Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4E Gregory J Inwood Test Bank by Ace Test Banks

Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th Edition By Gregory J. Inwood

TEST ITEM FILE Leslie C. Carrothers, University of Winnipeg Linda C. Jay, North Island College

Understanding Canadian Public Administration An Introduction to Theory and Practice Fourth Edition Gregory J. Inwood, Ryerson University

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Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition

Chapter 1 The Nature of Public Administration Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The study of public administration and the practice of public administration can be considered a) mutually exclusive. b) mutually reinforcing. c) expansive and ambiguous. d) distinct and separate. e) parallel but unconnected. Answer: b (p. 3) 2. The beginnings of systematic study of public administration a) are rooted from religious orders of medieval Europe. b) are ancient. c) date from early 1900’s. d) date from the Second world war. e) date from Napoleonic France. Answer: c (p.3) 3. The first modern statement referring to public administration as a distinct professional field came in a) an essay written in 1887 by Woodrow Wilson. b) a treatise written in 1776 by Adam Smith. c) a book written in 1900 by Frank J. Goodnow. d) an analysis written in 1922 by Max Weber. e) a theory written in 1936 by John Maynard Keynes. Answer: a (p. 3) 4. There is a considerable degree of variety of in masters’ programs in public administration because a) it is difficult to locate public administration within a single discipline. b) programs have differing objectives and institutional emphasis. c) a report on graduate studies in public administration in Canada concluded there is a considerable degree of variety. d) a and b e) b and c Answer: d (p. 5)

Test Item File 5. If public administration is about the public provision of services and regulations, it is necessary to consider a) markets. b) politics. c) revenues. d) public relations. e) profitability. Answer: b (p. 5) 6. According to Inwood, politics is about a) who wins the popularity of Canadians. b) who gets away with what, when and how. c) how the state responds to the public’s demands. d) how institutions divide power. e) efficiency over democracy. f) Answer: c (p. 5) 7. The effort for formal education programs in public administration increased a) during the 1980’s due to the power of public sector unions. b) from 1940 onward due to the administration of the war effort. c) during the 1960’s when universities invested in social science programs. d) from 1940 onward with the rise of social programs. e) from the 1960’s onward due to growth of the public service. Answer: e (p. 5) 8. The division of labour between those who make decisions and those who carry out the decision -makers’ wishes is called the a) bureaucratic supposition. b) political responsibility. c) political-bureaucratic enmity. d) political-administrative dichotomy. e) administrative discretion. Answer: d (p. 6) 9. According to Inwood, the division of labour between those who make decisions and those who carry out the decision-makers’ wishes is a) genuine and enforced. b) theoretical but impractical. c) handy but somewhat artificial. d) an essential practice. e) largely ignored.. Answer: c (p. 6)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 10. Bureaucracies are made up a mixture of elements that include a) red tape, instrumental conventions, institutional behaviour. b) personnel, formal rules, conventions of behaviour. c) formal rules, policy instruments, institutions. d) a and b e) b and c Answer: e (p. 7) 11. “Conventions of behaviour” refers to when bureaucracies a) depend upon voluntary compliance to regulations. b) develop their own internal logic and ways of doing things. c) emphasize formal rules and obfuscation over customer service. d) emphasize customer service over efficiency. e) are established through cultures of power and coercion. Answer: b (p. 8) 12. The culture of public administration exists alongside a) financial, hierarchical, and entrepreneurial cultures. b) international, linguistic, and legal cultures. c) societal, political, and administrative cultures. d) societal, familial, and gender cultures. e) financial, economic, and business cultures. Answer: c (p. 9) 13. To ensure citizens’ needs and wants are satisfied, the state uses a) market research. b) opinion polls. c) policy instruments. d) investment instruments. e) media. Answer: c (p. 8) 14. Policy instruments can a) include crown corporations. b) be enforced by coercion. c) depend on volunteerism. d) determine tax rates. e) all of the above. Answer: e (p. 8)

Test Item File 15. In a democratic society, we expect that government institutions will contribute to administration that is a) responsive and adaptable to economic influences. b) responsive and adaptable to international influences. c) fair and equitable in its treatment of organized labour. d) fair and equitable in its treatment of citizens. e) responsive and equitable in its treatment of special interests. Answer: d (p. 8) 16. In distinguishing public from private administration, government managers tend to a) work with smaller budgets dictated by tax revenues. b) work with shorter time frames dictated by the electoral cycle. c) work with more experts in special fields. d) work with more restrictions in hiring. e) work on life-long goals. Answer: b (p. 12) 17. In distinguishing public from private administration, human resource management a) emphasizes competitiveness. b) emphasizes fair and equitable hiring. c) is not about the bottom line. d) is about providing services to the public. e) is about determining the level of public services. Answer: b (p. 12) 18. The measurement of goals in private sector organizations is usually as straight-forward as the level of profit or market share whereas organizational goals in public sector are difficult to measure because a) they are dictated by public pressure. b) they are unprofitable goals that private sector ignores. c) they are difficult to financially manage. d) they have multiple and sometimes contradictory ends. e) they cannot be completed within the time frame of election cycles. Answer: d (p. 12) 19. Public sector managers must adhere to standards of accountability that managers in private sector do not face, which are from a) the media. b) shareholders and stakeholders. c) auditors. d) the body of administrative law. e) the body of contract law. Answer: d (p. 13) 20. Three “E’s” in the minds of public sector managers are a) economy, efficiency and effort. b) effectiveness, execution, and electorate. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition c) efficiency, economy and effectiveness. d) efficacy, energy and efficiency. e) entrusted, effective, economic. Answer: c (p. 14) 21. In the days of Sir John A. MacDonald, many bureaucrats attained their positions through a) meritocracy. b) peerage appointment. c) education and experience. d) patronage appointment. e) public competition. Answer: d (p. 15) 22. In 1911, a group of Ontario businessmen promised support for the Conservative Party led by Robert Borden if, upon winning, he would a) grant subsidies for Ontario businessmen. b) appoint war veterans to public service positions. c) initiate subsidies for Canadian trade. d) initiate a merit system of appointing public servants. e) increase the ratio of public servants per politician. Answer: d (p. 15) 23. The Civil Service Act, 1918 a) established a merit-based system of appointments to the public service. b) prohibited political activity by public servants. c) introduced job classifications to the public service. d) introduced competitive exams as a basis for hiring to the public service. e) all of the above Answer: e (p. 15) 24. Since the 1918 reforms through several Royal Commissions and Acts of Parliament, successive governments have engaged in a never-ending process of a) maintaining and building the professionalism of the public service. b) maintaining the focus of power in the hands of elected politicians. c) adding to the complexity of the public service to regenerate itself. d) adding to the complexity of the public service to regulate itself. e) distributing capacity to service providers in the private sector. Answer: a (p. 16) 25. According to Inwood, a period of retrenchment in the public service was precipitated by a) an increasing reliance upon charities and religious agencies. b) diminished budgets. c) a concerted attack on the state by right-wing think tanks and corporate controlled media. d) transfer of services to the “third” sector. e) devolution and revolution in the public sector . Answer: c (p. 18) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Item File Chapter 1 Short Answer Questions 1. Inwood suggests we can look at public administration through which two views? Answer (p. 3): Public administration can be viewed as a set of academic practices as well as a field of academic study. 2. Woodrow Wilson wrote an essay in 1887, in which he argued that political scientists of the day had ignored which fundamental question? Answer (p.4): Wilson wrote “it is the object of administrative study to discover first, what government can properly and successfully do, and secondly how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy”, Political Science Quarterly 3. When Czar Nicholas 1 claimed “I do not rule Russia: Ten thousand clerks do”, to which aspects of bureaucracy was he referring? Answer (p.7): The term “bureaucracy” is often negatively associated with the pejorative connotations of red tape, inefficiency, rigid lines of control, corruption, petty officiousness, and delay. 4. Public servants are not elected but serve in bureaucracies dedicated to what end? Answer (p. 7): A veritable army of people serve in bureaucracies dedicated to providing services, enforcing regulations, and formulating, implementing and evaluating policies for citizens. 5. If red tape is inefficient, what is the purpose of operating with so many formal rules? Answer (p. 8): Clear rules ensure that all services are provided equally to all citizens. 6. What does the “merit principle” state? Answer (p.12): The belief that all Canadian citizens should have a reasonable opportunity for employment and promotion in the public sector based exclusively on fitness to do a job is known as the merit principle. 7. What are the differences in how “efficiency” is measured in the public sector from the private sector? Answer (p. 12): Public sector managers must address concerns of equity and fairness amongst various constituents before answering questions of efficiency whereas private sector managers do not contend with such restrictions but seek lowest costs.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 8. Parliament scrutinizes the public service through which agencies? Answer (p. 13): The public service is scrutinized through the Office of the Auditor General as well as the Human Rights Commission and a growing body of administrative law. 9. How do politicians justify the passing of laws and regulations? Answer (p 13-14): Elected officials have a mandate to interpret the will of the people which must be turned into action through legislative or regulatory means. 10. Although not in the marketplace, public sector managers are forced to act competitively in another arena. Which? Answer (p. 14): Although public sector organizations do not compete in the marketplace, they compete with one another for government funds. 11. Governments often make decisions, such as decentralizing a program to several regional offices or subsidizing travel to remote locations. What part of the “Three E’s” measure is being used? Answer (p. 14): Such decisions are neither economic nor efficient (and are questionably considered effective). It can be said that the government is pursuing goals of equity and fairness over efficiency. 12. What is implied by the statement “nothing is more dangerous than a public servant who is technically fit but ethically flabby” Answer (p 16): Governments are entrusted to act in the best interests of society as whole, thus government personnel are held up to the highest standards of ethical behaviour.

Test Item File Chapter 1 Essay Questions 1. According to Inwood, what are the five main components of the public service bureaucracy? Answer (p.7-8): Inwood states that bureaucracies are made up of five components: personnel, formal rules, policy instruments, conventions of behaviour and institutions. 1)Personnel refers to the thousands of individuals who work in government offices, as well as schools, hospitals, universities, police and firefighter forces, the military, public works, parks and fisheries, and countless other departments to deliver public services. 2) These personnel carry out their jobs in the context of formal rules of the bureaucracy. 3) Elected officials and senior bureaucrats are decision-makers who determine courses of action known as policy instruments. 4) The tradition of how work is delegated and managed in the bureaucracy comprises conventions of behaviour. 5) Institutions are the structures within which government acts. 2. How is the merit principle applied in the recruitment of public employees? Answer (p. 12): The strict application of the merit principle requires that recruitment and training of public employees be carried out with adherence to strict rules and procedures. This is to ensure that fairness and equity are evident throughout. Furthermore, the public service ought to be representative of the population it serves which requires more extensive care in recruitment from diversified segments of society. 3. Describe the evolution of Canada’s public sector and the role of the state. Answer (p. 17): Inwood describes Canada’s public sector as existing in three eras: the minimalist state from Confederation to the 1930’s; the Keynesian Welfare state from the Great Depression to the late 1970’s and the neo-conservative state from the 1990’s to present day. During the era of the minimalist state, it was believed that the role of government was to impart law and order and provide the infrastructure for the building of the nation, especially with a looming threat from a strong nation south of the border. From the Great Depression, government learned to apply concepts from Keynes’ general theory and implement interventionist strategies in the economy to relieve unemployment and to counter inflationary trends. Fiscal instruments grew in popularity, especially through the state-centered policies from the Trudeau government during the 1970’s. By the next decade, public criticism over the size and power of public institutions pressured government to respond with curtailments. The neo-conservative state is characterized by on-going pressures to reduce the size of the public service and to shift responsibilities for public wellbeing to private producers in a process known as “privatization”. The consequence of privatization has opened a critical debate over the nature of public concerns, public resources and property rights, and the tension between the rights and privilege of individuals over the responsibilities to the collective society.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 4. Discuss the comment: “public administration is not about the bottom line” Answer (p.10-14): In Canada, the public service has a responsibility to administer resources on behalf of society and for all of society. Furthermore, it is required to uphold the principles of democracy, namely equity and fairness, in all its procedures. Consequently, public sector organizations must act with more caution and deliberative process than its counterparts in private sector. Moreover, the delivery of public services is more about fairness, equity, and democratic principles than the efficient use of resources; by their nature, public services are produced by the state because a profit cannot be realized by any private sector organizations. Therefore, to want to judge public sector activity by private sector criteria is nonsensical. 5. What is the distinction between public and private sectors according to political scientist, Graham Allison? Answer (p. 11-13): Allison points to eight distinctions between public and private sector: 1) Public sector concerns have relatively short time frames as action is dictated by electoral cycles. 2) Related to this is the fact that most top level public sector managers are moved to varying position in their careers. 3) Goals are measured by amorphous criteria such as “quality of life” rather than cost margins. 4) Within the public service itself, managers must abide by requiring lengthy, formalized procedures for recruitment and training. 5) Public sector managers must ensure equitable treatment of citizens rather than appeal to a target market of customers 6) Public sector activity is widely monitored and scrutinized by political watchdogs, private interests, citizens and media 7) By definition, public goods are intended to be universally provided (non-exclusive and noncompeting) and the efficiency of production is difficult to measure for public goods 8) Accountability measures for public sector organizations include parliamentary committees, the judiciary, the Office of the Auditor General, the Human Rights Commission and the body of administrative law.

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Chapter 2 Public Administration and Democracy Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Politics is about a) tax rates, spending, and fundamentally individual choices. b) conflict, cooperation, and fundamentally authority. c) legislation, people, and fundamentally power . d) a and b e) b and c Answer e. (p. 28) 2. According to Max Weber, there are three sources of legitimacy from which authority is derived: a) expert, charismatic, wealth-based. b) traditional, legal-rational, charismatic. c) legal-rational, monetary, social status. d) religious, coercive, populist. e) coercive, wealth-based, charismatic . Answer b (p. 28) 3. The rise of mass literacy was accompanied by the rise of “public opinion” which a) allowed the public to question rules and authority. b) encouraged traditional legitimacy. c) encouraged legal-rational legitimacy. d) a and b e) a and c Answer e (p. 28) 4. Regarding politics, Inwood describes power as a) the method by which governments change and challenge institutions. b) the method by which governments change or challenge existing laws. c) the ability to challenge, change or curtail attitudes. d) the ability to authorize, influence or coerce behaviour. e) The ability to coerce or influence expression. Answer d (p.28) 5. The rise of the legal-rational legitimacy in modern states has illustrated a) the increasing role of religion as a basis for legitimacy. b) the increasing role of religion as an influence for legislation. c) the diminishing role of religion as a basis for legitimacy. d) the diminishing role of religion as an influence for polity. e) the stabilizing role for religion as an influence for polity. Answer c (p. 28)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 6. The principle that no one- not even the lawmaker - is above the law is known as a) the equity principle. b) the democratic principle. c) the rule of democracy. d) the rule of majority. e) the rule of law. Answer e (p. 28) 7. Inwood stresses a key factor to understanding of politics is the boundary between a) public and private matters. b) government and industry. c) management and workers. d) tradition and innovation. e) change and compromise. Answer a (p. 30) 8. Direct democracy is a model of democracy in which a) each person has a ballot to elect a representative. b) each person has a ballot to elect a party. c) popular assemblies are constituted by the people to directly govern themselves. d) popular assemblies are organized to form political parties. e) citizens delegate others to exercise authority on their behalf. Answer c (p.31) 9. While it does not exist in its true form, we have in Canada forms of direct democracy such as a) the census. b) Ipsos Reid polls. c) party politics. d) referenda. e) TV programs like “Canadian Idol”. Answer d (p.31) 10. Representative democracy is a model of democracy in which a) popular assemblies are constituted by the people to directly govern themselves. b) citizens have the authority to make individual decisions. c) citizens delegate others to exercise authority on their behalf. d) a and b e) b and c Answer c (p. 31)

Test Item File 11. Representative democracy is a model of democracy in which a) each person has a ballot to elect a party. b) those elected to public office are vested with power to make decisions. c) citizens are one step removed from actual decision making. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 32) 12. Direct democracy and representative democracy both have at their core a) competitive elections, one vote per citizen. b) the notion of equality. c) constitutional protection of minorities. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 32) 13. Political democracy implies a) majority rule. b) equality for all citizens. c) protection from oppressive government. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p.32) 14. According to Inwood, the concept of representative democracy can be sub-divided into a) party politics and constituency politics. b) political democracy and economic democracy. c) majority rule and minority rights. d) direct democracy and political democracy. e) individual rights and collective action. Answer b (p. 32) 15. In Canada, we claim to have a democratic system because a) there is representation equally in the provinces and territories. b) all Canadians eighteen years of age and over are qualified to vote. c) there is a fairly equal chance that all Canadians have an education. d) there is a fairly equal chance that all citizens can participate in the political system. e) all Canadians belong to a political party. Answer d (p.33) 16. Four broad areas of political culture include an examination of attitudes a) toward political symbols and institutions. b) toward other actors in the political system. c) toward popularity in the media. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 38) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 17. Much of political culture is about a) acquisition of political power and prestige. b) how we feel about political knowledge, values, and beliefs. c) historical events leading to current affairs. d) our language and geography. e) singing the national anthem. Answer b (p. 38) 18. In 2006, a significant debate in Parliament on defining Canadian culture led to a) the designation of Quebec as a nation within a united Canada. b) the standoff at Oka. c) the creation of Nunavut. d) the North American Free Trade Agreement. e) the War Measures Act. Answer a (p.40 and 43) 19. The phrase “the longest undefended border” refers to a) the designation of Quebec as a nation within Canada. b) the creation of Nunavut. c) the North American Free Trade Agreement. d) the War Measures Act. e) the co-tenancy of Canada and the U.S. on one continent. Answer e (p.40) 20. To explain various interpretations of Canadian political culture, Inwood points to factors such as a) delegation of authority to provinces, regional interests, and the distribution of national wealth. b) historical events, language rights, religion, and Quebec separatism. c) Quebec separatism, a British system of Parliament, and aboriginal land claims. d) geography, aboriginal land claims, and proximity to the United States. e) geography, demography, three founding cultures, and proximity to the United States. Answer e (p. 41) 21. The Canadian constitution a) is the supreme law of the land. b) embodies the fundamental beliefs and values of a society. c) was won by a majority of 50% plus 1. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 46)

