Negotiated Study Research Proposal

PLACE VS PEOPLE

DEVELOPING CONSERVATION STRATEGIES FOR WORLD HERITAGE SITES.

HOW CAN RECREATION AND TOURISM BE ENCOURAGED WHILE IMPROVING BIODIVERSITY AND STRENGHTENING THE TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE VALUES ON NATURAL/ CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THE PACIFIC REGION? RACHEL BUTLER NEGOTIATED STUDIES RESEARCH PROPOSAL 27 MARCH 2015

“Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.�

(UNESCO)

Cover Image: Tongariro Crossing

INTRODUCTION Natural landscapes are becoming precious as the population continues to increase and as a result natural landscapes are becoming viewed as commodities (McHarg, 1969).

Landscapes are not only a place of respite and relaxation that we can venture into; they are more than just a physical construction. Landscapes are also places of culture, home to people’s livelihoods and identities, or they tell the stories of many generations past (UNESCO, 2002).

World Heritage Sites were created to recognise landscapes of both natural and cultural significance. Since the adoption of the convention in 1972 over 1000 sites have been designated with more on the nominations list to be chosen. The convention exists to raise awareness of these sites and protect them for future generations. These sites are the world’s most important places of ecology, biodiversity, geology, scenery or archaeology. Designation is highly sought after as a way of generating more income, as sites under designation all tend to experience an increase in tourist numbers (Drost, 1992). Recognised sites are under the condition of meeting requirements set by UNESCO, adopting planning strategies to mitigate the impacts of increased tourism. But there are many other threats to sites that can go un-recognised or not acted against, these include unsustainable tourism, natural disasters, climate change, insufficient management, conflict, looting and development pressures.

Mt Ngauruhoe, Tongariro National Park

THE ISSUES There is a significant issue with current management practices of natural and cultural landscapes, tourism is a key driver for these sites but they are also under pressure from a changing climate and natural processes. Eco-tourism is cited as being a key management principle for these sites but research suggests that there may be a stronger argument for the development of using landscape cues as a starting point in management, considering natural and cultural values along with the tourist experience.

Endangered sites include the Great Barrier Reef, which is currently suffering a decline in health, since its inscription on the World Heritage list. Elements such as its coral, turtle and sea birds are among those diminishing. Much of this has been caused by climate change, agricultural catchment run-off, shipping, fishing and coastal developments including a port expansion.

Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area in China has become under threat from uncontrolled tourism and relating facilities. This has been caused by mismanagement of the park resulting in overcrowding of both physical and social capacity. This is beginning to result in a loss of natural vegetation, wildlife habitat and ecosystem disruption. Current management practices lack the capacity to enforce restrictions over tourism development; existing management has failed to maintain an appropriate balance between natural values and the pressures of mass tourism that has commercialised significant parts of the landscape. A greater unified management practice is required to remedy the current situation by regulating tourist growth to reduce current pressures. (Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area, 2014) This project will explore the current management plans of different world heritage sites along with the current effects of tourism. Tourism is a westernised construct and (in the context of World Heritage sites) currently evolves around a westernised management scheme for indigenous heritage landscapes.

Sea turtle, Great Barrier Reef

Coral, Great Barrier Reef

Therefore my working question is: How can recreation and tourism be encouraged while improving the biodiversity and strengthening the tangible and intangible heritage values on natural/ cultural world heritage sites in the Pacific Region?

Tourism plays a major role in the economic upkeep and has advantages for these sites, increased visitation also results in increased awareness, however the ever increasing rates of tourism is starting to cause concerns over the impacts on these fragile sites. Minimal impact needs to occur while addressing the current needs for awareness, education and revenue. UNESCO requirements state that sites must be open to tourists for the objective of strengthening heritage identities. Instead of waiting for sites to decline to a critical condition, what pre-emptive measures can be taken to ensure sites never reach this state?

