Intertwine

INTERTWINE A freeway lid to reweave a fragmented neighborhood in St. Paul, MN RACHEL BURAND | CAPSTONE 2015 MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 1

2

CONTENTS Introduction Acknowledgments

Project Brief

6 8

Site: I-94 & Rondo

Location & History

Site Inventory

Site Analysis

14 18 20

Research

Design Concepts

Freeway Lid Precedents

30 34

Proposal: Intertwine

Connect (Regional Plan)

Converge (Site Plan) Engaged Connected Equipped

40 48 50 54 58

Resources

Annotated Bibliography

Additional Resources

64 70

3 3

4

INTRODUCTION

5

INTRODUCTION Acknowledgments

This project would not have been possible without the support, time, and expertise of the following individuals.

Thank you!

Capstone Committee & Studio Instructors

Project Stakeholders

Kristine Miller Capstone Committee Chair

Kathleen Anglo Landscape Architect City of St. Paul

Joseph Favour Capstone Committee & Studio Instructor Bob Close Capstone Committee Rebecca Krinke Studio Instructor

6

INTRODUCTION / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Bryan Dodds Director of Land Management Minnesota Department of Transportation Diane Dodge Reconciliation Lunch Group Ken Graeve Roadside Vegetation Management Unit Minnesota Department of Transportation

Project Stakeholders (continued)

Studio Colleagues

Amy Knuteson Life Skills Coach Jeremiah Program

Bonnie McCabe Office of Land Management Minnesota Department of Transportation

Emily Lowery Metropolitan Design Center

Dan Shaw Vegetation Specialist/Landscape Ecologist MN Board of Soil and Water Resources

Julian Marshall Co-Director of Acara Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering, University of Minnesota

Nancy Stachel Principal Maxfield Elementary School

Spencer Bauer Ben Basaran Julie Beatty Karen Criales AJ Evert Nate Gandrud Lindsay Hawks Alex Hill Bingqin Huang Rachel Kerber

Grace Larson Joe Nowak Nicole Ponath Jody Rader Jodi Refsland Shannon Sawyer Niluja Singh Hang Su Danfeng Zhang Shiyue Zhang

INTRODUCTION / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

7

INTRODUCTION Project Brief

WHY INTERTWINE? Intertwine is a proposal for a freeway lid to reweave the fragmented Rondo neighborhood in St. Paul, Minnesota.

The freeway takes up one of the largest footprints in the Twin Cities, but is underutilized. This system moves cars and goods, but also cuts through neighborhoods (blocking access to goods and services) and spurs health issues from poor air quality (heart disease, cardiac arrest, asthma). One of the most controversial locations chosen for Interstate 94 was the diverse and close-knit Rondo neighborhood in St. Paul. Rondo, home to St. Paul’s largest African American population in the 1960s, lost 650 homes when I-94 was built. The community still gathers for the annual Rondo Days Festival, but the freeway remains a massive barrier through a once vibrant and walkable neighborhood.

Grotto Street Pedestrian Bridge over I-94

8

INTRODUCTION / PROJECT BRIEF

RESEARCH QUESTIONS How can the freeway be redesigned to create connections within the Rondo neighborhood?

How could the freeway better provide pedestrian access to goods, services, and green space?

How can the freeway be transformed from a detriment to air quality and public health into an example of health improvement?

Maxfield Elementary School from Victoria Street Bridge

INTRODUCTION / PROJECT BRIEF

9

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN DRIVERS These three concepts remained at the forefront of design for the entirety of this project:

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EQUITABLE ACCESS

PUBLIC HEALTH

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Safe walking routes to goods, services, and green space should be available to all urban residents.

Landscapes should improve air quality, and provide easily accessible space to recreate and exercise.

Urban landscapes can manage stormwater, mitigate air pollution, & provide wildlife habitat.

INTRODUCTION / PROJECT BRIEF

I-94 Edge Conditions

Maxfield Elementary School

I-94 Facing West

Old Rondo Avenue INTRODUCTION / PROJECT BRIEF

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12

SITE: I-94 & RONDO

13

SITE: I-94 & RONDO Location & History

LOCATION The original boundaries of Rondo cover a 2 mile stretch of I-94 just west of downtown St. Paul. Western and Lexington Avenues make the east/west boundaries, with University Ave at the north, and Selby Ave at the south.

University Ave

SITE

Summit Ave Victoria & Grand

DOWNTOWN ST. PAUL

0

Minnesota 14

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / LOCATION & HISTORY

City of St. Paul

0.3 mi

0.6 mi

HISTORY

1950s STREET GRID I-94 LOCATION Historical Overlay

I-94 was built in the 1960s. The Rondo neighborhood was home to St. Paul’s largest African-American population, and lost 650 single-family homes as a casualty of the freeway construction. Community leaders at the time pressed for a northern route through an industrial area that would have spared the neighborhood, but the request was denied, and this location provided the most direct route between the two downtowns over land that was cheap. The only concession the state highway department made to the people of Rondo was to construct a sunken freeway to minimize visual disturbance. Today the community gathers every summer for the Rondo Days Festival to preserve the history. Because this neighborhood really has no green gathering space aside from schoolyards and sports fields, the festival has never had a permanent location, but the celebrations grow every year.

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / LOCATION & HISTORY

15

SITE: I-94 & RONDO

SOURCE: http://www.universityavenue.net/newest/ (University Avenue: One street, a thousand dreams)

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SITE: I-94 & RONDO / LOCATION & HISTORY

Destruction of neighborhood homes

SOURCE: http://www.universityavenue.net/newest/ (University Avenue: One street, a thousand dreams)

I-94 Mid-construction SITE: I-94 & RONDO / LOCATION & HISTORY

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SITE: I-94 & RONDO Site Inventory

WESTERN

DALE

FUTURE HOUSING

VICTORIA

LEXINGTON

GOODS, SERVICES, AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ROUTES

FROGTOWN SQUARE

UNIVERSITY GORDON PARKS HIGH SCHOOL

SUPER TARGET

HUBBS CTR FOR LIFELONG LEARNING

263 students

RONDO LIBRARY

MAXFIELD MAGNET ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

OBER COMMUNITY CENTER

300 students

WESTERN PARK

SKYLINE TOWERS

JEREMIAH PROGRAM

FUTURE RONDO MUSEUM

CAPITOL HILL MAGNET SCHOOL

CARTY PARK

1,273 students

BEN MAYS MAGNET INTL SCHOOL

659 students

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY 2,171 students

CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL

MLK COMMUNITY CENTER

OXFORD COMMUNITY CENTER

2,077 students

YWCA BOYD PARK

ST. PAUL TECH COLLEGE 9,690 students

SELBY JJ HILL MONTESSORI 392 students

0

GROCERY CHURCH SCHOOL

18

ARTS & MUSIC COFFEE SHOP FITNESS CENTER

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE INVENTORY

AFFORDABLE HOUSING COMMUNITY CTR / LIBRARY MEDICAL / HEALTH CLINIC

PUBLIC PARK COMMUNITY GARDEN SPORTS FIELD / SCHOOLYARD

LRT STOP BUS STOP I-94

300’

PARKS & OPEN SPACE

SCHOOLS

GROCERY

Most of the green open space in this area is dedicated to sports fields at schools or community centers. Carty Park, a standard-city block park, is the most central and closest to the site, but otherwise green space is limited.