Test Item File 22. The relationship between different levels of government in Canada is ordered by a) Parliament. b) the British North America (BNA) Act. c) the Canadian constitution. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 46) 23. The Canadian constitution is a combination of a) the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Parliament, and the Prime Minister’s Office. b) the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the BNA Act, and a set of constitutional conventions. c) the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the House of Commons, and the Senate. d) provincial legislatures, the Quebec General Assembly, and agreements with NAFTA partners. e) provincial legislatures, Parliament Hill, and the R.C.M.P. Answer b (p. 46) 24. The fear that Canada would be culturally and politically integrated with the United States was a) eliminated by the Free Trade Agreement. b) the nationalists’ argument against the Free Trade Agreement. c) the federalists’ argument for more Parliamentary power. d) the federalists’ argument for language rights. e) a problem stemming from the War of 1812. Answer b (p. 47) 25. The Executive Branch of the government theoretically includes a) the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and the Leader of the Opposition. b) the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and the public service. c) the Crown, the Prime Minister, and the public service. d) the Crown, cabinet ministers, and the public service. e) cabinet ministers, the shadow cabinet, and the public service. Answer d (p. 49)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 2 Short Answer Questions 1. What is the distinction between direct democracy and representative democracy? Answer (p. 32): In Canada, we have a representative democracy where we delegate our decisionmaking power to our elected representatives. Inwood states “those elected to public office derive legitimacy to act authoritatively for others. In Canada, we have infrequent examples of direct democracy in the form of referenda where a question is asked and each citizen casts a vote in favour or against a particular outcome. In a referendum, the government is obliged to act upon the outcome of the vote; whereas another type of instrument called a plebiscite counts votes but does not bind the government to action. 2. What subjects are examined in a discussion of “political culture”? Answer (p. 38): Inwood identifies four broad areas in the study of political culture: First, a study of attitudes toward political symbols and institutions with the question as to how strongly citizens feel toward such symbols. Second, how strong is the tendency to identify oneself as a Canadian rather than, say, an Albertan or Newfoundlander? Third, how much trust does the average Canadian put in the political system, the leaders and the workings of political institutions? Fourth, how are political beliefs and attitudes learned and transmitted? 3. According to Karl Marx, which two classes of people are identified as being in opposition? Answer (p. 35): Marx claimed that, as a result of capital accumulation, society as a whole was splitting into two classes directly facing each other: the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (the working class). 4. According to Karl Marx, what changes in society would cause the state to “wither away”? Answer (p. 35): Marx claimed that if class differences were obliterated by a revolution, then private property would be abolished; this would eliminate the need for the state to protect private property since the bourgeoisie would no longer exist and the state would “wither away”. 5. What event is behind Inwood’s story of “Charlie Brown and Seniors’ Pensions?” Answer (p. 39): When the Mulroney government tried to de-index seniors’ pensions, the large demonstration and protest on Parliament Hill was broadcast with an image of an 80-year old Solenge Denis berating the Prime Minister proclaiming “You lied to us, Charlie Brown!” 6. Inwood identifies which three dynamics to explain the political fragmentation in Canada? Answer (p. 42): Three key dynamics in Canadian society are 1) Anglo-francophone relations and Quebec nationalism, 2) increasing and ongoing regionalism and 3) “continentalism” or Canada-US relations

Test Item File 7. What was the nationalists’ argument against signing the NAFTA agreement? Answer (p. 47): Nationalists argued that national identify was at risk if Canada submitted to the free trade agreement. As Canada integrated economically with the U.S., our political and cultural elements would be integrated as well; all things distinctly Canadian would be lost. 8. What is contained in Sections 91, 92 and 95 of the Constitution? Answer (p. 48): Section 91 of the Canadian Constitution contains the powers that are in the exclusive reserve of the federal government, section 92 lists provincial powers, and section 95 explains areas of shared jurisdiction. 9. Who are parliamentary actors? Answer (p. 49): Inwood classifies parliamentary actors as those who play a direct role in the formation and implementation of public administration. They are the executive branch (which includes the Crown, the government and the public service) the legislature whose members write, debate and pass the laws of the nation, and the judiciary that ensures policy is carried out within our laws. 10. What is the structure of the Canadian Legislature? Answer (p. 50): The Canadian Legislature is based on the British model with two houses: the elected House of Commons which represents constituents by number and the appointed Senate which represents interests by region. Because the Senate is appointed, it lacks legitimacy in the eyes of most Canadians, and is viewed as the last vestige for government patronage appointments.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 2 Essay Questions 1. What is involved in the question of economic democracy? Answer (p. 33) Inwood claims that the prohibitive cost of running for Parliament excludes many low-income Canadians from fully participating in the public process. Similarly, senior positions in the public service are taken by individuals from wealthy families who can afford the cost of higher education. Inwood asks” can public servants, along with their parliamentary masters, adequately and fairly represent and understand the views and needs of those who are systematically excluded from power?” Sociologists criticise our institutions because political democracy lacks a commitment to economic or social equality. They claim politics becomes the preserve of the idle rich, saying,”political equality without economic equality is a sham”. 2. How does Inwood distinguish state from government? (p. 35) Answer: (p. 34 - 35) It is useful to view government as the group or party that that currently holds power so that citizens can argue that a government is corrupt, wasteful or inept, and can be legitimately voted out. A “change of government” implies a challenge to the current group or party that holds power but does not imply a challenge to the state. The term “state” embraces the body of law and conventions as well as the legitimate institutions that operate within a society, and these are kept intact through law enforcement. Inwood cites Weber in stating that “the state is a human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.” He also quotes Leon Trotsky who said “every state is founded on force.” In addition, it is helpful to adopt Weber’s approach to view the state not in terms of its ends but rather in terms of its means, and, within this context, its inherent right to use force to impose rule. 3. What is inferred by the statement “certain kinds of limits on rights actually promote democracy”? Answer: (p. 34) Inwood explains that the struggle between expanding and limiting rights is the struggle of what he calls “the competing pulls of individual rights and group rights.” This infers a trade-off between the rights of the individual for herself and her responsibilities to the group or society. There is a supposition that an individual’s choices and indulgences not only affect the wellbeing and path of one’s life but may have an effect upon others in her group and may even influence or impact the collective health and wellbeing of the society. 4. How does Inwood’s term “three founding cultures” describe the unique mix that defines Canadian culture? Answer: (p. 40) Canada draws its legal and political structure from British traditions of Parliament and common law and the evolutionary transfer of power from a monarch to the people. In addition, Francophone Canadians are concentrated in a single part of the country and comprise a significant population that influences Canadian political culture. Moreover, the presence of aboriginal custom and relationships with aboriginal Canadians has influenced law, institutions and political culture from its colonial beginnings.

Test Item File 5. Theoretically, the decision-makers in our society are our elected officials. But closer analysis reveals that decisions are greatly influenced by which groups? Answer: (p. 49): Decisions are made and carried out by the Executive branch of government, which includes Cabinet Ministers and public administrators. Parliamentary actors within the government include the executive, legislative and judiciary branches of government. Extraparliamentary actors include individuals, groups, organizations that influence public administration from outside government. Within this sphere of influence are the spoken values and attitudes of party politics, industry and labour associations, special interest groups, religious organizations, social activists, environmental activists, as well as investment groups and international interests.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition

Chapter 3 Theories of Organization Chapter 3 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Organization theory addresses our need to understand a) the relationships between factors and strange attractors. b) our desire to garner power to create or destroy. c) the causes of war and aggression. d) what people do, how things get done, and why we have organizations. e) what must be done to create change. Answer d (p. 62) 2. Karl Marx is a major figure in the classical school of organization theory with a) concepts of socialism and the welfare state. b) concepts of communism and revolutionaries. c) concepts of class conflict and alienation. d) concepts of human behaviour in organizations. e) concepts of scientific management. Answer c (p. 62) 3. The basic characteristics of a bureaucracy are a) hierarchy of authority and work based on prescribed rules. b) continuity, impersonality, and expert work. c) delegation of authority and consensus decision making. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 66) 4. The bureaucratic organization has its beginnings in the writings of a) Frederick Taylor. b) Max Weber. c) George Hegel. d) Robert K. Merton. e) T.C. Douglas. Answer b (p. 66) 5. Weber regarded the growth of the modern organization and the bureaucratic form as a) a source of distress for the modern world. b) an entrenchment for the ruling classes. c) an impetus for change in a post-war era. d) the sign of a revolutionary age. e) the single most important phenomenon in the modern world. Answer e (p. 67)

Test Item File 6. The bureaucratic concept of impersonalization a) gives authority to those who have a right to it. b) is realized through the rigid application of formalized rules. c) detracts from the views that authority comes from tradition. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 68) 7. Critics of the Weberian ideal claim that informal patterns of behaviour can co-exist with the formal rules and these a) when disrupted can cause immense confusion. b) when in harmony can produce greater efficiency and effectiveness. c) when in conflict can cause immense acrimony. d) when challenged can invite disrespect. e) when established become entrenched in the organizational culture Answer b (p. 69-70) 8. In his book, Bureaucratic Structure and Personality, sociologist Robert K. Merton a) describes the impersonality of organizations as being dysfunctional. b) describes the devotion to rigid rules as dysfunctional. c) argued that certain goals of the organization may be dysfunctional. d) argued that certain aspects of bureaucratic personality may be dysfunctional to the organization. e) expressed deep concern for bureaucratic dysfunction. Answer d (p. 71) 9. According to sociologist, Robert K. Merton, the inability of a bureaucrat to address an issue that is outside the prescribed rules of the organization is called a) learned inflexibility. b) ineptitude. c) timidity. d) trained incapacity. e) substitution of self-interest. Answer d (p. 71) 10. S.M. Lipset studied the 1944 government formed in Saskatchewan by the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and illustrated that a) agrarian socialism is the only workable form of socialism b) agrarian socialism did not require the work of bureaucrats c) political reforms are often administratively unfeasible. d) senior bureaucrats, who do not hold the same views as their political masters, can sometimes thwart the political agenda. e) senior bureaucrats follow the values and ideologies of elected officials. Answer d (p. 70)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 11. In “Bureaucratic Structure and Personality”, Robert K. Merton illustrated that a) certain aspects of bureaucracy deconstructed the notion of inherited privilege. b) certain aspects of bureaucratic behaviour may be dysfunctional to the organization. c) devotion to the rules of an organization is of paramount importance. d) bending the rules of an organization is the way to build flexibility. e) hierarchy of authority is established through division of labour. Answer b (p. 71) 12. The term “span of control” refers to a) the numbers of workers that can fit within one public sector organization. b) the number of hierarchies that operate within one public sector organizations. c) the number of public sector organizations under the control of one Ministry. d) the range of public sector organizations under the control of one Ministry. e) the structure of the hierarchy of authority within one organization. Answer e (p. 73) 13. The theory of Scientific Management is attributed to a) Frederick Taylor. b) Robert Porter. c) Douglas McGregor. d) Karl Marx. e) Elton Mayo. Answer a (p. 75) 14. Scientific management refers to a) the approach of finding one best way to complete work tasks. b) the practice of applying rigorous experimentation to work tasks. c) using rational inquiry with human performance in the workplace. d) the fashionable attitude toward all things scientific in the 19th Century. e) all of the above. Answer a (p. 75-78) 15. POSDCORB is an acronym for a) planning, organizing, scheduling, delegating, controlling, observing, reviewing and budgeting. b) planning, organizing, supporting, directing, controlling, observing, reviewing and building. c) planning, observing, supporting, delivering, caring, organizing, recognizing, and beautifying. d) planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling, rewarding and budgeting. e) planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting. Answer e (p. 78)

Test Item File 16. Frederick Taylor conducted upward of 50,000 experiments studies known as a) workplace pressure studies. b) the Hawthorne studies. c) military precision studies. d) time and motion studies. e) piecework studies. Answer d (p. 77) 17. Taylor considered that a hierarchical pyramid of authority was controlled by the basic principle of a) division of labour. b) duty and honour. c) fairness and equity. d) natural justice. e) reciprocity. Answer a (p. 79) 18. In criticising Scientific Management, Inwood faults “Taylorism” with a) the error of focusing on the individual workers as the main unit of analysis. b) the error of explaining human behaviour in mechanistic terms. c) the error of explaining that workers are influenced by colleagues and social structure. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 80) 19. The statement that workers will achieve their highest level of effectiveness when they are allowed to manage their own affairs with no boss looking over their shoulder comes from studies conducted by a) Elton Mayo. b) Frederick Taylor. c) Abraham Maslow. d) Karl Marx. e) Max Weber. Answer a (p. 85) 20. Contrary to scientific literature, another researcher contended there was no “one best way” to motivate employees but that managers needed to be sensitive to the idea that workers have a variety of needs. He was a) Elton Mayo. b) Frederick Taylor. c) Abraham Maslow. d) Karl Marx. e) Max Weber. Answer c (87)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 21. In The Human Side of Enterprise, Douglas McGregor contrasted structural and humanist approaches to a management in a two-part typology, which he called a) the divide of structuralists and humanists. b) Theory X and Theory Y. c) Theory A and Theory B. d) the divide of leaders and followers. e) the iron law of oligarchy. Answer b (p. 89) 22. According to sociologist, Robert Michels, a phenomenon occurs in all large organizations where power is eventually concentrated in a small ruling elite at the top of the hierarchy. This is known as a) the divide of structuralists and humanists. b) Theory X and Theory Y. c) Theory A and Theory B. d) the divide of leaders and followers. e) the iron law of oligarchy. Answer e (p. 88) 23. Systems theory is expressed in terms of a) human interaction, choices, and relative satisfaction (utility). b) measurement, comparison against a standard, taking corrective action. c) strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. d) goal-setting, communication, and evaluative feedback. e) inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. Answer e (p. 89) 24. Population ecology a) is derived from the libertarian school of economics. b) views organizations as competing for scarce resources to survive in complex environments. c) is derived from Darwinism. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 91-92) 25. The five disciplines of personal mastery, mental modeling, building shared vision, team learning and systems thinking are described by a) Peter Senge. b) Pierre Trudeau. c) James Thompson. d) Robert Michels. e) Katz and Kahn. Answer a (p. 89)

Test Item File Chapter 3 Short Answer Questions 1. Weber discusses four main features in modern systems of organization. What are they? Answer (p. 66): According to Weber, the modern organization of his time requires 1) hierarchy in which everyone has a clearly defined role within a division of labour and answers to a superior 2) continuity in the sense that organisational objectives are met regardless of who completes the tasks 3) impersonality, meaning work is based on prescribed rules and 4) expertise, where knowledge and merit are encouraged and rewarded. 2. What is the leftist criticism of Weber’s theory? Answer (p. 69): Weber believed human beings are constantly striving for power and self-gain and needed discipline and control. Leftist critics, however, saw that workers could be subsumed by a bureaucratic machine, lose their individuality, and fall victim to “extreme limitation of personal freedom and spontaneity” to become dehumanized “cogs in a wheel”. 3. What is the basic belief of structuralist theories? Answer (p. 74): Structuralist theories see workers in administrative organizations as little more than interchangeable parts. Work can be rationalized and administered efficiently with little regard to personal or individual needs. The goal of organizational theory, then, is to achieve maximum efficiency with least resources. 4. What transitional problem was scientific management supposed to address? Answer (p. 75): During the industrial revolution, technological advances led to large scale factory production where workers were increasingly “deskilled” on the assembly line. The purpose of scientific management was to rationalize work to routines so that workers and machines together could produce efficiently. 5. What does scientific management study? Answer (p. 77): Frederick Winslow Taylor was less interested in organizations than in the capacity of a single worker to perform tasks in a factory setting. While employed at Midvale Steel Company in Philadelphia, Taylor developed a system of measuring work performance in an effort to find “one best way” to complete work. He applied the results of his time and motion studies to methods of regulating the work routine, and of saving time and money. 6. Who was Mary Parker Follett? Answer (p. 81) Mary Parker Follett wrote “The Giving of Orders” in 1926, in which she challenged conventional notions that leadership involved the exercise of top-down authority in giving linear directions down a hierarchy. Instead, Follett proposed the existence of a continuous loop of managerial direction and workers’ responses that eventually uncovers a divergence of power between formal lines of authority from above and informal factions of leadership from below. She argued for an approach that would be known today as “participatory management”. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 7. What important conclusion did the Hawthorne studies make regarding conventional economic incentives? Answer (p. 83): The human relations school discovered the importance of the “informal group”. They claimed that economic incentives, even free breakfasts, rest breaks, and improved physical working conditions would never be as powerful as the “social controls” exercised by the group in the workplace. Workers are more responsive to peer pressure than to management controls. 8. The human relations school, like scientific management, had a distrust of unions and collective bargaining. Why? Answer (p. 87-88): The criticism of the human relations approach is that it was managementcentered and aimed to control the worker by co-opting the efforts of informal groups rather than dispersing it. Mayo and other humanists believed that unions and collective bargaining emphasized divisions between workers and management. Neither the scientific management school nor human relations theorists considered that a natural community of interests exists between workers and managers to continue operating a successful manufacturing plant. 9. Describe systems theory Answer (p. 89) Systems theory sees organizations as made up of complex and dynamic interconnected elements (e.g. inputs, processes, outputs, and a feedback loop, whereby outputs re-enter the system as new inputs). 10. A divergence from systems theory is contingency theory. What does this theory propose? Answer (p. 91) Contingency theory suggests there are no absolutes or universal rules that apply to all organizations in all circumstances. The effectiveness of organizational action depends upon the relationship between the element in question and all other aspects of the system – at the particular moment.

Test Item File Chapter 3 Essay Questions 1. What does Marx say is the role of bureaucracy in a capitalist society? Answer (p 63): Within the context of a capitalist society, Marx saw the bureaucracy as having the complicated role of protecting the dominant class but appearing to appease the masses. Its main purpose was to maintain the class distinctions and domination that sustain the rule of the business class. In effect, the bureaucracy served as an instrument of rule from above. At the same time, the bureaucracy was to present itself as representing the general interest, therefore, presenting a facade of autonomy from the ruling class. 2. What was Hegel’s view of the role of bureaucracy in society? What was Marx’s criticism of Hegel’s view? Answer (p. 63): The state bureaucracy, in Hegel’s view, was the medium through which a particular interest in a society could be transformed into the general interest. For Hegel, the bureaucracy was a bridge between the state and pockets of civil society and the state represented the overall good of society. Marx rejected Hegel’s view of bureaucracy. He saw past the ideal and recognized that the bureaucracy was made up of real people involved in sets of social relationships and making decisions and recommendations on the exercise of power and authority. 3. Describe the school of thought known as neo-Marxism Answer (p. 65) Subsequent thinkers have taken ideas from Marx’s writings to develop a neoMarxist philosophy that considers the workings of the modern capitalist state. In such a society, the state creates policies to encourage, support and protect capital accumulation. This type of legislation may include subsidies to support new industries or technological development, or it may offer tax incentives to encourage investment into particular growth industries. The state also plays a major role in addressing possible issues of class conflict, using policies of legitimation to keep the working class content and acquiescent to the economic directives of capitalists. Such policies may include minimum wage legislation, employment insurance, and the right to collective bargaining. The modern capital state requires peace and order in that wealth is generated and distributed fairly to all people. Issues of unequal distribution and sometimes inequitable treatment can lead to discontent and the type of uneasiness witnessed during 2011 in Athens which brought economic activity to a halt. 4. Why is a meritocracy seen as a modern development? Answer (p. 68): Weber saw bureaucratization as a rational systematic, logical and scientific approach to organization. Historically, people were guided in their actions and behaviours through tradition, habit, instincts, and passions. With the Age of Enlightenment in the seventeenth century, concepts of reason and rational thought replaced religion and tradition as guides to actions and behaviours. Rationalism in daily life undermined the notion that authority and the ability to yield power should be based on tradition or inheritance; rather, people wanted to bestow authority upon those who merited it most.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 5. List and briefly describe the five principles of human behaviour derived from the Hawthorne Studies. Answer (p. 85) Elton Mayo projected his own philosophy on the findings of the Hawthorne studies to derive the following five principles of human behaviour: 1) Social norms: Organizational effectiveness is determined by social norms. The amount of work carried by a single worker is determined more from social capacity than physical capacity or administration. 2) The Group: group standards strongly influence the behaviour of individuals 3) Rewards and sanctions: the strongest motivators on the job are respect, affection and appeals to group loyalty over a system of economic incentives. 4) Supervision: effective supervision results when managers consult the group and informal leaders to win acceptance of organizational objectives. 5) Democratic administration: workers will achieve their highest level of effectiveness when they are allowed to manage their own affairs.