Sustainable development and tourism has become the mainstreamed approach for how to manage these sites while still allowing for world recognition for them, “preserving the environment while allowing for cultural, economic, social and political development�

(Drost, 1992). And while sustainable or eco-tourism has been widely touted as the method of achieving this with its primary focus being centred on nature it can still have consequences as disastrous as mass tourism has proved to be as the definition of ecotourism can have multiple meanings across the world and brings tourists into direct contact with residents in remote locations (Bowden, 1995) Tourism is a commodity in an ever growing industry, a luxury for those in developed countries. As more and more people buy into this industry the question is raised as to what products tourists are buying into. Rod Barnett explores the idea of the social aspects which tourists are buying into, the primitive cultures, spirituality and enlightenment which is seen as going hand-in-hand with those who live off the land and as culture becomes commoditised, so too does the landscape. (Barnett, 1999

Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area

WHY Landscapes tell a cultural narrative of those who have shaped them, “Combined works of nature and human kind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment” (UNESCO Operational Guidelines, pg. 83). In this context culture is readily interpreted as your learned behaviours; customs, traditions and heritage (“Culture”, 2015), the landscape created by this is the result of interactions between different groups and expresses the way they lived and their beliefs. They are a concrete expression of past cultures and explain those lifestyles better than any written record, which presents subjective views. Built structure or even just modification of the landform tells of long past inhabitants who have lived and fought for their land. “Societal characteristics- racial and ethnic categories, gender roles and economic classes – express themselves in the material world of cultural landscapes” (Vogeler, 2010).

Before the 1990s landscape culture was primarily acknowledged as monuments and architecture, through a widening in public interest of history the term of culture evolved to include history of all people, not only history of famous people or as Richard Engelhardt refers to “Princes, Priests and Politicians” (Taylor, 1998). UNESCO recognises three different forms of cultural landscapes, including landscapes that are clearly defined by mans influence, evolving landscapes (both relict and current), and those that different cultural groups associate with.

Heritage sites in the Pacific Region take a different form from what is widely recognised in Europe or North America. “Heritage in the Pacific is strongly linked to ‘indigeneity’.

It defines our cultural identity and is inseparable from our social, economic and environmental well-being. Our heritage is holistic, embracing all life, both tangible and intangible, and is understood through our cultural traditions.” (Taonga Pasifika, 2007, p.g.

5) Little progress has been made so far in the field of recognising Pacific cultural world heritage in the global region. Ken Taylor states in “Landscape and Memory” that there are gaps in the inscription list of World Heritage where Asia-Pacific sites are concerned, and that it is time common ground was found between all cultural environments.

This project is important for finding localised approaches to managing Pacific heritage sites, especially those which still hold great affiliation with people, i.e. Fagaloa Bay in Samoa which is a potential dual heritage site and currently is managed by the community who reside in the bay. The site has been inhabited for the past 3000 years and is an origin of the Pacific ‘Lapita’ pottery. (Fagaloa Bay. Uafato – Tiavea Conservation Zone, n.d)

HOW David Bowden promotes eco-tourism for managing heritage sites through the connection of environmental education with minimalistic travel needs. Through the utilisation of local guides and products the money will stay in the local community. He states that management should not isolate cultural and natural heritage, nor should the site become isolated from surrounding towns (Bowden 1995). However, Anne Drost argues that regulations should be put in place if we are going to educate people in sustainable behaviour so that they understand their restrictions. Even so, despite preventative measures even environmentally cautious tourists can cause damage. Instead more work is required in the field of identifying appropriate levels of tourisms, to define limits that Heritage sites can work with. I am going to explore alternative forms of management for tourists based upon an intersection between landscape values and tourist destination requirements (Drost, 1992). “Although World Heritage Sites are increasingly threatened by human intervention, their preservation may depend upon the development of a harmonious relationship with tourism.� (Drost, 1992)

Lake Rotoaira, Tongariro National Park

TONGARIRO NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT PLAN Analysis of the Tongariro Management Plan (2006-2016) indicates that current scheme is centred on tourism and debates the necessity of producing tourist facilities (i.e. hotels, ski resorts, access roads) at the consequence of the natural environment. (Department of Conservation, 2006) Current management plan principles include: 1.

