M É X I C O
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A WORLD CUP PROPOSAL Rafael Delgadillo Professor Jonathan Reich
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Architecture Thesis
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California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo
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2012-2013
M É X I C O
2 0 2 6
A WORLD CUP PROPOSAL Rafael Delgadillo Professor Jonathan Reich
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Architecture Thesis
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California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo
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2012-2013
Š 2013 Rafael Delgadillo Faculty: Professor Jonathan Reich College of Architecture and Environmental Design California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo
“El fútbol, ha sido para los mexicanos, un pretexto para estar juntos. Una oportunidad de ceremonia, de convite, de algarabía. Eso que nos congrega es lo mas valioso.” “Soccer, for Mexicans, has been an excuse to be together. It is an opportunity of ceremony, of joy, and clamor. That which allows us to congregate, is most valuable.”
-Juan VilloroMexican writer and journalist from: “Oro, el día que todo cambió”
Este libro, este proyecto, y este trabajo, se lo dedico a toda mi familia y amigos que me han ofrecido su apoyo incondicional durante estos a単os tan desafiantes. Gracias.
This book, this project, and this work, is dedicated to all my family and friends who have offered me unconditional support throughout these challenging years. Thank you.
Special Thanks to: Professor Jonathan Reich Thank you all for all your advice, support, and most importantly, your friendship.
TA B L E O F C O N T E NT S
06 HISTORY OF THE STADIUM 0 8 STADIA IN THE URBAN CONTEXT 1 2 THE FIFA WORLD CUP 2 0 MEXICO CITY 3 8 THE MEXICAN CULTURE 4 6 CHAPULTEPEC: AN URBAN PARK 54 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 6 8 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 8 0 ADDITIONAL PRECEDENTS 1 2 8 SOURCES 14 4 THESIS ABSTRACT
TH E S I S A B ST R AC T Interest in designing a stadium as a thesis originates in my love for the sport of soccer (fĂştbol). Soccer has always played an important role of my life, having grown up playing, watching, and living the sport. One of most vivid memories from my childhood was the first time I set foot in a stadium; a spectacular 60,000 person venue, full of color, passion, and an indescribable atmosphere. The energy of that explosive sight of full stadium and the bright, green, immaculate field revealing itself with every step, is undoubtedly one of the strongest memories from my childhood. Since then, stadia have been one of the most captivating, monumental, and humbling building types sparking my admiration and fascination.
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My thesis is a proposal Mexican bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. I’m proposing a new stadium as the centerpiece of the bid. The project explores the building typology, with the intent of understanding how a stadium can become a more significant and valuable building within its context. The intention is for it to become a social hub, capable of maintaining a high level of activity independent of large events. Holistically, the design attempts to become a manifestation of the Mexican Culture, ultimately the stadium adopting the role of a cultural center.
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HI STO RY O F T H E STADIUM Right: The Stadium at Delphi. One of the earliest stadiums, built around the 5th Century BC. Far Right: The Colosseum in Rome. Built in the 1st Century AD, it stands as one of the most iconic buildings in the world.
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The word stadium derives from the Greek “stadion”, referring to an ancient running event. The venue that hosted this specific running event became known as a stadion. 42 The earliest forms of stadia originated in Greece in the 8th century BC. Originally, they were con-
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ceived as basic venues with Roman world; the theater “U” shaped tracks providing and the amphitheater, restands for spectators on ei- spectively. ther side. These early venues were primarily used for running events. Architecturally speaking, what we today conceive as a stadium, is a derivation of two building typologies of the Greek and
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These sport venues continued evolving throughout the Roman world in the form of circuses and hippodromes. The most well known venue is the Flavian Amphitheater, otherwise known as the Colosseum, in Rome. Architecturally, the Colosseum could be understood as two amphitheaters built against
each other as mirror images. What results is a continuous ring of seats for spectators and a central space upon which the event would take place. 26,42 The Colosseum was a very complex and sophisticated design. Circulation was incredibly efficient by today’s standards and had
a complex programmed space as well. Seating for spectators was elaborate, offering different sections for different social classes. Although seating is not predetermined by social class today, the model of having seating sections lives on.
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[THE MOD ER N DAY STA D I U M ] As professional sports and clubs began forming in the 20th century, stadia began fully developing as we know them today. Because television was not yet invented in the early 20th century, the only way to watch any event was to actually attend. Early stadia were usually very uncomfortable and over crowded, offering only standing room for spectators. This translated into a chaotic and inefficient model to follow. With the invention of the television and its increasing presence in
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households, fans began watching games from the comfort of their homes and started frequenting stadia less. Slowly, stadium management saw the need to integrate more facilities to improve the comfort of the spectators. Such developments included covered seating, food venues, restrooms, and lighting for night events. Despite relative progress and modernization, stadia still had the issue of safety. Violence and overcrowding were still alarming issues. In the attempt to address
these issues, added security and safety were brought into stadiums. In conjunction with improved facilities, this translated into greater attractiveness of stadia. This slowly gave way to greater commercialization and business opportunities within the stadium, which gave way to sponsorships and corporate investments in stadia. What we have today is the ability of stadia to be a catalyst for urban development as well as generating identity and becoming icons of their respective location. The stadium remains one of the great civic architectural types. 42
Left: Camp de Les Corts Barcelona, Spain (1920s) Right: Allianz Arena Munich, Germany
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7 8 Left: Parque Oblatos Guadalajara, Mexico (1930s) Right: Juventus Stadium Turin, Italy
5 Left: Ibrox Stadium Glasglow, Scotland (1920s) Right: Emirates Stadium London, England
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STA D I A I N T H E U RBAN CONTEXT
With the growth of urban centers, land for stadium construction has become limited. One trend seen in stadium design since the 1960s is the placement of stadia out of the city to its perimeters, far from the urban cores and removed from the fan base. 26 One obvious issue this creates is a greater dependency on cars and loss of contextual identity.