The number of schools in this stretch is unique, with 5,000 K-12 public school students attending a handful of schools located within ½ or ¼ mile of the freeway, some adjacent to the freeway, with students attending from both sides.

Adding college students attending Concordia University to the west and St. Paul Technical College to the east adds another 10,000 students.

Grocery options are lacking in the center of the site. Larger stores include Super Target, Aldi, Sun Foods, and Mississippi Market.

Some smaller specialty shops are in the area, and the Mobile Market makes a stop along University Avenue on Wednesdays.

CHURCHES & COMMUNITY CENTERS Many churches are located throughout.

Oxford Community Center, Hubbs Center for Lifelong Learning, Rondo Community Library, MLK Community Center, Ober Community Center, and Wilder Community Center for Aging are on site.

Schools include: Central High School, Gordon Parks High School, Maxfield Elementary School, Capitol Hill & Benjamin Mays Elementary School, and JJ Hill Montessori.

AFFORDABLE HOUSING

COFFEE SHOPS, ARTS, & MUSIC

Skyline Towers, Jeremiah Program, St. Philips Garden Apartments, Community Plaza, Redeemer’s Arms, and many others exist currently, plus two future developments along University Avenue.

Coffee shops are limited to Golden Thyme Coffee and Sugarush St. Paul. Off the map is Cafe Latte at Victoria and Grand (south).

Arts include Center for Hmong Arts & Talent, and several small music and dance studios along Selby Avenue.

HEALTH, FITNESS, & MEDICAL Options for fitness and exercise are limited near the center of the site. Outlying facilities include Foss Swim School, YMCA Midway, Oxford Community Center, Statera Fitness, and YWCA of St. Paul.

Most health and medical facilities are concentrated near Gordon Parks High School (Health Partners, Open Cities Health Center, Central Midway Medical, Ezy Urgent Care). Options are very limited elsewhere.

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE INVENTORY

19

SITE: I-94 & RONDO Site Analysis

TRAFFIC Traffic volume is highest on this stretch of 94. This means that residents right next to the freeway live with constant noise, and opening their windows would let in both noise along with dangerous particulate matter in the air. The freeway is a huge contributor of poor air quality, which has serious adverse health effects and can increase risk of heart disease, cardiac arrest, and asthma. A recent study by the American Heart Association reported that just living close to a major high-traffic road increased the risk of dying from sudden cardiac death as much as smoking, or obesity. {via http://blog.heart.org/homes-near-highways-may-up-heartdisease-risks/}

Average Daily Traffic: St. Paul (2013) 5 - 810 810 - 2,350 2,350 - 4,750 4,750 - 7,600 7,600 - 13,800

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SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE ANALYSIS

Freeway Air Pollution Zone:

328 ft pollution buffer (highest risk)

1600 ft pollution buffer (slight risk)

HEALTH The highest risk of finding particulate matter in the air occurs within 328 feet from either side of a freeway, but pollutants can be found as far as 1600 feet from either side of the roadway. When this buffer is overlaid against asthma hospitalization rates, the two variables clearly correlate. More visits to the hospital due to asthma occur from people who live close to I-94.

Asthma Rates & Air Pollution: St. Paul Asthma Hospitalizations (all ages) between 2007 and 2011: Age-Adjusted Rates per 10,000 1.8 - 9.9 10.2 - 13.5 14.3 - 18.6 20.9 - 43.1

Freeway Air Pollution Zone:

328 ft pollution buffer (highest risk)

1600 ft pollution buffer (slight risk)

Capstone Site SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE ANALYSIS

21

SITE: I-94 & RONDO

WALKABILITY

3 USER GROUPS

1/4-MILE ROUTES

A quarter mile is the distance a person is typically willing to walk before choosing to drive, especially a parent with small children, which is a primary user group on site. (via Jennifer Wolch, University of California at Berkeley) There are pedestrian bridges every halfmile crossing I-94, but most are in poor conditions. The LRT is a quarter mile north of the freeway, which is close to those on the north end but not south. Buses run along University as well as Selby on the south, and Lexington and Dale to the east and west.

Given that distance and looking at the inventory of where goods and services are located in the neighborhood, leads to the center of the site and 3 key nodes that informed the proposal.

By mapping quarter-mile routes from Maxfield, Jeremiah, and the nearest public park (Carty Park), it became evident that there are no daily services within that preferred walking distance. This includes grocery, health clinics, gyms, and sufficient green space. Walkability is key in strong, healthy communities, especially with Minnesota winters. What is nearby are churches, a few community gardens, and many affordable housing options with more planned along the Green Line. Most of the green space is designated as sports fields attached to schools and there are only three small public parks.

The first node is Maxfield Elementary School, which is a designated priority school, meaning it is in the lowest 5% of state performance. Maxfield serves 300 students with an emphasis on the arts through literacy and math.

The second node is the Jeremiah Program, which houses 300 single mothers and children with the mission of transforming families from poverty to prosperity two generations at a time.

The third node is a proposal for a Rondo Museum to be located across I-94 from Maxfield Elementary, and is currently in the design phase.

22

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE ANALYSIS

If this freeway actually served these missing functions, it could be walkable to so many more residents.

MAXFIELD ELEMENTARY

JEREMIAH PROGRAM

CARTY PARK

SOURCE: Google Earth

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE ANALYSIS

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SITE: I-94 & RONDO Maxfield Elementary School

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Pedestrian Bridge

1/4 Mile Walking Routes

Vehicular Bridge

1/4 Mile Walking over I-94

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE ANALYSIS

0

400’

Jeremiah Program - St. Paul Campus

Pedestrian Bridge

1/4 Mile Walking Routes

Vehicular Bridge

1/4 Mile Walking over I-94

0

400’

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE ANALYSIS

25

SITE: I-94 & RONDO Carty Park

26

Pedestrian Bridge

1/4 Mile Walking Routes

Vehicular Bridge

1/4 Mile Walking over I-94

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE ANALYSIS

0

400’

Proposal

Pedestrian Bridge

1/4 Mile Walking Routes

Vehicular Bridge

1/4 Mile Walking over I-94

0

400’

SITE: I-94 & RONDO / SITE ANALYSIS

27

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RESEARCH

29

RESEARCH Design Concepts

MULTIFUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPES Landscapes are multifunctional when they manage stormwater runoff, reduce the urban heat island effect, provide wildlife habitat, improve air quality, provide usable green space, improve biodiversity, and provide other ecosystem services that support resiliency. Multifunctional landscapes can be assessed through performance metrics, which provides an opportunity to justify their necessity and how they benefit a city. By measuring the performance of urban landscapes, they begin to advocate for themselves by showing tangible benefits to the urban system.

