Log book mcvea 636656 by Rachael Louise Mcvea

LOG BOOK RACHAEL MCVEA 636656

Image: Maracana Football Stadium Botterill, Shaun. 2014 Retrieved from: http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-0110/maracana-stadium-under-construction/5193282

WEEK 1

07/03/2014

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Considerations:     

Strength- weak or strong Stiffness- stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy Shape- mono dimensional, bi dimensional or tri dimensional. Material behaviours- isotropic or anisotropic. Economy and sustainability- travel, efficiency.

Structural Forces Force- Any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body. (Newton, Clare, Basic Structural Forces, 12/03/2014) Tension Forces- Stretch and elongate the material. Compression Forces- Shortens the material, opposite to tension. Load Paths- The path a load takes to distribute the force evenly to the receptors. This is the most direct route and is met with a reaction force that is equal and opposite. (Newton, Clare, Load Path Diagrams, 11/03/2014) 3 FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION 1: M ASS CONSTRUCTION 2: F RAME C ONSTRUCTION 3: T ENSILE CONSTRUCTION MASS CONSTRUCTION Static structures, supported by the foundation of the Earth, built with generally heavy duty materials. Two types of Mass Construction: 

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Small Module- Concrete blocks, bricks, mud/clay, adobe, rammed earth. Large Module- Precast concrete.

Figure 1: Irving, Mark, 8/03/2014

Strengths Small Module   

Creates a bond, which in turn spreads the load of the mass, this bond makes the structure stronger. Allows shape to be developed in the structure by use of smaller materials. Create patterns, ultimately the smaller module materials allow for more flexible creativity and design.

Large Module  

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Faster in the sense of putting the building together. Cheaper; reducing construction time on site as more trades can work at the one time and are not held up by time consuming materials. Quicker to make and erect. Made off site and brought to site ready to be used.

Limitations Small Module    

Time consuming, slow process to put a wall of bricks up. Requires scaffolding and ladders once the height of the construction exceeds a human. Holds up other trades on site, hence costing more money. Hard to transport large loads of them around the site without needing special equipment

Large Module  

Very limited designs, curves are difficult and expensive. Incredibly heavy, requiring special transport to site as well as a crane on site to erect.

GLOSSARY Load Path- The path a load takes to distribute the force evenly to the receptors Masonry- Work constructed by a mason, especially stonework. (retrieved from http://m.dictionary.com/defi nitions/masonry) Compression- When a member is under compression the forces acting upon it are directed at the member and pushing it toward the middle. (Retrieved from http://www.chegg.com/hom eworkhelp/definitions/tensioncompression-5) Reaction Force- The upward force that meets the downwards force at the bottom of a load path. Point Load- A concentrated load on one specific point of a structural member. (Retrieved from: http://www.dictionaryofcons truction.com/definition/point -load.html) Beam- A horizontal structural member that carries and transfers the load to the vertical members. (Retrieved from: http://www.dictionaryofcons truction.com/definition/bea m.html) PFC- Parallel Flange channel

Site Analysis- Process of studying contextual forces that may influence the construction of the land and the building to which will be erected there, its shape, lay out, orientation. (Ching, Frances D.K, Building Constructed Illustrated, 2008)

Bricks Pressed Clay pressed into moulds and placed in an oven, this however created variations in the bricks because of the different temperatures within the oven. E.g. a brick in the middle would be baked more thoroughly than a brick towards the edge. “Frog,” divot in the middle, helps to increase the depth of the mortar, assisting with the joining process. Extruded

Fig 2: Irving, Mark, 07/03/2014

Made by forcing a bar through the clay, which reduces the amount of clay used to produce the bricks, therefore they’re not just cheaper but create a cohesive bond between bricks when mortared in. (Readers Digest, 11/03/2014) Forces Considered in Construction Dead - Static, e.g. furniture. Live- Humans    

Gravity Wind Water in the ground Seismic

CLASS TASK DESCRIPTION : B UILD A TOWER AS HIGH AS POSSIBLE , MUST HAVE A DOORWAY FOR THE PLASTIC DINOSAUR TO FIT THROUGH AND AN ENCLOSED CEILING .

MATERIALS: SMALL MDF BLOCKS.

As a group we figured out how many blocks high the dinosaur was, telling us how high our door would need to be. Our group discussed the possible shape and structure, and after dismissing a square base, as we were not sure how we would enclose the roof, and dismissing a pyramid as that would not give us the height we desired, we all agreed on a round cylindrical shape. We began construction, creating that cohesive â&#x20AC;&#x153;bondâ&#x20AC;? of bricks by laying them via Stretcher bond, as this creates the best bend strength (Boral). We left a space for the doorway to fit and figured further up in our construction we would be able to slowly bring the bricks in closer till they eventually met. As we reached about 7 bricks high we came to realise that a single layered wall would be very

unstable and could easily topple over. We needed a firm foundation for the tower to gain the required height we wanted. Therefore, we began again, this time creating a double layered wall, with that same bond however. However, we did aim in the future to slowly bring the bricks in, not just to close the doorway but to allow us to enclose the roof also. We knew if we did this procedure too early the tower wouldn’t reach the height we desired and wouldn’t have a stable base to sit upon.

As we got higher we very slowly brought the entrance bricks closer together, inching them a few millimetres inwards every new layer. We were easily able to slip a few individual bricks in the cracks to finally join the doorway together. This needed to be strengthened above the doorway before we could bring the bricks in to create our roof; therefore we made sure there were at least 10 layers of bricks above the doorway, so it would not weaken under the above weight. The tower started reaching higher and higher and we began to now slowly inch the bricks inwards in order to be able to conceal the roof. As was done with the doorway, we slowly each row brought the bricks in, only millimetres, to allow the cylinder to get smaller.

Time began to run out on us so we quickly worked to ensure our tower had a roof upon it. This meant bringing the blocks in and getting it as high as possible. If time had not have been a restraint, I believe the solid base of our structure would’ve allowed us to extend our tower to the ceiling, however it became thin when we needed to create height and enclose the roof and this section would not have been able to extend to the ceiling. By the end our tower reached to about my chest and was incredibly stable because of the foundations we had created. The only reason it became a thin tower was to get that roof on top that the brief had asked for, otherwise the thick solid beginnings could’ve taken us to all sorts of heights.

OTHER G ROUPS WORK Other groups in the Constructing Environments class took quite different approaches. Some were similar to our group in a round structure; others however chose square foundations and aimed for high and skinny. Some just went for the artistic approach, however all stood up. The square structure had an incredibly solid base, but as the tower was tall and thin, it was vulnerable to the forces. The artistic structure looked quite weak and fragile and didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t quite get the height required or achieve a closed ceiling. And the structure of similar stature to ours stood firm, creating height as well as a closed ceiling. DEMOLITION Our solid structure allowed us to pull of huge amounts of blocks without the structure collapsing, literally like a game of Jenga, we were able to remove blocks from all areas and our structure still stood up. We removed that whole outer wall and were left with another, thinner, but still quite sturdy structure.

WEEK 2 14/03/2014 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS A building is a combination of a number of systems and subsystems that must coordinate with one another as well as with the building as a whole. These physical systems organise the ordering and construction of a building. (Ching, Frances D.K, Building Construction Illustrated, 2008)   

Enclosure system- how you protect a building from the elements. Structural System - Frame, column & beam, mass construction. Service system- Anything providing amenity to the building; electrical, mechanical, hydraulics

ENCLOSURE SYSTEM Shell or envelope of a building, consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows and doors. (Ching, Frances D.K, Building Construction Illustrated, 2008) SERVICE S YSTEMS Provide essential services to the building; water supply, sewage disposal, heating and air-conditioning, electrical system controls, vertical transportation systems (lifts), fire-fighting systems and perhaps recycle and waste disposal systems. (Ching, Frances D.K, Building Construction Illustrated, 2008) STRUCTURAL S YSTEMS     

SOLID- Early buildings, mud, bricks, stone. Compression arches. SURFACE- Sydney Opera House. SKELETAL- Frames, efficient. MEMBRANE- Tension, shade sails, sports stadiums. HYBRID- Structural frames covered in different materials.

(Newton, Clare, Structural Systems and Forms, 14/03/2014) Structural Systems: Primary member- large beam which spans the shortest distance.

GLOSSARY Structural Joint- Roller joints, pin joints and fixed joints. Stability- “A measure of the ability of a structure to withstand overturning, sliding, buckling, or collapsing.” (Retrieved from: http://www.dictionaryofcons truction.com/definition/stabil ity.html) Tension- The forces are pulling away from a member. (Retrieved from: (Retrieved from http://www.chegg.com/hom eworkhelp/definitions/tensioncompression-5) Frame- Vertical and horizontal members generally put together to create a larger supporting member. (Retrieved from: http://www.dictionaryofcons truction.com/definition/fram e.html) Bracing- A member/s that supports another structural element to maintain its position. (Retrieved from: http://www.dictionaryofcons truction.com/definition/brac e.html) Column- A usually, long relatively slender supporting member. Generally takes the load from beams. (Retrieved from: http://www.dictionaryofcons truction.com/definition/colu mn.html)

Secondary member- Rafters, run perpendicular to primary member. The more distance you cover with a beam the wider and heavier the beam needs to become, this can cause issues of being too heavy. To overcome this you turn the beam into a truss to lighten it. Considerations    

Performance requirements- structural, fire resistance, comfort, protection from elements, compatibility, easy maintenance. Aesthetic qualities- proportion, colour, surface qualities. Economic efficiencies- budget, affordability (initial cost and maintaining cost) Environmental impacts- embodied energy, constructability efficiency.