Protection of cultural and natural values against conflict between different user

groups and with the surrounding community.

2.

Management should be consistent with National Parks Act 1980 and the

Conservation Act 1987.

3.

Protection of the mountain peaks and acknowledge the cultural associations that

iwi have with them.

4.

Protection of world heritage in line with UNESCO principles.

5.

“Give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi”.

6.

Allow iwi to have an ongoing role through co-operative management.

7.

Provide for public recreation and enjoyment.

8.

Protection of ancestral and cultural heritage landscape.

9.

Reflection of park stakeholders in management process.

10. Minimise infrastructure to what is essential for the use of the park for public recreation.

11. Honour existing legal agreements; with ski areas, commercial accommodation,

scientific research, transport and recreation.

Research suggests that Tongariro National Park presents more opportunities that what is currently recognised in the management plan. As tourist numbers are only going to increase this is a valuable opportunity to use landscape interventions as a method of influencing the tourist experience and the impact that they have on the land.

I believe that a similar scheme could then become an adaptable model that can be applied to similar heritage sites in New Zealand and the Pacific; to test this theory I will apply it to Fagaloa Bay in Samoa as well. The variability’s in each test will be determined by the individual sites cultural significance and land values.

SITES I will start my research project based on two sites in the Pacific, the first being Tongariro National Park that is an existing dual heritage site and a popular tourist destination for the central North Island. The second is Fagaloa Bay of Samoa, which is nominated for dual heritage. The utilisation of two sites will allow me to analyse what the effects of being a World Heritage site are, and examine the rise in tourism which has occured for Tongariro. This analysis can then be used to compare with Fagaloa Bay and what the potential impacts of World Heritage status and tourism could be and how this enhanced or mitigated from a landscape management perspective.

TONGARIRO NATIONAL PARK Tongariro National Park was inscribed onto the list in 1993, the first landscape to receive dual identification for both cultural and natural significance.

Tongariro forms part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, amidst the central North Island along a major tectonic plate. The National Park encircles the volcanoes of Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe and Tongariro, and while separated by Lake Rotoaira also includes Lake Rotopounamu, Mount Pihanga and Mount Kakaramea. The main three mountains hold great cultural significance for Maori people “symbolizing the spiritual links between this community and its environment�. The features of the park include other extinct volcanoes, lava deposits and springs, with habitats ranging from rainforest remnants and both podocarp-broadleaf and beech forests along with ice fields. Scrublands cover approximately 9,500ha and stone fields dominated the higher park altitudes. Fauna is primarily bird life, with more than 56 species being recorded in the park.

The land was originally gifted to the Crown after the Treaty of Waitangi for about 2,640 ha with other land purchases occurring in order for effective management around the volcanic cones. The National Park has now swelled to enclose over 79,000ha. (Tongariro National Park, n.d)

The road to Tongariro

Mt Ngauruhoe, Tongariro National Park

FAGALOA BAY UAFATO/ TIAVEA CONSERVATION ZONE Fagaloa Bay and the Uafato/ Tiavea conservation zone are located on Upolu Island, Samoa. It is considered for dual heritage for its unique physical landscape and inhabitants and their traditional way of life. Uafato is the largest remaining rainforest in the Pacific, home to some of Samoa’s endemic fauna and flora. Residents identify with cultural features found in the area and with the Uafato/ Tiavea environment.

Fagaloa/ Uafato is one of the oldest settlements in Samoa, dating back 3000 years where the clay found there was used to make the ‘Lapita pottery’. It is still inhabited by, at last count, 234 residents who are governed by a matai system; the traditional form of governance using chiefs. This system enables the application of long-established conservation methods for managing their natural environment. (Fagaloa Bay. Uafato – Tiavea Conservation Zone, n.d)

Fagaloa Bay, Samoa

CASE STUDIES My case studies highlight the different contexts of existing heritage sites and what management schemes they currently have in place to minimise damage. They will allow further opportunity to examine the different cultural features of different regions and ascertain what values are currently placed on them, and how management can occur on different sites to ensure their future survival.

