 15. According to Allport, what kind of trait dominate an individual’s personality? A. cardinal B. central C. secondary D. tertiary Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gordon Allport Difficulty Level: Easy 16. You would say Mr. Hyde’s propensity for cruelty is his (blank) and his indecent acts and impulsivity is his (blank) trait. A. cardinal, central B. central, cardinal C. cardinal, secondary D. secondary, cardinal Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gordon Allport Difficulty Level: Hard 17. What method did Cattell embrace that deals with large numbers of variables that are thought to reflect smaller number of underlying variables? A. Bayesian statistics B. Thurstone C. factor analysis D. Microsoft Excel Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Raymond Cattell Difficulty Level: Medium 18. What is T-data according to Cattell? A. life data B. experimental data C. questionnaire data D. time data

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Raymond Cattell Difficulty Level: Easy 19. How many groups of psychological traits did Cattell reduce into what he believed were the core individual’s personality A. 1 group B. 5 groups C. 6 groups D. 20 groups Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Raymond Cattell Difficulty Level: Medium 20. ______ is characterized by talkativeness, positive emotions, and the need to seek external sources of stimulation A. Extraversion B. Openness C. Introversion D. Neuroticism Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hans Eysenck Difficulty Level: Medium 21. What two major personality dimensions did Eysenck emphasize? A. happiness and sadness B. light and darkness C. extraversion and neuroticism D. conscientiousness and openness Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: knowledge Answer Location: Hans Eysenck Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Jan is usually very paranoid, he sees danger in everything and is easily upset. According to Eysenck what major personality dimension does Jan fall into A. extraversion B. neuroticism C. openness D. sadness Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Hans Eysenck

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Hard 23. Later on in Eysenck’s career he added another personality dimension pattern that manifests in persistent aggressiveness, and hostility to others. What is this personality dimension? A. Gamma radiation B. Sociopathy C. Psychoticism D. Neuroticism Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hans Eysenck Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Why is the Big Five considered continuous? A. because of factor analysis B. because they are categorical C. they fall on to separately defined thresholds D. they measure a certain degree of each trait Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Hard 25. People who score higher on this measure tend to be curious, inventive, and exploratory. A. openness B. conscientiousness C. extraversion D. agreeableness Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Openness to experience Difficulty Level: Medium 26. People who score higher on this measure tend to be appear friendly, cooperative, and compassionate A. openness B. conscientiousness C. extraversion D. agreeableness Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Agreeableness Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Why are there only 5 dimensions and not 10 dimensions for the Big Five? A. Because there are only 5 B. Because theory has suggested it C. Because it is data driven D. gamma radiation

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuroticism Difficulty Level: Hard 28. What studies have suggested both heritability and environmental factors influence all five factors? A. twin studies B. cultural studies C. cognitive studies D. historical studies Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuroticism Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Cross-cultural studies have suggested personality trait structure is likely ______. A. bacterially based B. individually based C. environmentally based D. universally based Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Neuroticism Difficulty Level: Hard 30. What is a common criticism of the Big Five model? A. It doesn’t account for deeper structures and inner experiences. B. It is a very stable representation of personality. C. there are too many personality traits. D. it is too empirical. Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuroticism Difficulty Level: Hard 31. According to studies in humanities and religious knowledge, what are beings who are divine referred to as? A. The Perfect B. The Cursed C. The Light D. The Dark Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanities and Personality trait Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 32. What is one common attribute that The Cursed possess? A. purity B. righteousness C. holiness D. greed Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Humanities and Personality trait Difficulty Level: Easy 33. In medieval society in Europe what practice was associated with supernatural powers, sorcery, enchantments, and sexual contacts with evil entities? A. woodcraft B. witchcraft C. craft beer D. voodoo Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 34. According to Carl Jung, what were the personality differences between a European culture and Chinese Culture? A. Europeans were more extroverts, while the Chinese were more introverts. B. Europeans were more docile, while the Chinese were more violent. C. Europeans were more introverts, while the Chinese were more extroverts. D. There were no differences. Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Hard 35. Why were Chinese personality types associated with pragmatism and down to earth considerations? A. They were nice people. B. Their love of numbers. C. Their peasant roots. D. They were not. Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Why were many of these early assumptions in cultural differences in personality not justified? A. They were not supported by empirical research. B. They were not supported by observation. C. They were not supported by the media. D. They were not supported by those in the field. Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Studies have shown that with consistency, variation of characteristics within national samples is typically ______ the differences between any two national samples. A. lesser than B. greater than C. equal to D. not enough to justify Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Hard 38. What is a major goal of measuring individual differences? A. making decisions B. stopping crime C. separating groups D. survival Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying the Trait Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 39. If two employees who have the same credentials and are up for promotion, what personality trait are employers likely to look for? A. openness B. extraversion C. conscientiousness D. neuroticism Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Which Personality Traits are Most Important to Employers? Difficulty Level: Hard 40. Besides personality traits, what is a more likely reason for the success of a relationship? A. communication B. finances C. love D. arranged marriage Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Marriage and Traits Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 41. How many percent of Americans use online dating? A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 30 Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Marriage and Traits Difficulty Level: Easy 42. According to your book what is the least likely aspect that comes from online dating? A. unrealistic expectations B. frustration C. impatience D. homicide Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Marriage and Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 43. How many percent of employers use a personality test when hiring? A. 2 B. 15 C. 20 D. 35 Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Which Personality Traits are Most Important to Employers? Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Why is using personality assessments a positive for employers? A. It identifies traits that are suitable for a particular job. B. It offers qualitative data to test makers. C. It is better than face to face interviews. D. It is a US$500 million a year industry. Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Which Personality Traits are Most Important to Employers? Difficulty Level: Hard 45. What two personality traits were linked to success in the workplace? A. extraversion and conscientiousness B. extraversion and agreeableness C. agreeableness and openness D. conscientiousness and agreeableness Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Extraversion and agreeableness Difficulty Level: Hard 46. When is political preference developed? A. infancy B. adolescents C. later in life D. never Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Politics Difficulty Level: Medium 47. What personality trait is associated conservatism in politics? A. extraversion B. conscientiousness C. agreeableness D. neuroticism Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Politics Difficulty Level: Medium 48. What personality trait is associated with liberalism in politics? A. extraversion B. conscientiousness C. agreeableness D. neuroticism Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: comprehension Answer Location: Politics Difficulty Level: Medium 49. Independent of political affiliation, what type of people share similar personality traits? A. radicals B. women C. Europeans D. Asians Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Politics Difficulty Level: Medium 50. Study shows, (blank) strengthens political beliefs? A. socialization B. genetics C. environment

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. parents Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Politics Difficulty Level: Hard 51. What is an example of confident arrogance? A. a student who studies for an exam B. a student who does not study for an exam C. a student who does now take the exam D. a student who does not know about the exam Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Do “Stupid” People Have Distinctive Traits? Difficulty Level: Hard 52. What is the worst type of stupidity? A. confident arrogance B. lack of control C. absentmindedness D. stupid Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Do “Stupid” People Have Distinctive Traits? Difficulty Level: medium 53. When someone gets distracted by an unimportant activity instead of doing something important, they are what type of stupid? A. confident arrogance B. lack of control C. absentmindedness D. dim witted Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Do “Stupid” People Have Distinctive Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 54. Which is not a behavior of lack of control? A. obsessive B. compulsive C. addictive D. low awareness Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Do “Stupid” People Have Distinctive Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

55. What characteristic is associated with absentmindedness? A. lack of common sense B. lack of openness C. lack of affection D. lack of empathy Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Do “Stupid” People Have Distinctive Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 56. Intense feelings of love and jealousy and contribute to which stupidity? A. confident arrogance B. lack of control C. absentmindedness D. psychoticism Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Do “Stupid” People Have Distinctive Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 57. A habit of multitasking can contribute to which stupidity? A. confident arrogance B. lack of control C. absentmindedness D. psychoticism Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Do “Stupid” People Have Distinctive Traits? Difficulty Level: Hard 58. Who attempted to explain the individual factors that affect criminal behavior? A. Gordon Allport B. Raymond Cantell C. Hams Eysenck D. Casare Lomroso Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 59. What is the biological predisposition of criminal trait known as? A. atavism B. psychoticism C. sociopathy D. empathy Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 60. Lombroso believed heredity interacts with environment in order to produce (blank) in individuals? A. conscientiousness B. openness C. criminality D. happiness Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Hard 61. The Female Offender, was based on Lomborso’s observations of A. professors. B. seamstress. C. prostitutes. D. bar tenders. Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 62. What is criminal behavior linked to? A. high novelty seeking B. low novelty seeking C. high multitasking D. low multitasking Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: comprehension Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Hard 63. What is it called when an individual breaks the law without resorting to violence? A. blue-collar crime B. white-collar crime C. victimless crime D. all crimes are violent Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 64. Brain imaging has shown what part of the brain is associated with impulsivity? A. frontal lobe

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. temporal lope C. hippocampus D. amygdala Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Hard 65. Hyperactivity and a poor ability to perceive potential consequences of actions may result in what type of behavior? A. absentminded B. conscientious C. empathic D. antisocial Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Hard 66. According to your book, what type of social situation does not contribute to violent behavior? A. poverty B. unemployment C. education D. discrimination Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 67. Factor analysis is considered what kind of measure? A. qualitative B. quantitative C. observable D. self Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Raymond Cattell Difficulty Level: Medium 68. For as long as his friends have known James, he has been a pretty positive person, in personality what would you call this? A. trait B. state C. affect D. type Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 69. Jessie was asked to organize a number of personality types based on similarities? What is a good system to use? A. taxonomy B. alphabetical C. numerical D. categorical Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 70. Jeremy believes that personality is very much influenced by language, whose work would he likely identify with? A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Lev Vygotsky C. Dan Fogelberg D. Noam Chomsky Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 71. Jennifer has shown a propensity to be aggressive and unfriendly, according to Eysenck she is? A. antisocial B. sociopathic C. psychotic D. agreeable Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Hans Eysenck Difficulty Level: Hard 72. Openness to experience is related to which characteristic? A. intellectually curious B. high achievement C. social interaction D. compassionate Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Openness to Experience Difficulty Level: Medium 73. The Big Five Model Includes which personality trait? A. honesty

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. masculinity C. agreeableness D. selfishness Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Neuroticism Difficulty Level: Easy 74. Jack believes that Chinese people are more introverted than Europeans? Are his assumptions correct? A. He is a bigot. B. No, there is no empirical support. C. Yes, there is empirical support. D. No, there is no observational support. Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Hard 75. Janette is tired of her husband, she feels like they are too similar. Instead she has taken a liking to her male coworker, she believe this attraction is due his opposite opinions and beliefs. According to the literature is this assumption supported? A. Yes, opposite personalities attracts. B. No, similar personalities attract. C. No, communication is key. D. There is no evidence to support any type of assumptions. Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Marriage and Traits Difficulty Level: Hard 76. A large company is hiring for a new position. Two very qualified candidates have reached the final interview. The interviewer notices that candidate “A” is very organized, while candidate “B” is socially impressionable. According to your book, which candidate would make a better hire? A. Candidate “A” B. Candidate “B’ C. both D. neither Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Which Personality Traits Are Most Important to Employers Difficulty Level: Hard 77. Jerry has always considered himself a conservative, but as he decided to move out of state for college, he has had new experiences that has made him questioned his ideologies. According to your book what personality trait could be influencing his change in beliefs? A. conscientiousness B. openness

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. agreeableness D. neuroticism Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Politics Difficulty Level: Hard 78. Jacob has always needed to feel something, he never cared about getting hurt, and did not care about doing well in school. According to research, Jacob could have a propensity for what type of behavior? A. athletic B. religious C. criminal D. economics Ans: C Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 79. According to your book, what is not a contextual factor attributed to an individuals likelihood to become a criminal? A. situation B. circumstance C. opportunity D. personality Ans: D Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Easy 80. How are researchers able to objectively compare their findings in personality? A. a common language B. a secret language C. a mathematical formula D. a decoder that every personality psychologist has Ans: A Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. The trait tradition focuses on identifying and measuring traits. Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Trait approach

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Traits are not suppose to be stable Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 3. According to Wundt, Greek and Latin requires discipline, precision, and order. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Many early assessments of personality were used by the military. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Secondary traits are less dominant in their ability to influence behavior compared to the cardinal and central traits. Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gordon Allport Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Raymond Cattell believed that measurements should be available for verification, or retesting. Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Raymond Cattell Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Extraversion is associated with being friendly, cooperative, and compassionate. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Extraversion Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Individuals who score high neuroticism are likely to be vulnerable to stress. Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Neuroticism Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Angels evoke fear and other negative emotions such as jealousy. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Humanities and Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 10. There is empirical support that personality traits are nationality based. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Opposites do in fact attract. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Marriage and Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Using Online dating in the hopes of finding an ideal mate with the best fitting characteristics can cause unrealistic expectations and disappointment. Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Marriage and Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Openness to experience is the most desirable trait when it comes to employers. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Which Personality Traits Are Most Important to Employers? Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Personality traits are genetically influenced and political preferences develop later in life. Ans: T Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Politics Difficulty Level: Medium 15. According to Loborso, prostitution is not a deviant behavior. Ans: F Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank 1. Traits are expected to be dichotomous, or many cases, measured as a point on a ______. Ans: continuum Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Wilhelm Wundt believed that ______ had a big role in forming individual traits. Ans: language Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 3. ______ is a method to deal with large numbers of observed variables that are thought to reflect a smaller number of underlying variables. Ans: Factor analysis Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: comprehension Answer Location: Raymond Cattell Difficulty Level: Medium 4. OCEAN is an acronym for the ______ theory. Ans: Big Five personality Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ believed in substantial differences between Eastern and Western types of individuals based on their traits. Ans: Karl Jung Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Jane is taking a personality assessment for a new job, she knows that employers are looking for ______ workers. Ans: conscientiousness Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Which Personality Traits are Most Important to Employers?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Personality traits are ______ influenced, whereas political preferences develop later in life. Ans: genetically Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Politics Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Drunk drivers who believe they can drive, but then crash their cars are______ . Ans: confidently arrogant Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Do “Stupid” People Have Distinctive Traits? Difficulty Level: Comprehension 9. Heredity interacts with ______ to produce individuals with various potentials for criminality. Ans: environment Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Are There Criminal Traits? Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The ______ Personality Factor Questionnaire is one of the most popular psychological methods used globally for clinical, educational, and other purposes. Ans: sixteen Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Raymond Cattell Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Psychoanalysis and behaviorism both emphasize different aspects of psychology. What does the trait tradition focus on? Ans: Trait tradition focuses on both behavior and experience and pays some attention to their causes. Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Trait Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What is the difference between states and traits? Ans: Traits are stable and relatively unchanging. Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Trait Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Why were early researchers looking for empirical descriptions and explanations of individual traits?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: Consistency, measurable, common language Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Early Research in the Humanities and Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 4. What is the main issue when classifying different personality traits? Ans: subjectivity, different definitions Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gordon Allport Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Why did Cattell feel that psychology should distance itself from speculation and embrace measurement? Ans: Verification, retesting, peer review Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Raymond Cattell Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What is Hans Eysenck’s extraversion characterized by? Ans: Talkativeness, positive emotions, need to seek external sources of stimulation. Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hans Eysenck Difficulty Level: Medium 7. What are characteristics of psychoticism? Ans: Impulsive tendencies and sensation seeking Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hans Eysenck Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What is a common criticism of the Big Five model? Ans: The theory explains an individual superficially without looking at deeper structure and inner experienced. Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuroticism Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Why are assumptions of fundamental cultural differences unsubstantiated in personality psychology? Ans: Difficult to validate, weak empirical support/evidence Learning Objective: 7-1: Identify the main features of the trait tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 8: The Cognitive Tradition Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What tradition in psychology is related to senses, experience, and thought? A. cognition B. trait C. behavioral D. biological Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Roots of the Cognitive Tradition: Early Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What was a significant influence in psychology in the middle of the 20 th century? A. cognition B. trait C. behaviorism D. biological Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Roots of the Cognitive Tradition: Early Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The shift into cognitive psychology was marked by the study of what? A. the mind B. behavior C. environment D. technology Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Roots of the Cognitive Tradition: Early Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Cognitive theory as related to personality emphasizes what kind of processes? A. thinking, imagining, and judging B. playing, singing, and eating C. writing, reading, and studying D. sound, colors, and lights Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Roots of the Cognitive Tradition: Early Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What discipline did early cognitive psychology want to mimic when measuring mental processes? A. biologists B. pianists C. writers D. physicists Ans: D