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[ESTADIO JA L I S C O ] Inaugurated in 2010, The Estadio Omnilife in Guadalajara, Mexico became the new home for the local team Club Guadalajara. Left behind was the historic and deeply loved Estadio Jalisco. The Estadio Jalisco was built in the early 1960s.15 The stadium was built within the city limits. As the years passed, the city around it became denser, resulting in a pres-
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ent day, dense urban context; residences are literally across the street from the venue. What happens in this context on game days, is that the surrounding streets are closed off to traffic. Food vendors and street vendors set up their stands in the immediate surroundings of the stadium. The immediate surroundings are transformed, and a very active environment emerges. Its
location within the city allows a large degree of accessibility to the general population of the city. Several bus lines service the stadium and it is easily reached from any point in the city. It has been and still remains an iconic structure with great character and identity which the city could relate to; it is the city’s stadium.
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13 Estadio Jalisco
Guadalajara, Mexico Located in a dense context, game days translate into very active surroundings around the stadium. The stadium is easily reached, being accessible to public transit, pedestrians, and vehicular traffic.
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Estadio Omnilife Guadalajara, Mexico Located outside the city, this modern stadium seems to lack a connection to the people; it lacks an identity. It’s difficult to reach by public transportation and promotes an increased dependency on cars.
[ ESTA D I O OMNILIFE] In contrast, the new Estadio Omnilife, was designed in the outskirts of the city. Although an incredibly modern, elegant, and efficient design, the stadium seems to lack identity. It stands in the middle of an open field, lacking an urban context. The street vendors are no longer there; the atmosphere is no longer the same, and its
identity was left behind. Although easily accessible by car, being in the intersection of the perifÊrico (perimeter road that loops the city) and major highways and avenues, it’s hard to arrive by public transit. The dependency on vehicles is significantly increased from one location to the other, as is evidenced in
heavy traffic on game days. Although a smaller capacity, this stadium generates much more vehicular congestion than did the other, larger stadium. By removing the stadium from the city and without any proximity to public transportation, you create a higher dependency on cars.
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[A CENTRA L I Z ED LO C AT I O N ] What this shows is that a centralized location is much more desirable. It provides greater accessibility by more people, increasing the likelihood of using public transit or even walking. The existing infrastructure found in an urban context helps mitigate some of the stadium’s construction costs.18,26 A centralized location can contribute to urban redevelopment of downtown
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areas, acting as a catalyst for development in its immediate surroundings given the increased activity in the immediate area. A stadium located in the center of a city also has greater exposure and has the possibility of attracting more visitors. Designing in this context, it is possible to bring a more diverse and flexible program for everyday use. A stadium design located in the center can be more useful and be more beneficial to the com-
munity by simply being accessible. It may not make much sense to design a flexible program into a stadium outside the city that is difficult to reach, as people won’t be present on an average day. However, a stadium that has the exposure in a central location, in contact with local residents, commuters, or tourists, has much more potential to better serve the community.
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TH E F I FA WO R L D CUP
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With the exception of the Olympics, no other event can match the exuberance and passion of the World Cup. Held every four years, the World Cup is the largest single sport event in the world.16 Attracting millions of viewers and visitors from around the globe, the World Cup is an incredibly captivating, passionate, cultural event the surpasses sociopolitical, economic, and cultural boundaries with the potential of uniting the world under one single event. Every world cup leaves a legacy, inspiring millions of people the world over, and becoming a stage where heroes and history are made.
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Several iconic and historical World Cup images
[THE HISTO RY ]
FIFA (FĂŠdĂŠration Internationale de Football Association) is the international organization of soccer. Founded in 1904, it currently consists of 209 member nations and six confederations (one for each continent) from around the globe.16 FIFA is the organization in responsible for the staging the World Cup competition. The first FIFA World Cup was held in 1930 in Uruguay and has taken place every four years since, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 due to World War II. In its history, only 16 countries have ever hosted the World Cup and only eight teams have ever
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won the competition, Brazil leads the list with five championships.16 Mexico, along with Germany, France, Italy, and soon to be Brazil (2014), are the only nations to have ever hosted the World Cup twice. If awarded the 2026 World Cup bid, Mexico would be the only nation to host tournament on three different occasions. In a country with such passion for the sport, hosting an event of this magnitude at the largest stage, would represent a large degree of national pride and celebration, also instilling a sense of optimism.
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[THE TOU R NA M E N T ]
Left: Ronaldo during the 1998 Final against France Center: Brazilian celebration during the 2002 Final against Germany Right: Wayne Rooney during a 2006 World Cup Game
The format of the World Cup consists of preliminary qualifying competitions within each continental confederation. Each confederation is given a certain number of slots to award in these preliminary competitions, equating to the number of teams allowed to compete in the World Cup. Each confederation has a certain number of slots, determined by FIFA, based on the relative strength of each confederation’s teams:
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UEFA (Europe) 13, CAF (Africa) 5, AFC (Asia) gets 4.5, CONCACAF (North America) 3.5, CONMEBOL (South America) 4.5, OFC (Australia/Oceania) 0.5; the host receives one automatic slot. The “half� slots, represent the teams qualifying in last place of each respective confederation play a playoff round between them, to determine who goes on to the final competition.17 Overall, the com-
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petition is a 32-team tournament, split into 8 four-team groups. The top two teams from each group qualify to a round of 16 and from this point, the tournament follows a standard format of quarterfinals, semi-finals, and final championship games respectively. The FIFA World Cup is the largest single-sport competition in the world. The last world cup averaged 188.4
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million viewers per game. The final itself attracted 619.7 million in-home viewers, estimated at over one billion people when including viewers at bars, restaurants, public screenings, and even online streamings. 2 As a comparison, the 2011 NFL SuperBowl attracted 111.3 million viewers from around the world. 31
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[THE EXEC U T I O N ]
Hosts for the World Cup are selected by FIFA, doing an extensive analysis of each respective bid and ultimately voting for the most compelling proposal. On average, the bid results are announced seven years before the event. Deciding the host World Cup begins as a call for proposals. FIFA, the organizing body, asks for bids from all the countries interested in hosting the world cup in a given year. Typically, bids are awarded with eight years of anticipa-
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tion or more, as the 2018 and 2022 World Cups were awarded in 2010 to Russia and Qatar respectively. Countries submit their proposals to FIFA about six months before the selection is to be made. FIFA reviews each individual bid, visits the respective countries for further research, and ultimately makes the decision based on the strongest proposal. Evaluations are made based on quality of the venues, ease of transportation between host cities, government support of the event,
and the availability of the necessary facilities to accommodate an event of this magnitude. In the case that a country is awarded the bid, preparation starts immediately. The hosting association, officially known as the Organizing Association, sets up a Local Organizing Committee as a separate entity whose sole purpose is to organize the competition. A standing committee within FIFA, known as the Organizing Commit-
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Left: Pele after winning the 1970 World Cup Final
Right: Maradona in an interview during the 1982 World Cup
tee, works in conjunction with the Organizing Association to plan the event. The Organizing Committee supervises the efforts by the Organizing Association. Whereas the Organizing Association takes care of the preparations of infrastructure, facilities, and the successful execution of the event, the Organizing Com-
mittee deals with the more technical aspects. 35 In the specific case of stadium construction, different organizations handle construction differently. According to Federación Mexicana de Fútbol (FEMEXFUT)–the Mexican Soccer Organization–the organization itself would have no role in stadium construction. In
Mexico, stadium construction would first and foremost begin with a specific soccer club that might be seeking new facilities. The combination of private investors, sponsors, local governments, and an individual club itself would put money into the project, without the actual organizing federation getting involved in the construction.
