Appendix 2 – Selected Australian studies reporting on the clean energy sector

YEAR ORGANISATION

2002 NSW SEDA and sponsored by the Australian Greenhouse Office and the energy authorities of other states and territories (Mark Ellis & Associates, 2003)

2011 The Climate Institute, with electricity sector modelling undertaken by SKM-MMA and employment modelling by UTS (Climate Institute, 2011)

2016 ACF and ACTU (NIEIR, ACF & ACTU 2016).

2016 The Climate Council and EY (Sinden & Leffler 2016) RE EE JOBS $$ ANNUAL MAIN APPROACH

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗17 Survey of companies. Extrapolation from survey data using accepted ratios and multipliers (ABS)

✔ ✗ Electricity modelling projected the renewable energy technology mix likely under the LRET/SRES schemes 2005 to 2050 Employment factors (multipliers) from a variety of sources, were used with an annual decline for efficiency included. BOUNDARIES (LEVEL OF DETAIL)

Sub-sectors of energy efficiency, renewable energy and co-generation; technology types; occupational categories; company size; company annual sales and employment figures for the last three financial years and projected figures for the present financial year. Direct and indirect (type 1 and 2 multipliers)

Electricity modelling provided coverage of the whole of Australia Electricity supply technologies; Broad occupational categories; Direct

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗ Integrated economic modelling of three scenarios to address pollution (BAU, medium and strong). Includes energy efficiency and renewable energy. Detailed methodology not provided.

✔ ✔ ✗ Compares two scenarios – BAU renewable energy growth and 50% renewable energy electricity by 2030. Used two models: • EY’s Australian electricity forecast model • a sectoral employment model: employment multipliers from the Eora input-output model Breakdowns of industry sectors provided. Scenarios include renewable energy (including storage), soil carbon capture, public transport, household and industrial energy efficiency, electric and low emissions vehicles, development of alternative fuels such as biodiesel and other measures Unclear which energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and occupations are included

Broad occupational categories, broken down by State Direct and indirect jobs, includes impacts on fossil fuel jobs

YEAR ORGANISATION

2019 Green Energy Markets (2019) for the Energy Efficiency Council and the Energy Savings Industry Association

2020 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2020a) RE EE JOBS $$ ANNUAL MAIN APPROACH

✔ ✔ ✗ Estimated current employment and potential employment if EE upgrades were undertaken. For current Australian employment: • Extrapolation of EE employment results from the 2017 U.S. Energy and Employment Report • Estimates using 2016 ABS Census data on employment in energy using equipment • For upgrades two employment indicator methods: • time per upgrade type multiplied by estimated number of upgrades • upgrade costs and proportion of labour expenditure converted to job years

✔ ✔ ✔18 Employment factors (FTE job-years/ physical unit) multiplied by capacity Employment numbers provided directly by the institutional unit. Publicly available capacity information BOUNDARIES (LEVEL OF DETAIL)

Energy efficiency within different industries and professions and subsectors likely to be engaged in energy efficiency activities.

Whole of Australia Broad occupational categories; Direct FTE employment; 8 categories of renewable technology plus government agencies and non-profit Institutions 2009–10 to 2018–19

2013 –2021 Clean Energy Council ✔ ✗ ✔ ✔ ✔ Employment numbers are calculated based on Clean Energy Council accredited installers, approved solar retailers and their project tracker In addition, estimates are also drawn from publicly available information such as the Clean Energy Regulator In 2021 the study Briggs et al. (2020) was commissioned which provides a more detailed overview of the employment situation Breakdown of employment in renewables by construction, operation and maintenance and solar installers

2020 Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney study for Clean Energy Council (Briggs et al., 2020) ✔ ✔ X Surveys distributed to industry association members. Respondent coverage ranged from 13% to 80% for sub-sectors. Employment factors (full-time equivalent job-years/megawatt of installed capacity) derived primarily from survey data and applied to the level of installed capacity (MW) Three AEMO market scenarios used to project employment from 2020 to 2035 Surveys collected data on: Workforce numbers; Typical project data; Business characteristics; Skill shortages and recruitment issues; Other skill information. Wind, utility solar, distributed solar, batteries, hydro generation and pumped hydro. FTE employment projected from 2020 – 2035, split into manufacturing, construction, and operations and maintenance jobs. Jobs broken down by State, as well as regions vs cities Detailed occupational breakdowns for all employment. Direct and indirect, not induced