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Roots of the Cognitive Tradition: Early Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 6. As a research discipline what were cognitive psychologist’s goals when it came to measuring the internal mechanisms of mental health? A. convincing biologists that psychology is in fact a science B. looking for the connection in the mind/body duality C. counting the neurons in the brain D. explaining inner experience Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Roots of the Cognitive Tradition: Early Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 7. What is experimental introspection? A. A method in which subjects related personal reflection to outside signals. B. A method in which outside signals influenced a subject’s personal reflection. C. A surgical method in which psychologists looked inside a subject’s brain through. D. A method in which behavior was quantified. Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Era of Introspection Difficulty Level: Medium 8. According to your book why was experimental introspection not effective? A. there were better measures B. it was imprecise and subjective B. it was time consuming D. not cost effective Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Era of Introspection Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What was one concept of Mary Calkin’s self-psychology? A. the other B. the parallel C. the self D. the away Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Studying the Self Difficulty Level: Easy 10. What view or culture did self-psychology reflect? A. Western B. Northern C. Eastern D. Southern Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Studying the Self Difficulty Level: Easy 11. What does Gestalt psychology emphasize? A. the whole B. the individual parts C. sensations D. perceptions Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Gestalt Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 12. What type of therapy uses the idea about the holistic nature of human experience, the disruption of its structure, and the emphasis on the actuality of the moment? A. cognitive therapy B. behavioral therapy C. Gestalt therapy D. retail therapy Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Gestalt Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Dr. Wunderbar specializes in therapy that looks at the entire spectrum of experience in an individual (i.e., the whole). What type of therapy is this known as? A. Gestalt therapy B. behavioral therapy C. psychoanalytic therapy D. cognitive therapy Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Gestalt Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Field theory is attributed to which psychologist? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Kurt Lewin D. Albert Bandura Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Field Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 15. In field theory, P and E are what type of variables? A. independent B. interdependent C. subject D. ordinal Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Answer Location: Field Theory Difficulty Level: Eedium 16. In field theory what is the label for the psychological, cognitive state of a person? A. B B. E C. P D. C Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Field Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 17. What is the difference between Gestalt theory and Field theory? A. Field theory emphasizes the self. B. Gestalt theory emphasizes the environment. C. Field theory takes the environment into account. D. Gestalt theory emphasizes the individuals around you. Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Field Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 18. What did the cognitive sciences emphasize when anything was refer to as mental? A. It should be measurable. B. It should not be measurable. C. It can not be measured. D. It does not matter. Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Science Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which theory suggests that Individuals should be viewed as complex computing devices? A. Gestalt theory B. Field theory C. Biological theory D. Cognitive theory Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Science Difficulty Level: Medium 20. What do the cognitive sciences refer to as operations in the underlying work of the mind? A. action/inaction B. work/no work C. on/off D. go/stop Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cognitive Science Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Which field in the cognitive sciences utilizes brain imaging in order to examine neural activation?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

A. cognitive neuroscience B. computer science C. philosophy D. linguistics Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What is it of Alan Turning’s ideas that made it essential for cognitive psychology? A. his comparison of the human mind to animals B. his comparison of the human mind to computers C. he took a holistic approach to studying the mind D. he believed that the environment was important for studying the mind Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Computer Science Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Alan turning believed that human judgement could be explained with absolute certainty from the stand point of? A. Biology B. Sociology C. Mathematics D. Psychology Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Computer Science Difficulty Level: Medium 24. What did Alan Turning compare the operations of the central nervous system to? A. algorithms B. vehicles C. animals D. autonomic nervous system Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Computer Science Difficulty Level: Easy 25. What did the philosopher John Searle believe consciousness is? A. a biological phenomenon B. magical phenomenon C. unmeasurable phenomenon D. a computational process Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Philosophy, Consciousness, and the Self Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Consciousness is simply a higher level of what type of elements? A. lego pieces B. neurons

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

C. data D. linguistics Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Philosophy, Consciousness, and the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Jesse’s personality is shaped by his family, friends and area that he lives in. What is this known as in personality psychology? A. predicaments B. weaknesses C. ideas D. attitudes Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Studies of Attitudes Difficulty Level: Medium 28. What is the problem with attitudes? A. They are directly observable. B. They are not directly observable. C. They are annoying. D. Everyone has one. Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studies of Attitudes Difficulty Level: Medium 29. What is the difference between traits and attitudes? A. Traits are complex. B. Attitudes are complex. C. Traits are visible. D. Attitudes are visible. Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Studies of Attitudes Difficulty Level: Medium 30. What are two general components to attitudes? A. sugar and spice B. neurons and transmitters C. personality and environment D. Cognition and affect Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studies of Attitudes Difficulty Level: Medium 31. What is the affective component known as when describing attitudes? A. the emotional component B. the logical component C. the biological component D. the lower component

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Studies of Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy 32. What is an example of the cognitive component in attitudes? A. a person’s ability to empathize how someone is feeling B. when someone is angry at another person C. a person’s knowledge of rules and laws D. when a person falls in love Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Studies of Attitude Difficulty Level: Hard 33. What type of cognitive processes play a critical role in attitude formation and expression? A. memory B. osmosis C. sleeping D. running Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Studies of Attitude Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Attitudes that are more accessible are likely to be? A. expressed B. repressed C. hidden D. no difference Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Attitude Accessibility Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Strong emotional evaluation of an issue causes attitudes to be more? A. positive B. negative C. accessible D. inaccessible Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Attitude Accessibility Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Why are dual-evaluations attitudes less accessible than single-evaluation attitudes? A. Dual-evaluations require more background information. B. Dual-evaluations contain only either a positive or negative attitude . C. Dual-evaluations require an integration of both positive and negative attitudes. D. Single-evaluations are more time consuming. Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Attitude Accessibility Difficulty Level: Medium 37. According to Heider, it is human nature to seek what? A. money B. food C. sex D. balance Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Attitude Balance Difficulty Level: Easy 38. What theory attributes that we attach a greater value to things we like and a lesser value to things we dislike? A. attitude accessibility B. attitude balance C. attitude dissonance D. attribution Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Attitude Balance Difficulty Level: Medium 39. What is the unpleasant psychological state experienced by an individual who performs an action that is contradictory to his or her beliefs? A. attitude accessibility B. attitude balance C. attitude dissonance D. attribution Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Attitude Dissonance Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Jerry is asked to join the basketball team but his true passion is contemporary dance, what is he experiencing? A. attitude accessibility B. attitude balance C. attitude dissonance D. attribution Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Attitude Dissonance Difficulty Level: Medium 41. What is it when a person interprets another person’s behavior in a particular, consistent way? A. attitude accessibility B. attitude balance C. attitude dissonance D. attribution Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Answer Location: Attributions Difficulty Level: Medium 42. According to Harold Kelly, how many standpoints do people judge other people’s behavior? A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 10 Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Attributions Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Amy is frequently annoyed at the bus for being late, according to Harold Kelly which standpoint can we judge Amy? A. consistency B. distinctiveness C. consensus D. impact Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Attribution Difficulty Level: Medium 44. When asked to free associate the word blue, the most likely answer is? A. green B. red C. sky D. water Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Personal Constructs Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Personal constructs should provide all the following to a person’s world except? A. order B. clarity C. prediction D. connection Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Personal Constructs Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 46. A person who tries to seek rational answers but lack scientific knowledge is? A. a naive scientist B. a psychologist C. a philosopher D. a normal person Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Personal Constructs Approach Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

47. For the most part Jane believes that her doctor knows best when it comes to her health. According the cognitive systems what is this stable assumption known ? A. constructs B. beliefs C. knows D. culture Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Personal Constructs Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 48. What happens when a person is adaptive? A. their genes mutate B. they are set in their ways C. they are able to revise their constructs D. they are unable to revise their constructs Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Personal Constructs Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 49. What is it called when your views or choices of normality are shaped by the people around you? A. independent thought process B. sheep people or sheeple C. common corollary D. soylent green Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Personal Constructs Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 50. What are discolored constructs? A. a predictive system B. a unpredictive system C. a neutral system D. not a system Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Personal Constructs Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 51. Being able to recognize the self or I as something seperate from the environment is known as? A. self-consciousness B. self-existence C. self-awareness D. self-self Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recognizing the Self Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

52. What is a defining feature of self-awareness? A. that you are the same as everyone else B. that you are distinct from everyone else C. it is dependent on the environment D. it is not dependent on the environment Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recognizing the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 53. Jamie is an outspoken individual on social media, but tends to be introverted at home. His social media persona is representative of his? A. public self B. private self C. conscious self D. unconscious self Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Recognizing the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 54. When men exaggerate their height on online dating sites, what is this an example of? A. public self B. private self C. conscious self D. unconscious self Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Recognizing the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 55. People from China, Japan, and Korea usually represent themselves as? A. an independent entity B. part of a particular group C. abstract D. special Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recognizing the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 56. Which subjects described themselves with more abstract traits? A. Chinese subjects B. Japanese subjects C. Korean subjects D. U.S. subjects Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recognizing the Self Difficulty Level: Easy 57. What happens when Japanese subjects are unable to accept the dissonance of their public and private selves?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

A. alienation and independence B. independence and joy C. alienation and insecurity D. nothing Ans: C Learning Objective: Identify the main features of the cognitive tradition as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Difficulty Level: Medium 58. Janette is proud of the fact that she is a first generation college student. What is this perceived membership known as? A. social identity B. social status C. social collectivism D. social coalition Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-3. Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Culture and Identity Difficulty Level: Medium 59. Why is social identity known as a fluid category? A. It is made of water. B. It can not be changed. C. It can be changed. D. It is not known as a fluid category. Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Culture and Identity Difficulty Level: Medium 60. According to your book, why has being able to change your socially prescribed self only been a recent cultural development? A. People had fewer choices several hundred years ago. B. People had more choices several hundred years ago. C. People have fewer choices now. D. It has remained the same. Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Culture and Identity Difficulty Level: Medium 61. What kind of structure is the caste system in India? A. fair B. equal C. capitalistic D. hierarchical Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Culture and Identity Difficulty Level: Easy 62. Studies into social groups in India have shown that most individuals who achieve upward mobility usually perceive themselves as what socioeconomic status(SES)?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

A. higher SES B. lower SES C. the same SES D. individuals did not believe in SES Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Culture and Identity Difficulty Level: Medium 63. What is a person’s own worth known as? A. self-awareness B. self-conscious C. self-attribution D. self-esteem Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-esteem Difficulty Level: Easy 64. Lower scores on self-esteem surveys amongst Japanese and Koreans compared to Americans might be attributed to a difference in what? A. confidence B. education C. language D. economy Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Self-esteem Difficulty Level: Medium 65. What type of therapy concentrates on the types of information-processing in individuals? A. cognitive therapy B. computer therapy C. behavioral therapy D. gestalt therapy Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 66. Jacob’s therapist is constantly pointing out the inconsistencies of Jacob’s arguments? What is this technique in cognitive therapy known as? A. collaborative empiricism B. Socratic dialogue C. guided discovery D. annoying Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 67. What is the term for when a therapist and patient work together to examine the evidence to support or evaluate the patient’s thoughts or assumptions?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

A. friendship B. collaborative empiricism C. Socratic dialogue D. guided discovery Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 68. ACT is short for? A. attribution and cognitive therapy B. acceptance and confluence therapy C. acceptance and commitment therapy D. action and commitment therapy Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 69. What is a reason that psychologist are turning to spirituality as a possible mediating factor in therapy? A. It is empirical and can be operationalized. B. It has been a proven method. C. The process involves changing the way individuals think. D. It is cost effective. Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applied Spirituality Difficulty Level: Medium 70. Which religion states that suffering is an inseperable part of life? A. Buddhism B. Christianity C. Judaism D. Bokonism Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Applied Spirituality Difficulty Level: Easy 71. How many noble truths are there in Buddhism? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Applied Spirituality Difficulty Level: Easy 72. What is it when a person believes that if something happens more frequently than usual during a period, it will happen less frequently in the future? A. gamblers’ fallacy B. beginners luck

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

C. blessing in disguise D. your guess is as good mine Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gambling Fallacies Difficulty Level: Easy 73. Why were gamblers who were winning more likely to win? A. They were lucky. B. They chose riskier odds. C. They chose safer odds. D. They just kept playing. Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gambling Fallacies Difficulty Level: Medium 74. In what domain did artificial intelligence first gain public attention? A. chess B. checkers C. gambling D. education Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Is an Artificial Personality Ethical? Difficulty Level: Easy 75. What are technological systems that are able to perceive their environments and make decisions to maximize success? A. robots B. cyborgs C. artificial intelligence D. does not exist Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Is an Artificial Personality Ethical Difficulty Level: Easy 76. Social media such as Facebook is an example of what? B. cloneminds B. mindclones C. clonebrains D. brainclones Ans: B Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Is an Artificial Personality Ethical Difficulty Level: Easy 77. Jersey’s psychology professor is interested in understanding the processes of sensation and perceptions of vision and sound. What type of psychologist would his professor be categorized as? A. behavioralist B. psychoanalyst

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

C. cognitive D. biological Ans: C Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cognitive Science Difficulty Level: Hard 78. John has consistently done subpar on his exams. He wants to do better, but his previous exams have brought his confidence down. What is it that is affecting John? A. test anxiety B. attribution of confidence C. rational expectations D. level of aspirations Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Field Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 79. According to the cognitive sciences, personality should be what type of process? A. measurable information that can be received and stored B. unmeasurable information that can only be felt C. communication between two individuals D. nonsophisticated Ans: A Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Science Difficulty Level: Medium 80. Jacob is able to rationalize any deicision he makes, no matter how ridiculous it is. What is this process known as? A. dissonance B. algorithms C. constructs D. attribution Ans: D Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Attribution Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Cognition relates to senses, experience and thought. Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Roots of the Cognitive Tradition: Early Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Experimental introspection had subjects look at how other subjects made decisions. Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Era of Introspection Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Cognitive approaches emphasizes quantitative measures

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Science Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Cognitive neuroscience is the study of a computer’s brain. Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Alan Turing was a cognitive psychologist who believed personality needed to be looked at holistically. Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Computer Science Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Alan Turing believed that computable operations should be sufficient to explain all mental functions the brain performs. Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Computer Science Difficulty Level: Easy 7. In studies of attitude, the affective component in characterized by knowledge of an object or person. Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studies of Attitude Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Constructs should be random and provide no clarity or prediction to a person’s world. Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Personal Constructs Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Self-awareness is a reflection of a state of awareness of our own existence. Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recognizing the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Social identity is a crystallized category, it is constant and never changing. Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Culture and Identity Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Chinese students were lower in perceived self-competence but higher in self-liking. Ans: true Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Answer Location: Self-Esteem Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Cognitive therapy is rooted in the process of observing behavior. Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Buddhism is about finding balance between extremes. Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Applied Spirituality Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Gamblers who win more make riskier bets. Ans: F Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gambling Fallacies Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Artificial intelligence is the study and design of intelligent machines. Ans: T Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Is an Artificial Personality Ethical Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blanks 1. The cognitive revolution was a shift in focus from primarily ______ to studying the work of the mind . Ans: behavioral Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Roots of the Cognitive Tradition: Early Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Mary Calkins described the self on two levels, the first is the contents of consciousness and the second is the ______ in which the contents unfold. Ans: environment Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The Gestalt tradition focused on looking at an individual ______. Ans: holistically Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Gestalt Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 4. According to field theory the acting and thinking individual lives in a ______ field of interdependent forces. Ans: dynamic Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Answer Location: Field Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 5. George Miller believed that if we know how ______ process information, then we can understand the work of the individual’s mind. Ans: machines Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Science Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The philosopher John Seele believed that consciousness is a biological process, but some unique processes such as ______ can not be understood by biology alone. Ans: subjectivity Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Philosophy, Consciousness, and the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 7. ______ can assess the cognitive representations and evaluations of various features of the social and physical world of an individual’s personality. Ans: Attitudes Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studies of Attitudes Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Cognitive dissonance is a result of an individual performing an action that is ______ to his or her beliefs. Ans: Contradictory Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Attitude Dissonance Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Cognitive therapy tries to change maladaptive ______ styles and habits. Ans: information-processing Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 10. ______ are digital versions of individuals that live forever. Ans: Mindclones Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Is an Artificial Personality Ethical Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Why was psychology moving from a primarily behavioral discipline to a more cognitive discipline? Ans: Behavior is guided by cognitions, measuring internal mechanisms. Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Answer Location: The Roots if the Cognitive Tradition : Early psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What were the limitations of introspection? Ans: Did not look at subjective side of the individual, did not take into account social surrounding or environment. Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studying the Self Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What were some important principles of cognitive science that contributed to personality psychology? Ans: Measurable information, individuals should be viewed as complex computing devices, understanding individuals should be like understanding computers, instructions are long chains of operations. Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Science Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The describe both the cognitive and affective component of attitudes Ans: Cognitive is characterized by an individuals’ knowledge of an object or person, affect is characterized by an emotional evaluation. Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Studies of Attitudes Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Why are some attitudes more easily accessible than others? Ans: Frequency of expression, strong emotional evaluation. Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Attitude Accessibility Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What three standpoints do people judge other people’s behavior? Ans: Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus. Learning Objective: 8-3: Explain how attitude is studied in order to assess personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Attributions Difficulty Level: Medium 7. How are constructs useful? Ans: They help us adjust to the changing conditions of the world. Learning Objective: 8-2: Describe the three fields of cognitive science and their impact on personality psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Personal Construct Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Awareness can viewed from what two interconnected sides? Ans: Private and public self. Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recognizing the Self Difficulty Level: Easy 9. How do people from collectivistic cultures describe themselves? Ans: More group centric descriptions and fewer self-centric descriptions. Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of the cognitive tradition. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recognizing the Self

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 9: The Humanistic Tradition Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What was one of the global developments that contributed to the development of the humanistic perspective in personality psychology? A. World War II B. Vietnam War C. Industrial Revolution D. World War I Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Humanistic Tradition: Social Contexts Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Early humanistic psychologists believed that A. psychology had to stick to using experimental methods of investigation. B. psychology must change its focus and embrace something more human. C. psychology has to investigate the processes involved in conditioning principles. D. psychology should not explain moral issues. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Debates Within Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What was the role of humanistic psychology in the human suffering found in society? A. Humanism has no role in understanding human suffering. B. Humanism must use its scientific wisdom to address societal problems. C. Humanism should not try to understand a whole human being. D. Humanism should explain societal suffering. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Debates Within Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is the study of phenomena that distinguishes human beings such as love, happiness, and selfgrowth? A. psychoanalysis B. behaviorism C. humanism D. trait Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Debates Within Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What personality tradition ignored consciousness and the world of the striving individual? A. gestalt B. trait C. cognitive D. behaviorism

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Aspect Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which personality tradition promotes the idea that learning was a key influence in shaping the individual’s actions? A. psychoanalytic B. humanism C. behaviorism D. gestalt Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Aspect Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which personality tradition ignored the individuals’ subjective experience? A. psychoanalytic B. humanism C. behaviorism D. trait Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Aspect Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which personality tradition focused primarily on psychological anomalies? A. psychoanalysis B. behaviorism C. humanism D. trait Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Aspect Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Which personality perspective devalued the meaning of conscious purposeful acts? A. existentialism B. humanism C. psychoanalysis D. situationist Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Aspect Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The importance of individual responsibility, free choice, and intellectual freedom are fundamental forces guiding a person through life. This statement represents which tradition in personality psychology? A. humanism B. positive psychology C. existential psychology D. psychoanalysis Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Positive Aspect