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[B ENEFIT S O F H O ST I N G A WO R L D C U P ]
Hosting the World Cup requires a very large investment by the host country. It not only requires building new stadiums, but also requires investment in transportation, infrastructure, lodging, security, and technology. If planned accordingly, these events can truly reinvigorate the host nation’s economy. A mega event such as
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the World Cup is an important event for any country to undertake. Over the last two decades, Mexico has hosted several international sporting events: the Confederations Cup in 1999, the Gold Cup in 2003, the Pan-American Games in 2011, and the U-17 World Cup in 2011. It has been suggested that the success of these events,
Far Right: Mexican fans during a 2010 World Cup Match
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Center: South Africans in the opening game of their World Cup Left: Pele celebrating after his historical goal in the 1970 World Cup
points to an imminent World Cup bid by Mexico. Mexico was initially in the running for the 2018 World Cup but ultimately withdrew its bid due to a lack of organization and a budget at the time. However, 2026 seems a more likely and viable opportunity, given not only recent renovation and construction of new stadia in the last few years, but
also the continental cycles for hosts that FIFA has adopted. With the 2010 World Cup in Africa, the 2014 in South America, 2018 in Europe, and the 2022 in the Middle East, North America seems a likely candidate for hosting the 2026 games. The World Cup not only brings international attention to the host country, but also
brings an important boost in tourism, attracting hundreds of thousands of people come into the country for the event. About 9% of Mexico’s GDP is from tourism, being one of the top ten tourist destination worldwide. 1,39 A successful World Cup has the potential to foster this trend.
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Not only is tourism an important factor, but hosting the World Cup is also an opportunity to change the perception of the country in the eyes of the world. 6,37 Hosting an event of this magnitude can be an attempt to portray a modern, dynamic, and globally important country. Mexico is slowly emerging as an important economic power at an international scale. The nation is slowly developing, attracting greater investments and producing a more affluent, highly skilled population. A corrupt, violent, and dangerous Mexico
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is no longer an image that should define the country. Hosting the World Cup has the potential to showcase the trend towards a modern, progressive country to the world. 20,27,37,38 There is a strong potential to leave a legacy in the country and its people beyond the event. The World Cup not only fosters a sense of competition, but also cross-cultural interaction, bringing people from all around the world together. Although not a quantifiable benefit, these interactions and experiences are of
great value. 38 Hosting the event can also become an important opportunity to speed up development and growth in the country. Economic benefits of an event of this scale are difficult to assess. Some would argue that hosting the World Cup is a huge economic boost to the host nation, bringing more jobs and greater economic activity. 38 Others would argue that the large amount of money being put forth is not a worthwhile investment and only translates into
[ B E N E F I T S O F H O ST I N G A WORLD CUP]
a temporary and insignificant increase in economic activity. 4 My assessment is that an event of this exposure and magnitude has more to offer than questionable economic benefits. An event such as this has a value that extends beyond its time and builds a positive, united sense of nationalism and pride; the event also has the potential to leave a legacy in the country and its people beyond the event. 38 In Brazil, hosting the World Cup has translated into a huge investment and that is now Brazil’s largest infrastructure project in history. It has become
an opportunity for large scale, sustainable, urban and economic development that the nation might not have embarked on otherwise. Urban development for this type of event can serve as models for sustainable urbanization around the world. The development of infrastructure, wide spread public works projects, and sustainable practices the host must provide can have positive, long-term benefits for its citizens that are left behind after the event. 22,37 There is much more value in the event than that which can be assessed by numbers, and can only be understood as the intrinsic value of the competition.