ANGKOR WAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK Angkor a cultural heritage site located in Siem Reap of Cambodia and is one of Southeast Asia’s most important archaeological sites, covering over 400km2. Dating back to the 9th Century, the remaining architecture and layout includes temples, hydraulic structures and communication routes. The park is still inhabited with some its ancestors dating back to the Angkor period. The residents practice rice cultivation as the main occupation. Tourism has the potential to bring another $450 million into the Cambodian economy, with the opportunity for that money to fund archaeological preservation (Bowden, 1995) but at what cost to the archaeological sites where damage is already noted to be occurring?

While an increasing population also signifies the potential overuse of natural facilities surrounding the park, including waterways and forests.

Angkor was designated in 1992, after 25 years of decay during the wars in Cambodia it was placed on the list on sites in danger, where it remained for 10 years. Management is ongoing for Angkor including restoration of old monuments and improving the sustainability of the villages both on and around the park. (Angkor, 2013)

Angkor Archaeological Park

Ruins of Angkor

RICE TERRACES OF THE PHILIPPINE CORDILLERAS The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are a living cultural landscape dating back over 2,000 years. Some of the terraces continue to be worked in the traditional manner while others have fallen into disrepair as a result of climate change which can lead to streams drying out and heavy rainfall causing erosion. Earthquakes threaten to alter locations of water sources or rupture terraced dams. The system is also under threat from rural-to-urban migration, which leaves an inadequate work force to maintain the terraces.

Following concerns, the Rice Terraces were inscripted on the list on endangered sites in 2001 and are now under conscientious management to ensure corrective measures are taken to ensure the ongoing heritage of the site. A Rice Terraces Master Plan has also been completed which concerns the management, conservation and socio-economic issues. (Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, n.d)

Batad Rice Terraces, Philippine Cordilleras

MOUNT HAMIGUITAN RANGE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY Mt. Hamiguitan is a diverse mountain range in the Philippines and is home to a range of globally threatened and endemic flora and fauna. It covers an area of 16,923 ha with a buffer zone of 9,729 ha. Regulations prohibit activities such as mining, logging, exploration or energy resource surveying from occurring within the property boundaries with both local and national government bodies sharing responsibility.

Involvement is also sought from the local and indigenous communities living near the property due to their belief system being based on environmental respect. Potential threats to the sanctuary include mining, tourism, climate change and illegal collection of wildlife. (Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, 2014)

Mt Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary

METHODOLOGY Literature Review I will review and critique a range of literature on themes including conservation, heritage, culture, natural landscapes, different forms of tourism (including authentic, eco and people’s perception of the land. This will shape my understanding of what potential World Heritage sites have to operate as tourist destinations or national parks. This will provide the base for to ascertain what is appropriate as management possibilities.

Case Studies and Management Plans Investigate existing Heritage sites to discern current effects of tourism on those sites and the current management strategies that are in place to minimise impact. Assess the potential of similar strategies being utilised on my chosen sites and the likely consequences of employing similar techniques.

UNESCO Management Strategies Review the range of management strategies produced by UNESCO, including natural and cultural heritage, tourism and disaster risk management. Investigate the appropriateness of using that information as best practices in the management of all sites.

Refine Research Question Utilise appropriate literature to inform where knowledge and management are currently lacking. What is best practice for dealing with Pacific heritage sites?

Site Analysis Information gathered in the form of mapping features and facilities. Analysis on site users per year and the revenue that they bring to the site will be a key basis of formulating decision of the future management of the site. This will be supplemented by site visits to form a practical landscape analysis that takes the form of drawings, photography, collage and conceptual model making. Combined the two techniques will form a comprehensive analysis of both tangible and intangible landscape features and values.