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Medium 11. What is the value orientation in psychology that holds a hopeful and constructive view of people and of their substantial capacity to be self-determining? A. existential psychology B. humanistic psychology C. gestalt psychology D. cognitive psychology Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 12. What is the holistic perspective? A. Individuals are uniquely human. B. Individuals are rational. C. Individuals are aware of their existence. D. An individual is more than the sum of his or her habits, reflexes, mental operations or decisions. Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The holistic perspective in humanistic psychology is a criticism of which tradition in personality psychology? A. psychoanalysis B. cognitive C. post-Freudian D. behaviorism Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 14. To say that individuals are aware of their own existence means that they A. have consciousness. B. are unique beings. C. are rational. D. do not have unconsciousness. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What is “cosmic ecology”? A. the individual’s potential B. the individual’s general perspective on the world C. the individual’s inner world D. the outcome for actualization Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 16. According to humanistic psychologists, individuals are rational and knowledgeable. Thus, it would reason that individuals A. are sensitive and caring.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. are objective. C. tend to be logical. D. can exercise choices. Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 17. A principle in humanistic psychology is that when an individual makes mistakes, A. the individual is doomed to repeat the mistake. B. the individual can either be rewarded or punished for it. C. the individual learns from the mistake and is accountable. D. the individual represses memories of it. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Another principle of humanistic psychology is that by being aware of their goals, A. individuals can fail to achieve them. B. individuals can seek meaning, value, and creativity in their lives. C. individuals do not have much freedom to do anything about them. D. individuals must be prepared for the potential to fail. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Humanistic psychology uses primarily what type of research methodology? A. quantitative methods B. qualitative methods C. mixed methods D. randomized designs Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Methods and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 20. What is the view humanistic psychology takes about the methodology of experiments? A. Experiments do not allow in-depth study of one’s self and so it should not be used. B. Experiments tap into an unrelated set of behaviors. C. Experiments take too long to run. D. The use of experiments should be combined with nonexperimental methods. Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Methods and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 21. What is the intellectual tradition that focuses on an individual’s uniqueness, free will, and responsibility? A. behaviorism B. psychoanalysis C. gestalt D. existentialism Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What is the central proposition of existentialism? A. That individuals create their own meaning, roles, prescriptions, and values but do not necessarily fit well into these meanings. B. That human beings are unfamiliar with using free will to their own advantage and therefore make mistakes. C. That individuals need self-awareness to identify their free will and thus use it for achieving their potential. D. That individuals are ignorant of free will and when they do have no guidance on how to use it to reach their potential. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Medium 23. What does existentialism say about our existence? A. It is optimistic. B. It is filled with potential. C. It is tragic and sad. D. It is stressful. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Existentialism asserts there is no meaning in life and attempts on people’s part to find meaning is absurd. This position is called A. deficit needs. B. B values. C. existential depression. D. existential crisis. Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Medium 25. What are the results of finding no meaning in life according to existentialism? A. death and destruction B. chaos and confusion C. anxiety and depression D. pluralistic ignorance Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Medium 26. According to existentialism, work and making more money are A. efforts to make life meaningful. B. futile attempts to find meaning in life. C. illusions of happiness. D. the road to fulfilling one’s potential. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Joe believes working is the only meaning in life. He works hard, gets promoted, and earns a lot of money. Yet he is extremely dissatisfied with his life and feels very alone. According to existentialism, Joe has reached A. a state of despair. B. an existential crisis. C. the meaning of life. D. the illusion about life. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Easy 28. According to existentialism, depression will lead to A. fatigue. B. ignorance and stupidity. C. despair. D. psychosis. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Existential psychology focuses on A. an individuals’ experience as being unique, exceptional, and unrepeatable. B. there is no possibility for individuals to improve themselves. C. there is potential in only a few individuals depending on amount of self-insight. D. the road to happiness as relatively easy. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rollo May and Existential Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 30. What does existential psychology believe about an individual’s free will? A. There is no free will in individuals; there’s only the illusion that they have it. B. Free will only become apparent when individuals achieve self-insight. C. Individuals have free will and make choices and take responsibility for them. D. Using one’s free will lead to the path of happiness. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Rollo May and Existential Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 31. Unlike existential philosophers, existential psychology is A. exciting. B. dull. C. optimistic. D. selective. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rollo May and Existential Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 32. According to existential psychology, self-improvement can be achieved through A. work and play.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. commitments in relationships. C. changes in self-awareness. D. therapy. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rollo May and Existential Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 33. According to existential psychology, self-consciousness leads to A. happiness. B. the meaning of life. C. coping skills. D. moral values. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rollo May and Existential Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Rollo May asserted that anxiety is provoked by A. lack of relationships. B. lack of self-awareness. C. fundamental technological and social changes. D. ignorance. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Anxiety and Personality According to Rollo May Difficulty Level: Easy 35. According to Rollo May, what is another source of anxiety? A. lack of relationships B. isolation C. work and work expectations D. threats to an individual’s most fundamental family values Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Anxiety and Personality According to Rollo May Difficulty Level: Medium 36. According to Rollo May, what is one way to reduce anxiety? A. take a vacation B. meditate C. rediscover the importance of caring for one another D. pursue one’s own goals Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Anxiety and Personality According to Rollo May Difficulty Level: Medium 37. According to Rollo May, what’s the difference between anxiety and fear? A. Nothing, they are both the same. B. Fear is more manageable than anxiety because fear has an unidentifiable source. C. The difference is in the magnitude of the effect they bring about for the individual. D. Fear makes one powerless while anxiety makes one confused. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Anxiety and Personality According to Rollo May Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Which of the following is not a way to handle fear as stated by Rollo May? A. accept it B. avoid it C. confront it D. deny it exist Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Anxiety and Personality According to Rollo May Difficulty Level: Medium 39. According to Maslow, what is a force within an organism that initiates and maintains behavior? A. fear and anxiety B. motivation C. drive D. growth Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Maslow described individuals’ needs in a A. circle. B. flowchart. C. hierarchy. D. pie chart. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Maslow’s needs are grouped according to A. potency. B. relevance to one’s values. C. the current demands in society. D. level of spirituality. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 42. How many needs are there in Maslow’s theory? A. 6 B. 3 C. 9 D. 5 Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 43. What are the Maslow’s needs according to potency? A. love, belongingness, physiological, esteem, safety B. physiological, esteem, self-actualization, safety C. physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. safety, esteem, love, physiological, self-actualization Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 44. According to Maslow, once an individual has satisfied the cluster of needs at a particular level, A. He or she can jump to any of the levels above it. B. He or she will progress to the next level. C. He or she can skip to the top. D. He or she will not need to go back to that level again. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Francisco is being recognized for his charitable work with the poor. Francisco has reached what level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? A. love B. safety C. self-actualization D. esteem Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Meg wants to make sure she had locked the front door of her apartment this morning before she went to work. Meg is at what level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? A. love B. esteem C. safety D. physiological Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 47. The first four levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are called A. growth needs. B. fixed needs. C. deficit needs. D. urgent needs. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 48. What are rooted in the scarcity of something like food or esteem from others? A. B-needs B. D-needs C. D-needs D. B-values Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 49. What is the highest stage of individual development and is governed by the search for truth, goodness, beauty, wholeness, justice, and meaningfulness? A. self-actualization B. happiness C. optimism D. the good life Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 50. Which of the following below is not a characteristic of a self-actualized individual according to Maslow? A. spontaneity and simplicity B. need for privacy C. deep interpersonal relations D. authoritarian traits Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 51. Maslow’s research drew some criticism. Which of the following below was one of them? A. Maslow’s examples of self-actualized individuals were based on his own moral code. B. Actualization is applicable to everyone else in the global arena. C. There are three additional needs above actualization. D. The needs are prioritized correctly. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Hard 52. What are periodic and profound episodes of happiness, optimism, and creativity? A. actualization B. peak experiences C. self-regard D. holistic care Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Autotelic Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 53. What is the state of complete concentration and joyful immersion in a situation or activity? A. peak experiences B. ecstasy C. flow D. actualization Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Autotelic Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 54. What is the personality of an individual who tends to be engaged in activities that are naturally rewarding and not necessarily associated with material goals such as money, fame, or high social status?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. authoritative personality B. autotelic personality C. actualized personality D. flow personality Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Autotelic Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 55. Who proposed that most of the behaviors that people learn are consistent with the subjective concept of the self? A. Rollo May B. Abraham Maslow C. Carl Rogers D. M. Csikzentmihalyi Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 56. According to Rogers, people strive to make the best of their existence and value the high self-esteem and positive emotions toward the self called A. positive self-regard. B. self-esteem. C. flow. D. congruent self. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 57. According to Rogers, when do individuals experience incongruity? A. When individuals behave according to their set of morals. B. When individuals cannot make or maintain the high standards society sets up for individual behavior. C. When individuals put their needs and devotion above everyone else’s. D. When individuals put themselves second to the community. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 58. Who are fully functioning individuals? A. They put their needs before the needs of the community. B. They put the community’s needs before their own. C. They value expression instead of conformity. D. They are well balanced, well adjusted, and interested in learning and knowing. Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 59. Humanistic psychology contributed to the tradition that studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. What is this tradition called? A. Maslow’s psychology B. positive psychology C. client-centered psychology

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. gestalt psychology Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Positive Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 60. What contributed to the concept of positive mental health? A. psychoanalysis B. humanistic psychology C. existential psychology D. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Positive Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 61. What has become an important measure of social and economic development of a country in which the higher the indexes are, the higher the position of that country on that factor? A. happiness B. equality C. security D. functional citizens Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Studying Happiness Difficulty Level: Medium 62. What view states that an individual can become happy through the accumulation of material wealth? A. progressive view B. comparison view C. expectation view D. materialistic view Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 63. What view states that an individual can become happy if basic needs are secured? A. comparison view B. situational view C. progressive view D. spiritual view Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 64. Denmark, Finland, and other Scandinavian countries have high scores of happiness because of adopting which view of happiness? A. progressive view B. comparison view C. materialist view D. expectation view Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 65. What view states that happiness is gauged by an individual’s lifetime experience of tragedies, celebrations, relations, and opportunities? A. expectation view B. situational view C. biological view D. spiritual view Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 66. The phrase “I wish you did not have it” reflects which view about happiness? A. expectation view B. materialist view C. comparison view D. progressive view Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 67. Philip feels like he has accomplished what he had set out for himself to do 2 years ago. Now, he is ready to set up another list of goals for himself for the next 2 years. Philip is using which view of happiness? A. comparison view B. progressive view C. situational view D. expectation view Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 68. Which view states that unhappiness is due to one’s genetic makeup? A. expectation view B. biological view C. spiritual view D. progressive view Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Easy 69. What is the first point of the humanistic argument about happiness? A. Happiness starts with one’s level of self-esteem. B. Happiness is based on feedback one receives from others. C. Happiness is achievable and can be learned. D. Happiness can be achieved through self-growth. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanistic View Difficulty Level: Medium 70. What is the second point of the humanistic argument about happiness?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. Happiness depends on one’s social and interpersonal engagement. B. Happiness is achievable and can be learned. C. Happiness can be achieved through self-growth. D. Happiness is the propensity to experience an emotional state. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanistic View Difficulty Level: Medium 71. What is the third point of the humanistic argument about happiness? A. Happiness can be achieved through self-growth. B. Happiness is receiving positive assessments from others which in turn encourages optimism and joy. C. Happiness can be achieved through self-growth. D. Happiness is related to one’s level of self-esteem. Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanistic View Difficulty Level: Medium 72. A practical step for the comparison view of happiness is A. pursue material values and money. B. life outcomes are basically out of our hands. C. make sure that comparisons to others are favorable or avoid comparisons with other people. D. think critically and provide positive feedback. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 73. A practical step for the materialist view of happiness is A. make sure there is social support and social services. B. make sure expectations have been met or ignore such expectations. C. if one believes one is born unhappy, they should adjust and work on themselves. D. pursue material values and money and status. Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 74. Humanistic psychology’s record on research is A. relatively poor. B. prolific. C. very quantitative. D. too theoretical. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shortcomings Difficulty Level: Easy 75. The concept of “happiness” is problematic in the research in humanistic psychology because A. its definition is too broad. B. it has too many multiple meanings. C. the concept is not necessarily scientific. D. it is an unfalsifiable statement. Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Shortcomings Difficulty Level: Hard 76. What therapy is based on the assumption that human beings make their own choices and should assume full responsibility for the outcomes of their behavior, experiences, and feelings? A. client-centered therapy B. psychoanalysis C. existential therapy D. cognitive behavioral therapy Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Existential Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 77. What kind of therapy shows their clients genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard? A. existential therapy B. client-centered therapy C. psychoanalysis D. cognitive behavioral therapy Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Client-Centered Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 78. Client-centered therapy used to have the original name of A. Rogerian therapy. B. qualitative therapy. C. nondirective therapy. D. gestalt therapy. Ans: C Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Client-Centered Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 79. What refers to the complex medical and psychological system of help focusing on palliative and other humane principles of medical care? A. assisted living B. hospice care C. holistic health care D. client-centered care Ans: B Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hospice Care Difficulty Level: Easy 80. What is the clinical field that helps medical professionals recognize, absorb, interpret, and be moved by the stories of illness? A. palliative care B. holistic health movement C. hospice care movement D. narrative medicine Ans: D Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Holistic Health Movement Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

True/False 1. Humanism is the study of phenomena that distinguishes human beings such as love, happiness, and self-growth. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Debates Within Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Humanism has deep roots in several academic disciplines. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of Humanistic Tradition Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Humanism represented the “first force” in psychology. Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Critical Aspect Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Humanistic psychology emerged in the 1950s. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Humanistic psychology is generally pessimistic. Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Humanistic psychology rejects experiments. Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Methods and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 7. According to existentialism, work leads to happiness. Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Medium 8. According to existential psychology, happiness is possible. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rollo May and Existential Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs have nine needs. Ans: F Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 10. Resistance to enculturation is a characteristic of a self-actualized person. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Peak experiences are achieved through meditation. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Autotelic Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 12. People who are autotelic find the right balance between serious activities and play. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Autotelic Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The higher the indexes of happiness, the higher the position of a country is on happiness on a global scale. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Positive Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 14. According to the humanistic view, happiness can be achieved through self-growth. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanistic View Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Narrative psychology focuses on how published stories and essays shape lives. Ans: T Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Holistic Health Movement Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank 1. Individual responsibility, ______, and free choice guide a person through life. Ans: intellectual freedom Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Aspect Difficulty Level: Medium 2. To say that humanistic psychology focuses on all aspects of an individual’s experience and not necessarily on isolated behavioral acts is to say that humanistic psychology is ______. Ans: holistic Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Humanistic psychology uses ______ research methods. Ans: qualitative

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Methods and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ is an period in which an individual questions the very foundations of life and asks whether there is meaning, purpose, or value to life. Ans: Existential crisis Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ is one of the most fundamental psychological features of the modern individual. Ans: Anxiety Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rollo May and Existential Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 6. According to Rollo May, ______ is a way to overcome anxiety. Ans: love Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Anxiety and Personality According to Rollo May Difficulty Level: Easy 7. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, safety needs are ______. Ans: deficit needs Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 8. ______ is a state of complete concentration and joyful immersion in the situation or activity. Ans: Flow Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Autotelic Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ contributed to the concept of positive mental health. Ans: Humanistic psychology Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Positive Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 10. ______ asserts that happiness is a state of mind based on appraisals and evaluations of self and others. Ans: The comparison view Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanistic View Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Discuss the five principles of the humanistic psychology. Ans: (1) Holistic perspective—that individuals are more than the sum of their parts; they are more than a product of rewards and punishment. (2) Individuals are aware of their existence. (3) To fully understand a person, one must take their perspective of their world and life. (4) Individuals are rational and

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 knowledgeable so they can make choices and must be accountable for the choices they make. (5) Individuals can control the outcomes of their behaviors. Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What are the principles of existentialism? Ans: (1) Human beings create their own meanings. (2) Individuals are free and have free will but make bad choices or mistakes and are therefore sad and disappointed. (3) There is existential crisis in that there is no true meaning in life and it is a futile attempt to search for life’s meaning. (4) People become sad, anxious, and depressed because they cannot find the meaning of life. The only certainty in life is death. Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the main principles and historical contexts of humanistic psychology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Existentialism Difficulty Level: Medium 3. According to Rollo May, how should one handle fear? Ans: One should confront it, accept it, avoid it, or identify the fears. Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Anxiety and Personality According to Rollo May Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Differentiate D-needs from B-values. Ans: D-needs are rooted in the scarcity of something like food and water. B-values are being values such as truth, beauty, and justice. Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Discuss the characteristics of an autotelic personality. Ans: It is the personality of an individual who tends to be engaged in activities that are naturally rewarding and not necessarily associated with material goals such as fame, money, high status. This person has flow, curiosity, purposeful behavior and modesty. He or she tend to seek and create situations in which they experience flow states. Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Autotelic Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 6. How are Maslow and Rogers similar in their conception of humanistic psychology? Discuss these similarities. Ans: Rogers, like Maslow, believes that self-actualization is the highest level of psychological health. However, it doesn’t occur automatically. An individual must make the effort, be open to new experiences, learn, live each day fully, trust their decisions, enjoy freedom to choose, balance their needs, be creative, and participate in opportunities. For Rogers, these are fully functioning individuals who are then well adjusted, well balanced, and interested in learning and knowing. Learning Objective: 9-2: Discuss the four assumptions of existentialism and May’s findings about fear. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Carl Rogers and the Client-Centered Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Name the different views of happiness from the perspective of the humanistic tradition. Ans: Materialist view which is the accumulation of wealth leads to happiness. Progressive view which is receiving social services and satisfying basic needs lead to happiness. Situational view maintains that happiness is based on a person’s life experiences. The comparison view states that happiness is based on appraisals from others. The expectation view refers to the achievement of goals that one has set up for himself or herself. The biological view suggests that happiness is a product of one’s biology or genetic