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[P ROPOS E D H O ST C I T I E S ] FIFA requires that hosts must have at least seven different host cities and at a minimum, 12 different venues across the country.16
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México D.F. (two venues)
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León, Guanajuato
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Guadalajara, Jalisco (two venues)
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Querétaro, Querétaro
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Monterrey, Nueveo León
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Toluca, Estado de México
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Puebla, Puebla
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Pachuca, Hidalgo
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Torreón, Coahuila
10 Morelia, Michoacán
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[WHY SOC C E R ? ] Soccer is the world’s most popular and widely practiced sport. It surpasses socioeconomic, cultural, religious, and political boundaries. Where differences divide– whether it be race, language, or class–soccer unites. There is something quite moving about the sport, something quite human, and humbling. Whether it be the simplicity and beauty of the sport, or its ability to cater to the masses, soccer has the unique capability of bringing millions of people and entire countries together. The question however, remains...why? Why does soccer have such a profound
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impact on the world? How has it become a religion, a way of life? How has it managed to appeal to so many people with so many different backgrounds and ideologies? One of the reasons soccer is such a transcendent sport is its simplicity. Soccer requires absolutely no equipment. In the poorest parts of the world, soccer still manages to be present and have such a profound impact within communities. Soccer balls are woven from old cloths, plastic bags, and even old tires. If nothing is available to craft a ball, an emp-
ty plastic bottle, soda can, and even a rock will suffice. There’s no need for helmets, or pads, or bats, or even shoes–just something to kick around and open space. There’s no obscure rules or a series of specific objectives; it’s quite literally just a ball and a goal. Even other people are optional in this sport; when it really comes down to it, it’s all about the ball and the individual. Of course to professionally practice the sport, a team is necessary. However, the relationship between the sport and individuals is developed on a more intimate level. Many
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have gone as far as comparing the relationship between the sport and an individual, to that between two lovers– it’s a relationship based on trust, respect, and passion. It’s quite a poetic, artistic, profound, and intimate practice that flows through the blood of the masses throughout the entire world. So why soccer? Because it’s so elegantly beautiful and so full of passion. Without passion, soccer
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would be nothing. More than any other sport, soccer creates passion within players, coaches, and fans. It’s difficult to explain why soccer can generate such passion, such interest, such intensity. Soccer is magical. It brings peace of mind to people. When people are faced with problems in life, wether economic, emotional, or political, soccer always finds a way to help them cope. Soccer is almost surre-
al, it flows through the vein of the world and has the capability to unite. More so than any cause, or war, or issue, soccer unites. Soccer is a universal language that anyone from any corner of the planet can understand. Maybe we still don’t know why soccer has such power and will never be able to fully understand. However what remains, that the “beautiful game” remains “el deporte rey.”
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[THE VALU E O F S O C C E R ]
In Mexico, as in many other nations in the world, soccer is synonymous with culture. The way its history, arts, traditions, folklore, cuisine, and crafts all make up the culture of Mexico, soccer too can be considered a significant component of the culture. It is not to claim that every individual in the nation is a devoted fan; however, the passion for soccer is widespread, in all age groups, genders, and regions. It has the capability to unite millions and ignite a passion unlike any other. Soccer is practiced on streets, parks, and fields all across the na-
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tion. When no soccer balls are present, and empty bottle of water or soda can will suffice. In Mexico, as is the case in many countries, the people deeply celebrate the national team’s victories and cry their losses. Although inadequate to generalize for the entire population, the truth is the sport is hugely popular; it is experienced at a deeper more profound and sentimental level than any other sport. Like many other aspects of the rich Mexican Culture, soccer is one of
the iconic elements that define it. What makes soccer in Mexico different than in other places is its people. Mexicans are known for their cuisine, their music, their colorful crafts and art, and their very festive nature. Soccer, in conjunction with these elements of the culture, truly becomes a special thing. Millions of people around the globe practice the sport, and even more individuals follow it passionately. The sport, more so than any other, surpasses any economic, social,
political, and cultural boundaries. Although at one point the sport was reserved for the wealthy, it slowly trickled its way to other socioeconomic levels. It can be considered the “people’s sport,” as it requires no equipment, money, or even other people to play, just something to kick around and an open space; it’s the sport of the masses, that transcends age, gender, religion, or nationality. International victories are widely celebrated and news of the national team is always a top priority in the media. Soccer is an essential part of the culture and social life in Mexico, and even becomes a means of coping with some of the social, economic, and political problems that exist in the country.
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MEXICO CIT Y
At nearly 8,000 ft above sea level, Mexico City is the nation’s capital. Around the year 1000 BC, small settlements started developing in the Valley of Mexico. It was until 1300 AD when the Aztecs established their capital of Tenochtitlån in present day Mexico City. According to the legend, their prophecy proclaimed that the capital was to be established on the spot where an image of an eagle, sitting on a cactus, devouring
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a snake appeared to them. According to legend, this very site was spotted on a small island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. The Aztecs began building their city in the middle the lake, using artificial islands to form land masses. With the arrival of the Spanish in the 1500s, the city was destroyed, the colonial period began, and present day Mexico City slowly emerged. 24
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[C ONTEM P O R A RY M E X I C O C I T Y ]
Contemporary Mexico City is a diverse, modern, and progressive metropolis. With a population of around 21 million people and a density of 2700 people per square kilometer, it is one of the world’s largest urban centers. 29 The culture of the city is very diverse. The indigenous roots of the country, together with the European influences, make Mexico a very eclectic country. In countless instances, there are traditional, colonial buildings, ancient ruins,
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and modern architecture integrated within the city. From the very humble parts of town, to the very modern and glamorous neighborhoods, to the historical center, Mexico City is truly a diverse city. Mexico City reigns as the most important city in the country. It stands out not only as the political capital, but also as the center of several different interests within the country. In United States, for example, major cities usually adopt specific roles in
the country: Los Angeles is known for its movies, New York is known for its finance and fashion, the San Francisco Bay Area for its technological advances, and Washington DC houses the national government. Mexico City, however, has all these components in one place. Mexico City adopts the role as the center of all interests within the country, and it is why it makes it such an appealing place. This appeal has attracted so many people from around the country
Top: Museo Soumaya Bottom: People dancing in Aztec regalia outside the Basilica
Top: Chapultepec on a Saturday morning Middle: Mexico City Cathedral Bottom: Art installation
and the world to the capital, resulting in a massive population explosion within the last few decades. The city has grown way beyond its capacity and now struggles with overpopulation. One trend now seen in the city, is the desire to bring people back into the urban center, realizing that it’s difficult to expand as new infrastructure is expensive. By trying to pull the city back into itself and contain its growth, costs of infrastructure are lower, which fosters smarter development and construction.