(Newton, Clare, Structural Systems and Forms, 14/03/2014) ESD= Environmental Sustainable Design Examples:          

Recyclability- Reduce, reuse, recycle. Carbon footprint- Measure of greenhouse gases used. Local materials Thermal mass -Use of a material to store energy. Eg. Concrete slab. Water harvesting -Collection and use of rain water. Insulation Wind energy Solar power Material efficiency Night air purging - bringing outside air inside in the evening to remove stale air

Newton, Clare, ESD and Selecting Materials, 14/03/2014 Structural joints Every load must have a responding force of equal strength.   

Roller joint- Only resists vertical forces Pin joint- resists both vertical and horizontal Fixed joint- Resists vertical, horizontal and rotational forces. (Cantilever- one point of support. E.g. a tree or wing of a plane.

Embodied Energy= How much energy is in the item. Moving it, maintaining it, running of it, getting rid of it.  

Base Metals- Elemental (periodic) E.g. aluminium. Alloy metals- Combinations. E.g. bronze= copper + zinc

Fig 3: Newton, Clare, Structural Connections, 14/03/2014

Aluminium is stronger than steel and lighter but is expensive and requires a lot of embodied energy.

CLASS TASK DESCRIPTION : B UILD A TOWER OUT OF SELF-CUT BALSA WOOD STRIPS.

Using our 43 strips of balsa wood to develop the highest tower possible proved harder than first thought. The balsa is flimsy and easily bent and snapped, this lead us to choose a triangle based design that would allow us to have a sturdier structure and high structure.

As we had just learnt that day, trussing was an effective way of stabilising a building, thus we implemented this into our design, to reduce those bends and snapping of the balsa. The use of masking tape to join the balsa led to many difficulties also, it was heavy and difficult to use on such small pieces of balsa, leading to breaks and messy joins. The base developed strongly, however as we began to run out of balsa we came to realise the higher we got the more unstable it would become after we triangulated the roof, leaving us not much room for movement.

In a last bid attempt to extend our tower to the ceiling we created a very long and very thin piece of balsa which was stuck to the top of our building and extended almost to the ceiling. If we had not of finished the base off so soon by adding a triangular roof we may have been able to create a sturdier structure that stood as high as it did as an actual structure. In the end our structure did extend quite high but officially the singular pieces of balsa don’t count as a structure, next time a higher and sturdier foundation would’ve enabled us to continue building a “structure” as high as the thin balsa. The thin balsa also didn’t prove strong, swaying in the slightest of movement. Out in the elements it would’ve snapped off very quickly.

OTHER GROUPS A common theme of most groups was the idea of trussing their structures to strengthen them. The group with thicker balsa was more successful in this. The group with short and thick balsa however created a very unstable structure that wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t stand on the floor.

WEEK 3 21/03/2014 ELEARNING Structural Elements 

Strut- carry load parallel to its long axis, this produces compressio n. E.g. column.

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Tie- carry load parallel to its long axis, this produces tension. E.g. cables on bridge.

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Beam- horizontal element carrying a vertical load, top in compression, top in tension.

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Slab/plate- horizontal element carrying a vertical load, resisting the loads in both directions.

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Panels- Carry vertical load. Transfers loads vertically.

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Shear Diaphragm- act as a bracing system, prevents a building falling over.

You can also use triangulation and fixed joints to prevent a building from moving. (Newton, 2014y)

Footings and Foundations Foundation- Found at the bottom of buildings, the lowest part and a part of the substructure, they transfer the building loads to the ground. These could also be said to be the Earth. It is important that they’re designed to respond to variations in rock, soil and water below the ground, as well as dead and live loads up above the ground. Footings- The concrete you put in the ground, sitting on top of the foundations. (Ching, 2008) Footings and Foundations should allow the process of “settlement” to occur evenly. Shallow footing- Used when the soil is stable.

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Pad footings- Spread a point load over a wider area.

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 Strip footings- Spreads loads in a linear manner from walls or a series of columns.

Raft footings- Joins the individual strips together as a single mat, providing increased stability.

Deep foundations- Used when soil conditions are considered unstable, or for use on a high rise building. 

End bearing piles- extend the foundations down to rock or soil that provides greater support for the structure.

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Friction piles- Use the resistance of the surrounding earth to support the structure.

(Newton, 2014j)

Mass Construction Materials    

Stone Earth- Mud brick Clay- bricks. Concrete

All the materials are strong in compression, however weak in tension. They’re good producers of thermal mass and quite durable sturdy materials. Mass Construction MODULAR Clay brick Mud brick Concrete blocks

NON-MODULAR Concrete Rammed earth Monolithic stone

(Newton, 2014o) Masonry Buildings generally made of various materials that can either be natural or manufactured; mortar is typically the bonding agent. BONDCOURSEJOINTMORTAR    

Stone- slabs, ashlar blocks. Earth- Mud Bricks Clay- Bricks, honeycomb block. Concrete- blocks, commons.

Construction: -Walls -Column/piers -Beams/lintels -Arches -Vaults -Domes Newton, Clare, Masonry, 18/03/2014

GLOSSARY Foundation- Lowest part of the substructure, transfers the loads of the building to the ground. Footing- Sits on top of the foundations. Expansion joints- allow room for bricks to expand in the structure. Header face- Short side of a brick Stretcher face- Long side of a brick Tuck pointing-To mortar joins with a fine ridge. Perpend- Vertical joint. MomentRetaining wall- A structural wall holding back earth. Slab on ground- Foundation slab laid straight on the ground. Substructure- Structure creating the foundation of a construction. Strip footing- strip of concrete in a trench reinforced with steel. (abis.com.au, 1/04/2014) Pad footing- Holes in the ground with a reinforcement cage and filled with concrete to ground level. (abis.com.au, 1/04/2014)

BRICKS

CONCRETE BLOCKS

STONE

Bricks are primarily made of clay and come in a variation of colours and this is typically because of the way they are made. They can either be: -Extruded and wire cut -Machine moulded (pressed) -Handmade (convicts)

Concrete blocks are made from cement, sand, gravel and water. Colour and texture can be added to the blocks. The hollow areas of the block reduce the weight and increases insulation.

PROPERTIES -Hard -Low flexibility -Durable -Poor conductor of heat -Medium density -Med-low porosity ON SITE â&#x20AC;&#x201C;LAYED: -Stretcher course -Header course -Brick on edge course -Soldier course JOINTS -Mortar joins -Bed joins (Horizontal join) -Expansion joints- bricks expand over time, this allows for movement -Vertical join= perpend USES -Walls -Arches -Paving

PROPERTIES -Medium fragility -Very low flexibility -Very durable -Poor conductor of heat -Medium density -Medium porosity ON SITE -Very cost effective -However the larger the blocks get the more labour intensive the work becomes. JOINTS -Movement joints, concrete shrinks over time.

There are three types of stone and all with different qualities and uses: Igneous- Dense and hard, footings. (Granite and Basalt) Sedimentary- Softer and lighter, can damage easily. (Limestone and Sandstone) Metamorphic- Hard but costly. (Marble, slate) PROPERTIES -Some are hard, some are soft. -Rigid -Very durable -Poor conductor of heat -Porosity depends on stone type ON SITE -Can be reused -Cost depends on labouring and scarcity. -Monolithic stones are difficult to transport. -Ashlar stones can be curved into smaller modules. -Rubble is used as they are found.

(Newton, 2014a) (Newton, 2014d) (Newton, 2014x)

Brick faces. Stretcher= long face Header= short face

USES -Walls -decorative walls

USES -Walls -Paving -Cladding -Aggregates

LECTURE 3: OLYMPIC CONSTRUCTS, ALAN PERT. The games were a catalyst for urban regeneration in East London and would generate the largest new park for the city in over 100 years. The Olympic park was constructed on land which had been neglected, brownfield, and it was unused and contaminated. The cost of moving the soil off the land would have been far too much, instead the soil was “cleaned”. There was a lot of time and effort put into the landscape of Olympic Park, the ability to reuse and recycle items, the ability for the park to not only perform during the games but after the games were finished, unification and using less embodied energy and more environmentally friendly materials (which Beijing failed to do). The main stadium building needed to serve two purposes, facilitate 80,000 spectators during the game, but reduce down to 25,000 after the games were completed. In order to do this the designers cut the bowl into the land and all the connections were bolted, not welded, to make disassembly quicker. Aesthetics played an important role in the engineering of the substation for Alan Pert as it was placed in a community environment and is typically unsightly. He managed to design an economically effective, sturdy, permanent structure, made of brick and concrete, that was aesthetically pleasing as well as safe and secure. Alan Pert’s substation creation set a precedent for future constructs in London.

WORKSHOP ACTIVITY: CONSTRUCTION AND DESTRUCTION

Design and construct a structure that spans 1000mm out of specified materials using a range of tools. The structure will then be tested for how much load it can endure until complete failure.

Materials: 2x 120mm plywood, 2x 120mm balsa wood, measuring tape, screws, drill, saw and set squares. Phoebe and I used our prior knowledge that triangles are in fact the strongest shape, with this in mind we developed an idea involving trussing of our materials. We decided to use the thin pieces of timber as the outer frame and the thicker pieces of plywood as the triangulations. We did not want the structure to be too wide as it may lose it strength depending on how the weight was to be put on it. The way we had designed our structure meant we needed to saw our plywood with a mitred edge, which was more time consuming than first thought. The timber was placed vertically upright because it took the most force this way.

The drill seemed, and proved, the quickest joining mechanism. However, we quickly realised drilling holes right near the edge of a piece of wood resulted in splitting. Once all pieces were drilled we still had some spare time and spare wood, so we added to end pieces just to firm up the structure of our piece.