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 makeup. The spiritual view emphasizes the importance for an individual of his or her search for a higher power. Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Discuss the humanistic view of happiness. Ans: (1) Happiness is achievable and can be learned. (2) More interpersonal action and engagement with others contribute to happiness. (3) Giving and receiving positive feedback about ourselves encourages optimism which stimulates joy and adds to long-term happiness. Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanistic View Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What are some of the applications of humanistic psychology? Ans: Psychotherapy such as existential therapy and client-centered therapy, end-of-life issues such as hospice care and assisted living, holistic health movement, and public diplomacy. Learning Objective: 9-3: Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying the Humanistic Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 10: The Developmental Domain Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The physical, psychological, and social behavioral changes an individual experiences throughout their lifetime are known as A. socialization B. human development C. assimilation D. emerging adulthood Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following is NOT a commonly distinguished developmental stage among contemporary scholarly books on human development? A. prenatal period B. childhood C. adolescence D. aging period Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 3. An individual obtains membership to a society and adopts its ideas and behaviors through a process known as A. emerging adulthood B. uncertainty orientation C. socialization D. openness model Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the popularized idea of a midlife crisis? A. the questioning of one’s own accomplishments B. certainty regarding future plans C. the realization of the pressures of age D. the experience of excessive anxiety about the future Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Is There a Midlife Crisis? Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

5. A measurement of resource availability, physical and financial security, living conditions, education and health care quality, the presence of violence, among other factors aimed at assessing an individual’s general well-being refers to the concept of A. accommodation B. collectivism C. heterotypic stability D. quality of life Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Quality of Life is Essential Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which of the following is NOT a developmental stage proposed by Jean Piaget? A. sensorimotor B. informal operations C. formal operations D. preoperational Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The particular physical, psychological, behavioral, and social characteristics that portray explicit timeframes in an individual’s life are understood to be A. developmental stages. B. degeneration. C. emerging adulthood. D. individualism. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Lev Vygotsky suggested that development occurred as periods of gradual change. According to Vygotsky, which of the following is NOT expected to follow these gradual changes? A. rapid transitions B. gradual transitions C. sudden transformations D. crises Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 9. A self-focused exploration of possibilities in work, relationships, interests, and values seen within the timeframe of late teens to the mid-20s is characteristic of A. collectivism. B. heterotypic stability. C. individualism.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. emerging adulthood. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Classification of Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Studies have shown that certain personality traits have a tendency to increase with age. Which of the following trait does NOT increase with age? A. extraversion B. agreeableness C. neuroticism D. conscientiousness Ans: C Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Specific Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The ______ model asserts that in the case of most adults, learned behaviors and the development of reliable traits occur early and tend not to change later in life. A. suppression–facilitation B. consistency C. degeneration D. assimilation Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Medium 12. According to the text, which of the following is NOT commonly associated with suicidality? A. depression B. borderline personality disorder C. substance abuse D. extraversion Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The idea that behavioral changes and trait adjustments to varying life situations occur continuously is consistent with the ______ model. A. consistency B. suppression–facilitation C. openness D. assimilation Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

14. Which of the following is NOT a significant risk factor for suicidality among the elderly? A. inability to function in daily life B. fear of risk-taking behavior C. failure to do what has been done for years with ease D. fear of a social disconnection Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Elderly Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The psychological stability of personality features, such as behavioral traits over an individual’s lifetime is characteristic of A. heterotypic stability. B. openness. C. homotypic stability. D. emerging adulthood. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Development and Stability Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The ______ indicates the difference between a child’s learning progress with help or guidance and another child’s learning achievement without the guidance of an adult. A. suppression-facilitation model B. consistency model C. zone of proximal development D. openness model Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 17. The 38-week timeframe from conception to birth is commonly known as the A. degeneration period. B. prenatal period. C. socialization period. D. trolley dilemma. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Which of the following are the most at-risk teens and young adults for suicide NOT likely to exhibit? A. optimism B. depressive illness C. substance abuse D. adjustment disorder Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Young People Difficulty Level: Easy 19. A generational relapse of physical and psychological traits is characteristic of A. socialization B. assimilation C. the trolley dilemma D. degeneration Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 20. In Piaget’s system, ______ is modifying one’s mental structures to fit the new demands of the environment. A. accommodation B. degeneration C. assimilation D. adaptation Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The extent to which a societies members accept that institutional and organizational power is unequally distributed is called A. assimilation B. power distance C. collectivism D. individualism Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 22. When Jesse moved across the country from Washington to California he had to engage in his new community eventually adapting its common ideas and behaviors. The process Jesse experienced is known as A. degeneration. B. assimilation. C. accommodation. D. socialization. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 23. The way an individual commonly deals with uncertainty in daily situations or general life is called A. accommodation. B. distress threshold. C. uncertainty orientation. D. power distance. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 24. In Piaget’s system, ______ is adopting operations with new objects into old mind patterns. A. degeneration B. accommodation C. heterotypic stability D. assimilation Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Roxie displays complex behavior based on concern for herself and her immediate family. Roxie’s behavior is consistent with ______. A. distress threshold B. individualism C. power distance D. collectivism Ans: B Learning Objective: Apply the key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Sarah lives in a wealthy neighborhood and attends a prestigious university nearby. She has grown up having access to a number of social and educational opportunities. Her health care providers are one of the best around and she has not had any serious medical concerns. Sarah is content with her life circumstances, she exhibits a good ______. A. distress threshold B. emerging adulthood C. quality of life D. homotypic stability Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Quality of Life is Essential Difficulty Level: Easy 27. When an individual expresses complex behaviors with a focus on the well-being of others, shared traditions, and values their behavior is consistent with A. individualism B. assimilation C. accommodation D. collectivism

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: D Learning Objective: Apply the key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: comprehension. Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Behaviors that were generally discouraged in childhood will be seen in clinics more often than generally acceptable behaviors—the resulting proportion is the A. degeneration. B. power distance. C. distress threshold. D. trolley dilemma. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The assertion that when certain behaviors are discouraged among a culture the presence of such behaviors will be less common among mental health facility populations is characteristic of the A. suppression–facilitation model B. heterotypic stability model C. openness model D. homotypic stability model Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 30. While human development scholars have distinguished a range of developmental stages they have also subdivided stages of adulthood. Which of the following is NOT a commonly distinguished stage of adulthood according to your text? A. early adulthood B. elderly adulthood C. late adulthood D. middle adulthood Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 31. The assertion that generally discouraged childhood behaviors will be more frequently seen in clinics than acceptable behaviors is characteristic of A. power distance. B. assimilation. C. distress threshold. D. uncertainty orientation. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Hard 32. The ______ model states that behaviors that are discouraged in a culture will be seen infrequently in mental health facilities. A. heterotypic stability B. homotypic stability C. distress threshold D. suppression–facilitation Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 33. The famous thought exercise that asks an individual to use rational reasoning and make moral choices regarding the sacrifice of human life in order to save others is known as the A. uncertainty orientation. B. trolley dilemma. C. distress threshold. D. suppression–facilitation model. Ans: B Learning Objective: Apply the key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 34. Michael believes that most adults learn behaviors and develop consistent personality features early in life and they do not change in later life. Michael adheres to the ______ model of stability and change. A. openness B. assimilation C. consistency D. socialization Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Easy 35. The process of adaptation or learning characterized by the adoption of operations with new objects into old mind patterns is called A. assimilation. B. collectivism. C. accommodation. D. individualism. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Development Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 36. ______ is complex behavior based on concerns for other individuals and care for shared traditions and values. A. Individualism B. Power distance

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. Collectivism D. Assimilation Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 37. ______ is the process of learning through the modification of one’s mental structure to adapt to the new demands of the environment. A. heterotypic stability B. accommodation C. Degeneration D. assimilation Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Development Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Jennifer believes that behaviors and personality traits are constantly changing throughout the lifetime according to changing situations. Jennifer adheres to the ______ model of stability and change. A. openness B. assimilation C. consistency D. socialization Ans: A Learning Objective: 3: Apply key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Easy 39. The contrast between the progress of a child’s learning with guidance and the child’s achievement without guidance is known as the A. accommodation. B. distress threshold. C. zone of proximal development. D. suppression-facilitation model. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Complex behavior based on concern for oneself and one’s immediate family or primary group is called A. emerging adulthood. B. individualism. C. power distance. D. collectivism. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 41. ______can be described as both a top-down process and a bottom-up process due to the impact of the social world on personality traits and the impact of personality on the social world. A. Socialization B. Assimilation C. Collectivism D. Human development Ans: A Learning Objective: Describe opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Marcus has known Todd since elementary school and the two now attend college together. Marcus often asserts that Todd has not changed over the years in terms of his personality features. Marcus is describing Todd’s A. assimilation. B. heterotypic stability. C. degeneration. D. homotypic stability. Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Development and Stability Difficulty Level: Hard 43. The new timeframe in an individual’s life characterized by the delayed transition into adult roles for purposed of personal exploration is known as A. human development. B. the zone of proximal development. C. emerging adulthood. D. uncertainty orientation. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Classification of Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 44. ______ is the extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. A. Power distance B. Degeneration C. Homotypic stability D. Heterotypic stability Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 45. The measurement of one observable personality feature consistency across a specific timeframe or over a lifetime is called A. socialization. B. homotypic stability. C. collectivism. D. heterotypic stability. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Development and Stability Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Jennifer and Allison have been best friends for years and know each other quite well. Allison describes Jennifer’s behavioral traits and personality features as adaptive to specific situations. However, Allison can attest to the consistency of Jennifer’s level of conscientiousness over the years. Allison’s testimony is consistent with A. homotypic stability. B. distress threshold. C. heterotypic stability. D. uncertainty orientation. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3: Apply key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Development and Stability Difficulty Level: Hard 47. The 38-week time frame prior to birth is called the A. trolley dilemma. B. socialization. C. assimilation. D. prenatal period. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Coined in the 1800s, ______ refers to the generational regress in physical and psychological traits. A. accommodation B. degeneration C. the trolley dilemma D. distress threshold Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Difficulty Level: Easy 49. The process by which an individual who is uneducated, poor, and predisposed to substance abuse raises offspring who will maintain a poor life with a lack of social opportunities is called A. degeneration. B. the trolley dilemma. C. the distress threshold.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. the zone of proximal development. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 50. All of the following are components of a measure of quality of life mentioned in the text except A. availability of resources. B. differences between personality traits among family members. C. physical and financial security. D. education and health care quality. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Quality of Life is Essential Difficulty Level: Easy 51. ______ is characterized by a cultures tendency toward the acceptance of inequality among the common and the elite. A. The suppression-facilitation model B. The zone of proximal development C. Power distance D. The trolley dilemma Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 52. The measure of similarity in the same observable personality feature in a particular period, including the life span, is referred to as A. heterotypic stability. B. emerging adulthood. C. collectivism. D. homotypic stability. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Development and Stability Difficulty Level: Medium 53. ______ is characterized by concern for others and is common among Asian countries. A. Emerging adulthood B. Collectivism C. Assimilation D. Individualism Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

54. According to the text, human development scholars have distinguished all of the following development stages except A. elderly adulthood. B. adolescence. C. infancy. D. childhood. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 55. The belief that the punishment of violence should result in lower frequencies of violence among patients of mental health facilities is known as the A. zone of proximal development B. trolley dilemma C. openness model D. suppression-facilitation model Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 56. The psychological consistency of an individual’s personality features, including behavioral traits, across the life span are known as A. the distress threshold. B. heterotypic stability. C. assimilation. D. homotypic stability. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Development and Stability Difficulty Level: Medium 57. Moral and immoral decision-making can be explored through the capacity for rational justification using ______ as an example. A. the distress threshold B. homotypic stability C. the trolley dilemma D. heterotypic stability Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Laurence Kohlberg: Personality and Morality Difficulty Level: Medium 58. The popular idea of a midlife crisis is characterized by all of the following except A. realization of the pressures of age. B. excessive anxiety about the future. C. doubts about future plans.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. fear of the past. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Is There a Midlife Crisis? Difficulty Level: Easy 59. Vygotsky initially developed the concept of ______to challenge standardized testing as a measurement of intelligence. A. the trolley dilemma B. the zone of proximal development C. the consistency model D. degeneration Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 60. The ______ model states that most people do constantly change their behavior and adjust their traits to changing life situations. A. openness B. degeneration C. consistency D. accommodation Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Medium 61. An individual’s socialization and development is best understood in the context of ______ or the individual’s overall well-being as measured by education quality and financial security among other factors. A. degeneration B. assimilation C. individualism D. quality of life Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Quality of Life is Essential Difficulty Level: Easy 62. Emerging adulthood is characterized by self-focused exploration of possibilities in all of the following arenas of life except A. work. B. infancy. C. relationships. D. interests. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Classifications of Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 63. The belief that personality and behavioral traits remain consistent across the life span of an individual is called A. homotypic stability. B. degeneration. C. heterotypic stability. D. collectivism. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Development and Stability Difficulty Level: Medium 64. The belief that most adults acquire (or learn) behaviors and develop stable traits early in life and tend not to change them later is characteristic of the A. consistency model. B. distress threshold. C. openness model. D. power distance. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Easy 65. An individual who experiences a strong religious family throughout childhood and who grows up to maintain such traits is a good example of the ______ model. A. openness B. assimilation C. consistency D. socialization Ans: C Learning Objective: Apply the key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Easy 66. The text describes an example of substance abuse in the form of glue among children. All of the following are personality changes they may experience as a result of this dependency except A. collectivism. B. anger. C. violence. D. irresponsibility. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Mark comes from a poor, uneducated family with a history of substance abuse. As an adult, Mark has lived his life in poverty with little access to social opportunities and has been struggling with an

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 increasingly detrimental substance abuse problem himself. Mark’s family, including himself, have experienced A. collectivism. B. degeneration. C. the trolley dilemma. D. the distress threshold. Ans: B Learning Objective: Apply the key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Difficulty Level: Medium 68. One of Erikson’s developmental stages, ______ extends from the late teens to the mid-20s (and even later) and is characterized by self-focused exploration of possibilities in work, relationships, interest, and values. A. heterotypic stability B. assimilation C. emerging adulthood D. homotypic stability Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classifications of Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 69. The extent by which individual members of a society experience discontent with uncertainty and ambiguity is called A. assimilation. B. distress threshold. C. socialization. D. uncertainty avoidance. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 70. According to Erik Erikson, if a growing child is not allowed to discover their own talents, as adults they are likely to A. maintain high self-esteem. B. lack motivation. C. have low self-esteem. D. prefer passivity to action. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Erik Erikson and the Psychoanalytic Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 71. ______ cultures tend to emphasize a concern for others. A. Individualistic B. Degeneration C. Collectivist D. Assimilation

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 72. In developmental psychology, the definite periods in an individual’s life that are characterized by certain physical, psychological, behavioral, and social characteristics are called A. collectivism. B. developmental stages. C. individualism. D. socialization. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 73. Piaget’s ______ stage is known for a learning experience through immediate experiences and the engagement with the immediate environment. A. sensorimotor B. animistic C. preoperational D. concrete operations Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 74. Lev Vygotsky suggested that all of the following were transitional stages except A. age 3 B. birth C. age 13 D. age 5 Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 75. The development of creative play, acquisition of language, and development of imagination are characteristic of the ______ stage of development according to Jean Piaget. A. concrete operations B. preoperational C. infantile D. sensorimotor Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

76. ______ is the process by which an individual becomes a member of a society and takes on its ideas and behaviors. A. Emerging adulthood B. Socialization C. The trolley dilemma D. Degeneration Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 77. The third stage of development known as ______, is characterized by the understanding of rules of logic and the start of comprehension of laws of physics. A. concrete operations B. preoperational C. animistic D. sensorimotor Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 78. John would much rather express concern over himself or his immediate family. He is not likely to express concern for others he does not share a connection with. John exhibits A. heterotypic stability. B. collectivism. C. homotypic stability. D. individualism. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Piaget’s ______ stage is characterized by the development of abstract thinking. A. sensorimotor B. concrete operations C. formal D. preoperational Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 80. The changes in physical, psychological, and social behavior that individual’s experience across the life span, from conception to their last days, are called A. human development. B. assimilation. C. socialization.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. degeneration. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Easy True/False 1. Socialization can be understood as both a top-down and bottom-up process. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Human development only involves growth. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 3. “The social” assumes that children should have certain natural predispositions to think, experience emotions, and act in a particular way. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Interact Difficulty Level: Easy 4. According to Piaget, the formal stage consists of the development of abstract thinking. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A good example of the openness model would be if an individual who experiences a strong religious family throughout childhood grows up to maintain these traits. Ans: F Learning Objective: Apply the key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Hard 6. The concept of the zone of proximal development was initially developed to challenge standardized testing as a measurement of intelligence. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Local migration creates a unique global culture which was never before present. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Globalization Affects the Individual Difficulty Level: Medium 8. According to Hindu tradition, life is represented in a linear fashion by which conception is the beginning and death the end. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Classification of Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 9. There is strong scientific evidence of the common occurrence of a midlife crisis. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Is There a Midlife Crisis? Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The 38-week timeframe prior to birth is known as assimilation. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The contrast between the progress of a child’s learning with guidance and the child’s achievement without guidance is understood to be the zone of proximal development. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The assertion that discouraged childhood behaviors will be more frequently seen in mental health facilities than accepted behaviors is known as the distress threshold. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Middle adulthood is NOT considered to be one of the subdivided stages of adulthood. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The most at-risk teens and young adults for suicide NOT likely to exhibit substance abuse. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Young People Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Differences between personality traits among family members is considered a vital component of a measure of quality of life. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Quality of Life is Essential Difficulty Level: Medium Fill in the Blank 1. A cultures tendency toward the acceptance of inequality among the common and the elite is consistent with ______. Ans: power distance Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 2. A concern for others common among Asian countries is known as ______. Ans: collectivism Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The generational regress in physical and psychological traits is called ______. Ans: degeneration Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The process of learning through the modification of one’s mental structure to adapt to the new demands of the environment is consistent with ______. Ans: accommodation Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Development Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Complex behavior based on concerns for other individuals and care for shared traditions and values is called ______. Ans: collectivism