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38 Estadio Azteca Capacity: 105,000 Opened: 1966 Used By: Club America and the Mexican National Team Distance to City Core: 9 miles Distance to Airport: 10 miles Adjacent Metro Lines: 0
39 Estadio OlĂmpico Universitario Capacity: 65,000 Opened: 1952 Used By: Pumas UNAM Distance to City Core: 8 miles Distance to Airport: 10 miles Adjacent Metro Lines: 1
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Estadio Azul Capacity: 35,000 Opened: 1947 Used By: Cruz Azul Distance to City Core: 5 miles Distance to Airport: 7 miles Adjacent Metro Lines: 1
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[ T H E N E E D FO R A STADIUM] Currently, the stadia in Mexico City are old and dated. The Estadio Azteca, being the most contemporary stadium, is nearly 50 years old. 29 Not only does a proposal for the World Cup need facilities of the highest standards, but the people of the city deserve a new venue. Local clubs have been establishing new stadia in other cities, such as Guadalajara, Torreón, and Monterrey. Mexico City–despite its very progressive agenda and move towards modernity–has fallen behind in this category. In order to have a viable bid, Mexico City needs a new stadium.
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As a response to Mexico City’s green agenda, I’m proposing a shuttle system that is able to connect the city to the stadium on game days. The system would complement the metro in order to ease high levels of congestion and access more remote areas of the city. The intention is to have routes, with stops at 1-mile intervals from the site.
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[ A G R E E N AGENDA] Once considered one of the most contaminated cities in the world, Mexico City has been slowly emerging as a progressive, environmentally conscious city. As of 2007, Mexico City launched a 15-year Green Plan, implementing a series of reforms to move towards a cleaner capital–the first initiative in its kind in Latin America. In the four years since its launch, there has been significant progress, the air be-
ing already cleaner than it has been in decades. Energy efficient and sustainable public transportation, urban reforestation initiatives, water conservation, green roofs, and investment in sustainable building are amongst the goals of the plan. This progressive mindset, not only in terms of the environment, but also in terms of civil rights and cultural enrichment, is completely transforming the existing image of Mexico City.12,23,30,41
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TH E M E XI C A N C U LTURE
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[THE CULT U R E A N D I T S P E O P L E ]
Stadia are typically conceived as massive, static structures that remain closed to the general public. They are typically only active on game days, resulting in a huge waste of potential as they remain unused the vast majority of the time. Stadia are associated with large crowds, heavy congestion, and a noisy, unpleasant environment in the immediate surroundings. So let’s reconsider
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these ideas and challenge them. This stadium is meant to be for the people, a symbol of pride and unity for Mexicans. If the stadium includes a more diverse program, it is possible to activate the project far beyond its game day use. Opening up the actual stadium to the public and having a certain degree of permeability and transparency will also contribute to a more functional stadium year round. If there’s a
way of allowing the stadium and its interior be a continuation of its immediate surroundings–meaning it’s accessible for the public to walk in and out of freely–it would be a far more beneficial and valuable a project. The intent behind placing the stadium on this site, aside from its great location, is that the entire site of Chapultepec, is a large weekend destination for the people of the city. The vast selection of museums, trails, and activities con-
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tributes to a successful and desirable location. Ideally, this level of activity should only increas and be complemented by the placement of the stadium. Therefore, what the stadium takes away from the site, should only be offered back by it. The stadium shouldn’t only serve as a destination, but also part of the Chapultepec experience as a whole. The stadium is meant to activate its surroundings, becoming a social hub that opens to the community.
The Inside Out Project is a global initiative turn images of self identity into art. The idea was to use the world as an exhibit and as a medium to display art. Communities gather, take photos reflecting personal identities, then place them in an urban environment in the form of large scale posters. This specific group of photos are ones from different projects around Mexico. The idea is to display the identity of Mexico and its people.
[A CULTU R A L C E N T E R ]
The intent is ultimately to design a stadium that becomes valuable to the people and its context. We first need to ask ourselves what it is that the culture values, in order to create something valuable. The Mexican culture is strongly defined by its cuisine, its music, its colorful arts and crafts, its festive nature, and its strong family ties and relationships. People of Mexico are friendly, open, festive, and
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very social. The stadium should still be celebrated and valued for what it is, a monumental venue for large soccer matches. However, holistically the design attempts to become a manifestation of the Mexican Culture, ultimately the stadium adopting the role of a cultural center. In order to achieve this, several defining aspects of the culture are analyzed and interpreted into an architectural program.
Cuisi ne Music Ar t Craf ts Histor y Recreation Spor ts Archaeology Architecture Folklore Defining elements of the Mexican Culture are interpreted and translated into an architectural program
Spatially, this cultural program is manifested into a continuous exhibition level showcasing cultural exhibits, while soccer adopts the programmatic core.
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CH A P ULT E P E C : A N URBAN PARK
Located in western Mexico City, Chapultepec is the largest urban park in the western hemisphere. It is a vital location within the city, not only for its natural beauty within the dense urban fabric of the city, but also for its cultural, historic, tourist, and recreational qualities. Within
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its boundaries, it offers a large selection of museums, restaurants, entertainment venues, and recreational activities. Although a park, Chapultepec is a very active, busy part of the city, receiving over 15 million visitors a year. 7,25 Despite Chapultepec’s location in
the western boundary of the city, it can still be considered part of the core of the activity hubs within the city. The selection of such a culturally significant site, is an attempt to make a statement of the culture, reflecting the importance soccer has within the country.
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[SITE] Located at the edge of Chapultepec–the Central Park of Mexico City and the largest urban park in the Western Hemisphere– the site has an important adjacency. 7,25 Chapultepec is an entire complex that has defined itself as a cultural hub of the city. Within the park is the Chapultepec Castle, a very historic building that use to be the Presidential Residence and is well known for its role in the Mexican-American War.