The Living Building Challenge just awarded its first Living Park in October 2014 to McGilvra Place Park in Seattle. The parameters focus on site, water, energy, health, materials, equity, beauty, and process.

Sources: http://www.sustainablesites.org/ and http://living-future.org/

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RESEARCH / DESIGN CONCEPTS

The Sustainable Sites Initiative, modeled after the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED Rating System, rates best practices in landscape architecture and ecological restoration projects. The system defines sustainable landscapes as those that “reduce water demand, filter and reduce stormwater runoff, provide wildlife habitat, reduce energy consumption, improve air quality, improve human health, increase outdoor recreation opportunities, among many other benefits.” Each of these established guidelines will provides a solid reference and set of examples in creating multifunctional landscapes.

Two examples of assessments are the Sustainable Sites Initiative and the Living Building Challenge:

PUBLIC HEALTH Public health is a crucial key concept because health benefits can be inherently tied to exposure and interaction with the natural environment. Creating a public open space in an urban environment is an opportunity to inform public health, especially during a time in our society when obesity and related illnesses are on the rise, and sedentary lifestyles are becoming the norm.

People living and/or working near freeways are more likely to suffer from asthma and other respiratory health problems due to air pollution from consistent vehicle exhaust. This major health issue is linked to a lower desirability of property lining freeway corridors, along with noise pollution and other issues.

IMAGE SOURCE: http://extras.mnginteractive.com/live/media/site569/201 4/1211/20141211__141211_stpaul-poor-air-quality.jpg

Capping a sunken freeway corridor has the potential to not only address the issues of air pollution and noise pollution, but also to create pedestrian connections and green space for outdoor recreation.

Proximity to quality parks and trails is an asset to maintaining health and wellness.

Reducing stress levels and providing outdoor space to recreate are ways urban green space can improve quality of life.

Using this concept in the air space over a freeway can provide these health benefits and also mitigate health concerns in polluted urban areas.

December 2014: Air Pollution Advisory for Minneapolis-St.Paul RESEARCH / DESIGN CONCEPTS

31

RESEARCH

EQUITABLE ACCESS Equitable access and urban reconnections are critical to this proposal. Sunken freeways create physical barriers between neighborhoods, cutting off access to necessary goods and services for many local residents. Closing this gap through a freeway lid park has the potential to support equitable access, reconnect an urban neighborhood, and create safe and pedestrian-friendly routes to community assets, natural spaces, and goods or services.

Equity is intertwined with public health.

Property along freeway corridors are wrought with air pollution and constant

32

RESEARCH / DESIGN CONCEPTS

traffic noise, in addition to the physical barrier that is the freeway itself. Residents living or working here potentially lose the opportunity to access goods and services on a safe pedestrian route, and parks and open space may not be within walking distance. Natural amenities may be beyond the physical barrier of a freeway, which negatively affects health along with the poor air and noise quality. Access to needed good and services as well as space to enjoy the outdoors should be available to all urban residents, and capping freeways has the potential to do this.

The three concepts of multifunctional landscapes, public health, and equitable access are connected through both functionality and pragmatism. The overarching goal is to create an urban landscape that is as functional as possible for humans, animals, and the surrounding environment to be healthy.

Multifunctionality, health, and access are each intertwined and closely related, and these concepts build upon each other and support each other in diverse ways.

Throughout the design process, it will be essential to consistently revisit these three foundational parameters and keep them at the forefront of this project.

RESEARCH / DESIGN CONCEPTS

33

RESEARCH Freeway Lid Precedents

JIM ELLIS FREEWAY PARK (SEATTLE, WA) Freeway Park is the first park built over a highway, and it uses the air rights of Interstate 5. Design elements include a series of irregular, linked plazas that are intertwined and enclosed by board-formed concrete planting containers and walls.

Materials include concrete, broadleaf evergreen plantings, and water features.

Problem areas included acoustics and failure to mitigate traffic noise.

1976 5.5 ACRES LAWRENCE HALPRIN I-5

IMAGE SOURCE: http://tclf.org/landscapes/freeway-park

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RESEARCH / FREEWAY LID PRECEDENTS

THE BIG DIG / CENTRAL ARTERY TUNNEL PROJECT (BOSTON, MA) The Big Dig is recognized as the largest and most complex highway project in U.S. history. Instead of capping an already sunken freeway, this project replaced a 6-lane elevated highway with an 8-to-10 lane underground highway, creating over 300 acres of land on top and reconnecting Boston to its waterfront. The massive space above the highway contains many parks along what is called the Rose F. Kennedy Greenway, each distinct to the neighborhoods adjacent.

2006 300 ACRES I-93 (CENTRAL ARTERY)

IMAGE SOURCE: http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/TheBigDig.aspx

RESEARCH / FREEWAY LID PRECEDENTS

35

RESEARCH

KLYDE WARREN PARK (DALLAS, TX) Klyde Warren Park, built over a recessed 8-lane freeway, connects Dallas’ vibrant Uptown neighborhood with its Arts district and downtown. The project goals included quality of life improvement, bringing foot traffic to the area, and increasing demand for adjacent properties. The park is owned by the City and operated by a private foundation. Design elements include 37 native plant species and 322 trees. The deck is constructed of over 300 concrete beams connected by concrete slabs to form trenches, which act like planter boxes, allowing trees to grow to full size. Deck weight is managed with Geofoam and specially-designed soil.

2012 5.2 ACRES THE OFFICE OF JAMES BURNETT WOODALL RODGERS FREEWAY

IMAGE SOURCE: http://www.klydewarrenpark.org/About-the-Park/our-story.html

36

RESEARCH / FREEWAY LID PRECEDENTS

RIVERWALK PARK DECK (TRENTON, NJ) Trenton’s Riverwalk Deck links the city to the Delaware River while capping U.S. highway 29. The project resulted in an increase in property values surrounding the park, and its presence also helped recruit a new 82-unit residential building.

This project involved reconstruction of the highway, which was funded by the state Department of Transportation.

2005 6.5 ACRES VOLLMER & ASSOCIATES U.S. 29

IMAGE SOURCE: http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe-HighwayDeckParks-GoverningMag2007.pdf

RESEARCH / FREEWAY LID PRECEDENTS

37

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PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE

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PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE LEXINGTON

Connect (Regional Plan)

Strategies to improve connections along and across I-94 by redesigning underutilized space.