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Chapter 4 Organization Theory and Canadian Public Administration Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The intention of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1918 was a) to discriminate between public servants who received positions from patronage as opposed to merit. b) to clarify the duties of public servants as being separate and distinct from responsibilities of politicians. c) to clarify the system by which public servants would receive payment and promotion. d) to eliminate all irrelevant consideration in the hiring of government workers. e) to ensure all federal civil servants were bilingual. Answer d (p. 101) 2. The reforms in the Civil Service Reform Act created a civil service commission which a) chose government personnel based on scientific principles. b) allowed examinations to be devised by which the best candidates could apply for positions. c) perpetuated the myth that people are hired by “who you know, not what you know”. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 101) 3. The principle that states that work tasks of a similar nature should be grouped together is known as a) unity of command. b) span of control. c) unity of direction. d) chain of command. e) managerial discretion. Answer c (p. 101) 4. Consultation between top managers and their immediate subordinates to determine an organization’s broad goals is the first step in a) New Public Management. b) Organizational Design. c) Total Quality Management. d) feminist theory. e) Management by Objectives. Answer e (p. 103)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 5. Participatory management is a group of theories which includes a) worker’s cooperatives, minority rights, feminist theory. b) Scientific Management and the Hawthorne Studies. c) NPM, Organizational Behaviour, and the Learning Organization. d) MBO, OD, and TQM. e) collective bargaining and efficiency studies. Answer d (p. 103-105) 6. Who is the originator of Organization Development? a) Peter Drucker. b) Elton Mayo. c) Peter Senge. d) Kurt Lewin. e) Edward Deming. Answer d (p. 103) 7. Who is the originator of Management by Objectives? a) Peter Drucker. b) Elton Mayo. c) Peter Senge. d) Kurt Lewin. e) Edward Deming. Answer a (p. 103) 8. Who is the originator of Total Quality Management? a) Peter Drucker. b) Elton Mayo. c) Peter Senge. d) Kurt Lewin. e) Edward Deming. Answer e (p. 105) 9. A new public sector organization differs from a traditional hierarchy in that it a) has a flattened and decentralized organization and decision making. b) builds consensus to legitimize authority. c) is managed from the bottom up. d) Is managed using quality circles. e) involves partnerships with private sector organizations. Answer a (p. 107)

Test Item File 10. A new public sector organization differs from a traditional hierarchy in that it a) replaces supervisors with self-check lists. b) replaces the Fordist production system with a flexible workplace. c) uses part time workers and contractors. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 107) 11. New public management attempts to create a flexible workplace by employing a) rigid rules of hiring to ensure the highest qualification in public servants. b) new training techniques to turn government departments into learning organizations. c) private sector managers who can bring about change in the organizational culture. d) alternative service delivery. e) tight budget controls to ensure budgets are kept within acceptable parameters. Answer d (p. 107) 12. In the United States, it is estimated that the portion of graduate students of public administration who are women number a) one in ten. b) one in twenty. c) one in four. d) three in four. e) forty-five of one hundred. Answer d (p. 109) 13. A considerable body of research has emerged that shows that women have different management styles than men; for instance a) women fall back on Weberian traditions such as the hierarchy. b) women exercise high trust in small organizational cliques. c) women demonstrate efficiency. d) women prefer workplace accommodations for balanced lifestyles. e) women act more cooperatively and share leadership more. Answer e (p. 110) 14. An analysis of Canadian institutions shows a female majority exists a) in the judiciary. b) in the House of Commons. c) in the public service clerical. d) at the Bank of Canada. e) in the CBC. Answer c (p. 111)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 15. NPM has its roots in the business writings of private sector management; an early source is Thomas Peters and Robert Waterman’s a) The Vertical Mosaic. b) The Learning Organization. c) The Practice of Management. d) In Search of Excellence. e) Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position. Answer d (p. 111) 16. In their 1992 book Reinventing Government, writers David Osborne and Ted Gaebler presented 10 principles of New Public Management and argued a) that government is unnecessary in an economy where industries practice high ethics and can regulate themselves. b) that government becomes unnecessary in a global economy. c) that an economy where everyone is seeking self-interest will lead to balance in the economy and in society. d) government too often presumes responsibilities best left to private sector. e) that while government is necessary, it did not have to act like government but could be much more businesslike in its operations. Answer e (p. 112) 17. The values that NPM takes from private sector are summarized as a) client based, cost-effective customer service. b) impersonal administration and personal service. c) three E’s of effort, energy and effectiveness. d) three E’s of efficiency, effectiveness and the economy. e) efficiency and modernization through technological advance. Answer d (p. 112) 18. Regarding NPM, P. Aucoin notes “Concerns for economy and efficiency have thus been given a new priority in public management“. He further describes the objectives of “this finance- centered perspective of public management reform” as a) doing more for less and achieving value for money. b) putting business before government, efficiency before spending. c) putting customer service into government. d) watching pennies so dollars take care of themselves. e) seeking cost-savings and revenue-generators. Answer a (p. 113)

Test Item File 19. Writer Donald Savoie suggests that the philosophy of NPM is “rooted in the belief that private sector management is superior to public administration”, therefore he poses that a solution is to a) transfer all government activities to the private sector. b) transfer business management practices to government operations. c) transfer private sector managers to public administrative positions. d) develop business-oriented policies. e) put cost savings ahead of democracy Answer b (p. 113) 20. Donald Savoie wrote that the philosophy of NPM is “rooted in the belief that private sector management is superior to public administration” but something that would not make a practical solution would be to a) transfer all government activities to the private sector. b) transfer business management practices to government operations. c) transfer private sector managers to public administrative positions. d) develop business-oriented policies. e) put cost savings ahead of democracy. Answer a (p. 113) 21. Political scientist Alan Tupper, argues that NPM debases Canadian democracy because it a) erodes confidence in the democratic process. b) offers nothing but lip service to the formation of policy. c) puts public administrators into the mindset of a separate “management class”. d) denigrates citizenship by portraying citizens as customers of government public administration. e) leaves public services to the impulses of the market. Answer d (p. 113) 22. The impact of NPM in Canada led to a series of programs such as a) PS2000 and the Public Service Modernization Act. b) PS2000 and the Public Service Privatization Act. c) PS2000 and the Federal Contract Services Act. d) employment Insurance reforms and debt reduction programs. e) offloading to non government organizations. Answer a (p. 113) 23. Regarding NPM, Canadian reforms paled in comparison to other countries, mostly because a) opposition leaders were more forceful in their criticisms. b) there is a lack of political will in Canada. c) labour leaders were vocal in their protests. d) business interests in Canada are too big to be concerned about public services. e) Canadians are content with the status quo. Answer b (p. 113)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 24. Critics of NPM point out that a) similar practices have failed in the private sector. b) most private sector organizations are inefficient and wasteful. c) wholesale reform has taken place without public consultation or popular approval. d) the public has been sold a vision without substance. e) public dissatisfaction will find its way to the voter’s booth . Answer c (p. 114) 25. Wallace Sayre’s law states: a) Public and private administration are fundamentally alike in all important respects. b) Public and private administration are fundamentally alike in all unimportant respects. c) Public administration has different reasons for existence than private administration. d) While reasons for public and private administration are different, methods are the same. e) When two theories explain a phenomenon, the simplest will be true. Answer b (p. 114)

Test Item File Chapter 4 Short Answer Questions 1. How are new public sector organizations seen to be different from the traditional bureaucracy? Answer (p. 106-107): The post-bureaucratic model of NPM or New Public Management was to encapsulate democracy and flexibility and see the reinventing of government departments into flexible results-based teams that are characterized by flattened hierarchies and decentralized decision making. With empowered employees, these would be client-focused learning organizations that embraced change, took risks and achieved goals. 2. What are the origins of Organization Development or OD? Answer (p. 103): During the 1940’s, psychologist, Kurt Lewin conducted training workshops to improve racial relations and community leadership in a Connecticut town. The focus of the workshops expanded from individual development to organization development. Members learned how to communicate feelings and get past personal issues to develop strategies around increasing the effectiveness of the organization. 3. What does theorist, Camilla Stivers, observe about the lack of feminist theory in public administration? Answer (p. 108-109) As a doctoral student of public administration, Camilla Stivers observed the absence of women from course materials and her own growing distance from women’s concerns as moral issues. She states: “Feminist theories offer new theories of power, of virtue, of the nature of organizations, and of leadership and professionalism, and brought to light fundamental ways in which women have shaped society and politics. Yet few if any of these ideas have made their way into conversations about public administration.” 4. What strategies make up the focus of New Public Management? Answer (p. 110-111): The New Public Management (NPM) approach views private sector values as superior to public sector; therefore, it aims to change the public sector by privatizing, deregulation, contracting out, decentralizing, down-sizing, reducing budgets and introducing user fees. 5. What formula for improving large organizations is suggested by Peters and Waterman in their 1982 book, In Search of Excellence? Answer (p. 111): In In Search of Excellence, Thomas Peters and Robert Waterman suggest that large bureaucratic organizations in private and public sector could improve performance and create qualities of success if less emphasis was placed on Weberian rationality and more attention is placed upon the “messy human side of organizational life”.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 6. Who said that “new public management debases Canadian democracy in deep but subtle ways...’? Answer (p. 113): Political scientist, Alan Tupper, criticizes the failure of the NPM approach to impart democratic principles. He states that new public management’s stress on private sector management theories, market tests, and partnerships transforms government “from a unique institution into a commonplace fixture that can be managed by the same principles as a grocery store”. 7. What does Inwood say about the application of NPM reforms in Canada? Answer (p. 113) Inwood claims that NPM was never thoroughly applied in Canada due to lack of political will and that the Canadian variant of NPM was a “softer” model than those imposed on Britain, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. Reforms led to programs such as the PS2000 and the Public Service Modernization Act, the intention of which was to call for improved service to the public, more innovation, better human resource management and new forms of accountability. 8. Who said “think strategically, act democratically? Answer (p. 114): This is one of seven principles proposed by public administrative theorists, Janet and Robert Denhardt, who responded to the shortcomings of NPM in the American experience. The Denhardts called for a return to democratic values, citizenship and service in the public interest. 9. What is meant by the phrase “the public policy dimension is unique to public management as governance”? Answer (p. 114) In distinguishing public from private administration, Peter Aucoin states that citizen-centred service requires critical attention to issues of law, rights, and due process not present in the marketplace of private service delivery. 10. Why are private sector measures inappropriate for public sector reform? Answer (p. 114) In criticizing the NPM approach, Aucoin states that public service reform cannot be based on a paradigm that assumes public administration is essentially the same as private administration. Even with cutbacks and downsizing, public sector organizations exist within the framework of our democracy, the combined and related individual and collective rights embedded in the Charter, and the laws, traditions, and conventions that make up our nation. “Public administration, even in a highly devolved management regime, remains subject to political and administrative dynamics that require their own distinct modes of reform and renewal.”

Test Item File Chapter 4 Essay Questions 1. Who were the instigators of NPM and what factors motivated them? Answer (p. 110) New public management was pioneered by Britain’s Prime Minister Maggie Thatcher, followed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. NPM signifies a downsizing of state activity and its withdrawal from several areas formerly viewed as areas of public interest. Inwood states three motivations for NPM: first, leaders needed to reduce government debt and deficits and be seen to be doing this. Second, ordinary citizens were growing more alienated from politics and the public’s confidence in government’s policies and services was declining. Third, the pressures of globalization imposed a new economic order on traditional nation states. Changes in public administration included privatization, deregulation, contracting out of public services, decentralization downsizing, layoffs and wage freezes in the public service, the introduction of user fees for services. 2. NPM writers, David Osborne and Ted Gaebler outlined 10 principles in their 1992 book, Reinventing Government, in which they argued “governments must steer, not row”. How do Osborne and Gaebler characterize entrepreneurial governments? Answer (p. 112): Osborne and Gaebler claim that government resources would be better spent in providing direction and funds to private sector producers rather than trying to produce services directly through government bureaucracy. They state that entrepreneurial governments promote competition among private sector service providers and invite least-cost, high-performance options. By pushing control over services out of the bureaucracy and into the community, they are also empowering citizens to create their own solutions. On one hand, this approach alleviates responsibilities from the public service; on the other hand, it loses elements of accountability for government spending. The criticism of this approach is that contracted producers are profitseeking entities; therefore, opting for least cost methods. In the end, firms that contend for public contracts may not be as professionally qualified nor as administratively skilled as a government department. As a result, pressure to reach reasonable margins on the part of the service provider will eventually erode the quality of services to the people. 3. What is the problem of NPM’s portrayal of government bureaucracy as a slow-moving dinosaur? Answer (p. 112-113): The image of bureaucracy that is projected by proponents of NPM is problematic because it portrays government bureaucracy as needing to be “fixed”. First, the assumption that the state bureaucracy is one big undifferentiated whole is not true; it is made up of countless diversified components, each with its distinct purpose and measure of effectiveness. Furthermore, many government organizations may be entrepreneurial and progressive while others may be efficient in their traditional rigidity, so to paint them all as ineffectual or wasteful is simply misleading. Furthermore, the adoption of private enterprise measures for public services is illogical. By definition, public services are those which are not produced by private sector because they cannot be produced profitably.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 4. Inwood claims that NPM was not really successful in Canada because reforms were frustrated by a number of impediments, but a number of innovations emerged. Describe these. Answer (p. 113): During the period when NPM was gaining popularity in other nations, the concept was flagging in Canada due to a lack of political will. Inwood states, however, that a number of instruments were developed to serve as “alternate delivery mechanisms”; these were new ways to provide services to the public without increasing or adding costs to existing bureaucratic institutions. Some were traditional forms such as departments, Crown corporations, and mixed enterprises. We also saw newer models such as special operating agencies, private public organizations, single window service delivery units (one step service points) and varying types of partnerships amongst private sector organizations, other governments and NGO’s. 5. Public administration theorists Janet and Robert Denhardt criticize the American experience of new public management calling for a return to democratic values, citizenship and service in the public interest. Through which principles should this service be organized? Answer (p. 114): Responding to the shortcomings of NPM in the American experience, Janet and Robert Denhardt propose a policy framework that abides by the following seven principles: 1) serve citizens not customers 2) seek the public interest 3) value citizenship and public service above entrepreneurialism 4) think strategically, act democratically 5) recognize that accountability is not simple 6) serve rather than steer 7) value people, not just productivity

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Chapter 5 Public Administration and Institutions Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Inwood presents the theory that the public organizational structure is influenced by three factors: a) constituency by population, parliamentary representation, cabinet responsibilities. b) democracy, parliament, cabinet responsibilities. c) capitalism, democracy, political parties. d) federal banking, federal law, private ownership. e) capitalist democracy, federalism, cabinet-parliamentary government. Answer e (p 120- 128) 2. The premise of capitalist democracy is a combination of a) the right to own private property and the obligation to pay taxes. b) the obligation to work and the right to benefits. c) the right to vote and the right to run government. d) the right to own private property and the right to representation in government. e) the right to own private property and the right to run government. Answer d (p. 121) 3. In a capitalist democracy a) business interests are considered over the interests of the state. b) business interests are protected by the state. c) The state must respond to the democratically expressed will of citizens. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (121) 4. Organizations of the government meet the needs of property-holding capitalists a) by keeping wages low. b) by creating the conditions for profitability. c) by prohibiting labour unions. d) by implementing the HST. e) by privatizing public institutions. Answer b (p. 121) 5. in Canada, the constitutional authority to make laws a) rests with the monarch in Britain. b) rests with each individual Canadian. c) is conducted solely by Parliament in Ottawa. d) is divided between national and provincial governments. e) is divided amongst national, provincial and municipal governments Answer d (p. 121)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 6. Federal organizations are grouped into schedules under legislation called a) the Civil Service Act, 1908 and 1918. b) the Financial Administration Act . c) the Expenditure Management System. d) the Free Trade Agreement. e) PS2000 Answer b (p. 130) 7. Common federal organizations include a) agents of Parliament, statutory agencies, service agencies. b) Crown corporations, departmental corporations, c) broadcast and telecommunications, health organizations, chartered banks. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 130) 8. The federal bureaucracy operates in different departments, also known as “ministries, and exists as an ACT of Parliament. Departments can be distinguished into vertical constituencies, horizontal administrative and horizontal policy coordinative types. Vertical constituencies are a) are responsible for developing broad policy frameworks. b) have the primary function to provide services to the public. c) represent direct links between citizens and government. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 133) 9. The federal bureaucracy operates in different departments, also known as “ministries, and exists as an ACT of Parliament. Departments can be distinguished into vertical constituencies, horizontal administrative and horizontal policy coordinative types. Horizontal administrative coordinative departments a) have authority under the Department of Government Services. b) work under the auspices of the Treasury Board Secretariat. c) provide services to other departments. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 132) 10. Central agencies include the a) Dept of Justice, Dept of Finance, Dept. of Government Services, Prime Minister’s Office. b) Dept of Justice, Dept of Finance, Dept. of Government Services, Privy Council Office. c) Department of Finance, Treasury Board Secretariat, Privy Council Office, Prime Minister’s Office. d) Public Service Commission, Dept. of Finance, Dept. of Government Services, Treasury Board Secretariat. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Item File e) Public Service Commission, Dept. Of Finance, Privy Council Office, Prime Minister’s Office. Answer c (p. 132, p. 136-138) 11. Central agencies a) answer directly to the Prime Minister. b) are not “line departments”. c) ensure consistency across all departments. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 136) 12. The Treasury Board Secretariat a) acts only in an advisory capacity to Cabinet. b) acts only as an executor for Cabinet and does not advise policy. c) is the administrative arm of the Department of Finance. d) is a Cabinet Committee that is a statutory requirement. e) relies upon the Prime Minister for budget approval. Answer d (p. 137) 13. Which statement that is NOT true? The Clerk of the Privy Council a) Is the most senior public servant in the government. b) Is the head of the public service. c) provides advice and support as head of government. d) provides advice and support on behalf the governing party. e) supports Cabinet committees. Answer d (138-139) 14. The Prime Minister’s Office differs from other central agencies in that a) It is located in Montreal. b) It is staffed by partisan supporters. c) public servants enjoy a bonus for loyalty. d) it has a statutory basis. e) it has veto power over Treasury Board Secretariat. Answer b (p. 138) 15. The Office of the Auditor General is a) a special office under the Dept. of Justice. b) an agent of Parliament. c) a special office of the Privy Council. d) separate from Parliament. e) part of the Human Rights Commission. Answer b (p. 140)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 16. ASD is an acronym for a) Approved Special Delivery. b) Approved Selective Department. c) Alternative Secretariat Decision-making. d) Alternative Service Delivery. e) Advanced Senate Deliberation. Answer d (p. 141) 17. The scope of ASD can include a) special operating agencies, service agencies, and Crown Corporations. b) partnerships with private industry and lower levels of government. c) increasing budgets to line departments. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 141) 18. The Cabinet Minister is responsible a) for all the activities of his ministry. b) to other colleagues in Cabinet. c) for investments and enhancements in one’s constituency. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 141-142) 19. The senior-most public servant, a powerful and influential position in the workings of government, is a) the Prime Minister. b) a member of Cabinet. c) the Chief Electoral Officer. d) a deputy Minister. e) a premier. Answer d (p. 142) 20. Former Cabinet Minister, Mitchell Sharp, claimed that a trained and professional civil service is vital because a) sometimes, government is a clash of political will and administrative don’ts. b) a government cannot be run by amateurs. c) a minister is typically pulled in several different directions at once. d) a minister has little time to effectively concentrate on the department’s day to day needs. e) sometimes, a rookie minister is at the mercy of more experienced public servants. Answer b (p. 143)