200

1200

Our design proved difficult to place in the machine, and took the least amount of force out of everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s designs. It withstood for quite a while but the thin wood started to buckle and bend, eventually snapping in the area of one of our screws, the joins proving to be a weaker place of support and our design had more joins than the others. It deflected about 120mm and withstood roughly 40kg. The span of our structure I believe was too large to withhold the type of force that was given. Many of the other groups chose a smaller and denser structure which proved much sturdier and had the ability to hold more force in a more even way. Our structure may have proved more efficient had we have spaced our trusses closer together so the weight distribution could have happened more evenly rather than on one single element of the beam.

OTHER GROUPS WORK

All groups approached the task very differently; the most simplistic design withstood the most force of over 500kgs. This group had simply nailed together their two pieces of pine wood and added the thin balsa to the sides. Their structure held the most force and deflected around 150, the weak point of their beam ended up being the joining point where they had nailed the pieces together. The second groups structure reflected a ladder made with pine wood and strengthened in the centre with the balsa, of similar span to ours, their structure held a fair bit more weight than ours, around 400kgs and deflecting at 140. Their weak point also proved to be in the joinery area, like ours it involved many nails to put together which proved to be the downfall of the structure. However, in the end all the structures cam unstuck in the same way, snapping in places where nails or screws had been placed, proving that the joins of a structure can end up being the weakest points.

TUTORIAL

WALKING TOUR OF MELBOURNE UNI 1.

1: Framing system. 2: Framing floor system in which the deck has been laid upon. Also steel beams are supporting the structure for extra strength. 3: In-sitc concrete, evident in the fact it is chipping at bottom, not as strong as pre-cast. And the effect of the aggregate showing would have been done in-sitc.

4: 5: An example of an expansion joint in bricks, used to allow for the movement of the expanding clay bricks. 6: Examples of historical bluestone used as footings in the buildings. 4.

5. 6.

7: Weep holes indicate the floor level on the ground floor but also of the above floors. Weep holes allow ventilation which reduces moisture and dampness.

8: The down pipe has been incorporated into the structure of the design and acts as an extra support for the building. 9: Solid brick wall of basement, 6 bricks wide with the headers evident. Tuck-pointing has been used on the joins of these bricks to make the joins appear very thin. 8.

10: In sitc concrete used in the underground carpark, pre cast concrete could not have formed the shapes of the columns in which the roots of the trees on south lawn grow into. 11: The oldest area of campus uses low bearing stone and brickwork for their structures.

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12: Vaults, the brick ceilings needed support in order to stay up there, the columns nearby needed extra support, a buttress, in order to stop the column spreading from the load of the bricks. 13. The Arts building truss, 25m span, zinc roof. The wooden beam is purely for decoration because that steel is thick enough to hold itself up without that support. 14: Cement render made to appear as if stone, brick wall lies just behind it.

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15 & 16: Appears the structure of the stairs is held up by the steel wires under tension; however the structure is actually held up steel down the bottom of the steps. The steel is galvanised to protect it and welded in the shop, for safety reasons, but built in sitc. The wires are more for decorative reasons, but could also be preventing the stairs from swinging around. 17 & 18: The Shade sail outside of union house is a tensile structure. The sail has been pulled extremely tight and leads back to poles which lean on an angle away from the sail, to prevent these from just collapsing in they are also pulled back by a wire which is firmly cemented into the ground with concrete. 19: The pool is a steel frame structure, with glass sheets in between.

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20. The new architecture building has a large overhang requiring long steel beams which can support that weight, they have been triangulated to help strengthen the structure.

WEEK 4 28/03/2014 FLOOR AND FRAMING SYSTEMS 

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CONCRETE Slabs of various types that can span one way or two ways and spans between the structural supports. The thickness of the slab is determined by the span divided by 30.

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(Newton, 2014i)

STEEL Systems can either use heavy gauge structural steel or light gauge steel framing. Main beams= girders Steel framing can be combined with concrete slabs. Spanning capability of the material helps to determine the spacing of the supports.

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TIMBER Combinations of bearers (primary beam) and joists (secondary beam) The span of the bearers determines the position of the stumps and the spacing of the bearers.

CONCRETE 

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Cement mixed with water, binding the fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel) to make concrete. 1 part cement  2 part fine aggregate  4 parts coarse aggregate  0.4-0.5 part water Recipe for concrete is extremely important, too much water can lead to weak concrete, too little water can lead to unworkable concrete.

PROCESS Concrete Is fluid and shapeless before it hardens, requiring temporary supports to hold liquid until it sets, called formwork. These can be made of timber, metal, plastic etc. Wall formwork:  Spreaders  Formwork ties  Timber studs  Plywood sheathing  Sill plate  Bracing The formwork must be supported by props and bracing. -Concrete reaches 75% strength after 7 days Once concrete is hard enough the formwork is removed and can be reused. FINISHES  Sand blasted  Expose aggregate  Raked finish  Mechanical hammered  Board marked  Board and batten (Newton, 2014c)

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PROPERTIES Hardness- high Fragility- low, can be chipped Ductility- very low Flexibility/Plasticity- both low Porosity- medium, depends on additives Density- Med-high. Conductivity- poor conductor of heat and electricity Durability- very durable Reusability- med-low can be reused when crushed for new aggregate Sustainability- high embodied energy, long lasting Cost- generally cost affective, depends on labour. CONSIDERATIONS Not completely waterproof. Must prevent water seeping in so the structure doesn’t endure degradation.

DESCRIPTION

PROCESS

INSITU CONCRETE Any concrete that’s been poured into framework and cured on a building site.  Fabrication and assembly of formwork  Any required reinforcement  Pouring, vibration (to prevent air bubbles) and curing.  Once concrete is poured time is limited  Labour intensive   

USES

Footings Retaining walls Non-standard structural elements  Can be sprayed into place for swimming pools and landscapes. Construction joint- Divides construction into smaller, more manageable sections. Control Joint- Absorb the expansions and contractions, movement is controlled. BOTH JOINTS ARE POTENTIAL WEAK POINTS.

JOINTS

PRECAST CONCRETE Any concrete that has been developed in a controlled environment off site.  Fabricated in a controlled environment  Transported to site  More standardised outcome  Allows work on site to be much faster.  High level of quality  Limited in size by transport  Structure of a building  Bridge or civil works  Panel elements  Retaining walls  Walls  Columns Construction joint- One precast element meets another. Structural joint- Precast element meeting another part of the structure. JOINTS CAN GREATLY DEPEND ON DESIRED AESTHETICS

(Newton, 2014m) (Newton, 2014u) The Pantheon Roman temples were typically rectangular and dedicated to one god. The Pantheon however was dedicated too all Gods and was a circular structure combining of three main elements: -

Portico Drum- brick faced concrete, 6.15m thick. Spherical dome- 43.2m diameter, making it the largest spanned concrete dome. Gets thinner towards the top.

Footings have tougher aggregate (heavier) and the higher the building goes the lighter the aggregate (bricks) Roman concrete- very large aggregate packed together with mortar base. Stone facings were organised in a pattern and volcanic dirt used in cement as it was very strong. (Hutson, 2014)

LECTURE 4- New Pavilion building at Melbourne University Engineer: Many different engineering disciplines involved in the Pavilion; mechanical systems, hydrolysis, electrical, ESD, acoustics and structural. Engineer was involved in many of the structural decisions within the building such as, ground level being concrete, the above structure made of lightweight framing, making the project as economical as possible, cladding elements of the structure to express form. Project manager: Represents faculty or department and makes sure the clients brief is fulfilled and they are happy and satisfied. They ensure the project comes in on time and on budget and is involved in the project before the architect is, involved in the tender and choice of professionals. The project manager closely works with the client, evaluating budget, dealing with all their wants and needs and mediating between the client and the building site. Contingency money is important for the unexpected, delays can happen, and in this case it set the project back 2 months, enduring delay costs from the builders. Architect: The architect saw the existing structure that couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be touched as a bonus to work with; it did however add cost and challenges. It is frowned upon to mimic an older building; instead they dealt with the heritage using scale. There is a distinct step between the old and the new. Worked hard to create a deeper meaning into the spaces, particularly focusing on the entrance onto the oval, celebrating the area in between. The Pavilion building is considered a hybrid building; brick acts as a sound barrier, fully glazed windows, chimney like structure is lightweight, timber is warm and steel is used for its panning capabilities. 3D computer imaging has sped up the whole design process, many architects combine both hand and computer imaging. It is very important for all disciplines to work together and communication is the key.

GLOSSARY KDHU- Kiln dried hardwood Plan- Horizontal cut through building looking down, containing the horizontal dimensions Section- Vertical cut through building showing how that building is constructed, containing vertical dimensions Span- Distance between points of support. Spacing- Distance between joints, generally determined by floor spacing Bondek- Steel floor framing in which concrete is cast into Joist- Secondary member in flooring Bearer- Primary member in flooring Steel decking- cold form corrugated metal, used to support insulating membrane of a roof. (ehow.com, 1/04/2014) Girder-A large principal beam that supports structural members at isolated points, usually made of steel but can be wood or a combination. (dictionaryofconstruction.c om, 1/04/2014) Concrete plank- Usually precast, a flat beam use for flooring

TUTORIAL

WEEK 5

04/04/2014

GLOSSARY

ELEARNING

Stud- Vertical member of stud framing

WALL SYSTEMS Structural frames Concrete Use a grid column with concrete beams connecting the columns together.

Timber Use a grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams. -bracing of members between bays at the corners of the post/beam junction is required to stabilise.

Steel Use a grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams.

Noggin- Horizontal member of stud framing

Lintel- Horizontal member of opening

Axial Load- Load applied down axis

Load bearing walls Concrete -Insitu or precast. -May also provide support for spandrel panels Reinforced masonry: core filled hollow concrete blocks or grout filled cavity masonry. -Bond beams made of blocks used as alternative to lintels

(Newton, 2014y)

Stud Framing -timber or metal, smaller sections of framing timber or light gauge framing steel to meet structural demands of the construction. -Noggins prevent buckling CONSISTS OF -Top plate -Bottom plate -Noggin -Stud -Cross bracing -Ply bracing Brick veneer- one skin of nonstructural masonry and one structural wall frame.