GORDON PARKS HS

Along this freeway corridor, I am proposing strategies to be implemented in order to provide connections across and along I-94 by redesigning underutilized space. The emphasis is on connecting the schools through this linear greenway as a primary user group. The strategies, shown in more detail on the following pages, include: A. Parkway & Vegetated Air Filtering Buffer B. On and Off Ramps C. Section along I-94 with Proposed Parkway D. Pedestrian Bridges E. Overhead Vegetated Structure

40

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECT (REGIONAL PLAN)

A

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL HS

B JEREMIAH PROGRAM

WESTERN

DALE

VICTORIA

UNIVERSITY

MAXFIELD ELEMENTARY

C D

E CARTY PARK

CAPITOL HILL & BEN MAYS ST. PAUL TECH COLLEGE

SELBY

0 300’

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECT (REGIONAL PLAN)

41

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE

FROM UNUSED LAND TO PARKWAY The first and primary strategy is to fill the roadside to meet grade which will extend usable space. A wall along the freeway would be a host to a living or green wall, and a dense stand of spruce would be planted at the edge. Spruce is chosen for its low branching and density which allows it to slow the pollutant laden air coming from vehicle exhaust, causing particulate matter to drop from the air column as it slows. Walking and biking paths are added after this vegetated buffer. This section cut shows the existing slopes and new fill, which adds up to 80 or 100 feet on either side depending on exact location of functioning space.

CONNECT

A Parkway & Vegetated Air Filtering Buffer Blue Spruce

A dense stand of Spruce slows pollutant laden air, causing particulate matter to drop out of the air column as it slows.

Interlocking Concrete Block Retaining Wall

AIR

Walking Bike Path Bioswale Path

W

Living Wall Drainage Strip

I-94

B On and Off Ramps PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECT (REGIONAL PLAN)

Pin Oaks

FLO

ill

sed F

42

REG

Interlocking Concrete

Propo

ng Existi

CONCOR UNIVERSI

Grade 0

Pedestrian Bridge over On/Off Ramps

Blue Spruce

5’

Wall

A

Living Wall

B

Drainage Strip

JERE PROG

ill

sed F

Propo

I-94

ade

Interlocking Concrete Block Retaining Wall

CENTRAL HS

ng Gr

Existi

0

B On and Off Ramps

5’

UNINTERUPTED PEDESTRIAN ROUTES Pedestrian Bridge over On/Off Ramps

Living Wall

In the case of on and off ramps, this first strategy would basically split, allowing the ramps to continue to function, but also the pedestrian and bicycle C allowing Section along I-94 with Propo paths above to continue undisturbed.

This strategy features a short bridge over the ramp, still allowing enough space for drivers to see the road whether merging into traffic or merging off.

Blue Spruce

PEDESTRIANS

Drainage Strip

ES ICL VEH

This strategy allows both freeway traffic and pedestrian/ bicycle traffic to travel undisrupted.

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY

Off Ramp

Residential

I-94 0

Frontage Roads narrowed to 25’

Bioswale

L

5’

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECT (REGIONAL PLAN)

43

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE d Fill

se Propo

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY

ade

CENTRAL HS

ng Gr

Existi

0

Pedestrian Bridge over On/Off Ramps

SELBY

5’

Blue Spruce

MULTIFUNCTIONALITY

C Section along I-94 with Proposed Parkway

This section cut through I-94 shows how the currently unused side slopes can be redesigned intoPEDESTRIANS a pedestrian and bicycle parkway with a vegetative buffer. Filtering and cleaning air, providing urban wildlife habitat, and adding green canopy spurs endless benefits to the residents living nearby. The parkway on either side offers a safe and accessible trail system that turns the “backyard” freeway into a “front yard” usable space.

VEH ES

ICL

Off Ramp

Residential

4 0

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECT (REGIONAL PLAN)

Bioswale

Living Wall

I-94

5’

Residential 44

Frontage Roads narrowed to 25’

Frontage Roads narrowed to 25’

Bioswale

New Fill

New Fill

E G

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’

I-94

Living Wall Existing Sumac Walking & Grade Bike Paths

Residential PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECT (REGIONAL PLAN)

45

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE INTERTWINE

I-94 INVITING & SAFE CROSSINGS

D Pedestrian Bridges

At the pedestrian bridges, space is extended on either side, and the landscape mimics the same strategy as the roadside landscape with the sloped edges. The slope allows enough soil depth for plantings, it improves the visual experience, controls stormwater, and the plantings themselves absorb pollutants and buffer noise. It becomes a more engaging and comfortable space to walk across a super busy freeway.

Walking Bike Path Path

20’ Sides, Freeway 20% Slope Below

Parkway alongside Freeway

WESTERN

Pedestrian Bridge with sloped, planted edges

Sloped edges improve visual experience, stormwater control, and user safety.

Plantings absorb pollutants and buffer traffic noise.

CAPITOL HILL & BEN MAYS ST. PAUL TECH COLLEGE

0

5’

E Overhead Vegetated Structure 0

46

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECT (REGIONAL PLAN)

300’

4 Lanes of Traffic Suspended Virginia Creeper and Median and 2 Shoulders Steel Structure Native Clematis

The structure extends visual green space and helps transition

stormwater control, and user safety.

Plantings absorb pollutants and buffer traffic noise.

ST. PAUL TECH COLLEGE

0

5’

GREEN TRANSITION

E Overhead Vegetated Structure 0

300’

4 Lanes of Traffic Suspended Virginia Creeper and Median and 2 Shoulders Steel Structure Native Clematis

The structure extends visual green space and helps transition drivers’ eyes when entering and exiting the tunnel

At the center of this regional plan lies the site of the enclosed freeway lid, and at either end of the lid will be an additional strategy shown here as an overhead vegetated structure. This features suspended steel structure spanning each side of the freeway and its purpose is to extend visual green space for those above and help transition drivers’ eyes when entering and exiting the tunnel.

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’

Residential 0

5’

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECT (REGIONAL PLAN)

47

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE Converge (Site Plan)

The programming elements will be explained through the lens of three users, a Maxfield Elementary student, a Jeremiah Program resident, and then a typical Neighborhood family.

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PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONVERGE (SITE PLAN)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

KEY: Chatsworth Pedestrian & Bicycle Bridge Overhead Vegetated Structure & Tunnel Entrance Health Clinic & Pharmacy Extensive Green Roof Walking & Biking Paths Concordia U. After School Program Center Job Skills Training Lab Community Art Studio & Gallery Cafe/Coffee Shop 2nd & 3rd Floor Residential (48 Units, 1BR & 2BR) Ventilation Stacks

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Patio/Outdoor Art Studio w/ Movable Tables/Chairs Community-Made Sculpture Park (sculptures in dark purple) Picnic Table Area Teaching Garden (Separate Gardens per Grade Level & Gathering Circle) Natural Fitness Playground Community Garden with Raised Beds, Orchard Trees, & Tool Hub Great Lawn Covered Pavilion Affordable Community Gym Hardware Store Restaurant Grocery & Community Commercial Kitchen

ST. ANTHONY AVE 6

11

60’x100’

7

3

2

60’x100’

4 1

8

10

9 60’x100’

5 CONCORDIA AVE

JEREMIAH PROGRAM

12 50’x100’

55’x100’

1.5 stories

100’x150’

N MILTON ST

At the center of the linear greenway plan that connects across this 2-mile stretch is a freeway lid park that is 2 blocks long. This park promotes health and access through engaging programming, new connections, and features that equip this neighborhood for a resilient future. At the edges, the site plan incorporates the strategies mentioned previously. At the ends of the lid, the street grid is reconnected and mixed-use buildings house the services lacking in this area. The park itself offers a variety of programming, which is connected to the neighborhood through biking and walking paths in all directions.