Test Item File 21. Deputy Ministers receive their appointments from a) the electorate. b) the Cabinet Minister. c) the Prime Minster. d) the Public Service Commission. e) the Crown. Answer c (p. 143) 22. Deputy Ministers honour their positions through the conventions of a) conformity, rigidity, policy, the politics-administration dichotomy. b) rules, regulations, precedents, and posterity. c) diligence, vigilance, austerity, the political administrative structures. d) neutrality, anonymity, the politics-administration dichotomy, loyalty. e) loyalty, conformity, austerity, the politics-administration dichotomy. Answer d (p. 144-145) 23. Regulatory agencies can influence private sector behaviour with respect to a) prices, contents and quality of goods and services. b) wage rates, raw materials costs, overhead costs. c) taxes, licensing fees, and royalties. d) transportation and storage, grading and labelling. e) accumulation and assortment of goods, distribution channels. Answer a (p. 148) 24. According to the Economic Council of Canada, regulation is the set of constraints, imposed by the authority of government, intended to a) build support and subsidies for infant industries. b) restrict rapid growth from successful businesses. c) modify economic behaviour of individuals in the private sector. d) withhold a portion of wealth from high income earners. e) sustain government coffers with tax revenue. Answer c (p. 148) 25. According to sociologist, Gary Teeple, when new technology comes online, the expected consequences will NOT include a) increased competition between producers with the same technology. b) increased competitions amongst producers with differing technology. c) universal access of the technology for all users. d) exclusive monopoly of the technology for a small group of users. e) damage to humans or environment. Answer c (p. 150)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 26. Legislation covering crown corporations refers to the degree of government ownership, which a) must be more than 50%. b) may be a minority holding of less than 50% but is not usually so. c) must be 100% . d) must include government officials on the Board of Directors. e) is established through a Royal Commission. Answer c (p. 152) 27. In Canada, Crown corporations have historically been used a) as competitive bodies to prohibit the take-over of resource development by U.S. corporations. b) as regulatory bodies to prohibit the take-over of transportation and communication by U.S. corporations. c) as nation-building tools to make Canada competitive with the U.S. d) as the “binding cord” without which Canada would become “a bundle of sticks”. e) all of the above. Answer e (p. 154)

Test Item File Chapter 5 Short Answer Questions 1. How is the term “government department” defined? Answer (p. 132): Political scientist, J.E Hodgetts, defines a government department as an administrative unit consisting of one or more organizational components under the direct management and control of a minister of the Crown. Government departments are usually typified as a vertical constituency, a horizontal administrative or horizontal policy coordinative type. 2. What problem does Inwood identify regarding hierarchical administrative structure? Answer (p.134): Inwood claims the structure raises the problem of knowing how many subdivisions optimize efficient decision making and accountability to democracy or how many resources must be dedicated to one policy. 3. What is the mandate of the Department of Finance? Answer (p. 136): The Department of Finance monitors and researches the Canadian economy in all important aspects, from output and growth to employment and income. Subject areas include price stability, monetary policy, the impact of globalization, regulatory policy for the financial sector and international financial relations. The Dept of Finance continually coordinates all initiatives from other departments that have an impact on the economy. 4. What is the role of the Treasury Board Secretariat? The Treasury Board Secretariat is the administrative arm of the Treasury Board and the only Cabinet committee that has a statutory basis. It provides advice on policies, directives, regulations, and program expenditures and manages the government’s financial, human, and material resources. It is also the general manager and employer of the public service. 5. What are the motivations behind the formation of agencies and “alternative service delivery”? Answer (p. 141): The motivations behind alternative service delivery include the desire to make services more citizen-centered, a result of the drive for less government, a desire to breakdown the “silo” mentality. 6. Can the Canadian public expect the same level of accountability from ASD organizations as from traditional departments? Answer (p. 141): One of the strongest criticisms of ASD is that lines of responsibility and accountability are not as clear as in traditional departments. In response to issues, the Government put forward policy in 2007 that sets out in greater detail and with more precision the accountability relationships of ASD’s.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 7. What is ministerial responsibility? Answer (p. 141): Ultimately, the responsibility for government decisions and actions rests with the political head of the institution, the Minister. This is known as the doctrine of Ministerial Responsibility. The politics-administration dichotomy establishes a division of responsibilities between the elected official, who makes a decision, and the professional public servant, who executes it. 8. What is “Smart Regulation”? Answer (p. 151): Government programs of regulatory reform are intended to streamline practices to reduce red tape and waiting periods and are sometimes viewed as deregulation. In March, 2005, the president of the Treasury Board announced Smart Regulation, and launched a new website dedicated to regulatory renewal. Smart Regulation is aimed at improving Canada’s regulatory system to that it can keep pace with today’s realities and our evolving needs. 9. What reasons are given to justify government regulation of new technologies? Answer (p 150): Sociologist, Gary Teeple, suggests the growth of government regulation corresponds to the growth of technological innovation, therefore it is justified. Teeple states technological advance often allows exploitation or exclusive use by a small group of companies. Regulation is justified to prevent or control monopolies and other market failures. 10. Is regulatory reform the same as deregulation? Answer (p 151): Regulatory procedures were streamlined to reduce bureaucratic red tape and delays. Regulations were replaced and modified in areas where it was deemed they impede efficiency in the marketplace. 11. What is the general definition of Crown corporation is supplied by Adie and Thomas? Answer (p. 153): A Crown corporation is an institution with a corporate form brought into existence by government action to serve a public function.

Test Item File Chapter 5 Essay Questions 1. Former Cabinet Ministers, Mitchell Sharp and Flora MacDonald, offer views of the relationship between the elected officials and their staffs. Compare these. Answer: (p. 143) Mitchell Sharp made the following statement: “A government cannot be run by amateurs; and so trained a professional civil service is vital”. His regard for a professional staff was accompanied by a cautionary statement that “ministers must be able to determine what constitutes good advice from their advisors”. As a minister is often pulled in several different directions at once, they have little time to devote to day to day administrative needs, and therefore depend upon advice from their staff. McDonald expressed her dismay, however, that her staff went beyond tendering advice and ran the department according to their own notions. Furthermore, her staff engaged in a concerted effort to impose their own views on the making of policy. 2. What is the relationship of the Deputy Minister to the other actors of the politicaladministrative structure? Answer (p. 144) It is the primary role of the Deputy Minister to create the conditions under which the minister and prime minister can provide the best possible government. To this end, the DM plays a vital role in both formulating and implementing policy. Neutrality: The Deputy Minister must be nonpartisan and politically neutral in serving the minister. Anonymity: the Minister takes full responsibility and must weather any public attack for a poor decision. A Deputy Minister is not elected and is therefore, is directly accountable to the Minister. Furthermore, the DM must be able to speak frankly and confidentially and privately advise the Minister. The convention of politics-administration dichotomy separates the duties of the DM from those of the elected official. Loyalty; the DM must demonstrate integrity to the position of public service and work for the best possible government in all circumstances with loyalty to the Minister. 3. Discuss the theory put forward by sociologist, Gary Teeple that elucidates the arguments for increased or decreased regulation. Answer: (p. 150-151) Teeple explains that the original rationale for regulation was to prevent monopolies and other market failures. More and more, however, the global economy is made up of international monopolies and cartels which renders moot the control of competition within national boundaries . Faced with regulatory constraints in Canada, global corporations can simply move operations and take advantage of cost-savings in another less regulated location. Teeple goes on to explain that the effect of deregulation is almost always negative, sometimes reducing competition and s opening the door to illicit financial activities. The global crisis of 2008-2009, for example, saw the demise of financial institutions, decline of the stock market and real estate markets, resulting i huge “government bailouts”. According to Teeple, Canada’s economy was less affected than other nations and could recover more easily due to its regulatory framework.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 4. Is “Smart Regulation” the same as deregulation? What is the criticism of regulatory reform? Answer (p. 151) Regulatory reform applies cost benefit analysis to new regulatory proposals in recognition of potential high costs to the economy. The intention behind regulatory reform was to see greater efficiency, greater accountability and increased sensitivity to those affected by regulation. Regulatory procedures have been streamlined, relaxed and modified where they appear to impede efficiency in the marketplace. Government appears to encourage innovation and technological advance which, on one hand, encourages producers but on the other, lessens safeguards for other elements of the economy and society. (For example, de-regulating the financial industry has invited powerful competitors to supply debt to Canadians). Smart Regulation is the strategy of framing regulation in terms of outcomes rather than prescriptions so that overall goals of sustainability and social wellbeing are maintained in the face of new innovations in the marketplace. Rather than stating what producers are allowed, regulatory agencies weigh the costs against the benefits to determine what society can bear.

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Chapter 6 Public Administration, Constitution, and Law Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Questions 4. A key phrase in the Canadian constitution is a) “Liberty, equality and fraternity”. b) “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”. c) “Liberty, equality, and democracy”. d) “Equality, order, and democracy”. e) “Peace, order and good government”. Answer e (p. 168) 2.

Inwood describe how the law in Canada is derived from a) Hammurabi’s Code, Roman Code, Napoleonic Code. b) English Common law, the Civil Code, aboriginal laws. c) English civil law, the Quebec Act (1774), the Superior Court of Canada. d) a and b e) B and c Answer d (p. 169) 3.

The courts are considered a federal system because a) the provinces do not have the authority to hold courts. b) the provinces do not have the funds to run a court system. c) Canada adopted the federal system in 1867. d) Canada’s provincial courts are nominal in nature. e) the Department of Justice operates only in Ottawa. Answer c (p. 170) 4.

The following statement is NOT true: a) Section 92 authorizes the creation of the courts by the provinces, which also appoints the judges. b) Section 92 and 96 authorize the creation of the courts by the provinces. c) Section 96 authorizes the creation of the courts by federal government, which also appoints the judges. d) Section 96 states that judges for provincial cases are appointed by the federal government. e) Section 101 authorizes the creation of the courts by federal government, which also appoints the judges. Answer c (p. 171)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 5. Canada’s court system of inferior and superior courts a) was adapted from the U.S. system of state and federal courts. b) has two parallel but independent sets of courts. c) was adapted from England’s federal structure. d) has two appeal courts and is appended to a federal structure. e) contain courts of appeal for matters falling within state jurisdiction. Answer d (p. 171) 6. The Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but did not become the final court of appeal until a) 1910. b) 1919. c) 1937. d) 1949. e) 1971. Answer d (p. 171) 7. The office of the Attorney General a) performs duties as the government’s legal advisor. b) drafts and reforms laws. c) is a branch of the Supreme Court of Canada. d) a and b e) b and c Answer (p. 172) 8. The Solicitor General a) Is the chief law officer of the Crown. b) Administers criminal law, family law, human rights, and Aboriginal justice. c) Is responsible for the RCMP, CSIS, Border Services and Emergency Management. d) Is responsible for conducting litigation for the federal government. e) Is a member of the Supreme court of Canada. Answer c (p. 172) 9. Around the world, constitutions are fundamental to every organized society in that they a) ensure the right to speak against oppression. b) ensure the right to hold private property. c) ensure freedom from persecution. d) define the relationship between the citizens and the state. e) allow the strongest to impose their version of right on others. Answer d (p. 175)

Test Item File 10. In any nation without a constitution a) the laws, the courts and framework of justice could not be carried out. b) the concept of rights, as well as appropriate limits on the actions of the state, would not exist. c) citizens would not have the right to speak out against their governments. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 175) 11. Canada’s constitution consists of a) written documents, the body of common law, and constitutional conventions. b) the BNA Act, the Constitution Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. c) the Bill of Rights, the Quebec Act, constitutional conventions. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 176) 12. The BNA Act established a bicameral national parliament which has a) the House of Representatives and the Senate. b) a lower house that debates policy and an upper house that writes laws. c) the lower House of Commons and upper House called the Electoral College. d) elected representation by population and appointed representation by region. e) regional divisions of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Answer d (p. 177) 13. Which item is NOT TRUE about the BNA Act? a) The BNA Act does not include the rules of responsible government. b) The BNA Act does not state a bill of rights. c) The BNA Act does not allow Canada to enter treaties with other nations. d) The BNA Act relies mostly on common law for citizen’s rights. e) The BNA Act establishes the highest court of appeal in Canada. Answer e (p. 178) 14. What is NOT TRUE about the Constitution Act, 1982? a) It has the consent of all provinces and Canada. b) It has the consent of Britain. c) A domestic amending formula requires consent of 50% + for most amendments. d) It terminated the authority of the British Parliament over Canada. e) It created the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Answer a (p. 179)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 15. The provinces raise taxes through property owners and royalties whereas the federal government can raise money a) by any mode or system of taxation. b) through Customs and excise tax. c) through the HST. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 181) 16. Powers of reservation and disallowance are sections in the BNA Act that a) allow the federal government to tax natural resources. b) allow the provinces to tax natural resources. c) allow the government to transfer funds to provinces. d) established the building of the national railway. e) establish the primacy of federal authority. Answer e (p. 181) 17. Ottawa exercises power over the provinces through a) constitutional law. b) the judiciary. c) transfer payments. d) taxation. e) federal-provincial bargaining. Answer c (p. 181-182) 18. The Social Union Framework Agreement (SUFA), 1999 states a) that Ottawa be limited in its use of federal spending power. b) that Ottawa can spend on programs under provincial authority. c) that the federal government is responsible for matters of national interest. d) that language rights be ensured in every province. e) that the social union of Canada be written in law. Answer a (p. 182) 19. Inwood cites several legal cases where the ruling from the Supreme Court of Canada has asserted federal jurisdiction and, as a consequence, a) opened the door to further provincial challenges. b) brought the federal and provincial government to negotiations. c) fueled the debate on Quebec separation. d) helped the Liberal Party in Quebec win re-election. e) all of the above Answer e (p. 185-186)

Test Item File 20. In 1937, a federal law establishing a program to deal with national unemployment was a) the forerunner to the New Deal. b) the background for Keynes General Theory. c) passed increasing federal authority over citizens’ wellbeing. d) struck down by the Supreme court of Canada. e) struck down by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Answer e (p. 184, 185) 21. The outcome of the 1937 court ruling led to federal-provincial negotiations that brought about a) the New Deal. b) the defeat of Robert Borden’s government. c) a constitutional amendment establishing provincial authority over social programs. d) a constitutional amendment giving the federal government power over unemployment insurance. e) a constitutional amendment shifting power over banking to the federal government. Answer d (p. 185) 22. In the Patriation Reference, 1981, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Ottawa’s proposal to patriate the BNA Act and change it in ways that affected provincial powers a) was illegal. b) was ultra vires. c) was legal but not constitutional. d) was unconstitutional. e) violated the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Answer c (p. 185,186) 23. The term province building refers to incidents when a) provincial governments successfully wrestle power away from the federal government. b) provincial government garner support from the U.S., Britain, or another foreign power. c) provincial government interests are reinforced by the province’s economic interests. d) provincial governments threaten to separate from Canada. e) transfer payments to the provinces are increased. Answer c (p. 187) 24. Executive federalism refers to a) a series of meetings between the Prime Minster and provincial premiers. b) meetings between the executives of both federal and provincial governments. c) planning sessions that bypass parliament and are therefore considered undemocratic. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 187-188)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 25. The Hawthorne-Tremblay Inquiry (1964-1966) concluded that (aboriginal Canadians) were entitled to a positive special status, having all the normal attributes of citizenship and be beneficiaries of a “plus” category a) derived from being here first and having built rich, flourishing societies. b) derived from being treated as “wards of the state”. c) based on the civil rights movement in other parts of the world. d) based on proposed assimilation into mainstream society. e) based on the looming threat of Quebec separation. Answer a (p. 190)

Test Item File Chapter 6 Short Answer Questions 1. With which three distinctions do we understand political power? Answer (p. 175): Three distinct types of political power are legislative, executive, and judicial. Legislative power is the power to make law or policy. Executive power is the power to administer the law. Judicial power is the power to settle questions about specific violations of laws. 2. What is the purpose of a constitution? Answer (p. 177): Constitutions define the relationship between the state and its citizens. From a constitution, laws are written to regulate citizens’ behaviour and to distinguish between individual rights and collective responsibilities. Constitutions also define the relationships between different parts of the state; the statesmen who write policy and laws, the executive body that administers policy, and the judiciary that ensures the law is followed. Finally, constitutions define the relationships between different levels of governments; in Canada the responsibilities for provincial matters are distinct from or jointly administered by the federal government. 3. On which important points was the BNA Act silent? Answer (p 177-178): The BNA Act was silent on three matters: first, it did not have power of amendment over the constitution so that any amendment was required to be passed by the Parliament of Britain. Secondly, it had no express provision for treaty-making power. Finally, it neglected a bill of rights. 4. What changes were brought through the Constitution Act, 1982? Answer (p. 179): The Constitution Act, 1982 terminated the authority of the United Kingdom Parliament over Canada. Furthermore, it added a domestic amending formula requiring the consent of 7 of 10 provinces representing 50% of the population for most constitutional amendments. Also, It created and adopted the Charter of Rights and Freedoms 5. Inwood calls which statement from Section 91 about the “most sweeping power handed to the federal government”? Answer (p. 183): The preamble to section 91 authorizes the Parliament of Canada ”to make laws for the Peace, Order and Good Government of Canada, in relation to all matters not coming within the Clauses of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces”. However, the power of the POGG law has been restricted and is to be used only in times of emergency.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 6. When does a protest or controversy become an issue of constitutional law? Answer (p 182-183): Issues of constitutional law occur when courts are asked by an individual, group, corporation or other government to declare a particular law unconstitutional. If a challenge to the law succeeds, the law becomes null and void. The division of powers with the constitution delineates what jurisdictional authority each level of government has. 7. What were the first restrictions on the law for Peace Order and Good Government? Answer (p. 183): The law for “Peace, Order and Good Government” experienced restrictions since 1882 when Russell v. The Queen established that locals could determine temperance regulations. In the 1896 case, Local Prohibition, the provinces wanted their own local-option temperance schemes to regulate lucrative liquor sales and the JCPC agreed. To rationalize the decision, the judges argued that POGG could be used only for matters of “national dimensions”. 8. How does the Constitution define the relationships between different levels of government? Answer (p. 180-181): At the time of Confederation, the central government held the most important legislative powers and sources of public revenue. Ottawa had authority over trade and commerce, shipping, fisheries, interprovincial transportation, currency and banking, the postal service, and other subjects related to managing the economy. The provinces had responsibility for education, health and welfare. Immigration and agriculture was divided between federal and provincial powers with federal authority prevailing. In addition, the federal government handles military defences and economic growth and can build any “public work” (i.e. road, bridge or structure” in the national interest. 9. How does administrative law differ from constitutional law? Answer (p. 196): Constitutional law speaks to the relationship of citizens to the state and to varying agents of government and also to the relationship of governments to each other. Administrative law speaks to the legality of daily practices and jurisdictional responsibilities of various levels of government in their relationships and interactions with citizens, agencies, other governments and so on. Constitutional law is a macro-framework as compared to the microframework of administrative law. 10. What is bureaucratic discretion? Answer (p. 194): No piece of legislation can be drafted to address every application in day to day life, so administrators exercise discretion in their application of regulations and decisions. This means that a public servant may choose from a variety of options and uses personal judgement to determine whether or not the intention of the regulation is supported.