Solid Masonry Concrete masonry - tied together with brick on side or wall tied. -steel lintels over openings. Cavity Masonry-Two skins of masonry -Better thermal performance -Better waterproofing -Can run services through cavity wall

Buckling- The action of collapsing under pressure or stress. (buckling.askdefine.com, 14/04/2014)

Seasoned Timber- Dried to about 15% moisture

Unseasoned TimberStraight from the mill containing moisture.

WOOD TO TIMBER Early wood- lighter colour, rapid initial growth. Late wood- slower growth, limited by lack of colour. Growth= one ring per year. Structural performance dominated by grain direction -

Parallel= strong and stiff Perpendicular= weaker

Seasoning (drying)- moisture removed from cells and cell walls -

Air drying: 6mths- 2yrs Kiln drying: 20-40hrs (12% dry) Solar Kilns- less expensive

SOFTWOODS Radiated pine Cypress pine Hoop Pine Douglas Fir

QUARTER SAWN -across rings

BACK SAWN -rings parallel RADIAL SAWN -face is radial cut

HARDWOODS Victorian Ash Brown Box Spotted gum Jarrah

ADVANTAGES -Good grain -Good wearing for floors and furniture -Less cupping and warp -Seasons more rapidly -Less prone to splitting -Dimensional stability -Less prone to warp -Less wastage at mill

DISADVANTAGES -Slower seasoning -Nailing on face more prone to splitting Shrinks more when drying -more likely to warp and cup -More difficult to detail -More difficult to stack.

(Newton, 2014k) TIMBER PROPERTIES AND CONSIDERATIONS Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/ Plasticity Porosity/Permeability Density Conductivity Durability Reuse/Recyclability

Medium to low Medium to low (wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t shatter) Low, green state is higher High flexibility- medium plasticity High Extremely varied Poor conductors of heat and electricity Can be very durable- depending on type and seasoning Very high, second hand timber is desirable for

many people Low embodied energy Generally cost effective - Size - Strength grade - Treatment - Availability - Knots (weak points) - Durability- protection against water, heat, insects.

Sustainability/ Carbon footprint Cost Considerations

(Newton,2014z) ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS LVL -Laminated veener lumber -Structural

GLULAM -Glue laminated timber -structural

CLT -Cross laminated timber -Structural panels

PLYWOOD -Structural bracing -Structural flooring -Formworks -Joinery -Marine applications

MDF -Medium density fibreboard -Nonstructural elements, joinery.

CHIPBOARD -Plus strandboard -Structural systems (flooring) -Cladding finish

(Newton, 2014g) TIMBER BEAMS FRANK GHERY’S HOUSE: AN EXPLORATION OF WRAPPING Dr Hannah Lewi -

Ghery used everyday materials- chain link, cardboard, metal sheet, lightweight objects. Old house remained in-tact and the new house acted as the “wrapping”

Wrapping -

Wrapping building was exploration of what local materials could do. Blended in

(Lewi,2014)

Collisions and Fragments -

Collage Forms twist and burst through

Under construction -

Unfinished business Reflected chaos of family life Caused huge reaction with residents attempting to sue, labelling it “cheapskate architecture”

TUTORIAL COLUMNS- Vertical elements that transfer horizontal loads to foundations. SHORT - Fail by crushing - Ratio of column length to the smallest section is less than 12:1 - Compressive strength= load/area - If load is too big, cross sectional area needs to be increased. - Expensive

LONG - Fail by buckling - Ratio of the column length to the smallest section is greater than 1:12 - Efficient use of materials - Length of columns and how they are fixed at the top and bottom determines how they will buckle and how much load they can take. BUCKLING PIN JOINT- Buckles entire span FIXED JOINT- Buckles in middle, point of counter flexia. PIN & FIXED- 0.7 buckling MID-SUPPORT- Strongest and least amount of buckling.

PLYWOOD Layers of timber laminated together (engineered). -

Timber is strong in one direction Weakest along grain Strong across grain Knots good in compression, bad in tension Strength of ply comes from alternate directions of sheets. Used for structural bracing.

BRICK VENEER WALLS Brick skin with timber stud walls (with cavity). DPC- Plastic coated aluminium, preventing moisture in brick walls. Used in masonry walls. -

Water from above= falling damp Water from below= rising damp.

TASK In groups of 3-5 students construct a model of an assigned area of the Oval Pavilion out of a variety of materials. The area assigned to us was a section of the front veranda area. Materials: -

Balsa sheets Balsa sticks Masking tape PVA Stanley knife Cutting board Scale rulers

Foam board

Our group struggled from the very start, finding it difficult to decipher where exactly we were building and dealing with the scale of the structure, which was 1:20. As a group we divided the task to allow two people to tackle the main structure and two people to tackle the main truss, using the scale ruler to get our dimensions.

We used the Stanley knife to cut the balsa for the timber that was required to span a large distance and used the shorter balsa sticks to construct the columns for the support.

The joining of the balsa to balsa as well as balsa to foamboard proved difficult. The balsa to balsa connection were done using masking tape, however balsa being flimsy as it is subject to snapping which meant we needed to extremely careful. We required fixed joints to keep the structure sturdy and stable. Connecting the balsa columns to the foam board base proved even harder, as limited time meant we couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow for the glue to dry and in the end our whole structure kept collapsing. Due to confusion within the group of how to construct the main truss we actually failed to finish our construction. We found it incredibly hard reading the plans, as it was all very foreign to us.

OTHER GROUPS WORK Many of the other groups suffered similar problems to ours, struggling to interpret the working drawings and put it into a smaller model. One group, constructing the other half of the veranda area, managed to put together the main truss, which we failed to do, however not to the correct scale. As we learn more about the drawings and elements we may be able to construct a much more cohesive structure.

LECTURE 5- Materials and construction in the new ABP Building. Peter Ashford Basement construction- Insitu concrete Excavation -

Retention system Steel reinforcing cages, board piers in the ground with further reinforcement tied to top of board piers. Drainage crucial Sprayed concrete (sticky) Precast walls for lecture theatre, columns, walls for stairwell Steel reinforcement mesh to prevent cracking of slab.

Pad Footings -

Enforcer bars provide structural connection between footing and column. Insitu

Precast walls and columns -

Cast flat and lifted vertically Steel formwork, elements cast in to allow structural connections. Must be braced and propped Delivery can be difficult

Precast Faรงade

Some polished, grinded away. All floors contain precast concrete on the outside Polished concrete propped and not part of the structure. All windows at different recesses.

Structural steel- Mostly in roof, structural steel holding roof and light galvanised steel over top. Cantilever -

3 storey high, 12m out from building. Big diagonal beam takes load- 150 tonne, transfers load through slab. Building must be up before cantilever. Built 15mm higher because engineers knew it would drop 15mm from weight.

Hanging studio- built from bottom, lightweight, with plywood floor. Y-stairs and walkways- fabricated from steel off site that was put together on site, walkways hang on tension rods. LVL roof beams -

Like plywood, laminations run in one direction. Coffer framing- all different shapes. Glazed roof over the top of LVL beams Bolts connect timber beam and steel column. 8 beams- 2 holding hanging studio are steel trussed but clad to look like LVL.

Glazed atrium roof- 18 pieces of glass, 11.5 tonne, 21 metres long. Triple glass, requiring lifting frame.

WEEK 6

11/04/2014

ELEARNING Spanning and enclosing spaces ROOFS Concrete

Structural Steel framed

Trussed

Light framed

Hip roof

(Newton, 2014v)

-Flat plates of reinforced concrete -Sloped toward drainage points -Requires waterproof membrane FLAT -Primary & secondary roof beams for heavier roofs -Roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing SLOPING -Roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing PORTAL FRAMES -Braced rigid frames (2 columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and grit for the walls. -Roof and walls finished in sheet metal. -Tapering takes more time. Framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber element. -Steel or timber components -Span long distances -Shape and material is determined by the roofing material and functional requirements of the roof SPACE FRAMES (3D TRUSSES) -Span in 2 directions -Steel sections of various cross sections; welded, bolted or threaded together to form matrix-like structures. GABLE ROOFS -Vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both end of the roof. -Common rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists. -Roof overhang= use of outriggers across gable. -Materials= timber, cold formed steel sections and sometimes heavier steels -Vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof. -Common rafters, hip rafters, valley rafters, jack rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists. -Materials= timber, cold formed steel sections.

METALS Metal atoms- malleable, ductile, not brittle TYPES -

Alloys: two or more metals Non Ferrous: All other metals (more expensive) Ferrous: Iron, relatively cheap.

Hardness

Fragility

Ductility

Flexibility

Porosity

Density

Conductivity

Durability

Varied. Gold= Hardest Lead= softest

Low

High

Medium. High when heated

Mostly imperm eable

High

Good conductors of heat and electricity.

Depends on type but can be.

Reusability High

(Newton, 2014p) SPANNING SPACES Architecture= enclosing spaces. How to span a space was a technical problem of early architecture. ARCH -

Used in brick first Only fails by distortion Has to be supported whilst under construction Spanning- leaning arch relies on friction Doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require formwork.

HATTUSAS -

Carried column First large interior space of its kind.

Hall of one hundred columns, Persepolis- Columnar halls. Spanning Geographical space -

Pont-du-Gard- Romans had concrete.

Monolithic arch- arch shapes cut into stone, weakening the building but an attempt to copy roman architecture. (Lewis,2014)

Sustainability Can have high embodied energy.