1

N CHATSWORTH ST

A central freeway lid park that promotes health and access through engaging programming, new connections, and features to equip the neighborhood for a resilient future.

CONVERGE

A central fr new conne

2.5 stories

INTERTWINE

reeway lid park that promotes health and access through engaging programming, ections, and features to equip the neighborhood for a resilient future.

MAXFIELD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

ST. ANTHONY AVE

20

16

15 14

18

19 50’x100’

13

17

21

50’x100’

22

30’x30’

23

110’x100’

70’x100’

100’x150’

1.5 stories

2.5 stories

CONCORDIA AVE

N GROTTO ST

N AVON ST

N FISK ST

N VICTORIA ST

FUTURE RONDO MUSEUM

0

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONVERGE (SITE PLAN)

30’

49

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE Engaged

A MAXFIELD ELEMENTARY STUDENT ENGAGED examines how this park creates safe and engaging connections for an elementary school student.

that provides entrance to each space and offers opportunities for older students to mentor younger students.

Walking to school likely requires an indirect route, over a rickety pedestrian bridge or a vehicular bridge. Intertwine Park shortens the walk by reconnecting streets and adding walking and biking paths buffered by vegetation. Pedestrian bridges would use the strategy mentioned earlier and roads would be narrowed, making it safer to cross traffic.

During recess and gym class, students come back to the park for the naturebased fitness playground, which allows for more imagination to take place and offers elements to create healthy, active habits at a young age. The fitness playground offers climbing, jumping, and play structures for all ages.

While at school, the curriculum at every grade level is engaged with the park.

There is a designated garden space for grades 1 through 5, which can be designed and planted by the students and teachers each year, creating ownership of the space and engaging kids in a hands-on, dynamic, year-round learning experience. The space is designed to develop leadership and collaboration skills with a gathering circle

50

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / ENGAGED

Currently the nearest after school program is the YWCA, which is a bus-ride distance away. Intertwine park proposes to designate building space for an after school arts and education program led by college students from the nearby Concordia University, which has a very large education program. Concordia students can use the new trail system to get here by foot, bike, or LRT.

The after school program would also collaborate with a community art studio next door which uses a flexible patio space as an outdoor art studio for both residents and students to come and build sculptures for this park.

By engaging the community in actually building the art elements in this park, it creates ownership of the space and is truly a neighborhood effort. Community-built sculptures would be located throughout the west block of the park with a mix of shaded and sunny areas, pathways, benches, and picnic areas. The sculpture park would be just as active in the winter with snow and ice sculptures sprinkled throughout.

The section (right) shows Maxfield Elementary to the residential area on the other side, with the playground, trails, trees, and community garden space.

Recycled rubber tile gathering circle

The Teaching Garden

A DAILY ROUTE: The Maxfield Student After School Program led by Concordia Univ. Students

CURRENT

Teaching Garden & Natural Fitness Playground MAXFIELD ELEMENTARY 2

3 4

1 Current Conditions

PROPOSED

2 At School

1

Maxfield is a designated “priority” school, in the lowest 5% of performing schools in the state, and serves 300 students with an arts and math literacy curriculum.

1 Home to School 4 After-School to Home

HOME

Community-Built Sculpture Park Safer Walking Routes

School to After-School 3

YWCA (Nearest AfterSchool Program)

0

300’

FULLY ENCLOSED LID SECTION

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’

Maxfield Elementary

Frontage Roads narrowed to 25’

The Sculpture Park

Bioswale

Nature-based Playground

I-94 Tunnel (16’ Height)

Community Existing Garden Grade

Walking & Bike Paths

Residential PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / ENGAGED

51

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE

ENGAGED Maxfield Elementary School

{occupy, attract, participate, or become involved in} Improved walking routes & student-focused programming.

2nd Grade Garden

Nature-based fitness playground

4th Grade Garden

Recycled rubber tile gathering circle

The Teaching Garden

A DAILY ROUTE: The Maxfield Student After School Program led by Concordia Univ. Students 52 PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / ENGAGED

CURRENT

Teaching Garden & Natural Fitness Playground MAXFIELD

INTERTWINE

PROPOSED

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’

Maxfield Elementary

Frontage Roads narrowed to 25’

Bioswale

Nature-based Playground

I-94 Tunnel (16’ Height)

Community Existing Garden Grade

Walking & Bike Paths

Residential

The Sculpture Park Snow & ice sculptures in winter Neighborhoodand student-built sculptures

Outdoor art studio

RACHEL BURAND / MLA CAPSTONE 2015

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / ENGAGED

53

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE Connected

A JEREMIAH PROGRAM RESIDENT The second user group is the Jeremiah resident. The Jeremiah Program requires its resident single mothers to be enrolled in a full time 2 or 4 year degree program, so the route to college is a daily task.

Most of the residents do not have cars, so getting places requires the bus or the Green Line LRT. Children on this campus are under 5 years old, so getting to the doctor’s office is common, and this along with the grocery store requires long public transit trips with small children in tow.

Residents here have spoken out about wanting a quality, affordable fitness center nearby as well.

54

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECTED

With the proposal, residents would have a walking and biking path right out their front door, directly connecting to Concordia University or St. Paul Tech.

The building on the far west end would house a health clinic and pharmacy, while the building on the far east end would house a grocery store and community commercial kitchen, both within walking distance. Across from the grocery store would be an affordable, quality, community gym.

The section (right) shows the Jeremiah campus which would face the overhead vegetated structure, and would include

trails on either side. The vegetated buffer of spruce along with oaks and sumac will also help absorb pollutants.

The proposed buildings would be 1 ½ stories and 2 ½ stories, respectively, with sloped roofs that would direct air up and away from the park. The roofs would also have extensive green roof systems in order to buffer noise and pollutants. Residential units would be on the upper levels of the inside building in order to mix uses and provide views onto the park and the streets below.

Permeable paver walking/running paths 2-Lane biking paths

The Trail System

A DAILY ROUTE: The Jeremiah Resident 3 Home to Grocery via LRT

CURRENT

2 Home to Health Clinic via LRT

HEALTH PARTNERS (Nearest medical) SUPER TARGET (Nearest grocery)

Health Clinic & Pharmacy

Local Grocery

2

3

PROPOSED

Biking Route along Parkway

1 Home to Gym 2

OXFORD COMM. CTR (Nearest gym)

JEREMIAH PROGRAM

4

The Jeremiah Program houses 300 single mothers and their children with the mission of transforming families from poverty to prosperity two generations at a time.