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Other sites of importance include the Chapultepec Zoo, The National Auditorium, and the National Anthropology Museum. The site’s adjacency to major arteries of the city, such as the Periférico and Calzada Melchor Ocampo, and the main boulevard of the city, Paseo de la Reforma, makes it a very desirable location. It’s walking proximity to several metro stations and direct access to two of
the city’s nine metro lines, it’s location is ideal. One of the iconic monuments of the nation, the monument of the Angel of Independence, is only two blocks away. This becomes an important feature, considering that this monument is the gathering point for the city to celebrate major soc-
Left: Mexico City Right: Site in relation to Mexico City and the city’s center
cer victories. As per FIFA recommendations, the site is a reasonable distance from the international airport–in a mere 7 miles–and in proximity to commerce, restaurants, and hotels.18
1mile
5 miles
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Airport Historic Center Chapultepec Park City of Sports Monument of the Mexican Revolution Estadio Azul Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM) Estadio Azteca Xochimilco Park Monument of the Angel of Independence Basilica of Guadalupe Bus Central Central Cluster and Site Outlined
[ A N AC T IVIT Y HUB]
Although not geographically centered, but located to the west of the city, Chapultepec is part of a cluster of central activity hubs which can be defined as the city center. In conjunction with the historic downtown, the cathedral, several monuments, and the main stretch of El Paseo de la Reforma, Chapultepec forms a central cluster. This cluster is very well connected and easily accessible by a short metro ride or even within a reasonable walking distance.
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[ A N U R BAN PARK] Full of a wide range of activities, Chapultepec Park is a highly urban, dense, and active park. Chapultepec isn’t popular exclusively for it’s green, open spaces, but also for all of the activities, entertainment, and events it has to offer. It’s very much a lively point within the city. Attracting nearly 15 million visitors a year, Chapultepec is one of the most important destinations within the city. 7,25
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[S ITE ANA LY S I S ]
3
5
4
7 6 1
2
0
0
3000
3000
Site
Adjacency to Important Points in City
19°25’ N, 99°10’ W Located in Chapultepec Park Western Mexico City
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Chapultepec Castle Los Pinos (Presidential Residence) National Anthropology Museum Chapultepec Zoo National Auditorium National Modern Art Museum Angel of Independence
1 3
2
0
3000
0
3000
Proximity to Major Avenues
Proximity to Public Transit
1 Paseo de la Reforma (Main Avenue in city) 2 PerifĂŠrico (Perimeter Freeway) 3 Secondary Avenues
2 Metro Lines 5 Metro Stations within walking distance Bus Lines throughout area
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4
1 3
2
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0
500
1 National Anthropology Museum
[ S I TE ANALYSIS]
The most visited museum in the nation, the National Anthropology Museum houses many important artifacts from the indigenous of Mexico, such as the Maya and the Aztecs.
2 Paseo de la Reforma The main avenue of Mexico City, of major importance due to the presence of many significant points along its stretch.
3 Rufino Tamayo Museum A museum that houses a collection of artist Rufino Tamayo. Although an important museum, there is currently a proposal for one a new location elsewhere in the city.
4 Service Road
The site’s proximity to so many important points in the city, as well as its accessibility, and location within Chapultepec Park, all contribute to make it a great location. Chapultepec is already a heavily visited and popular destination, and lends itself for a project of this nature. The level of activity around the site seems to be constantly high, which is a beneficial for the proposed project.
Officially named Calzada Ghandi, this street surrounds the site and becomes an important feature.
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[S ITE IMAG E S ]
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DE S I G N C O N S I D E RATIONS
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[S ITE PLAC E M EN T ]
One important issue to be aware of is placement of the project on the site. The edge condition of the site must be respected in order to maintain the appeal of the area. Although different alternatives, the above diagrams attempt to illustrate the pushing of the project back, away from El Paseo de la Reforma and the use of the service road for access.
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[ G R E E N R E D I ST R I B U TION]
Green Roof
Green Facade
Denser Perimeter
The ability to bring some of the green space up on the roof.
There is an opportunity of creating a green facade that may introduce another layer of sustainable design into the project.
Although containing a lot of trees, the site isn’t very dense. One alternative would be to create a greater density around the perimeters.
Because the site is heavily vegetated, the issue of tree removal arises. Although the project would indeed disturb the green areas, the diagrams above illustrate three ways of compensating for the dislocation.
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[DIVERSE P RO G R A M ] Proposed Program Diagram
The idea behind a diverse program is to generate a high level of activity on normal days. Usually, stadiums are considered static and wasteful, as they are minimally used the vast majority of the time. What I propose is a stadium that is capable of sustaining a high level of activity all the time. I propose having a more diverse program that may consist of: exhibitions, retail, dining, community spaces, recreational areas, exterior art spaces, and an open field for recreational use.
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Camp Nou Barcelona, Spain A very successful “social stadium” that maintains a high level of activity year round
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[ C A MP NOU] Barcelona’s Camp Nou prides itself as a social stadium. This claim is made based on the amount of visitors they receive on normal nongame days, averaging 1.6 million visitors to the museum alone. 5 What makes the stadium so successful and popular, aside from the fame of its club, FC Barcelona, is the integration of other functions into its program. Camp Nou offers a large store that sells team merchandise. Integrated into Camp Nou, is also a large museum that showcases the team’s history and success. In addition to this, the stadium itself also becomes an exhibit, as part of the museum visit includes a tour of the stadium.
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Collages representing game day activity (left) and normal every day activity (right). The intent is to maintain a significant level of activity independent of game days.
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TSM Torreón, Mexico A stadium that provides an extensive and diverse program
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[T SM]
Territorio Santos Modelo (TSM), built in 2009, is one of Mexico’s newest stadiums. Its design integrates an extensive program that includes: a hotel, a chapel, a banquet hall, and shopping facilities. This would theoretically serve as another venue for the 2026 World Cup.
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Top: Stadio delle Alpi Turin, Italy
[TRACK]
Bottom: Juventus Stadium Turin, Italy
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While sometimes, the addition of a track to a stadium creates a more flexible venue, it proves to be nonfunctional for a soccer stadium. A track around the field creates greater distance between the players and the fans, resulting in an uncomfortable and awkward viewing experience. The Stadio delle Alpi in Turin, Italy, was originally built for the 1990 World Cup. A mere 15 years later, the decision was taken to demolish it and built a replacement. One of the reasons was that the presence of the track was uncomfortable for the fans. The new Juventus Stadium, built it 2011, is a much more intimate and compact design.