FERROUS METALS

NON FERROUS METALS

IRON -Magnetic, very reactive, good compressive strength

ALUMINIUM -Light -Easily formed, machined and cast -Expensive in cost and energy -Common for window frames, door handles, cladding panels -Self protective -Powder coating and anodisation. COPPER -Conducts electricity- electrical wiring -Very malleable and ductile -Good conductor of heat -Found in pure form -Roofing material- changes to green -Hot and cold domestic water and heating pipework. ZINC -Expensive cladding system -Used to galvanise steel, thin layer painted on -Bluish white -Brittle in ambient temperatures, malleable at 100C-150C -Reasonable conductor of electricity LEAD -Roofs, cornices, tank linings and flashing strips for waterproofing- all in the past, can be toxic -Bluish white, soft, highly malleable, ductile, relatively poor conductor of electricity -Resistant to corrosion

WROUGHT IRON -Heated and hammered to shape. -Used less in modern days

CAST IRON -Melted, poured into moulds. -High compressive strength

ALLOY- STEEL -Iron and carbon -Different proportions and combinations result in different types of steel with different properties. -Strong -Transfers heat and electricity -Formed into different shapes -Long lasting STRUCTURAL STEEL -Framing, columns, beams, purlins, stud frames. HOT ROLLED -Shaped while metal is hot -more material required -primary structural elements -protected by coating

TIN -Rare (decorative) -Was used in building for lining lead pipes or occasionally as protective covering for iron plates and small gas pipes/tubing. -Silvery-white

GLOSSARY Rafter- Basic member that span the construction Eave- Roof member overhang that gives protection Purlin- Metal rafters Cantilever- Member with one mode of support Alloy- Combination of two base metals. Soffit- Underside of eaves- cladded in cement sheet or timber batons can also be both. Top chord- Top and bottom member of trusses, generally metal trusses Portal frame- Knee has rigid joints, warehouses. Rigid frames generally made of steel. Irving, Mark. Tutorial 6, 11/04/2014

(galvanised) -joints welded or bolted. COLD FORMED -Elements folded from sheets that have been produced and cooled. -Secondary structure -protected by galvanising -Joints bolted or screwed. STEEL SHEETING -Cladding and roofing -must be protected from weather, either paint or galvanising. STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS -Chromium -Coils, sheets, plates, bars, wire and tubing. -Harsh environments -Very rarely used as primary structure

-Malleable and somewhat ductile. -Crystalline structure -Attacked by strong acids -Resists water.

TITANIUM -Occasionally cladding -Expensive -Durable -Excellent corrosion resistance. BRONZE -Bearings, clips, electrical connectors and springs. -Alloy of copper and tin -Corrosion resistant -Hard BRASS -Element where friction is required -Locks, gears, screws, valves -Malleable -Low melting point

(Newton, 2014h) (Newton, 2014q) ROOF SYSTEMS The roof system is the primary shelter for a construction and must be structurally sound to span the space and carry its own weight as well as the weight of attached equipment and built up precipitation. The gravity loads for a building originate with the roof system, its structural layout needs to correspond with the columns and load bearing walls to allow the force to be evenly distributed down the structure to the foundation system. (Ching, Frances D.K. Building Constructed Illustrated, 2008)

ROOF SLOPES SLOPING -Low slope or medium to high -The roof slope affects the choice of roofing material, the underlayment and eave flushing. -Dispel rainwater easily to gutters -The space under a sloping roof can be used MAY CONSIST OF: -Wood or steel rafters -Timber or steel beams, purlins and decking -Timber or steel trusses

FLAT -Require continuous waterproof membrane -Must have slight roof slope to allow drainage to gutters. -Can serve as a useable outdoor space MAY CONSIST OF: -Reinforced concrete slabs -Flat timber or steel trusses -Timber or steel beams and decking -Weed or steel joists and sheathing (Ching, 2008)

TUTORIAL Tiles- Terracotta or slate, pitches greater than fifteen degrees to allow water to drain away. Steel- Iron and Carbon, iron alone is brittle, adding carbon to add ductility. - Formed into UB, IB, CHB - Not easy to cut and change on site. CFC- Compressed fibre cement- cellulous fibres FC- Fibre cement

- Wet areas - Relatively cheap - Cladding material - Sheet can be used for flooring or cladding - Tongue for joining. FRAMING MATERIALS TIMBER STEEL Floor- bearer Beam Roof- rigid beam Hot rolled- UB, UC Manufactured timber SECONDARY MEMBER Floor- joist Purlins Roof- rafters Cold formed- C, Z Pine F5 *Primary members span the shortest length. Secondary members span perpendicular. PRIMARY MEMBER

ROOFS Small Module- minimum pitch 15 degrees. -

Timber shingle Terracotta tile Concrete tile Slate

Long sheet- metal -

Steel (cheapest) Copper Aluminium Zinc

Galvanising (protective coating) All steel that is exposed to the elements must be protected. -

Where the screws are drilled can be an access point for water, meaning the screws are generally screwed in the crest area.

Galvanic series base metals- aluminium, zinc, iron, copper.

Built up roof- Flat roof *Pitch of roof is governed by material you use. -

Concrete, needs waterproof membrane and protective layer over membrane Expensive and heavy Terraces and plants Lightweight can be done- cfc.

CLASS PRESENTATIONS Cardigan Street, Carlton - Three story townhouse - ICF WALLS: polystyrene blocks act as formwork for which concrete is poured in between two skins. - Energy efficient - Sound absorption - Fire protected - Malthoid- waterproof material, under roof and building. - Window extruded aluminium, moulded plastic - Joist hangers allow rigid joints and are made of galvanised steel - 3metres of concrete in single pour - Fire rating high - Steel rods placed into the concrete for further reinforcement/ - Triangular framing - Open web floor trusses - Softwood pine timber frame

LECTURE Dermot McGeown- Property manager Property development -

Space creation Profits made or lost Capitalising opportunity Knowing the product, market and marketing Achieving set outcomes

Alfred Street, Prahran - Load bearing bricks, two story duplex. - Pressed brick, concrete footings - Masonry wall - Double brick cavity - Old hardwood timber - Trench mesh in slab. - PVC Sewage - Screwpiles - All services installed before slabsewage and water need to be underneath slab. - Pine timber frame.

Understand land use and potential Understanding planning and permissions. Social systemPolitical systemEnterprise system

Successful development -

Location Market timing Financial staying power Control of construction costs Manage risks

Bates Smart- Roger Poole 171 Collins street- BHP BILITAN -

Tight on site- more people, less land Height limited by planning regulations 1500 metres squared floor plate Glass front stairs- encourage people to utilise the stairs. Building fits into landscape of the area

35 Spring street -

5 basements 250 apartments- sold very quickly “Frame” views Balancing internal and external Interest of layers, interest of city= complicated balance Relationships are fundamental to what you design All about where you put the money

Royal Children’s Hospital -

4000 rooms, global benchmark Hospital in the park After 25 years handing it back over to the state Property transaction

Peter Suffren -

Team work Guaranteed maximum price- value for money Lump sum tendering- doesn’t work If architect and builders don’t work together they cannot go to developer looking for more money for the project. “Forte”- Made of timber (renewable resource, incredibly quick), screw fixed, pre grooved and imported timber. Quicker make quicker sales quicker returns

WEEK 7

18/04/2014 ELEARNING DETAILING FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE

- Basements need to be tanked (waterproof membrane) - Double skin walls, cavity walls, best for waterproofing. - Box gutters drain outside of building reducing risk of incidents inside of building - Eaves protect a building and reduce likelihood of water tracking backwards to the building. Material joining areas are high risk areas for water to penetrate.

For water to penetrate: An opening

Water present at opening

Force to run water through opening

Remove opening: -SEALANTS- Silicone -GASKETS- Artificial rubber These need to be updated and replaced as they age. Keep water from opening: -GUTTERS- Collects water -DOWNPIPESDischarges water -STORMWATER SYSTEMS -OVERLAPPING ROOFING AND CLADDING -SLOPING WINDOW SILLS AND FLASHING Neutralise the forces that move water through openings: -GRAVITY- Slopes and overlaps -SURFACE TENSION & CAPILLARY ACTIONdrip or break between

GLOSSARY Drip- Prevents water clinging to the underside of an opening, neutralises the force of surface tension and capillary action. (Newton, 2014f) Vapour barrier- A plastic membrane laid under a slab to improve performance against rising damp from the soil. (2006, retrieved from www.buildingscience.com/docu ments/digests/bsd-106understanding-vapour-barriers) Gutter- A channel at the edge of a roof that collects and carries away rainwater. Parapet- A low protective wall or railing along the edge of a raised structure like a roof or balcony. (2014 retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.co m) Down pipe- A pipe that carries water from the roof to a drain or to ground level Flashing- A strip of metal used to stop water penetrating the junction of a roof with another surface. (2014 retrieved from http://www.dictionary.com/defi nition/flashing) Insulation- Process of keeping heat, sound or electricity from spreading. (2014 retrieved from http://www.dictionary.com/defi ntion/insulation) Sealant- A material that can make things air tight and water resistant (2014, retrieved from www.dictionary.com/definition/ sealant)

surfaces to prevent clinging to underside. -MOMENTUM- Gaps constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes which deflects the water. -AIR PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL- Air barrier on internal side creates Pressure Equalisation Chamber (PEC) *Removing one of these factors will stop water from entering, removing two is even better in case one fails.

Openings Planned - Windows - Doors - Skylights

Unplanned - Poor construction workmanship - Deterioration of materials

Controlling Heat -

Heat is conducted through building envelope, which is subjected to radiant heat and the thermal mass of the building regulates flow of heat.

THERMAL INSULATION Reduces heat conduction

THERMAL BREAKS Low conductivity when using materials known for being highly conductive.

DOUBLE GLAZING Air spaces between panes of glass reduce the flow of heat.