ST. PAUL TECH

Affordable Community Gym 1 Home to College via Bus

0

300’

OVERHEAD VEGETATED STRUCTURE SECTION

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’

Residential

Walking & Biking Trails

Suspended Steel Structure

The Reconnected Streets & New Businesses

Open-Air Freeway

Living Wall

Spruce Tree Buffer

Jeremiah Program Building PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECTED

55

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE

CONNECTED

{joined or linked together to provide access} Trail system/greenway & walkable services.

INTERTWINE

Pin Oak Blue Spruce

Sumac

The Jeremiah Program

Permeable paver walking/running paths 2-Lane biking paths

The Trail System

A DAILY ROUTE: The Jeremiah Resident 3 Home to Grocery via LRT

56

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECTED

CURRENT

2 Home to Health Clinic via LRT

Health Clinic & Pharmacy

Local Grocery

PROPOSED

Biking Route along Parkway

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’

Residential

Walking & Biking Trails

Suspended Steel Structure

Open-Air Freeway

Living Wall

Jeremiah Program Building

Spruce Tree Buffer

The Reconnected Streets & New Businesses Sloped extensive green roofs to absorb pollutants, filter air, and buffer noise

Mixed Use Buildings

2nd and 3rd Floor Residental Units

Existing neighborhood is now within walkable distance to grocery, affordable fitness center, health clinic, pharmacy, job skills training lab, and more.

RACHEL BURAND / MLA CAPSTONE 2015

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / CONNECTED

57

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE Equipped

A NEIGHBORHOOD FAMILY The last user group is the neighborhood family. A family has various needs, but one most common is getting to work and school. This proposal makes it easier and less stressful to get to the LRT station or the bus stop from opposite sides of the freeway.

Similar to the Jeremiah resident, getting to the grocery store is made easier with a local grocery on site, as well as a community garden hub. At the center of the park lies a community garden space with raised beds, permeable paver pathways winding through, and orchard trees. A tool shed and small plaza space

58

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / EQUIPPED

serves as a gathering hub for community gardeners, and is adjacent to a proposed NiceRide station along the new bikeway.

Near the community garden is the great lawn. This is a feature needed on site and would provide the perfect spot to host the Rondo Days Festival year after year. A permanent open air pavilion would face the great open lawn, providing a space for performances, concerts, or movies in the park. The lawn itself provides the backdrop for farmer’s markets, winter markets, festivals, and classes. Once the Rondo Museum is built across the street, this would provide a rich open space to

learn and celebrate the history of the neighborhood.

Each of these examples provides a glimpse into how creating this freeway lid park has the potential to create a multitude of connections, provide needed green space and services, and use the landscape to improve air quality and promote healthy urban living.

Permeable paver pathways through park

The Community Garden

A DAILY ROUTE: The Neighborhood Family

CURRENT

PROPOSED

LRT STATION

Safer, Shorter Walking Routes

1 Home to Work via LRT

1

2 Grocery via LRT

1 Current Conditions

HOME

3

4

Community Garden Rondo Museum & Rondo Days Festival

MATERIALITY BENCHES & TABLES

GATHERING CIRCLE (RECYCLED RUBBER TILE)

WALKING PATHS (PERMEABLE PAVERS)

I-94 RETAINING WALLS

2

HOME

Grocery 1 Home to Work via Bus BUS STOP 0

PLANTING STRATEGY

CONIFEROUS TREES

Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

Red Cedar* (Juniperus virginiana)

Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)

Black Hills Spruce* (Picea glauca var. densata)

Quaking Aspen* (Populus tremuloides)

Blue Spruce* (Picea pungens)

Pin Oak* (Quercus palustris) Swamp White Oak* (Quercus bicolor) Basswood (Tilia americana)

The Great Lawn during

*salt tolerant

DECIDUOUS TREES

Bur Oak* (Quercus macrocarpa)

300’

SHRUBS & VINES Staghorn Sumac* (Rhus typhina) Virginia Creeper/Woodbine* (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) Native Clematis* (Clematis virginiana)

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / EQUIPPED

59

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE

EQUIPPED

{provide with necessary supplies/features, to prepare} Community garden, celebration space, & new connections.

INTERTWINE

Great Lawn

5’x10’ Raised Beds

Permeable paver pathways through park

The Community Garden

A DAILY ROUTE: The Neighborhood Family LRT STATION

60

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / EQUIPPEDSafer,

Shorter Walking Routes

1

1 Home to Work via LRT

CURRENT

PROPOSED

WALKING PATHS (PERMEABLE PAVERS)

I-94 RETAINING WALLS

Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)

Black Hills Spruce* (Picea glauca var. densata)

Quaking Aspen* (Populus tremuloides)

Blue Spruce* (Picea pungens)

Bur Oak* (Quercus macrocarpa) Pin Oak* (Quercus palustris) Swamp White Oak* (Quercus bicolor) Basswood (Tilia americana)

SHRUBS & VINES Staghorn Sumac* (Rhus typhina) Virginia Creeper/Woodbine* (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) Native Clematis* (Clematis virginiana)

The Great Lawn during the Rondo Days Festival

Performance Pavilion for events

Lawn to host festivals, farmer’s markets, concerts, movies, and classes

RACHEL BURAND / MLA CAPSTONE 2015

PROPOSAL: INTERTWINE / EQUIPPED

61

62

RESOURCES

63

RESOURCES Annotated Bibliography

Abercrombie, Lauren C., James F. Sallis, Terry L. Conway, Lawrence D. Frank, Brian E. Saelens, and James E. Chapman. “Income and Racial Disparities in Access to Public Parks and Private Recreation Facilities.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine 34, no. 1 (2008): 9-15.

The purpose of this study by Abercrombie et al. was to test the hypothesis that low-income and high-minority neighborhoods have less access to public parks, open space, and private recreation facilities. The study uses an inventory of private recreation facilities and public parks in Maryland to examine in relation to categories of income and non-white populations. The article explains racial disparities had a more significant impact on access to public parks than income level.

Alcock, Ian, Mathew P. White, Benedict W. Wheeler, Lora E. Fleming, and Michael H. Depledge. “Longitudinal Effects on Mental Health of Moving to Greener and Less Green Urban Areas.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (2014): 1247-1255.

This article explores how moving to greener and less green areas may affect mental health over time. Alcock et al. use mental health data over five consecutive years to study relationships between location and health status. The study shows that individuals who moved to less green areas showed worse mental health in the year preceding the move, but later returned to baseline. Moving to greener areas,

64

RESOURCES / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

however, was correlated with mental health improvements. The study suggests that urban green space may provide public health benefits.