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[B ELOW G R A D E F I E L D ]
Height Discrepancy
Built on grade, a stadium can be far more imposing than it should be.
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By lowering the level of the field, the entire structure naturally drops, diminishing the scale and the visual impact.
One design consideration is the level at which the field is built. Building the field below grade is quite beneficial when it comes to two things: scale and circulation.
Built on grade can create greater complexity for circulation. Circulation must flow up, then distribute to each respective level, which can create some chaos.
By lowering the level of the field, the entry level is in the middle, allowing circulation to flow up or down respectively. This allows a more uniform flow of people.
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DE S I G N D EV E LO PMENT
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[ABSTRAC T ] Abstract Show Object
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[ S I T E A N D G E ST U R AL MODELS] Gestural clay models placed on a site model to get a sense of scale and adjacencies
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Gestural clay models placed on a site model to get a sense of scale and adjacencies
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[ S I T E A N D G E ST U R AL MODELS] Gestural site models start indicating relationships and connections
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[S ECTION S H OW ] 54
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1st iteration
2nd iteration
3rd iteration
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1st iteration
2nd iteration
3rd iteration
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1st iteration
2nd iteration
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3rd iteration
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1st iteration
2nd iteration
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1st iteration Roof Truss Roof Structure
2nd iteration Roof Truss Roof Structure
Skin
Skin
Skin Structure
Top Tier Seating
Services
Top Tier Seating
Services
Box Seat Level Exhibition Level
Exhibition Level Box Seat Level
Primary Structure
Primary Structure
Services
Entry Level
Entry Level
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[SITE PLAN ]
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a nD é b Ru 4
río
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Paseo d e la Re form
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0
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1000’
a
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Market and Food Area
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Sculpture Garden
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Community Gardens
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Parking Structure
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Entry Promenade
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Plaza
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Entry Plaza
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Amphitheater
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Picnic Area
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Recreational Fields
11 Track 12 Stadium
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[SITE DIAG R A M S ]
01. Existing
02. Consolidated Site
03. City vs Park
04. Attempt to Connect
05. Active Hub as Connection
06. Proposal
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07. Views of Castle
08. Urban Edge
09. Park Edge
Overall
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[ELEVATION S ]
The facade is composed of a perforated zinc panel system. The imagery is derived using abstracted iconic images from the Mexican Culture. The facade also has the ability to respond to different event types and reflect real time updates through the use of color.
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Green illumination indicates a game day or home victory.
Red illumination indicates a concert or home loss.
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The traditional decorative craft of “papel picado� is an iconic craft of the Mexican Culture. Taking this cultural element, a skin system was derived, where iconic and symbolic images of Mexico would be taken and abstracted to create perforated panels; a modern interpretation of an ancient craft.
The bands formed by the facade are inspired by the stripes present in the Mexican flag, the presidential sash, and in the iconic sarape, a strong cultural icon reflective of Mexican craft.
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[FACADE]
Zinc is the material of choice, as it not only speaks of Mexico’s imports, but also, through panelling, reflects a similar visual texture as the Aztec architecture that’s so influential in Mexico City today.
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Entry Plaza
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[A CULTUR A L M A N I F E STAT I O N ] The intent of this project is ultimately to become a manifestation and reflection of the rich culture of Mexico. Analyzing several defining qualities and characteristics of the culture, the question of how architecture could respond to these characteristics arises. The solution takes those cultural elements and activities, and wraps them around the core programmatic function of the design–soccer translating programmatically as the stadium. What this becomes architecturally, is a tier dedicated solely to cultural activities and exhibitions, in a continuous exhibition space offering both permanent and temporary exhibits.
Cuisine Music Art 3
Crafts
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H i stor y
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Re c r e a t i on
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S p or t s
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Ar ch a e ol og y
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Fol k l or e Defining elements of the Mexican Culture are interpreted and translated into an architectural program
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Spatially, this cultural program is manifested into a continuous exhibition level showcasing cultural exhibits, while soccer adopts the programmatic core.
Proposed plan and exhibit layout 16 Distinct Exhibition Spaces
Cultural Exhibition Level
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[CONCEPT UA L S E C T I O N ] City
Urban Chaotic
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Stadium
Culture and Sports as Transition
Park
Natural Serene 0
250
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[SECTION]
0
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[ C I RCULATION]
01. Pedestrian Access
04. Stadium Entry Points
02. Team, Media, and VIP Access
03. Game Day Control Points
05. Vertical Circulation
06. Horizontal Circulation
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Fourth Tier 25,000 Seating Tier Services
Third Tier
Press Box Cultural Exhibition Level Services
Second Tier Box Seats Restaurant/Bar VIP Lounge+Box Seats Services
First Tier
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20,000 Seating Tier Market+Food Area Atrium+Flexible Exhibition Space Services Vertical Circulation
[ PROGRAM]
Ground Floor
Floor 3
0
Floor 4
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01. Roof Structure
02. Structural Grid
05. Facade
06. Floor Plates
[ B U I L D I N G ELEMENT S]
03. Diagrid
04. Core Structure
07. Atrium
08. Vertical Circulation
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[SECTIONA L C O M P O S I T I O N ] Photovoltaic Glass Panels
Steel Truss Roof Structure
Canvas Roof Enclosure
Zinc Panel Facade
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Steel Supports
Steel Diagrid
Steel Supports Steel and Concrete Superstructure and Braces
Wood Ceilings
Steel Framing
Composite Floors
Concrete Seating Tiers
Game Day: Atrium
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[ST RUCTUR A L C O M P O S I T I O N ]
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[DETAILS] 01 03
02
01. Truss and Column Connection Detail
02. Column Connection Detail
03. Truss, Column, and Bracing Detail
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Market+Food Area
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Amphitheater
Market in Relation to City
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Game Day: Interior
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[ S C A L E D IAGRAM]
A diagram comparing the scales of different stadia: National Stadium Beijing (91,000) Olympic Stadium London (80,000) Cal Poly Spanos Stadium (11,000) Mexico 2026 (50,000)
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AD D I T I O NA L P R E CEDENT S
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[DALIAN S H I D E STA D I U M ]
Only yet a conceptual design by NBBJ, it is a compelling project. The whole premise of the design was a stadium that made people aware of their place. The concept is structured around sustainability and education. The idea was to create a design that seems to arise from the landscape and open up to the community.