THERMAL MASS Captures warmth, when temp drops the stored heat is slowly released. - Mater ials: Maso nry, concrete and water bodies.

AIR LEAKAGE - Opening - Air at opening - Force at opening - Wrap in a reflective foil (sarking) to provide an air barrier weather stripping around doors and windows

Solutions: RADIATION - Reflective surfaces - Shading systemsverandas, vegetation

(Newton, 2014f)

RUBBER NATURAL Rubber tree - Seals - Gaskets - Flooring - Insulation - Hosing and piping

SYNTHETIC Petrochemical, made in laboratory - EPDM (Gaskets and control joints) - Neoprene (control joints) - Silicone (seals)

Hardness

Varies. Harder rubbers prevent erosion, softer rubbers provide better seals. Low, doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t shatter or break, however if heavily weathered it could be higher. High when heated, varied when cold. High Waterproof 1.5 times denser than water Poor conductor of heat and electricity Can be very durable, varies High Embodied energy varies greatly Generally very cost effective - Weather related damage - Avoid or minimise sun exposure.

Fragility Ductility Flexibility/ Plasticity Porosity/ permeability Density Conductivity Durability Reusability/Recyclability Sustainability Cost Considerations (Newton, 2014w) PLASTICS -

Able to be moulded: Carbon, silicone, hydrogen, oxygen.

THERMOPLASTICS - Mouldable when heated and become solid when cooled. - Polyethylene - Polymethyl methacrylate - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC, Vinyl) - Polycarbonate (roofing)

Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility

THERMOSETTING - Only shaped once - Melamide Formaldehyde (laminex)- finishing surfaces - Polystyrene- insulation panels

ELASTOMERS - Synthetic rubber - EPDM - Neoprene - Silicone

Med- Low Low-med, some degrade in sunlight High (heated) High

Porosity/Permeability Density Conductivity Durability Reusability Sustainability Cost Considerations

Most waterproof Low Poor conductors of heat and electricity Can be, varies High for thermoplastics and elastomers, limited for Elastomers. Embodied energy varies Generally cost effective - Weather related damage (sunlight) - Protection and management (expansion and contraction)

(Newton, 2014t) PAINTS -

Begins as a liquid, thin layer applied to a surface turns into a solid when in contact with air. Protects and colours a particular element Clear paints are called lacquers or varnishes.

OIL BASED

WATER BASED

Not water soluable High gloss finish

Most common Durable and flexible Tools and brushes can be cleaned with water

PROPERTIES COLOUR CONSISTENCY DURABILITY

GLOSS FLEXIBILITY/PLASTICITY (Newton, 2014s)

Needs to resist fading, red dyes are less stable in the sunlight. Paint can generally only be as good as the surface on which they are painted. - Powder coating and PVF2 are more durable modern ways to paint. Surface finishes from matte to gloss Water based latex paints more flexible than oil.

WEEK 8

2/05/2014

ELEARNING Doors ALUMINIUM DOORS & FRAMES - Offices and commercial - Work from the manufacturers range - Sliding and swinging - Fly screens can easily be added

STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES -

Used in combination with other materials, generally a steel frame with a wood door. Good for security purposes- tough.

Windows ALUMINIUM - Domestic - Most commonly commercial

STEEL - Finer and flatter than aluminium - Expensive - Steel loses heat

CURTAIN WALLS- A window system that is part of the concrete structure and carries its own load. Force generally needs to be carried around the windows. (Newton, 2014r)

GLASS -

Formed from Silica

FORMERS - Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into glass. - Silica

FLUXES - Help formers to melt at lower and more practical temperatures - Soda Ash - Lithium - Carbonate

STABILISERS - Combine with formers and fluxes to keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumblingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Limestone - Alumina - Magnesia

GLOSSARY

PROPERTIES Porosity Density Conductivity Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/ Plasticity

Durability/Lifespan Reusability/Recyclability Sustainability/ Carbon footprint

Cost

Non porous/ waterproof Med-High. Denser than concrete Transmits heat and light but no electricity High, can be scratched Generally high depending on type Very low Very high flexibility and plasticity when in molten form. Typically very durable Very high High embodied energy and carbon footprint but ease of recycling makes it popular sustainable product Gnerally expensive to produce and transport

(Newton, 2014l)

Window Sash- Frame inside a window, members for moving part of window

Deflection- The amount a column moves when a point load is applied.

Moment of inertiaRotational stress

Door furniture- Handles and locks. Hardware is the hinge and bolts etc.

TYPES AND MANUFACTURE Flat

Clear Tinted - Reduce visible light transfer Laminated - Tough, plastic interlayer (PVB) is bonded together between two glass panes - Improves security and safety - Fragments adhere to p;astic rather than falling away Tempered - Heating ordinary glass to a higher temperature which it begins to soften then very quickly quenching it to create a state of high compression in the glass - Building strength increased - Breaks into small pellet shaped pieces - Ideal for highly exposed situations or when the sizes required are large Wired

Stress- Occur when a load is applied to a material.

Shear force- The force that is trying to rip the material apart.

Irving, Mark. In personal conference, 2/05/2014

Shaped

Float

Double and triple glazed

Similar to laminated but uses wire mesh Patterned - Rolled glass, good for privacy Curved - Moulded and expensive Blocks Channels - Faรงade system Slumped and formed - Design features Tubes Fibres - Hair like strands - Telecommunications Photovoltaic - Integrates solar cells Most common glass production process in the world - Cheap and simple - Low risk, low cost - Breaks into sharp and dangerous shards - Reduced heat loss in winter - Low-e double glazing= absorbs more radiant energy (Summer)

(Newton, 2014l) GLASS SKINS As time progressed windows dissapeared and changed from something that enables light into a building encolsure to becoming the building enclosure. -

Glass involves silica, sand, controlled cooling. An insulator and transmittor of light. Natural glass only occurs through intense heat

Glass= Sand + Soda+ Lime 19th century -

Architectural glass hand blown Blowing, casting, cutting and colouring Limited by size and quality Wood frames a dominant feature

20th century -

Machines producing glass Diffused into a wide array of products Frames reduced to point supports

Windows have become a glazing system Cheaper more systematic way to join the building

Glass is the modulator of sunlight -

Relationship with the sun shapes our design Sun was to be avoided in the 1890s, however in the 1990s the sun was celebrated and the relationship became more complex.

Glass buildings used to require a lot of heating and cooling -

Discovered the potential to harness energy of the sun Glass interface between inside and outside Captures the natural world and brings it inside. Glass is the carrier of meaning and technical materials.

(Sadar, 2014)

TUTORIAL Double glazing -

Increases thermal resistance Very good sound insulator too if vacuum sealed Stops med-high frequency sounds. Low frequency sounds stopped through mass

Diffuse light- even light, bounced off things, not intense Direct light- In Summer itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a heat gain however, it is good in winter. 3 strategies for keeping moisture from entering a building Minimise openings

Keep water away from opening

A building canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have no windows or doors so it is difficult to minimise these sorts of openings.

Gutters - Eaves gutter- On the edge of the eaves. Back edge of the gutter higher than the front edge to take overflow away from building - Box gutter- Concealed behind parapet Sealant or caulking

Neutralise the forces that move water through openings Forces considered - Gravity - Wind - Momentum - Surface tension and capillary action - Air pressure differential. Cavity - Prevents water

Fills a hole, canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be too big or may break. Silicon

GLASS Glass is rolled and can be very different thicknesses Safety glass -

Laminated glass Two pieces of glass glued together with a film Film holds two pieces together if it breaks Could be fit Insitu if needed

Toughened glass -

Heated more meaning it is solid More embodied energy Shatters into tiny pieces Cannot process on site Must be the right size

Laminated Toughened glass -

Two pieces of toughened glass glued together The strongest type of glass

Seraphic glass -

Colour back

penetrating inner skin - Stops the tendency of pressure of outside water being sucked into building. Ground water - DPC: Damp proof course stops water from being sucked up (capillary action) - Placed underneath concrete slab.

Glass splashbacks

Anneal glass -

When it breaks it shatters and can be quite dangerous.

Curtain walls -

Glass clad Vision panels Spandrel for where the concrete slab lies on a high rise building so you cannot see the slab.

TASK

Recreate the drawing allocated to you of a section of the Oval Pavillion at full size scale on a piece of A1 paper. My drawing was a glass wall cut out starting from the slab which had fixed glazed glass and an RHS.

WEEK 9

9/05/2014

GLOSSARY

ELEARNING COMPOSITE MATERIALS Monolithic -

Single material Materials combined so that components are indistinguishable. E.g. metal alloys

Composite Two or more materials are combined in such a way that individual materials remain easily distinguishable. 1. Combination of two or more materials which differ in composition or form 2. Remain bonded together 3. Retain their identities and properties 4. Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components acting alone. - Laminate - Fibrous - Particulate - Hybrid Made from Fibre Reinforced cement

Cellulose (or glass) fibres. Portland cement; sand and water

Common forms Sheet and board products and shaped products

Common uses Exterior or interior wet areas

Benefits -

Fibreglass

Mixture of glass fibres and epoxy resins

Aluminium Aluminium Sheet and plastic composites

Flat and profiled sheet products and shaped products Plastic core of phenolic resin lined

Water tanks Baths Swimming pools Wall cladding Feature cladding material in interior and

Doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t burn Resistance to water, termite damage, rotting and warping Relatively inexpensive Fire resistant Waterproof Light weight Strong

Seamless details Less aluminium means light

Sandwich PanelPlastic core and two thin aluminium sheets bonded to the outside, a composite material. Bending- External force applied to the element causing internal stress and the element to distort (bend). (Ching, 2008) Skirting- Piece of material that covers the bottom of the wall to blend the wall and the floor. Composite Beamgenerally a timber composite combineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s timber either solid or engineered, with galvanised pressed steel. Shadow line joint- A recessed joint, does not blend the two walls together but leaves a small recessed area. Cornice- Blends walls together

with two external skins of thin aluminium sheet. Timber Combinations Timber top composites of solid and timber, bottom engineered chord with timber and galvanised galvanised steel or pressed steel. engineered board/ plywood webs. Free Polymers Moulded reinforced (plastics) or polymers with glass, pultrusian timber or processed carbon fibres. products

exterior locations

Beams (Floor joists and roof rafters) and trusses

Decking (and external cladding) Structural elements such as beams and columns Public pedestrian bridges using glass or carbon fibres Carbon fibre reinforced polymer rebar

weight Less expensive Weather resistant Unbreakable Shock resistant Minimum amount of material used for maximum efficiency Cost effective Easy to install Easy to accommodate services High strength FRP with glass or carbon fibre reinforcements provide a strength to weight ratio greater than steel Corrosion resistant

(Newton, 2014B) Joint Sealants Joint sealants must be durable, resilient and have cohesive and adhesive strength, these properties will help to provide an effective seal against water and air. -

Low range sealants: Caulking, Oil based or acrylic compounds. Medium range sealants: used for nonworking, mechanically fastened joints, made from butyl rubber, acrylic or neoprene compounds.