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 6. ______ is characterized by the way an individual commonly deals with uncertainty in daily situations or general life. Ans: Uncertainty orientation Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 7. ______ are understood as the particular physical, psychological, behavioral, and social characteristics that portray explicit timeframes in an individual’s life. Ans: Developmental stages Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The process by which an individual engages in a new community eventually adapting its common ideas and behaviors is known as ______. Ans: Socialization Learning Objective: Apply the key principles of the developmental domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Essence of the Developmental Domain Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Lev Vygotsky suggested that birth, ______, age 3, 7, and 13 were transitional stages of development. Ans: the end of the first year Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 10. The stability of a particular personality trait present in an individual where others may not be as stable is consistent with ______. Ans: homotypic stability Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain Cognitive Domain: application Answer Location: Development and Stability Difficulty Level: hard Essay 1. In what ways can socialization be considered both a “top-down” and “bottom-up” process? Ans: Social factors shape the behavior of individuals and affect their personality traits. People also change the social world around them according to their own perception, ideas, and individual predispositions. Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: The Essence of the Development Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What are the differences between the ideas of developmental influences involving nature and nurture? Ans: The “nature” assumes that children should have certain natural predispositions to think, experience emotions, and act in a particular way. The “social” assumes that most human beings are born without significant natural foundations to have any particular personality traits as adults. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Interact Difficulty Level: Easy 3. How might the rapid global decline in fertility rates over the past 20 years affect quality of life? Ans: Smaller families are likely to mean more material resources available to children of the new generation. The focus of the family is shifting toward the child. Small families could also mean a shift from the traditional family of several generations living under one roof. Smaller families may also lead to differences in socialization patterns in the family. Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Globalization Affects the Individual Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What are the differences between the consistency and openness models of stability and change? Ans: The consistency model suggests that most adults learn behaviors and develop stable traits early in life and tend not to change them later. The openness model suggests that people do constantly change their behaviors and adjust their traits to changing life situations. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What does uncertainty avoidance mean for those at each end of the spectrum? Ans: People in high-uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to support beliefs promising certainty and to maintain institutions protecting conformity. People in low-uncertainty avoidance cultures are apt to maintain nonconformist attitudes, unpredictability, creativity, and new forms of thinking and behavior. Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Explain the trolley dilemma. Ans: You are asked to visualize a runaway trolley, rapidly moving down the railway tracks. You have two options: do nothing, and the trolley kills five people with a collision to the wall; or pull the lever, thus diverting the trolley onto the side track where it will kill just one person, who just happens to be there. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Laurence Kohlberg: Personality and Morality Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Explain the difference between the suppression-facilitation model and the distress threshold.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: The suppression–facilitation model states that behaviors that are discouraged in a culture will be seen infrequently in mental health facilities. The distress threshold asserts that behaviors that were generally discouraged in childhood will be seen in clinics more often than generally acceptable behaviors. Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 8. In your own words, define accommodation. Ans: In Piaget’s system, accommodation is modifying one’s mental structures to fit the new demands of the environment. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the developmental domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What was Vygotsky’s reasoning for challenging standardized tests used to measure intelligence? Ans: He believed that rather than examining what students already know it would be better to examine their ability to solve problems independently and with the assistance of an adult. He believed that when we study what a child can do alone at this moment, we actually study his or her development as of yesterday. Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 11: The Gender Domain Test Bank

Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is NOT an example of gender categorizing? A. enrolling a child in preschool B. buying a child either pink or blue clothing C. naming a child either John or Joan D. enrolling a child in either football or cheerleading Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following is NOT a feature describing one’s sex? a. external genitalia B. sexual attraction to females C. glands D. hormones Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ refers to anatomical and physiological characteristics or features of males and females. A. Gender roles B. Gender C. Sex D. Sexual orientation Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The features that are between distinct male and female characteristics are referred to as ______. A. external B. gender specific C. gender roles D. intersex Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The complex set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological features associated with an individual’s sex is a person’s ______ A. gender B. sex C. sexual orientation D. gender identity Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Medium 6. An individual’s self-determination (or a complex self-reflection) as male, female, intersex, or neither is called ______ A. sex B. gender Identity C. sexual orientation D. sexuality Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Medium 7. A combination and a coexistence of both male and female behavioral characteristics, features, and reflections is known as ______ A. sex B. transgender C. androgyny D. natural dominance Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which of the following is not a significant social component of gender addressed in the chapter? A. practicing cultural norms B. following expectations of what people should do as a member of a certain sex C. following laws regulating sex D. following laws regulating theft and protection of property Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

9. The ______ dimension of gender refers to the degree of experiencing being male or female. A. internal B. external C. public D. inherent Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The ______ dimension of gender refers to the roles that society assigns to each sex. A. internal B. external C. societal D. social Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Which of the following least fits the view of gender identity as described in the chapter? A. Gender identity is likely to change over time. B. Gender identity is a process. C. Gender identity is a product that is formed and completed in early childhood. D. Gender identity is subject to influence from different social factors. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Hard 12. Prescriptions and expectations assigned to genders on the female–male continuum constitute ______. A. androgyny B. sex C. sexual orientation D. gender roles Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 13. ______ is a general set of features associated with physical strength, decisiveness, and assertiveness. A. Masculinity B. Femininity

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. Responsibility D. Leadership Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 14. ______ is a general set of features correlated with beauty, emotionality, and nurture. A. Masculinity B. Femininity C. Understanding D. Caring Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 15. To be ______ means to feel that one does not fit into the traditionally assigned gender dichotomy, such as male or female. A. homosexual B. heterosexual C. transgender D. bisexual Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 16. ______ is the capacity for erotic experiences and related behavioral responses. A. Intersex B. Sex orientation C. Sex D. Sexuality Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 17. A ______ refers to romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific gender. A. sexual orientation B. sex C. sexuality D. gender Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 18. ______ is an individual’s romantic or sexual attraction to people of opposite sex or gender. A. Homosexuality B. Heterosexuality C. Bisexuality D. Asexuality Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Romantic or sexual attraction between people of the same sex or gender is ______. A. bisexuality B. heterosexuality C. homosexuality D. asexuality Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Individuals whose gender identity or gender expression does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth are referred to as ______. A. intersex B. heterosexual C. homosexual D. gender nonconforming Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 21. A general assumption about men’s physical, biological superiority over women is referred to as the ______ of men. A. natural dominance B. assertion C. superiority D. control Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traditional Views of the Sexes Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 22. ______ is the use of scanning and other techniques to visualize the structure or function of the nervous system. A. Sterilizing B. Neuroimaging C. Magnifying D. Electrographing Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Easy 23. ______ occurs with placing males or the masculine point of view at the center of a theory or narrative. A. Ambivalent prejudice B. Natural dominance C. Androcentrism D. Masculine protest Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traditional Views of Gender Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Alfred Adler described ______ as a woman’s psychological reaction of opposing male dominance. A. discrimination B. prejudice C. natural dominance D. masculine protest Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ambivalent Prejudice Difficulty Level: Medium 25. ______ refers to a concept according to which men and women have to perform a certain function in society. Men were expected to perform mostly instrumental functions, but society assigned expressive functions to women. A. Functional inequality B. Societal expectation C. Ambivalent protest D. Natural dominance Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Functional Inequality Difficulty Level: Medium 26. ______ encompasses the multidisciplinary field dedicated to studying gender and a wide range of gender-related issues. A. Personality

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. Gender studies C. Social psychology D. Anthropology Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 27. ______ is the view that women do not have equal rights and opportunities with men, and global changes are needed to achieve social justice. A. Prejudice B. Assertiveness C. Feminism D. Globalism Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 28. ______ refers to the style of thinking and behavior in men who, contrary to the prescriptions of traditional gender roles, tend to develop and display some feminine features and habits, especially related to appearance, clothes, and grooming. A. Homosexual B. Transgender C. Heterosexual D. Metrosexual Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evolving Views on Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 29. ______ is a condition in which an individual’s sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involve cross dressing, and also cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of function. A. Transvestic fetishism B. Intersex C. Transgender D. Gender nonconforming Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Transvestism, Cross-Dressing, or…? Difficulty Level: Easy 30. ______ is an aversion to homosexuality, and gays, lesbians, bisexual, and gender -variant individuals. A. Heterophobia B. Homophobia C. Prejudice

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. Discrimination Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: LGBT Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 31. ______ is an aversion toward bisexuality and bisexual people as a social group or as individuals. A. Heterophobia B. Prejudice C. Biphobia D. Homophobia Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: LGBT Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 32. ______ is the prejudice and resulting discrimination based on the views of sex or gender, especially against women and girls. A. Racism B. Biphobia C. Homophobia D. Sexism Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overcoming Sexism Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Studies across the globe show that violent behavior is more common in ______. A. men B. women C. children D. elderly Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Comparative Research Difficulty Level: Easy 34. What are the two major clusters of gender roles that have appeared across most cultural groups? A. dominant and submissive B. masculine and feminine C. laborer and intellectual D. rich and poor Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 35. What were gender roles in history typically about? A. the amount of power the individual possessed B. how much leadership someone displayed C. the activities an individual should have performed D. the size of the community Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 36. About how many Americans identify as transgender? A. one in every 4,500 Americans B. one in every 50 Americans C. one in every 1,000 Americans D. one in every 450 Americans Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Which of the following is NOT a major conclusion drawn by evolutionary research on gender and sex? A. All behaviors are genetically programmed. B. Predispositions to acquire behaviors are genetically programmed. C. Children across cultures are raised as boys and girls as a means of survival and preservation . D. Sexual selection is the strongest factor in determining most differences between males and females . Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories Difficulty Level: Hard 38. Which of the following is NOT a typical example of androgyny? A. a man who is both emotional and decisive B. a man who is both assertive and physically strong C. a woman who is both assertive and nurturing D. a woman who is both unemotional and beautiful Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Hard 39. Which of the following is a quality LEAST traditionally associated with masculinity? A. strength B. decisiveness C. emotionality D. assertiveness Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Hard 40. Which of the following is a quality least traditionally associated with femininity? A. emotionality B. nurturing C. beauty D. assertiveness Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Hard 41. Which of the following is NOT describing a component of gender? A. glands and hormones B. degree with which someone experiences being male or female C. behavioral features associated with an individual’s sex D. roles society assigns to each sex Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Which of the following refers to the anatomical and psychological characteristics or features of males and females? A. gender B. sex C. sexuality D. gender roles Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Which of the following is a category based on the features that are between distinct male and female characteristics? A. feminine B. masculine C. intersex D. homosexual Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 44. Who was the Austro German psychiatrist and 1886 author of Psychopathia Sexualis, a book about sexuality in which heterosexuality was considered normal and homosexuality was pathological? A. John Stuart Mill B. La Mettrie C. Sigmund Freud D. Richard von Krafft-Ebbing Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traditional Views of Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Medium 45. When viewing gender as a social category, what are the two gender dimensions? A. internal and external B. personal and impersonal C. societal and emotional D. beneficial and detrimental Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Medium 46. What is an individual’s self-determination as being male, female, intersex, or neither? A. sex B. gender identity C. sexual orientation D. sexuality Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Which of the following refers to prescriptions and expectations assigned to genders on the female– male continuum? A. gender B. sex C. gender roles D. sexuality Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Which of the following is NOT a major factor contributing to the preservation of gender roles? A. religion B. art C. ideology D. scientific advancements

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 49. Which of the following was an American psychologist who was among the first to find evidence that women’s performance on cognitive, perceptual, and motor tasks was consistently similar to that of males? A. Leta Hollingworth B. Alfred Adler C. Helene Deutsch D. Sigmund Freud Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ambivalent Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Which of the following is NOT a common dynamic created as a result of functional inequality? A. A man is expected to perform the physical labor. B. A woman is expected to protect the family. C. A woman is expected to nurture the children. D. A man is expected to provide funds and resources for the family. Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Functional Inequality Difficulty Level: Medium 51. Which of the following is a trait associated with an individual’s gender? A. an individual’s chromosomes B. an individual’s external genitalia C. the role that society has assigned their sex D. an individual’s anatomical and physical features Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Which of the following is associated with an individual’s sex? A. degree of experiencing being male or female B. refers to roles that society assigns C. psychological characteristics of the individual D. physical characteristics of the individual Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy 53. Which of the following is least likely to be supported by genetic research on sex? a. Sex is not a continuous variable.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. Intersex individuals are born with mosaic genetics—some cells have XX chromosomes, while others have XY. C. Height is likely to be impacted by genetics. D. Sex is influenced by many social and environmental factors during prenatal and postnatal periods . Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Medium 54. Which of the following is least likely to be supported by studies using neuroimaging methods to analyze the difference between men and women? A. Women tend to have more neurons related to language, hearing, and relational skills. B. Men show increased activity in brain regions associated with caring behavior . C. Men showed increased activity in brain regions associated with justice based judgement and behavior . D. Men and women show somewhat different types of responses in the brain related to making moral choices. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Hard 55. Which of the following is NOT an illness that has higher rates among women than men? A. eating disorders B. Alzheimer’s C. autism D. breast cancer Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Medium 56. Which of the following is NOT an illness that has higher rates among men than women? A. AIDS B. substance abuse C. autism D. Alzheimer’s Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Medium 57. Who was the English philosopher whose essay On the Subjection of Women advocated gender equality? A. John Stuart Mill B. Alfred Adler C. Richard von Krafft-Ebbing D. Sigmund Freud Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Easy 58. Which of the following is not an example of an anthropologist, psychologist, or behaviorist who claimed that the socialization practices prescribed particular roles to boys and girls to follow were inaccurate? A. Margaret Mead B. Sigmund Freud C. Lev Vygotsky D. John Watson Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Ambivalent Prejudice Difficulty Level: Medium 59. Who was the Austrian American psychologist and therapist who believed that women should abandon the traditional roles of mothers and wives, but that many women were not yet psychologically ready for this process? A. John Stuart Mill B. Leta Hollingworth C. Helene Deutsch D. Margaret Mead Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ambivalent Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy 60. Which of the following was NOT a reason women were passed up for opportunities to be trained professionals as discussed in the chapter? A. they were seen as emotionally unstable B. they were seen as having too much commitment to their family C. they were seen as overly sentimental D. they were seen as a threat to male trained professionals Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender Discrimination in Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 61. Which of the following is least similar to the ideas of feminism? A. For centuries, women’s propensity for peace and cooperation have been fully taken into consideration. B. Rejecting the notion of a “female brain.” C. Gender differences exist because historically, men have created customs, laws, and policies that systematically discriminated against women. D. Most of today’s societies are rooted in masculine culture that accepted war and violence . Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Feminism Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 62. Which two dimension of the Eysenck model of personality systematically differ between males and females? A. intelligence and stamina B. neuroticism and psychoticism C. extraversion and agreeableness D. conscientiousness and openness Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Comparative Research Difficulty Level: Medium 63. Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five factors that women tend to produce higher scores on? A. agreeableness B. extraversion C. openness D. neuroticism Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Comparative Research Difficulty Level: Medium 64. What does the Variability Hypothesis state? A. Behavioral and psychological differences within the gender are in most cases far less than between the gender groups. B. Men and women should have nearly identical scores in behavioral and psychological measures . C. Men have a shorter range of talents and deficits than women. D. Men and women are likely to be similar on many behavioral and psychological measures but men’s scores tend to group around the opposite ends of the spectrum. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Variability Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 65. What is the viewpoint of the gender similarities hypothesis? A. Males and females are alike on most, but not all psychological variables. B. Males and females are exactly alike on all psychological variables. C. Males and females are completely different on all psychological variables. D. Males and females have vastly different psychological capabilities. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Gender Similarities Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Which of the following does NOT describe a common assumption about personality challenged by The Psychology of Sex Differences? A. Men do better on difficult cognitive tasks. B. Women exhibit increased capacity for empathy.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. Men are less suggestible than women. D. Girls have lower self-esteem compared to boys. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Gender Similarities Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 67. The idea that males and females are alike on most, but not all psychological variables is referred to as ______. A. The gender equivalency theory B. The theory of psychological similarity C. The gender similarities hypothesis D. The male difference hypothesis Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Gender Similarities Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Medium 68. Which of the following is NOT an accurate example of how societal views on masculinity and femininity are changing? A. Gender roles are becoming more fluid. B. Metrosexuality has become more accepted. C. Expectations for occupation based on gender are becoming less rigid. D. Men and women are now completely equal in society. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Evolving Views on Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Hard 69. What did the Motion Picture Production Code in the 1930’s ban? A. any discussion or allusion to homosexual behavior B. any discrimination against homosexual behavior C. any discussion of homosexual or heterosexual behavior D. any discrimination against heterosexual behavior Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Evolution of Legal Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 70. ______’s Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female were significant developments in empirical research in the first half of the 20th century . A. Magnus Hirschfeld B. Alfred Kinsey C. Alfred Adler D. Margaret Mead Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Evolving Views of Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 71. Which of the following is an example of a psychological aspect that differs very little between males and females? A. neuroticism levels B. violence levels C. computational skills D. psychoticism levels Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain on individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Comparative Research Difficulty Level: Medium 72. Which of the following examples is modern research on personality differences between men and women least likely to align with? A. The sexes may differ in aggression levels. B. Differences in computational skills may be due to societal expectation for males to excel in math . C. The sexes may differ slightly in motor skills. D. Cognitive and psychological differences between the sexes are vast. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Gender Similarities Hypothesis Difficulty Level: Hard 73. The ______ in the 1930s banned any discussion or allusion to homosexual behavior A. Motion Picture Production Code B. Production Code C. Motion Picture Code D. Picture Code Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Evolution of Legal Knowledge Difficulty Level: Medium 74. ______ was the Austro German psychiatrist and 1886 author of Sexualis, a book about sexuality in which heterosexuality was considered normal and homosexuality was pathological. A. Alfred Adler B. Richard von Krafft-Ebbing C. Sigmund Freud D. Leta Hollingworth Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traditional Views of Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 75. ______ was an American psychologist who was among the first to find evidence that women’s performance on cognitive, perceptual, and motor tasks was consistently similar to that of males .