Model Development and Testing Using information gathered from case studies, literature reviews and case studies to produce an adoptable model that allows for continued (and increased) tourism for World Heritage sites while allowing for preservation, conservation and enhancement while increasing public awareness of heritage. This will potentially take the form of a management scheme which places focus on increasing knowledge of natural and cultural values.

Refinement Compare my model and finding with existing theory to reflect on the outcomes from my interventions. Refer back to case studies and UNESCO management schemes to gauge the successful of the model and how it could be utilised for other World Heritage site management.

Conclusion and Presentation Assemble my research, concept interventions and findings in a logical sequence and formulate a conclusion based on the outcomes of my project. Develop this into a clearly structured visual, written and oral presentation.

TIMELINE PHASE ONE: ANALYSIS 1.

Research topic of interest, identify key themes and examine related literature. WEEKS 1-3 2.

Analysis of case studies. RESEARCH PROPOSAL. Friday 28th March. 4pm. WEEK 4 3.

Review management schemes provided by UNESCO and identify key problems of

management schemes. Investigate current management proposals and relevant

documentation for both sites. WEEK 5 ( 30th March- ) 4.

Indepth analysis of case studies in relation to documentation. WEEK 6- MID-SEM BREAK 5.

Site visit: Tongariro National Park (13th April - 15th April)

Site visit: Samoa (17th April – 25th April) 6.

Start test modelling using “what if” scenarios. WEEKS 7-8 ( 27th April- ) 7.

Reflection of problems and possiblities of design model. WEEK 9 (11th May- ) 8.

Refine information and conclusions. WEEKS 10-11 ( 18th May- ) 9.

Presentation preparation. WEEK 12 ( 1st June- ) INTERIM SUBMISSION ONE_ 8TH / 9TH JUNE

PHASE TWO: REFLECTION AND REDEFINE 1.

Reflection on submission one. 15th JUNE2.

Identification of key issues. 22nd JUNE3.

Source more case studies. Literature reviews. 29th JUNE4.

Create management principles and apply to sites. 13th JULY5.

Reflection on management scenarios and outcomes. WEEKS 2-3 ( 27th July- ) 6.

Refine information and conclusions. WEEK 4 (10th August- ) 7.

Presentation preparation. WEEK 5 ( 17th August- ) INTERIM SUBMISSION TWO_ WEEK 6 (24TH / 28TH AUGUST)

PHASE THREE: REFINE AND CONCLUDE 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Reflection on submission two. 31st AUGUSTIdentify findings + potentials and pitfalls. 7th SEPTEMBERAdjust test model and management practices. WEEK 7 (14th September- ) Create developed design. WEEK 8 ( 21st September- ) Refine writing and findings. Report findings. WEEK 9 ( 28th September- ) Write conclusions for different proposal schemes. WEEK 10 ( 5th October- ) Write major conclusion. WEEK 11 ( 12th October- ) Prepare for final presentation. WEEK 12 ( 19th October- )

PRINT HAND IN_ 22ND OCTOBER PRESENT_ 27TH/28TH OCTOBER Previous Image: Mt Ruapehu and Whakapapa Chateau

REFERENCES (Angkor: Managing Success, 2013.)

Angkor: Managing Success. (2013). Retrieved from: http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1095/ (Barnett, 1999) Barnett, R. (1999). The Landscape of Simulation: Whakarewarewa Thermal Reserve. Kerb Journal of Landscape Architecture. Melbourne: RMIT School of Architecture and Design.