High range sealants: Used for working joints subject to a significant amount of movement, such as those in curtain. Made from polymercaptans, polysulfideâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, polyurethanes and silicones.

Ching, 2008 Movement Joints In response to changes in temperature, building materials expand and contract. Some swell and shrink with moisture differentiation and others deflect under a load. Joints must allow for this movement to happen without cracking or compromising their structure. Expansion joints Continuous slots constructed between two parts of a building allowing thermal and moisture expansion to occur

Control joints Continuous grooves in concrete slabs and masonry which regulates the amount of cracking that can occur.

Isolation joints Divides a large structure into sections so that movement can occur between the two parts.

(Ching, 2008) Construction Detailing How materials are put together- Considerations Joints

Health and Safety

Movemen Part of the t Joints Building Code - Fire - Stairs - Wet areas

Ageing Gracefully

Repairable Surfaces Cleanable Surfaces

Maintenance Access

Constructability

Choosing materials that suit the location - Copper improves with age

Plasterboard easy to repair. - Installing Skirtings - Cornices - Corners are the most vulnerable

Suspended ceilings hides all services and allows easy access from above

Difficult details often means expensive. - Forgiving - Easy to assemble - Possible to adjust

Avoiding Carpets and corners; coved skirtings

(Newton, 2014e) Columns Rigid, relatively slender structural members that support axial compressive loads, applied to the end of the members. -

Short columns= failure by crushing Long columns= failure by buckling

(Ching, 2008)

Beams Rigid structural members designed to carry loads across space to supporting elements (columns) -

Deflection= Perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from the original position under a load. This deflection increases as the load and span increases. Bending moment= external, causes part of a structure to rotate or bend. Resisting moment= internal moment equal and opposite to the bending moment Bending stress= combination of compressive and tension stresses, beginning at the cross section to resist a force. Moment of inertia= Sum of the products of each element of an area, it indicates how the cross sectional area of a structural member is distributed.

Ching, 2008

TUTORIAL Composite material- Aluminium sandwich panel Enamel- Baked on paint- eats into the pores. Aluminium windows- Colorbond or powder coated Coved Skirting- Used in nursing homes, easy to clean. Vinyl. -

Skirtings: Bottom of the wall Cornice: Blends walls Architraves: Side of windows

Tolerance allows for materials to move and ease of buildability. To combine two materials you either: -

Overlap Cover it up Materials need to either be side by side or one over the top.

Carpet -

TASK

Wool fibres and Nylon. 80/20 mix Laid in rolls, broad loon Carpet tiles: Synthetic nylon, durable, used in schools and nursing homes

Site visit 1- Faraday Street -

An old 1880 primary school 2 story load bearing brick building Steel framed community centre Relatively light weight steel Light weight metal studs (commercial) Heritage- cultural/social architectural. Heritage Victoria imply precise restraints.

Faraday street is a commercial building meaning it is incredibly services intense. Black pipes= insulated. Orange cables= heavy duty, high voltage.

UB steel beam The extension of the original building is planned to be a library, using steel framing. The steel needed to be brought in by a 16 tonne crane as there is limited access to the site. The steel is connected to neighbouring steel via bolts, this is quicker and welding tends to be avoided on site. Timber fixing plates have been added to the steel to make connecting timber to it much easier

Structural plywood for the flooring- 25mm thick The old bricks that have been removed from the original site are being kept and reused

The exterior masonry walls are 380mm thick and contain no cavity

Polyethylene insulation. Platform ladders or platforms used for OHS purposes.

Fibre cement

Lift shaft- Welded on site due to restrictions on access to the building. Timber studs are 120mm apart The lift is going to be a see through lift, bystanders can see the mechanics of the lift as it is working, so it will have a large glass pane.

Three coats of render needed to patch up wall to suit traditional surrounds

Plasterboard and Fibre cement are the wall coverings for the site. The plasterboard is for the typical areas, the fibre cement is for the wet areas and areas that may be harder wearing than others and experience more bumps.

Suspended metal framed ceiling, allows for all the service to sit above the ceiling with quite easy access.

This massive steel UC as well as another very similar UB is supporting triple skin brickwork from the level above. A special footing needed to be poured below to also help support such a large weight of bricks. This needed to be done because there was originally the same triple skin brickwork on this level but was removed to allow for a larger room.

As seen in very early, original images of the building there were finials on the top of the building, in an effort to restore the building as best possible, they have constructed new ones to replicate the older finials. They are extremely heavy and thus need to be supported by the structure on the right. Site visit 2- Corner of Rathdowne Street and Princes Street -

High-rise housing: Social housing and public housing PPP- Public private Partnership Precast structure- large module load bearing. 10 tonne panels, spanning two floors. Plasterboard lined interior in general areas, fibre cement in areas that need a more resilient product. Green plasterboard= wet areas. Red plasterboard= fire resilient White= standard 110 apartments, most single bedroom aimed generally at overseas students.

Conference room full of cables. Cables on site also needed to be kept off the ground, hence the blue cable in the image

Two buildings; one 6 floors, including a ground floors and one 5 floors.

Services -

NBN- National Broadband network. Router in wardrobe of each apartment Gas Electricity Lighting Fire services Hose reels Split system air conditioners Smoke detectors in every apartment. One apartment contains a sprinkler Kitchen exhaust and toilet exhaust pumped out onto the street

Bondeck on roof, cast into the concrete slab above, fires cannot come up through the floor

Stormwater pumped into basement tank, when that tank is full it is then pumped onto the street.

Lagging around pipe to prevent noise of the water rushing through the pipe

Metal framing system. Corridors will be covered in fire resistant plasterboard.

Encapsulating the bathroom with plasterboard at the top allows cables to be guided through here nice and neatly if done correctly.

Aluminium window frames will be put in.

Soldier piles drilled from the top. They continue 15m down below the basement. Made by placing a redo cage in the ground and filling it with concrete Capping beam sits at the top One and a half levels of carpark Shotcrete wall- concrete sprayed onto the wall. Steel reinforcement is placed in before spraying takes place. This type of concrete is very sticky.

Grout between precast panel and the slab

Gap between precast elements and stud wall

Sprinklers through the whole carpark

Saw cuts in the slab to prevent cracking Slab stressingPlacing of cables in the slab and stretching the cables to deflect the slab up, creating maximal strength Propping precast walls- must have two solid connections for panels whilst they are setting into place

Back-propped every two and a half metres for upper levels that have not been completed fully yet. At least two levels must be propped at one time.

Rebate between precast panels stops water coming up and under the panels, it is forced to drain away instead. Exterior panels contain 3 different patterns. These are achieved by setting the precast panel into rubber matting which contains the desired pattern. Once the

WEEK 10

16/05/2014

GLOSSARY

ELEARNING

Shear Wall- Prevents a building from tearing apart, firmly holds the building still. (Newton, 2014)

LATERAL SUPPORTS

Soft Storey- Frequently found at ground level, where the level is weaker than the others, could cause whole buildings to collapse (Newton, 2014)

Lateral forces= Wind and Earthquakes Resisting these lateral loads is a major design concern. -

Wind forces are the function of the exposed surface area to wind, they act on the surface. Earthquake forces are a function of the amount of building mass above the foundation, they act on the base.

Braced Frames- Generally a diagonal member spanning across a wall to carry lateral loads through the building (Newton, 2014) Life Cycle- choosing materials that are durable and will be able to be recycled and reused. (Hes, 2014)

Resisting Systems- prevent a structure from overturning Bracing Provide diagonal paths for moving the lateral loads

Diaphragms/ Shear walls Resist and collect lateral forces. Shear Walls transfer and stiffen the wall, resist the forces in the vertical plane

Moment Joints Rigidly connected joints. Act as a monolithic unit

(Newton, 2014) Design considerations WIND LOAD Tall and skinny buildings largely affected Unusual shapes Structures with large openings Large cantilevers

SEISMIC LOAD Irregular configurations largely affected Size Form Scale Geometry- irregular vs regular

Consequences of not employing Resisting Systems Soft Story

One or more floors are weaker than the others. Common at ground level and can cause a whole building to collapse. It

Deflect- To bend and distort aside from a straight line. (2014, Retrieved from http://i.word.com/idictionary/de flect) Fascia- Usually horizontal, flat member of a building that covers the ends of rafters (2014, retrieved from http://i.word.com/idictionary/fa scia) Corrosion- Deterioration of metal from a chemical reaction between the metal and the surrounding environment. (Bell, Terrence. 2014. Retrieved from http://metals.about.com/od/Cor rosion/a/What-Is-Corrosion.htm) Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)- Quality of the buildings health and environment in relation to the people inside it. (2013, retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topic s/indoorenv)

needs to be braced. Re-entrant corners

Discontinuous Structural Members Torsion

Irregular geometries, differential stiffness, cause the building parts to move at different rates. The corner needs to be stiffened. Interruption in force path flow. Joint needs to be strengthened at this point. When the centre of mass of the floor does not coincide with its centre of rigidity. - Produces torsion and deflection - Steel rigid connections and a shear wall at each end can be preventative measures.