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. Helene Deutsch B. Margaret Mead C. Leta Hollingworth D. Alfred Adler Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Comparative Research Difficulty Level: Easy 76. ______ described male protest as a woman’s psychological reaction of opposing male dominance. A. John Watson B. Leta Hollingworth C. Margaret Mead D. Alfred Adler Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ambivalent Protest Difficulty Level: Medium 77. Which of the following is NOT an example of a factor that could affect gender and gender identity as mentioned in the chapter? A. physical injury B. family C. friendship D. travels Ans: A Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Hard 78. Which of the following is NOT an example of a trait in males that was used as evidence for natural dominance as mentioned the chapter? A. willpower B. nurturing qualities C. firm character D. physical strength Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Traditional Views of the Sexes Difficulty Level: Medium 79. Which of the following is NOT an example of a factor contributing to the internal aspect of gender? A. personal identification with a particular gender B. self-esteem level C. societal expectation and cultural norms D. sexual orientation Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Medium 80. President ______ signed executive order 10350, which banned “sexual perversion” in government and banned gays and lesbians from working government. A. George W. Bush B. John F. Kennedy C. Ronald Reagan D. Dwight Eisenhower Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Evolution of Legal Knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Being male, female, or transgender, in terms of gender roles, determines our sexuality and sexual orientation. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Definitions of masculinity and femininity are relatively precise and consistent. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Hard 3. The struggle for gender equality has evolved gradually, eliminating the gaps between gender roles. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evolving Views on Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Sexual orientation is a product that is created and finalized in early childhood. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 5. Sexual orientation ranges from either heterosexual to homosexual. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Feminism is the view that women do not have equal rights and opportunities with men, and global changes are needed to achieve social justice Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Homosexuality is an individual’s romantic or sexual attraction to people of the opposite sex or gender. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Up until the 20th century, most scientists emphasized the natural dominance of men, which was a general assumption about men’s biological superiority over women. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traditional Views of the Sexes Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Despite record of their existence throughout human history, stigma attached to the intersex remains high. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Evolutionary research on the topic of sex and gender has concluded that all behaviors are genetically programmed. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Men tend to be interested in women who display behaviors that are communal, nurturing, and socially oriented. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the gender domain to individual behavior.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Genetics has shown that people can have only either two XX chromosomes or two XY chromosomes. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Easy 13. A combination and a coexistence of both male and female behavioral characteristics, features, and reflections are known as intersex. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy 14. An individual’s self-determination (or a complex self-reflection) as male, female, intersex, or neither is called gender. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The external dimension of gender refers to the roles that society assigns to each sex. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank 1.______ is the lack of sexual attraction to another person and diminished interest in sexual activity. Ans: Asexuality Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ is romantic or sexual attraction toward both males and females. Ans: Bisexuality Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ is an acronym for an umbrella term for those who are gender nonconforming. Ans: LGBT Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy 4. In a society where gender roles are ______ defined and enforced, people whose behavior differs from such norms have been targeted, isolated, and prosecuted. Ans: strictly Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Medium 5. ______ is cultural and is the term to use when referring to men and women as social groups. Ans: Gender Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Easy 6. As opposed to gender, ______is biological and should be used as a term when the biological distinction is prominent. Ans: sex Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Natural dominance was a general assumption about the biological and physical superiority of _____ _. Ans: men Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traditional Views of the Sexes Difficulty Level: Medium 8. ______ are a large category of people in India known as the third gender. Ans: Hijra Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Sexes and the Intersex Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 9. ______ science does not claim that all behaviors are genetically programmed, but predispositions to acquire them seem to be. Ans: Evolutionary Learning Objective: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evolutionary Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Modern science shows that intersex individuals are born with ______ genes—some of their cells have XX chromosomes and some have XY. Ans: mosaic Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Describe the differences between gender and sex. Ans: Sex refers to anatomical and physical characteristics such as external genitalia, glands, and chromosomes. Gender is a set of psychological features associated with an individual’s sex. Sex is physical and is mainly determined by genetics while gender has a largely social basis. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Give the two main clusters of gender roles found across most cultures and give examples of expected qualities from each. Ans: The two main clusters of gender roles are masculine and feminine. Examples of masculine traits include physical strength, decisiveness, and assertiveness while example of feminine traits include beauty, emotionality, and skill in nurturing. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Give an example of traditional views on sexuality and gender roles being modernized through law. Ans: The legalization of gay marriage is a prominent example of traditional ideas shifting in American law toward a more inclusive viewpoint. Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: An Evolution of Legal Knowledge Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe the three strategies to help overcome gender stereotypes listed in the chapter and give examples of each. Ans: The three strategies to help overcome gender stereotypes are: be aware, look for multiple causes, and promote new perception. Being aware includes making note of your own personal experiences and stereotypes. Looking for multiple causes entails finding other reasons for what initially seem to be gender based differences. Promoting new perceptions includes creating new, sound research that illuminates the truth on gender differences.

Commented [PS1]: Please provide learning objective for fill in the blank type Question 9.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Reducing Gender Stereotypes Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Describe gender categorization and give an example of it. Ans: Gender categorization refers to assigning gender to individuals based on their sex. When parents buy their children either blue or pink clothing based on the sex, they are gender categorizing. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Sexes and Intersex Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Describe what it means to be gender nonconforming and give an example of it. Ans: Gender nonconforming refers to those who whose gender or identity expression does not conform to that typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. Examples of gender nonconforming individuals are those who fall under the umbrella of LGBT such as homosexuals or transgendered individuals. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Give examples of the external aspect of gender. Ans: Examples include societal expectations and rules. Laws and regulations also shape the external aspect of gender as well cultural norms. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender as a Social Construct Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Explain sexual orientation and give examples of how it is a continuum. Ans: Sexual orientation refers to romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific sex or gender. Individual's sexual orientation falls along a continuum in that it is possible to be something other than heterosexual or homosexual. Many people fall in the middle (bisexual) and some people are not sexual at all (asexual). Sexual orientation is also subject to change over time. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the gender domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Give an example of how neuroimaging has contributed to the understanding of physiological differences between men and women. Ans: Examples of contributions from neuroimaging include evidence that women have more neurons related to language, hearing, and relational skills while men have increased activity in brain regions associated with justice related judgements and behavior. Learning Objective: 3: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain Cognitive Domain: Application. Answer Location: Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 12: The Clinical Domain Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The ______ domain involves the study of personality with particular regard to abnormality, illness, and health care. A. differential diagnosis B. comorbidity C. clinical D. social Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Essence of the Clinical Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A disturbance of the body and mind that can impair functioning is known as a(n) A. comorbidity. B. neurotic character. C. stigma. D. illness. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Someone who exhibits ______ behaves and expresses feelings in the same way in various contexts. A. medicalization B. excessive consistency C. neurotic character D. overarching liabilities Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: On “Normal” and “Abnormal” Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 4. All of the following are considered stalker types as described in your text except A. the rejected. B. the resentful. C. the powerful. D. intimacy chasers. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Criminal Justice

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of paranoid personality disorder? A. suspiciousness B. pervasive mistrust C. high self-esteem D. a pervasive pattern of withdrawn behavior Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Paranoid Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 6. All of the following are validity scales used to help professionals identify psychological distortions that stem from the test-taking attitudes except A. the lie scale B. the assumption scale C. the frequency scale D. the correction scale Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 7. ______ is the process of interpreting behavior in medical terms for purposes of diagnosis and treatment. A. Medicalization B. Stigma C. Comorbidity D. Differential diagnosis Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Medicalization of Personality Features Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Negative perceptions leading to corresponding behaviors with regard to the social characteristics of a particular individual or group of individuals are called A. illness. B. stigma. C. neurotic character. D. differential diagnosis. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Stigma of Mental Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The level of agreement held between several professionals’ diagnoses of an individual is known as A. comorbidity. B. differential diagnosis. C. interrater reliability. D. overarching liabilities.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy 10. All of the following are part of the Odd and Eccentric Behavior cluster except A. histrionic PD. B. paranoid PD. C. schizoid PD. D. schizotypal PD. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of schizoid personality disorder? A. a sense of entitlement B. exaggerated introversion C. a pervasive pattern of withdrawn behavior D. limited relationships with others Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Schizoid Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 12. All of the following personality disorders are part of the Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior cluster except A. histrionic PD. B. avoidant PD. C. narcissistic PD. D. antisocial PD. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 13. A person’s views regarding the general process of test taking or a particular test are referred to as their A. stigma. B. interrater reliability. C. test-taking attitude. D. overarching liabilities. Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The ______ scales assist professionals in assessing an individual’s psychological distortions stemming from test-taking attitudes. A. K, L, M validity

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. L, F, K validity C. F, D, K validity D. A, B, C validity Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 15. ______ may refer to the development of a set of traits in early childhood leading to neurosis. A. Neurotic character B. Narcissistic PD C. Comorbidity D. Antisocial PD Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 16. All of the following personality disorders are part of the anxious and fearful behavior cluster except A. histrionic PD. B. antisocial PD. C. dependent PD. D. obsessive-compulsive PD. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Stalker types that typically lack many important social and communication skills are known as A. the resentful. B. the rejected. C. incompetent suitors. D. the powerful. Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 18. All of the following are one of the five broad domains of personality listed in your text except A. extraversion. B. neuroticism. C. narcissism. D. conscientiousness. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Trait Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 19. ______ personality disorder is characterized by suspiciousness and pervasive mistrust.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. Antisocial B. Narcissistic C. Avoidant D. Paranoid Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Paranoid Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Which personality disorder is known by exaggerated introversion and a pervasive pattern of withdrawn behavior? A. narcissistic PD B. schizoid PD C. antisocial PD D. paranoid PD Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Schizoid Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 21. An individual who displays abnormal ways of perceiving, thinking, acting, and communicating may be said to exhibit characteristics of ______ personality disorder. A. schizotypal B. paranoid C. schizoid D. narcissistic Ans: A Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Schizotypal Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 22. Stalker types who tend to ache from unrequited love and try to reduce their suffering are called A. the rejected. B. the resentful. C. intimacy chasers. D. incompetent suitors. Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 23. All of the following are characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder except A. extreme introversion. B. feelings of self-importance. C. grandiose but unrealistic self-image. D. profound feelings of entitlement. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Narcissistic Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 24. Stalker types who cannot accept their rejection or loss and try to achieve their goal by receiving acceptance are known as the A. resentful. B. rejected. C. intimacy chasers. D. incompetent suitors. Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Which personality disorder is characterized by an exaggerated form of extraversion and persistent grandiose lies made for attention? A. antisocial PD B. paranoid PD C. histrionic PD D. narcissistic PD Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Histrionic Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 26. A profound sense of entitlement is characteristic of ______ personality disorder. A. paranoid B. histrionic C. antisocial D. narcissistic Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Narcissistic Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 27. An individual who exhibits a pervasive pattern of instability by way of behavior, emotions, and thinking is said to express symptoms of A. borderline PD. B. antisocial PD. C. paranoid PD. D. avoidant PD. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Borderline Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 28. All of the following are characteristics of avoidant personality disorder except A. low self-esteem. B. fear of criticism. C. concerns about negative evaluation. D. feelings of entitlement. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Avoidant Personality Disorder

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Medium 29. A method to identify and separate one disorder from others is referred to as a A. comorbidity. B. stigma. C. differential diagnosis. D. the clinical domain. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder? A. a diminished ability to express thoughts B. exaggerated extroversion C. profound peculiarities of acting D. persistent elevated social anxiety Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Schizotypal Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 31. ______ personality disorder is characterized by manipulation and poor impulse control. A. Paranoid B. Schizoid C. Avoidant D. Antisocial Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Antisocial Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 32. Low self-esteem, fear of criticism, and concerns regarding negative evaluation are consistent with A. paranoid PD. B. avoidant PD. C. schizoid PD. D. antisocial PD. Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Avoidant Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 33. An individual who feels irrelevant, incompetent, unattractive, or ugly leading to submissive and clingy behaviors may exhibit symptoms of ______. A. borderline PD B. antisocial PD C. avoidant PD D. dependent PD Ans: D Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Dependent Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 34. The presence of one or several additional disorders in an individual are known as A. comorbidity. B. differential diagnosis. C. stigma. D. borderline PD. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of histrionic personality disorder? A. exaggerated form of extraversion B. a tendency to exaggerate experiences C. a sense of entitlement D. constant attention seeking behavior Ans: C Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Histrionic Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 36. The ______ on abnormal behavior suggests the existence of some universal psychological and behavioral features shared in individuals. Deviant and abnormal phenomenon across countries and cultures tend to be universal in terms of their origin and expression. A. relativist perspective B. universalist perspective C. clinical domain D. social perspective Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 37. ______ is characterized by ritualized thought patterns and behaviors. A. Paranoid PD B. Antisocial PD C. Obsessive-compulsive PD D. Avoidant PD Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Obsessive-Compulsive PD Difficulty Level: Medium 38. The ______ perspective looks to biological contributions that may influence personality disorders. A. biomedical B. trait C. clinical D. social

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Biomedical Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Traditional ______ models explore unconscious psychological mechanisms rooted in early childhood and/or heavily influenced by early experiences to explain personality disorders. A. psychoanalytic B. biomedical C. trait D. social Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Psychoanalytic Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of narcissistic personality disorder? A. preoccupation with self-appearance B. need for constant approval and admiration C. profound feelings of entitlement D. exaggerated introversion Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Narcissistic Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 41. Using a ______ of abnormal behavior puts it in a relative, comparative perspective. What is considered pathological in one culture could be regarded as simply different in another. A. universalist perspective B. social perspective C. relativist perspective D. clinical perspective Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of borderline personality disorder? A. high self-esteem B. feelings of emptiness C. extreme instability in self-perception D. impulsivity Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Borderline Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 43. ______ refer to a genetic predisposition affecting behavior under certain, unfavorable conditions.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. Overarching liabilities B. Stigma C. Borderline PD D. Comorbidity Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Biomedical Perspective Difficulty Level: Hard 44. The ______ tradition explores daily interactions and learning to better understand personality disorders. A. social B. biomedical C. behavioral learning D. universal Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Behavioral Learning Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 45. The ______ tradition explores information processing of the self and how such information may influence experiences or behavior. A. cognitive B. biomedical C. social D. behavioral learning Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Cognitive Tradition Difficulty Level: Hard 46. An individual with ______ has a genetic predisposition that affects his or her behavior and traits under particular, unfavorable conditions. A. comorbidity B. differential diagnosis C. overarching liabilities D. illness Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Biomedical Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder? A. impulsivity B. manipulative C. exaggerated introversion D. frequent lying behavior Ans: C

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Antisocial Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 48. In psychoanalysis, a ______ is a basic trait or a set of traits developed in early childhood that lead to the overt manifestation of neurosis. A. stigma B. differential diagnosis C. neurotic character D. illness Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 49. The ______ tradition explores personality disorders by way of examining abnormalities of basic, normal dimensions of personality. A. trait B. illness C. psychoanalytic D. cognitive Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Trait Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium 50. The ______ approach takes cultural norms into consideration when exploring personality disorders. A. biomedical B. psychoanalytic C. cross-cultural D. clinical Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 51. The ______ perspective of abnormal behavior suggests that individuals who are brought up in a diverse cultural setting will likely exhibit a relative, comparative perspective in their understanding of normal and abnormal behaviors. A. universalist B. relativist C. social D. psychoanalytic Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

52. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of avoidant personality disorder? A. high self-esteem B. elevated social anxiety C. fear of criticism D. concerns of negative evaluation Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Avoidant Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 53. The three validity scales that help professionals identify psychological distortions that stem from the test-taking attitudes are called the A. F, L, and O scales. B. L, F, and K scales. C. L, M, and N scales. D. A, B, and C scales. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 54. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of dependent personality disorder? A. overly submissive behavior B. high self-esteem C. elevated anxiety D. feelings of irrelevancy Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Dependent Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Easy 55. The ______ perspective of abnormal behavior suggests that there should be a universal understanding of normal and abnormal regardless of cultural differences. A. universalist B. relativist C. social D. clinical Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 56. Relative to cultural norms, the term ______ is indicative of societal levels of intolerance against specific behaviors and personality traits among a particular culture. A. comorbidity B. differential diagnosis C. tolerance threshold D. stigma Ans: C