Barton, Jo, and Jules Pretty. “What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis.” Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 10 (2010): 3947-3955.

The article summarizes a multi-study analysis to find the best amount of green exercise (activity in the presence of nature) required to improve self-esteem and mood. The study finds that every green environment improved both self-esteem and mood, and the presence of water increased these effects. The study also explored differences between men and women, age groups, and the mentally ill. The study shows how important the environment is as a public health service.

Bedimo-Rung, Ariane L., Andrew J. Mowen, and Deborah A. Cohen. “The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Health.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine 28, no. 2S2 (2005): 159-168.

Bedimo-Rung et al. propose a conceptual model in this article to guide thinking and suggest hypotheses for what park environmental and policy characteristics might enhance physical activity levels.

The article examines relationships between park benefits, park use, and physical activity. Characteristics of park environments include features, condition, access, aesthetics, safety, and policies. The article

suggests collaboration among public health professionals, planners, psychologists, landscape architects, etc. is necessary to design interventions to increase park-based physical activity levels.

Carpenter, Mick. “From ‘healthful exercise’ to ‘nature on prescription’: The politics of urban green spaces and walking for health.” Landscape and Urban Planning 118 (2013): 120-127.

Carpenter examines the historical roots of walking in green space for health, and shows how the urban parks movements in the nineteenth century had public health as a main objective. The article further shows how park aims shifted from enhancing ‘health’ to promoting ‘fitness,’ and then later transitioned into municipal services. Carpenter provides a critical approach to ‘green walking’ and health and argues for an approach based on ecological health promotion and environmental justice.

Childers, Daniel L., Steward T.A. Pickett, J. Morgan Grove, Laura Ogden, and Alison Whitmer. “Advancing urban sustainability theory and action: Challenges and opportunities.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125 (2014): 320-328.

This article presents a conceptual framework to expand the transition from “industrial to sanitary to sustainable city” to include non-sanitary cities and “new cities.” Childers et al. suggest that the theoretical

frameworks of sustainability, resilience, adaptation, and vulnerability be interactive with one another in urban systems and solutions to urban sustainability challenges be categorized as those that “tweak” current systems or those that “transform” systems. The article aims to understand the process of how cities become more sustainable and how to affect the process through action inspired by knowledge.

Cohen, Deborah A., Terry Marsh, Stephanie Williamson, Daniela Golinelli, and Thomas L. McKenzie. “Impact and cost-effectiveness of family Fitness Zones: A natural experiment in urban public parks.” Health & Place 18 (2012): 39-45.

Cohen et al. evaluate the impact of outdoor exercise facilities in parks serving diverse populations in this article. The study found that park use increased more in FZ (Fitness Zone) parks than in parks without fitness equipment. The article also examines the cost-effectiveness of FZ equipment in parks and explains they are most successful in parks located within densely populated areas with limited fitness facilities.

Curran, Winifred, and Trina Hamilton. “Just green enough: contesting environmental gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn.” Local Environment 17, no. 9 (2012): 1027-1042.

Curran and Hamilton analyze the aesthetics of green space and address the concern that there is no place in sustainable cities for industrial uses and the working class. The article looks at the

RESOURCES / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

65

RESOURCES

case study of Newtown Creek in Brooklyn, New York to examine how different green city visions are created through activism and community engagement. The authors label the strategy as “just green enough” to achieve environmental remediation without environmental gentrification.

Dahmann, Nicholas, Jennifer Wolch, Pascale JoassartMarcelli, Kim Reynolds, and Michael Jerrett. “The active city? Disparities in provision of urban public recreation resources.” Health & Place 16 (2010): 431-445.

This article investigates the spatial distribution of public recreational programs in southern California based on the understanding that recreation is critical to active living. The study by Dahmann et al. indicates that over half of all recreation programs were located away from a formal park site. The article also explains that cities with low household incomes, minority populations, and multi-family housing are disadvantaged with respect to recreation opportunities. These disparities may cause health risks, and planners should enhance programs in these areas.

66

green infrastructure, urban planning, and social-ecological systems.

In this city-focused study, the watershed scale sets the boundaries for green infrastructure framework planning. The article suggests promoting public participation, developing new ecological aesthetics, encouraging native species plantings, and establishing an innovative circulation system to achieve goals.

Loder, Angela. “’There’s a meadow outside my workplace’: A phenomenological exploration of aesthetics and green roofs in Chicago and Toronto.” Landscape and Urban Planning 126 (2014): 94-106.

Loder explores the traditional sedum green roof versus the new prairie-style green roof and its conflict with urbanites’ views toward the aesthetics of ‘wild’ or ‘messy’ nature in the city. The article studies office workers’ perceptions of green roofs in Chicago and Toronto using an interview approach. The results indicate that despite the prairie-style (wilder) green roofs being less admired, they are more likely associated with fascination, creative thinking, and calm wellbeing than the sedum counterpart.

Herzog, Cecilia Polacow. “A multifunctional green infrastructure design to protect and improve native biodiversity in Rio de Janeiro.” Landscape and Ecological Engineering (2012): 1-10.

Lovell, Sarah Taylor, and John R. Taylor. “Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States.” Landscape Ecology in Review 28 (2013): 1447-1463.

In this article, Herzog explores Rio de Janeiro in a case study of

Lovell and Taylor summarize strategies to implement ecosystem

RESOURCES / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

services in urban areas in this article. The article draws from multifunctional landscapes, system resilience, climate change, food insecurity, and limited resources to suggest strategies for applying green infrastructure planning. Engaging the public and using public processes is a factor in implementation, according to the authors. The article suggests engaging stakeholders and community members in initiating green infrastructure can help ensure a democratic and just outcome.

Nassauer, Joan Iverson, and Julia Raskin. “Urban vacancy and land use legacies: A frontier for urban ecological research, design, and planning.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125 (2014): 245-253.

Nassauer et al. address the dominance of vacant and abandoned properties in cities, and explore the contaminants and engineering of land that may undermine hydrological ecosystem services and introduction of invasive species. The article suggests that new design and planning approaches related to vacant properties should be informed by urban ecological knowledge synthesized with social and cultural understandings. Without knowledge of vacant districts as socio-ecological systems, there may be unintended consequences for human health, water quality, and adaption to climate change.

Newell, Joshua P., Mona Seymour, Thomas Yee, Jennifer Renteria, Travis Longcore, Jennifer R. Wolch, and Anne Shishkovsky. “Green Alley Programs: Planning for a

sustainable urban infrastructure?” Cities 31 (2013): 144155.

The Newell et al. article analyzes alley greening programs in various cities in the U.S. through the lens of sustainability planning. The article finds that most of these programs are oriented toward stormwater management. The article also focuses on the alley greening program in Los Angeles and how it proves to be an example of a commitment to sustainability through adopting goals of environmental protection, economic development, and social equity.