Test Item File Chapter 6 Essay Questions 1. Why do we consider Canada’s legal system a bijural system? Answer (p. 169-170): The law in Canada is made up of statutes passed by legislatures of federal and provincial governments and the inherited body of English common law. Canada also has a system of civil law mostly pertaining to Quebec which has developed from the codified law in France known as the Napoleonic Code. The Quebec Act of 1774 made Canada a bijural country having two systems of law; so matters of private law adhere to the Civil Code in Quebec and to common law in the rest of the nation. In matters of public law, however, common law is used throughout. Inwood adds that the laws and traditions of Canada’s aboriginal peoples have a significant impact upon Canadian legal matters, especially those involving aboriginal rights and treaties. Aboriginal rights are recognized and protected under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. There is a growing interest in aboriginal law as events unfold - the findings of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), the negotiation of outstanding treaties in the province of B.C., and recent Supreme Court rulings—all have implications for future consideration. 2. Why was the BNA Act insufficient as a constitution? Answer (p. 177): First, the BNA Act was silent on three essential matters: it lacked any power to amend the constitution or engage in treaty negotiations. The power to amend rested with the Parliament in Britain; Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau deemed it essential to “bring the constitution home to Canada”. Unlike the US constitution, the BNA does codify all the rules governing the nation and the BNA Act does not contain a bill of rights. Instead, it drew upon the traditions of constitutional conventions and common law. The reason for this can be observed in the preamble to the BNA Act which states that the new nation was to have a constitution similar to the United Kingdom because British North Americans wanted the old rules in both form and substance. 3. How did the statement authorizing Parliament “to make laws for the Peace, Order, and Good Government of Canada” come to be restricted to emergency use only? Answer (p. 183-185): The preamble to Section 91 of the Constitution authorizes Parliament “to make laws for the Peace, Order and Good Government of Canada”. At first, this statement appears to grant unlimited powers to the federal government and it has, over several iterations, been restricted to be used only in times of emergency. The first set of restrictions on the POGG occurred in the late 19th century when the federal government wanted to override provincial temperance schemes. The British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) then the superior court of the land, ruled in favour of the provinces stating that temperance was not an issue of “national dimensions”; therefore the federal law could not be upheld. In 1922, the JCPC heard a case on two federal laws – the Board of Commerce Act, 1919 and the Combines and Fair Prices Act, 1919. During the period following the First World War, the federal government wanted to regulate against monopolies and hoarders to ensure fair prices and used the POGG to declare an issue of “national dimension.” However, the courts struck down the laws saying they might have been justifiable under conditions of a national emergency. The result was an increased restriction upon POGG to apply only in times of war or nation-wide famine or some Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition similar event. In Fort Frances Pulp and Power Company v. The Manitoba Free Press, 1923, federal intervention over a provincial matter was justified on the basis of the POGG because it concerned war-related circumstances. Subsequent cases were heard where federal jurisdiction under POGG was rejected because legislation dealt with peacetime circumstances. In 1937, the JCPC also struck down laws drafted by the government of R.B. Bennett that would have addressed unemployment and social insurance and mitigated the ravages of the Great Depression. The Bennett government argued that the Depression of the 1930’s was of national concern but the JCPC considered it a peacetime issue, therefore beyond the application of POGG. The POGG was used again in 1975 to justify the federal government’s Anti-Inflation Act. Supreme Court judges agreed with Parliament’s decision that growing inflation constituted a national emergency, and further declared that the existence of an emergency was to be determined by Parliament and not the courts. 4. What statements about Canada’s aboriginal population create concern among Canadians? Answer (p. 188-189): Approximately 4% to 5% of Canada’s population is aboriginal. Groups of status Indians, Inuit and Metis belong to about 600 First Nations. Life chances and standards of living for aboriginals are well below the expectations of non-aboriginals. Aboriginals in Canada have a higher than average unemployment rates, lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rate, higher illness and accident rates, and higher rates of incarceration. Inwood states that, given the levels of disadvantage for aboriginal Canadians, how can this we place this population on an equal constitutional and political footing with non-natives and the other levels of government in Canada? 5. What main point is at the crux of the debate over aboriginal self –government? Answer (p. 188-189): The courts have not yet clarified whether the aboriginal right to self government is inherent. Currently, First Nations have similar powers as municipal governments in setting local laws and regulations but are subject to the laws of the provincial and federal governments. However, some Aboriginal leaders do not recognize Canada’s authority. They claim that Aboriginal people have a right to self-govern, that has never been given up, and that predates Canada so no legislation can extinguish it. Aboriginal rights are affirmed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Interpretation by the Supreme Court of Canada and international courts confirm that Aboriginal rights may only be extinguished by treaty or conquest, or by an explicit act of Parliament.

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Chapter 7 Public Administration and Public Policy Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Questions 1. It is simplistic to view public policy is a reflection of “the will of the people” because a) public policy is manufactured by politicians who have their own agendas. b) public policy is complicated by the administrative process. c) the people’s will can be swayed by media. d) the people’s will is influenced by the distribution of wealth. e) there is a multiplicity of voices clamouring for attention rather than a single will. Answer e (p. 212) 2. A law that is contrary to the Constitution has no force or effect, and the government a) can do nothing. b) can redraft the law to conform to the constitution. c) can override the courts’ decision using certain areas of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. d) all of the above e) none of the above Answer d (p. 212) 3. With regard to models and theories of public policy, Inwood states that to understand these we must first understand a) politicians and political platforms. b) representative government and the party system. c) that economics is more than the laws of supply and demand. d) that social life is lived out in complex organizations and systems. e) that “red tape” is necessary to maintain order. Answer d (p. 213) 4. If a policy maker addresses an issue by drawing up a list of goals, values and objectives and ranking them by importance, she is likely following a) the operations planning model. b) the rational comprehensive model. c) the public choice model. d) the interpretive model. e) the mixed scanning model. Answer b (p. 214) 5. Inwood criticizes public choice theory because a) it lacks attention to context and ignores how preferences are formed. b) it expresses a view that self-interest is rational. c) it assumes there is not enough for everyone at all times . d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 215) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 6. The tactic of exploring only the main alternatives to add to current policy and avoiding too many details is a) the benchmarking approach. b) the interpretive framework. c) the mixed scanning approach. d) the incremental model. e) the garbage can approach. Answer c (p. 216) 7. The following statement is NOT true about the interpretive framework for policy: a) It is post modernist. b) It claims our lived reality is socially constructed. c) It requires that a deconstruction of the narrative tale place before policy making can proceed. d) It is problematic because it cannot predict outcomes. e) It is political science model that postulates hypotheses. Answer e (p. 217) 8. When Inwood explains a circumstance that the policy maker must believe that one group knows its own interests, yet not believe another group but, instead decide what is best on its behalf, he is describing a) policy making within the frame of reference of pluralism. b) policy making within the frame of reference of structural analysis. c) policy making within the frame of reference of incrementalism. d) a post-modern approach to policy making. e) and interpretive approach to policy making. Answer b (p. 220) 9. The neo-institutional model is modified from institutionalism in that a) institutions such as Parliament, Cabinet, or the bureaucracy are changing. b) there is acceptance of interests other than institutional interests. c) other ideas and community actors play a role in policy analysis. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 221) 10. Inwood states that the post modern approach has a variety of critics because a) it offers no theories but recognizes the randomness of life events. b) on the right, conservatives crave more law and order and on the left, radicals see postmodernism as disempowering . c) it accurately predicts human action in policy making. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 221)

Test Item File 11. The stage where problems are perceived, defined, or command attention or get on the government’s agenda is called a) the stage of evaluation. b) the stage of policy formulation. c) the stage of policy implementation. d) the stage of problem definition. e) the stage of policy negotiation. Answer d (p. 224) 12. When the bureaucracy designs and drafts policy goals and uses policy analysis to develop strategies to achieve goals, this is known as a) the stage of evaluation. b) the stage of policy formulation. c) the stage of policy implementation. d) the stage of problem definition. e) the stage of policy negotiation. Answer b (p. 224) 13. The deployment of resources toward a particular program or setting the guidelines for a particular policy are examples of a) the stage of evaluation. b) the stage of policy formulation. c) the stage of policy implementation. d) the stage of problem definition. e) the stage of policy negotiation. Answer c (p. 224) 14. Political scientist, John Kingdon uses the term “policy stream” referring to a) the waste of paper from policy meetings. b) the policy options available to use. c) the input from various stakeholder dialogues. d) the mindset or consciousness of the current bureaucracy. e) the ideas that flow from think tanks and university research. Answer b (p. 229) 15. John Kingdon uses the term ”policy community” to refers to a) the Cabinet Minister and senior bureaucracy responsible for policy area. b) the executive and legislative bodies responsible for policy area. c) various stakeholders who dialogue on policy. d) the policy network. e) numerous think tanks and academic institutions. Answer c (p. 229)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 16. When political scientist, John Kingdon, explains “In the political stream, participants build consensus by bargaining – trading provisions for support, adding elected officials to coalitions by giving them concessions that they demand or compromising from ideal positions that will gain wider acceptance” he is speaking with regard to a) the emergence of certain issues on the agenda. b) the stage of problem definition. c) the stage of policy formulation. d) a and b e) a and c Answer d (p. 223, 229) 17. The individual who has a great deal of influence over the quality and delivery of services and can directly affect the given policy’s success or failure is a) the Prime Minister. b) the Cabinet Minister. c) the Deputy Minister. d) the front line worker. e) the citizen. Answer d (p. 233) 18. Before the government intervenes in an issue with a governing instrument, it must decide what form of involvement to take. Before that, it must examine a) what resources are available to address the issue. b) whether or not the plaintiff or grievance has truthfulness. c) whether or not the government should be involved in the issue. d) what action the opposition will expect. e) what action the electorate will expect. Answer c (p. 235) 19. Politics is said to be about “who gets what, when and how” which is reflected in the policy choices. If a group or special interest has been able to influence government policy, we refer to this as observing a) patronage. b) nepotism. c) mobilization of bias. d) party politics. e) successful lobbying. Answer c (p. 236) 20. Political scientist, Nicolas Baxter-Moore provides a scale to classify governing instruments from the level of non-decision to direct public interventions, which he calls a) privatization to public spending. b) non-response to high response. c) private-public partnerships. d) degrees of taxation and expenditure. e) the degree of state intrusiveness. Answer e (p. 238) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Item File 21. The purpose of program evaluation is in part to ensure the government can be held accountable and a) to assist managers in making informed decisions about resources and the worth of the program. b) to measure, analyze and assess different parts of the program delivery. c) to hold a program against a set standard. d) to grade government programs in a “report card” . e) to view government’s performance in terms of audience appeal. Answer a (p. 242) 22. A review of the budgetary system, personnel reviews, and management performance reviews are called a) administrative evaluations. b) political evaluations. c) government report cards. d) audits. e) critical reviews. Answer d (p. 243) 23. A judicial review will be the only scenario where a) judgement is passed on the behaviour and practices of the public service. b) judgement must follow administrative and constitutional law. c) public interest and media have their strongest influence. d) party politics plays a greater role than the Constitution. e) parliamentary conventions play a greater role than the Constitution. Answer b (p. 243) 24. Political evaluation occurs through royal commissions, parliamentary committees, and task forces but also takes form a) in the teaching of various university courses. b) within separate and distinct research bodies and think tanks. c) through evaluations of professional bodies such as the Chartered Accountants of Canada and IFRS. d) through the actions of interest groups, protestors, lobbyists and the media. e) in the rulings of superior courts. Answer d (p. 243) 25. Value for money auditing is framed by two questions: a) Are we doing the right thing? And are we achieving value? b) Are we accomplishing the goal? And are we within budget? c) Are we demonstrating need? Are we demonstrating effectiveness? d) Are we within the guidelines of the law? Are we within specified resources? e) Is this a continuing program? Will this increase taxation? Answer a (p. 249)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 7 Short Answer Questions 1. How is public policy defined? Answer (P. 212): The literature on public policy defines it as “a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and means of achieving them” Policy can be a case of action or inaction. Political scientist, Les Paul, says “public policy is a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a given problem or interrelated set of problems.” 2. Compare the proponents’ and critics’ views of the incremental model of policy making Answer (p. 216): Proponents favour policy that considers wider circumstances and consequences and introduces incremental changes to address an issue. This type of policy takes steps toward a solution but avoids radical change and therefore does not upset entrenched interests. Critics, however, claim that the incremental approach is really just a conservatism that favours entrenched interests. 3. What is the garbage can model of policy making? Answer (p. 217): The “garbage can” model of policy making is a rebuttal to rationalist models. This model accommodates those who seek order and causation within the many dialogues of influencers and decision-makers who enter and exit the decision making arenas. Through the interactive “streams, channels, communities and windows” policies percolate to the top, become articulated, and are adopted. 4. What story does Inwood cite as an example of neo-institutionalism? Answer (p. 221): Inwood cites a story of how a community of pressure groups, media, judicial and government actors, electoral groups and perhaps a friend of the Prime Minister came together under an ideational climate of equality and rights discourse to legalize gay marriage. In this case, institutions were not the initiators of this policy, rather interests outside institutions came together to pressure for political process. 5. Describe the stages of the policy cycle. Answer (p. 222): The stages of the policy cycle are problem definition or agenda-setting, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Problem definition or agenda-setting is a broad based exercise involving many actors inside and outside government. The formulation stage is mainly the responsibility of the Cabinet, implementation is the responsibility of the public service. Evaluation is conducted by the public service, ensured by the judiciary and ultimately accepted or rejected by the citizens.

Test Item File 6. Which branch of government engages in policy formulation? Answer (p. 224): The design and drafting of policy goals and the strategies to achieve these goals rests with the executive branch of government. This includes the federal cabinet led by the prime minister, the finance minister and the minister whose portfolio is affected, as well as deputy ministers and senior officials from the public service. The Crown is represented by the Governor General. 7. Which branch of the government engages in policy evaluation? Answer (p.224): The measurement and assessment of policy and program effects is conducted by parliamentary committees and oversight bodies such as the Dept. of Finance, Treasury Board. The Office of the Auditor General provides objective evaluations and reports directly to Parliament. In the event that a policy is challenged on legal grounds, the judiciary determines its legality. Beyond the government, extra-Parliamentary actors such as the media and interest groups also scrutinize policy. 8. Which branch of the government implements policy? Answer (p. 224): The process of interpreting policy, aligning key elements, gathering resources, and coordinating efforts rests with the public service. The public service is expected to implement policies with the resources allocated per department or agency and to conduct the government with impartiality, efficiency and loyalty.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 7 Essay Questions 1. From Inwood descriptions, compare and contrast the rational models for public policy models from the modern and postmodern models. Answer: (p. 213-217) The decision-making model from management theory lies at the core of the rational-comprehensive, public choice and incremental models described by Inwood. A problem is defined and is posited to be addressed by a solution. Various alternatives are suggested and weighed against criteria, from which a choice is made and implemented, then evaluated for success. Distinctions can be made among the variations of the rational model: the public choice model assumes the key motivation is self-interest, while the incremental model assumes the key motivation is to avoid radical change and conflict, therefore maintaining some semblance to the status quo. Inwood also explores models from post-modern thinkers: The mixed scanning model, similar to environmental scanning, where the public service begins with current policy and adds or adjusts according to perceived changes in the socio-cultural and political- economic environments. The term “garbage can” model refers to situation where the public service is aware that rational choices are impeded by irrational obstacles but forges ahead to make sense of what resources are available to address a particular issue. In describing the ”interpretive framework,” which Inwood insightfully avoids calling a model, the approach to policy is to first deconstruct the narrative behind the circumstances. 2. What does the pluralist view assume about interest groups? Answer (p. 218-219) Pluralism suggests there is an ongoing competition among shifting groups who attempt to influence public policy in their favour. People band together under a common cause and sometimes groups form alliances for political action. This theory assumes that power is widely diffused in society and that any and all groups have opportunity to be heard and to influence policy. However, a more realistic view reminds us that these groups are unequal in the resources they can deploy. Some are wealthy and sophisticated while others lack finances or knowledge. 3. What are the elements of problem definition? Answer (p. 224) The question as to which issues should receive attention from the government is a matter of problem definition. An important part of public policy is to understand how an issue ends up on the government agenda. There are countless pressures from special interests, political parties, business and labour associations, academics, and international interest to put certain items on the agenda. Parliamentary actors – the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary participate in the complex dialogues from which priorities emerge.