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 57. ______ refers to additional disorders present in the same individual. A. Tolerance threshold B. Stigma C. Comorbidity D. Differential diagnosis Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity Difficulty Level: Medium 58. An individual’s view about taking a particular test or taking tests in general is referred to as a A. test-taking attitude. B. differential diagnosis. C. illness. D. stigma. Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy 59. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? A. exceptional organizational skills B. ritualized thought patterns and behaviors C. sense of entitlement D. strong preference for standard procedures Ans: C Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 60. The degree of agreement among several professionals when they separately diagnose an individual is called A. differential diagnosis. B. comorbidity. C. interrater reliability. D. overarching liability. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 61. The method to differentiate one disorder from others is known as A. interrater reliability.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. overarching liability. C. differential diagnosis. D. comorbidity. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity Difficulty Level: Medium 62. The ______ stalking type have difficulty accepting rejection or loss and aim to receive acceptance. A. resentful B. powerful C. rejected D. predatory Ans: C Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 63. Which stalking type aims to restore justice in the midst of the belief of mistreatment? A. predatory B. resentful C. rejected D. powerful Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 64. Seeking and hunting behaviors are characteristic of the ______ stalking type. A. powerful B. predatory C. rejected D. resentful Ans: B Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 65. Which of the following is NOT considered a stalking type according to your text? A. the rejected B. intimacy chasers C. incompetent suitors D. the entitled Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Hard 66. The negative perception and corresponding actions related to a person or group based solely on certain social characteristics they possess or are associated with is known as

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. comorbidity. B. differential diagnosis. C. illness. D. stigma. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Stigma of Mental Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 67. Which of the following is NOT one of the three validity scales used to help professionals identify psychological distortions that stem from the test-taking attitudes according to your text? A. the social desirability scale B. the lie scale C. the frequency scale D. the correction scale Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 68. A stalker type actively trying to reduce suffering from an unrequited love is known as a(n) A. intimacy chaser. B. rejected. C. resentful. D. predatory. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 69. The study of personality with a particular focus on abnormality, illness, and health care is known as the A. social domain. B. clinical domain. C. personality domain. D. comorbidity domain. Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Essence of the Clinical Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 70. ______ psychologists explore individual experiences and work closely with psychiatrists. A. Industrial organizational B. Clinical C. Sociological D. Environmental Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Easy 71. The process by which various facets of human behavior are interpreted in medical terms and thus diagnosed and treated by medical methods is known as A. comorbidity. B. the clinical domain. C. differential diagnosis. D. medicalization. Ans: D Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Medicalization of Personality Features Difficulty Level: Medium 72. Which of the following personality disorders is NOT part of the Odd and Eccentric Behavior cluster? A. paranoid PD B. avoidant PD C. schizoid PD D. schizotypal PD Ans: B Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 73. An individual who exhibits ______ has the condition of feeling and behaving in the same way regardless of changing circumstances and contexts, although a change in such behavior and feelings is generally expected. A. excessive consistency B. comorbidity C. stigma D. differential diagnosis Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: On “Normal” and “Abnormal” Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 74. ______ diagnose and treat mental illness using primarily medical methods. A. Clinical psychologists B. Psychiatrists C. Social psychologists D. Anthropologists Ans: B Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 75. Which of the following personality disorders is NOT part of the dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior cluster? A. antisocial PD B. borderline PD

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. histrionic PD D. paranoid PD Ans: D Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 76. Health care practitioners who work as primary caregivers of the patient are known as A. social psychologists. B. anthropologists. C. clinicians. D. sociologists. Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of the Clinical Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 77. Which of the following personality disorders is NOT part of the anxious and fearful behavior cluster? A. avoidant PD B. dependent PD C. antisocial PD D. obsessive-compulsive PD Ans: C Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 78. A(n) ______ refers to any condition, or a functional abnormality or disturbance, of the body and mind that impairs functioning. A. illness B. stigma C. comorbidity D. differential diagnosis Ans: A Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of the Clinical Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Which of the following is NOT one of the five broad domains of personality according to your text? A. narcissism B. openness to experience C. conscientiousness D. agreeableness Ans: A Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Trait Tradition Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 80. In studies of personality, the ______ involves approaches to personality from the position of abnormality, illness, and health care. A. social domain B. universal domain C. clinical domain D. relativist domain Ans: C Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of the Clinical Domain Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. The universalist perspective of abnormal behavior suggests that there should be a universal understanding of normal and abnormal regardless of cultural differences. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The rejected stalking type aims to restore justice in the midst of the belief of mistreatment. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Relative to cultural norms, the term tolerance threshold is indicative of societal levels of intolerance against specific behaviors and personality traits among a particular culture. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Cross-Cultural Approach Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Seeking and hunting behaviors are characteristic of the resentful stalking type. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Comorbidity refers to additional disorders present in the same individual. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The entitled is considered a stalking type according to the text. Ans: F Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 7. An individual’s view about taking a particular test or taking tests in general is referred to as a test-taking attitude. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The negative perception and corresponding actions related to a person or group based solely on certain social characteristics they possess or are associated with is known as antisocial personality disorder. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Stigma of Mental Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Ritualized thought patterns and behaviors are characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Ans: T Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 10. A stalker type actively trying to reduce suffering from an unrequited love is known as resentful. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The degree of agreement among several professionals when they separately diagnose an individual is called interrater reliability. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 12. The study of personality with a particular focus on abnormality, illness, and health care is known as the personality domain. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Essence of the Clinical Domain Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The method to differentiate one disorder from others is known as a differential diagnosis. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Industrial organizational psychologists explore individual experiences and work closely with psychiatrists. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The rejected stalking type have difficulty accepting rejection or loss and aim to receive acceptance. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Easy

Fill in the Blank 1. ______ personality disorder is known by exaggerated introversion and a pervasive pattern of withdrawn behavior. Ans: Schizoid Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Schizoid Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 2. An individual with ______ personality disorder may display abnormal ways of perceiving, thinking, acting, and communicating. Ans: schizotypal Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Schizotypal Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 3. ______ are stalker types who tend to ache from unrequited love and try to reduce their suffering.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: Intimacy chasers Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 4. ______ personality disorder is characterized by feelings of self-importance and profound feelings of entitlement. Ans: Narcissistic Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Narcissistic Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Stalker types who cannot accept their rejection or loss and try to achieve their goal by receiving acceptance are referred to as the ______. Ans: rejected Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ personality disorder is characterized by an exaggerated form of extraversion and persistent grandiose lies made for attention. Ans: Histrionic Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Histrionic Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 7. A pervasive pattern of instability by way of behavior, emotions, and thinking may be symptoms of ______ personality disorder. Ans: borderline Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Borderline Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Hard 8. ______ personality disorder is characterized by low self-esteem, fear of criticism, and concerns about negative evaluation. Ans: Avoidant Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Avoidant Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium 9. A method to identify and separate one disorder from others is referred to as a ______. Ans: differential diagnosis Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Medium 10. ______ personality disorder is characterized by a diminished ability to express thoughts. profound peculiarities of acting, and persistent elevated social anxiety. Ans: Schizotypal Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Schizotypal Personality Disorder Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. What is the significance of the terms “malingering” and “shell shock” to the early developments of the field of psychology? Ans: Since the inception of war, military commanders have had to deal with soldiers’ fears on the battlefield. Excessive fear was often labeled cowardice, and soldiers’ complaints about their acute emotional problems were called malingering—an intentional falsification of symptoms to avoid certain duties. Psychology, however, early in the 20th century, brought up the term shell shock to describe serious psychological symptoms of traumatic nature. Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Medicalization of Personality Features Difficulty Level: Hard 2. How does stigma impact psychology and mental illness? Ans: The stigma of mental illness affects the manner with which millions of people are viewed and treated. Today, people with mental illness are a vulnerable group as a result of the way society treats them. Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Stigma of Mental Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 3. How has religion influenced views of mental illness in society? Ans: Across times and cultures, religion taught that psychological abnormalities must have been caused by the devil or other forms of curse. It was also seen as God’s payback for an individual’s inappropriate violence, shameful desires, dishonesty, or perversity. Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Stigma of Mental Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Why are personality disorders particularly difficult to diagnose? Ans: A person diagnosed with a PD should have a history of inflexible, maladaptive, and distressful behavioral patterns. It is usually a challenge for clinicians to establish such a history. Personality disorders are especially difficult to differentiate from anxiety-related disorders. Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What approach do clinicians take with the treatment of personality disorders and why? Ans: Clinicians need to find the most effective, often “tailor-made” therapeutic approach to each patient. Some individuals need lengthy therapy, while others need it for just a short period. Learning Objective: 2: Describe the opportunities and limitations of this domain.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Treatment of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 6. How should suicide threats be perceived in any circumstance? Ans: Every suicide threat should be taken seriously. Early recognition of symptoms and clinical attention to such individuals can save lives. Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Suicide Prevention Difficulty Level: Medium 7. What are the stalker types mentioned in the text and how do they differ? Ans: The rejected cannot accept their rejection or loss and try to achieve their goal by receiving acceptance. Intimacy chasers tend to ache from unrequited love and try to reduce their suffering. Incompetent suitors typically lack many important social and communication skills. The resentful believe they have been mistreated and hope to restore justice. The predatory tend to behave as seekers and hunters. Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criminal Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What do each of the L, K, F validity scales measure? Ans: The lie scale measures social desirability. The frequency scale measures the degree to which a person has a feeling that he or she is different from others. The correction scale is aimed at measuring the defensiveness of a person or self-protection from criticism and exposure of own shortcomings. Learning Objective: 1: Identify the main features of the clinical domain as they apply to the study of personality. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnosing Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Name and describe one personality disorder from each of the three clusters described in your text. Ans: Odd and eccentric behavior—paranoid PD, schizoid PD, schizotypal PD dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior—histrionic PD, narcissistic PD, borderline PD, antisocial PD. Anxious and fearful behavior—avoidant PD, dependent PD, obsessive-compulsive PD Learning Objective: 3: Apply the key principles of the clinical domain to individual behavior. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 13: The Adjustment Domain Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Alex has just moved away from home to start college across the country. She has had to make several changes in her everyday life as a result of this transition. The changes Alex has made and will continue to make as she begins college life can be referred to as A. acculturation. B. distraction. C. adjustment. D. hardiness. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Essence of Adjustment and Coping Difficulty Level: Medium 2. An individual’s general ability to withstand difficult conditions is called A. optimism. B. hardiness. C. pessimism. D. sensitization. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Loenel Tiger argued that optimism is an evolutionary useful feature, mostly because of its role in coping: It allows human beings to do all of the following except A. manage their anxiety. B. cope with significant problems and crises. C. manage procrastination. D. counteract their fears. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Relatively significant changes in an individual’s behavior and experiences in response to external and internal challenges are known as A. adjustment. B. coping. C. optimism. D. stress tolerance. Ans: A

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of Adjustment and Coping Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A generally stable belief that positive outcomes will occur is characteristic of A. stress tolerance. B. pessimism. C. dispositional optimism. D. acculturation. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What are the top three stressors in the United States? A. problems with money, problems with health, and college responsibilities B. problems with money, problems with work, and family responsibilities C. problems with health, problems with friends, and family responsibilities D. problems with life styles, problems with work, and adult responsibilities Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Areas of Change Requiring Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 7. A deliberate and conscious effort to adjust to challenges, changing situations, and new conditions is known as A. denial. B. adjustment. C. stress. D. coping. Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Essence of Adjustment and Coping Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Psychologists have shown that human perception tends to be marked by three positive illusions, which are mild and positive distortions of reality. Which of the following are NOT considered positive illusions? A. an exaggerated perception of personal control B. self-enhancement C. unrealistic optimism D. flexibility Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Coping with Serious Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 9. John’s parents just divorced and moved into separate homes. John has been having a difficult time with the stress of the divorce. His mother has noticed that he has been overeating since the divorce was finalized. John’s reaction to the stress can be described as A. denial. B. compensatory behavior.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. avoiding. D. appraisal focused. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Which coping strategies focus on distraction from the stressor, relaxation, and it’s emotional meaning? A. relaxation training B. problem focused C. anxious avoidance D. emotion focused Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying Adaptive Coping Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Challenges that disturb the individual’s physical or mental equilibrium are called A. pessimism. B. stressors. C. burnout. D. disabilities. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Individuals Cope Difficulty Level: Medium 12. All of the following traits have been identified as contributing to stress tolerance except A. openness to experience. B. hardiness. C. individual impulse control. D. flexibility. Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Hard 13. The tendency to anticipate threats when the probability of such are low is characteristic of A. denial. B. catastrophic thinking. C. acculturative stress. D. learned helplessness. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traits that Negatively Affect the Coping Process Difficulty Level: Easy 14. When an individual chooses to direct their attention away from a stressor and focus on unrelated thoughts or behaviors they are using which avoidant coping strategy?

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. distraction B. procrastination C. catastrophic thinking D. ruminative strategies Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying Adaptive Coping Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The reaction to a condition that disturbs an individual’s physical or mental balance is known as A. stress. B. sensitization. C. acculturation. D. optimism. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Why Individuals Cope Difficulty Level: Hard 16. Avoidant behavior in which we consciously try to discount or ignore an apparent problem for some time, even though we are aware of it is known as A. flexible. B. rational. C. burnout. D. sensitization. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: knowledge Answer Location: The stressor Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Optimism is associated with ______ behavior, such as finding alternative solutions and experiences. A. flexible B. pessimistic C. exploratory D. difficult Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Greg often uses alcohol as a coping strategy because it temporarily reduces his painful anxiety and physical tension. Greg experiences these effects because alcohol acts as A. stress tolerance. B. a depressant. C. relaxation training. C. passive adjustment. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Fighting Alcoholism Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 19. All of the following are considered to be stressful professional changes except A. divorce. B. retirement. C. losing your job. D. relocating. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Professional Changes Difficulty Level: Easy 20. ______ is a stable pattern of behavior and experience that appears helpful in the process of coping with significant stressors. A. Acculturation B. Stress tolerance C. Catastrophic thinking D. Flexibility Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 21. ______ can be a single event in one area of life; it also can be a continuous development, involving many areas of an individual’s activities. A. Hardiness B. Denial C. Anxious avoidance D. A stressor Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Areas of Change Requiring Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Which of the following is NOT an example of a ruminative response? A. expressing how unhappy one feels B. wondering why one feels unhappy C. suppressing feelings of unhappiness D. thinking about how difficult it will be tomorrow Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Ruminative Strategies Difficulty Level: Hard 23. Which theory suggests that adjustment is determined by the personal ability to adapt and maintain positive illusions? A. cognitive adaptation B. passive adjustment C. ruminative strategies D. autogenic training Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying the Adjustment Domain

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Sarah is 6 months pregnant and has been reading every baby book she can find. She has also been preparing for the baby in the home. Sarah is ______ about understanding the challenges that she will face once her baby is born. A. in denial B. being flexible C. being proactive D. being optimistic Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Hard 25. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of emotion-focused coping strategies? A. actively reevaluating the psychological impact of the existing problem B. maintaining focused attention on the stressor C. gaining emotional strength D. seeking emotional support from other people and new sources Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Identifying Adaptive Coping Strategies Difficulty Level: Hard 26. Autogenic training is characterized by what main technique? A. ruminative strategies B. adjustment C. autosuggestion D. sensitization Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Relaxation Techniques Difficulty Level: Medium 27. An individual who is experiencing burnout is likely to exhibit all of the following symptoms except A. denial. B. extreme fatigue. C. pessimism. D. distrust. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The general capability to endure difficult conditions is known as A. acculturation. B. hardiness. C. denial. D. dispositional optimism. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Putting off impending tasks to a later time is called A. hardiness. B. passive adjustment. C. procrastination. D. dispositional optimism. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions commonly associated with serious illnesses are known as A. disabilities. B. hardiness. C. burnout. D. catastrophic thinking. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Physical Illness Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Gerald has just moved to Texas from Peru. He is currently facing a number of stressful cultural adjustments. As he moves forward he will continue to cope with the new social and cultural conditions. This process of coping is known as A. burnout. B. flexibility. C acculturation. D. stress tolerance. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Immigration Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Extreme fatigue, distrust, pessimism, and inefficiency despite effort are manifested in A. procrastination. B. burnout. C. acculturation. D. flexibility. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 33. After a breakup who is likely to recover more fully and come out emotionally stronger? A. neither partner B. men C. both partners D. women Ans: D

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 34. A tendency to depend upon others due to feelings of helplessness and an inability to deal with a stressor is known as A. passive adjustment. B. sensitization. C. hardiness. D. acculturation. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Medium 35. ______ is characterized by significant alterations in behavior and experiences as a reaction to internal and external struggles. A. Acculturation B. Immigration C. Hardiness D. Adjustment Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Essence of Adjustment and Coping Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Active and conscious intentions to adapt to struggles, changing situations, and novel conditions are known as A. optimism. B. autogenic training. C. coping. D. avoiding. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Essence of Adjustment and Coping Difficulty Level: Medium 37. When an individual migrates to a new country, they are faced with having to adapt to the new environment and learn the social norms of the new location. The stress experiences by such an individual in relation to these changes is sometimes called A. approaching. B. culture shock. C. denial. D. dispositional optimism. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overcoming Acculturative Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Persistent depressed mood, anxiety, irritability, sleep problems, and feelings of helplessness are collectively characteristic of