(Bowden, 1995) Bowden, D. (1995). Angkor: Planning for Sustainable Tourism. Expedition. Volume 37, No. 3. Retrieved from: http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/pdfs/37-3/Bowden.pdf (“Culture”, 2015) Culture. (2015). In Oxford Dictionary of English. Retrieved from www.oxforddictionaries.com (Department of Conservation, 2006) Department of Conservation, (2006). Tongariro National Park Management Plan. Retrieved from: http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/about-doc/role/policies-and-plans/national-park-management-plans/ tongariro-national-park/tongariro-national-park-management-plan.pdf (Drost, 1996) Drost, A. (1996). Developing Sustainable Tourism for World Heritage Sites. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 479-492. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01607383/23/2 (Fagaloa Bay. Uafato – Tiavea Conservation Zone, n.d) Fagaloa Bay. Uafato – Tiavea Conservation Zone, (n.d). Retrieved from: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5090 (Great Barrier Reef, 2014) Great Barrier Reef, (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/search-sites/-/wdpaid/en/2571?p_p_auth=eL5QANrL (McHarg, 1969) McHarg, I.L. (1969). Design with Nature. Garden City, N.Y., Published for the American Museum of Natural History (by) the Natural History Press.

(Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, 2014) Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/search-sites/-/wdpaid/en/555577558 (Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, n.d) Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras. (n.d). Retrieved from: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/ (Taonga Pasifika, 2007, p.g. 5) Taonga Pasifika, 2007. Retrieved from: http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/about-doc/role/international/taonga-pasifika.pdf

(Taylor, 2008) Taylor, K. (2008). Landscape and Memory: cultural landscapes, intangible values and some thoughts on Asia.

In: 16th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium: ‘Finding the spirit of place – between the tangible and the intangible’, 29th Sept – 4th Oct 2008, Quebec, Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.international.icomos.org/quebec2008/cd/toindex/77_pdf/77-wrVW-272.pdf (Tongariro National Park, n.d) Tongariro National Park, (n.d). Retrieved from: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/421 (UNESCO, 2002) UNESCO. (2002). Cultural Landscapes and the Challenges of Convention. Ferrara, Italy: no author.

(UNESCO Operational Guidelines, pg. 83) UNESCO Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page. 83.

(Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area, 2014) Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area, (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/search-sites/-/wdpaid/en/67731?p_p_auth=P4w6VnAf (Vogeler, 2010) Vogeler, I. (2010). Cultural Landscape Analysis. Critical Cultural Landscapes. Retrieved from: http://www.people.uwec.edu/ivogeler/CCL-bookchapters-pdf/1-introduction.pdf

IMAGE REFERENCES Tongariro Crossing http://www.manukalodgenz.com/assets/Uploads/IMG2256.JPG Mt Ngauruhoe, Tongariro National Park http://www.explorecentralnorthislandnz.com/wp-content/gallery/ruapehu/tongariro-national-park.jpg Turtle, Great Barrier Reef. Author: Mike McNamara http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0154_0017-500-333-20130912163258.jpg Coral, Great Barrier Reef. http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0154_0004-500-375-20110920195727.jpg Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area http://travelneu.com/?attachment_id=5622 Lake Rotoaira, Tongariro National Park http://www.garymartinphotography.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Lake-Rotoaira-1104021439.jpg Mt Ngauruhoe, Tongariro National Park. Author: Patrick Venenoso https://startbackpacking.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/new-zealand-tongariro-park.jpg http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0722_0009-500-360-20140522172216.jpg rice terraces.

Road to Tongariro http://static.thousandwonders.net/Tongariro.National.Park.original.6210.jpg Fagaloa Bay, Samoa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Samoa_Uafato_Village.JPG Angkor Archaeological Park. Author: Ko Hon Chiu Vincent http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0668_0067-594-0-20140129121757.jpg angkor landscape. Ko Hon Chiu Vincent Angkor Ruins. http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I000081AmL5a4nDs/s/750/750/20050901-film200.jpg Batad Rice Terraces, Philippine Cordilleras http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg Mt Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary http://media.philstar.com/images/the-philippine-star/headlines/20140627/mt-hamiguitan-davao-oriental-4. jpg http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/ssentinel/images/stories/snt1.gif Mt Ruapehu and Whakapapa Chateau http://skiandsnow.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Chateau-Whakapapa-vista-3.jpg