(Newton, 2014) COLLAPSES AND FAILURES Holiday Beach house -

Architectural house Fascia is very wide and thin The whole building is extremely exposed to the elements including sun and rain. Results in warping and cracking Corrosion and salt air problems Plywood is used as the backing to the cladding, however it is only joint using glue. This glue is not satisfactory for long term performance. Sealants and workmanship has failed Sheets begin to blister, de-bonding between the glue and the plywood sheeting causing the sheets to fall off. As a solution the sheets get nailed back on, completely losing the whole aesthetic quality the glue was originally used to achieve. The sheets begin to rust. The building gets reclad, however moisture has already gotten in between the cladding and the structure and causes condensation, leading to a long term performance issue. All materials must be considered in terms of suitability for the location.

(Ashford, 2014)

HEROES AND VILLAINS IN MATERIALS Health - Asthma - Reduce life span - Nausea - Bronchitis - Headaches How to choose good materials - Reduce VOCs in paints, glues etc. Choose water based - Reduce dust, less carpet and shelves - Minimum cleaning, reduces chemicals that need to be used. VILLAINS - Glues - Paints - Carpets - Cleaning chemicals HEROES - Bamboo - Termi-mesh - Water based paints - Organic cleaning products (Hes, 2014)

Environment Wasteful= costly. Invest in renewed resources- things that grow VILLAINS - Timbers - Large and small tiles. Using the right sized tile in the room you are working with to reduce wastage. HEROES - Grasses - Ortech - Recycled timber - Carpet

Pollution - Climate change - Optimise lighting - Reduce embodied energy - Smog - Acid Rain - Minimise waste, choose natural and organic VILLAINS - Aluminium - Light globes - PVC - Cigarette smoke HEROES - Timber - Australian made products, reduces distance covered to bring it to you. - Diode light - Linoleum flooring - Tiles - Wool

Life cycle Design for durability - Best solution - Consider timelessness - Consider the ability to easily reuse and recycle the product. And how many times could you recycle it.

A TALE OF CORROSION- THE STATUE OF LIBERTY -

The statue of liberty is a copper skinned structure supported by an iron skeleton which is connected via iron ribs. Copper Oxidisation: When exposed to the atmosphere, copper reacts with oxygen and eventually turns into a green colour. The green can become a design aspect for many people

Initial Detail Consideration -

Galvanic corrosion between copper skin and iron frame. Due to two dissimilar metals. The two metals needed to be separated

SOLUTION 1 Two materials separated at their junctions by a layer of shellac impregnated cloth. Problem: Shellac cloth became porous providing great conditions for more corrosion. - The iron started to rust and expand, pulling the rivets away from the copper skin (Cameron, 2014)

SOLUTION 2 Remove iron armature and replace with Teflon coated stainless steel. This decision was made after extensive research into the product. - Still have two dissimilar metals which poses a potential for corrosion, meaning the need for ongoing maintenance. - Teflon doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hold water

BUILDING MATERIALS -

Each material has properties of the strength it contains,in its elasticity and stiffness. Elasticity is the ability to deform under stress of a material and then return to its original form when the load is removed. Stiffness refers to how far a material can either be pushed or pulled to its elastic limit and the amount of force required to do so.

Other important considerations Resistance

Thermal conductivity Transmission, reflection, absorption Density/Hardness

Resist combustion Colour, texture and scale Standard shapes and sizes

Dimensional Stability

Water and water vapour resistance needs to be considered if the mtaerial is to be exposed to the elements Especially when used for constructing the exterior of a structure Of visible light and radiant heat, when the material is going to be used as a finish of a room. It’s resistance to wear or abrasion, its durability and not only the cost of the material but the cost to maintain the material. Withstand fire exposure and not produce toxic fumes Considering how the material fills the overall design Materials can be manufactured in stock dimensions, which may differ from each manufacturer. Meaning the manufacturer must be chosen beforehand. How the material responds to changes in temperature and moisture.

(Ching, 2008) LIFE CYCLE Not just considering the aesthetic, functional and economic qualities of a material, but assesing the effect this material will have on the environment. -

Extraction and processing of raw materials Manufacturing Packadging Transportation Maintenance Recyclability and reusability of the material in years to come The final disposal

INPUTS LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY OUTPUTS

(Ching, 2008)

STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS STATIC Applied slowly to a structure, deformation of the structure occurs when static force is at its maximum. - Live Loads: people, furniture, stored materials. Anything that moves or is moveable. - Snow Loads: accumulation of snow on the roof. - Rain Loads: accumulation of water on the roof. - Impact Loads: Kinetic Loads of short duration due to moving vehicles etc.

DYNAMIC Dynamic Loads are applied very quickly to a structure, that can have rapid changes in magnitude and where the load is applied. WIND LOADS - Forces from the energy of the moving wind. Assumed to come from a horizontal direction - Flutter refers to the oscillations of a flexible member caused by the wind. - Tall, slender buildings, unusual shaped buildings, lightweight, flexible buildings all require computer modelling to decipher how they will respond to wind. EARTHQUAKE LOADS Longitudinal and transverse vibrations. - Base is affected most. - Base shear can be computed to tell the minimum design value for the total lateral, seismic force on a building. - High rise structures, irreuglar shapes and structures built on soft soilds require a more complex analysis. - The overturning moment of a structure, produced by a lateral load applied at a distance, must be counterbalanced by an external restoring moment and an internal resisting moment. These are provided by shear walls and columns.

(Ching, 2008) STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM As each structural element receives an applied load the supporting elements must react with equal and opposite forces, creating a state of rest. Two conditions necessary: 1. Vector sum of all forces must equal zero 2. The algebraic sum of all the forces about any point or line must also equal zero. (Ching,2008)

TUTORIAL Corrosion- Oxidation. Required for corrosion to happen: -

Metals (potential difference between these) Electrical difference Medium (water) to transfer electrons Oxygen

For a roof system, gutter and flashing must be compatible with roof material. For example zinc roof sheet and galvanised (zinc coating) steel gutter compatible because it is a zinc to zinc transfer. Earthquakes Lateral forces- generally comes in from the sides -

Need to be withstood by a structure Bracing and rigid joint not structurally sufficient for earthquake design. Low storey must have flexible joints, this means the forces are not transferred up the structure

Seaside environment -

Salt attacks metals Plywood is a reasonable material, however gluing of plywood is avoided. Generally it is connected via screws or nails. TASK Function Room- front window section Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS), made from steel Double Glazed glass windows Steel plate

Concrete Slab Function Room- front window section 3-dimensional version

Function Room- front window section in finished structure

Double Glazed glass windows

Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS), made from steel

REFERENCES Ashford, Peter (2008, 13/05/2014). Collapses and Failures [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be Cameron, Rebecca (2014, 13/05/2014). A Tale of Corrosion [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be Ching, F. D. K. (2008). Building Construction illustrated (Fourth ed.). United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hes, Dr Dominique (2014, 13/05/2014). Heroes and Villains: A Framework for Selecting materials [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be Hutson, Andrew (2014, 25/03/2014). The Pantheon: An example of Early Roman Concrete [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aL6EJaLXFY&feature=youtu.be Lewi, Dr Hannah (2014, 01/04/2014). Ghery's House: An Exploration of Wrapping [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqn2bYoO8j4&feature=youtu.be Lewis, Professor Miles (2014, 09/04/2014). Spanning Spaces [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx4tMuSaO8&feature=youtu.be Newton, Clare (2014a, 16/03/2014). Bricks [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be (2014b, 07/05/2014). Composite Materials [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be (2014c, 25/03/2014). Concrete [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be (2014d, 16/03/2014). Concrete Blocks [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be (2014e, 08/05/2014). Construction Detailing [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be (2014f, 16/04/2014). Detailing for Heat and Moisture [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be (2014g, 01/04/2014). Engineered Timber Products [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be (2014h, 09/04/2014). Ferrous Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJyis&feature=youtu.be (2014i, 25/03/2014). Floor Systems [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be (2014j, 17/03/2014). Footings and Foundations [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be (2014k, 02/04/2014). From Wood to Timber [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be (2014l, 30/04/2014). Glass [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be

(2014m, 25/03/2014). Insitu Concrete [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be (2014n, 16/03/2014). Introduction to Masonry [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be (2014o, 16/03/2014). Introduction to Mass construction [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be (2014p, 09/04/2014). Introduction to Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be (2014q, 09/04/2014). Non Ferrous Metals [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be (2014r, 30/04/2014). Openings: Doors and Windows [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be (2014s, 15/04/2014). Paints [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be (2014t, 15/04/2014). Plastics [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be (2014u, 25/03/2014). Precast Concrete [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYYMMezI0&feature=youtu.be (2014v, 9/04/2014). Roof Systems [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be (2014w, 16/04/2014). Rubber [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be (2014x, 16/03/2014). Stone [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be (2014y, 18/03/2014). Structural elements [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be (2014z, 01/04/2014). Timber Properties and Considerations [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be (2014{). Walls, Grids and Columns [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be Sadar, John (2014, 30/04/2014). 10>1: Something Glass-y [Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be (2014, 13/05/2014). Interactive Structures [Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?cont ent_id=_4336783_1&course_id=_271852_1