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 A. adjustment disorder. B. ruminative strategies. C. pessimism. D. learned helplessness. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Failing to cope with ______ stressors after moving to a new country is likely to lead to the development of psychopathological symptoms. A. learned helplessness B. pessimistic C. burnout D. acculturation Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Immigration Difficulty Level: Medium 40. The result of anything that disturbs physical or mental equilibrium is known as A. stress. B. sensitization. C. acculturation. D. optimism. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Individuals Cope Difficulty Level: Hard 41. The extent to which a person can cope in new and unique ways is called A. sensitization. B. optimism. C. flexibility. D. acculturation. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Individual Difficulty Level: Easy 42. Approaching can be ______ when an individual is aware of the problem or anticipates a stressor to emerge and thus has one or more strategies to deal with them. A. flexible B. proactive C. avoiding D. a distraction Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 43. People are more likely to practice conscientious health habits, including dieting and exercising if they develop all of the following except A. stress tolerance. B. a positive sense of self-worth. C. beliefs in their own control. D. optimism. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Coping with Serious Illness Difficulty Level: Hard 44. Harrison learns he has developed cancer at the age of 54. He immediately studies several available treatment options and chooses one. Unfortunately, this option proves to be ineffective. Harrison immediately seeks alternate treatment options and the guidance of several specialists. Harrison is using which coping strategy? A. emotion focused B. dispositional optimism C. problem focused D. hardiness Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying Adaptive Coping Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 45. The tendency to dwell over negative emotions and failed strategies is characteristic of A. procrastination. B. sensitization. C. distraction. D. ruminative strategies. Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ruminative Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Consistent behaviors and experiences that aid in the process of coping are characteristic of A. acculturation. B. stress tolerance. C. catastrophic thinking. D. flexibility. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Keeping oneself away from addressing a challenge or stressor is known as A. avoiding. B. optimism. C. approaching. D. pessimism. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Medium 48. An individual who generally believes they will encounter negative outcomes in the future is likely to be characterized as A. in denial. B. pessimistic. C. optimistic. D. Type D personality. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 49. Brian is known for his tendency to overestimate the probability of very negative outcomes. His friends always know he will generally foresee the worst possible outcome in any scenario. Brian engages in consistent A. denial. B. dispositional optimism. C. catastrophic thinking. D. acculturative stress. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Traits that Negatively Affect the Coping Process Difficulty Level: Medium 50. A state of a significant exhaustion and disappointment brought about by devotion to an activity that failed to produce the expected result or reward is known as A. learned helplessness. B. catastrophic thinking. C. acculturative stress. D. burnout. Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 51. Roxie is known by many for her positive outlook on life. Even in stressful situations she tends to look on the bright side and insist that things will soon get better. Roxie is a(n) A. optimist. B. pessimist. C. Type D personality. D. dispositional pessimist. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Which of the following has a tendency to be present in alcohol and substance abuse according to the chapter? A. optimism

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. stress tolerance C. hardiness D. anxious avoidance Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Denial Difficulty Level: Medium 53. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a manifestation of adjustment disorder in an individual unable to cope with major life stressors? A. persistent depressed mood B. feelings of grandiosity C. anxiety D. sleep problems Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 54. What strategy is characterized as proactive when awareness of the problem is present and strategies have been developed to handle the stressor? A. flexible B. approaching C. avoiding D. distraction Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Hard 55. Which positive illusion is characterized by someone who tends to think about themselves in a more positive light? A. avoiding B. problem focused C. emotion focused D. self-enhancing Ans: Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying the Adjustment Domain Difficulty Level: Medium 56. Jackson tends to cope in a unique manner. He makes it a point to research, rehearse, and expect negative events to happen in order to prepare for them. Jackson expresses A. sensitization B. unrealistic optimism C. stress tolerance D. anxious avoidance Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying the adjustment domain Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

57. The chapter describes an Australian scientist, Denis Wright, and his optimistic blog “My Unwelcome Stranger.” In the blog he writes about his struggles and daily experiences with brain cancer. The coping strategy Wright exhibits in his writing is known as A. denial. B. stress tolerance. C. sensitization. D. emotion focused. Ans: Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply the key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying the Adjustment Domain Difficulty Level: Medium 58. All of the following are characteristic of hardiness except A. stubborn behavior and an unwillingness to change. B. changes in strategies and behavior, as well as a commitment or sustained effort to achieve a goal. C. control, or the belief and the ability to rely on your own efforts, to solve a problem. D. a challenge, or commitment to test self and confront difficulties. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Easy 59. ______ is the general belief in positive or successful outcomes. A. Pessimism B. Adjustment C. Optimism D. Hardiness Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Easy 60. What personality is associated with an increased likelihood of developing burnout? A. Type D B. passive adjustment C. anxious avoidance D. Type A Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traits that Negatively Affect the Coping Process Difficulty Level: Easy 61. An individual who fails to cope with acculturation stressors after immigrating from one country to another is likely to A. develop learned helplessness. B. move back. C. burnout. D. develop psychopathological symptoms. Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Immigration Difficulty Level: Medium 62. When an individual experiences a crisis that is out of their control, they can become passive because they feel there is nothing they can do to make the situation better. The individual is expressing A. learned helplessness. B. sensitization. C. denial. D. hardiness. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Easy 63. In a psychological context, which maladaptive coping strategy is characterized by a tendency to disregard fact and maintain that something is untrue? A. avoiding B. distraction C. denial D. hardiness Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Denial Difficulty Level: Medium 64. Bailey, upon facing a significant stressor in her life not only aims to change herself but also aims to change the source of her stress. What type of coping strategy does Bailey use? A. hardiness B. denial C. stress tolerance D. approaching Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Medium 65. The tendency to delay imminent assignments is known as A. distraction. B. pessimism. C. procrastination. D. flexibility. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Easy 66. An individual who expresses thoughts and behaviors focusing on negative experiences, unsuccessful strategies, and distressing psychological symptoms due to their inability to cope with a particular stressor is using A. denial. B. ruminative strategies. C. autogenic training.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. relaxation training. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ruminative Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy 67. A pattern of dependency that is rooted in an individual’s feeling of helplessness and an inability to deal with a stressor is characteristic of A. passive adjustment. B. sensitization. C. hardiness. D. acculturation. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The stressor Difficulty Level: Medium 68. Coping strategies that focus on altering or eliminating the underlying source of a problem are known as A. negative coping. B. problem-focused coping. C. emotion-focused coping. D. optimistic coping. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying Adaptive Coping Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 69. Studies have shown that ______ have a tendency to promote healthy behaviors. A. stressors B. positive illusions C. disabilities D. burnout Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Coping with Serious Illness Difficulty Level: Easy 70. Ashley recently dropped off her daughter at a university two states away. In the past 2 weeks that she has been home she’s been overcome with sadness and feelings of loneliness. This stressful experience is often known as A. sensitization. B. flexibility. C. empty-nest syndrome. D. adjustment. Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Changes in the Family Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 71. Your roommate has recently encountered a major stressor in their life. You are concerned because he or she is actively refusing to think about it, handle it, or even approach it. Your roommate is engaging in A. anxious avoidance. B. procrastination. C. pessimism. D. optimism. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-3: Apply key principles of the adjustment domain to individual behavior Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Denial Difficulty Level: Medium 72. Which of the following is NOT an example of latent vulnerability traits? A. bad eating habits B. substance use or abuse C. propensity for hostile behavior D. regular exercise Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Traits that Negatively Affect the Coping Process Difficulty Level: Easy 73. Which coping strategy focuses on how an individual views a problem, its causes, the impact on us, and the anticipated result of our coping behavior? A. result focused B. problem focused C. appraisal focused D. emotion focused Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying Adaptive Coping Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 74. A type of coping that refers to deliberate attempts at changing self as well as the sources of stress is known as A. denial. B. approaching. C. pessimism. D. optimism. Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Medium 75. When an individual experiences a distressing psychological reaction to a foreign cultural environment they are experiencing A. acculturative stress. B. passive adjustment. C. stress tolerance. D. learned helplessness. Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overcoming Acculturative Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 76. ______ disorder is characterized by a cluster of symptoms associated with significant distress that occurs in someone who is unable to cope with major life stressors. A. Catastrophic thinking B. Adjustment C. Emotion focused D. Dispositional pessimists Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 77. Which of the following is NOT a step necessary to help individuals cope with acculturative stress? A. overcoming stigma B. hardiness C. gaining knowledge D. commitment Ans: B Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Overcoming Acculturative Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 78. Which physical and emotional relaxation technique is self-administered? A. sensitization B. dispositional optimism C. ruminative strategies D. autogenic training Ans: D Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Relaxation Techniques Difficulty Level: Medium 79. Psychological ______ in the workplace is correlated with better mental health and job performance. A. hardiness B. acculturation C. flexibility D. optimism Ans: C Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Individual Difficulty Level: Medium 80. Social inhibition and negative affectivity are characteristic of which personality? A. Type D B. negative C. Type B D. pessimistic Ans: A Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traits that Negatively Affect the Coping Process Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. A few months after leaving Sweden for the United States, Mike has not adapted well to his new environment and all the cultural differences set before him. He is not coping well with acculturation stressors. Mike is less likely to develop psychopathological symptoms. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Immigration Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Individuals who often want others to help them find the best way of coping engage in passive adjustment. Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Medium 3. As individuals we tend to maintain one particular adjustment style from stressor to stressor. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Men tend to recover more fully and come out emotionally stronger after a breakup than women. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Because alcohol is a depressant it permanently reduces an individual’s painful anxiety and physical tension. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fighting Alcoholism Difficulty Level: Medium 6. In passive adjustment training, an individual must concentrate on heaviness in the arms and legs, warmth in the body, respiratory and cardiac regularity, abdominal warmth and comfort, coolness of the forehead, and overall feelings of peace. Ans: F

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Relaxation Techniques Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Latent vulnerability traits may later develop into stable traits that are harmful in the process of coping. Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traits that Negatively Affect the Coping Process Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Substance abuse is considered to be one of the least harmful coping mechanisms. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fighting Alcoholism Difficulty Level: Easy 9. According to Loenel Tiger, optimism is an evolutionary useful feature, mostly because of its role in coping. It allows us to manage anxiety, overcome procrastination, and counteract fears. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Overcoming stigma is NOT a step necessary to help individuals cope with acculturative stress. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Overcoming Acculturative Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 11. To achieve deep relaxation or concentration, therapists can teach their clients various forms of meditation. Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Relaxation techniques Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The general belief in positive or successful outcomes is characteristic of pessimism. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Coping Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 13. An increased likelihood of developing burnout is characteristic of Type D personality. Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traits that Negatively Affect the Coping Process Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

14. The outcome of anything that disturbs an individual’s mental or physical balance is known as acculturation. Ans: F Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Individuals Cope Difficulty Level: Medium 15. In the workplace, psychological flexibility is correlated with better mental health and job performance. Ans: T Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Individual Difficulty Level: Medium

Fill in the Blank 1. The coping strategy considered to be one of the most harmful is ______. Ans: substance abuse Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fighting Alcoholism Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Serious illnesses are commonly associated with ______, which involve impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Ans: disabilities Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Physical Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Acculturation is the process of coping with new ______ conditions. Ans: cultural Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Immigration Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The psychology of ______ studies problems and conditions that cause people’s need for adjustment, the psychological mechanisms of adjustment and the ways to help them in their coping process. Ans: adjustment Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 5. ______ is a trait measured by the degree or the extent to which a person can cope in novel ways. Ans: Flexibility Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Individual

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Difficulty Level: Easy 6. People who are better ______ of their emotional responses are less likely to be stressed over time. Ans: managers Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Individual Difficulty Level: Medium 7. ______ is a general pattern of relying on others to address or resolve stressful events or life situations. Ans: Passive adjustment Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Stressor Difficulty Level: Hard 8. If their current relationship becomes a source of stress, women tend to be better ______ than men. Ans: negotiators Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Concentration on heaviness in the arms and legs, warmth in the body, respiratory and cardiac regularity, abdominal warmth and comfort, coolness of the forehead, and overall feelings of peace are characteristic of ______. Ans: autogenic training Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Relaxation Techniques Difficulty Level: Hard 10. We call people ______ if they tend to believe things that belong to them and round them are better than they seem or they will be better in the future. Ans: optimists Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Jacob is a 65-year-old male but feels as though he is actually 20 years younger. Why might this disconnection between his actual age and his perceived age be stressful? Ans: Because the physical decline and other changes associated with aging do not match people’s perceptions of their age. Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Aging Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

2. What are some of the characteristics of adjustment disorder? Ans: Persistent depressed mood, anxiety, irritability, sleep problems, and feelings of helplessness Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 3. List at least three symptoms of burnout. Ans: Extreme fatigue, distrust, pessimism, and inefficiency despite effort Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 4. You are an incoming freshman to a distinguished university across the country. In you’re first few weeks away from home you begin to notice that your roommate is not easy to get along with and has very different habits than your own. What two strategies noted in the chapter can you choose when facing such a stressor? Ans: To change something internally or not to change anything. Learning Objective: 13-3: Compare “helpful” personality traits with traits that are unhelpful in the coping process. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Individual Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What are some examples listed in the chapter of stressful changes in the family? Ans: Divorce, leaving for college, marriage Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Changes in the Family Difficulty Level: Easy 6. How is burnout different from depression? Ans: Depression is likely to impact an individual’s whole life, while burnout relates mostly to the job context. Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Difficulty Level: Medium 7. How is autogenic training different from relaxation training? Ans: Autogenic training asks the individual to concentrate on heaviness in the arms and legs, warmth in the body, respiratory and cardiac regularity, abdominal warmth and comfort, coolness of the forehead, and overall feelings of peace. Relaxation training is an umbrella term to describe a multitude technique or method used to cope with stress. Autogenic training falls under relaxation training. Learning Objective: 13-2: Describe the various types of adjustment and coping and their outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Relaxation Techniques Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Please explain in your own words the difference between optimism and pessimism. Ans: Pessimism is the general belief in negative or unsuccessful outcomes. Optimism is the general belief in positive or successful outcomes. Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals.

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 14: Personality Theories in the 21st Century Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. According to the book, one of the predicted trends in the future involve receiving significant feedback from what field of science? A. forensics B. neuroscience C. language D. chemistry Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: (no topic heading) Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Applying research in personality to practice is A. considered the top priority in personality psychology. B. a proposed strategy of increasing awareness of personality theories and their application to everyday behavior. C. one of the trends predicted for personality psychology. D. the next topic to be considered to drop from the field. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: (no topic heading) Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. “Hacking” living cells could mean A. changing personality traits through manipulating or altering cells. B. managing living cells on a daily basis. C. conducting a series of experiments. D. observing “hacked” brain cells. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case 1: “Hacking” Living Cells to Change Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is the co-occurrence of two or more chronic medical conditions in one person called? A. diagnosis B. risk factors C. multimorbidity D. correlates Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Case 2: Understanding Multimorbidity Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Studies on who have remained healthy through old age have generally found A. personality traits can make one relatively healthy. B. personality traits can decrease one’s life span. C. measurements of lifestyles need to be improved. D. the unhealthiest lifestyle involves smoking, poor diet, and little exercise. Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case 2: Understanding Multimorbidity Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 6. Which of the following below has been reported to affect a person’s life expectancy? A. optimism B. conscientiousness C. extraversion D. social dominance Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Possible Research in 2027: Understanding Psychological Multimorbidity Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The key idea in research in the future is to establish the most significant personality factors in multimorbidity. One of the three personalities that is identified is A. optimism. B. neuroticism. C. extraversion. D. shyness. Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Possible Research in 2027: Understanding Psychological Multimorbidity Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Low measures of sarcasm and irony is related to A. low measures of neuroticism. B. high measures of openness. C. reduction of life expectancy by 10 years. D. low measures of lying. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Possible Research in 2027: Understanding Psychological Multimorbidity Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Research shows that those who are short in height A. are more likely to be frustrated, scared, and less trusting. B. consider themselves as masculine as tall individuals. C. tend to have low self-esteem. D. are low in measures of neuroticism. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case 3: Height, Mind, and Self-Esteem Difficulty Level: Medium 10. What is an unpleasant feeling of falling short of traditional masculine gender norms that emphasize physical strength and decisiveness? A. expectancies shortage B. male discrepancy stress C. male norm bias D. shortage of standards Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Case 3: Height, Mind, and Self-Esteem Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Which of the following below is not a characteristic of “trolls”? A. they exaggerate and lie B. they sometimes praise but mostly offend C. they are antisocial and sadistic D. they have low expectations of themselves Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case 4: Personality Profile of the Internet Troll Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018 12. How do trolls exhibit their anger? A. they displace their anger B. they cause harm to others C. they act them out in violent fights D. they cry Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Case 4: Personality Profile of the Internet Troll Difficulty Level: Medium 13. One proposed way to examine and study trolls’ behavior is to A. examine their postings, comments, and likes in online interactions. B. place them in experiments and observe their behavior. C. have them fill out surveys assessing characteristics associated with aggressive tendencies. D. interview them. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Possible Research in 2027: Researching, Understanding, and Punishing Trolls Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The question to ask about personality psychology today and in the future is A. Can we scientifically examine personality traits? B. Can we better able to examine personality variables now than yesterday? C. Can we identify more personality traits relating to be happier? D. Can we include novel experimental assessment measures? Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case 4: Personality Profile of the Internet Troll Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Forecasting what humans will do in the future is difficult because variables are too complex and interconnected. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: (none provided) Difficulty Level: Medium 2. “Hacking” cells is a way to change personality traits. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Case 1: “Hacking” Living Cells for a Good Cause Difficulty Level: Medium 3. High scores on sense of humor are associated with a shorter life expectancy. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Possible Research in 2027: “Hacking” Living Cells to Change Personality Traits Difficulty Level: Medium 4. A troll vents their negative emotions and antisocial impulses. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Case 4: Personality Profile of the Internet Troll Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Shiraev, Personality Theories SAGE Publishing, 2018

Fill in the Blank 1. ______is the co-occurrence of two or more chronic medical conditions in one person. Ans: multimorbidity Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Understanding Multimorbidity Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ is considered a healthy trait that affects longevity. Ans: Optimism Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Understanding multimorbidity Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ is an unpleasant feeling of falling short of traditional masculine gender norms that emphasize physical strength and decisiveness. Ans: Male discrepancy stress Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Understanding Multimorbidity Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A ______ is someone who enters an online discussion and posts comments for the purpose of upsetting the discussants. Ans: Internet troll Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case 4: Personality Profile of the Internet Troll Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Discuss the reasons for the difficulty in forecasting what humans will do in the future. Ans: (1) There are too many variables to attend to in any one study. (2) These variables are interrelated to each other. (3) There are even more variables unknown to the researcher. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: (no topic heading) Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Discuss the characteristics of trolls. Ans: They are antisocial, lie, mislead, yet sometimes praise but mostly to offend, narcissistic, antisocial, enjoy power, dislike successful people, and enjoy power by disrupting conversations. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Case 4: Personality Profile of the Internet Troll Difficulty Level: Medium