Test Item File 4. Who is involved in policy formulation? Answer (p. 23) Policy formulation is the development of proposed courses of action to help resolve a public problem. The first order of decision- making is whether the government should do something or do nothing. Often the public service is a step removed from a problem as it is experienced “on the ground”. The strategy of inaction is generally seen to be politically astute because it allows other elements in society to come forward with innovative and resourceful solutions. Experienced citizens or businesses or scientists or health specialists may be the better leaders in creating a solution. Once parliament decides to generate a policy and pass legislation, the process of formulation falls to the executive branch of the government, namely the Cabinet and the public service.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 8 Public Administration and the Management of Human Resources Chapter 8 Multiple Choice Questions 1. A 2007 poll revealed, when asked which professions Canadians trust most, top choices included a) environmental activists. b) bankers. c) politicians. d) corporate CEO’s. e) public servants. Answer e (p. 259) 2. In 1968, Prime Minister Trudeau promised to reduce the number of government employees and the result was a) 25,000 jobs were immediately cut. b) fifty percent of the jobs were immediately cut. c) the number had grown by 25,000 in twelve years. d) the number had grown by 40,000 in ten years. e) the public service remained the same size for twenty years. Answer d (p. 260) 3. Historian, J.L. Granatstein used the term “mandarin” to refer to a) a prominent group of senators in Ottawa. b) an influential club of business owners in Canada. c) a group of union leaders rallying for federal policies. d) university and college professors. e) a new class of influential senior public managers. Answer e (p. 262) The image of a “clubby” public service went through rapid changes because of factors such as a) the influx of baby boomers into the workforce. b) the use of French language in federal offices. c) immigration and the changing role of women in Canadian society. d) immigration and the changing perspectives of French Canadians. e) the translocation of rural Canadians to urban centres. Answer c (p.263) 4.

Test Item File 5. In response to the growth of society and technological change in postwar years, the public service a) experienced positive qualitative changes in human resource policy. b) experienced expansion at all levels. c) experienced a lag in human resource policy. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 263) 6. An attitude about the changing public service that prevails today is that a) senior bureaucrats should have ties to the ruling political party. b) the entire public service should bear some resemblance to the people it serves. c) public service workers should be allowed to advance on affirmative action. d) public service workers should possess degrees from recognized Canadian universities. e) public service workers should possess credentials in administration. Answer b (p. 263) 7. Treasury Board holds authority for human resource management in the public service through a) the Canada Labour Code. b) the employment Equity Act. c) the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. d) the Financial Administration Act. e) the Civil Service Commission follower by the Public Service Employment Act. Answer d (p. 265) 8. Neo-conservatism is an ideology first proposed a) in Great Britain under Maggie Thatcher. b) in the U.S. under Ronald Reagan. c) by the Mulroney government in Canada. d) by the Liberal administrations led by Jean Chretien then Paul Martin. e) by the Harper government. Answer a (p 265) 9. Due to the rise of neo-conservatism a) the public service was obstructing the operation of global markets. b) the public service was more disparaged. c) most people believed the public service needed to be downsized. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p.265-266)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 10. During the spread of neo-conservatism, the departure of senior public servants a) led to increased efficiency and effectiveness in public organizations. b) allowed for “new blood” to re-create public organizations. c) meant the historical memory of the public service was drained away. d) meant that government agencies could compete with private sector organizations. e) meant that services could be bid upon in competitive tender. Answer c (p. 266) 11. As Clerk to the Privy Council, Jocelyne Bourgon, described “a quiet crisis’ and argued that a) globalization is hindered by the interests and workings of the state. b) “we must guard against the simplistic notion that the public sector be run like a private enterprise”. c) there is no legitimate role for government in the movement of goods and services. d) the art of government can be put on a more business-like footing. e) the private and public sectors are inherently the same. Answer b (p. 266) 12. Jocelyne Bourgon explained the difference between private and public sectors in this way: a) management of change in public sector is a question of financial survival. b) management of change in private sector is a question of financial survival. c) public sector is about the future of the country, the national interest, and the public good. d) a and c e) b and c Answer e (p. 266) 13. Public servants at all levels can receive training from a) the University of Ottawa. b) the University of Toronto. c) the Canadian School for Public Service. d) the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. e) the Canadian Centre for Communication. Answer c (p. 267) 14. Kevin Lynch, as clerk of the Privy Council, suggested that the Public Service must continually renew itself for future as well as for current service to the government and people of Canada; otherwise it risks a) becoming less relevant, less useful and less respected as the years go by. b) becoming obsolete. c) becoming more complex, more convoluted and more cumbersome as years go by. d) becoming too expensive to support by tax dollars alone. e) losing its place as a core national institution. Answer a (p. 269)

Test Item File 15. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a) From 1983 to 2009, federal spending had decreased as a proportion of Canada’s economy. b) Over 25 years, gross domestic product doubled yet federal spending increased by 38.4 %. c) Over 25 years, gross domestic product increased by 38.4% but federal spending has doubled. d) From 1983 to 2009, Canada’s population rose by 31% but the number of public servants increased by only 9.2%. e) In 1983, federal spending as a proportion of GDP was 0.2% but was measured at 0.14% by 2009. Answer c (P. 271) 16. When you account for federal, provincial and local governments, the public sector directly employs a) twenty per cent of Canadians. b) about one in four Canadians. c) one in ten Canadians. d) half of Canadians. e) about one third of Canadians Answer b (p. 269) 17. Four agencies with some responsibility for human resource management in the Canadian federal government are a) the Treasury Board Secretariat, the Public Service Commission, the Public Service Agency, the Canada School of Public Service. b) the Privy Council, Public Service Manager General, the Commissioner of Official Languages, Employment Equity Commission. c) the Public Service Human Resource Agency of Canada, the Public Service Classification Board, Treasury Board Secretariat, Canada Customs and Revenue Agency. d) the Privy Council, the Management Accountability Commission, Minister of Public Works, Minister of the Interior e) none of the above Answer a (p. 272) 18. Recent reports on the demographic profile of the Public Service of Canada show that a) since 2000, the number of executives under the age of 45 has increased by about 48%. b) there is a general shift toward an aging workforce. c) 55.1% of the public service are men. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (274-276)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 19. The theory behind representativeness is that if the public service reflects the population a) there is less chance for discriminatory practices. b) It will make decisions in the best interests of those it serves. c) there is more scope for multicultural engagement. d) it will alleviate the possibility of public sector strikes. e) it will run more effectively if not efficiently. Answer b (P. 277) 20. According to the 2005 Report on Human Resource and Social Development in Canada, people with disabilities and visible minorities have increased representation a) in executive positions. b) in scientific and technical positions. c) in administrative service and support positions. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 279, 287) 21. Between 1918 and 1945, the number of French-speaking public servants dropped by more than 10% largely due to that fact that a) public servants were hired through patronage rather that the merit system of interviews and exams. b) bilingualism was not included in the assessment of qualifications. c) French Canadians had a classical education rather than technical or commercial training. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 280) 22. The workforce availability of Aboriginal peoples in Canada was 1.7% on 1996, increasing to 2.5% in 2001 and 3.0% in 2006. From 1999 to 2009, the representation of aboriginal people in the core public administration has a) been less than half of the aboriginal workforce availability. b) been less than one third of the aboriginal work availability. c) been more than half of the aboriginal workforce availability. d) met the rate of aboriginal workforce availability. e) exceeded the aboriginal workforce availability. Answer e (p. 284) 23. Public servants can “speak truth to power” without fear of reprisal because a) the political rights of public servants are protected by the Public Service commission. b) Cabinet Ministers are prohibited from recruiting, promoting, or transferring a public servant. c) Cabinet Ministers hold office for less than three years. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 292)

Test Item File 24. The career of a public servant is protected from the whims of elected officials in order to a) ensure that public servants complete tasks without harassment. b) ensure the non-partisanship of the public service. c) ensure that public servants will serve politicians loyally. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 292) 25. The doctrine of political neutrality infers that a) public servants are expected to loyally serve the government of the day. b) public servants are not allowed to be party activists working within the government. c) public servants take the blame when things go wrong and the praise when things go well. d) public service positions are awarded on the basis of political affiliation. e) public servants can express their views openly. Answer a (p. 293)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 8 Short Answer Questions 1. The origins of patronage appointments in Canada can be found where? Answer (p. 260): The history of patronage appointments can be found in the political cultures of the colonies of New France and British North America, which were essentially military colonies. A military colony is hierarchically organized society in which personal ambition was rewarded through service to the king, who held centralized political control. 2. Is the Canadian public service built on patronage? Answer (p. 260): While the common assumption is that the public service was originally built on patronage, there is evidence that a career-based civil service had developed early on in the Canadian public administration and that senior bureaucrats were rewarded and promoted based on merit leading to the meritocracy that exists today. 3. What observations in the early 1980’s prompted changes to the public service recruitment policies? Answer (p. 264): By 1980, it became apparent that the rules governing recruitment and promotion had set up systematic barrier to certain socio-economic groups. Consequently, the public service was disproportionately staffed by white Anglo-phone males, especially at upper levels. The failure of the public service to be representative of the society developed into a contentious issue. 4. It has been fashionable to complain that government has become too big. What do the facts reveal? Answer (p. 270): In 1983, the public service numbered 251,000 or 1.0% of Canada’s population. From then to 2009, Canada’s population grew by 31% while the number of federal public servants grew by 9.2% now representing only 0.82% of the population. 5. Where are federal public servants located? Answer (p. 278): the assumption that “government” is in Ottawa is mistaken. In 2006, approximately 42% worked within the nation’s capital, and outside the capital almost 13% in Ontario and 12% in Quebec, plus 11% in Atlantic provinces, 12% in the prairie provinces, 10% in the territories or B.C. and 1% outside Canada. 6. What story does Inwood cite as perhaps a reason why Prime Minister Trudeau wanted the Official Languages Act in 1969? Answer (p. 280): Inwood tells the story of Pierre Trudeau, arriving in Ottawa during the late 1950’s to work in the Privy Council Office. He was astonished to discover that if he wanted to write a memo to another French-speaking civil servant, he had to write it in English.

Test Item File 7. What statement by Judge Rosalie Abella, encapsulates the spirit of employment equity? Answer (p 281): In her ground breaking Royal Commission Report on Equality in employment, Judge Abella wrote “One hundred years ago, the role for women was almost exclusively domestic. Fifty years ago some visible minorities were disenfranchised. Twenty -five years ago native people lacked a policy voice. Ten years ago disabled people were routinely kept dependent. Today, none of these exclusionary assumptions is acceptable.” 8. In 1955, many people believed that men were the natural breadwinners and women belonged in the home. How did this attitude affect Canada’s public service? Answer (p. 283): Until 1955, there was a prohibition against married women being employed in the public service. Attitudes toward women working in the public service have been slow to change. Hiring, promotion, sick leave and handling absenteeism have all been implemented differently for women than for men. Before 1969, hiring requests could specify “male” or “female” and, until recently, assessments for a female applicant might include questions about her plans to marry or have children. 9. When did federal civil servants finally win the right to collective bargaining? Answer (p. 290): Prior to 1872, trade unions were illegal in Canada. For decades following, government would deny unionization to public sector employees, claiming that the rights of government workers could be restricted because of the principle of the supremacy of Parliament. In 1961, the Civil Service Act gave employees the right to be consulted on pay determination. The Public Service Staff Relations Act, 1967, gave employee organizations that right to negotiate directly with the government as trade unions. 10.

How does the Public Service Commission define employment equity?

Answer (p. 290): the Public Service Commission defines employment equity as the “employment practices designed to ensure that the regular staffing process is free of attitudinal and systemic barriers in order that the Public Service reflects all groups present in the Canadian labour force, and designed to ensure that corrective measures are applied to erase any historical disadvantage experienced by certain designated groups.”

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 8 Essay Questions 1. Has the public service in Canada seen steady growth since Confederation? Answer: (p. 260) Under the Trudeau administration, the public service grew by approximately 40,000 within ten years. Under the Mulroney administration, the public service grew by over 13,000. The Chretien government reversed the trend between 1993 and 1999, reducing the public service by 23% or a low of 186, 314. However, the reductions caused serious workload stress so that over the next seven years, the public service was allowed to grow by 2.6%. At 2009, there were 274,000 federal public servants. Another trend has been to devolve the responsibilities for much of the work performed by public services to partnerships and non-governmental agencies. 2. What did Jocelyne Bourgon intend by describing the quiet crisis in the Canadian public service? Answer: (p. 266) Neo-conservative arguments were challenged by those who saw a legitimate role for government. As Clerk to the Privy Council at the time, Jocelyne Bourgon was Canada’s top public servant. In her Report to the Prime Minister on the Public Service of Canada, Bourgon warned against making government more businesslike by stating that “management for change in private sector was a matter of financial survival but for those of us in the public sector, it is about the future of the country, the national interest and the public good.” 3. How did the Official Languages Act, 1969, rectify discrimination in the public service? Answer (p. 279-280): Political scientist, J.E. Hodgetts reported that between 1918 and 1945, the number of French-speaking civil servants dropped by more than 10%. Prime Minister Trudeau pursued the goal of making the federal government truly bilingual and launched the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism which reported between 1967 and 1970. The Public Service Commission was directed to recruit more bilingual workers and, based on recommendations from the Royal Commission, was made responsible for language training for the public service. From 1983 onward, a relatively stable proportion of the public service is representative of French Canadians with 27% to 29% of public service employees citing French as their first language. 4. Why does Inwood make the statement, “In general, Aboriginals face an appalling number of barriers to representation in the public service”? Answer (p. 285) Aboriginal people are culturally isolated. Poor educational opportunities make entry and advancement to the public service difficult. There are few role models in upper ranks. The public service traditionally values formal education over life experience, and therefore, has not valued the culturally-based knowledge from Aboriginal Canadians. Furthermore, some aboriginals do not recognize Ottawa as their legitimate government. To overcome these barriers, the federal government has aggressively recruited and trained more aboriginals.

Test Item File 5. How is political neutrality defined? Answer: (p. 292-293) the doctrine of political neutrality states that public servants must consistently act in ways that assumers their political impartiality. This convention is made up of several elements: First, the politics- administration dichotomy states that policy and administration are separate activities. Politicians make policy and public servants administer it. Second the merit principle implies that positions are awarded on the basis of skill and qualifications not political affiliation. Third, public servants do not engage in political partisanship so as to not compromise their positions as neutral advisors to the government. Fourth public servants refrain from speaking their own views about policy. Fifth, in return for honest, straightforward advice, public servants remain anonymous. Finally public servants enjoy tenure.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 9 Public Administration, Management Reform and Financial Management Chapter 9 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Contemporary reforms to the management of the public service have included a) using the notion of serving clients rather than serving citizens. b) relying on non-profits for delivery and development of services. c) gathering workers for general strike. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 305) 2. Reforms to make the government run more like a business required a) continual attitudinal, institutional and structural changes to government. b) a reduction in the scope of authority to provinces. c) a reduction in the power of collective bargaining. d) hiring lower-paid consultants from private sector. e) silencing protests with reality television. Answer a (p. 305) 3. “Death by a thousand cuts” refers to a) the replacement of deputy ministers with private sector managers. b) the dismissal of deputy ministers. c) the reduction of individual pay rates to federal public servants. d) the pressure within government organizations to make managers more entrepreneurial. e) the reversal of transfer payments to provinces. Answer d (p. 305) 4. The Glassco Commission, the Lambert Commission, and the D’Avignon Report were a) exercises in creating the public service. b) ministerial task forces to reduce the size of government. c) reports on government organization, financial management and personnel management. d) Royal Commissions and reports that followed the PS2000. e) Royal Mission Statements. Answer c (p. 306) 5. The PS2000 was announced by the Prime Minister Chretien in Dec., 1989 as a result of a) the Productivity Improvement Program started by the Trudeau government. b) productivity improvement programs stated by Paul Martin’s administration. c) the Glassco Commission, the Lambert Commission, and the D’Avignon Report. d) a survey conducted by two U of Ottawa professors on public sector managers. e) yen task forces set up under deputy ministers. Answer d (p. 306)

Test Item File 6. The purpose of PS2000 was a) to reduce the size of government bureaucracy. b) to move responsibilities for public services to private sector. c) for the public service to turn over assets to private sector. d) for the public service to review itself, initiate and implement reforms. e) for the public sector to prepare for the millennium. Answer d (p. 306) 7. The PS2000 took the form of ten task forces, which, under the leadership of deputy ministers a) increased centralized control of agency spending. b) simplified personnel policies and increased freedoms of department managers. c) increased efficiencies and cut program delivery. d) a and b e) b and c Answer b (p. 306) 8. Prime Minister Kim Campbell a) was Canada’s first female prime minister and brought feminist influences to government. b) was Canada’s least supported politician. c) led a Conservative government following Jean Chretien. d) led a Liberal government following Brian Mulroney. e) reduced the number of federal ministries from 32 to 23. Answer (p. 307) 9. During the 1994 Program Review, all government departments were expected to reform their programs against six “tests”. Which of the following was NOT included? a) Was a public interest at stake? b) Was there a legitimate role for government in the issue? c) Was a public sector union affected? d) Was the federal government the right level of government jurisdictionally? e) Could the activities of the program be transferred to the private or voluntary sector? Answer c (p. 308) 10. La Releve was launched to address “the quiet crisis” which was NOT a result of a) a loss of talent through many years of downsizing. b) constant criticism of the public sector. c) years of limited recruitment and pay freezes. d) increasing interest from private sector to acquire the skills possess by public servants. e) increasing Interest from public sector to acquire skills possessed by private sectors. Answer e (p. 309)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 11. LaReleve is an acronym referring to a) Leadership, Action, Rejuvenation, Effectiveness, Learning, Values and Energy. b) Leadership, Action, Renewal, Energy, Learning, Expertise, Values, and Excellence. c) Leadership, Action, Rejuvenation, Excellence, Leniency, Effort, Values, and Effectiveness. d) Leadership, Attention, Renewal, Effectiveness, Learning, Expertise, Variety, and Excellence. e) Leadership, Attention, Renewal, Energy, Learning, Excellence, Values, and Efficiency. Answer b (p. 309) 12. In 1998, La Releve evolved into the Leadership Network which a) brought attention to gender inequities within the public service. b) focused on effective management training and education for assistant deputy minsters. c) prepared standardized reporting forms for accountability in the public service . d) launched a program to bring internet connection to all Canadians. e) published periodic reports about changes to the civil service in the Globe and Mail. Answer b (p. 309) 13. The Public Service Modernization Act created a) La Releve and the Leadership Network. b) a new Public Service Employment Act and new Public Service Labour Relations Act. c) PS2000 and the Productivity Improvement Program. d) a task force on Modernizing Human Resource Management. e) the Increased Authority and Accountability exercise. Answer b (p. 311) 14. According to the most recent clerk to the Privy Council, the government’s handling of the H1N1 epidemic, the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the staging of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics and Para-Olympic Winter games are all examples of a) How media spin on events can cause disruptive panic. b) How public service professionals manipulate media to accomplish high profile events. c) How politicians manipulate resources to accomplish high profile events. d) How public service professionals take the lead over politicians in responding to pressing needs. e) How the community of public service professionals could respond and react to pressing needs and occasions. Answer e (p. 312)