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Dalian Shide Stadium Dalian, China Designed by: NBBJ
London Olympic Stadium Designed by: Populous Capacity: 80,000 Post Event: 25,000
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[ LO N D O N O LY M P I C STA D I U M ]
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The London Olympic Stadium is a model for sustainable stadium design. Designed to be adapted in the future, the stadium has only 25,000 permanent seats in the form of a concrete, below grade structure. To achieve its total capacity of 80,000, architects used a temporary steel structure which
is designed to be adjusted post Olympics. It is the lightest olympic stadium in history, using only 11,000 tons of steel, in comparison to Beijing’s 42,000 tons. To reduce its footprint, facilities were placed outside the main structure.14-
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63 Japan National Stadium Proposal Tokyo, Japan Designed by: Jackson Architecture
[ JA PA N NAT I O NA L STADIUM C O M P E T I T I ON ENTRY] 64
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Although only a competition entry, this stadium proposal seeks an innovative design. It is conceived as a very light, open, and graceful design–implying a sense of weightlessness– that fits seamlessly into the landscape.
The Olympic Stadium in Kiev is located in the heart of the city. It has been a key in improving the image of the Ukraine, and serves as an symbolic building for the country. The atrium is encased and highlighted as the primary circulation of the entire structure. It’s seamless integration with its urban surroundings makes it quite a remarkable project. 66
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[ KI E V O LY M P IC STADIUM]
Kiev Olympic Stadium Kiev, Ukraine Designed by: Gerkan, Marg und Partner (GMP)
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69 Warsaw National Stadium Warsaw, Poland Designed by: Gerkan, Marg und Partner (GMP)
[WARSAW NAT I O NA L STA D I U M ]
Recently awarded the Best Stadium Award in 2012, for the best multifunctional design and most innovative use of technologies. What’s to be highlighted is it’s transparent, floating, open, yet colorful and iconic skin that is reflective of the national colors of Poland.
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A very sculptural design, this stadium utilizes local building traditions and materials. Using excavated earth as support for the seating tiers, this stadium combines resourcefulness, local traditions, and modern technologies.
[ ET H I O P I A N NAT I O NAL STADIUM]
Ethiopian National Stadium Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Designed by: LAVA
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75 Taiwan Solar Powered Stadium Kaohsiung, Taiwan Designed by: Toyo Ito
[ TA I WA N S O L A R P OW E RED STADIUM] 76
Toyo Ito’s use of a solar panel roof gives Taiwan a iconic stadium. This particular stadium stands out for its nearly 9.000 solar panels that clad building. The amount of energy it produces is enough to power 80% of the surrounding neighborhood. 77
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78 Beijing National Stadium Beijing, China Designed by: Herzog and deMeuron
[ B E I J I N G NAT IO NA L STA D I U M ] This internationally recognized icon, designed for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, is truly a fascinating stadium. Its visually complex facade appears to be formed through a woven pattern, earning it its nickname “the bird’s nest.” Interior circulation spaces are defined by a very dynamic rhythm of structure, forming a very interesting internal circulation atrium.
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[PARQUE S A N TA F É ]
Parque Santa Fé is a competition winning proposal by KMD Architects. The idea of this project is to try to create a balance between retail, parking, and nature. By placing a park on top of a below grade construction, they are proposing a creative reinterpretation of green space. What it has to teach is the possibility of building without necessarily reducing green space. Parque Santa Fé Mexico City Designed by: KMD Architects
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Wyly Theater Dallas, TX Designed by: REX | OMA
[WYLY TH E AT E R ]
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Wyly Theater, although in no way a stadium or sports venue, has a lot to teach. The entire conception of the project was based on the idea of a flexible space that could be used for several functions. The theater space can be opened, seating arrangements can be move around, and the space can be adapted to any stage type.
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[TROIS-R I V I E R E S A M P H I T H E AT ER P RO P O S A L ] A proposal for a new amphitheater, this project resonates with stadium design. Conceived as a very open, permeable structure, the amphitheater provides year round activity. A series of paths and stairs provide many different flows of people within the site. It’s very light and layered facade give it an intriguing depth and dynamism. 87
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Trois-Rivieres Amphitheater Quebec, Canada Designed by: ARCHITEM
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MusĂŠoParc AlĂŠsia Alise-Sainte-Reine, France Designed by: Bernard Tschumi Architects
[ M U S E O PARC ALESIA]
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This cultural center in France, is especially interesting in terms of its interior layout. Circulation occurs around the perimeter, along the facade, and on very ceremonial staircases. The core of the program is in the center, while the more organic activities take place on the perimeter.
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[ WO R L D C U P 2 010 STADIUMS] 98
Left Soccer City Stadium Johannesburg, South Africa Designed by: Populous Center Cape Town Stadium Cape Town, South Africa Designed by: Gerkan, Marg und Partner (GMP)
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Right Moses Mahibda Stadium Durban, South Africa Designed by: Gerkan, Marg und Partner (GMP)
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2
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3
“Aztec Culture: The Aztec Capital City Of Tenochtitlan.” About.com Archaeology. Web. Nov. 2012. <http://archaeology.about.com/cs/latinamerica/a/tenochtitlan.htm>
4
Ahlfeldt, Gabrield, and Wolfgang Maennig. “Stadium Architecture And Urban Development From The Perspective Of Urban Economics.”International Journal Of Urban & Regional Research 34.3 (2010): 629-646. Academic Search Elite. Web. Nov. 2012.
5
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6
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7
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8
Brown, Carol. “An Art Collection For A Stadium.” African Arts 44.2 (2011): 56-67. Academic Search Elite. Web. Nov. 2012.
9
Campbell, Robert. “Party On! How Public Space Works When A Million People Show Up.” Architectural Record 194.9 (2006): 28. Academic Search Elite. Web. Nov. 2012.
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