Savvides, Andreas. “Regenerating Urban Space: Putting Highway Airspace to Work.” Journal of Urban Design 9, no. 1 (2004): 47-71.

In this article, Savvides examines how cities are reaching critical densities of urban fabric and facing problems of rising real estate values and vast areas of land in valuable areas occupied by highways.

The article explores how highways and railways create edges that are problematic to use in positive ways and create social separation.

The study suggests joint development of air rights and vertical and horizontal use of the highway corridor to rework the system into an integrated whole.

Shafer, C. Scott, David Scott, John Baker, and Kirk Winemiller. “Recreation and Amenity Values of Urban Stream Corridors: Implications for Green Infrastructure.”

RESOURCES / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

67

RESOURCES

Journal of Urban Design 18, no. 4 (2013): 478-493.

This article looks at the undesignated public and private spaces along green infrastructure features such as stream corridors for the purpose of finding characteristics that may influence public use of these spaces.

The study resulted in findings that indicated proximity to stream corridors to local residents, level of pedestrian access available, and tree cover were the best predictors of recreational use while wildlife presence was an insignificant predictor.

Turner, Katrine Grace, Mette Vestergaard Odgaard, Peder K. Bocher, Tommy Dalgaard, and Jens-Christian Svenning.

“Bundling ecosystem services in Denmark: Trade-offs and synergies in a cultural landscape.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125 (2014): 89-104.

Turner et al. created a spatial analysis of 11 different ecosystem services in Denmark with the aim to analyze their distribution and interactions. The analysis found six distinct ecosystem service bundle types, indicating landscape interactions. The article focuses on both historical and current socio-ecological influences on the ecosystem services and bundle types, and gives an understanding of interactions between multiple services in the landscape and how they have been managed.

Wolch, Jennifer R., Jason Byrne, and Joshua P. Newell.

“Urban green space, public health, and environmental

68

RESOURCES / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough.’” Landscape and Urban Planning 125 (2014): 234244.

Wolch et al. review the literature on urban green space and compares efforts to green US and Chinese cities in this article. With the understanding that access to green space is becoming more recognized as an environmental justice issue, the article explores how both US and Chinese efforts to create new green space and address environmental justice problems can increase housing costs and property values, which can lead to gentrification and displacement.

The authors suggest a strategy to focus on urban green space as ‘just green enough’ to protect social and ecological sustainability.

Wolch, Jennifer R., Zaria Tatalovich, Donna Spruijt-Metz, Jason Byrne, Michael Jerrett, Chih-Ping Chou, Susan Weaver, Lili Wang, William Fulton, and Kim Reynolds.

“Proximity and perceived safety as determinants of urban trail use: findings from a three-city study.” Environment and Planning 42 (2010): 57-79.

This study examines the cities of Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles for individual and environmental determinants of urban trail use.

The article suggests that intrinsic motivation, general health status, perceived trail safety, perceived miles between home and trail, and neighborhood connectivity had significant relation to the probability of trail use as well as the extent of trail use. Wolch et al. suggest that

efforts to increase perceived trail safety, accessibility, and awareness of trails may increase trail use.

Wu, Jianguo. “Urban ecology and sustainability: The state-of-the-science and future directions.� Landscape and Urban Planning 125 (2014): 209-221.

In this article, Wu explains the domestication of ecosystems and landscapes through urbanization and how they are on an unsustainable trajectory. The article reviews perspectives on urban ecology, key issues, and proposes a framework for moving forward toward sustainability. Wu uses urban ecological knowledge and sustainability principles to influence and guide cities in desirable directions, noting that dynamic trajectories of cities can never be fully controlled or predicted.

RESOURCES / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

69

RESOURCES Additional Resources

Avila, Eric. The folklore of the freeway: race and revolt in the modernist city. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.

Beck, Travis. Principles of Ecological Landscape Design. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2013.

Benjamin, Lisa L., Karla Dakin, and Mindy Pantiel. The professional design guide to green roofs. Portland: Timber Press, 2013.

Cantor, Steven L. Green roofs in sustainable landscape design. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008.

Low, Setha. Rethinking Urban Parks: Public Space and Cultural Diversity. Texas: University of Texas Press, 2005.

Marris, Emma. Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-Wild World. New York: Bloomsbury, 2011.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. “Estimating Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in Green Roof Systems: Current Modeling Capabilities and Limitations” NREL, 2011.

Neckar, Lance, David Pitt, and Vincent deBritto. “Editor’s Introduction.” Landscape Journal 32-2 (2013).

Solnit, Rebecca. Wanderlust: A History of Walking. New York: Penguin Books, 2001.

U.S. EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control.” U.S. EPA, 2009.

70

RESOURCES / ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

HEALTH & AIR QUALITY RESOURCES

TRANSPORTATION & PLANNING

AirNow: Minneapolis--St. Paul

MN DOT Future Projects

http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_ city&mapcenter=0&cityid=101

American Lung Association Air Quality Index

http://www.lung.org/healthy-air/outdoor/air-quality-index. html

American Lung Association Energy Policy Development

http://www.lung.org/healthy-air/outdoor/ resources/%09http:/www.lung.org/healthy-air/outdoor/ resources/transportation-backgrounder.pdf

American Lung Association Fact Sheet

http://www.lung.org/healthy-air/outdoor/resources/www. lung.org/healthy-air/outdoors/resources/coarse-particlefact-sheet.pdf

Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease GIS Exchange

http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/maps/gisx/mapgallery/maps/ detail/index.html?18#18

Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Data Access

https://apps.health.state.mn.us/mndata/webmap/asthma. html

http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadwork/future.html

MN DOT Traffic Volume Data

http://www.dot.state.mn.us/traffic/data/data-products. html#volume

Pedestrians and Park Planning: How far will people walk?

http://cityparksblog.org/2011/05/13/pedestrians-andpark-planning-how-far-will-people-walk/

RONDO & I-94 HISTORY Central Corridor: In the shadow of Rondo http://www.mprnews.org/story/2010/04/20/ centcorridor3-rondo

The birth of a metro highway (Interstate 94) http://streets.mn/2013/09/10/the-birth-of-a-metrohighway-interstate-94/

COMMUNITY Jeremiah Program

http://www.jeremiahprogram.org/

Maxfield Elementary School http://maxfield.spps.org/

Mobile Market Locations

http://www.wilder.org/Programs-Services/tcmm/Pages/ Mobile-Market-Map.aspx

Subsidized Apartments in St. Paul

http://www.stpaul.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/ View/2680

Linking the Twin Cities: In 1968, the attention was on I-94 http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2014/06/ linking-twin-cities-1968-attention-was-i-94

Rondo and I-94 vs. Central Corridor LRT http://tcstreetsforpeople.org/node/1476

Rondo Avenue Inc.

http://rondoavenueinc.org/

RESOURCES / ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

71

RACHEL BURAND CAPSTONE 2015 MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA bura0037@umn.edu

72