Test Item File 15. The body responsible for managing the people within the public service, fostering leadership ad service in human resource planning, accountability, modernization and employment equity and as well as official languages is a) the Public Service Commission. b) the Privy Council Office. c) the Canada Public Service Agency. d) the Canada School of Public Service. e) the Treasury Board of Canada. Answer c (p.313) 16. The body responsible for the selection, management and development of deputy heads, the most senior leaders in the Public Service is a) the Public Service Commission. b) the Privy Council Office. c) the Canada Public Service Agency. d) the Canada School of Public Service. e) the Treasury Board of Canada. Answer b (p. 313) 17. The body responsible for supporting training and professional development, including leadership development and language training for public servants is a) the Public Service Commission. b) the Privy Council Office. c) the Canada Public Service Agency. d) the Canada School of Public Service. e) the Treasury Board of Canada. Answer d (p. 313) 18. An independent agency reporting to Parliament with the task of safeguarding the integrity of public service staffing and the political neutrality of the public service is a) the Public Service Commission. b) the Privy Council Office. c) the Canada Public Service Agency. d) the Canada School of Public Service. e) the Treasury Board of Canada. Answer a (p. 313) 19. Under the Public Service Modernization Act, primary responsibility for human resources management has a) transferred from the Canada Public Service Agency to the Public Service Commission. b) transferred from the Treasury Board to the Canada Public Service Agency. c) shifted from central agencies and the PCS to deputy heads in departments and agencies. d) evolved from the work of human resource professionals to be used by local leaders. e) taken on by the Canada School of Public Service. Answer c (p. 314) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 20. The body that has ultimate responsibility for the government’s overall fiscal health is a) the Treasury Board. b) the Dept. of Finance. c) the Public Service Commission. d) the Privy Council Office. e) Parliamentary Committee on ministerial reform. Answer b (p. 317) 21. To see government as “savers or guardians, and otherwise as spenders”, is to acknowledge that government departments a) can be culpable in spending abuses through misallocation of resources. b) can be fraudulent in their reporting of financial expenditures. c) must spend out each year’s budget to gain more funds. d) must engage in both competitive and cooperative behaviours in the allocation of resources. e) must raise taxes to spend more funds. Answer d (p. 317) 22. The Glassco Commission recommended introducing methods by which the value and efficiency of expenditures could be measured and a five year planning cycle. The first step was to change the nature of expenditure requests by managers into a) the line item method of budgeting. b) the recruitment method of budgeting. c) the Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS). d) the Priority Expenditure system. e) MBO Answer c (p. 322) 23. In January 1995, a new system was introduced that required government department to produce annual business plans. It was a) the Expenditure Management System. b) the Planning Programming Budgeting System. c) the Priority Expenditure system. d) Parliamentary Committee on expenditures. e) Treasury Board accountability reports. Answer a (p. 324) 24. The basic objectives of the Expenditure Management System do NOT include a) Fairness and equity in distribution. b) Overall fiscal control. c) Effective allocation of resources. d) Operational efficiency. e) Parliamentary control. Answer a (p. 325)

Test Item File 25. The phrase “a financial expression of the government‘s priorities, policies and plans” is a reference to a) Parliamentary decrees. b) the throne speech. c) the motto of the Public Service. d) the strategic plan. e) the budget. Answer e (p. 328)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 9 Short Answer Questions . 1. What are the major points of contemporary reform? Answer (p. 305) Contemporary reform include borrowing best practices from private sector focusing upon “clients” instead of serving citizens, forming strategic alliances with the private sector and relying increasingly on volunteer and non-profit organizations to deliver and develop services. In addition, government offices use new technologies to improve service delivery and communicate with Canadians. 2. Which government reviews preceded the PS2000? Answer (p. 306): The Royal Commission on Government Organization (the Glassco Commission), the Royal commission on Financial Management (the Lambert Commission) the special committee on the Review of Personnel Management and the Merit Principle. 3. Why did Paul Tellier, the inventor and developer of PS2000, describe it as “a failure”? Answer (p. 307): Paul Tellier, then clerk of the Privy Council, intended the PS2000 to be a gesture of empowerment and rejuvenation but claimed his plan was defeated by a “culture of caution”. Many middle managers regarded the PS2000 as a top down directive that was removed from day to day concerns. The Auditor General concluded in his 1993 report “while some progress had been made, there was a feeling of scepticism among public service managers” 4. What is La Releve? (Answer p. 309): La Releve is an acronym standing for Leadership, Action, Renewal, Energy, Learning Expertise, Values and Excellence. Beginning in January, 1997, more than 15,000 public servants from all departments and regions were consulted about their perception of working in the public service. Conferences wee staged across the country and, along with parliamentarians, included academics, professional association and provincial governments. 5. What key challenges were identified by the La Releve task force? Answer (p. 309) The La Releve task force identified key challenges confronting the modern public service as globalization, new information technologies, and changing attitudes toward traditional hierarchical institutions. It urged a more responsible and participatory role for managers at all levels and a democratization of the decision-making process. 6. What is the aim of the Public Sector Modernization Act of 2003? Answer (p. 311): The aim of the Public Sector Modernization Act, 2003, is to provide increased flexibility in staffing and management people cooperative labour management relations, coherent training programs to meet the professional development and corporate needs of the government clear role for government and strengthened accountability.

Test Item File 7. According to Inwood, which departments are “savers” and “spenders?” Answer (p. 317) Key savers are Dept. of Finance, Treasury Board Secretariat and the Privy Council while all other departments are “spenders” The Dept of Finance has ultimate responsibility for the government’s overall financial health. For several decades, the “spenders” pressured for larger portions of the government pie, leading to increased budgets. In addition, many communities lobbied successfully for tax breaks, subsidies, and other tactics that reduced government revenue. Through the 1980’s and 1990’s the “savers” countered this trend with retrenchment and downsizing strategies in deliberate efforts to wrestle the public debt. 8. How does the Constitution speak to Parliament’s responsibilities in budgeting? Answer (p. 320): In the BNA Act, 1867, Parliament is given the right to control public money. Section 102 creates a single consolidated revenue fund to receive all money belonging to Canada. Section 106 gives Parliament authority to pay out of the consolidated revenue fund. Therefore, government can have only revenue that is sanctioned by Parliament. Government can make only those expenditures approved by Parliament. 9. When did the use of budgets gain importance in managing the Canadian economy? Answer (p. 321): The strategy of using the budget as macro-economic management tool was not introduced in Canada until after the rise of Keynesianism. Prior to this period, financial reporting was couched in terms of ensuring accuracy and probity. 10. How has the budget announcement changed from its historical purpose? Answer (p. 328): Historically the budget was released after the presentation of the Main Estimates, which were the documents that announced the government’s detailed spending. The budget, therefore, was mainly a description of how government intended to raise funds; it described the ways and means for government to achieve its goals. More recently, however the budget has evolved into a communication tool that announces new spending measures as well as tax measure. The budget has no legal authority and each measure must be presented to Parliament before it can become law.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 9 Essay Questions 1. What were the strategies of PS2000 and how were these implemented? Answer (p 306): PS2000 suggested that each government department complete a mission statement and set service-oriented goals. PS2000 called for department managers to embrace participatory management and consult broadly with citizens as well as with employees. To empower managers and improve communication, no more than 3 executive levels existed under each deputy minister. To simply personnel and decision making, the number of categories and levels within groups was reduced. New organizational models, called Special Operating Agencies (SOA’s), were created. 2. What was the state’s role in the financial crisis of 2008-2009? Answer (p. 304): The public service was called upon to rectify the effects of egregious folly in the financial sector during 2008-2009. As a result of poor judgement and greed on the part of lending institutions, unfounded debt capacity began to erode and caused a global meltdown of recessionary unemployment and plant closures. Private sector manufacturing and financial firms were begging for relief, urging federal governments to employ state interventionist strategies to shore up the economic health of the global economy. Inwood claims that after years of denigration and the discrediting of much-vaunted Keynesian management systems, the public service had its image resurrected and reassured through its ability of governments to mobilize resources in the economy. 3. Describe Inwood’s picture of government departments as “spenders” or “savers” Answer (p. 317): Inwood claims that the process of raising and spending money can be more easily understood by conceptualizing of some government departments as “savers” or guardians” and the others as “spenders”. Departments act as savers if their intent is to conserve resources or safeguard against over-expenditure or unwanted deficits. Other departments engage in both competitive and cooperative behaviours to win or gain resources. Inwood states “for many years, it spenders were winning the battle if not the war.” Then in the 1980’s and 1990’s the savers “launched a forceful counteroffensive”. The result was significant downsizing of the public service and a deliberate and concerted effort to eliminate deficit and debt. Key savers are Dept. of Finance, Treasury Board Secretariat and the Privy Council while all other departments are “spenders”.

Test Item File 4. Inwood identifies a new category of influence that he calls “priority setters”. To what and whom does he refer? Answer (p. 318): During periods of retrenchment in 1980’s and 1990’s “savers” departments emphasized improved financial controls and reporting mechanisms. “Priority-setters” emerged in the Privy Council Office and Prime Minister’s Office who could manipulate public sentiment and use information tactics to control political engagement. Key priority setters used the budget process as a communications tool to signal important political and policy messages to voters and citizens. Inwood quotes David Good, ”in the face of continuous fiscal restraint and increasing demands for programs and service, the PMO and PCO are shaping the priorities of the minster of finance’s budget”. 5. What is the role of the Expenditure Management System? Answer (p. 324): The Expenditure Management System (EMS) requires government departments to produce business plans (strategic plans) which illustrate their three-year strategy to improve or restructure programs, referred to as “lines of service”. In her 2006 report, the auditor general wrote: “The EMS is at the heart of the operation of government. It touches everything the government does, since all government activities involve spending. A system that works well promotes efficient, responsive and accountable government. Without a good system, nothing departments and agencies do individually will result in sound overall management of government spending. An effective EMS is essential to getting the result that government wants and to being accountable to Canadians for what is done on their behalf.”

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition

Chapter 10 Public Administration and Ethics Chapter 10 Multiple Choice Questions 1. In 1996, a report entitled A Strong Foundation (aka the Tait Report), provided in-depth discussion of values and ethics in the federal public service. It called for a) a reduction of the number of middle managers in the public service. b) fewer ministerial portfolios. c) deregulation of crown corporations into private public partnerships. d) government bodies to identify core corporate values and standards for ethical conduct. e) Question Period and other parliamentary debates to be televised. Answer d (p. 340) 2. The value statement” serving with competence, excellence, efficiency, objectivity and impartiality” is a statement of a) democratic values. b) professional values. c) ethical values. d) critical values. e) new public management. Answer b (p. 341) 3. The value statement “demonstrating respect fairness and courtesy in their dealing with both citizens and fellow public servants” is a statement of a) democratic values. b) professional values. c) people values. d) ethical values. e) new public management. Answer c (p. 341) 4. The value statement “helping Ministers, under law, to serve the public interest” is a statement of a) democratic values. b) professional values . c) ethical values. d) people values. e) new public management. Answer a (p. 341)

Test Item File 5. The directive that public servants shall give honest and impartial advice and make all information relevant to a decision available to Ministers is a guideline within the category of a) democratic values. b) professional values. c) ethical values. d) critical values. e) new public management. Answer a (p. 341) 6. The directive that public servants shall perform their duties and arrange their private affairs so that public confidence and trust in the integrity, objectivity, and impartiality of government are conserved and enhanced is a guideline within the category of a) democratic values. b) professional values. c) ethical values. d) people values. e) new public management. Answer c (p. 341) 7. Which of the following statements has Inwood taken from a 2002 survey? a) Only 18% of Canadians trust politicians but most trust public servants. b) Only 18% of Canadians say they trust politicians, and only 36% say they pay taxes. c) 46% of citizens believe that “government is crooked”. d) 82% of Canadians believe that “government is crooked”. e) More than half of Canadians say that “government does not care”. Answer e (p. 342) 8. The expectation of ethical behaviour from the public service stems from our concepts of a) freedom from oppression. b) the public interest. c) peace, order and good government. d) higher learning. e) responsible use of power. Answer b (p. 343) 9. Independent ethics commissioners have existed in Canada as early as a) 1867. b) 1910. c) 1960. d) 1988. e) 2000. Answer d (p. 343)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 10. Offices of Independent Ethics Commissioners have been established a) In western, eastern and northern regions. b) In every province and territory. c) In every major city in Canada. d) In every federal government department. e) In every public service access office. Answer b (p. 343) 11. In 2004, an Office of Independent Ethic Commissioners was established a) In Quebec. b) In the R.C.M.P. c) In the House of Commons. d) In the Canadian Armed Forces. e) In the Dept. of Justice. Answer c (p. 343) 12. Early considerations of the public interest were discussed by E. Pendleton Herring in his 1936 book Public Administration and the Public interest where he identified a) the failure of Canadian politicians to finance public projects. b) the failure of the Canadian public to address matters of public interest. c) the growing mistrust of Canadian politicians. d) the growing mistrust in the bureaucracy. e) the growing bureaucratic discretion in decision making. Answer e (p. 343) 13. In his book Public Administration and the Public Interest, E. Pendleton Herring pointed out that a) when laws and regulations are vaguely worded, public servants are left to interpret what the politicians meant before implementing instructions. b) public servants might be required to determine what constitutes the public interest. c) the risk that bureaucratic discretion will be used to put public servants in charge over the politicians. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 343-344) 14. Administrative efficiency pertains to the details of decisions and operations; administrative ethics a) refers to the quality of decisions around strategic directions. b) refers to the checks and balances around the use of resources. c) refers to the checks and balances applied to hiring decisions. d) involves checks and balances for the public scrutiny of conduct in organizations. e) involves the application of moral principles to the conduct of officials in organizations. Answer e (p. 345)

Test Item File 15. Inwood claims that finding common moral ground with others in an organization is a challenge and raises two questions: a) What is right? Who says what is right? b) What is right? How do we measure what is right? c) What is to be judged correct? What are corrections? d) Who may judge? Who is to be judged? e) How do we know what we are doing is right? Who is going to call us on it? Answer d (p. 345) 16. If public servants are to be neutral in fulfilling their duties, a) they should not be guided by their own morality but by those of the organization. b) they should abide by a set of values given by the senior administrators. c) they should follow orders. d) they should be directed by Parliament which represents the people. e) they should be directed by public sentiment because ``the people are always right``. Answer a (p. 345) 17. The directive “It is the responsibility of public employees to provide forthright and objective advice to, and carry out, the directions of their political superiors” addresses the ethical dilemma of a) discretion. b) partisanship. c) public comment. d) conflict of interest. e) lying for the public good. Answer b (p. 347) 18. The ethical guideline surrounding public comment a) establishes an official line of communication for government departments. b) establishes the politician as official spokesperson. c) allows public servants to speak on matters within their expertise. d) reflects the idea that public servants should remain anonymous. e) establishes the parameters around what can come up during Question Period. Answer d (p. 348) 19. For public servants, a conflict of interest includes a) accepting small gifts from appreciative service recipients. b) accepting a directorship to the board of a private sector organization. c) sharing unofficial information about government development to private interests. d) a and b e) a and c Answer e (p. 348)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 20. A question of conflict of interest arises a) when a public servant is seen to be favoured by political masters. b) when a public servant may benefit from activities related to their employment. c) when a public servant cannot objectively perform their job. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 349) 21. The practice of “lying for the public good” a) has been considered since the earliest of times. b) is a dilemma described by Plato. c) is recorded in the Bible as “the noble lie”. d) a and b e) a and c Answer b (p. 350) 22. Inwood claims that lying for the public good a) is a large part political engagement. b) is expressed in Machiavelli’s “The Prince”. c) poses an ethical and moral dilemma for public servants. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 350) 23. New employees at the federal public service are equipped with an understanding of government and the concepts of the values, ethics and responsibilities they will draw upon throughout their careers in the Public Service of Canada. This training is completed at a) the University of Ottawa. b) the Canadian Labour Congress. c) the Canada School for Public Service. d) the Public Service Employees Association. e) the Public Service Commission. Answer c (p. 356) 24. Modern Comptrollership: Values and Ethics a) Is a conference sponsored by SSRHC. b) Is a discussion paper from the Schulich School of Business. c) is a book about leadership, ethics, and comptrollership. d) is one of several courses offered through the Canada School for Public Service. e) is a policy recommendation from the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants . Answer d (p. 356-357)

Test Item File 25. Because public institutions are held with less regard than they once were, Inwood warns against a vicious cycle where a low quality of public servants a) attracts the scorn of the public. b) feeds the perception that the public service is no longer a higher calling. c) perpetuates the myth of private sector efficiency. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 354)

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 10 Short Answer Questions 1. What is the call for concern for ethics in the public service? Answer (p. 339): Inwood explains that when government was small, a coterie of mandarins controlled the public service and infused it with a set of shared values, attitudes, and beliefs. As government grew and became more complex, new recruits brought varying perspectives. Over the years, chains of command have lengthened, and therefore loosened, allowing new interpretations of what constituted ethical behaviour in the public service. As government becomes more complex and intertwined with other interests in the society, ethical standards of behaviour rise in importance. 2. How did John Tait describe the notion of public interest? Answer (p. 344): In A Strong Foundation, 1997, Tait wrote “the ideal of service is one of the deepest sources of public service motivation. In the heart of most public servants lies the conviction that service to the public, to the public good, or to the public interest is what makes their profession like no other. It is why they chose it, for the most part, and why they keep at it, with enthusiasm and conviction, despite difficulties and frustrations along the way. Service to the public and to the public interest is the vision of the public service, and it is a creative essential and compelling vision.” 3. Inwood claims that” developing a set of guidelines so that every decision can objectively be said to serve the public interest is impossible.” What factors are prohibitive? Answer (p. 344): Inwood explains that the concept of objectively serving the public interest is too ambiguous; it differs according to whether one is a politician, a public servant, or a citizen. There are too many variables involved and what might be considered “the public interest” will change over time and under different circumstances. 4. How does Inwood categorize issues of ethical dilemma? Answer (p. 346-350): Inwood lists several scenarios where the public servant could be confronted with ethical dilemma. These are the issues of discretion, partisanship, public comment, conflict of interest, lying for the public good, and circumstances where the ethics of private sector differ from those of public sector. 5. What example of dilemma does Inwood offer to illustrate the use of discretion? Answer (p. 346) Inwood cites a case of a social worker who must follow the rule that support payments can be issued only when a recipient shows proof of residence. When an applicant explains that he has lost his apartment but has another lined up, the social worker must use his discretion to choose a course of action. Should he follow the rules and withhold the payment? Or should issue the payment based on compassion for the client?

Test Item File 6. How does the Institute of Public Administration of Canada guide the loyalty of public servants? Answer (p. 347): From the Institute’s Statement of Principles: “Public employees should be sensitive to the political process and knowledge about the laws and traditions regarding political neutrality that are applicable to their spheres of employment. It is the responsibility of public employees to provide forthright and objective advice to, and carry out the directions of, their political superiors. Public employees have a duty to carry out government decisions loyally, irrespective of the party or persons in power and irrespective of their personal opinions.” 7. In moving away from patronage, how important is partisanship? Answer (p. 348): In an era of patronage, partisanship was not a question but part of the reality of forming government. In a merit-based system, public servants are required to serve their political masters with loyalty, irrespective of personal feelings or beliefs. The politicsadministration dichotomy expresses the need for public servants to act with political neutrality. 8. Can the moral and ethical beliefs of every individual be considered in government decisions? Answer (p. 356): Regarding a scenario where all decisions and actions are subject to the moral and ethical belief systems of each and every individual concerned, Inwood claims “a paralysis of the organization” would result. 9. What is said about the role of media regarding government ethics? Answer (p. 354): Media plays two roles simultaneously. As an investigator, it uncovers malfeasance and brings it to light for the public. As a “watchdog”, it acts as a deterrent to public servants and politicians fearful of being targeted in a scandal. 10. What legislation protects whistle-blowers in the public service? Answer (p. 354): The Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act, 2005.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 10 Essay Questions 1. Can a set of guidelines be developed that ensures every decision is said to serve the public interest? Answer (p. 343-344): Inwood says this is impossible. There are too many variables involved and the concept itself is ambiguous and open to interpretation. The public interest has changed over time and under different circumstances, depending upon the demographic makeup of the nation, the social and cultural trends of society, the economic and environmental health of our communities, our sense of safety and the nation`s relationship with other nations. 2. How do we know public servants respond with ethical values? Answer (p. 345) Inwood asks ``Can we be sure that ethical values of fairness and honesty are being followed in circumstances in which some citizens seem able to achieve privileged access to decision makers and others cannot?” For a public servant to be doing her job in the complete sense, she must be able to consider the needs of all Canadians. She must respond not only to the voices she can hear, but must actively seek the opinions of the marginalized, the dispossessed, and the disorganized. 3. How does Inwood present the difficulty of measuring public sector ethics against private sector values? Answer (p. 352) Inwood reiterates the distinction between private sector and public motivations. Private sector activity has a ``bottom line`` whereas public sector decisions have no such constraint or motivation. If government is expected to act in a more business-like manner, how would we ensure that service in the interest of the public be administered with ethics? More frequently, government is partnering with other stakeholders to deliver services. Will this require a transition from regulation to co-regulation? If so, who decides where public interests are served? And how does a code of conduct apply to all? 4. How did the present-day CPS code of conduct evolve? Answer (p. 354) Codes of conduct rose in popularity during the 1970’s after Watergate. Several iterations of codes of conduct have evolved through the Canadian public service, notably with the 1985 Task Force on Public Service Value and Ethics. In 1995, the Privy Council led the Task Force on Public Service Values and Ethics, comprised of deputy ministers. In 1999, an Office of Values and Ethics was created. In 2003, the Office of Values and Ethics released the “Code of Conduct for Public Servants” which set out expectations and rules of behaviour for public servants. In 2005, the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act was passed to protect whistleblowers. Furthermore, the government adopted a Charter of Values of Public Service, requiring the Treasury Board to establish a code of conduct applicable to the public service and also requires heads of departments and agencies to establish internal rules consistent with the code.

Test Item File 5. How is term “public servant” relevant to the ethical conduct of the public service? Answer (p. 351): In response to Watergate, public administrator F.C. Mosher stated: “A democracy is not a family business, dominated by its patriarch, nor is it a military battalion, or a political campaign headquarters. It is a producing organization which belongs to its members, and it is the only such organization whose members include all the citizens within its jurisdiction. Those who work for and are paid by the government are ultimately servants of the whole country, which owns and supports the government.”

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition

Chapter 11 Public Administration and Accountability Chapter 11 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Inwood states that at the core of a democracy is the fundamental principle of accountability whereby a) representatives have a responsibility to do a good job. b) representatives ought to act in a responsible manner. c) citizens have the right to throw rascals out of office. d) citizens are vesting their elected officials with power and have the right to take it back. e) masses have the right to question leaders. Answer d (p. 364) 2. The basis of the principle of responsible government a) developed from the War of 1812. b) was first adopted by the Provinces of Canada and Nova Scotia in 1848. c) originated in the formation of a House of “Commons” in Britain. d) dates to the Magna Carta in the 17th century. e) was borrowed from the American constitution. Answer b (p. 365) 3. The concept of “responsible government” a) means the Prime Minister and Cabinet require the confidence of the elected House of Commons. b) defines the relationship of Cabinet ministers to the House, the Crown and to each other. c) is welcome by those who assume that societies are naturally divided into the rulers and the ruled. d) all of the above e) none of the above Answer d (p. 366-367) 4. Government accountability is enforced primarily a) through the judiciary. b) through media. c) through the Opposition. d) through the ballot box. e) none of the above. Answer d (p. 367)

Test Item File 5. When administrative law prescribes the precise arrangements whereby public business is to be conducted, arrangements that include the structure of the machinery of government, the number and tenure of public officials, the handling of public property and monies, the code of conduct governing official behaviour and methods for handling citizens and aliens, the law is a) Reducing official discretion. b) Ensuring accountable action from politicians. c) Ensuring accountable action from public servants . d) Generating undue complexities in administration. e) Increasing red tape. Answer a (p. 367) 6. A complex system of rewards and punishments has evolved to ensure compliance with measures designed to promote accountability and responsibility. If government fails to act responsibly, the result will be a) the loss of power in this next election. b) legal sanctions invoked against politicians or public servants for criminal acts. c) a media circus. d) a and b e) b and c Answer d (p. 368) 7. When a Cabinet Minister answers for a mistake in the House of Commons and implements remedial action, it is sometimes referred to as a) the theory of ministerial responsibility. b) the theory of ministerial accountability. c) the theory of professional culpability. d) the doctrine of answerability. e) the doctrine of legislative liability. Answer d (p. 369) 8. Cabinet acts collectively in every government action and therefore accepts collective ministerial responsibility for any errors. This convention of government is tested a) during each election campaign. b) during Question Period. c) in front of the judiciary. d) in front of parliamentary committees. e) when votes are held in the House of Commons. Answer e (p. 370) 9. The doctrine of collective ministerial responsibility maintains political stability because a) it gives the appearance of consensus and solidarity to the public. b) it requires the confidence of the House of Commons. c) it requires ministers to publicly support Cabinet decisions. d) a and b e) b and c Answer e (p. 370) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 10. The doctrine of ministerial responsibility allows ministers to delegate authority but a) they cannot delegate accountability. b) they cannot create authority beyond Parliament. c) they cannot delegate authority beyond collective agreements made with the PSC. d) they do not stipulate a reporting mechanism. e) they can choose to micro-manage instead. Answer (p. 372) 11. The Federal Accountability Act of 2006 designates deputy ministers as accounting officers for their organization, in effect a) making cabinet ministers accountable to the Prime Minister’s Office. b) making cabinet ministers accountable to the Auditor General. c) making public servants accountable for policy. d) making public servants accountable for their organization. e) making public servants answerable to questions from parliamentary committees. Answer e (p. 372) 12. A relatively new twist to the accountability issue arises from the recent trend toward restructuring the public service. Because of budget cutbacks, an issue stems around ministers seeking advice a) from private consultants who charge exorbitant fees. b) from experts whose credentials are not recognized in Canada, the U.S. or Britain. c) from outside consultants who have no relationship to traditional structures of decision-makings. d) from public relations firms and professional communications outlets. e) from affiliations with global technology companies. Answer c (p. 373) 13. The strictures of accountability apply to every public servant. However, the senior-most officer – the deputy minister – is given particular responsibilities for a) finances under the Financial Administration Act. b) policing behaviour through the Code of Conduct for Public Servants. c) seeking Cabinet consensus through the doctrine of collective ministerial responsibility. d) establishing that all credit for decisions will fall to the minister under the doctrine of ministerial responsibility. e) All of the above Answer a (p. 375)

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Test Item File 14. According to political scientist Paul Thomas, there are several broad trends which have altered practices and conventions of the public service. A factor that has increased accountability of the public service is a) the promotion of a new entrepreneurial public service culture which values innovation, risk-taking and rewards for results b) changing the public service to be more representative of the public it serves c) greater fragmentation of the public sector through the creation of new-style organizations. d) increased parliamentary surveillance of the public service through the “estimates process”, performance reporting and wider auditing processes. e) the rise of more adversarial media. Answer d (p. 377) 15. Imagine a government scientist learns a fact about environmental damage which is not particularly favourable for the government. When she discloses the fact or the purposes of public safety, she is exercising a) administrative accountability. b) legal accountability. c) political accountability. d) professional accountability. e) constitutional accountability Answer d (p. 376) 16. If a lawyer, tasked with negotiating a land claim with a First Nation, complies with the aboriginal definition of traditional territory, she is exercising a) administrative accountability. b) legal accountability. c) political accountability. d) professional accountability. e) constitutional accountability. Answer e (p. 376) 17. Imagine that a government auditor discovers extraordinary spending in a department but the expenditures are classified within an acceptable budget line. If he expresses concern to his superior but makes no formal report, he is exercising a) administrative accountability b) legal accountability c) political accountability d) professional accountability e) constitutional accountability Answer b (p. 376)

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Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 18. Imagine a government auditor discovers an extraordinary expense item that will bring certain rebuke upon the government. If she discreetly tells the minister but no one else, she is exercising a) administrative accountability. b) legal accountability. c) political accountability. d) professional accountability . e) constitutional accountability. Answer c (p. 376) 19. Public awareness about government activities is a key aspect of the OAG’s work. To publicize what the government has and has not done, the auditor general a) issues reports to all deputy ministers and department heads. b) engages in debate during Question Period. c) issues a yearly report that provides details of government expenditures. d) issues several reports to the House of Commons each year. e) reports online through the Government of Canada website. Answer d (p. 381) 20. The 2004 report from the Office of the Auditor General caused immense political controversy and was popularly referred to as a) the Ripple Effect. b) the Gomery Commission. c) the HST. d) the Sponsorship Program. e) the HRDC Scandal. Answer d (p 382) 21. If the auditor general asks whether a government program was run economically or efficiently, she is asking a question of a) attest or verification auditing. b) value-for-money auditing or performance auditing. c) compliance auditing. d) social auditing. e) financial auditing Answer b (p. 380) 22. If the auditor general suspects that the costs for a program seem excessive, she may ask if the amount of money was authorized and if the money was spent for the purposes stated to Parliament. This is an example of a) attest or verification auditing. b) value-for-money auditing or performance auditing. c) compliance auditing. d) social auditing. e) financial auditing . Answer c (p. 380)

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Test Item File 23. If the auditor general scrutinizes the financial reporting from departments, she is asking a question of a) attest or verification auditing. b) value-for-money auditing or performance auditing. c) compliance auditing. d) social auditing. e) financial auditing . Answer a (p. 380) 24. The position of an independent auditor general was intended to list each transaction to Parliament and report whether public money had bee spent the way parliament had intended. The first auditor general was established in a) 1867. b) 1878. c) 1950. d) 1977. e) 1997. Answer b (p. 390) 25. A contemporary version of the OAG surfaced later but overstepped its mandate by commenting on the “quality” of the public service. This OAG operated from a) 1867. b) 1878. c) 1950. d) 1977. e) 1997. Answer c (p. 390) 26. The contemporary OAG was given a broader mandate, however the office was to refrain from commenting on policy but to focus on how policies are implemented. The Auditor General Act was passed in a) 1867. b) 1878. c) 1950. d) 1977. e) 1997. Answer e (p. 390)

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Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition Chapter 11 Short Answer Questions 1. How does Inwood describe the historical development of public accountability? Answer (p. 365) Inwood states “it was only when the absolute rule of a single leader was replaced by the rule of legislative assemblies overseen by an appointed executive – which could be held collectively and individually responsible for running the state – that accountability emerged in its modern guise”. 2. According to Aucoin and Jarvis, what are the three dimensions of ministerial responsibility? Answer: (p. 369-370) According to Aucoin and Jarvis, the three dimensions of ministerial responsibility are authority, responsibility, and accountability. The first is defined in that the minister is the chief executive of a department, the person in charge of the officials and the one with statutory authority to take action so that the purposes of the law are realized. The second dimension is defined in that the minister has been assigned the duties or obligations that are also set forth in statutes. The third dimension is defined in that the minister must provide an account and may be held to account for his or her actions, or the actions of officials, whether or not the minister had knowledge of these actions. 3. How does inwood present the real world problem of accountability? Answer (p. 370-372): Inwood explains that, for decades, the politics-administration dichotomy and doctrine of ministerial responsibility placed the test of accountability for any government action upon the minister responsible. The public servant was protected from public criticism by virtue of his capacity as executor, not as decision maker. However, most Cabinet ministers are not experts in any field and, as a result, government actions are undertaken by numerous staff and senior officials. This problem weakens the politics-administration dichotomy which says that ministers should be the ultimate decision-maker – the one “on top” while the public servants respond to orders. To illustrate the complexity of government decision, Inwood cites the example of 4700 decisions taken in one year’s operations of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Commerce. 4. Within which five contexts are accountability measures applied to the public service? Answer (p. 375): There are five overlapping contexts where public servants are held accountable. These are accountability 1) to a superior 2) to elected officials 3) under the law, 4) to professional norms and institutions and 5) to the public 5. Beyond the strictures of accountability, what specific responsibilities fall to the seniormost public servant, the deputy minster? Answer (p. 375): The deputy minister is held to the expectation to uphold all laws passed by the government. In addition, she is responsible for finances under the Financial Administration Act and for personnel matters under delegated authority from the Treasury Board and Public Service Commission. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File 6. According to Paul Thomas, several broad trends are changing the conventions of an anonymous, neutral and permanent public service. What role does he see for the judiciary? Answer (p. 377): Thomas sees a growing role for the courts under the Charter of Rights and Freedom and other statues to review the actions of administrative agencies to ensure that they act on the basis of public law, respect Charter principles and dispense natural justice. 7. What guides an audit of government programs? Answer (p. 380): The Auditor General Act provides three questions to which the auditor general must address herself: 1) Is the government keeping proper accounts and records and presenting its financial information accurately? 2) Did the government collect or spend the authorized amount of money, and for the purposes intended by Parliament? 3) Were programs run economically and efficiently? And does the government have the means to measure their effectiveness. Each question corresponds to a particular type of audit. The first question attests or verifies accounting statements. The second question calls for compliance to Parliament’s wishes. The third applies value-for-money criteria to performance standards. 8. Which recent reports from the Office of the Auditor General have received much publicity and added to the defeat of the government of Paul Martin? Answer (p. 381, 388) The 2002 OAG report disclosed misconduct on the part of federal public servants in their dealings with certain Quebec advertising agencies. The 2004 OAG report followed with a serious indictment of rampant financial abuses in the sponsorship program. The exposure led to the Gomery Commission of Inquiry which brought down the Martin government. 9. Inwood uses an example of “selling” highways to public sector firms to illustrate which point? Answer (p. 383): The federal government, through NPM, employs strategies to offload responsibilities to private sector service providers. In the case of selling highway maintenance, a private firm would purchase the contract and collect tolls from the public for use of the road. The firm would absorb all costs but might administer repairs only to the point where it could realize profits. If the firm stops maintenance activities and the road falls to disrepair, who is accountable? The state is still accountable for the public’s safe and reasonable use of the road. If the firm declares bankruptcy the state is left to assume responsibility and the question of accountability measures becomes complex.

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Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 10. What is the mission of the Office of the Auditor General? Answer (p. 381) the mission statement reads: “The Office of the Auditor General of Canada conducts independent audits and examinations that provide objective information, advice and assurance to Parliament. We promote accountability and best practices in government operations.

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Test Item File Chapter 11 Essay Questions 1. Inwood claims there are two opposing schools of thought that both support the principle of responsible government. How so? Answer (p. 366-367): Inwood presents two different arguments that support the establishment of responsible government. The first argument is put forward by “democrats” who believe that the power to rule rests with the people and that responsible government provides the legitimate transfer of power from an unaccountable sovereign to accountable representatives of the people. The counter argument, presented from “conservatives”, is that society is naturally divided into “the ruled” and “rulers”. Conservatives believe that “rule by people” is unstable and inherently dangerous. Institutions of responsible government could ensure that government would be administered through so-called deserving classes of people and yet serve to pacify the general public’s desire for voice and vote. 2. In theory, how does the doctrine of ministerial responsibility ensure accountability? Answer (p. 370): Ministerial responsibility, both individual and collective, is a guarantee that the political executive’s decision making power will be exercised responsibly, that is in accordance with the will of the people. Collective responsibility enables the House of Commons, and therefore the people of Canada, to hold the Cabinet accountable for its collective decisions. As for individual responsibility, it enables the House of Commons to exercise control over the public service through the responsible ministers. 3. If the doctrine of ministerial responsibility asks the minister to be accountable, what holds the public service accountable? Answer (p. 371): Inwood points to a complication in the way that cabinet ministers delegate authority to their officials; ministers can delegate authority but not accountability. He notes that cabinet ministers have the right to intervene on any departmental manner if they choose. Generally, the minister responsible is not personally involved in daily activities but approves the department’s or agency’s business plans and the presentation of annual reports to Parliament. In 2006, the Federal Accountability Act was a first step toward ensuring accountability from the public service; it makes designates deputy ministers as “accounting officers” with the legal obligation to report directly to Parliament. 4. What event led to the pressure to articulate accountability measures for public servants? Answer (p. 371): The case that drew attention to accountability of public servants is known as the Al-Mashat affair, in which Iraq’s ambassador to the United States was able to enter Canada as a landed immigrant only one month after applying to get in. He and his family jumped the immigration queue and bypassed the usual long, drawn-out process that most immigrants must endure. The Mulroney government placed the blame on senior public servants rather than on the minister. What followed was a clarification of the distinction between the minister’s accountability to Parliament for the power which are vested in them and the arm’s length bodies for which ministerial responsibility is indirect. As a result, Cabinet ministers are accountable to Parliament for their powers but only answerable to Parliament for the actions of their staff. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Inwood, Understanding Canadian Public Administration, 4th edition 5. The intention of the Federal Accountability Act was for the government to move from a “culture of entitlement” to a “culture of accountability”. How did the Act propose to do this? Answer (p. 387) Prime Minister Harper introduced the Federal Accountability Act in 2006 to reinforce compliance and enforcement of rules, enhance independent oversight and review, increase transparency and disclosure, and streamline current rules to increase efficiency. The FAA was passed with an accompanying Federal Accountability Action Plan. Within the plan, the government proposed a series of reforms: • Reforming the financing of political parties • Banning secret donations to political candidates • Strengthening the role of the ethics commissioner • Toughening the Lobbyists Registration Act • Ensuring truth in budgeting with a Parliamentary Budget Authority • Making qualified government appointment s • Cleaning up the procurement of government contracts • Cleaning up government polling and advertising • Providing real protection for whistle blowers • Strengthening the power of the auditor general • Strengthening auditing and accountability within departments • Creating a director of Public Prosecutions The controversies surrounding issues of accountability will continue to colour the Canadian political psyche. As Inwood observes,” the fundamental democratic premise of the Canadian system should drive all attempts at coordinating the actors, institutions, ideas, formal and informal systems and processes that animate the regime of accountability”.

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